Wikipedio iowiki https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frontispico MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Specala Debato Uzanto Uzanto Debato Wikipedio Wikipedio Debato Arkivo Arkivo Debato MediaWiki MediaWiki Debato Shablono Shablono Debato Helpo Helpo Debato Kategorio Kategorio Debato TimedText TimedText talk Modulo Modulo-Diskuto Event Event talk 0 848 1142538 1134818 2026-10-26T21:42:10Z Idisto 28999 /* Naski */ 1142538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{20ma yarcento}} La [[yaro]] '''1942''' (MCMXLII per Romala algarismi) esis ordinara yaro komencinta ye [[jovdio]] segun [[Gregoriala kalendario]]. Ol esis la 942ma [[yaro]] di la duesma yarmilo, la 42ma yaro di la [[20ma yarcento]], e la 3ma yaro di la [[yari 1940a]]. == Eventi == === [[Mondo]] === * [[Duesma mondomilito#1942|Duesma mondomilito]] duras. === [[Europa]] === * [[7ma di januaro]] - Fino di la [[batalio di Moskva]]: [[Sovietia]] komencas kontre-atakar Germani. * [[18ma di aprilo]] - [[Pierre Laval]] divenas chefministro di [[Francia di Vichy]]. * [[27ma di mayo]] - Parashuta trupi probas mortigar [[Reinhard Heydrich]] en [[Praha]]. Ilu mortos ye la [[4ma di junio]]. * [[30ma di mayo]] - [[Duesma mondomilito]]: [[Unionita Rejio|Britaniani]] atakas unesmafoye per mil aeroplani a [[Köln]]. * [[2ma di junio]] - Duesma mondomilito: Germania konquestas [[Sevastopol]] en [[Krimea]]. * [[18ma di julio]] - Germana [[aviono]] [[Messerschmitt Me 262]] flugas unesmafoye kun [[Turbin-sprico-motoro|Turbin-sprico-motori]]. * [[22ma di julio]] - [[Holokausto]]: komencas la deporto di [[Judo|Judi]] de la [[ghetto di Warszawa]] vers [[Treblinka]]. * [[23ma di agosto]] - Duesma mondomilito: [[Batalio di Stalingrad]] komencas. * [[30ma di agosto]] - Nacional-socialista Germania anexas [[Luxemburgia]]. * [[25ma di oktobro]] - [[Judaismo|Juda]] karcerani sendesas de [[Norvegia]] vers [[Auschwitz]]. * [[10ma di novembro]] - Duesma mondomilito: [[Italia]]na trupi okupas [[Azur-rivo]], lor parto di la [[Francia di Vichy]]. * 10ma di novembro - [[Naziista Germania]] invadas [[Francia di Vichy]] * [[19ma di novembro]] - [[Batalio di Stalingrad]]: [[Sovietia|Sovietiani]] komencas kontre-atakar Germani. Ye la [[22ma di novembro]] [[Friedrich von Paulus]] informas [[Adolf Hitler]] ke la 6-ma Germana armeo encirkligesas. === [[Azia]] === * [[2ma di januaro]] - [[Duesma mondomilito]]: [[Japonia]]ni kaptas [[Manila]], en [[Filipini]]. * [[7ma di januaro]] til [[9ma di aprilo]] - [[Duesma mondomilito]]: En la [[Batalio di Bataan]], Japoniani vinkas Usani. * [[11ma di januaro]] - Japoniani okupas [[Kuala Lumpur]]. * [[15ma di januaro]] - [[Singapur]] kapitulacas a Japoniani. * [[25ma di januaro]] - [[Duesma mondomilito]]: [[Tailando]] deklaras milito kontre [[Unionita Rejio]] ed [[Usa]]. * [[31ma di januaro]] - [[Federiti de la duesma mondomilito|Westala federiti]] vinkesas da [[Japonia]]ni en Malaya peninsulo, e retretas vers [[Singapur]]. * [[6ma di februaro]] - Duesma mondomilito: Unionita Rejio deklaras milito kontre Tailando. * [[8ma di februaro]] - [[Duesma mondomilito]]: [[Japonian imperio]] invadas [[Singapur]], qua konquestesas ye la [[15ma di februaro]] sam yaro. * [[11ma di februaro]] - Duesma mondomilito: [[Japonia]] vinkas la [[batalio di Bukit Timah]], en [[Singapur]]. * [[12ma di marto]] - Generalo [[Douglas McArthur]] abandonas [[Filipini]]. * [[23ma di marto]] - Duesma mondomilito: [[Japonia]]ni kaptas [[Insuli Andaman]], en [[Indiana oceano]]. * [[5ma di aprilo]] - Duesma mondomilito: Japoniani atakas [[Colombo]], [[Sri-Lanka]]. * [[18ma di aprilo]] - Duesma mondomilito: Usan [[aviono|avioni]] modelo [[B-25 Mitchell]] bombardas [[Tokyo]], [[Yokohama]], [[Kobe]] e [[Nagoya]] unesmafoye. * [[5ma di mayo|5ma]] til la [[6ma di mayo]] - [[Batalio di Corregidor]]: [[Japonian imperio]] vinkas [[Usa]]na trupi en Filipini. * [[8ma di mayo]] - Lasta Usana trupi kapitulacas en Filipini. * [[9ma di agosto]] - [[Mahatma Gandhi|Mohandas Gandhi]] enkarcerigesas en [[India]] en [[Bombay]] (nune Mumbai) da Britaniani. === [[Afrika]] === * [[21ma di januaro]] - [[Duesma mondomilito]]: [[Erwin Rommel]] itere lansas atako en [[Cyrenaika]]. * [[8ma di novembro]] - Duesma mondomilito, [[Operaco Torch]]: Britaniani ed Usani desembarkas en Franca Nord-Afrika. === [[Nord-Amerika]] === * [[21ma di mayo]] - [[Mexikia]] deklaras milito kontre [[Italia]], [[nacional-socialista Germania]] e [[Japonia]]. === [[Sud-Amerika]] === * [[7ma di januaro]] - [[Brazilia]] ruptas diplomacala relati kun [[nacional-socialista Germania]], [[Italia]] e [[Japonian imperio]]. * [[20ma di aprilo]] - Radio-stacioni de [[nacional-socialismo|nacional-socialista]] spionisti en [[Rio de Janeiro (urbo)|Rio de Janeiro]] deskovresas. Lua misioni esis informar lokizo di [[navo|navi]] qui provizas trupi en [[Afrika]]. * [[22ma di agosto]] - [[Brazilia]] deklaras milito kontre [[Italia]] e [[Nacional-socialista Germania]]. * [[26ma di agosto]] - Braziliana [[aeroplano]] atakas Germana [[submara navo]] proxim [[Santa Catarina]]. === [[Oceania]] === * [[23ma di januaro]] til februaro - [[Duesma mondomilit]]o: che [[Batalio di Rabaul]], [[Japonian imperio|Japoniani]] okupas [[Nova-Guinea]]. * [[10ma di februaro]] - Duesma mondomilito: Japoniana [[submara navo|submara navi]] atakas [[atolo Midway]]. * [[19ma di februaro]] - Japonian avioni atakas Darwin, [[Australia]], e bombardas navi de la Federiti en lua portuo.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=The Japanese bombing of Darwin, Broome and northern Australia|url=http://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/japanese-bombing-of-darwin|editero=Australian Government|vidita ye=24ma di septembro 2016|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[3ma di marto]] - Duesma mondomilito: Dek Japonian avioni bombardas urbo Broome, [[Australia]], e mortigas plu kam 100 personi. * [[3ma di mayo]] - Duesma mondomilito: [[Japonia]]ni invadas Tulagi, en l'arkipelago [[Insuli Salomon]]. * [[4ma di mayo|4ma]] til la [[8ma di mayo]] - Eventas la [[batalio di Koralia maro]]. Amba lateri alegis vinko, tamen, ol preventis [[Japonian imperio|Japoniani]] invadar [[Port Moresby]]. * [[4ma di junio|4ma]] til [[7ma di junio]] - Duesma mondomilito: Eventas la [[batalio di Midway]]. Usana vinkas la batalio. * [[3ma di julio]] - Duesma mondomilito: Japoniani okupas [[Guadalcanal]]. * [[7ma di agosto]] - [[Duesma mondomilito]]: Komencas la [[Batalio di Guadalcanal]]. Usana trupi desembarkas en insuli Guadalcanal, Florida e Tulagi, che [[Insuli Salomon]]. Ol esas l'unesma granda atako dal [[Federiti de la duesma mondomilito|Federiti]] kontre Japoniani, qua fine vinkesos ye la [[9ma di februaro]] [[1943]]. * [[10ma di oktobro]] - [[Australia]] e [[Sovietia]] ligas diplomacala relati. * [[12ma di novembro|12ma]] til la [[15ma di novembro]] - [[Batalio di Guadalcanal]]: [[Usa]]ni vinkas Japoniani. == Naski == * [[1ma di januaro]] - [[Alassane Ouattara]], Ivorana politikisto * 1ma di januaro - [[Marich Man Singh Shrestha]], chefministro di Nepal (m. 2013) [[Arkivo:Laszlo Solyom-1-cropped.jpg|thumb|130px|[[László Sólyom]]]] * [[3ma di januaro]] - [[László Sólyom]], prezidanto di Hungaria * [[8ma di januaro]] - [[Stephen Hawking]], Britaniana fizikisto (m. 2018) * 8ma di januaro - [[Junichiro Koizumi]], chefministro di Japonia * 8ma di januaro - [[Yvette Mimieux]], Usan aktorino (m. 2022) * 8ma di januaro - [[George Passmore]], Britanian artisto, de duo [[Gilbert & George]] * [[12ma di januaro]] - [[Ramiro de León Carpio]], prezidanto di Guatemala (m. 2002) * 12ma di januaro - [[Michel Mayor]], Suisa astrofizikisto, Nobel-laureato pri fiziko [[Arkivo:500px photo (46543302).jpeg|thumb|130px|[[Muhammad Ali]]]] * [[17ma di januaro]] - [[Cassius Clay]] (pose [[Muhammad Ali]]), Usana boxisto (m. 2016) * [[21ma di januaro]] - [[Eugène Camara]], chefa ministro di Guinea (m. 2019) * [[23ma di januaro]] - [[Sigrid Fronius]], Germana jurnalistino e feministino * 23ma di januaro - [[Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat]], prezidanto di Mongolia * [[25ma di januaro]] - [[Eusébio da Silva Ferreira]], Portugalana futbalisto (m. 2014) * [[27ma di januaro]] - [[Tasuku Honjo]], Japoniana imunologiisto, Nobel-laureato pri fiziologio o medicino * [[1ma di februaro]] - [[Terry Jones]], Britanian aktoro e komediisto ([[Monty Python]]) (m. 2020) [[Arkivo:CaroleKingHWOFDec2012.jpg|130px|thumb|[[Carole King]]]] * [[9ma di februaro]] - [[Carole King]], Usana kantistino e kompozistino * 9ma di februaro - [[Mahendra Chaudhry]], chefministro di Fidji * 9ma di februaro - [[Manuel Castells]], Hispana sociologo * 9ma di februaro - [[Kirsten Thorup]], Dana skriptistino * [[10ma di februaro]] - [[Veselko Tenžera]], Kroata skriptisto (m. 1985) * 10ma di februaro - [[John Clarke]], Britaniana fizikisto, Nobel-laureato * 10ma di februaro - [[Anatolijs Gorbunovs]], prezidanto di Latvia * [[11ma di februaro]] - [[Otis Clay]], Usana kantisto (m. 2016) [[Arkivo:Ehud_Barak_2016_-_Herzliya_Conference_2016_3015_(cropped).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Ehud Barak]]]] * [[12ma di februaro]] - [[Ehud Barak]], chefministro di Israel * 12ma di februaro - [[Patricia Field]], Usana modisto * [[16ma di februaro]] - [[Kim Jong-il]], statestro di Nord-Korea (m. 2011) * [[17ma di februaro]] - [[Iolu Abil]], prezidanto di Vanuatu * [[23ma di februaro]] - [[Dioncounda Traoré]], prezidanto di Mali * [[23ma di februaro]] - [[Joop van den Ende]], Nederlandana medio-magnato * [[25ma di februaro]] - [[Damdinjavin Bandi]], Mongoliana boxisto (m. 2018) * [[27ma di februaro]] - [[Robert Howard Grubbs]], Usana kemiisto, Nobel-laureato (m. 2021) * [[28ma di februaro]] - [[Brian Jones]], Britaniana muzikisto ([[The Rolling Stones]]) (m. 1969) * [[28ma di februaro]] - [[Oliviero Toscani]], Italiana fotografisto (m. [[2025]]) * [[2ma di marto]] - [[Lou Reed]], Usana muzikisto, kompozisto e kantisto ([[The Velvet Underground]]) (m. 2013) [[Arkivo:05082012Global governance042.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Felipe González Márquez|Felipe González]]]] * [[5ma di marto]] - [[Felipe González Márquez]], chefministro di Hispania * [[9ma di marto]] - [[John Cale]], Walsana kompozisto e muzikisto ([[Velvet Underground]]) * [[16ma di marto]] - [[Robert Phillipson]], Angla linguisto * [[19ma di marto]] - [[José Serra]], Braziliana politikisto * [[21ma di marto]] - [[Fradique de Menezes]], prezidanto di San-Tome e Principe<ref name="portu">{{extera ligilo|titulo=Portugal Digital - Fradique de Menezes vence presidenciais em São Tomé e Príncipe|idiomo={{pt}}|vidita ye=24ma di julio 2009 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706154115/http://www.portugaldigital.com.br/noticia.kmf?noticia=5007356&canal=213}}</ref> * 21ma di marto - [[Françoise Dorléac]], Franc aktorino (m. 1967) * 21ma di marto - [[Ali Abdullah Saleh]], prezidanto di Yemen (m. 2017) * [[25ma di marto]] - [[Aretha Franklin]], Usana kantistino (m. 2018) * 25ma di marto - [[Richard O'Brien]], Britanian aktoro [[Arkivo:Ana_Blandianapoet.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Ana Blandiana]]]] * 25ma di marto - [[Ana Blandiana]], Rumana poeto * [[27ma di marto]] - [[John Edward Sulston]], Britaniana biologiisto, Nobel-laureato * 27ma di marto - [[Michael York]], Angla aktoro * [[28ma di marto]] - [[Neil Kinnock]], Britaniana politikisto * [[30ma di marto]] - [[Ruben Kun]], prezidanto di Nauru * [[2ma di aprilo]] - [[Gabriela Adameșteanu]], Rumana skriptisto, jurnalisto e tradukisto [[Arkivo:Ademir da Guia - Evento-teste Allianz Parque.JPG|thumb|130px|[[Ademir da Guia]]]] * [[3ma di aprilo]] - [[Ademir da Guia]], Braziliana futbalisto * [[5ma di aprilo]] - [[Peter Greenaway]], Walsana filmifisto * 5ma di aprilo - [[Pascal Couchepin]], prezidanto di Suisia * [[12ma di aprilo]] - [[Jacob Zuma]], prezidanto di Sudafrika * 12ma di aprilo - [[Carlos Reutemann]], Arjentinian automobilisto e politikisto (m. 2021) * [[18ma di aprilo]] - [[Jochen Rindt]], Austrian automobilisto (m. 1970) * [[20ma di aprilo]] - [[Casimir Oyé-Mba]], chefa ministro di Gabon (m. 2021) * [[21ma di aprilo]] - [[Geoffrey Winston Palmer]], chefministro di Nova-Zelando [[Arkivo:Barbra Streisand 2.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Barbra Streisand]]]] * [[24ma di aprilo]] - [[Barbra Streisand]], Usan aktorino, kantisto e kompozisto * 24ma di aprilo - [[George Vella]], prezidanto di Malta * [[26ma di aprilo]] - [[Bobby Rydell]], Usana kantisto * [[27ma di aprilo]] - [[Valeri Vladimirovich Polyakov|Valeri Polyakov]], Rusa-Sovietiana kosmonauto (m. 2022) * [[2ma di mayo]] - [[Jacques Rogge]], Belga seglobatelisto, prezidanto dil [[Internaciona Olimpiala Komitato]] (m. 2021) * [[3ma di mayo]] - [[Věra Čáslavská]], Chekoslovakiana gimnastikino (m. 2016) * [[13ma di mayo]] - [[Pál Schmitt]], prezidanto di Hungaria * [[15ma di mayo]] - [[Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini]], chefministro di Eswatini (m. 2018) * [[22ma di mayo]] - [[Ted Kaczynski]], Usana teroristo (m. 2023) * [[24ma di mayo]] - [[James Fraser Stoddart]], Skota-Usana kemiisto, Nobel-laureato * [[28ma di mayo]] - [[Stanley B. Prusiner]], Usana ciencisto, [[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri fiziologio o medicino|Nobel-laureato pri Fiziologio o Medicino]] [[Arkivo:Curtis Mayfield.png|thumb|130px|[[Curtis Mayfield]]]] * [[3ma di junio]] - [[Curtis Mayfield]], Usana muzikisto (m. 1999) * [[5ma di junio]] - [[Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo]], diktatoro di Equatorala Guinea * [[8ma di junio]] - [[Jacques Dubochet]], Suisa biofizikisto, Nobel-laureato pri kemio * 8ma di junio - [[Jan Dobkowski]], Polona piktisto * [[9ma di junio]] - [[Joost Prinsen]], Nederlandan aktoro, televizion-prizentisto, kantisto e skriptisto (m. 2025) * [[12ma di junio]] - [[Bert Sakmann]], Germana fiziologiisto, Nobel-laureato * [[13ma di junio]] - [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]], prezidanto di Nigeria * [[17ma di junio]] - [[Mohamed ElBaradei]], direktisto di [[IAEA]], Nobel-laureato pri paco * [[18ma di junio]] - [[Paul McCartney]], Britaniana kantisto, kompozistulo e muzikistulo ([[The Beatles]]) * 18ma di junio - [[Thabo Mbeki]], prezidanto di Sudafrika * 18ma di junio - [[Roger Ebert]], Usana cinemo-kritikisto (m. 2013) * [[20ma di junio]] - [[Brian Wilson]], Usana kantisto ([[The Beach Boys]]) * [[24ma di junio]] - [[Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle]], prezidanto di Chili [[Arkivo:Gilberto Gil 1719MC198.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Gilberto Gil]]]] * [[26ma di junio]] - [[Gilberto Gil]], Braziliana muzikisto, kompozisto e politikisto * [[27ma di junio]] - [[Bruce Johnston]], Usana muzikisto ([[The Beach Boys]]) * [[30ma di junio]] - [[Jean-Baptiste Ouédraogo]], prezidanto di Burkina Faso * [[1ma di julio]] - [[Wim T. Schippers]], Nederlandana televizion-programifisto, aktoro, voc-aktoro, skriptisto, prizentisto ed vid-artisto (m. 2026) * [[2ma di julio]] - [[Vicente Fox Quesada]], prezidanto di Mexikia * 2ma di julio - [[Muxtar Şaxanov]], Kazakstanana skriptisto * [[9ma di julio]] - [[Richard Roundtree]], Usan aktoro (m. 2023) * [[10ma di julio]] - [[Ronnie James Dio]], Usana muzikisto, kantisto e kompozisto ([[Black Sabbath]]) (m. 2010) * [[13ma di julio]] - [[Harrison Ford]], Usan aktoro * [[26ma di julio]] - [[Vladimír Mečiar]], chefministro di Slovakia * [[28ma di julio]] - [[Valdis Birkavs]], chefministro di Latvia * [[31ma di julio]] - [[Robert Tools]], viro en qua instalesis la unesma [[artificala kordio]] (m. 2001) * 31ma di julio - [[Modibo Keita (n. 1942)|Modibo Keita]], 8ma chefa ministro di Mali (m. 2021) [[Arkivo:Grateful Dead - Jerry Garcia (cropped).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Jerry Garcia]]]] * [[1ma di agosto]] - [[Jerry Garcia]], Usana muzikisto ([[Grateful Dead]]) (m. 1995) * [[2ma di agosto]] - [[Leo Beenhakker]], Nederlandana futbalisto, futbal-exercisto (m. 2025) * 2ma di agosto - [[Isabel Allende]], Chiliana skriptisto<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.ebiografia.com/isabel_allende/|titulo=Isabel Allende|editero=e-Biografia|idiomo={{pt}}|vidita ye=24ma di septembro 2026}}</ref> * [[3ma di agosto]] - [[Jaroslav Holík (hokeisto)|Jaroslav Holík]], Chekoslovakiana hokeisto (m. 2015) * [[4ma di agosto]] - [[David Lange]], chefministro di Nova-Zelando (m. 2005) * [[7ma di agosto]] - [[Caetano Veloso]], Braziliana kantisto * [[12ma di agosto]] - [[Martin Seligman]], Usana psikologo * [[20ma di agosto]] - [[Isaac Hayes]], Usana kantisto (m. 2008) [[Arkivo:Жозе Эдуарду душ Сантуш.jpg|130px|thumb|[[José Eduardo dos Santos]]]] * [[28ma di agosto]] - [[José Eduardo dos Santos]], prezidanto di Angola (m. 2022) * 28ma di agosto - [[David Spiller]], Britaniana piktisto (m. 2018) * [[29ma di agosto]] - [[Sterling Morrison]], Usana muzikisto e kompozisto ([[Velvet Underground]]) (m. 1995) * [[30ma di agosto]] - [[Krzysztof Cwynar]], Polona kantisto e kompozisto * [[1ma di septembro]] - [[António Lobo Antunes]], Portugalana skriptisto * 1ma di septembro - [[C. J. Cherryh]], Usana skriptisto * [[5ma di septembro]] - [[Werner Herzog]], Germana aktoro e filmifisto * [[13ma di septembro]] - [[Hissène Habré‏‎]], prezidanto di Chad (m. 2021) * [[19ma di septembro]] - [[Freda Payne]], Usana kantistino ed aktorino * [[20ma di septembro]] - [[Sigurður Guðmundsson]], [[Islando|Islandana]] skultisto * [[28ma di septembro]] - [[Tim Maia]], Braziliana kantisto (m. 1998) * [[29ma di septembro]] - [[Jean-Luc Ponty]], Franca violinisto di jazo * 29ma di septembro - [[Ian McShane]], Britanian aktoro * [[1ma di oktobro]] - [[Günter Wallraff]], Germana jurnalisto e skriptisto [[Arkivo:Islands statsminister Johanna Sigurdardottir talar vid Nordiska radets session 2010.jpg|thumb|130px|<small>[[Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir]]</small>]] * [[3ma di oktobro]] - [[Alan Rachins]], Usan aktoro (m. [[2024]]) * [[4ma di oktobro]] - [[Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir]], chefministrino di Islando * [[8ma di oktobro]] - [[Nguyễn Minh Triết]], prezidanto di Vietnam * [[9ma di oktobro]] - [[Shukri Ghanem]], chefa ministro di Libia (m. 2012) * [[10ma di oktobro]] - [[Choidorin Övgönhüü]], Mongoliana judoisto (m. 2019) * 10ma di oktobro - [[Radu Vasile]], chefministro di Rumania (m. 2013) * [[11ma di oktobro]] - [[Amitabh Bachchan]], Indian aktoro [[Arkivo:Medgyessy Péter 2003.JPG|thumb|130px|[[Péter Medgyessy]]]] * [[19ma di oktobro]] - [[Péter Medgyessy]], chefministro di Hungaria * [[20ma di oktobro]] - [[Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard]], Germana biologiisto, Nobel-laureato * [[21ma di oktobro]] - [[Elvin Bishop]], Usana muzikisto<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Elvin Bishop – Biography – AllMusic|autoro=Michael Erlewine|editero=AllMusic|url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/elvin-bishop-mn0000796736/biography |vidita ye=6ma di januaro 2015}}</ref> * 21ma di oktobro - [[Christopher Albert Sims]], Usan ekonomikisto, Nobel-laureato * [[22ma di oktobro]] - [[Evaristo Carvalho]], prezidanto di San-Tome e Principe (m. 2022) * [[26ma di oktobro]] - [[Bob Hoskins]], Britanian aktoro (m. 2014) * 26ma di oktobro - [[Milton Nascimento]], Braziliana kantisto e kompozisto<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.ebiografia.com/milton_nascimento/|titulo=Milton Nascimento|editero=eBiografia|idiomo={{pt}}|vidita ye=24ma di septembro 2026}}</ref> * [[29ma di oktobro]] - [[Bob Ross]], Usana piktisto (m. 1995) [[Arkivo:Marcia Wallace at 47th Emmy Awards.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Marcia Wallace]]]] * [[1ma di novembro]] - [[Marcia Wallace]], Usana televizion-aktorino (m. 2013) * [[2ma di novembro]] - [[Stefanie Powers]], Usan aktorino * [[10ma di novembro]] - [[Robert F. Engle]], Usan ekonomikisto, Nobel-laureato * 10ma di novembro - [[Jan Havel (hokeisto)|Jan Havel]], Chekoslovakiana hokeisto * [[11ma di novembro]] - [[Charles Konan Banny]], chefa ministro di Ivora Rivo (m. 2021) * [[17ma di novembro]] - [[Martin Scorsese]], Usana filmifisto<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Martin-Scorsese|titulo=Martin Scorsese|editero=Encyclopaedia Britannica|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[24ma di novembro]] - [[Billy Connolly]], Skota kantisto, komediisto e cinem-aktoro * [[25ma di novembro]] - [[Rosa von Praunheim]], Germaniana rejisisto di filmo e teatro, produktisto, skriptisto, profesoro pri rejiso ed aktivisto (m. 2025) [[Arkivo:Jimi Hendrix 1967 uncropped.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Jimi Hendrix]]]] * [[27ma di novembro]] - [[Jimi Hendrix]], Usana muzikisto (m. 1970) * [[29ma di novembro]] - [[Kunio Lemari]], prezidanto di Insuli Marshall (m. 2008) * [[1ma di decembro]] - [[John Clauser]], Usana fizikisto, Nobel-laureato * [[3ma di decembro]] - [[Peter Mafany Musonge]], chefministro di Kamerun * [[4ma di decembro]] - [[Lucien Lafour]], Surinamana-Nederlandana arkitekto (m. 2024) * [[6ma di decembro]] - [[Peter Handke]], Austriana novelisto, Nobel-laureato * 6ma di decembro - [[Herbjørg Wassmo]], Norvegiana skriptistino * [[17ma di decembro]] - [[Muhammadu Buhari]], prezidanto di Nigeria * [[20ma di decembro]] - [[Hugo Heyrman]], Belga piktisto e filmifisto * [[21ma di decembro]] - [[Hu Jintao]], prezidanto di Popul-Republiko Chinia<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=历史上的今天 国家主席胡锦涛出生|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/video/2015-12/21/c_128552046.htm|editero=Xinhua News Agency |idiomo={{zh}}|publikigita ye=21ma di decembro 2015}}</ref> * [[22ma di decembro]] - [[Dick Parry]], Britaniana muzikistulo ([[Pink Floyd]]) * [[24ma di decembro]] - [[Jonathan Borofsky]], Usana skultisto * [[26ma di decembro]] - [[Marco Vinicio Cerezo Arévalo]], prezidanto di Guatemala * [[26ma di decembro]]- [[Rob de Nijs]], Nederlandan aktoro e kantisto (m. [[2025]]) [[Arkivo:Michael_Nesmith_2013.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Michael Nesmith]]]] * [[30ma di decembro]] - [[Michael Nesmith]], Usana muzikisto ([[The Monkees]]) (m. 2021) * [[31ma di decembro]] - [[Andy Summers]], Britaniana gitaristo ([[The Police]]) * [[Muammar al-Qaddafi]], chefo di Libia (m. 2011) * [[Walter Lini]], chefministro di Vanuatu (m. 1999) * [[Sylvia Snowden]], Usana piktistino * [[Monique Ohsan Bellepeau]], prezidantino di Maurico == Morti == * [[22ma di januaro]] - [[Walter Sickert]], Britaniana piktisto (n. 1860) * 22ma di januaro - [[Racho Petrov]], chefministro di Bulgaria (n. 1861) [[Arkivo:Kaarel Eenpalu.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Kaarel Eenpalu]]]] * 27ma o [[28ma di januaro]] - [[Kaarel Eenpalu]], chefministro di Estonia (n. 1888) * [[7ma di februaro]] - [[Ivan Bilibin]], Rusa piktisto (n. 1876) * [[12ma di februaro]] - [[Grant Wood]], Usana piktisto (n. 1891) * [[13ma di februaro]] - [[Epitácio Pessoa]], prezidanto di Brazilia (n. 1865) * [[9ma di februaro]] - [[Lauri Kristian Relander]], prezidanto di Finlando (n. 1883) * [[22ma di februaro]] - [[Stefan Zweig]], Austriana skriptisto (su-ocido) (n. 1881) * [[8ma di marto]] - [[José Raúl Capablanca]], Kubana [[shakoludo|shakoludisto]] (n. 1888) * [[12ma di marto]] - [[William Henry Bragg]], Britaniana fizikisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1862) * [[23ma di marto]] - [[Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear]], prezidanto di Arjentinia (n. 1868) * [[27ma di marto]] - [[Julio González i Pellicer]], Hispana skultisto e piktisto (n. 1876) * [[28ma di marto]] - [[Miguel Hernández Gilabert]], Hispana poeto (n. 1910) * [[15ma di aprilo]] - [[Robert Musil]], Austriana skriptisto (n. 1881) * [[17ma di aprilo]] - [[Jean Baptiste Perrin]], Franca fizikisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1870) * [[23ma di aprilo]] - [[Carlos Freile Larrea]], prezidanto di Equador (n. 1876) [[Arkivo:Th. Stauning.jpg|thumb|130px|<small>[[Thorvald Stauning]]</small>]] * [[3ma di mayo]] - [[Thorvald Stauning]], chefministro di Dania (n. 1873) * [[5ma di mayo]] - [[Habib Pacha Es-Saad]], Libanana politikisto (n. 1867) * [[16ma di mayo]] - [[Augustinas Voldemaras]], chefministro di Lituania (n. 1883) * [[26ma di mayo]] - [[Yelena Konstantinovna Ubiyvovk|Yelena Ubiyvovk]], Ukrainana aktivistino e partisanino (n. 1918) * [[27ma di mayo]] - [[Chen Duxiu]], Generala Sekretario di Komunista Partiso di Chinia (n. 1879) * [[4ma di junio]] - [[Reinhard Heydrich]], Nacional-socialista politikisto (n. 1904) * 4ma di junio - [[Eusebio Ayala]], prezidanto di Paraguay (n. 1875) * [[28ma di junio]] - [[Janka Kupala]], Bielorusa poeto (n. 1882) * [[30ma di junio]] - [[Léon Daudet]], Franca jurnalisto (n. 1867) [[Arkivo:Прушковский,_Тадеуш.jpg|thumb|130px|<small>[[Tadeusz Pruszkowski]]</small>]] * 30ma di junio - [[Tadeusz Pruszkowski]], Polona piktisto (n. 1888) * [[8ma di julio]] - [[Refik Saydam]], chefministro di Turkia (n. 1881) * [[29ma di julio]] - [[Wojciech Kossak]], Polona piktisto (n. 1856) * [[31ma di julio]] - [[Francis Younghusband]], Britanian explorero e militisto (n. 1863) * [[3ma di agosto]] - [[Richard Willstätter]], Germana kemiisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1872)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Richard-Willstatter|titulo=Richard Willstätter|editero=Encyclopaedia Britannica|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[10ma di agosto]] - [[Albert Guillaume]], Franca piktisto e karikaturisto (n. 1873) * [[17ma di agosto]] - [[Irène Némirovsky]], Franca skriptistino (n. 1903) * [[28ma di agosto]] - [[Belisario Porras Barahona]], prezidanto di Panama (n. 1856) * [[29ma di agosto]] - [[Alfred Wallis]], Kornwalana piktisto e peskisto (n. 1855) * [[30ma di agosto]] - [[Sava Šumanović]], Serba-Yugoslaviana piktisto (n. 1896) * [[15ma di septembro]] - [[Gabriel Terra]], prezidanto di Uruguay (n. 1873) * [[17ma di septembro]] - [[Cecilia Beaux]], Usana piktistino (n. 1855) [[Arkivo:Karlis_Ulmanis.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Kārlis Ulmanis]]]] * [[20ma di septembro]] - [[Kārlis Ulmanis]], chefministro di Estonia (n. 1877) * [[1ma di oktobro]] - [[Ants Piip]], chefministro di Estonia (n. 1864) * 1ma di oktobro - [[Hinko Smrekar]], Sloveniana-Yugoslaviana piktisto (n. 1883) * [[6ma di oktobro]] - [[Wacław Wąsowicz]], Polona piktisto (n. 1891) * [[18ma di oktobro]] - [[Mihail Vasilyevich Nesterov|Mihail Nesterov]], Rusa piktisto (n. 1862) * [[1ma di novembro]] – [[Gusztáv Rados]], Hungara matematikisto (n. 1862) * [[4ma di novembro]] - [[Pranas Dovydaitis]], chefministro di Lituania (n. 1886) * [[5ma di novembro]] - [[Kiyoura Keigo]], chefministro di Japonia (n. 1850) * [[6ma di novembro]] - [[Kazimierz Sichulski]], Polona piktisto (n. 1879) * [[23ma di novembro]] - [[Hernando Siles Reyes]], prezidanto di Bolivia (n. 1882) * [[4ma di decembro]] - [[Juhan Kukk]], chefministro di Estonia (n. 1885) * [[9ma di decembro]] - [[Oskari Mantere]], chefministro di Finlando (n. 1874) * [[11ma di decembro]] - [[Thure P. Lesch]], Finlandana matematikisto, fizikisto, kemiisto ed Idisto (n. 1886) * [[21ma di decembro]] - [[Franz Boas]], Usan antropologo (n. 1858) * [[Julius Klinger]], Austriana piktisto (n. 1876) == Nobel-premiiziti == * [[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri fiziko|Fiziko]]: ne havis * [[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri kemio|Kemio]]: ne havis * [[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri fiziologio o medicino|Fiziologio o Medicino]]: ne havis * [[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri literaturo|Literaturo]]: ne havis * [[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri paco|Paco]]: ne havis == Referi == {{reflist}} [[Kategorio:Yari 1940a]] 329pzykg7c1ul4yk2s5gflrpoz15pqs 0 1839 1142539 1101435 2026-10-26T21:43:56Z Idisto 28999 /* Naski */ 1142539 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Mayo}} Videz quo ligesas adhike (che utensili). - A pagino di [[yaro]]. La '''22ma di mayo''' esas la 142ma [[dio]] di la yaro (143ma en [[bisextila yaro|bisextila yari]]) segun [[Gregoriala kalendario]]. Restas 223 dii til la fino di la yaro. ---- == Dio == == Eventi == * [[853]] - [[Bizancana imperio|Bizancana]] floto spolias e destruktas urbo [[Damietta]] en [[Egiptia]]. Granda quanto di armi qui sendesus al [[emirio Kreta]] kaptesas. * [[964]] - [[Papo Benediktus la 5ma|Benediktus la 5ma]] divenas [[papo]]. * [[1200]] - [[John di Anglia]] ("John senlanda") e [[Philippe la 2ma Auguste]] di [[Francia]] signatas pakto che insulo Le Goulet, proxim Vernon, en [[Normandia]], agnoskanta Angla suvereneso sur multa teritorii en [[Francia]], kambie pago pekuniala (cirkume 20.000 ''mark''), e cedo di Évreux e komtio Vexin a Francia. * [[1085]] - En [[Suedia]], [[Helsingborg]] fondesas. * [[1693]] - Armeo komandita da [[Louis la 14ma di Francia|Louis la 14ma]] atakas [[Heidelberg]], lor la chef-urbo di [[Elektala Palatenio]]. * [[1927]] - [[Ter-tremo]] en Xining, [[Chinia]], kun forteso 8.6 che [[skalo di Richter]] produktas {{formatnum:200000}} morti. * [[1950]] - [[Celâl Bayar]] divenas la 3ma prezidanto di [[Turkia]]. * [[1960]] - En [[Chili]] mezuresas la maxim forta [[ter-tremo]] de mondala historio - 9.6 che [[skalo di Richter]]. Ol produktas direte 2.000 morti, e 250 plusa morti pro ondegi en [[Japonia]], [[Filipini]], [[Alaska]] e [[Havayi]]. * [[1990]] - [[Sud-Yemen]] unionas kun [[Yemenana Araba Republiko]] por formacar la nuna [[Yemen]]. * 1990 - En [[Gabon]] permisesas multa partisi.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080222062530/http://www.etat.sciencespobordeaux.fr/chronologie/gabon.html Gabon : repères événementiels]</ref> * [[2001]] - Objekto, qua nomizesas ''28978 Ixion'', deskovresas dop [[Neptuno]]. * [[2004]] - Komencas sucesoza internaciona Ido-renkontro en [[Bagnoles de l'Orne]], [[Francia]]. * [[2011]] - ''Tokyo Sky Tree'', la maxim alta edifico di [[Japonia]], inauguresas en [[Tokyo]]. * [[2017]] - En [[Manchester]], [[Anglia]], suocidint atako per bombo dum muzikala spektaklo dal Usana kantistino [[Ariana Grande]] produktas adminime 22 morti e 50 vunditi che stadio ''Manchester Arena''.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=At least 22 dead, 50 injured, in suicide bomb attack at Manchester Arena|editero=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2017/may/22/manchester-arena-police-explosion-ariana-grande-concert-england|vidita ye=23ma di mayo 2017}}</ref> * [[2024]] - [[Norvegia]], [[Hispania]] e [[Republiko Irlando]] agnoskas [[Palestinana stato]]. ==Naski == * [[1813]] - [[Richard Wagner]], Germana kompozisto (m. 1883) * [[1844]] - [[Mary Cassatt]], Usana piktistino (m. 1926) * [[1848]] - [[Fritz von Uhde]], Germana piktisto (m. 1911) * [[1859]] - [[Arthur Conan Doyle]], Britaniana skriptisto (m. 1930) * [[1876]] - [[Julius Klinger]], Austriana piktisto (m. 1942) * [[1879]] - [[Simon Vasilyovich Petliura|Simon Petliura]], prezidanto di Popul-Republiko Ukraina en exilo (m. 1926) * [[1885]] - [[Toyoda Soemu]], Japonian admiralo dum duesma mondomilito (m. 1957) * [[1901]] - [[Jan Zamoyski (piktisto)|Jan Zamoyski]], Polona piktisto (m. 1986) * [[1907]] - [[Hergé]] alias Georges Rémy, Belga desegnisto (m. 1983) * 1907 - [[Laurence Olivier]], Britanian aktoro e filmifisto (m. 1989)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Lawrence Olivier{{!}}Biography, Facts & Films |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Laurence-Olivier|idiomo={{en}}|editero=Encyclopaedia Britannica}}</ref> * [[1912]] - [[Herbert Charles Brown]], Britaniana kemiisto, Nobel-laureato (m. 2004) * [[1919]] - [[Paul Vanden Boeynants]], chefministro di Belgia (m. 2001) * [[1924]] - [[Charles Aznavour]], Franca kantisto, aktoro e kompozisto (m. 2018) * [[1925]] - [[Jean Tinguely]], Suisa piktisto e skultisto (m. 1991) * [[1927]] - [[George Andrew Olah]], Hungara-Usana kemiisto, Nobel-laureato (m. 2017) * [[1930]] - [[Harvey Milk]], Usana politikisto (m. [[1978]]) * [[1942]] - [[Ted Kaczynski]], Usana teroristo (m. 2023) * [[1943]] - [[Betty Williams]], Irlandana politikisto, Nobel-laureato pri paco (m. 2020) * [[1954]] - [[Shuji Nakamura]], Japoniana fizikisto, Nobel-laureato * [[1955]] - [[Richard Schiff]], Usan aktoro e komediisto * [[1956]] - [[Al Corley]], Usan aktoro, cinematografisto, filmo-produktisto e kantisto * [[1970]] - [[Naomi Campbell]], Britaniana manekinino * [[1974]] - [[Arseniy Petrovich Yaceniuk|Arseniy Yaceniuk]], chefministro di Ukraina * [[1975]] - [[Fabíola Molina]], Braziliana natistino * [[1978]] - [[Katie Price]], Angla manekinino e prizentistino di televiziono * [[1987]] - [[Novak Đoković]], Serba tenisisto * [[1996]] - [[Adrián Cubas]], Arjentiniana futbalisto * [[2000]] - [[Aneta Kučmová]], Cheka tenisistino * [[2002]] - [[Paulina Chávez]], Usan aktorino ==Morti == * [[337]] - imperiestro [[Konstantinus la 1ma]] de Romana imperio (n. 274) * [[748]] - [[imperiestrino Genshō]] di Japonia (n. 683) * [[1067]] - imperiestro [[Konstantinos la 10ma Doukas]] di Bizanco (n. 1006) * [[1667]] - [[papo Alexander la 7ma]] (n. 1599) * [[1859]] - rejulo [[Ferdinando la 2ma di la Du Sicilii]] (n. 1810) * [[1873]] - [[Alessandro Manzoni]], Italiana skriptisto (n. 1785) * [[1885]] - [[Victor Hugo]], Franca skriptisto (n. 1802)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.infoescola.com/biografias/victor-hugo/ |titulo=Victor Hugo - Biografia |editero=InfoEscola|vidita ye=23ma di mayo 2020|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * 1985 - [[Wolfgang Reitherman|Woolie Reitherman]], Usan animisto, cinematografisto e produktisto pri animi (n. 1909) * [[1910]] - [[Jules Renard]], Franca skriptisto (n. 1864) * [[1946]] - [[Isaac Grünewald]], Sueda piktisto (n. 1889) * [[1948]] - [[Georgios Tsolakoglou]], chefministro di Grekia (n. 1886) * [[1960]] - [[İbrahim Çallı]], Turka piktisto (n. 1882) * [[1967]] - [[Langston Hughes]], Usana poeto, novelisto e dramatisto (n. 1902) * [[1982]] - [[Cevdet Sunay]], prezidanto di Turkia (n. 1899) * [[1983]] - [[Albert Claude]], Belga biologiisto, Nobel-laureato pri Fiziologio o Medicino (n. 1899) * [[1984]] - [[Karl-August Fagerholm]], chefministro di Finlando (n. 1901) * [[1997]] - [[Alfred Hershey]], Usana biokemiisto, Nobel-laureato pri Fiziologio o Medicino (n. 1908) * [[2018]] - [[Júlio Pomar]], Portugalana piktisto (n. 1926) * 2018 - [[Philip Roth]], Usana skriptisto<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2018/05/escritor-americano-philip-roth-morre-aos-85.shtml |titulo=Escritor americano Philip Roth morre aos 85|editero=UOL|vidita ye=23ma di mayo 2018|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> (n. 1933) * [[2020]] - [[Mori Kanté]], Guineana muzikisto (n. 1950)<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-52774331 Mory Kanté: African music star dies aged 70]</ref> * [[2023]] - [[Wim Udenhout]], chefa ministro di Surinam (n. 1937) == Referi == {{reflist}} [[Kategorio:Dio di yaro]] [[Kategorio:Mayo]] 6ytezmv9fzs2qh7l2j0r0alpucq9xvo 0 1856 1142540 1121981 2026-10-26T21:45:52Z Idisto 28999 /* Morti */ 1142540 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Junio}} Videz quo ligesas adhike (che utensili). - A pagino di [[yaro]]. La '''10ma di junio''' esas la 161ma [[dio]] di la yaro (162ma en [[bisextila yaro|bisextila yari]]) segun [[Gregoriala kalendario]]. Restas 204 dii til la fino di la yaro. ---- ==Dio == ==Eventi == * [[1523]] - Trupi komandata da [[Frederik la 1ma di Dania|Frederik la 1ma]] asiejas [[Kobehavn]], pro ke la urbo ne agnoskas ilu kom sucedanto di [[Kristian la 2ma di Dania|Kristian la 2ma]]. * [[1886]] - [[Volkano]] ''Monto Tarawera'' eruptas en [[Nova-Zelando]], destruktas vilaji Te Tapahoro, Moura, Te Ariki, Totarariki, Waingongongo e Te Wairoa, e produktas plu kam 150 morti, la maxim multa [[populo Maori|Maori]].<ref name="nzhistory">{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Eruption of Mt Tarawera |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/eruption-of-mt-tarawera |editero=Ministry for Culture and Heritage|vidita ye=1ma di marto 2018|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[1935]] - [[Pafo-ceso]] haltigas [[milito di Chaco]], inter [[Bolivia]] e [[Paraguay]]. * [[1940]] - [[Duesma mondomilito]]: [[Benito Mussolini]] en [[Italia]] deklaras milito kontre [[Francia]] ed [[Unionita Rejio]]. * 1940 - Duesma mondomilito: [[Norvegia]] kapitulacas a [[Germania]]. * [[1957]] - Maurice Audin, qua defensis la nedependo di [[Aljeria]], arestesas en lua domo. * [[1996]] - Kontrato pri paco en [[Nord-Irlando]] komencas sen [[Sinn Fein]]. * [[1997]] - En [[Kambodja]], chefo di le [[Reda Kmer]], [[Pol Pot]] mortigas Son Sen e lua 11 familiani pro ke ilu sugestis ligar paco kun la rejimo. Pol Pot fugas adnorde, e le Reda Kmer en-arestas ilu heme. * [[1999]] - [[Serbia]]na trupi retretas ek [[Kosovo]]. * [[2016]] - [[Kurdistan|Kurda]] ed Araba trupi siejas komplete urbo Manbij en [[Siria]], e blokusas l'aceso di [[Islamana Stato]] a la frontiero kun [[Turkia]].<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/afp/2016/06/10/forcas-curdas-e-arabes-bloqueiam-na-siria-principal-rota-do-ei-a-turquia.htm |titulo=Forças curdas e árabes bloqueiam na Síria principal rota do EI à Turquia |idiomo={{pt}}|vidita ye=10ma di junio 2016|editero=UOL}}</ref> == Naski == * [[1823]] - [[Germán Hernández Amores]], Hispana piktisto (m. 1894) * [[1840]] - [[Theodor Philipsen]], Dana piktisto (m. 1920) * [[1879]] - [[Rafael Erich]], chefministro di Finlando (m. 1946) * [[1880]] - [[André Derain]], Franca piktisto (m. 1954) * [[1882]] - [[Vasili Grigoryevich Perov|Vasili Perov]], Rusa piktisto (n. 1834) * [[1887]] - [[Juan Manuel Gálvez]], prezidanto di Honduras (m. 1972) * [[1907]] - [[Fairfield Porter]], Usana piktisto (m. 1975) * [[1910]] - [[Howlin' Wolf]], Usana muzikisto (m. 1976) * [[1913]] - [[Benjamin Shapira]], Israelana biokemiisto, Nobel-laureato (m. 1993) * [[1915]] - [[Saul Bellow]], Kanadan-Usana skriptisto, Nobel-laureato (m. 2005) * [[1922]] - [[Judy Garland]], Usan aktoro (m. 1969) * [[1930]] - [[Ilya Sergeyevich Glazunov|Ilya Glazunov]], Rusa piktisto (m. 2017) * [[1931]] - [[João Gilberto]], Braziliana muzikisto, kompozisto e kantisto (m. 2019)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Biografia de João Gilberto |editero=eBiografia|url=https://www.ebiografia.com/joao_gilberto/ |vidita ye=13ma di novembro 2019}}</ref> * [[1944]] - [[David Goloschekin]], Sovietiana-Rusa jazo-muzikisto * [[1938]] - [[Violetta Villas]], Polona kantistino (m. 2011) * [[1953]] - [[Yevgenia Yevgenyevna Debryanskaya|Yevgenia Debryanskaya]], Rusa skriptistino e HBTI-aktivistino * 1953 - [[John Edwards]], Usana senatano * [[1956]] - [[Rolandas Paksas]], prezidanto di Lituania * [[1957]] - [[Gediminas Vagnorius]], chefministro di Lituania * [[1963]] - [[Petra De Sutter]], Belgiana politikisto * [[1965]] - [[Bruce Flatt]], Kanadan entraprezisto e CEO * [[1972]] - [[Radmila Šekerinska]], chefministro di Norda Macedonia * [[1977]] - [[Mahnaz Afshar]], Iranan aktorino * [[1980]] - [[Hanna Rihorawna Bondarava|Hanna Bondarava]], Bielorusa e Franciana manekinino ed aktorino * [[1983]] - [[Nick Adams (aktorulo n. 1983)|Nick Adams]], Usan aktoro, kantisto e dansisto * [[1989]] - [[Alexandra Stan]], Rumana kantistino * [[1997]] - [[Mihail Alexandrovich Antipov|Mihail Antipov]], Rusa shakoludistulo == Morti == * [[1190]] - [[Friedrich Barbarossa]], imperiestro di Santa Romana Imperio (n. 1122) * [[1580]] - [[Luís Vaz de Camões]], Portugalana poeto (n. c. 1524) * [[1654]] - [[Alessandro Algardi]], Italiana skultisto (n. 1598) * [[1836]] - [[André-Marie Ampère]], Franca matematikisto e fizikisto (n. 1775) * [[1923]] - [[Pierre Loti]], Franca skriptisto (n. 1850) * [[1926]] - [[Antoni Gaudí]], Katalunian arkitekto (n. 1852)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.infoescola.com/biografias/antoni-gaudi/ |titulo=Antoni Gaudí - biografia do arquiteto|editero=InfoEscola|vidita ye=2ma di decembro 2022|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[1929]] - [[Kazimierz Stabrowski]], Polona piktisto (n. 1869) * [[1934]] - [[Frederick Delius]], Britaniana kompozisto (n. 1862) * [[1937]] - [[Hjalmar Eklund]], Finlandana pioniro-Idisto (n. 1880) * 1937 - [[Robert Laird Borden]], chefministro di Kanada (n. 1854) * [[1949]] - [[Sigrid Undset]], Norvegiana skriptisto, Nobel-laureato en 1928 (n. 1882) * [[1967]] - [[Spencer Tracy]], Usan aktoro (n. 1900) * [[1973]] - [[Erich von Manstein]], Germana militisto (n. 1887)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0902663/bio |titulo=Erich von Manstein - Biography|vidita ye=14ma di julio 2020|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[1982]] - [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]], Germana filmifisto (n. 1945) * [[1988]] - [[Henryk Stażewski]], Polona piktisto (n. 1894) * [[2000]] - [[Hafez al-Assad]], prezidanto di Siria (n. 1930) * [[2001]] - [[Leila Pahlavi]], princino di Iran (n. 1970) * [[2002]] - [[John Gotti]], Usana mafiestro (n. 1940) * [[2004]] - [[Ray Charles]], Usana muzikisto (n. 1930)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ray-Charles |titulo=Ray Charles{{!}}Biography & Songs |editero=Encyclopaedia Britannica|vidita ye=1ma di aprilo 2020|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * 2004 - [[Xenofon Zolotas]], chefministro di Grekia (n. 1904) * [[2010]] - [[Sigmar Polke]], Germana piktisto e fotografisto (n. 1941) * [[2023]] - [[Ted Kaczynski]], Usana teroristo (m. 1942) ==Referi == {{reflist}} [[Kategorio:Dio di yaro]] [[Kategorio:Junio]] 3uybp57on1h8ykui8m3vm5eq9tsevph 1142544 1142540 2026-10-26T21:53:09Z Idisto 28999 /* Morti */ 1142544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Junio}} Videz quo ligesas adhike (che utensili). - A pagino di [[yaro]]. La '''10ma di junio''' esas la 161ma [[dio]] di la yaro (162ma en [[bisextila yaro|bisextila yari]]) segun [[Gregoriala kalendario]]. Restas 204 dii til la fino di la yaro. ---- ==Dio == ==Eventi == * [[1523]] - Trupi komandata da [[Frederik la 1ma di Dania|Frederik la 1ma]] asiejas [[Kobehavn]], pro ke la urbo ne agnoskas ilu kom sucedanto di [[Kristian la 2ma di Dania|Kristian la 2ma]]. * [[1886]] - [[Volkano]] ''Monto Tarawera'' eruptas en [[Nova-Zelando]], destruktas vilaji Te Tapahoro, Moura, Te Ariki, Totarariki, Waingongongo e Te Wairoa, e produktas plu kam 150 morti, la maxim multa [[populo Maori|Maori]].<ref name="nzhistory">{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Eruption of Mt Tarawera |url=http://www.nzhistory.net.nz/eruption-of-mt-tarawera |editero=Ministry for Culture and Heritage|vidita ye=1ma di marto 2018|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[1935]] - [[Pafo-ceso]] haltigas [[milito di Chaco]], inter [[Bolivia]] e [[Paraguay]]. * [[1940]] - [[Duesma mondomilito]]: [[Benito Mussolini]] en [[Italia]] deklaras milito kontre [[Francia]] ed [[Unionita Rejio]]. * 1940 - Duesma mondomilito: [[Norvegia]] kapitulacas a [[Germania]]. * [[1957]] - Maurice Audin, qua defensis la nedependo di [[Aljeria]], arestesas en lua domo. * [[1996]] - Kontrato pri paco en [[Nord-Irlando]] komencas sen [[Sinn Fein]]. * [[1997]] - En [[Kambodja]], chefo di le [[Reda Kmer]], [[Pol Pot]] mortigas Son Sen e lua 11 familiani pro ke ilu sugestis ligar paco kun la rejimo. Pol Pot fugas adnorde, e le Reda Kmer en-arestas ilu heme. * [[1999]] - [[Serbia]]na trupi retretas ek [[Kosovo]]. * [[2016]] - [[Kurdistan|Kurda]] ed Araba trupi siejas komplete urbo Manbij en [[Siria]], e blokusas l'aceso di [[Islamana Stato]] a la frontiero kun [[Turkia]].<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=http://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/afp/2016/06/10/forcas-curdas-e-arabes-bloqueiam-na-siria-principal-rota-do-ei-a-turquia.htm |titulo=Forças curdas e árabes bloqueiam na Síria principal rota do EI à Turquia |idiomo={{pt}}|vidita ye=10ma di junio 2016|editero=UOL}}</ref> == Naski == * [[1823]] - [[Germán Hernández Amores]], Hispana piktisto (m. 1894) * [[1840]] - [[Theodor Philipsen]], Dana piktisto (m. 1920) * [[1879]] - [[Rafael Erich]], chefministro di Finlando (m. 1946) * [[1880]] - [[André Derain]], Franca piktisto (m. 1954) * [[1882]] - [[Vasili Grigoryevich Perov|Vasili Perov]], Rusa piktisto (n. 1834) * [[1887]] - [[Juan Manuel Gálvez]], prezidanto di Honduras (m. 1972) * [[1907]] - [[Fairfield Porter]], Usana piktisto (m. 1975) * [[1910]] - [[Howlin' Wolf]], Usana muzikisto (m. 1976) * [[1913]] - [[Benjamin Shapira]], Israelana biokemiisto, Nobel-laureato (m. 1993) * [[1915]] - [[Saul Bellow]], Kanadan-Usana skriptisto, Nobel-laureato (m. 2005) * [[1922]] - [[Judy Garland]], Usan aktoro (m. 1969) * [[1930]] - [[Ilya Sergeyevich Glazunov|Ilya Glazunov]], Rusa piktisto (m. 2017) * [[1931]] - [[João Gilberto]], Braziliana muzikisto, kompozisto e kantisto (m. 2019)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Biografia de João Gilberto |editero=eBiografia|url=https://www.ebiografia.com/joao_gilberto/ |vidita ye=13ma di novembro 2019}}</ref> * [[1944]] - [[David Goloschekin]], Sovietiana-Rusa jazo-muzikisto * [[1938]] - [[Violetta Villas]], Polona kantistino (m. 2011) * [[1953]] - [[Yevgenia Yevgenyevna Debryanskaya|Yevgenia Debryanskaya]], Rusa skriptistino e HBTI-aktivistino * 1953 - [[John Edwards]], Usana senatano * [[1956]] - [[Rolandas Paksas]], prezidanto di Lituania * [[1957]] - [[Gediminas Vagnorius]], chefministro di Lituania * [[1963]] - [[Petra De Sutter]], Belgiana politikisto * [[1965]] - [[Bruce Flatt]], Kanadan entraprezisto e CEO * [[1972]] - [[Radmila Šekerinska]], chefministro di Norda Macedonia * [[1977]] - [[Mahnaz Afshar]], Iranan aktorino * [[1980]] - [[Hanna Rihorawna Bondarava|Hanna Bondarava]], Bielorusa e Franciana manekinino ed aktorino * [[1983]] - [[Nick Adams (aktorulo n. 1983)|Nick Adams]], Usan aktoro, kantisto e dansisto * [[1989]] - [[Alexandra Stan]], Rumana kantistino * [[1997]] - [[Mihail Alexandrovich Antipov|Mihail Antipov]], Rusa shakoludistulo == Morti == * [[1190]] - [[Friedrich Barbarossa]], imperiestro di Santa Romana Imperio (n. 1122) * [[1580]] - [[Luís Vaz de Camões]], Portugalana poeto (n. c. 1524) * [[1654]] - [[Alessandro Algardi]], Italiana skultisto (n. 1598) * [[1836]] - [[André-Marie Ampère]], Franca matematikisto e fizikisto (n. 1775) * [[1923]] - [[Pierre Loti]], Franca skriptisto (n. 1850) * [[1926]] - [[Antoni Gaudí]], Katalunian arkitekto (n. 1852)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.infoescola.com/biografias/antoni-gaudi/ |titulo=Antoni Gaudí - biografia do arquiteto|editero=InfoEscola|vidita ye=2ma di decembro 2022|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[1929]] - [[Kazimierz Stabrowski]], Polona piktisto (n. 1869) * [[1934]] - [[Frederick Delius]], Britaniana kompozisto (n. 1862) * [[1937]] - [[Hjalmar Eklund]], Finlandana pioniro-Idisto (n. 1880) * 1937 - [[Robert Laird Borden]], chefministro di Kanada (n. 1854) * [[1949]] - [[Sigrid Undset]], Norvegiana skriptisto, Nobel-laureato en 1928 (n. 1882) * [[1967]] - [[Spencer Tracy]], Usan aktoro (n. 1900) * [[1973]] - [[Erich von Manstein]], Germana militisto (n. 1887)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0902663/bio |titulo=Erich von Manstein - Biography|vidita ye=14ma di julio 2020|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[1982]] - [[Rainer Werner Fassbinder]], Germana filmifisto (n. 1945) * [[1988]] - [[Henryk Stażewski]], Polona piktisto (n. 1894) * [[2000]] - [[Hafez al-Assad]], prezidanto di Siria (n. 1930) * [[2001]] - [[Leila Pahlavi]], princino di Iran (n. 1970) * [[2002]] - [[John Gotti]], Usana mafiestro (n. 1940) * [[2004]] - [[Ray Charles]], Usana muzikisto (n. 1930)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Ray-Charles |titulo=Ray Charles{{!}}Biography & Songs |editero=Encyclopaedia Britannica|vidita ye=1ma di aprilo 2020|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * 2004 - [[Xenofon Zolotas]], chefministro di Grekia (n. 1904) * [[2010]] - [[Sigmar Polke]], Germana piktisto e fotografisto (n. 1941) * [[2023]] - [[Ted Kaczynski]], Usana teroristo (n. 1942) ==Referi == {{reflist}} [[Kategorio:Dio di yaro]] [[Kategorio:Junio]] 5ncfd51wo5gr1y4wrdn96vqkcgdiwfh 4 2177 1142458 1138247 2026-10-26T14:01:12Z MediaWiki message delivery 15034 /* Modifikuro di komputera servero - Vua Wiki divenos nur lektebla balde, dum kurta periodo */ nova seciono 1142458 wikitext text/x-wiki :Antiqua mesaji # [[Wikipedio:Portalo di la komunitato/Arkivo1]] (mesaji de 2006 til 2012) # [[Wikipedio:Portalo di la komunitato/Arkivo2]] (mesaji dum la yaro 2013) # [[Wikipedio:Portalo di la komunitato/Arkivo3]] (mesaji dum la yaro 2014) # [[Wikipedio:Portalo di la komunitato/Arkivo4]] (mesaji dum la yaro 2015) # [[Wikipedio:Portalo di la komunitato/Arkivo5]] (mesaji dum la yaro 2016) # [[Wikipedio:Portalo di la komunitato/Arkivo6]] (mesaji dum la yaro 2017) # [[Wikipedio:Portalo di la komunitato/Arkivo7]] (mesaji dum la yaro 2018) # [[Wikipedio:Portalo di la komunitato/Arkivo8]] (mesaji dum la yaro 2019) # [[Wikipedio:Portalo di la komunitato/Arkivo9]] (mesaji dum la yaro 2020) # [[Wikipedio:Portalo di la komunitato/Arkivo10]] (mesaji dum la yaro 2021) # [[Wikipedio:Portalo di la komunitato/Arkivo11]] (mesaji dum la yaro 2022) __NEWSECTIONLINK__ == Upcoming vote on the revised Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 1|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 1|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Revised enforcement guidelines/Announcement/Voting 1}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, In mid-January 2023, the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] for the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] will undergo a second community-wide ratification vote. This follows [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Results|the March 2022 vote]], which resulted in a majority of voters supporting the Enforcement Guidelines. During the vote, participants helped highlight important community concerns. The Board’s [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] requested that these areas of concern be reviewed. The volunteer-led [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee#Revisions_Committee_members|Revisions Committee]] worked hard reviewing community input and making changes. They updated areas of concern, such as training and affirmation requirements, privacy and transparency in the process, and readability and translatability of the document itself. The revised Enforcement Guidelines can be viewed '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|here]]''', and a comparison of changes can be found '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Comparison|here]]'''. '''How to vote?''' Beginning '''January 17, 2023''', voting will be open. '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|This page on Meta-wiki]]''' outlines information on how to vote using SecurePoll. '''Who can vote?''' The '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information#Voting_eligibility|eligibility requirements]]''' for this vote are the same as for the Wikimedia Board of Trustees elections. See the voter information page for more details about voter eligibility. If you are an eligible voter, you can use your Wikimedia account to access the voting server. '''What happens after the vote?''' Votes will be scrutinized by an independent group of volunteers, and the results will be published on Wikimedia-l, the Movement Strategy Forum, Diff and on Meta-wiki. Voters will again be able to vote and share concerns they have about the guidelines. The Board of Trustees will look at the levels of support and concerns raised as they look at how the Enforcement Guidelines should be ratified or developed further. On behalf of the UCoC Project Team, [[Uzanto:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Uzanto Debato:Zuz (WMF)|diskuto]]) 08:45, 10 jan. 2023 (UTC) == Voting now open on the revised Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct == Hello all, The voting period for the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|revised Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] is now open! Voting will be open for two weeks and close at '''23.59 UTC''' on '''January 31, 2023'''. Please visit the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|voter information page on Meta-wiki]] for voter eligibility information and details on how to vote. For more details on the Enforcement Guidelines and the voting process, see our [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Announcement/Voting_1|previous message]]. On behalf of the UCoC Project Team, [[Uzanto:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Uzanto Debato:Zuz (WMF)|diskuto]]) 14:04, 18 jan. 2023 (UTC) == Voting closes soon on the revised Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct == : ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Announcement/Voting_3|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Announcement/Voting_3|More languages]] ''•'' [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FRevised+enforcement+guidelines%2FAnnouncement%2FVoting+3&language=&action=page&filter= Please help translate to your language] : Hello all, [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voting|Voting]] closes on the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|revised Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] at '''23.59 UTC''' today, '''January 31, 2023'''. Please visit the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|voter information page on Meta-wiki]] for voter eligibility information and details on how to vote. More information on the Enforcement Guidelines and the voting process is available in this [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Announcement/Voting_1|previous message]]. On behalf of the UCoC Project Team, [[Uzanto:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Uzanto Debato:Zuz (WMF)|diskuto]]) 10:22, 31 jan. 2023 (UTC) == Universal Code of Conduct revised enforcement guidelines vote results == The recent community-wide vote on the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct revised Enforcement Guidelines]] has been tallied and scrutinized. Thank you to everyone who participated. After 3097 voters from 146 Wikimedia communities voted, the results are 76% in support of the Enforcement Guidelines, and 24% in opposition. [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voting_statistics|Statistics]] for the vote are available. A more detailed summary of comments submitted during the vote will be published soon. From here, the results and comments collected during this vote will be submitted to the Board of Trustees for their review. The current expectation is that the Board of Trustees review process will complete in March 2023. We will update you when their review process is completed. On behalf of the UCoC Project Team, [[Uzanto:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Uzanto Debato:Zuz (WMF)|diskuto]]) 22:50, 16 feb. 2023 (UTC) == Universal Code of Conduct revised enforcement guidelines vote results == The recent community-wide vote on the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct revised Enforcement Guidelines]] has been tallied and scrutinized. Thank you to everyone who participated. After 3097 voters from 146 Wikimedia communities voted, the results are 76% in support of the Enforcement Guidelines, and 24% in opposition. [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voting_statistics|Statistics]] for the vote are available. A more detailed summary of comments submitted during the vote will be published soon. From here, the results and comments collected during this vote will be submitted to the Board of Trustees for their review. The current expectation is that the Board of Trustees review process will complete in March 2023. We will update you when their review process is completed. On behalf of the UCoC Project Team, [[Uzanto:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Uzanto Debato:Zuz (WMF)|diskuto]]) 22:53, 16 feb. 2023 (UTC) == Community feedback cycle about updating the Wikimedia Terms of use starts == Hello everyone, [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department|Wikimedia Foundation Legal Department]] is organizing a feedback-cycle with community members to discuss updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use. [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Terms_of_Use|The Terms of Use (ToU)]] are the legal terms that govern the use of websites hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation. We will be gathering your feedback on a draft proposal from February through April. The draft will be translated into several languages, with written feedback accepted in any language. This update comes in response to several things: * Implementing the Universal Code of Conduct * Updating project text to the Creative Commons BY-SA 4.0 license * Proposal for better addressing undisclosed paid editing * Bringing our terms in line with current and recently passed laws affecting the Foundation, including the European Digital Services Act As part of the feedback cycle two office hours will be held, the first on March 2, the second on April 4. For further information, please consult: * The [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Proposed_update|proposed update of the ToU by comparison]] * The page for your [[metawiki:Talk:Terms_of_use|feedback]] * Information about [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours|the office hours]] On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Legal Team, [[Uzanto:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Uzanto Debato:Zuz (WMF)|diskuto]]) 13:04, 21 feb. 2023 (UTC) == Editing news 2023 #1 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/><i>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2023/February|Read this in another language]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</i> This newsletter includes two key updates about the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing team|Editing]] team's work: # The Editing team will finish adding new features to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|Talk pages project]] and deploy it. # They are beginning a new project, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|Edit check]]. <strong>Talk pages project</strong> [[File:Page Frame Features on desktop.png|alt=Screenshot showing the talk page design changes that are currently available as beta features at all Wikimedia wikis. These features include information about the number of people and comments within each discussion.|thumb|300px|Some of the upcoming changes]] The Editing team is nearly finished with this first phase of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project|Talk pages project]]. Nearly all [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Usability|new features]] are available now in the [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Beta Feature for {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. It will show information about how active a discussion is, such as the date of the most recent comment. There will soon be a new "{{int:skin-action-addsection}}" button. You will be able to turn them off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]]. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Talk_pages_project/Usability#c-PPelberg_(WMF)-20230215001000-Feedback:_Proposed_Revisions_to_%22Add_topic%22_button|tell them what you think]]. [[File:Daily edit completion rates mobile talk pages.png|thumb|300px|Daily edit completion rate by test group: DiscussionTools (test group) and MobileFrontend overlay (control group)]] An A/B test for [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/Mobile|{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}} on the mobile site]] has finished. Editors were [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk_pages_project/Mobile#Status_Updates|more successful with {{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}]]. The Editing team is enabling these features for all editors on the mobile site. <strong>New Project: Edit Check</strong> The Editing team is beginning [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Edit check|a project to help new editors of Wikipedia]]. It will help people identify some problems before they click "{{int:publishchanges}}". The first tool will encourage people to add references when they add new content. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Watchlist|watch]] that page for more information. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing_team/Community_Conversations#20230303|join a conference call on 3&nbsp;March&nbsp;2023]] to learn more.<section end="message"/> </div> –[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) 23:24, 22 feb. 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=24611966 --> == <span lang="eo" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Your wiki will be in read only soon</span> == <div lang="eo" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Legi ĉi tiun mesaĝon en alia lingvo]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] La [[foundation:|Wikimedia Fundamento]] elprovas la ŝaltilon inter ties unua kaj duaranga datumcentroj. Tio certigos, ke Vikipedio kaj la ceteraj Vikimediaj vikioj povas resti enrete eĉ post katastrofo. Por certigi, ke ĉio funkcias, vikimedia teknologia sekcio bezonas okazigi planitan provon. Tiu provo montros, ĉu eblas fidinde transiri de unu datumcentro al la alia. Multaj teamoj devas prepari sin por la provo kaj esti pretaj por solvi iajn ajn neatenditajn problemojn. Oni ŝaltos la tutan datumtrafikon je la '''{{#time:j xg|2023-03-01|eo}}'''. La provo komenciĝos je '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-03-01T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-03-01T14:00}}]'''. Bedaŭrinde pro iuj limoj en [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]] la tuta redaktado devas esti interrompita dum la ŝaltado. Ni pardonpetas pro ĉi tiu interrompo, kaj ni laboras por mallongigi ĝin kiom plej eble en la estonteco. '''Vi povos legi, sed ne redakti, ĉiujn vikiojn dum mallonga tempo.''' *Vi ne povos redakti dum ĝis unu horo je la {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-03-01|eo}}. *Se vi provos redakti aŭ konservi dum tiu tempo, vi vidos erarmesaĝon. Ni esperas, ke neniuj redaktoj perdiĝos dum tiuj minutoj, sed ni ne povas garantii tion. Se vi vidos erarmesaĝon, bonvolu atendi ĝis kiam ĉio estos denove en ordo. Tiam vi povos konservi vian redakton. Sed ni rekomendas ke vi faru kopion de viaj ŝanĝoj antaŭe, ĉiaokaze. ''Aliaj efikoj'': *Fonaj taskoj estos malpli rapidaj, kaj eblas ke kelkaj estos rifuzitaj. Eblas ke ruĝaj ligiloj ne estos ĝisdatigataj kun kutima rapideco. Se vi kreas artikolon al kiu jam estas ligilo, tiu ligilo restos ruĝa pli longe ol kutime. Kelkaj longdaŭraj funkcisinsekvoj devos esti haltigitaj. * Antaŭvideble, disdono de kodo okazos same kiel en la ceteraj semajnoj. Tamen, eblas haltoj en la kodo en kelkaj unuopaj okazoj. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] estos malhavebla dum ĉirkaŭ 90 minutoj. Ĉi tiu projekto povas esti prokrastita se necese. Vi povas [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|legi la horaron ĉe wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ajnaj ŝanĝoj estos anoncitaj en la horaro. Estos pli da informoj pri tio. Rubando estos montrata en ĉiuj vikioj ekde 30 minutoj antaŭ la operacio. '''Bonvolu disvastigi ĉi tiun informon en via komunumo.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 21:20, 27 feb. 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2023 promo.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the third edition of writing challenge "'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2023. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2023/Prizes|prizes]].<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2023|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! </div> [[m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) 07:58, 1 March 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == Reminder: Office hours about updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use == ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours/Reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours/Reminder|More languages]] ''•'' [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Wikimedia+Foundation+Legal+department%2F2023+ToU+updates%2FOffice+hours%2FReminder&language=&action=page&filter= Please help translate to your language] Hello everyone, This a reminder that the [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department|Wikimedia Foundation Legal Department]] is hosting [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours|office hours]] with community members about [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Proposed_update|updating the Wikimedia Terms of Use]]. The office hours will be held today, '''March 2, from 17:00 UTC to 18:30 UTC.''' See for more [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_department/2023_ToU_updates/Office_hours|details here on Meta]]. Another office hours will be held on April 4. We hereby kindly invite you to participate in the discussion. Please note that this meeting will be held in English language and led by the members of the Wikimedia Foundation Legal Team, who will take and answer your questions. Facilitators from the Movement Strategy and Governance Team will provide the necessary assistance and other meeting-related services. On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Legal Team, [[Uzanto:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Uzanto Debato:Zuz (WMF)|diskuto]]) 12:03, 2 mar. 2023 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimania 2023 Welcoming Program Submissions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="wikimania-program-submissions"/>[[File:Wikimania Singapore Logo.svg|right|frameless]]Do you want to host an in-person or virtual session at Wikimania 2023? Maybe a hands-on workshop, a lively discussion, a fun performance, a catchy poster, or a memorable lightning talk? [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2023:Program/Submissions|'''Submissions are open until March 28''']]. The event will have dedicated hybrid blocks, so virtual submissions and pre-recorded content are also welcome. If you have any questions, please join us at an upcoming conversation on March 12 or 19, or reach out by email at wikimania@wikimedia.org or on Telegram. More information on-wiki.<section end="wikimania-program-submissions"/> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24390465 --> == Board of Trustees have ratified the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines == : ''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Announcement_-_Board_ratification|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Announcement_-_Board_ratification|More languages]] ''•'' [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct%2FRevised+enforcement+guidelines%2FAnnouncement+-+Board+ratification&language=&action=page&filter= Please help translate to your language] Hello all, an important update on the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines: The vote on the Enforcement Guidelines in January 2023 showed a majority approval of the Enforcement Guidelines. There were 369 comments received and a detailed summary of the comments will be published shortly. Just over three-thousand (3097) voters voted and 76% approved of the Enforcement Guidelines. You can view the '''[[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Revised_enforcement_guidelines/Voting_statistics|vote statistics on Meta-wiki]]'''. As the support increased, this signifies to the Board that the current version has addressed some of the issues indicated during the last review in 2022. The Board of Trustees voted to ratify the Enforcement Guidelines. The [[foundation:Resolution:Approval_of_Universal_Code_of_Conduct_Enforcement_Guidelines|resolution can be found on Foundation wiki]] and you can read more about the [[wmfblog:2023/03/21/the-enforcement-guidelines-received-strong-support-from-the-community-what-happens-next/|process behind the 2023 Enforcement Guidelines review on Diff.]] There are some next steps to take with the important recommendations provided by the Enforcement Guidelines. More details will come soon about timelines. Thank you for your interest and participation. On behalf of the UCoC Project Team, [[Uzanto:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Uzanto Debato:Zuz (WMF)|diskuto]]) 20:38, 24 mar. 2023 (UTC) == Report on Voter Feedback from Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines Ratification == Hello all, The Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) project team has completed the analysis of the feedback accompanying the ratification vote on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines. Following the completion of the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines Draft in 2022, the guidelines were voted on by the Wikimedian community. Voters cast votes from 137 communities, with the top 9 communities being: English, German, French, Russian, Polish, Spanish, Chinese, Japanese, Italian Wikipedias, and Meta-wiki. Those voting had the opportunity to provide comments on the contents of the Draft document. 658 participants left comments. 77% of the comments are written in English. Voters wrote comments in 24 languages with the largest numbers in English (508), German (34), Japanese (28), French (25), and Russian (12). A report will be sent to the Revision Drafting Committee who will refine the enforcement guidelines based on the community feedback received from the recently concluded vote. A public version of the report is [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting/Results#Summary|'''published on Meta-wiki here''']]. The report is available in translated versions on Meta-wiki. Please help translate to your language Again, we thank all who participated in the vote and discussions. We invite everyone to contribute during the next community discussions. More information about the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines can be found [[metawiki:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|on Meta-wiki]]. On behalf of the Universal Code of Conduct project team [[Uzanto:Zuz (WMF)|Zuz (WMF)]] ([[Uzanto Debato:Zuz (WMF)|diskuto]]) 12:53, 30 mar. 2023 (UTC) == <span lang="eo" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Via vikio estos nurlegebla baldaŭ</span> == <div lang="eo" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Legi ĉi tiun mesaĝon en alia lingvo]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] La [[foundation:|Wikimedia Fundamento]] elprovas la ŝaltilon inter ties unua kaj duaranga datumcentroj. Tio certigos, ke Vikipedio kaj la ceteraj Vikimediaj vikioj povas resti enrete eĉ post katastrofo. Por certigi, ke ĉio funkcias, vikimedia teknologia sekcio bezonas okazigi planitan provon. Tiu provo montros, ĉu eblas fidinde transiri de unu datumcentro al la alia. Multaj teamoj devas prepari sin por la provo kaj esti pretaj por solvi iajn ajn neatenditajn problemojn. Oni ŝaltos la tutan datumtrafikon je la '''{{#time:j xg|2023-04-26|eo}}'''. La provo komenciĝos je '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-04-26T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-04-26T14:00}}]'''. Bedaŭrinde pro iuj limoj en [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]] la tuta redaktado devas esti interrompita dum la ŝaltado. Ni pardonpetas pro ĉi tiu interrompo, kaj ni laboras por mallongigi ĝin kiom plej eble en la estonteco. '''Vi povos legi, sed ne redakti, ĉiujn vikiojn dum mallonga tempo.''' *Vi ne povos redakti dum ĝis unu horo je la {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-04-26|eo}}. *Se vi provos redakti aŭ konservi dum tiu tempo, vi vidos erarmesaĝon. Ni esperas, ke neniuj redaktoj perdiĝos dum tiuj minutoj, sed ni ne povas garantii tion. Se vi vidos erarmesaĝon, bonvolu atendi ĝis kiam ĉio estos denove en ordo. Tiam vi povos konservi vian redakton. Sed ni rekomendas ke vi faru kopion de viaj ŝanĝoj antaŭe, ĉiaokaze. ''Aliaj efikoj'': *Fonaj taskoj estos malpli rapidaj, kaj eblas ke kelkaj estos rifuzitaj. Eblas ke ruĝaj ligiloj ne estos ĝisdatigataj kun kutima rapideco. Se vi kreas artikolon al kiu jam estas ligilo, tiu ligilo restos ruĝa pli longe ol kutime. Kelkaj longdaŭraj funkcisinsekvoj devos esti haltigitaj. * Antaŭvideble, disdono de kodo okazos same kiel en la ceteraj semajnoj. Tamen, eblas haltoj en la kodo en kelkaj unuopaj okazoj. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] estos malhavebla dum ĉirkaŭ 90 minutoj. Ĉi tiu projekto povas esti prokrastita se necese. Vi povas [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|legi la horaron ĉe wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ajnaj ŝanĝoj estos anoncitaj en la horaro. Estos pli da informoj pri tio. Rubando estos montrata en ĉiuj vikioj ekde 30 minutoj antaŭ la operacio. '''Bonvolu disvastigi ĉi tiun informon en via komunumo.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 00:41, 21 apr. 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=24748237 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Seeking volunteers for the next step in the Universal Code of Conduct process</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Nominations/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello, As follow-up to [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/IOMVS7W75ZYMABQGOQ2QH2JAURC3CHGH/ the message about the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines] by Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Vice Chair, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, I am reaching out about the next steps. I want to bring your attention to the next stage of the Universal Code of Conduct process, which is forming a building committee for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). I invite community members with experience and deep interest in community health and governance to nominate themselves to be part of the U4C building committee, which needs people who are: * Community members in good standing * Knowledgeable about movement community processes, such as, but not limited to, policy drafting, participatory decision making, and application of existing rules and policies on Wikimedia projects * Aware and appreciative of the diversity of the movement, such as, but not limited to, languages spoken, identity, geography, and project type * Committed to participate for the entire U4C Building Committee period from mid-May - December 2023 * Comfortable with engaging in difficult, but productive conversations * Confidently able to communicate in English The Building Committee shall consist of volunteer community members, affiliate board or staff, and Wikimedia Foundation staff. The Universal Code of Conduct has been a process strengthened by the skills and knowledge of the community and I look forward to what the U4C Building Committee creates. If you are interested in joining the Building Committee, please either [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee/Nominations|sign up on the Meta-Wiki page]], or contact ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org by May 12, 2023. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read more on Meta-Wiki]]'''. Best regards,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 19:00, 26 apr. 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=24941045 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Selection of the U4C Building Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The next stage in the Universal Code of Conduct process is establishing a Building Committee to create the charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C). The Building Committee has been selected. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/U4C_Building_Committee|Read about the members and the work ahead on Meta-wiki]].<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Project|UCoC Project Team]], 04:20, 27 may. 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == Invitation to participate in the #WPWPCampaign 2023 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Dear Wikimedians, [[File:WPWP_logo_1.png|right|150px|frameless]] We are glad to inform you that the 2023 edition of Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos campaign is coming up in July. This is a formal invitation to invite individuals and communities to join the campaign to help improve Wikipedia articles with photos and other relevant media files. If you're interested in participating, please find your community or community closer to you to participate from the [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2023/Participating Communities|Participating Communities]] page. If you're organizer, please add your community or Affiliate to the page. The campaign primarily aims to promote using images from Wikimedia Commons to enrich Wikipedia articles. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photos, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. In this edition of the campaign, eligibility criteria have been revised based on feedback and campaign Evaluation Reports of the previous editions. Please find more [[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2023/FAQ and Contest Rules|details about these changes and our FAQ on Meta-Wiki]] For more information, please visit the '''[[:m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2023|campaign page on Meta-Wiki]]'''. Kind regards, Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos International Team. [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 23:25, 7 jun. 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ammarpad@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos/Distribution_list&oldid=23360272 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Announcing the new Elections Committee members</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections committee/Nominatons/2023/Announcement - new members}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello there, We are glad to announce [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/4TALOUFPAP2VDBR27GKRVOP7IGQYU3DB/|the new members and advisors of the Elections Committee]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee|Elections Committee]] assists with the design and implementation of the process to select Community- and Affiliate-Selected trustees for the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. After an open nomination process, the strongest candidates spoke with the Board and four candidates were asked to join the Elections Committee. Four other candidates were asked to participate as advisors. Thank you to all the community members who submitted their names for consideration. We look forward to working with the Elections Committee in the near future. On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:00, 28 jun. 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25018085 --> == Deploying the Phonos in-line audio player to your Wiki == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}! Apologies if this message is not in your language, {{int:Please help translate}} to your language. This wiki will soon be able to use the [[mw:Help:Extension:Phonos#Inline_audio_player_mode|inline audio player]] implemented by the [[mw:Extension:Phonos|Phonos]] extension. This is part of fulfilling a wishlist proposal of providing [[m:Community_Wishlist_Survey_2022/Multimedia_and_Commons/Audio_links_that_play_on_click|audio links that play on click]]. With the inline audio player, you can add text-to-speech audio snippets to wiki pages by simply using a tag: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="audio file" label="Listen"/> </syntaxhighlight> The above tag will show the text next to a speaker icon, and clicking on it will play the audio instantly without taking you to another page. A common example where you can use this feature is in adding pronunciation to words as illustrated on the [[wiktionary:en:English#Pronunciation|English Wiktionary]] below. <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> {{audio|en|En-uk-English.oga|Audio (UK)}} </syntaxhighlight> Could become: <syntaxhighlight lang="wikitext"> <phonos file="En-uk-English.oga" label="Audio (UK)"/> </syntaxhighlight> The inline audio player will be available in your wiki in 2 weeks time; in the meantime, we would like you to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Phonos|read about the features]] and give us feedback or ask questions about it in this [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:Phonos|talk page]]. Thank you!</div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]], on behalf of the Foundation's Language team</bdi> </div> 02:26, 27 jul. 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_announcement_list_(In-line_audio_player)&oldid=25350821 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Review the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee/Announcement - Review}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, I am pleased to share the next step in the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] work. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) draft charter]] is now ready for your review. The [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Enforcement Guidelines]] require a [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4.5_U4C_Building_Committee|Building Committee]] form to draft a charter that outlines procedures and details for a global committee to be called the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines#4._UCoC_Coordinating_Committee_(U4C)|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]]. Over the past few months, the U4C Building Committee worked together as a group to discuss and draft the U4C charter. The U4C Building Committee welcomes feedback about the draft charter now through 22 September 2023. After that date, the U4C Building Committee will revise the charter as needed and a community vote will open shortly afterward. Join the conversation during the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/U4C Building Committee#Conversation hours|conversation hours]] or on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Meta-wiki]]. Best,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]], on behalf of the U4C Building Committee, 15:35, 28 di agosto. 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25392152 --> == <span lang="eo" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Via vikio estos nurlegebla baldaŭ</span> == <div lang="eo" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Legi ĉi tiun mesaĝon en alia lingvo]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">La [[foundation:|Wikimedia Fundamento]] elprovas la ŝaltilon inter ties unua kaj duaranga datumcentroj.</span> Tio certigos, ke Vikipedio kaj la ceteraj Vikimediaj vikioj povas resti enrete eĉ post katastrofo. Por certigi, ke ĉio funkcias, vikimedia teknologia sekcio bezonas okazigi planitan provon. Tiu provo montros, ĉu eblas fidinde transiri de unu datumcentro al la alia. Multaj teamoj devas prepari sin por la provo kaj esti pretaj por solvi iajn ajn neatenditajn problemojn. Oni ŝaltos la tutan datumtrafikon je la '''{{#time:j xg|2023-09-20|eo}}'''. La provo komenciĝos je '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2023-09-20T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2023-09-20T14:00}}]'''. Bedaŭrinde pro iuj limoj en [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]] la tuta redaktado devas esti interrompita dum la ŝaltado. Ni pardonpetas pro ĉi tiu interrompo, kaj ni laboras por mallongigi ĝin kiom plej eble en la estonteco. '''Vi povos legi, sed ne redakti, ĉiujn vikiojn dum mallonga tempo.''' *Vi ne povos redakti dum ĝis unu horo je la {{#time:l j xg Y|2023-09-20|eo}}. *Se vi provos redakti aŭ konservi dum tiu tempo, vi vidos erarmesaĝon. Ni esperas, ke neniuj redaktoj perdiĝos dum tiuj minutoj, sed ni ne povas garantii tion. Se vi vidos erarmesaĝon, bonvolu atendi ĝis kiam ĉio estos denove en ordo. Tiam vi povos konservi vian redakton. Sed ni rekomendas ke vi faru kopion de viaj ŝanĝoj antaŭe, ĉiaokaze. ''Aliaj efikoj'': *Fonaj taskoj estos malpli rapidaj, kaj eblas ke kelkaj estos rifuzitaj. Eblas ke ruĝaj ligiloj ne estos ĝisdatigataj kun kutima rapideco. Se vi kreas artikolon al kiu jam estas ligilo, tiu ligilo restos ruĝa pli longe ol kutime. Kelkaj longdaŭraj funkcisinsekvoj devos esti haltigitaj. * Antaŭvideble, disdono de kodo okazos same kiel en la ceteraj semajnoj. Tamen, eblas haltoj en la kodo en kelkaj unuopaj okazoj. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] estos malhavebla dum ĉirkaŭ 90 minutoj. Ĉi tiu projekto povas esti prokrastita se necese. Vi povas [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|legi la horaron ĉe wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Ajnaj ŝanĝoj estos anoncitaj en la horaro. Estos pli da informoj pri tio. Rubando estos montrata en ĉiuj vikioj ekde 30 minutoj antaŭ la operacio. '''Bonvolu disvastigi ĉi tiun informon en via komunumo.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]]) 09:23, 15 sep. 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=25018086 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">== Opportunities open for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission, and the Case Review Committee ==</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <div style="margin:.2em 0 .5em;margin-{{#switch:{{PAGELANGUAGE}}|ar|arc|ary|arz|azb|bcc|bgn|ckb|bqi|dv|fa|fa-af|glk|ha-arab|he|kk-arab|kk-cn|ks|ku-arab|ms-arab|mzn|pnb|prd|ps|sd|ug|ur|ydd|yi=right|left}}:3ex;"> [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'']] ''<span class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments/Announcement/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</span>''</div> Hi everyone! The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee]] (AffCom), [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission]] (OC), and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust_and_Safety/Case_Review_Committee|Case Review Committee]] (CRC) are looking for new members. These volunteer groups provide important structural and oversight support for the community and movement. People are encouraged to nominate themselves or encourage others they feel would contribute to these groups to apply. There is more information about the roles of the groups, the skills needed, and the opportunity to apply on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Legal department/Committee appointments|'''Meta-wiki page''']]. On behalf of the Committee Support team,<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ~ [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 16:41, 9 okt. 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Review and comment on the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Rules package review - short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear all, Please review and comment on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection rules package from now until 29 October 2023. The selection rules package was based on older versions by the Elections Committee and will be used in the 2024 Board of Trustees selection. Providing your comments now will help them provide a smoother, better Board selection process. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|More on the Meta-wiki page]]. Best, Katie Chan <br> Chair of the Elections Committee<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 01:12, 17 okt. 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25570445 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Coming soon: Reference Previews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> [[File:Example_of_a_Reference_Preview.png|right|300px]] A new feature is coming to your wiki soon: Reference Previews are popups for references. Such popups have existed on wikis as local gadgets for many years. Now there is a central solution, available on all wikis, and consistent with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Page Previews|PagePreviews feature]]. Reference Previews will be visible to everyone, including readers. If you don’t want to see them, [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews#Opt-out feature|you can opt out]]. If you are [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|using the gadgets]] Reference Tooltips or Navigation Popups, you won’t see Reference Previews unless you disable the gadget. Reference Previews have been a beta feature on many wikis since 2019, and a default feature on some since 2021. Deployment is planned for November 22. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Help page]] * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Project page with more information (in English)]]. * Feedback is welcome [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on this talk page]]. -- For [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Wikimedia Deutschland’s Technical Wishes]] team, <section end="ReferencePreviewsDefault"/> </div> [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]], 13:11, 15 nov. 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(New) Feature on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:Kartographer|Kartographer]]: Adding geopoints via QID</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="Body"/>Since September 2022, it is possible to create geopoints using a QID. Many wiki contributors have asked for this feature, but it is not being used much. Therefore, we would like to remind you about it. More information can be found on the [[M:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|project page]]. If you have any comments, please let us know on the [[M:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Geoinformation/Geopoints via QID|talk page]]. – Best regards, the team of Technical Wishes at Wikimedia Deutschland <section end="Body"/> </div> [[M:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)|Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] 12:31, 13 dec. 2023 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25955829 --> == Do you use Wikidata in Wikimedia sibling projects? Tell us about your experiences == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English.'' Hello, the '''[[m:WD4WMP|Wikidata for Wikimedia Projects]]''' team at Wikimedia Deutschland would like to hear about your experiences using Wikidata in the sibling projects. If you are interested in sharing your opinion and insights, please consider signing up for an interview with us in this '''[https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/Wikidata-for-Wikimedia-Interviews Registration form]'''.<br> ''Currently, we are only able to conduct interviews in English.'' The front page of the form has more details about what the conversation will be like, including how we would '''compensate''' you for your time. For more information, visit our ''[[m:WD4WMP/AddIssue|project issue page]]'' where you can also share your experiences in written form, without an interview.<br>We look forward to speaking with you, [[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|talk]]) 08:53, 5 January 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/WD4WMP/ScreenerInvite&oldid=26027495 --> == Reusing references: Can we look over your shoulder? == ''Apologies for writing in English.'' The Technical Wishes team at Wikimedia Deutschland is planning to [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Reusing references|make reusing references easier]]. For our research, we are looking for wiki contributors willing to show us how they are interacting with references. * The format will be a 1-hour video call, where you would share your screen. [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ More information here]. * Interviews can be conducted in English, German or Dutch. * [[mw:WMDE_Engineering/Participate_in_UX_Activities#Compensation|Compensation is available]]. * Sessions will be held in January and February. * [https://wikimedia.sslsurvey.de/User-research-into-Reusing-References-Sign-up-Form-2024/en/ Sign up here if you are interested.] * Please note that we probably won’t be able to have sessions with everyone who is interested. Our UX researcher will try to create a good balance of wiki contributors, e.g. in terms of wiki experience, tech experience, editing preferences, gender, disability and more. If you’re a fit, she will reach out to you to schedule an appointment. We’re looking forward to seeing you, [[m:User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)| Thereza Mengs (WMDE)]] <!-- Message sent by User:Thereza Mengs (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=25956752 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2024 == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2024 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2023, to March 31, 2023 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2024/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2024|Feminism and Folklore 2024 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 07:26, 18 jan. 2024 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|Wiki Loves Folklore 2024]]''' an international photography contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2024 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2024|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' -- [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 07:26, 18 jan. 2024 (UTC) </div></div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=23942484 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am reaching out to you today to announce that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) Charter is now open. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]] now through '''2 February 2024'''. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C Charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:08, 19 jan. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Last days to vote on the Charter for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - voting reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am reaching out to you today to remind you that the voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) charter will close on '''2 February 2024'''. Community members may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|cast their vote and provide comments about the charter via SecurePoll]]. Those of you who voiced your opinions during the development of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|UCoC Enforcement Guidelines]] will find this process familiar. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|current version of the U4C charter]] is on Meta-wiki with translations available. Read the charter, go vote and share this note with others in your community. I can confidently say the U4C Building Committee looks forward to your participation. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 17:00, 31 jan. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=25853527 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Announcing the results of the UCoC Coordinating Committee Charter ratification vote</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:wiki/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, Thank you everyone for following the progress of the Universal Code of Conduct. I am writing to you today to announce the outcome of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter/Voter_information|ratification vote]] on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee Charter]]. 1746 contributors voted in this ratification vote with 1249 voters supporting the Charter and 420 voters not. The ratification vote process allowed for voters to provide comments about the Charter. A report of voting statistics and a summary of voter comments will be published on Meta-wiki in the coming weeks. Please look forward to hearing about the next steps soon. On behalf of the UCoC Project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 18:23, 12 feb. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26160150 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024: We are back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2024 general.jpg|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the forth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2024|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from 1st until 31st March 2024. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contribution in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes.<br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/UCDM 2024|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|ValentynNefedov (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:ValentynNefedov (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26166467 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Report of the U4C Charter ratification and U4C Call for Candidates now available</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, I am writing to you today with two important pieces of information. First, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter/Vote results|report of the comments from the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter ratification]] is now available. Secondly, the call for candidates for the U4C is open now through April 1, 2024. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members are invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Per the charter, there are 16 seats on the U4C: eight community-at-large seats and eight regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Meta-wiki]]. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 16:25, 5 mar. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26276337 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2024 Selection</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> : ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' : ''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Dear all, This year, the term of 4 (four) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Elections Committee]] will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Board Governance Committee created a Board Selection Working Group from Trustees who cannot be candidates in the 2024 community- and affiliate-selected trustee selection process composed of Dariusz Jemielniak, Nataliia Tymkiv, Esra'a Al Shafei, Kathy Collins, and Shani Evenstein Sigalov [3]. The group is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2024 trustee selection process, and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 2024: Call for candidates and call for questions * June 2024: Affiliates vote to shortlist 12 candidates (no shortlisting if 15 or less candidates apply) [5] * June-August 2024: Campaign period * End of August / beginning of September 2024: Two-week community voting period * October–November 2024: Background check of selected candidates * Board's Meeting in December 2024: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2024 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|this Meta-wiki page]], and make your plan. '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2024 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Election Volunteers|Meta-wiki page]]. Best regards, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Pundit|Dariusz Jemielniak]] (Governance Committee Chair, Board Selection Working Group) [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2021/Results#Elected [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Minutes:2023-08-15#Governance_Committee [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] Even though the ideal number is 12 candidates for 4 open seats, the shortlisting process will be triggered if there are more than 15 candidates because the 1-3 candidates that are removed might feel ostracized and it would be a lot of work for affiliates to carry out the shortlisting process to only eliminate 1-3 candidates from the candidate list.<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]]19:57, 12 mar. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26349432 --> == Vua Wiki balde divenos nur lektebla == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Lektez ca mesajo en altra idiomo]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] La [[foundation:|fonduro Wikimedia]] modifikos la trafiko inter lia komputerala centri. To posibligos ke Wikipedia ed altra wiki de Wikimedia mantenos su ''online'' mem pos dizastro. Toda trafiko modifikesos che '''{{#time:j xg|2024-03-20|io}}'''. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The test will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-03-20T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-03-20T14:00}}]'''.</span> Nefortunoze, pro kelka limitizi che [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], omna redakturi mustos haltesar dum la modifikado. Ni pregas vua pardomo pro ca rupto, e ni laboras pro ke future simila problemi esos minima. '''Vu povos lektor, ma ne redaktor omna Wiki dum kurta periodo di tempo.''' *<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-03-20|en}}.</span> *<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Then you should be able to save your edit.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Other effects'':</span> *<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This project may be postponed if necessary.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]].</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any changes will be announced in the schedule.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There will be more notifications about this.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens.</span> '''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Please share this information with your community.</span>'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]], 00:01, 15 mar. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=25636619 --> == Enabling machine translation support, Section and Content translation tools in your Wikipedia == {{int:Hello}} Ido Wikipedians! Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{int:Please-translate}}. The WMF Language team plans to enable the Section and Content translation tools to Ido Wikipedia by default. Also, the team is considering adding [[mw:Help:Content_translation/Translating/Initial_machine_translation|machine translation]] (MT) support with [[mw:MinT|MinT]] to the tools. MinT may be providing limited support for your language, so we want to make sure it is useful for your translation work. For this, my team would like members of your community to: * Test the machine translation support [https://translate.wmcloud.org/ in a test instance]. You can paste multiple pieces of content from different Wikipedia articles and check whether the provided result is a useful starting point for a translation. * Give us feedback if the machine translation quality is okay to be on your Wikipedia by default, as an optional service or if it is not useful at all. * Let us know if you have any objections to having the Section and Content translation enabled by default in this Wikipedia. Below is background information about the tools and how you can test them. '''Background information''' [[mw:Content_translation|Content Translation]] has been a successful tool for editors to create content in their language. Since its release in 2015, the tool has aided the translation of more than one million articles across all languages. However, the tool is in beta in Ido Wikipedia, limiting its discoverability and use. Being in beta also blocks enabling the Section translation in your Wikipedia. [[mw:Content_translation/Section_translation|Section Translation]] extends the capabilities of Content Translation to support mobile devices. On mobile, the tool will: * Guide you to translate one section at a time to expand existing articles or create new ones * Make it easy to transfer knowledge across languages anytime from your mobile device MinT (Machine in Translation) is a machine translation service hosted in the Wikimedia Infrastructure. It is designed to provide translations from many MT models. The model available for your Wikipedia is the [https://github.com/google-research/google-research/tree/master/madlad_400 MADLAD-400 open-source translation model]. '''Our request''' The MADLAD-400 MT is available for your Wiki in our test instance. We want you to test it (translate sentences and paragraphs from articles) in our test instance:[https://translate.wmcloud.org/ https://translate.wmcloud.org]. Let us know in this thread if the quality of the automatic translation generated is okay to enable it in Ido Wikipedia along with the Section and Content translation tool. '''Our plans to enable the tools and the machine translation support''' We plan to deploy the tools with the MT support by the 16th of April. If there are no objections from your community, we will deploy them. We want to provide the tools in the way they best serve the community, so we are open to make further adjustments after the deployment based on your experience. We look forward to getting your feedback in this thread. Thank you! [[Uzanto:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Uzanto Debato:UOzurumba (WMF)|diskuto]]) 18:29, 28 mar. 2024 (UTC) On behalf of the WMF Language team. :Hi, UOzurumba! I've tested MinT with the text below :* The Francis Scott Key Bridge in the U.S. city of Baltimore collapses after being hit by a container ship. :* Bassirou Diomaye Faye is elected President of Senegal. :* A mass shoot­ing and ex­plo­sions kill 143 people at the Crocus City Hall in Krasnogorsk, Russia. (these 3 pages are from the section "in the news" in English Wikipedia. :I've noticed a serious error: it "added" the "translation of a phrase that is not part of the the original test" ''la maxim multa homi esas en l'auto, ol povas esar tre doloroza''. In English it would be like "the majority of people are in the car, that must be painful"... (completely nonsense!!). :I'm an administrator of Ido Wiki, and yet the most active one. I beg that you do not adopt MinT to translate texts to Ido, only when it is "perfect enough to be useful". I'll try testing this and, if possible, I'll try to write to the creators of MinT, to see how could I help them to ameliorate its translations from English to Ido. If MinT is adopted "as is" it would be a disaster, because of the large quantities of mistakes it has produced just by translating these few phrases. :Best regards from São Paulo, Brazil, [[Uzanto:Joao Xavier|Joao Xavier]] ([[Uzanto Debato:Joao Xavier|diskuto]]) 20:45, 29 mar. 2024 (UTC) ::Thank you, [[Uzanto:Joao Xavier|Joao Xavier]], for testing the [https://github.com/google-research/google-research/tree/master/madlad_400 MADLAD-400 open-source translation model] in our [https://translate.wmcloud.org/ test instance] and giving us feedback on the quality of the translation. Since the quality is poor, we will suspend adding this machine translation model to your Wikipedia and only enable the Section and Content translation tool by default next week. ::Once again, thanks for your valuable feedback. ::[[Uzanto:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Uzanto Debato:UOzurumba (WMF)|diskuto]]) 14:49, 8 apr. 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to select members of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 20:21, 25 apr. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to select members of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through May 9, 2024. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 20:21, 25 apr. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Sign up for the language community meeting on May 31st, 16:00 UTC</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/>Hello all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks - May 31st at 16:00 UTC. If you're interested, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Language_engineering/Community_meetings#31_May_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This is a participant-driven meeting, where we share language-specific updates related to various projects, collectively discuss technical issues related to language wikis, and work together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, the topics included the machine translation service (MinT) and the languages and models it currently supports, localization efforts from the Kiwix team, and technical challenges with numerical sorting in files used on Bengali Wikisource. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates related to your project? Any problems that you would like to bring for discussion during the meeting? Do you need interpretation support from English to another language? Please reach out to me at ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org and [[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-may-2024|add agenda items to the document here]]. We look forward to your participation! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 21:22, 14 may. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Feedback invited on Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle/Invitation for feedback (MM)}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' [[File:Sibling Project Lifecycle Conversation 3.png|150px|right|link=:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]] Dear community members, The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee]] (CAC) of the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] invites you to give feedback on a '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle|draft Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle]]'''. This draft Procedure outlines proposed steps and requirements for opening and closing Wikimedia Sibling Projects, and aims to ensure any newly approved projects are set up for success. This is separate from the procedures for opening or closing language versions of projects, which is handled by the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Language Committee]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Closing_projects_policy|closing projects policy]]. You can find the details on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Procedure for Sibling Project Lifecycle#Review|this page]], as well as the ways to give your feedback from today until the end of the day on '''June 23, 2024''', anywhere on Earth. You can also share information about this with the interested project communities you work with or support, and you can also help us translate the procedure into more languages, so people can join the discussions in their own language. On behalf of the CAC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:25, 22 may. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Announcing the first Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote results. We are following up with the results of the first [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) election]]. We are pleased to announce the following individuals as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a two-year term: * North America (USA and Canada) ** – * Northern and Western Europe ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ghilt|Ghilt]] * Latin America and Caribbean ** – * Central and East Europe (CEE) ** — * Sub-Saharan Africa ** – * Middle East and North Africa ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Ibrahim.ID|Ibrahim.ID]] * East, South East Asia and Pacific (ESEAP) ** [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:0xDeadbeef|0xDeadbeef]] * South Asia ** – The following individuals are elected to be community-at-large members of the U4C, fulfilling a one-year term: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Barkeep49|Barkeep49]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Superpes15|Superpes15]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Civvì|Civvì]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:Luke081515|Luke081515]] * – * – * – * – Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. Follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-wiki]]. On behalf of the UCoC project team,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:14, 3 jun. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == Invitation to participate in the #WPWPCampaign 2024 == Dear community members, We are inviting you to participate in the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2024 campaign, a global contest scheduled to run from July through August 2024: Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photo images, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. In its first year (2020), 36 Wikimedia communities in 27 countries joined the campaign. Events relating to the campaign included training organized by at least 18 Wikimedia communities in 14 countries. The campaign resulted in the addition of media files (photos, audios and videos) to more than 90,000 Wikipedia articles in 272 languages. Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP) offers an ideal task for recruiting and guiding new editors through the steps of adding content to existing pages. Besides individual participation, the WPWP campaign can be used by user groups and chapters to organize editing workshops and edit-a-thons. The organizing team is looking for a contact person to coordinate WPWP participation your language Wikipedia. We’d be glad for you to sign up directly at [[:meta:Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos_2024/Participating_Communities|WPWP Participating Communities page]] on Meta-Wiki. Thank you, [[:w:en:User:Reading Beans|Reading Beans]] / readthebeans{{@}}gmail.com)<br/> Project manager and coordinator<br/> Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos 2024 <!-- Message sent by User:Ammarpad@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia_Pages_Wanting_Photos/Distribution_list&oldid=26836490 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The final text of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now on Meta</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final draft available}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hi everyone, The final text of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] is now up on Meta in more than 20 languages for your reading. '''What is the Wikimedia Movement Charter?''' The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a proposed document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance. '''Join the Wikimedia Movement Charter “Launch Party”''' Join the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Event:Movement Charter Launch Party|“Launch Party”]] on '''June 20, 2024''' at '''14.00-15.00 UTC''' ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1718892000 your local time]). During this call, we will celebrate the release of the final Charter and present the content of the Charter. Join and learn about the Charter before casting your vote. '''Movement Charter ratification vote''' Voting will commence on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC.''' You can read more about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voting process, eligibility criteria, and other details]] on Meta. If you have any questions, please leave a comment on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter|Meta talk page]] or email the MCDC at [mailto:mcdc@wikimedia.org mcdc@wikimedia.org]. On behalf of the MCDC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 08:44, 11 jun. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26390244 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is now open – cast your vote</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Ratification vote opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, The voting to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|'''Wikimedia Movement Charter''']] is now open. The Wikimedia Movement Charter is a document to define roles and responsibilities for all the members and entities of the Wikimedia movement, including the creation of a new body – the Global Council – for movement governance. The final version of the Wikimedia Movement Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|available on Meta in different languages]] and attached [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikimedia_Movement_Charter_(June_2024).pdf here in PDF format] for your reading. Voting commenced on SecurePoll on '''June 25, 2024''' at '''00:01 UTC''' and will conclude on '''July 9, 2024''' at '''23:59 UTC'''. Please read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting|voter information and eligibility details]]. After reading the Charter, please [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|'''vote here''']] and share this note further. If you have any questions about the ratification vote, please contact the Charter Electoral Commission at [mailto:cec@wikimedia.org '''cec@wikimedia.org''']. On behalf of the CEC,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 10:51, 25 jun. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Voting to ratify the Wikimedia Movement Charter is ending soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Final reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, This is a kind reminder that the voting period to ratify the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] will be closed on '''July 9, 2024''', at '''23:59 UTC'''. If you have not voted yet, please vote [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/398|on SecurePoll]]. On behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral_Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]],<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 03:45, 8 jul. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">U4C Special Election - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, A special election has been called to fill additional vacancies on the U4C. The call for candidates phase is open from now through July 19, 2024. The [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the [[:foundation:Wikimedia Foundation Universal Code of Conduct|UCoC]]. Community members are invited to submit their applications in the special election for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please review the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|U4C Charter]]. In this special election, according to [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#2. Elections and Terms|chapter 2 of the U4C charter]], there are 9 seats available on the U4C: '''four''' community-at-large seats and '''five''' regional seats to ensure the U4C represents the diversity of the movement. [[Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter#5. Glossary|No more than two members of the U4C can be elected from the same home wiki]]. Therefore, candidates must not have English Wikipedia, German Wikipedia, or Italian Wikipedia as their home wiki. Read more and submit your application on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Meta-wiki]]. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:03, 10 jul. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikimedia Movement Charter ratification voting results</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Announcement - Results of the ratification vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello everyone, After carefully tallying both individual and affiliate votes, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Ratification/Voting#Electoral Commission|Charter Electoral Commission]] is pleased to announce the final results of the Wikimedia Movement Charter voting.   As [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Movement Charter#Thank you for your participation in the Movement Charter ratification vote!|communicated]] by the Charter Electoral Commission, we reached the quorum for both Affiliate and individual votes by the time the vote closed on '''July 9, 23:59 UTC'''. We thank all 2,451 individuals and 129 Affiliate representatives who voted in the ratification process. Your votes and comments are invaluable for the future steps in Movement Strategy. The final results of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Wikimedia Movement Charter]] ratification voting held between 25 June and 9 July 2024 are as follows: '''Individual vote:''' Out of 2,451 individuals who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 2,446 have been accepted as valid votes. Among these, '''1,710''' voted “yes”; '''623''' voted “no”; and '''113''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 73.30% voted to approve the Charter (1710/2333), while 26.70% voted to reject the Charter (623/2333). '''Affiliates vote:''' Out of 129 Affiliates designated voters who voted as of July 9 23:59 (UTC), 129 votes are confirmed as valid votes. Among these, '''93''' voted “yes”; '''18''' voted “no”; and '''18''' selected “–” (neutral). Because the neutral votes don’t count towards the total number of votes cast, 83.78% voted to approve the Charter (93/111), while 16.22% voted to reject the Charter (18/111). '''Board of Trustees of the Wikimedia Foundation:''' The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees voted '''not to ratify''' the proposed Charter during their special Board meeting on July 8, 2024. The Chair of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees, Nataliia Tymkiv, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/Board_resolution_and_vote_on_the_proposed_Movement_Charter|shared the result of the vote, the resolution, meeting minutes and proposed next steps]].   With this, the Wikimedia Movement Charter in its current revision is '''not ratified'''. We thank you for your participation in this important moment in our movement’s governance. The Charter Electoral Commission, [[m:User:Abhinav619|Abhinav619]], [[m:User:Borschts|Borschts]], [[m:User:Iwuala Lucy|Iwuala Lucy]], [[m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]], [[m:User:Der-Wir-Ing|Der-Wir-Ing]]<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 17:52, 18 jul. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Vote now to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – voting opens}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, I am writing to you to let you know the voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is open now through '''August 10, 2024'''. Read the information on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|voting page on Meta-wiki]] to learn more about voting and voter eligibility. The Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community members were invited to submit their applications for the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 02:47, 27 jul. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=26989444 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Reminder! Vote closing soon to fill vacancies of the first U4C</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement – reminder to vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, The voting period for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) is closing soon. It is open through 10 August 2024. Read the information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024_Special_Election#Voting|the voting page on Meta-wiki to learn more about voting and voter eligibility]]. If you are eligible to vote and have not voted in this special election, it is important that you vote now. '''Why should you vote?''' The U4C is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. Community input into the committee membership is critical to the success of the UCoC. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 15:30, 6 di agosto. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Coming soon: A new sub-referencing feature – try it!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Sub-referencing"/> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|{{#ifeq:{{#dir}}|ltr|right|left}}|400px]] Hello. For many years, community members have requested an easy way to re-use references with different details. Now, a MediaWiki solution is coming: The new sub-referencing feature will work for wikitext and Visual Editor and will enhance the existing reference system. You can continue to use different ways of referencing, but you will probably encounter sub-references in articles written by other users. More information on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|the project page]]. '''We want your feedback''' to make sure this feature works well for you: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#Test|Please try]] the current state of development on beta wiki and [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|let us know what you think]]. * [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing/Sign-up|Sign up here]] to get updates and/or invites to participate in user research activities. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes]] team is planning to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We will reach out to creators/maintainers of tools and templates related to references beforehand. Please help us spread the message. --[[m:User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]]) 10:36, 19 August 2024 (UTC) <section end="Sub-referencing"/> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=27309345 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on August 30th, 15:00 UTC == Hi all, The next language community meeting is scheduled in a few weeks—on August 30th at 15:00 UTC. If you're interested in joining, you can [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#30_August_2024 sign up on this wiki page]. This participant-driven meeting will focus on sharing language-specific updates related to various projects, discussing technical issues related to language wikis, and working together to find possible solutions. For example, in the last meeting, topics included the Language Converter, the state of language research, updates on the Incubator conversations, and technical challenges around external links not working with special characters on Bengali sites. Do you have any ideas for topics to share technical updates or discuss challenges? Please add agenda items to the document [https://etherpad.wikimedia.org/p/language-community-meeting-aug-2024 here] and reach out to ssethi(__AT__)wikimedia.org. We look forward to your participation! [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 23:19, 22 di agosto. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Announcing the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/board-elections@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/OKCCN2CANIH2K7DXJOL2GPVDFWL27R7C/ Original message at wikimedia-l]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Announcement - results}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Hello all, The scrutineers have finished reviewing the vote and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Elections Committee|Elections Committee]] have certified the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election/Results|results]] for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024 Special Election|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) special election]]. I am pleased to announce the following individual as regional members of the U4C, who will fulfill a term until 15 June 2026: * North America (USA and Canada) ** Ajraddatz The following seats were not filled during this special election: * Latin America and Caribbean * Central and East Europe (CEE) * Sub-Saharan Africa * South Asia * The four remaining Community-At-Large seats Thank you again to everyone who participated in this process and much appreciation to the candidates for your leadership and dedication to the Wikimedia movement and community. Over the next few weeks, the U4C will begin meeting and planning the 2024-25 year in supporting the implementation and review of the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines. You can follow their work on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Meta-Wiki]]. On behalf of the U4C and the Elections Committee,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 14:05, 2 sep. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: Vote for the 2024 Board of Trustees!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. There are twelve (12) candidates running for four (4) seats on the Board. Learn more about the candidates by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024/Candidates|reading their statements]] and their [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Questions_for_candidates|answers to community questions]]. When you are ready, go to the [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/400|SecurePoll]] voting page to vote. '''The vote is open from September 3rd at 00:00 UTC to September 17th at 23:59 UTC'''. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 12:14, 3 sep. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == Vua Wiki balde divenos nur lektebla == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Lektez ca mesajo en altra idiomo]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] La [[foundation:|fonduro Wikimedia]] modifikos la trafiko inter lia komputerala centri. To posibligos ke Wikipedia ed altra wiki de Wikimedia mantenos su ''online'' mem pos dizastro. Toda trafiko modifikesos che '''{{#time:j xg|2024-09-25|io}}'''. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2024-09-25T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2024-09-25T15:00}}]'''.</span> Nefortunoze, pro kelka limitizi che [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], omna redakturi mustos haltesar dum la modifikado. Ni pregas vua pardomo pro ca rupto, e ni laboras pro ke future simila problemi esos minima. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> '''Vu povos lektor, ma ne redaktor omna Wiki dum kurta periodo di tempo.''' *<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2024-09-25|en}}.</span> *<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Then you should be able to save your edit.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Other effects'':</span> *<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This project may be postponed if necessary.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]].</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any changes will be announced in the schedule.</span> '''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Please share this information with your community.</span>'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[User:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]], 09:37, 20 sep. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27248326 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving. Find out where... == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><i>Apologies for cross-posting in English. Please consider translating this message.</i>{{tracked|T66315}} Hello everyone, a small change will soon be coming to the user-interface of your Wikimedia project. The [[d:Q16222597|Wikidata item]] [[w:|sitelink]] currently found under the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''General''</u></span> section of the '''Tools''' sidebar menu will move into the <span style="color: #54595d;"><u>''In Other Projects''</u></span> section. We would like the Wiki communities feedback so please let us know or ask questions on the [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Discussion page]] before we enable the change which can take place October 4 2024, circa 15:00 UTC+2. More information can be found on [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|the project page]].<br><br>We welcome your feedback and questions.<br> [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 18:57, 27 sep. 2024 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27524260 --> == Invitation to Participate in Wiki Loves Ramadan Community Engagement Survey == Dear all, Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language. We are excited to announce the upcoming [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan|Wiki Loves Ramadan]] event, a global initiative aimed at celebrating Ramadan by enriching Wikipedia and its sister projects with content related to this significant time of year. As we plan to organize this event globally, your insights and experiences are crucial in shaping the best possible participation experience for the community. To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is engaging, inclusive, and impactful, we kindly invite you to participate in our community engagement survey. Your feedback will help us understand the needs of the community, set the event's focus, and guide our strategies for organizing this global event. Survey link: https://forms.gle/f66MuzjcPpwzVymu5 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will make a difference! Thank you for being a part of our journey to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success. Warm regards, User:ZI Jony 03:20, 6 okt. 2024 (UTC) Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27510935 --> == Proposal to enable the "Contribute" entry point in Ido Wikipedia == {{Int:Hello}} Ido Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|WMF Language and Product Localization]] team proposes enabling an entry point called "Contribute" to your Wikipedia. The [[:bn:বিশেষ:Contribute|Contribute]] entry point is based on collaborative work with other product teams in the Wikimedia Foundation on [[mediawikiwiki:Edit_Discovery|Edit discovery]], which validated the entry point as a persistent and constant path that contributors took to discover ways to contribute content in Wikipedia. Therefore, enabling this entry point in your Wikipedia will help contributors quickly discover available tools and immediately click to start using them. This entry point is designed to be a central point for discovering contribution tools in Ido Wikipedia. '''Who can access it''' Once it is enabled in your Wikipedia, newcomers can access the entry point automatically by just logging into their account, click on the User drop-down menu and choose the "Contribute" icon, which takes you to another menu where you will find a self-guided description of what you can do to contribute content, as shown in the image below. An option to "view contributions" is also available to access the list of your contributions. [[File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|ligilo=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_Contribute_Page.png|senkadra|534x534ra|Mobile Contribute Page]] [[File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|ligilo=https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mobile_contribute_menu_(detailed).png|722x722ra|Mobile contribute menu (detailed)]] For experienced contributors, the Contribute icon is not automatically shown in their User drop-down menu. They will still see the "Contributions" option unless they change it to the "Contribute" manually. This feature is available in four Wikipedia (Albanian, Malayalam, Mongolian, and Tagalog). We have gotten valuable feedback that helped us improve its discoverability. Now, it is ready to be enabled in other Wikis. One major improvement was to [[phab:T369041|make the entry point optional for experienced contributors]] who still want to have the "Contributions" entry point as default.           We plan to enable it '''on mobile''' for Wikis, where the Section translation tool is enabled. In this way, we will provide a main entry point to the mobile translation dashboard, and the exposure can still be limited by targeting only the mobile platform for now. If there are no objections to having the entry point for mobile users from your community, we will enable it by 24th October 2024. We welcome your feedback and questions in this thread on our proposal to enable it here. Suppose there are no objections, we will deploy the "Contribute" entry point in your Wikipedia. We look forward to your response soon. Thank you! On behalf of the WMF Language and Product Localization team. [[Uzanto:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]] ([[Uzanto Debato:UOzurumba (WMF)|diskuto]]) 04:28, 10 okt. 2024 (UTC) == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Preliminary results of the 2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, Thank you to everyone who participated in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2024|2024 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election]]. Close to 6000 community members from more than 180 wiki projects have voted. The following four candidates were the most voted: # [[User:Kritzolina|Christel Steigenberger]] # [[User:Nadzik|Maciej Artur Nadzikiewicz]] # [[User:Victoria|Victoria Doronina]] # [[User:Laurentius|Lorenzo Losa]] While these candidates have been ranked through the vote, they still need to be appointed to the Board of Trustees. They need to pass a successful background check and meet the qualifications outlined in the Bylaws. New trustees will be appointed at the next Board meeting in December 2024. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2024/Results|Learn more about the results on Meta-Wiki.]] Best regards, The Elections Committee and Board Selection Working Group <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe_(WMF)|MPossoupe_(WMF)]] 08:25, 14 okt. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27183190 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations_Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds_commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on 16 October 2024. Applications for the Affiliations Committee close on 18 November 2024, and applications for the Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on 2 December 2024. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation/Legal/Committee_appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email [mailto:cst@wikimedia.org cst@wikimedia.org] with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:07, 16 okt. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27601062 --> == 'Wikidata item' link is moving, finally. == Hello everyone, I previously wrote on the 27th September to advise that the ''Wikidata item'' sitelink will change places in the sidebar menu, moving from the '''General''' section into the '''In Other Projects''' section. The scheduled rollout date of 04.10.2024 was delayed due to a necessary request for Mobile/MinervaNeue skin. I am happy to inform that the global rollout can now proceed and will occur later today, 22.10.2024 at 15:00 UTC-2. [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Projects/Move_Wikidata_item_link|Please let us know]] if you notice any problems or bugs after this change. There should be no need for null-edits or purging cache for the changes to occur. Kind regards, -[[m:User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 11:29, 22 okt. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=27535421 --> == Final Reminder: Join us in Making Wiki Loves Ramadan Success == Dear all, We’re thrilled to announce the Wiki Loves Ramadan event, a global initiative to celebrate Ramadan by enhancing Wikipedia and its sister projects with valuable content related to this special time of year. As we organize this event globally, we need your valuable input to make it a memorable experience for the community. Last Call to Participate in Our Survey: To ensure that Wiki Loves Ramadan is inclusive and impactful, we kindly request you to complete our community engagement survey. Your feedback will shape the event’s focus and guide our organizing strategies to better meet community needs. * Survey Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSffN4prPtR5DRSq9nH-t1z8hG3jZFBbySrv32YoxV8KbTwxig/viewform?usp=sf_link Complete the Survey] * Deadline: November 10, 2024 Please take a few minutes to share your thoughts. Your input will truly make a difference! '''Volunteer Opportunity''': Join the Wiki Loves Ramadan Team! We’re seeking dedicated volunteers for key team roles essential to the success of this initiative. If you’re interested in volunteer roles, we invite you to apply. * Application Link: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfXiox_eEDH4yJ0gxVBgtL7jPe41TINAWYtpNp1JHSk8zhdgw/viewform?usp=sf_link Apply Here] * Application Deadline: October 31, 2024 Explore Open Positions: For a detailed list of roles and their responsibilities, please refer to the position descriptions here: [https://docs.google.com/document/d/1oy0_tilC6kow5GGf6cEuFvdFpekcubCqJlaxkxh-jT4/ Position Descriptions] Thank you for being part of this journey. We look forward to working together to make Wiki Loves Ramadan a success! Warm regards,<br> The Wiki Loves Ramadan Organizing Team 05:11, 29 okt. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Sign up for the language community meeting on November 29th, 16:00 UTC == Hello everyone, The next language community meeting is coming up next week, on November 29th, at 16:00 UTC (Zonestamp! For your timezone <https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1732896000>). If you're interested in joining, you can sign up on this wiki page: <https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#29_November_2024>. This participant-driven meeting will be organized by the Wikimedia Foundation’s Language Product Localization team and the Language Diversity Hub. There will be presentations on topics like developing language keyboards, the creation of the Moore Wikipedia, and the language support track at Wiki Indaba. We will also have members from the Wayuunaiki community joining us to share their experiences with the Incubator and as a new community within our movement. This meeting will have a Spanish interpretation. Looking forward to seeing you at the language community meeting! Cheers, [[User:SSethi (WMF)|Srishti]] 19:54, 21 nov. 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Launching! Join Us for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025! == Dear All, We’re happy to announce the launch of [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]], an annual international campaign dedicated to celebrating and preserving Islamic cultures and history through the power of Wikipedia. As an active contributor to the Local Wikipedia, you are specially invited to participate in the launch. This year’s campaign will be launched for you to join us write, edit, and improve articles that showcase the richness and diversity of Islamic traditions, history, and culture. * Topic: [[m:Event:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 Campaign Launch]] * When: Jan 19, 2025 * Time: 16:00 Universal Time UTC and runs throughout Ramadan (starting February 25, 2025). * Join Zoom Meeting: https://us02web.zoom.us/j/88420056597?pwd=NdrpqIhrwAVPeWB8FNb258n7qngqqo.1 * Zoom meeting hosted by [[m:Wikimedia Bangladesh|Wikimedia Bangladesh]] To get started, visit the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|campaign page]] for details, resources, and guidelines: Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025. Add [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participant|your community here]], and organized Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 in your local language. Whether you’re a first-time editor or an experienced Wikipedian, your contributions matter. Together, we can ensure Islamic cultures and traditions are well-represented and accessible to all. Feel free to invite your community and friends too. Kindly reach out if you have any questions or need support as you prepare to participate. Let’s make Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 a success! For the [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Team|International Team]] 12:08, 16 jan. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=27568454 --> == Enabling Dark mode for logged-out users in this Wikipedia == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies, as this message is not written in your native language. {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]] will be enabling [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading|dark mode]] here on your Wikipedia by February 2025 now that pages on your wiki have passed our checks for accessibility and other quality checks. Congratulations! The plan to enable is made possible by the diligent work of editors and other technical contributors in your community who ensured that templates, gadgets, and other parts of pages can be accessible in dark mode. Thank you all for making dark mode available for everybody! For context, the Web team has concluded work on dark mode. If, on some wikis, the option is not yet available for logged-out users, this is likely because many pages do not yet display well in dark mode. As communities make progress on this work, we enable this feature on additional wikis once per month. If you notice any issues after enabling dark mode, please create a page: <code>Reading/Web/Accessibility for reading/Reporting/xx.wikipedia.org</code> in MediaWiki ([[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web/Accessibility_for_reading/Reporting|like these pages]]), and report the issue in the created page. Thank you! On behalf of the [[mediawikiwiki:Reading/Web|Wikimedia Foundation Web team]]. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 22:15, 21 jan. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_Dark_mode_deployment_list_(February_2025)&oldid=28153450 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: provide your comments on the UCoC and Enforcement Guidelines == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 01:11, 24 jan. 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=27746256 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2025 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2025 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <center>''{{int:please-translate}}''</center> Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025]]''' writing competition from February 1, 2025, to March 31, 2025 on your local Wikipedia. This year, Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's issues, and gender-focused topics for the project, with a [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore]] gender gap focus and a folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help Wikipedia's coverage of folklore from your area by writing or improving articles about things like folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer folklore figures, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales, and more. Users can help create new articles, expand or translate from a generated list of suggested articles. Organisers are requested to work on the following action items to sign up their communities for the project: # Create a page for the contest on the local wiki. # Set up a campaign on '''CampWiz''' tool. # Create the local list and mention the timeline and local and international prizes. # Request local admins for site notice. # Link the local page and the CampWiz link on the [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta project page]]. This year, the Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced two new tools to enhance support for the campaign. These tools include the '''Article List Generator by Topic''' and '''CampWiz'''. The Article List Generator by Topic enables users to identify articles on the English Wikipedia that are not present in their native language Wikipedia. Users can customize their selection criteria, and the tool will present a table showcasing the missing articles along with suggested titles. Additionally, users have the option to download the list in both CSV and wikitable formats. Notably, the CampWiz tool will be employed for the project for the first time, empowering users to effectively host the project with a jury. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. [https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ '''Click here to access these tools'''] Learn more about the contest and prizes on our [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|project page]]. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2025/Project Page|meta talk page]] or by email us if you need any assistance. We look forward to your immense coordination. Thank you and Best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2025|Feminism and Folklore 2025 International Team]]''' ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> --[[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 02:35, 29 jan. 2025 (UTC) == Wiki Loves Folklore is back! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Dear Wiki Community, You are humbly invited to participate in the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|Wiki Loves Folklore 2025]]''' an international media contest organized on Wikimedia Commons to document folklore and intangible cultural heritage from different regions, including, folk creative activities and many more. It is held every year from the '''1st till the 31st''' of March. You can help in enriching the folklore documentation on Commons from your region by taking photos, audios, videos, and [https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:UploadWizard&campaign=wlf_2025 submitting] them in this commons contest. You can also [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Organize|organize a local contest]] in your country and support us in translating the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025/Translations|project pages]] to help us spread the word in your native language. Feel free to contact us on our [[:c:Commons talk:Wiki Loves Folklore 2025|project Talk page]] if you need any assistance. '''Kind regards,''' '''Wiki loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 02:35, 29 jan. 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=26503019 --> == Reminder: first part of the annual UCoC review closes soon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. This is a reminder that the first phase of the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines will be closing soon. You can make suggestions for changes through [[d:Q614092|the end of day]], 3 February 2025. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. After review of the feedback, proposals for updated text will be published on Meta in March for another round of community review. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:48, 3 feb. 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28198931 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Language Community Meeting (Feb 28th, 14:00 UTC) and Newsletter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone! [[File:WP20Symbols WIKI INCUBATOR.svg|right|frameless|150x150px|alt=An image symbolising multiple languages]] We’re excited to announce that the next '''Language Community Meeting''' is happening soon, '''February 28th at 14:00 UTC'''! If you’d like to join, simply sign up on the '''[[mw:Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization/Community_meetings#28_February_2025|wiki page]]'''. This is a participant-driven meeting where we share updates on language-related projects, discuss technical challenges in language wikis, and collaborate on solutions. In our last meeting, we covered topics like developing language keyboards, creating the Moore Wikipedia, and updates from the language support track at Wiki Indaba. '''Got a topic to share?''' Whether it’s a technical update from your project, a challenge you need help with, or a request for interpretation support, we’d love to hear from you! Feel free to '''reply to this message''' or add agenda items to the document '''[[etherpad:p/language-community-meeting-feb-2025|here]]'''. Also, we wanted to highlight that the sixth edition of the Language & Internationalization newsletter (January 2025) is available here: [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter/2025/January]]. This newsletter provides updates from the October–December 2024 quarter on new feature development, improvements in various language-related technical projects and support efforts, details about community meetings, and ideas for contributing to projects. To stay updated, you can subscribe to the newsletter on its wiki page: [[:mw:Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter|Wikimedia Language and Product Localization/Newsletter]]. We look forward to your ideas and participation at the language community meeting, see you there! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 08:29, 22 feb. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:SSethi (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28217779 --> == Universal Code of Conduct annual review: proposed changes are available for comment == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> My apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}. I am writing to you to let you know that [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|proposed changes]] to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter]] are open for review. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/Proposed_Changes|You can provide feedback on suggested changes]]''' through the [[d:Q614092|end of day]] on Tuesday, 18 March 2025. This is the second step in the annual review process, the final step will be community voting on the proposed changes. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review|Read more information and find relevant links about the process on the UCoC annual review page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] 18:51, 7 mar. 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28307738 --> == An improved dashboard for the Content Translation tool == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:hello}} Wikipedians, Apologies as this message is not in your language, {{Int:please-translate}}. The [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Language_and_Product_Localization|Language and Product Localization team]] has improved the [https://test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ContentTranslation&filter-type=automatic&filter-id=previous-edits&active-list=suggestions&from=en&to=es Content Translation dashboard] to create a consistent experience for all contributors using mobile and desktop devices. The improved translation dashboard allows all logged-in users of the tool to enjoy a consistent experience regardless of their type of device. With a harmonized experience, logged-in desktop users now have access to the capabilities shown in the image below. [[file:Content_Translation_new-dashboard.png|alt=|center|thumb|576x576px|Notice that in this screenshot, the new dashboard allows: Users to adjust suggestions with the "For you" and "...More" buttons to select general topics or community-created collections (like the example of Climate topic).  Also, users can use translation to create new articles (as before) and expand existing articles section by section. You can see how suggestions are provided in the new dashboard  in two groups ("Create new pages" and "Expand with new sections")-one for each activity.]] [[File:Content_Translation_dashboard_on_desktop.png|alt=|center|thumb|577x577px|In the current dashboard, you will notice that you can't adjust suggestions to select topics or community-created collections. Also, you can't expand on existing articles by translating new sections.]] We will implement [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Content translation#Improved translation experience|this improvement]] on your wiki '''on Monday, March 17th, 2025''' and remove the current dashboard '''by May 2025'''. Please reach out with any questions concerning the dashboard in this thread. Thank you! On behalf of the Language and Product Localization team. </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:UOzurumba (WMF)|UOzurumba (WMF)]]</bdi> 02:55, 13 mar. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:UOzurumba_(WMF)/sandbox_CX_Unified_dashboard_announcement_list_1&oldid=28382282 --> == Vua Wiki balde divenos nur lektebla == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Lektez ca mesajo en altra idiomo]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] La [[foundation:|fonduro Wikimedia]] modifikos la trafiko inter lia komputerala centri. To posibligos ke Wikipedia ed altra wiki de Wikimedia mantenos su ''online'' mem pos dizastro. Toda trafiko modifikesos che '''{{#time:j xg|2025-03-19|io}}'''. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-03-19T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-03-19T14:00}}]'''.</span> Nefortunoze, pro kelka limitizi che [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], omna redakturi mustos haltesar dum la modifikado. Ni pregas vua pardomo pro ca rupto, e ni laboras pro ke future simila problemi esos minima. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> '''Vu povos lektor, ma ne redaktor omna Wiki dum kurta periodo di tempo.''' *<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-03-19|en}}.</span> *<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Then you should be able to save your edit.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Other effects'':</span> *<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This project may be postponed if necessary.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]].</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any changes will be announced in the schedule.</span> '''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Please share this information with your community.</span>'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]</bdi> 23:15, 14 mar. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=28307742 --> == Quale facesas la fonti? == Ha, okey. Saluto ad omni hike, yen via maxim prizata vexero, le Ursidino. Volesas savar, nu, quale la fonti facesas. Kad es aceptebla di citar fonti en altra lingui (kom exempli, l'angliana, la hispana, etp)? [[Uzanto:Ellenor2000|Ellenor2000]] ([[Uzanto Debato:Ellenor2000|diskuto]]) 08:11, 15 mar. 2025 (UTC) == Final proposed modifications to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter now posted == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The proposed modifications to the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines]] and the U4C Charter [[m:Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Proposed_Changes|are now on Meta-wiki for community notice]] in advance of the voting period. This final draft was developed from the previous two rounds of community review. Community members will be able to vote on these modifications starting on 17 April 2025. The vote will close on 1 May 2025, and results will be announced no later than 12 May 2025. The U4C election period, starting with a call for candidates, will open immediately following the announcement of the review results. More information will be posted on [[m:Special:MyLanguage//Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election|the wiki page for the election]] soon. Please be advised that this process will require more messages to be sent here over the next two months. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 02:04, 4 apr. 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025: Invitation == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:UCDM 2025 general.png|180px|right]] {{int:please-translate}} Hello, dear Wikipedians!<br/> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the fifth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''14th April''' until '''16th May 2025'''. The campaign is dedicated to famous Ukrainian artists of cinema, music, literature, architecture, design, and cultural phenomena of Ukraine that are now part of world heritage. We accept contributions in every language! The most active contesters will receive prizes. If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest. <br/> We invite you to take part and help us improve the coverage of Ukrainian culture on Wikipedia in your language! Also, we plan to set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2025|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in such a challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) </div> 16:11, 16 apr. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Hide on Rosé@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Vote now on the revised UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines ("UCoC EG") and the UCoC's Coordinating Committee Charter is open now through the end of 1 May (UTC) ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Annual_review/2025/Voter_information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review of the EG and Charter was planned and implemented by the U4C. Further information will be provided in the coming months about the review of the UCoC itself. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 00:34, 17 apr. 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28469465 --> == Sub-referencing: User testing == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Sub-referencing reuse visual.png|400px|right]] <small>''Apologies for writing in English, please help us by providing a translation below''</small> Hi I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]'s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. We are making great strides with the new [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|sub-referencing feature]] and we’d love to invite you to take part in two activities to help us move this work further: #'''Try it out and share your feedback''' #:[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing# Test the prototype|Please try]] the updated ''wikitext'' feature [https://en.wikipedia.beta.wmflabs.org/wiki/Sub-referencing on the beta wiki] and let us know what you think, either [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|on our talk page]] or by [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/talktotechwish booking a call] with our UX researcher. #'''Get a sneak peak and help shape the ''Visual Editor'' user designs''' #:Help us test the new design prototypes by participating in user sessions – [https://greatquestion.co/wikimediadeutschland/gxk0taud/apply sign up here to receive an invite]. We're especially hoping to speak with people from underrepresented and diverse groups. If that's you, please consider signing up! No prior or extensive editing experience is required. User sessions will start ''May 14th''. We plan to bring this feature to Wikimedia wikis later this year. We’ll reach out to wikis for piloting in time for deployments. Creators and maintainers of reference-related tools and templates will be contacted beforehand as well. Thank you very much for your support and encouragement so far in helping bring this feature to life! </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|talk]])</bdi> 15:03, 28 apr. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/Sub-referencing/massmessage_list&oldid=28628657 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote on proposed modifications to the UCoC Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The voting period for the revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and U4C Charter closes on 1 May 2025 at 23:59 UTC ([https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1746162000 find in your time zone]). [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025/Voter information|Read the information on how to participate and read over the proposal before voting]] on the UCoC page on Meta-wiki. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, you may [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this message with members of your community in your language, as appropriate, so they can participate as well. In cooperation with the U4C -- <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 03:41, 29 apr. 2025 (UTC)</div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == We will be enabling the new Charts extension on your wiki soon! == ''(Apologies for posting in English)'' Hi all! We have good news to share regarding the ongoing problem with graphs and charts affecting all wikis that use them. As you probably know, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Graph|old Graph extension]] was disabled in 2023 [[listarchive:list/wikitech-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/EWL4AGBEZEDMNNFTM4FRD4MHOU3CVESO/|due to security reasons]]. We’ve worked in these two years to find a solution that could replace the old extension, and provide a safer and better solution to users who wanted to showcase graphs and charts in their articles. We therefore developed the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|Charts extension]], which will be replacing the old Graph extension and potentially also the [[:mw:Extension:EasyTimeline|EasyTimeline extension]]. After successfully deploying the extension on Italian, Swedish, and Hebrew Wikipedia, as well as on MediaWiki.org, as part of a pilot phase, we are now happy to announce that we are moving forward with the next phase of deployment, which will also include your wiki. The deployment will happen in batches, and will start from '''May 6'''. Please, consult [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart/Project#Deployment Timeline|our page on MediaWiki.org]] to discover when the new Charts extension will be deployed on your wiki. You can also [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:Chart|consult the documentation]] about the extension on MediaWiki.org. If you have questions, need clarifications, or just want to express your opinion about it, please refer to the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension_talk:Chart/Project|project’s talk page on Mediawiki.org]], or ping me directly under this thread. If you encounter issues using Charts once it gets enabled on your wiki, please report it on the [[:mw:Extension_talk:Chart/Project|talk page]] or at [[phab:tag/charts|Phabricator]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 15:08, 6 may. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28663781 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Call for Candidates for the Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> The results of voting on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines and Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C) Charter is [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2025#Results|available on Meta-wiki]]. You may now [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025/Candidates|submit your candidacy to serve on the U4C]] through 29 May 2025 at 12:00 UTC. Information about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|eligibility, process, and the timeline are on Meta-wiki]]. Voting on candidates will open on 1 June 2025 and run for two weeks, closing on 15 June 2025 at 12:00 UTC. If you have any questions, you can ask on [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2025|the discussion page for the election]]. -- in cooperation with the U4C, </div><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|diskutez]])</bdi> 22:07, 15 may. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == RfC ongoing regarding Abstract Wikipedia (and your project) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''(Apologies for posting in English, if this is not your first language)'' Hello all! We opened a discussion on Meta about a very delicate issue for the development of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]: where to store the abstract content that will be developed through functions from Wikifunctions and data from Wikidata. Since some of the hypothesis involve your project, we wanted to hear your thoughts too. We want to make the decision process clear: we do not yet know which option we want to use, which is why we are consulting here. We will take the arguments from the Wikimedia communities into account, and we want to consult with the different communities and hear arguments that will help us with the decision. The decision will be made and communicated after the consultation period by the Foundation. You can read the various hypothesis and have your say at [[:m:Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content|Abstract Wikipedia/Location of Abstract Content]]. Thank you in advance! -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 15:26, 22 may. 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=28768453 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 Selection & Call for Questions</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Selection announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Dear all, This year, the term of 2 (two) Community- and Affiliate-selected Trustees on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees will come to an end [1]. The Board invites the whole movement to participate in this year’s selection process and vote to fill those seats. The Elections Committee will oversee this process with support from Foundation staff [2]. The Governance Committee, composed of trustees who are not candidates in the 2025 community-and-affiliate-selected trustee selection process (Raju Narisetti, Shani Evenstein Sigalov, Lorenzo Losa, Kathy Collins, Victoria Doronina and Esra’a Al Shafei) [3], is tasked with providing Board oversight for the 2025 trustee selection process and for keeping the Board informed. More details on the roles of the Elections Committee, Board, and staff are here [4]. Here are the key planned dates: * May 22 – June 5: Announcement (this communication) and call for questions period [6] * June 17 – July 1, 2025: Call for candidates * July 2025: If needed, affiliates vote to shortlist candidates if more than 10 apply [5] * August 2025: Campaign period * August – September 2025: Two-week community voting period * October – November 2025: Background check of selected candidates * Board’s Meeting in December 2025: New trustees seated Learn more about the 2025 selection process - including the detailed timeline, the candidacy process, the campaign rules, and the voter eligibility criteria - on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025|[link]]]. '''Call for Questions''' In each selection process, the community has the opportunity to submit questions for the Board of Trustees candidates to answer. The Election Committee selects questions from the list developed by the community for the candidates to answer. Candidates must answer all the required questions in the application in order to be eligible; otherwise their application will be disqualified. This year, the Election Committee will select 5 questions for the candidates to answer. The selected questions may be a combination of what’s been submitted from the community, if they’re alike or related. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates|[link]]] '''Election Volunteers''' Another way to be involved with the 2025 selection process is to be an Election Volunteer. Election Volunteers are a bridge between the Elections Committee and their respective community. They help ensure their community is represented and mobilize them to vote. Learn more about the program and how to join on this Meta-wiki page [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Election_volunteers|[link].]] Thank you! [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Results [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Committee:Elections_Committee_Charter [3] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Resolution:Committee_Membership,_December_2024 [4] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections_committee/Roles [5] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/FAQ [6] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Questions_for_candidates Best regards, Victoria Doronina Board Liaison to the Elections Committee Governance Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 03:07, 28 may. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28618011 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr"> Upcoming Deployment of the CampaignEvents Extension</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Hello everyone, ''(Apologies for posting in English if English is not your first language. Please help translate to your language.)'' The Campaigns Product Team is planning a global deployment of the '''[[:mw:Help:Extension:CampaignEvents|CampaignEvents extension]]''' to all Wikipedias, including this wiki, during the '''week of June 23rd'''. This extension is designed to help organizers plan and manage events, WikiProjects, and other on-wiki collaborations - and to make these efforts more discoverable. The three main features of this extension are: * '''[[:m:Event_Center/Registration|Event Registration]]''': A simple way to sign up for events on the wiki. * '''[[:m:CampaignEvents/Collaboration_list|Collaboration List]]''': A global list of events and a local list of WikiProjects, accessible at '''[[:m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]]'''. * '''[[:m:Campaigns/Foundation_Product_Team/Invitation_list|Invitation Lists]]''': A tool to help organizers find editors who might want to join, based on their past contributions. '''Note''': The extension comes with a new user right called '''"Event Organizer"''', which will be managed by administrators on this wiki. Organizer tools like Event Registration and Invitation Lists will only work if someone is granted this right. The Collaboration List is available to everyone immediately after deployment. The extension is already live on several wikis, including '''Meta, Wikidata, English Wikipedia''', and more ( [[m:CampaignEvents/Deployment_status#Current_Deployment_Status_for_CampaignEvents_extension| See the full deployment list]]) If you have any questions, concerns, or feedback, please feel free to share them on the [[m:Talk:CampaignEvents| extension talkpage]]. We’d love to hear from you before the rollout. Thank you! <section end="message"/> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Udehb-WMF|Udehb-WMF]] ([[User talk:Udehb-WMF|diskutez]]) 16:47, 29 may. 2025 (UTC)</bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Udehb-WMF@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Udehb-WMF/sandbox/deployment_audience&oldid=28803829 --> == Vote now in the 2025 U4C Election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}} Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2025 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2025|2025 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 17 June 2025 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1750161600 12:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 1 July 2025. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 23:00, 13 jun. 2025 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28848819 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees 2025 - Call for Candidates</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Announcement/Call for candidates}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div> Hello all, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|call for candidates for the 2025 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees selection is now open]] from June 17, 2025 – July 2, 2025 at 11:59 UTC [1]. The Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's work, and each Trustee serves a three-year term [2]. This is a volunteer position. This year, the Wikimedia community will vote in late August through September 2025 to fill two (2) seats on the Foundation Board. Could you – or someone you know – be a good fit to join the Wikimedia Foundation's Board of Trustees? [3] Learn more about what it takes to stand for these leadership positions and how to submit your candidacy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidate application|this Meta-wiki page]] or encourage someone else to run in this year's election. Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br /> Chair of the Elections Committee On behalf of the Elections Committee and Governance Committee [1] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Call_for_candidates [2] https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Legal:Bylaws#(B)_Term. [3] https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2025/Resources_for_candidates<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 17:43, 17 jun. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=28866958 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Sister Projects Task Force reviews Wikispore and Wikinews</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="message"/> Dear Wikimedia Community, The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs Committee (CAC)]] of the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees assigned [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee/Sister Projects Task Force|the Sister Projects Task Force (SPTF)]] to update and implement a procedure for assessing the lifecycle of Sister Projects – wiki [[m:Wikimedia projects|projects supported by Wikimedia Foundation (WMF)]]. A vision of relevant, accessible, and impactful free knowledge has always guided the Wikimedia Movement. As the ecosystem of Wikimedia projects continues to evolve, it is crucial that we periodically review existing projects to ensure they still align with our goals and community capacity. Despite their noble intent, some projects may no longer effectively serve their original purpose. '''Reviewing such projects is not about giving up – it's about responsible stewardship of shared resources'''. Volunteer time, staff support, infrastructure, and community attention are finite, and the non-technical costs tend to grow significantly as our ecosystem has entered a different age of the internet than the one we were founded in. Supporting inactive projects or projects that didn't meet our ambitions can unintentionally divert these resources from areas with more potential impact. Moreover, maintaining projects that no longer reflect the quality and reliability of the Wikimedia name stands for, involves a reputational risk. An abandoned or less reliable project affects trust in the Wikimedia movement. Lastly, '''failing to sunset or reimagine projects that are no longer working can make it much harder to start new ones'''. When the community feels bound to every past decision – no matter how outdated – we risk stagnation. A healthy ecosystem must allow for evolution, adaptation, and, when necessary, letting go. If we create the expectation that every project must exist indefinitely, we limit our ability to experiment and innovate. Because of this, SPTF reviewed two requests concerning the lifecycle of the Sister Projects to work through and demonstrate the review process. We chose Wikispore as a case study for a possible new Sister Project opening and Wikinews as a case study for a review of an existing project. Preliminary findings were discussed with the CAC, and a community consultation on both proposals was recommended. === Wikispore === The [[m:Wikispore|application to consider Wikispore]] was submitted in 2019. SPTF decided to review this request in more depth because rather than being concentrated on a specific topic, as most of the proposals for the new Sister Projects are, Wikispore has the potential to nurture multiple start-up Sister Projects. After careful consideration, the SPTF has decided '''not to recommend''' Wikispore as a Wikimedia Sister Project. Considering the current activity level, the current arrangement allows '''better flexibility''' and experimentation while WMF provides core infrastructural support. We acknowledge the initiative's potential and seek community input on what would constitute a sufficient level of activity and engagement to reconsider its status in the future. As part of the process, we shared the decision with the Wikispore community and invited one of its leaders, Pharos, to an SPTF meeting. Currently, we especially invite feedback on measurable criteria indicating the project's readiness, such as contributor numbers, content volume, and sustained community support. This would clarify the criteria sufficient for opening a new Sister Project, including possible future Wikispore re-application. However, the numbers will always be a guide because any number can be gamed. === Wikinews === We chose to review Wikinews among existing Sister Projects because it is the one for which we have observed the highest level of concern in multiple ways. Since the SPTF was convened in 2023, its members have asked for the community's opinions during conferences and community calls about Sister Projects that did not fulfil their promise in the Wikimedia movement.[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:WCNA_2024._Sister_Projects_-_opening%3F_closing%3F_merging%3F_splitting%3F.pdf <nowiki>[1]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Foundation_Community_Affairs_Committee/Sister_Projects_Task_Force#Wikimania_2023_session_%22Sister_Projects:_past,_present_and_the_glorious_future%22 <nowiki>[2]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[3]</nowiki>] Wikinews was the leading candidate for an evaluation because people from multiple language communities proposed it. Additionally, by most measures, it is the least active Sister Project, with the greatest drop in activity over the years. While the Language Committee routinely opens and closes language versions of the Sister Projects in small languages, there has never been a valid proposal to close Wikipedia in major languages or any project in English. This is not true for Wikinews, where there was a proposal to close English Wikinews, which gained some traction but did not result in any action[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Proposals_for_closing_projects/Closure_of_English_Wikinews <nowiki>[4]</nowiki>][https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/WikiConvention_francophone/2024/Programme/Quelle_proc%C3%A9dure_pour_ouvrir_ou_fermer_un_projet_%3F <nowiki>[5]</nowiki>, see section 5] as well as a draft proposal to close all languages of Wikinews[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Proposals_for_closing_projects/Archive_2#Close_Wikinews_completely,_all_languages? <nowiki>[6]</nowiki>]. [[:c:File:Sister Projects Taskforce Wikinews review 2024.pdf|Initial metrics]] compiled by WMF staff also support the community's concerns about Wikinews. Based on this report, SPTF recommends a community reevaluation of Wikinews. We conclude that its current structure and activity levels are the lowest among the existing sister projects. SPTF also recommends pausing the opening of new language editions while the consultation runs. SPTF brings this analysis to a discussion and welcomes discussions of alternative outcomes, including potential restructuring efforts or integration with other Wikimedia initiatives. '''Options''' mentioned so far (which might be applied to just low-activity languages or all languages) include but are not limited to: *Restructure how Wikinews works and is linked to other current events efforts on the projects, *Merge the content of Wikinews into the relevant language Wikipedias, possibly in a new namespace, *Merge content into compatibly licensed external projects, *Archive Wikinews projects. Your insights and perspectives are invaluable in shaping the future of these projects. We encourage all interested community members to share their thoughts on the relevant discussion pages or through other designated feedback channels. === Feedback and next steps === We'd be grateful if you want to take part in a conversation on the future of these projects and the review process. We are setting up two different project pages: [[m:Public consultation about Wikispore|Public consultation about Wikispore]] and [[m:Public consultation about Wikinews|Public consultation about Wikinews]]. Please participate between 27 June 2025 and 27 July 2025, after which we will summarize the discussion to move forward. You can write in your own language. I will also host a community conversation 16th July Wednesday 11.00 UTC and 17th July Thursday 17.00 UTC (call links to follow shortly) and will be around at Wikimania for more discussions. <section end="message"/> </div> -- [[User:Victoria|Victoria]] on behalf of the Sister Project Task Force, 20:56, 27 jun. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Sister_project_MassMassage_on_behalf_of_Victoria/Target_list&oldid=28911188 --> == Wikidata Item and Property labels soon displayed in Wiki Watchlist/Recent Changes == ''(Apologies for posting in English, you can help by translating into your language)'' Hello everyone, the [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team is excited to announce an upcoming change in how Wikidata edit changelogs are displayed in your [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlists]] and [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] lists. If an edit is made on Wikidata that affects a page in another Wikimedia Project, the changelog will contain some information about the nature of the edit. This can include a QID (or Q-number), a PID (or P-number) and a value (which can be text, numbers, dates, or also QID or PID’s). Confused by these terms? See the [[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Glossary|Wikidata:Glossary]] for further explanations. The upcoming change is scheduled for '''17.07.2025''', between '''1300 - 1500 UTC'''. The change will display the label (item name) alongside any QID or PIDs, as seen in the image below: [[File:Apr10 edit summary on Wikidata.png|An edit sum entry on Wikidata, labels display alongside their P- and Q-no.'s]] These changes will only be visible if you have Wikidata edits enabled in your User Preferences for Watchlists and Recent Changes, or have the active filter ‘Wikidata edits’ checkbox toggled on, directly on the Watchlist and Recent Changes pages. Your bot and gadget may be affected! There are thousands of bots, gadgets and user-scripts and whilst we have researched potential effects to many of them, we cannot guarantee there won’t be some that are broken or affected by this change. Further information and context about this change, including how your bot may be affected can be found on this [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|project task page]]. We welcome your questions and feedback, please write to us on this dedicated [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Resolve_Labels|Talk page]]. Thank you, - [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] on behalf of the Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects Team. [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 12:45, 14 jul. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=28981877 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Temporary accounts will be rolled out soon</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="body"/> Hello, we are the Wikimedia Foundation [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Product Safety and Integrity|Product Safety and Integrity]] team. We would like to announce that '''we plan to enable [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts|temporary accounts]] for this wiki in the week of September 1'''. Temporary accounts are successfully live on 30 wikis, including many large ones like German, Japanese, and French. The change they bring is especially relevant to logged-out editors, who this feature is designed to protect. But it is also relevant to community members like mentors, patrollers, and admins – anyone who reverts edits, blocks users, or otherwise interacts with logged-out editors as part of keeping the wikis safe and accurate. '''Why we are building temporary accounts''' Our wikis should be safer to edit by default for logged-out editors. Temporary accounts allow people to continue editing the wikis without creating an account, while avoiding publicly tying their edits to their IP address. We believe this is in the best interest of our logged-out editors, who make valuable contributions to the wikis and who may later create accounts and grow our community of editors, admins, and other roles. Even though the wikis do warn logged-out editors that their IP address will be associated with their edit, many people may not understand what an IP address is, or that it could be used to connect them to other information about them in ways they might not expect. Additionally, our moderation software and tools rely too heavily on network origin (IP addresses) to identify users and patterns of activity, especially as IP addresses themselves are becoming less stable as identifiers. Temporary accounts allow for more precise interactions with logged-out editors, including more precise blocks, and can help limit how often we unintentionally end up blocking good-faith users who use the same IP addresses as bad-faith users. '''How temporary accounts work''' [[File:Temporary account banner and empty talk page.png|thumb]] Any time a logged-out user publishes an edit on this wiki, a cookie will be set in this user's browser, and a temporary account tied with this cookie will be automatically created. This account's name will follow the pattern: <code dir=ltr>~2025-12345-67</code> (a tilde, current year, a number). On pages like Recent Changes or page history, this name will be displayed. The cookie will expire 90 days after its creation. As long as it exists, all edits made from this device will be attributed to this temporary account. It will be the same account even if the IP address changes, unless the user clears their cookies or uses a different device or web browser. A record of the IP address used at the time of each edit will be stored for 90 days after the edit. However, only some logged-in users will be able to see it. '''What does this mean for different groups of users?''' '''For logged-out editors''' * This increases privacy: currently, if you do not use a registered account to edit, then everybody can see the IP address for the edits you made, even after 90 days. That will no longer be possible on this wiki. * If you use a temporary account to edit from different locations in the last 90 days (for example at home and at a coffee shop), the edit history and the IP addresses for all those locations will now be recorded together, for the same temporary account. Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the relevant requirements]] will be able to view this data. If this creates any personal security concerns for you, please contact talktohumanrights at wikimedia.org for advice. '''For community members interacting with logged-out editors''' * A temporary account is uniquely linked to a device. In comparison, an IP address can be shared with different devices and people (for example, different people at school or at work might have the same IP address). * Compared to the current situation, it will be safer to assume that a temporary user's talk page belongs to only one person, and messages left there will be read by them. As you can see in the screenshot, temporary account users will receive notifications. It will also be possible to thank them for their edits, ping them in discussions, and invite them to get more involved in the community. '''For users who use IP address data to moderate and maintain the wiki''' * '''For patrollers''' who track persistent abusers, investigate violations of policies, etc.: Users who [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Access_to_temporary_account_IP_addresses|meet the requirements]] will be able to reveal temporary users' IP addresses and all contributions made by temporary accounts from a specific IP address or range ([[Special:IPContributions]]). They will also have access to useful information about the IP addresses thanks to the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/IP Info|IP Info]] feature. Many other pieces of software have been built or adjusted to work with temporary accounts, including AbuseFilter, global blocks, Global User Contributions, and more. (For information for volunteer developers on how to update the code of your tools – see the last part of the message.) * '''For admins blocking logged-out editors''': ** It will be possible to block many abusers by just blocking their temporary accounts. A blocked person won't be able to create new temporary accounts quickly if the admin selects the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Autoblock|autoblock]] option. ** It will still be possible to block an IP address or IP range. * Temporary accounts will not be retroactively applied to contributions made before the deployment. On Special:Contributions, you will be able to see existing IP user contributions, but not new contributions made by temporary accounts on that IP address. Instead, you should use Special:IPContributions for this. '''Our requests for you, and next steps''' * If you know of any tools, bots, gadgets etc. using data about IP addresses or being available for logged-out users, you may want to test if they work on [[testwiki:Main_Page|testwiki]] or [[test2wiki:Main_Page|test2wiki]]. If you are a volunteer developer, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers|read our documentation for developers]], and in particular, the section on [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/For developers#How should I update my code?|how your code might need to be updated]]. * If you want to test the temporary account experience, for example just to check what it feels like, go to testwiki or test2wiki and edit without logging in. * Tell us if you know of any difficulties that need to be addressed. We will try to help, and if we are not able, we will consider the available options. * Look at our [[m:Meta:Babel#Temporary_Accounts:_access_to_IP_addresses_and_next_steps|previous message]] about requirements for users without extended rights who may need access to IP addresses. To learn more about the project, check out [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/FAQ|our FAQ]] – you will find many useful answers there. You may also [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety Product/Temporary Accounts/Updates|look at the updates]] (we have just posted one) and [[mw:Newsletter:Product Safety and Integrity|subscribe to our new newsletter]]. If you'd like to talk to me (Szymon) off-wiki, you will find me on Discord and Telegram. Thank you!<section end="body" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:user:NKohli (WMF)|NKohli (WMF)]], [[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</bdi> 21:36, 26 di agosto. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox6&oldid=29181713 --> == Vua Wiki balde divenos nur lektebla == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Lektez ca mesajo en altra idiomo]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] La [[foundation:|fonduro Wikimedia]] modifikos la trafiko inter lia komputerala centri. To posibligos ke Wikipedia ed altra wiki de Wikimedia mantenos su ''online'' mem pos dizastro. Toda trafiko modifikesos che '''{{#time:j xg|2025-09-24|io}}'''. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The switch will start at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2025-09-24T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2025-09-24T15:00}}]'''.</span> Nefortunoze, pro kelka limitizi che [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], omna redakturi mustos haltesar dum la modifikado. Ni pregas vua pardomo pro ca rupto, e ni laboras pro ke future simila problemi esos minima. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This banner will remain visible until the end of the operation.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can contribute to the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate translation or proofreading] of this banner text.</span> '''Vu povos lektor, ma ne redaktor omna Wiki dum kurta periodo di tempo.''' *<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on {{#time:l j xg Y|2025-09-24|en}}.</span> *<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Then you should be able to save your edit.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Other effects'':</span> *<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This project may be postponed if necessary.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]].</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any changes will be announced in the schedule.</span> '''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Please share this information with your community.</span>'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|{{int:talk}}]])</span> 15:42, 18 sep. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29170715 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Migration to Parsoid</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Product and Technology/Parsoid Read Views/Read View Announcement|Read this in another language]]</em> Hello everyone! I am glad to inform you that as the next step in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification|Parser Unification]] project, Parsoid will soon be turned on as the default article renderer on your wiki. We are gradually increasing the number of wikis using Parsoid, with the intention of making it the default wikitext parser for MediaWiki's next long-term support release. This will make our wikis more reliable and consistent for editors, readers, and tools to use, as well as making the development of future wikitext features easier. If this disrupts your workflow, don’t worry! You can still opt out through a user preference or turn Parsoid off on the current page using the Tools submenu, as described in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:ParserMigration|Extension:ParserMigration]] documentation. There is [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser_Unification/Confidence_Framework|more information about our roll-out strategy]] available, including the testing done before we turn on Parsoid for a new wiki. To report bugs and issues, please look at our [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Parsoid/Parser Unification/Known Issues|known issues]] documentation and if you found a new bug please create a phab ticket and tag the [[phab:project/view/5846|Content Transform Team in Phabricator]]. <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[mw:User:ABreault (WMF)|Content Transform Team]]</bdi> 19:49, 2 okt. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ABreault (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_Foundation/Product_and_Technology/Parsoid_Read_Views/2025-10-06_Wikipedias&oldid=29381387 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Have your say: vote for the 2025 Board of Trustees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Hello all, The voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025|2025 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Candidates are running for two (2) seats on the Board. To check your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Voter eligibility guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Learn more about them by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2025/Candidates|reading their application statements and watch their candidacy videos]]. When you are ready, go to the [[m:Special:SecurePoll/vote/405|SecurePoll voting page to vote]]. '''The vote is open from October 8 at 00:00 UTC to October 22 at 23:59 UTC.''' Best regards, Abhishek Suryawanshi<br />Chair, Elections Committee<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 04:48, 9 okt. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29360896 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function1"/> {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki that will enable users to combine functions from [[:f:|Wikifunctions]] and data from Wikidata in order to generate natural language sentences in any supported languages. These sentences can then be used by any Wikipedia (or elsewhere). There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with votes beginning on 20 October and 17 November 2025. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on mid-December 2025. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function1"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 11:43, 20 okt. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29432175 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Seeking volunteers to join several of the movement’s committees</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Each year, typically from October through December, several of the movement’s committees seek new volunteers. Read more about the committees on their Meta-wiki pages: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Affiliations Committee|Affiliations Committee (AffCom)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ombuds commission|Ombuds commission (OC)]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Community Resilience and Sustainability/Trust and Safety/Case Review Committee|Case Review Committee (CRC)]] Applications for the committees open on October 30, 2025. Applications for the Affiliations Committee, Ombuds commission and the Case Review Committee close on December 11, 2025. Learn how to apply by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation/Legal/Committee appointments|visiting the appointment page on Meta-wiki]]. Post to the talk page or email cst[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with any questions you may have. For the Committee Support team, <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> -[[m:User:MKaur (WMF)| MKaur (WMF)]] 14:12, 30 okt. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:MKaur (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29517125 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Reminder: Help us decide the name of the new Abstract Wikipedia project</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="function2"/> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose name for the new Abstract Wikipedia wiki project. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Abstract Wikipedia, Multilingual Wikipedia, Wikiabstracts, Wikigenerator, Proto-Wiki</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Abstract Wikipedia naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} <section end="function2"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 14:22, 20 nov. 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29583860 --> == Thank You for Last Year – Join Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 == Dear Wikimedia communities, We hope you are doing well, and we wish you a happy New Year. ''Last year, we captured light. This year, we’ll capture legacy.'' In 2025, communities around the world shared the glow of Ramadan nights and the warmth of collective iftars. In 2026, ''Wiki Loves Ramadan'' is expanding, bringing more stories, more cultures, and deeper global connections across Wikimedia projects. We invite you to explore the ''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026'' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Meta page]] to learn how you can participate and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026/Participating communities|sign up]] your community. 📷 ''Photo campaign on '' [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wikimedia Commons]] If you have questions about the project, please refer to the FAQs: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ/|Meta-Wiki]] * [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Wiki Loves Ramadan/FAQ|Wikimedia Commons]] ''Early registration for updates is now open via the '''[[m:Special:RegisterForEvent/2710|Event page]]''''' ''Stay connected and receive updates:'' * [https://t.me/WikiLovesRamadan Telegram channel] * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/postorius/lists/wikilovesramadan.lists.wikimedia.org/ Mailing list] We look forward to collaborating with you and your community. '''The Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026 Organizing Team''' 19:45, 16 jan. 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29879549 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2026 starts soon == <div style="border:8px maroon ridge;padding:6px;"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2026 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> ;Invitation to Organize Feminism and Folklore 2026 Dear Wiki Community, We are pleased to invite Wikimedia communities, affiliates, and independent contributors to organize the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026]]''' writing competition on your local Wikipedia. The international campaign will run from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and aims to improve coverage of feminism, women’s histories, gender-related topics, and folk culture across Wikipedia projects. ;About the Campaign '''Feminism and Folklore''' is a global writing initiative that complements the '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2026|Wiki Loves Folklore]]''' photography competition. While Wiki Loves Folklore focuses on visual documentation, this writing campaign addresses the '''gender gap on Wikipedia''' by improving encyclopedic content related to folk culture and marginalized voices. ;What Can Participants Write About? Communities can contribute by creating, expanding, or translating articles related to: * Folk festivals, rituals, and celebrations * Folk dances, music, and traditional performances * Women and queer figures in folklore * Women in mythology and oral traditions * Women warriors, witches, and witch-hunting narratives * Fairy tales, folk stories, and legends * Folk games, sports, and cultural practices Participants may work from curated article lists or generate new article suggestions using campaign tools. ;How to Sign Up as an Organizer Organizers are requested to complete the following steps to register their community: # Create a local project page on your wiki [[:m:Feminism and Folklore/Sample|(see sample)]] # Set up the campaign using the '''CampWiz''' tool # Prepare a local article list and clearly mention: #* Campaign timeline #* Local and international prizes # Request a site notice from local administrators [[:mr:Template:SN-FNF|(see sample)]] # Add your local project page and CampWiz link to the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta project page]]''' ;Campaign Tools The Wiki Loves Folklore Tech Team has introduced tools to support organizers and participants: * '''Article List Generator by Topic''' – Helps identify articles available on English Wikipedia but missing in your local language Wikipedia. The tool allows customized filters and provides downloadable article lists in CSV and wikitable formats. * '''CampWiz''' – Enables communities to manage writing campaigns effectively, including jury-based evaluation. This will be the third year CampWiz is officially used for Feminism and Folklore. Both tools are now available for use in the campaign. '''[https://tools.wikilovesfolklore.org/ Click here to access the tools]''' ;Learn More & Get Support For detailed information about rules, timelines, and prizes, please visit the '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 project page]]'''. If you have any questions or need assistance, feel free to reach out via: * '''[[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2026/Project Page|Meta talk page]]''' * Email us using details on the contact page. ;Join Us We look forward to your collaboration and coordination in making Feminism and Folklore 2026 a meaningful and impactful campaign for closing gender gaps and enriching folk culture content on Wikipedia. Thank you and best wishes, '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2026|Feminism and Folklore 2026 International Team]]''' ---- ''Stay connected:'' [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] </div></div> == Invitation to Host Wiki Loves Folklore 2026 in Your Country == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <div style="text-align: center; width: 100%;">''{{int:please-translate}}''</div> [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hello everyone, We are delighted to invite Wikimedia affiliates, user groups, and community organizations worldwide to participate in '''Wiki Loves Folklore 2026''', an international initiative dedicated to documenting and celebrating folk culture across the globe. ;About Wiki Loves Folklore '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' is an annual international photography competition hosted on Wikimedia Commons. The campaign runs from '''1 February to 31 March 2026''' and encourages photographers, cultural enthusiasts, and community members to contribute photographs that highlight: * Folk traditions and rituals * Cultural festivals and celebrations * Traditional attire and crafts * Performing arts, music, and dance * Everyday practices rooted in folk heritage Through this campaign, we aim to preserve and promote diverse folk cultures and make them freely accessible to the world. [[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026|Project page on Wikimedia Commons]] ; Host a Local Edition As we celebrate the '''eight edition''' of Wiki Loves Folklore, we warmly invite communities to organize a local edition in their country or region. Hosting a local campaign is a great opportunity to: * Increase visibility of your region’s folk culture * Engage new contributors in your community * Enrich Wikimedia Commons with high-quality cultural content '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Folklore_2026/Organize|Sign up to organize]]:''' If your team prefers to organize the competition in ''either February or March only'', please feel free to let us know. If you are unable to organize, we encourage you to share this opportunity with other interested groups or organizations in your region. ;Get in Touch If you have any questions, need support, or would like to explore collaboration opportunities, please feel free to contact us via: * The project Talk pages * Email: '''support@wikilovesfolklore.org''' We are also happy to connect via an online meeting if your team would like to discuss planning or coordination in more detail. Warm regards, '''The Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' </div> [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 13:21, 18 jan. 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=29228188 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Annual review of the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> I am writing to you to let you know the annual review period for the Universal Code of Conduct and Enforcement Guidelines is open now. You can make suggestions for changes through 9 February 2026. This is the first step of several to be taken for the annual review. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Annual review/2026|Read more information and find a conversation to join on the UCoC page on Meta]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] (U4C) is a global group dedicated to providing an equitable and consistent implementation of the UCoC. This annual review was planned and implemented by the U4C. For more information and the responsibilities of the U4C, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|you may review the U4C Charter]]. Please share this information with other members in your community wherever else might be appropriate. -- In cooperation with the U4C, [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]])<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 21:01, 19 jan. 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=29905753 --> == Request for Comment: VisualEditor automatic reference names == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hi, I’m Johannes from [[:m:Wikimedia Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland]]’s [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes team]]. Apologies for writing in English. {{Int:Please-translate}}! We are considering to work on [[:m:Community Wishlist/W17|Community Wishlist/W17: Improve VE references' automatic names and reuse]]. This has been a long-term issue for wikitext editors (see e.g. [[:en:WP:VisualEditor/Named references]]) which has been among the top-voted wishes in several [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Surveys]], e.g. [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2017/Editing/VisualEditor: Allow editing of auto-generated references before adding them|2017]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019/Citations/VisualEditor: Allow references to be named|2019]], [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2022/Editing/VisualEditor should use human-like names for references|2022]] or [[:m:Community Wishlist Survey 2023/Editing/VisualEditor should use proper names for references|2023]]. We would like your input on the [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Proposed solutions|solutions]] proposed on our project page: '''[[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names]]'''. We are considering several options, which can be combined if desired by the community. * Changing the default pattern for automatically generated reference names (currently <code>":n"</code>, e.g. <code>":0"</code>, <code>":1"</code>...) to use the [[:mw:Help:Reference Previews#Exposed reference types|reference type]] instead (e.g. <code>"book_reference-1"</code>). * Providing a simple mechanism for communities to configure a different default name. * Generating automatic reference names based on the [[:en:domain name|domain name]] (if it’s a web citation). * Generating automatic reference names based on template parameters (e.g. "title" or "last"+"first") – defined by the community. === Feedback === [[:m:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names|Visit our project page]] to read about our proposal in detail and share your thoughts [[:m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/References/VisualEditor automatic reference names#Request for comment|on metawiki]]. '''Please note''': We will only implement a solution if there’s clear consensus among the global community. Our intention is not to build the perfect solution, but to find a simple and lean one that alleviates the pain caused by auto generated names. We are aware that some experienced VisualEditor users might prefer an option to manually change reference names in VisualEditor, but such a UX intervention is difficult to achieve across reference types and thus out of scope for our team, we can only improve the auto-naming mechanism. We are happy about suggestions for improving certain details of the proposed solutions. Any other feedback and alternative proposals are also welcome – even though it’s out of scope for us, it might still be relevant for future work on this topic. Please support us interpreting consensus by clearly indicating your opinion (e.g. by using support/neutral/oppose templates). We are aware of [[:en:WP:NOTVOTE]], but given that we are facilitating this discussion with users from different wikis, potentially commenting in their native language, clearly indicating your position helps us avoid misunderstandings. Thank you for participating!</div> <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|Johannes Richter (WMDE)]] ([[User talk:Johannes Richter (WMDE)|diskutez]])</bdi> 11:15, 19 mar. 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Johannes Richter (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johannes_Richter_(WMDE)/MassMessageRecipients&oldid=30281362 --> == AI-generated pages == Hi, apologies for this message being in English. I am messaging the community to notify you that [[Special:Contribs/Jon Gua|Jon Gua]] and [[Special:Contribs/Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] have been creating AI-generated pages on your Wikipedia. These two accounts are both operated by the same person. One example of this features on this Wikipedia on [[Juan Luis de Nadal y de Quadras]], as the source features ?utm_source=chatgpt.com. I would have messaged this on an admins noticeboard but there isn't one on this wiki, but these pages should at least be considered for deletion, as these could be poorly translated, poorly sourced, have wrong information or a mix of these. If you have any questions, please ask. You can also refer to [[:m:User:Ferien/Chabi]] and [[:m:Steward requests/Miscellaneous/2026-03#Mass machine translations/AI-generated pages]] for more evidence and history. Pinging {{ping|Artomo|Fafnir|Joao Xavier}} as this wiki's administrators. Thank you, [[Uzanto:Ferien|Ferien]] ([[Uzanto Debato:Ferien|diskuto]]) 13:01, 30 mar. 2026 (UTC) == Join the sixth Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Ukraine’s Cultural Diplomacy Month on Wikipedia 2026.png|right|250px|thumb|link=https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Ukraine%27s_Cultural_Diplomacy_Month_2026|Join our campaign!]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikipedians! [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Ukraine|Wikimedia Ukraine]], in cooperation with the [[:en:Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Ukraine|MFA of Ukraine]] and [[:en:Ukrainian Institute|Ukrainian Institute]], has launched the sixth edition of writing challenge "'''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month]]'''", which lasts from '''1st April''' until '''30th April 2026'''. The initiative aims to promote knowledge about Ukrainian culture abroad by creating and improving Wikipedia articles in multiple languages. This year marks the sixth edition of the campaign, which will focus on contemporary culture, making today’s artistic voices and practices more visible to international audiences. 🧩'''How to participate?''' Choose an article from the suggested list → Write an article in your language, or improve an existing one according to the rules → Add your contribution to the contest page and calculate your points → Win prizes and receive a certificate of participation → Become a promoter of truthful knowledge about Ukraine. 🧩'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|Check our main page for more information]]'''. '''If you are interested in coordinating long-term community engagement for the campaign and becoming a local ambassador, we would love to hear from you! Please let us know your interest.''' If not, then we encourage you to translate the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|landing page of the contest]] and [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MessageGroupStats?group=Centralnotice-tgroup-UCDM2026banner&messages=&language=en&x=D banner] into your own language. Also, we set up a [[:m:CentralNotice/Request/Ukraine's Cultural Diplomacy Month 2026|banner]] to notify users of the possibility to participate in this challenge! [[:m:User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)]] ([[:m:User talk:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)|talk]]) 04:35, 1 April 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:OlesiaLukaniuk (WMUA)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:OlesiaLukaniuk_(WMUA)/list_of_wikis&oldid=28552112 --> == Action Required: Update templates/modules for electoral maps (Migrating from P1846 to P14226) == Hello everyone, This is a notice regarding an ongoing data migration on Wikidata that may affect your election-related templates and Lua modules (such as <code>Module:Itemgroup/list</code>). '''The Change:'''<br /> Currently, many templates pull electoral maps from Wikidata using the property [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]], combined with the qualifier [[:d:Property:P180|P180]]: [[:d:Q19571328|Q19571328]]. We are migrating this data (across roughly 4,000 items) to a newly created, dedicated property: '''[[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]]'''. '''What You Need To Do:'''<br /> To ensure your templates and infoboxes do not break or lose their maps, please update your local code to fetch data from [[:d:Property:P14226|P14226]] instead of the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] + [[:d:Property:P180|P180]] structure. A [[m:Wikidata/Property Migration: P1846 to P14226/List|list of pages]] was generated using Wikimedia Global Search. '''Deadline:'''<br /> We are temporarily retaining the old data on [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] to allow for a smooth transition. However, to complete the data cleanup on Wikidata, the old [[:d:Property:P1846|P1846]] statements will be removed after '''May 1, 2026'''. Please update your modules and templates before this date to prevent any disruption to your wiki's election articles. Let us know if you have any questions or need assistance with the query logic. Thank you for your help! [[User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] using [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 17:11, 3 apr. 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=29941252 --> == Request for comment (global AI policy) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}} A [[:m:Requests for comment/Artificial intelligence policy|request for comment]] is currently being held to decide on a global AI policy. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 00:57, 26 apr. 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30424282 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Vote now in the 2026 U4C election</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> Eligible voters are asked to participate in the 2026 [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee]] election. More information–including an eligibility check, voting process information, candidate information, and a link to the vote–are available on Meta at the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|2026 Election information page]]. The vote closes on 2 June 2026 at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1780358400 00:00 UTC]. Please vote if your account is eligible. Results will be available by 14 June 2026. -- In cooperation with the U4C,<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 17:14, 27 may. 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|diskutez]])</bdi> 17:11, 23 jun. 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Codename Noreste@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr">Deployment of Legal and Safety Contacts Link in the Footer of Your Wiki</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr"> <section begin="Message"/> '''Legal & Safety Contacts''' Hello community, the Wikimedia Foundation has provided a [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|single legal and safety contact page]], to be linked in the footer of your wiki, to ensure access to accurate legal information. This is a regulatory requirement. We have already rolled out links to English, German, Italian, Spanish and other wikis and we will deploy to your wiki soon. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|Please read more on the project page]] and leave any comments in this thread or on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|talk page]]. <section end="Message"/> </div> -- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 13:29, 25 jun. 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&oldid=30731267 --> == Request for comment (the future of Abstract Wikipedia) == <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}} You are invited to voice your opinions in a [[:m:Requests for comment/The future of Abstract Wikipedia|request for comment about the future of Abstract Wikipedia]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[:m:User:Kowal2701|Kowal2701]] ([[:m:User talk:Kowal2701|talk]]) 12:24, 24 jul. 2026 (UTC) </bdi> <!-- Message sent by User:DreamRimmer@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=30513860 --> == Modifikuro di komputera servero - Vua Wiki divenos nur lektebla balde, dum kurta periodo == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Lektez ca mesajo en altra idiomo]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] La [[foundation:|fonduro Wikimedia]] modifikos la trafiko inter lia komputerala centri. To posibligos ke Wikipedia ed altra wiki de Wikimedia mantenos su ''online'' mem pos dizastro. Tota trafiko modifikesos ye '''{{#time:j xg|2026-09-23|io}}'''. La modifikuro komencos ye '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-09-23T14:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-09-23T14:00}}]'''. Nefortunoze, pro kelka limitizi che [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], omna redakturi mustos haltesar dum la modifikado. Ni pregas vua pardomo pro ca rupto, e ni laboras pro ke future simila problemi esos minima. Informo montresos en omna Wiki 30 minuti ante ke l'operaco komencos. Ca mesajo divenos videbla til la fino dil operaco. Vu povas kontributar kun la [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate traduko o revizo] di ca avizo. '''Vu povos lektor, ma ne redaktor omna Wiki dum kurta periodo di tempo.''' * Vu ne povos redaktar dum cirkume 1 horo che {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-09-23|io}}. * Se vu probos redaktar o konservar la texto dum ca periodo, vu recevos mesajo pri eroro. Ni expektas ke nula redakturi perdesos dum ca minuti, ma ni ne povas grantar to. Se vu vidos eroro-mesajo, vartez til ke omno itere divenos normala. Do, vu povos konservar vua redakturo. Tamen, ni rekomendas ke ante, vu facez kopiuro di vua modifikuri, irgakaze por preventar perdaji. ''Altra efekti'': * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This project may be postponed if necessary.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]].</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any changes will be announced in the schedule.</span> '''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Please share this information with your community.</span>'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[m:user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 12:58, 15 sep. 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> == Your feedback wanted: Remove ''(Language link added:) and similar'' edits from Special:RecentChanges == ''(Apologies for posting in English. You can help by translating it)'' Hello, I’m Danny from [[:en:w:Wikimedia_Deutschland|Wikimedia Deutschland’s]] [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects|Wikidata For Wikimedia Projects]] team.<br/> We have been investigating and examining how Wikidata’s use in the [[Special:RecentChanges]] and [[Special:Watchlist]] pages can be made to be more useful, or less ‘noisy’ (fewer edits that have little value to the reader). We are currently exploring to make a change in the volume and the type of Wikidata edits that appear in these pages, and '''we need your feedback''' to help us ensure this is a positive change for the Wikis and won’t disrupt your workflows.<br/> Language links are also known as sitelinks or interlanguage links and describe when a Wikidata item is connected to a Wiki, adding it to the language dropdown tool for other connected Wikis. [[File:Types of Lang Link changes.png|x350px|frame|A variety of "Language Link" edits as seen in the Recent Changes feed]] The request for feedback is whether you support the removal of these language link edits from the Recent Changes and Watchlist feed, or would you oppose such a change and if so, why? Please share you thoughts on the dedicated '''[[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|metawiki Talk page]]'''. Further information about this change: [[m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|m:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Hide_Language_Link_edits]] Thank you for any participation or feedback you give, -- [[m:User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] 15:26, 21 sep. 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_test_list&oldid=31067433 --> == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. Editors will no longer see notifications after this time on their [[Special:RecentChanges|Recent Changes]] and [[Special:Watchlist|Watchlist]] when a link to ''another'' language version of a page is added, removed, or changed in its Wikidata item (it does not affect language link notifications to the home wiki). There will then be a two-week monitoring period to observe if a reduction of high-volume but low-value notifications takes place, or if higher-value changes become easier to identify. Editors who rely on these notifications should be aware of the change and can share feedback or concerns on the Wikidata For Wikimedia [[m:Talk:Wikidata_For_Wikimedia_Projects/Clearer_Wikidata_Edit_Summaries/Hide_Language_Link_edits|Projects talk page]].<br/> Wikidata's own Recent Changes page is not affected as it serves as the repository for these changes. Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[Uzanto:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Uzanto Debato:MediaWiki message delivery|diskuto]]) 09:28, 9 okt. 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> == Modifikuro di komputera servero - Vua Wiki divenos nur lektebla balde, dum kurta periodo == <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Lektez ca mesajo en altra idiomo]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] La [[foundation:|fonduro Wikimedia]] modifikos la trafiko inter lia komputerala centri. To posibligos ke Wikipedia ed altra wiki de Wikimedia mantenos su ''online'' mem pos dizastro. Tota trafiko modifikesos ye '''{{#time:j xg|2026-10-28|io}}'''. La modifikuro komencos ye '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/{{#time:U|2026-10-28T15:00|en}} {{#time:H:i e|2026-10-28T15:00}}]'''. Nefortunoze, pro kelka limitizi che [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], omna redakturi mustos haltesar dum la modifikado. Ni pregas vua pardomo pro ca rupto, e ni laboras pro ke future simila problemi esos minima. Informo montresos en omna Wiki 30 minuti ante ke l'operaco komencos. Ca mesajo divenos videbla til la fino dil operaco. Vu povas kontributar kun la [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&group=Centralnotice-tgroup-read_only_banner&task=view&language=&filter=&action=translate traduko o revizo] di ca avizo. '''Vu povos lektor, ma ne redaktor omna Wiki dum kurta periodo di tempo.''' * Vu ne povos redaktar dum cirkume 1 horo che {{#time:l j xg Y|2026-10-28|io}}. * Se vu probos redaktar o konservar la texto dum ca periodo, vu recevos mesajo pri eroro. Ni expektas ke nula redakturi perdesos dum ca minuti, ma ni ne povas grantar to. Se vu vidos eroro-mesajo, vartez til ke omno itere divenos normala. Do, vu povos konservar vua redakturo. Tamen, ni rekomendas ke ante, vu facez kopiuro di vua modifikuri, irgakaze por preventar perdaji. ''Altra efekti'': * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/GitLab|GitLab]] will be unavailable for about 90 minutes.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This project may be postponed if necessary.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]].</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any changes will be announced in the schedule.</span> '''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Please share this information with your community.</span>'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 14:01, 26 okt. 2026 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> daxkgq7vm2txmc1r72z2s2ltcpu3nn0 0 6931 1142547 1005679 2026-10-27T03:51:54Z InternetArchiveBot 30866 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1142547 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Urbi | nomo= Rishiri | Flago= Flag_of_Rishiri,_Hokkaido.svg | Blazono= Emblem of Rishiri, Hokkaido.svg | Imajo = Rishiri_Town_Office.jpg | TextodilImajo = Urbo-domo di Rishiri. | Mapo = Hokkaido Rishiri-town.png | Shablono_lando= {{JAP}} | Regiono=[[Hokkaido]] | Tipodisubdividuro = | Regiono2 = | Fondita ye = | Fondita da = | Urbestro= Jun'itsu Tajima | Latitudo= 45°11' N | Longitudo= 141°08' N | Altitudo= | Surfaco= 76,49 | Habitanti = {{formatnum:1904}} | Yaro= 2022 | Denseso di habitantaro = 24,9 | Horala_zono = +9 | Reto= }} [[Arkivo:Rishiri 102 01102006.JPG|thumb|left|320px|Rishiri.]] '''Rishiri''' (利尻町, りしりちょう) esas urbeto en [[Hokkaido]], Japonia. Segun statistiki de 2022, ol havis {{formatnum:1904}} habitanti. Lua tota surfaco esas 76,49 km². ==Extera ligilo== [https://web.archive.org/web/20050706050006/http://www.town.rishiri.hokkaido.jp/ Urbeto di Rishiri] [[Kategorio:Urbi en Hokkaido]] rbrsr7vojmymi38y9x6lv2reigmqbli 0 7170 1142598 957913 2026-10-27T07:57:10Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142598 wikitext text/x-wiki {{revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo= {{PAGENAME}} | Imajo= [[Arkivo:RETRATO DEL GRAL. FRANCISCO FRANCO BAHAMONDE.jpg|180px]] | Profesiono = militisto e politikisto | Shablono_lando= {{ESP}} | Naskodio= [[4ma di decembro]] [[1892]] | Nask-urbo= Ferrol, [[Galisia]], [[Hispania]] | Mort-dio = [[20ma di novembro]] [[1975]] | Mort-urbo = [[Madrid]], Hispania }} '''Francisco Paulino Hermenegildo Teódulo Franco y Bahamonde Salgado Pardo de Andrade''', maxim konocata kom '''generalo Franco''' en [[1892]] til [[1975]] esis militisto e politikisto. Il exercis la funciono di chefo di stato di Hispania de [[1939]] til [[1975]], e prezidis autoritatoza guvernerio uzinte la titulo ''Caudillo'' (guidero) : « ''Generalísimo Francisco Franco, caudillo de España por la gracia de Dios »''. == Biografio == === Yuneso e formaco === Franco naskis aen [[Ferrol]] ([[La Coruña]]), navara portuo en [[Galisia]] ube sep generacioni de lua familio vivis. Lua patro, Nicolas Franco Salgado-Araujo, esis generala intendanto di Navaro. Variema, kande lua matro es tre pia. Surnominita ''Paquito'' da lua kamaradi nam esis basa, ilu eniris navala preparo skolo ma la lasta klozis do igas a l'infantrio akademio en [[Toledo]]. Ilu ekiris en 1910. === Milita kariero === En 1912 Franco iris a [[Maroko]]. Ambiciozo, ilu demandis 1913 esar atribuita a regimento di uniforma indijeni, reputita por lua braveso ma anke lua necerta loyaleso. Ilu partoprenis multa operaci e ye la [[12ma di oktobro]] obtenis la kruco di milito, unesma klaso. Quik de marto 1915, il esis promocita kapitano ma anke tre grava vundi a ventro lore atako di forto di El-Biutz. Il esis promocita komando, malgre l'opiniono desfavoroza pri Alta milita Konsilantaro. [[Alfonso 13ma]] fakte havis intercesita pro il, segun lua demando. Il recevis la komando dil infanterio-batalio akantonita en [[Oviedo]], [[Asturias]]. Franco deskovras por l’unesma foye proletariaro, do viv-kondicioni esis mizeroza. Dum la somero di 1917 generalo Burguete, militala guberniestro di la provinco, dekretis stato di milito pri violenta striki en la mini. Franco lor partoprenis en la represo. ==== Che la legiono ==== En 1919, Franco renkontris lietnant-kolonelo [[José Millan-Astray]], do l'ambicio es pri krear stranjera legiono segun franca modelo. En 1920, lua projekto aceptesis. Millan-Astray ofris Franco la komando di 1ma ''bandera'' (batalio), qua partas akantonar a [[Ceuta]] ye oktobro. Franco impozas a lua legioneri exercado tre strikta. Parale montras su ne-indulgema kontre indijena revolti. De pos Anual-dezastro ye 1921 yurizas lua homi aplikar talion-lego : la legioneri mutilas, raptas, violacas ed ocidas ye lea foyo. De pos mem dezastro esas apelita a [[Melilla]] pro rekonquestas kontre [[Abd el-Krim]]. En januaro 1922 il esas itere atribuita a Oviedo. Il recevas la milita medalio ed esas promocita lietnant-kolonelo. Il uzas lua nova glorio por demandar a spozar Carmen Polo Martinès-Valdès, yun femino di bona borgezaro, renkontrita lore di unesma atribuita ye 1917. La mariajo esas ajornita til 22ma di oktobro 1923 nam morti di legion-komando : Franco remplasas, kon helpo di rejo. Ye 13ma di septembro 1923, [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] havis lansita [[stato-stroko]]. Dum monati di novembro e decembro 1924, Franco devas efektive supervisar ekigo [[Xanten]]. Lia bona dukto facas nominita kolonelo. Poka pose, Abd el-Krim igas mem atakar franciala populacioni. Pro Francia alias su kon Hispania. Primo de Rivera aprobas plano rivoveno a Alhucemas. To esas suceso : Franco esas promocita ad rango di brigad-generalo ye februaro 1926, qua facas li maxim yuna generalo en Europa - havas nur 33 yari. Kelka monati pose naskis lua filino, Maria del Carmen, surnominita ''Nenuca''. La honori sequis per lu ; ye 1927 asumas akompanar la rejo dum oficala voyajo en Afrika. ==== Zaragoza-akademio ==== Ye [[4ma di januaro]] [[1928]], Primo de Rivera rikreas la generala akademio di Zaragoza. Ta foye il fakas ul koakta pasajo per omna futura oficiari, e nomas Franco chefo. Ta lasta surveyas strete komence la labori di edificesi pose, inspiresinta da toledana experienco, skriptis lia-mem l’interna normi di Akademio. Il koaktas tale di chambri kun tri kadeti « per evitar la mariaji. » Segun lua evaluo di personego, la historisti judikas di variana maniero la Franco-laboro ad Akademio. To esas certa ke la nova skolo esas plu bona ke l’anciena, ne esus ke l’altajo di rekrut-levelo. Franco koatkas l’anonimeso di verki pri enigo-konkurso, reduktas la nombro di instruktati per profesoro, instalas multa dushili, interdiktas paso-rituo e mem disdonigas prezervivi. Il savis impozar respekto, mem prizar: 90 % de la 720 oficieri formacita en l'Akademio juntis pose la frankista kampo dum [[Hispana interna milito]]. En julio 1931, la [[Duesma Hispana republiko|duesma republiko]] supresis la skolo per dekreto. Kom l’ensemblo di doca korpo, Franco es placita disponebla koakta e surveyita. Malgre tota, il ne partoprenas pri ''Sanjurjada'', probo [[stato-stroko]] da generalo [[José Sanjurjo|Sanjurjo]]. Havinta sufice satisfacita la republik-inquesti, il es atributita en [[La Corugna]] (La Coruña) kom komando di 15ma infanterio-brigado ye februaro 1932. Franco gardos ad [[Manuel Azaña]], chefo di guvernerio, tenaca rankoro di ta quaranten-periodo. === L’interna milito === En la revoluciona klimato qua regnis en Hispania, Franco esis observita de omna lateri. Il aparas un ek la militisti maxim posibla prenar la kapo di armea leveto. Per ta raciono il es nominita milita governero en [[Kanarii]]. Fakte, Franco havis poka konvinko pri l'oportuneso di ula [[stato-stroko]]. Malgre lua simpatio pri la monarkio, ilu esis kontenta pri borgezala republiko, konservema e manteninta dil ordino. Lor ilu recevis informo pri la debuto di konspiranti-agivesi do [[Emilio Mola]], ma vartis til la 13ma di julio, dato ye asasino di chefo monarkisto Carlo Sotilo, per juntar ulo. Franco vidas su atribuar l’armeo di Maroko, forte kun 30.000 experiencoza homi. L’eventa morto di Sanjurjo, historiala chefo di monarkisto opozo, e la falii di generali Goded e Fanjul en [[Barcelona]] e [[Madrid]] avancas Franco avan sur la ceno. La ''pronunciamento'' falias per mankas pro asentar di armeo: inter 21 division-generali, nur 4 ralias a leveto. Lore ke labor-milici, qua ne kreas en kapaca de goberniero pri kontre, entras la ceno. Dum ilua administrado multa opozanti persekutesis en Madrid e Barcelona, e to koaktis l'exilo di multa intelektozi, exemple [[José Ortega y Gasset]]. La konflikto lor transformesis en interna milito. {{PA|Diktatoreso di Francisco Franco}} En 1939 Franco trovis su Hispania-mastro. koncianta pri ne-experiencoza en politika matiero, il apogis su sur lua bofrato, Serrano Suñer, la Falanjo e [[katolik-eklezio]], konvenita pos l'antiklerikala masakri en 1936, sen omisar l'omna monarkisti. Dum la [[duesma mondomilito]], volontarii de la ''División Azul'' kombatis por axo sur la Rusa fronto, ma Franco esis prudenta ne tro engajar su. Pose il aceptis multa Usana bazi ed Hispania recevis ekonomiala helpo tra plano Marshall. {{Tabelo di sucedo |Precedanto= [[Manuel Azaña]] |Nomo di listo= Hispania |Titulo di listo= Diktatoro di Hispania |Komenco= 1936 |Fino= 1939 |Sucedanto= rejulo [[Juan Carlos la 1ma di Hispania|Juan Carlos la 1ma]]}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Franco Bahamonde, Francisco}} [[Kategorio:Historio di Hispania]] [[Kategorio:Hispaniana interna milito]] [[Kategorio:Hispaniani]] le9hfluhnu1ylue9ympo1xybkn0m8q3 0 22215 1142595 1009925 2026-10-27T07:52:52Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142595 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:Guerra Civil Española.svg|300px|right|thumb|Mapo di la milito.]] '''Hispaniana''' (od '''Hispana''') '''interna milito''' esis grava konflikto en [[Hispania]] qua komencis pos atentita ''[[stato-stroko]]'' exekutita da parto di [[hispanian armeo|armeo]] kontre la guvernerio di la [[Duesma Hispaniana republiko]]. Ta [[interna milito]] devastis la lando depos [[17 di julio]] [[1936]] til [[1 di aprilo]] [[1939]], e finis pos la vinko di rebeli e fondado di [[diktatoreso]] duktita da generalo [[Francisco Franco]]. La suportanti di la [[republiko]] (''republicanos''), ganis suporti de [[Sovietia]] e [[Mexikia]], dum ke la sequanti di rebeleso, anke nominita nacionalisti (''nacionales'') o frankisti, recevis la suporto de precipua Europana [[Axo Roma-Berlin-Tokio]]. [[Usa]] restis oficale neutra, ma vendis avioni ad la Republiko e [[gazolino]] a la rejimo di [[Francisco Franco]]. La milito augmentis tensi vers [[duesma mondomilito]] e divenis en kelka kazi preludo. La milito divenis remarkinda per la pasiono e politikala desuniono ulo inspirita, e per kruelegaji krimitita en amba partisi di konflikto. == Extera ligili == * [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=sites&srcid=ZGVmYXVsdGRvbWFpbnxlZGl0ZXJpb2tyYXlvbm98Z3g6OWViNDhjY2M2YzRjMTkz Artiklo pri ''La stat-stroko di Franco'' en Adavane] {{Historio di Hispania2}} [[Kategorio:Hispaniana interna milito| ]] 2vvsegoiepgsllpts0nnq3t4x8kku4j 0 28529 1142456 1142454 2026-10-26T12:01:55Z Forstbirdo 3024 1142456 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Range of Juniperus species.png|thumb|Loki ube naturale povas existar juniperi]] '''Junipero''' ([[Latina|Latine]] : ''Juniperus''), esas [[genero]] di [[arbusto|arbusti]] konifera ek la [[Familio (biologio)|familio]] [[kupresacei]] (Latine: ''Cupressaceae''). La juniperi havas [[bero|beri]] qui esas [[aromato]]za<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://grokipedia.com/page/Juniper|titulo=Genero junipero che "Grokipedia"|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=26ma di oktobro 2026}}</ref>. Esas 70 agnoskita [[speco|speci]] di juniperi<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60436243-2|titulo=Genero junipero che "Plants of the World Online"|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=27ma di junio 2026}}</ref>: ''Juniperus × ambigens'', ''J. angosturana'', ''J. arizonica'', ''J. ashei'', ''J. barbadensis'', ''J. bermudiana'', ''J. blancoi'', ''J. brevifolia'', ''J. californica'', ''J. canariensis'', ''J. cedrus'', ''J. × cerropastorensis'', ''J. chinensis'', ''J. coahuilensis'', ''J. comitana'', ''[[Juniperus communis|J. communis]]'' (o ordinara junipero), ''J. convallium'', ''J. coxii'', ''J. davurica'', ''J. deltoides'', ''J. deppeana'', ''J. drupacea'', ''J. durangensis'', ''J. excelsa'', ''J. × fassettii'', ''J. flaccida'', ''J. foetidissima'', ''J. formosana'', ''J. gamboana'', ''J. gracilior'', ''J. grandis'', ==Referi== {{reflist}} == Extera ligili == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Juniperus Junipero che "Wikimedia Commons"] * [https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Juniperus Junipero che "Wikispecies"] * [https://www.conifers.org/cu/Juniperus.php Junipero che "The Gymnosperm Database"] * [https://powo.science.kew.org/results?q=Juniperus Junipero che "Plants of the World Online"] {{wikivortaro}} [[Kategorio:Koniferala generi]] [[Kategorio:Kupresacei]] ddzazxr8n7akmu8zennyom2nkouy0ca 1142479 1142456 2026-10-26T17:36:32Z Forstbirdo 3024 1142479 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Range of Juniperus species.png|thumb|Loki ube naturale povas existar juniperi]] '''Junipero''' ([[Latina|Latine]] : ''Juniperus''), esas [[genero]] di [[arbusto|arbusti]] konifera ek la [[Familio (biologio)|familio]] [[kupresacei]] (Latine: ''Cupressaceae''). La juniperi havas [[bero|beri]] qui esas [[aromato]]za<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://grokipedia.com/page/Juniper|titulo=Genero junipero che "Grokipedia"|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=26ma di oktobro 2026}}</ref>. Esas 70 agnoskita [[speco|speci]] di juniperi<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60436243-2|titulo=Genero junipero che "Plants of the World Online"|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=27ma di junio 2026}}</ref>: ''Juniperus × ambigens'', ''J. angosturana'', ''J. arizonica'', ''J. ashei'', ''J. barbadensis'', ''J. bermudiana'', ''J. blancoi'', ''J. brevifolia'', ''J. californica'', ''J. canariensis'', ''J. cedrus'', ''J. × cerropastorensis'', ''J. chinensis'', ''J. coahuilensis'', ''J. comitana'', ''[[Juniperus communis|J. communis]]'' (o ordinara junipero), ''J. convallium'', ''J. coxii'', ''J. davurica'', ''J. deltoides'', ''J. deppeana'', ''J. drupacea'', ''J. durangensis'', ''J. excelsa'', ''J. × fassettii'', ''J. flaccida'', ''J. foetidissima'', ''J. formosana'', ''J. gamboana'', ''J. gracilior'', ''J. grandis'', ==Referi== {{reflist}} == Extera ligili == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Juniperus Junipero che "Wikimedia Commons"] * [https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Juniperus Junipero che "Wikispecies"] * [https://www.conifers.org/cu/Juniperus.php Junipero che "The Gymnosperm Database"] * [https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000019723 Junipero che "The World Flora Online"] {{wikivortaro}} [[Kategorio:Koniferala generi]] [[Kategorio:Kupresacei]] f4pwvsv1u4gjmcky61fo6lzipb5kme1 1142480 1142479 2026-10-26T17:43:26Z Forstbirdo 3024 1142480 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Range of Juniperus species.png|thumb|Loki ube naturale povas existar juniperi]] '''Junipero''' ([[Latina|Latine]] : ''Juniperus''), esas [[genero]] di [[arbusto|arbusti]] konifera ek la [[Familio (biologio)|familio]] [[kupresacei]] (Latine: ''Cupressaceae''). La juniperi havas [[bero|beri]] qui esas [[aromato]]za<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://grokipedia.com/page/Juniper|titulo=Genero junipero che "Grokipedia"|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=26ma di oktobro 2026}}</ref>. Esas 70 agnoskita [[speco|speci]] di juniperi<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:60436243-2|titulo=Genero junipero che "Plants of the World Online"|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=27ma di junio 2026}}</ref>: ''Juniperus × ambigens'', ''J. angosturana'', ''J. arizonica'', ''J. ashei'', ''J. barbadensis'', ''J. bermudiana'', ''J. blancoi'', ''J. brevifolia'', ''J. californica'', ''J. canariensis'', ''J. cedrus'', ''J. × cerropastorensis'', ''J. chinensis'', ''J. coahuilensis'', ''J. comitana'', ''[[Juniperus communis|J. communis]]'' (o ordinara junipero), ''J. convallium'', ''J. coxii'', ''J. davurica'', ''J. deltoides'', ''J. deppeana'', ''J. drupacea'', ''J. durangensis'', ''J. excelsa'', ''J. × fassettii'', ''J. flaccida'', ''J. foetidissima'', ''J. formosana'', ''J. gamboana'', ''J. gracilior'', ''J. grandis'', ==Referi== {{reflist}} == Extera ligili == * [https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Juniperus Junipero che "Wikimedia Commons"] * [https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Juniperus Junipero che "Wikispecies"] * [https://www.conifers.org/cu/Juniperus.php Junipero che "The Gymnosperm Database"] * [https://www.worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-4000019723 Junipero che "The World Flora Online"] * [https://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ecy.4514] {{wikivortaro}} [[Kategorio:Koniferala generi]] [[Kategorio:Kupresacei]] nf4mg3w9hmtqgdzcs5arpun3bcairnz 0 29909 1142545 1140808 2026-10-27T03:00:48Z InternetArchiveBot 30866 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1142545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Urbi | nomo = Navalvillar de Pela | Imajo = Avenida de la Constitución (Navalvillar de Pela) 02.jpg | TextodilImajo = Avenuo ''Constitución'', en Navalvillar de Pela. | Shablono_lando= {{ESP}} | Regiono = [[Extremadura]] | Urbestro = Francisco Javier Fernández Cano (PSOE) | Latitudo = 39°05'00"N | Longitudo = 5°28'00"W | Altitudo = 368 | Flago = Bandera-Navalvillar.png | Blazono = | Mapo = Navalvillar de Pela.png | Surfaco = 251,2 | Habitanti = {{formatnum:4424}} | Yaro = 2019 | Denseso di habitantaro = 18,13 | Horala_zono = +1<br><small>(UTC+2 dum la somero) }} '''Navalvillar de Pela''' esas municipo en la [[provinco Badajoz]], [[Extremadura]], [[Hispania]]. Segun statistiki de 2019, ol havis {{formatnum:4424}} habitanti. Lua tota [[surfaco]] esas 251,2 km². ==Extera ligili== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20230226095321/https://www.navalvillardepela.es/ Oficala retsituo] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20100629212619/http://www.dip-badajoz.es/municipios/municipio_dinamico/inicio/index_inicio.php?codigo=104 Profilo] [[Kategorio:Municipi en Badajoz]] 9py5nlur2mzwf78wq5e493lkmyn9kc0 0 29943 1142546 1140811 2026-10-27T03:30:37Z InternetArchiveBot 30866 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1142546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Urbi | nomo = Palomas | Imajo = Nuestra Señora de Gracia en Palomas.jpg | Shablono_lando= {{ESP}} | Regiono = [[Extremadura]] | Urbestro = Francisco Ginés (PSOE) | Latitudo = 38°41'33"N | Longitudo = 6°08'03"W | Altitudo = 326 | Flago = | Blazono = Escudo de Palomas.svg | Mapo = Palomas.png | Surfaco = 40,5 | Habitanti = 678 | Yaro = 2019 | Denseso di habitantaro = | Horala_zono = +1<br><small>(UTC+2 dum la somero) }} '''Palomas''' esas urbo en [[provinco Badajoz]], [[Extremadura]], [[Hispania]]. Segun statistiki de 2019, ol havis 678 habitanti. Lua tota [[surfaco]] esas 40,5 km². == Extera ligili == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210115010345/http://www.palomas.es/ Oficala retsituo] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100629212826/http://www.dip-badajoz.es/municipios/municipio_dinamico/inicio/index_inicio.php?codigo=112 Profilo] [[Kategorio:Municipi en Badajoz]] s757psleizyu1qbdjndow17jzwp8w4p 0 35445 1142592 1126456 2026-10-27T07:51:59Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142592 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Ex-Stato |Lokala_nomo = Primera República Española |Yari_komenco_til_fino = 1873 til 1874 |Flago = Flag of Spain (1873–1874).svg |Blazono = Escudo del Gobierno Provisional y la Primera República Española.svg |Imajo_mapo = Fin_del_Imperio_Español_(1898).png |Chefurbo = [[Madrid]] |Lojanti_chefurbo = |Oficala_lingui = [[Hispaniana linguo|Hispaniana]] |Guvernerio = Republiko |Nomo_listo_chefo_stato = |Titulo_chefo_stato = Prezidanto |Unesma_chefo_di_stato = Estanislao Figueras |Lasta_chefo_di_stato = Francisco Serrano y Domínguez |Surfaco_komenco = |Lojanti1 = {{formatnum:}} |Yaro1 = |Nomo_himno = ''Marcha Granadera'' |Religii = [[Katolikismo]] |Pekunio = Peseta |Razono_dil_fino = [[Bourbona restaurado en Hispania|Bourbona restaurado]] }} '''Unesma Hispaniana Republiko''' esis etapo dil [[Hispania|hispaniana]] historio karakterizita da profunda nestabileso dum nur un yaro, inter [[1873]] e [[1874]]. Havas quar prezidanti: *[[Estanislao Figueras]] (februaro -junio 1873). *[[Francisco Pi y Margall]] (junio-julio 1873). Pi y Margall esis la chefa ideologo dil federalisti. *[[Nicolás Salmerón]] (julio-septembro 1873). *[[Emilio Castelar]] (septembro 1873 - januaro 1874). Li esas unu ek la chefa retorikuli dil hispana politiko. {{Historio di Hispania2}} [[Kategorio:Unesma Hispana republiko| ]] sy1knlfaq4fzh60fy1dd68zvhqc294h 0 35446 1142594 951878 2026-10-27T07:52:35Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142594 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ex-Stato |Lokala_nomo = Segunda República Española |Yari_komenco_til_fino = 1931 til 1939 |Flago = Flag of Spain 1931 1939.svg |Blazono = Escudo de la Segunda República Española.svg |Imajo_mapo = Territorios de la Segunda República Española.svg |Chefurbo = [[Madrid]] <small>([[1931]] - [[1936|36]])</small><br />[[Valencia]] <small>([[1936]] - [[1937|37]])</small><br />[[Barcelona]] <small>([[1937]] - [[1939|39]])</small> |Lojanti_chefurbo = |Oficala_lingui = [[Hispaniana linguo|Hispaniana]] |Guvernerio = [[republiko]] |Nomo_listo_chefo_stato = Prezidanti di Hispania |Titulo_chefo_stato = Prezidanto |Unesma_chefo_di_stato = [[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]] |Lasta_chefo_di_stato = [[Manuel Azaña]] |Nomo_listo_chefo_guverno = Listo di chefministri di Hispania |Titulo_chefo_guverno = Chefministro |Unesma_chefo_guverno = [[Niceto Alcalá-Zamora]] |Lasta_chefo_guverno = [[Juan Negrín]] |Surfaco_komenco = {{formatnum:504645}} |Lojanti1 = {{formatnum:23817179}}<ref>http://forum.paradoxplaza.com/forum/showthread.php?102734-1936-World-Population-statistics</ref> |Yaro1 = 1936 |Nomo_himno = ''Himno de Riego'' |Religii = [[Katolikismo]] |Pekunio = Peseta |Razono_dil_fino = [[Hispaniana interna milito]] }} '''Duesma Hispaniana Republiko''' (1931 til 1936) esis la duesma periodo en la historio di Hispania dum qua l'elekto esis demokrata. Ol esis la guvernerio di Hispania de 14 di aprilo 1931 til lua dissolvo per [[armeala rebeleso]] duktita da generalo [[Francisco Franco]] ed Emilio Mola. La duesma hispana republiko esis proklamita kande rejo [[Alfonso 13ma]] quitas la lando sequenta municipala voti en qua antimonarkala candidati ganis la majoritato di elekti, e Hispaniana populo celebris la komenco di la republiko e sociala preso facas la politicala rejimo changas. Sua guvernerio iras en exilo ye la [[1ma di aprilo]] [[1939]], kande lasta republikala forci cedis a rebela forci (nomanta ipsa nacionala) duktita da Generalísimo Franco inter altri dum la fino di [[Hispaniana interna milito]]. La guvernerio en exileso di la Duesma Hispaniana Republiko havas ambasadeyo en [[México]] til [[1976]] e formale dissolvesis la sequenta yaro. == Referi == {{reflist}} {{Historio di Hispania2}} [[Kategorio:Duesma Hispaniana republiko]] n6ni7qkw5gfu94m6mg8nzbe3rdxav7j 0 35458 1142601 1023308 2026-10-27T07:59:54Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{specala revizo}}{{klado}} [[Arkivo:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-09411, Primo de Rivera und der König von Spanien.jpg|300px|right|thumb|La generalo Primo de Rivera (dextra) kun la rejo Alfonso 13ma.]] La '''Diktatoreso da Primo de Rivera''' esis la politikala rejimo qua esis en Hispania ek la [[stato-stroko]] dil kapitano-generalo di [[Katalunia]], [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]], ye 13 di septembro 1923, til lua demisiono ye 28 di januario 1930 e lua substituco per la ''Dictablanda'' di generalo Berenguer. == Extera ligili == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060220080302/http://www.historia-es.com/spain/c_09_in.php Diktatoreso de Primo de Rivera] {{Historio di Hispania2}} [[Kategorio:Historio di Hispania]] [[Kategorio:20ma yarcento en Hispania]] g15v88basqe3e9thh7z0mft6gzbn56f 0 35459 1142593 849415 2026-10-27T07:52:12Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ex-Stato| |Lokala_nomo = España |Yari_komenco_til_fino = 1874 til 1931 |Flago = Flag of Spain (1785-1873 and 1875-1931).svg |Blazono = Armas abreviadas del rey de España 1864-1931.svg |I_mapo = |Chefurbo = [[Madrid]] |Lojanti_chefurbo = |Oficala_lingui = [[Hispaniana linguo|Hispaniana]] |Guvernerio = [[Konstitucala monarkio]] |Nomo_listo_chefo_stato = |Titulo_chefo_stato = Rejo |Unesma_chefo_di_stato = [[Alfonso 12ma di Hispania]] |Lasta_chefo_di_stato = [[Alfonso 13ma di Hispania]] |Surfaco_komenco = |Lojanti1 = {{formatnum:}} |Yaro1 = |Nomo_himno = ''Marcha Real'' |Religii = |Pekunio = Peseta |Razono_dil_fino = [[Diktatoreso da Primo de Rivera]] }} '''Bourbona restaurado''' en [[Hispania]] esas la historiala periodo ek la "pronunciamiento" (militista [[stato-stroko]]) dal generalo [[Arsenio Martínez Campos]] en [[1874]] cele finigar la periodo di [[Unesma Hispaniana republiko]] til la proklamo di [[Duesma Hispaniana republiko]] ye [[14 di aprilo]], [[1931]]. Ol karakterigas pro l'instituciala stabileso, la konstrukto di modelo di [[liberala stato]] e la sistemo di sociala e politikala movadi elirinta ek [[industriala revoluciono]], til la diktaturo di [[Miguel Primo de Rivera]] ye [[1923]]. La [[stato-stroko]] dal militisto Martínez Campos je 1874 rientronigis la [[Bourbon-familio|dinastio di Bourbon]] che la filulo di [[Isabel 2ma (Hispania)|Isabel 2ma]], [[Alfonso 12ma di Hispania]]. == Bibliografio == * Raymond Carr:. ''España, 1808-1975''. Barcelona, 1996. * Molas Ribalta, Pedro:. ''Manual de Historia Moderna de España''. Madrid, 1988. * Diversaj Auxtoroj:. ''Historia Política y Social Moderna y Contemporánea'', Madrid, 2001. {{Historio di Hispania2}} [[Kategorio:Historio di Hispania]] 67spcdnq5iiv2xrw10rz284r6ar4sm6 0 35462 1142586 929107 2026-10-27T07:49:33Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} [[Arkivo:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|thumb|right|350px|La '''katedralo di Kordova''', antee chefmoskeo konstruktita da la kalifi Umayidi de Al-Andalus.]] '''Al-Andalus''' od '''Andaluso''' ([[Araba linguo|Arabe]]: ''الأندلس'') esis l'Araba nomo dil parto de [[Iberia]] kontrolita dal islamani de 711 til 1492. Maxim-multa-kaze on konsideras la nomo originanta de "Vandalicia"; ta esus la nomo donita a Baetica, Romana provinco di sudal Iberia. Ma altra teorii existas, e linguisti substrekas lua necerta etimologio. {{Historio di Hispania2}} [[Kategorio:Al-Andalus]] [[Kategorio:Historio di Hispania]] [[Kategorio:Mezepoko]] [[Kategorio:Islamo]] i9nn0mj4gvdfmqxjxhqgclcwo7ur0ei 0 35613 1142583 1129928 2026-10-27T07:48:38Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142583 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Historio di Hispania}} Kom naciono, [[Hispania]] formacesis tra mariajo inter [[Isabel la 1ma di Kastilia]] e [[Fernando la 2ma di Aragon]] dum la [[15ma yarcento]]. Tamen, la regiono habitesis dal homo de la [[prehistorio]]. == Prehistorio == {{PA|Prehistorio en Iberia}} [[Arkivo:Techo_de_Altamira_(replica)-Museo_Arqueológico_Nacional.jpg|thumb|left|280px|Kopiuro di pikturo facita che tekto di kaverno Altamira.]] La maxim anciena restaji konocata pri homala habitado en [[Iberia]] - mandibulo trovita en la ''sima del Elefante'', che montaro Atapuerca - havas cirkume 1,3 milion yari. Ol korespondas a speco nekonocata del genero ''Homo''. Restaji deskovrita en la depozeyo di gran Dolina, ank en Atapuerca (Burgos) evas de {{formatnum:800000}} yari ante nun, e baptesis kom ''Homo antecessor''. Nulatempe trovesis restaji pri homala okupado en la peninsulo de {{formatnum:500000}} til {{formatnum:350000}} yari ante nun. Dum ta epoko, ''Homo heidelbergensis'', probabla ancestro del [[homo di Neanderthal]], distributesis tra Europa. Multa restaji de ca speco homala trovesis en l'abismo di l'Osti en Atapuerca, depozeyo ube trovesis kranii multe bone konservata. Plu recenta esas la kulturo ''Musteria'' dil [[homo di Neanderthal]], evanta {{formatnum:60000}} yari, quale montras restaji trovita en [[Gibraltar]]. En la groto Nerja (Málaga), trovesis restaji evanta {{formatnum:42000}} yari, organala restaji asociita a pikturi qui povus esar l'unesma artala verki de la historio di la homaro. L'unesma ''[[Homo sapiens]]'', la "moderna" homo, aparis ante {{formatnum:35000}} aK, quale montras restaji de la kulturo ''Gravetia'' trovita en Kantabria. ''Homo sapiens'' kunhabitis la peninsulo dum mili di yari kun [[homo di Neanderthal]], til l'extingo di la lasta grupo di Neanderthal-i sude, cirkume {{formatnum:27000}} yari ante nun. Olima homala speci ja extingabis, do on devas konsiderar ica kolonieti kom l'origino dil Indo-Europana sustrato. Dum la supera Paleolitiko, ante {{formatnum:16000}} yari, existis tale nomizita "kulturo Magdalenana" en [[Asturia]], [[Kantabria]] e parto de [[Baskia]]. Lua maxim importanta restajo esis la pikturi interne la groto Altamira. Dum [[meza paleolitiko]] esas la pikturi trovita che Mediteraneana litoro di la peninsulo, nome en la nuna provinco Castellón. Cirkume {{formatnum:5500}} aK aparis en la peninsulo tale nomizita "kulturo di la gobleti kloshoforma". La tribui qui habitis la peninsulo cirkume {{formatnum:3700}} konstruktis megaliti, praktikis agrokultivo, ed abandonis nomadismo. L'unesma kulturi qui uzis metali en la peninsulo aparis inter 3000 e 2500 aK {{formatnum:3000}} aK. On kredas ke la serchado di metali efektigis granda migrado a kelka regioni, exemple ''Los Millares'' en Almería. == Antiqueso == {{Historio di Hispania}} === Arivo di diferanta populi === Kelti arivis a la peninsulo dum l'unesma yarmilo aK, ed okupis la nuna regioni [[Galisia]], [[Asturia]], [[Kantabria]], [[Baskia]], la nordo di Kastilia e parto di [[Portugal]]. Tamen, recenta studii dal Universitato di Oxford montras ke Kelti povus esar autoktona civilizuro de la nordo di la peninsulo. Se to esas lo vera, li expansis de Iberia tra Europa. L'estala rivo di la peninsulo koloniigesis da Feniciani. Cirkume [[1104 aK]] li fondis Garid (la nuna [[Cádiz]]) e plu tarde, en 700 aK, Malaca ([[Málaga]]) ed Abdera (Adra) kreanta multa faktorii en la Mediteranea rivo. Greki instalesis en Rhodes e plu norde en Emporion (Ampurias), en la nuna [[Katalunia]], ube li trovis - ed unesmafoye mencionis - l'existo di Iberi, populo qua habitis la regiono. Greki anke fondis urbo ''Akra Leuké'' ([[Alicante]]). Posible li kontaktis rejio Tartessos, qua existis en la nuna [[Andaluzia]] e sudo di la nuna Portugal. Argantonio, lasta rejulo di Tartessos, donabis [[arjento]] a li e posibligis li protektar su del atako da Persiani en lua rejio. Ibe, Greki fondis Mainake (Málaga). Dum la [[3ma yarcento aK]], Kartagani komencis projeto pri kreo di imperio en Iberia. Ibe, li fondis ''Qart Hadasht'' ([[Cartagena, Hispania|Cartagena]]), qua divenis granda navala portuo. Li intencis kontrolar la richeso produktita che mineyi en Cartegena. Segun historiisto Adolf Schulten: {{Frazo|Kun arjento de la mineyi en Cartagena, li pagis mercenarii, e kande ol konquestesis en 209 aK, [[Kartago]] perdis ca trezori, e Hanibal ne povis rezistar Romani, nam la preno di Cartagena decidis anke la milito di Hanibal,|Schulten A. ''Fontes Hispaniae Antiquae''}} {{riskribota}} [[Kartago]] e [[Romana republiko|Roma]] komencis serio di militi, nomizita [[Punika Militi]], por hegemonio en ocidentala [[Mediteraneo]]. Pos desvinko en l'[[Unesma Punika Milito]], Kartago intencis rekuperar su de perdajo di [[Sicilia]], [[Sardinia]] e [[Korsika]], augmentanta lua dominaco en Iberia. Amilkar Barka, [[Hanibal]] ed altra Kartagana generali prenis kontrolo dil antiqua Feniciana kolonii [[Andaluzia]] e Levante, e pose expansis lua influo-areo sur l'indijena populi. Dum la 3ma yarcento aK, granda parto de la habitanti sude de [[Fluvio Ebro|Ebro]] e [[Fluvio Durio|Durio]], ed anke l'insuli Baleari, jacis sub Kartagana dominaco. Ol esas en ta procedo kande intencis submisar l'urbo Sagunto, en la sudo dil frontiero paktita di l'Ebro ma federita kun Roma, okazionanta la Duesma Punika Milito, qua finis kun l'ibera parto dil peninsulo inkorporita al Romana Republiko. === Hispania Romana === [[Arkivo:02.Teatro romano (49).JPG|left|thumb|[[Romana teatreyo di Merida]].]] Pos la Duesma Punika Milito inter 218 aK e 201 aK, on povas konsiderar ke Iberia esis sub Romana kontrolo. La kampanio di okupado, pos l'ekpulso dil Kartagani, esis rapida, ecepte en l'interno (Numancia) e la Kantabri qui rezistis til l'arivo di Augusto en la komenci dil Roman imperio. En 197 aK Romani dividis la teritorio en du arei: Hispania Citerior e Hispania Ulterior. La peninsulo konquestesis komplete erste en [[19 aK]], pos la fino di tale nomizita "Kantabriana militi". Pos la konquesto Romana, Hispania dividesis en tri provinci: Betika, Tarraconense e Lusitania, organizado ke perduris til la Basa Imperio, kande la teritorio dividesis en Betika, Carthaginense, [[Gallaecia]], [[Lusitania]] e Tarraconensis. L'asimilo di Latina linguo, e di la mori ed ekonomio Romana duris til la 3ma yarcento. Exemple, imperiestri [[Trajanus]], [[Adrianus]] e Theosodius de Roma, ed altra importanta personi, exemple filozofo [[Seneca]] o poeti Marcial e Lucano, anke naskis en Iberia. == Mezepoko == === Germana invadi e Visigota Rejio === [[Arkivo:Visigothic Kingdom.png|280px|thumb|Maxima extendo dil Visigota Rejio.]] {{PA|Visigota Rejio}} === La fino di Romana imperio === Quale en altra provinci, l'imperio Romana gradope dekadis en Iberia. La febleso dil autoritato Romana dum la 3ma, 4ma e 5ma yarcenti eventis samatempe kam la "Romanigado" di Germana tribui, exemple l'adopto di Romana legaro, videbla en la ''Lex Gothorum'', la konverto a kristanismo, e l'afineso di kelka reji pri la linguo Latina, exemple kompozir poezio en ca linguo. Tamen, inter la 6ma e la 7ma yarcenti, kande Iustinianus la 1ma la Granda probis riestablisar la povo dil Westala Romana imperio en la sudo di Iberia, ilu kreis la Provinco Spania. Ca teritorio esis ravisita dal Visigota Rejio ed enkorpigesis al Vandala Rejio. Lua chef-urbo establisesis en ''Carthago Spartaria'', la nuna [[Cartagena, Hispania|Cartagena]]. === Invadi === En la vintro di 406, profitinta de la frost-influro di [[Rheno]], Vandali, Suevi ed Alamani invadis l'imperio. Pos tri yari, trairis [[Pirenei]] arivante a Iberia. Li dividis inter li la regiono respondanta a moderna Portugal e westal Hispania til Madrid. Samatempe la Visigoti, qua prenabis Roma du yari ante, arivis a la regiono en 412. Li fondis Rejio Tolosa, gradope expansis lia influo tra la peninsulo, e fine ekpulsis Vandali ed Alani a nordal Afrika. Pos ke Franki konquestis la rejio Rejio Tolosa e granda parto di la nuna Francia, Visigoti diplasis lia chef-urbo a Toledo. Malgre ke la Visigota nobelaro praktikis arianismo, ca religio ne praktikesis dal Hispana-Romana habitantaro, fidela a la doktrino katolika. De la Visigota krono, En 587, la rego Rekaredo, ja konvertita a Katolikismo, probis rikonciliar l'Ariana hierarkio kun la katolika, sensucese. Fine, ilu impozis Katolika religio per koakto, e transferis proprietaji del Ariana eklezio por la katolika. === Mohamedana epoko === [[Arkivo:Spain Andalusia Cordoba BW 2015-10-27 13-54-14.jpg|thumb|Internajo dil Kordoba-moskeo, chef-urbo dil kalifio di [[Al-Andalus]].]] Mohamedani konquestis [[Melilla]] en [[696]] e Ceuta en [[709]]. Pos la morto di visigota rejio Witiza, episkopi elektis Roderik, duko di Betika, kom rejulo. La filii di Witiza volis Aquila, duko di Tarraconense, kom rejio, do paktis kun Arabi tra Don Julián, komto di Ceuta. Roderik akompanis lua armeo en la lukto kontre Araba invado. Ilu perdis la [[batalio di Guadalete]] pro desloyaleso de lua armeo. Pos lua morto, Arabi decidis durigar la lukto, suportinta da parto de la vinkita armeo. Tarik konquestis Toledo ed avancis til Leon. Muza konquestis Sevilla ed advancis til Merida (712). Pose, la du unionis lia trupi por kaptar [[Zaragoza]]. La filiulo di Muza kompletigis la konquesto di la peninsulo, ecepte la montoza regioni Kantabria e [[Pirenei]] (716), e komencis invadar la nuna Franca teritorio. En 732, [[Charles Martel]] haltigis Araba invado en [[Poitiers]]. En 733, Abderraman la 1ma proklamis emirio di [[Kordoba]] nedependanta politikale de altra Mohamedana stati. En 929, Abderraman la 3ma proklamis Kalifio de Kordoba, nedependanta del Kalifio de Baghdad. Dum la yaro 1031, la Kalifio dividesis, e aparis multa ''taifi'' (mikra rejii) enemiki inter li. [[Arkivo:506-Castile 1210.png|thumb|260px|Limiti dil Krono di Kastilia e la Rejio Aragon en 1210.]] Al-Andalus koncidis kun kelka kunvivo e religiala toleremo, e kun l'ora epoko di judala kulturo en Iberia. Mohamedana inkurso en la peninsulo itere eventis dum la yaro 1000, kande Al-Mansur spoliis Barcelona (985). Segun lua filiulo, altra Kristana urbi esis skopo di multa inkursi. Pos la morto di lua filio, eventis interna milito en la kalifio, qua dividesis en mikra mikra princii, nomizita ''Taif''. La rejuli di ''Taif'' luktis l'unu kontre l'altru, tamen esis protekteri di arti e cienci. Ta rejii perdis teritorii por kristana rejii de nordo e, pos la falo di Toledo en 1085, mohamedana guberniestri pregis suporto dal Almoravid-i, qui invadis Al-Andalus ek nord-Afrika es establisis nova imperio. Dum la 12ma yarcento, l'imperio Almoravid itere krulis ed invadesis, cafoye dal Almohadi, qui vinkesis en 1212 che batalio di Navas. Dum [[Mezepoko]], militi inter kristani e mohamedani eventis ofte. Almohadi, qui vinkis Almoravid en 1147, esis plu multe netolerema pri religio kam l'Almoravidi. Dum la 13ma yarcento, Rejio Granada esis la nura nedependanta rejio Mohamedana en Hispania, durinta til 1492. Malgre ke altra Mohamedana rejii desaparis, lia influi en la teknologio, kulturo e socio Hispana duris. Dum ca epoko, reji di Aragon guvernis ambe Aragon e princio Katalunia, e pose anke Insuli Baleari, [[Rejio Sicilia]], Napoli e Sardinia. Kataluniani okupis dukio Athina, qua guvernesis da Aragonana princo til 1379. === ''Reconquista'' === {{PA|Reconquista}} [[Arkivo:Don Pelayo.jpg|thumb|left|[[Don Pelayo]].]] [[Arkivo:Chaime I d'Aragón.jpg|thumb|Tabelo di [[Jaime 1ma la konquestanto|Jaime 1ma di Aragon]].]] [[Arkivo:Monasterio de San Miguel de Escalada.jpg|thumb|[[Monakeyo di San Miguel de Escalada]], fondita por repoblado di Leoniana teri.]] En 722 Mohamedana detachmento vinkesas da kristani refujita en la boski di Covadonga ([[Asturia]]) en samnoma batalio. [[Pelayo]] nomesis rejo. L'unesma korto establisesis en Cangas de Onís. Pelayo mortis en 737. Du yari pose, en 739, lua bofiliulo Alfonso 1ma, filio di Pedro di Kantabria, profitis de la lukti inter Arabi e Berberi, ed expansis lua rejio til La Rioja e [[fluvio Durio]]. Tamen, la regiono ne ripopulizesis, e duris poke habitita. [[Arkivo:Manzanares el Real-Castillo.jpg|thumb|[[kastelo di Manzanares el Real]] ([[Madrid]]).]] * Establiso di la frontiero di rejio Asturia en Arlanzón ed en meza e basa kurso di Durio. Ol atingesis dum la komenco dil 10ma yarcento. * Leon e Kastilia transiras Centrala montaro e okupas la baseno di Tajo. Toledo rikonquestesis en 1085 e Zaragoza en 1118. * okupo di la valo di [[Guadiana]] e pasi di Sierra Morena. Batalio di Las Navas de Tolosa (1212). * Okupado di Guadalquivir-valo da Fernando la 3ma la Santa (1252) e di Valencia e Baleari da Jaime 1ma di Aragon (1276). Rejio Granada okupesis erste en 1492. Inter la yari 718 e 1230 formacesis la precipua Kristana nuklei en la peninsulo en la rejii di Asturia, Navara, Leon, Galisia, Portugal, Aragon e Kastilia. En la 13ma yarcento, produktesis granda Kristan avanco, l'expanso dil Krono di Aragon en Mediteraneo e unuigo inter Kastilia e Leon. ==== Uniono inter Kastilia e Leon ==== En 1037 mortis Bermudo la 3ma, rejulo di Leon, dum batalio kontre lua bofratulo Fernando la 1ma. Pro ke ilu ne havis decendanti, lua bofratulo judikesis kom lua sucedanto, e rejio Leon unionesis a la komtio Kastilia. En 1054 Fernando la 1ma luktis kontre lua fratulo García Sánchez la 3ma di Nájera, rejo di Navara, en la Batalio di Atapuerca. Ilu mortigis la monarko di Navara, ed anexis la komarko Montes de Oca, en Burgos. Pos la morto di Fernando la 1ma in 1065, la Komtio di Kastilia konvertesis en rejio, qua heredis Sancho la 2ma, Alfonso 2ma heredis Leon. Sancho la 2ma ocidesis en 1072 e lua fratulo prenis la trono di Kastilia, esanta l'unesma rejulo di amba rejii. Ilua filiino Urraca sucedis lu pos lua morto. Urraca mariajis kun Alfonso 2ma di Aragon, tamen Alfonso 1ma repudiis el en 1114, kreinta plu granda konflikti inter amba rejii. [[Papo Paschalis la 2ma]] nuligis la mariajo ante, ol esis junte til ta dato. Urraca anke konfrontis elua filiulo, la Rejulo di Galisia, qua sucedis lua matro kom Alfonso la 7ma. Il sucesis anexar teritorii dil rejii di Navara ed Aragon. Il renuncas lua yuro en la konquesto dil Mediteranea litoro plufaciligis nova uniono inter Aragon e la Komtio Barcelona (per mariajo di Petronila e Ramón Berenguer la 4ma). Ilu dividis lua rejio inter lua filii e destruktis l'uniono inter Leon e Kastilia (l'unesma havis kom rejulo Fernando la 2ma e la duesma, Sancho la 3ma). En 1230 produktesis definitiva uniono inter Leon e Kastilia, kande Fernando la 3ma la Santa recevis de lua matro Berenguela en 1217 la Rejio Kastilia e, pos la morto di lua patro Alfonso la 9ma en 1230, akordas kun la heredinti di ta, Sanche e Dulce, la transfero di Leon en la Konkordo di Benavente. == Moderna ero == [[Arkivo:La Rendición de Granada - Pradilla.jpg|thumb|La kapitulaco di Granada.]] [[Arkivo:Columbus Taking Possession.jpg|thumb|200px|right|[[Cristoforo Colombo]] prenas la teritorii di la Nova Mondo.]] En 1469, mariajis sekrete Isabel e Fernando. Ca uniono kreos dinastial uniono dil rejii [[Kastilia]] ed [[Aragon]] en 1479, Malgre ke amba teritorii mantenis lia legari e propra institucuri, li guvernesis da la sama monarko. Ante, de 1474 - kande mortis Enrique la 4ma - e 1479, eventis interna milito pro la sucedo di la krono di Kastilia inter suportinti Isabel e suportinti di Juana la Beltrabeja, stif-fratulino e legitima filino da Enrique la 4ma, rispektive, mariajita kun la rejo di Portugal. Tale nomizita ''[[Reconquista]]'' finis en 1492, kande Granada kaptesis dal Katolika Reji, ed anexesis a la krono di Kastilia. Ye ca yaro, judi ekpulsesis de Hispania ed eventis tale nomizita "[[deskovro di Amerika]]" da Cristoforo Colombo. Kanarii, di qua anexo komencabis dum la regno di Enrique la 3ma kun la Normanda [[Jean de Bethencourt]], fine konquestesis kande Kastilian armei kaptis Gran Canaria (1478-1483), La Palma (1492-1493) e fine Tenerife (1494-1496), pos longa kampanii kontre le ''guanche''. === Imperial Hispania === [[Arkivo:Iberian Union Empires.png|thumb|[[Hispana imperio]] (rede) e [[Portugalan imperio]] (blue) dum la dinastiala uniono di amba rejii (1580-1640).]] Hispana imperio esis un en l'unesma moderna imperii en la mondo. Ol ank esis ek la maxim granda imperii de la historio. Dum la 16ma yarcento, Hispania e Portugal reprezentis l'avangardo Europana pri globala explorado e kolonial expanso. La du Iberiana rejii disputis inter inter li pri l'aperto transoceanala voyi komercala. Hispana koloniala konquesto e la koloniigo komencis kun du Kastiliana expedicioni. L'unesma esis expediciono di Kastialiana floto administrita da Gonovana Lanzarotto Malocello. La duesma esis altra expediciono en 1402, guidita da Francian aventureri Jean de Bethancourt, Sioro di Grainville en Normandia e My Gadifer de la Salle de Poitou. En la 15ma e 16ma yarcenti, la komerco florifis trans l'Atlantiko inter Hispania e Amerika e trans la Pacifiko inter Est-Azia e Mexikia trans Filipini. Hispana [[conquistador]]es destruktis l'Azteka, la Maya e l'Inka imperii e reklamis vasta extensi di tero en Nord e Sud-Amerika. Dum ta tempo, la Hipanian imperio dominacis l'oceani kun lua experiencosa mar-armeo e guvernis l'Europana bataliagro kun lua ''Tercios''. La 16ma e 17ma yarcenti judikesas dal historiisti kom "ora epoko" di la kulturo Hispana. === De Hispania a Hispani === [[Arkivo:Carte historique des Royaumes d'Espagne et Portugal.jpg|thumb|420px|Historiala e geografiala marpo dil rejii di Hispania e Portugal, en l'''Atlas historique'' da [[Henri Abraham Chatelain]] (1705 a 1739). Biblioteca Nacional de España.]] Ne restas klara kande Hispania mencionesis unesmafoye, existanta skribaji de la komenco dil 13ma yarcento en qua ja aparis la vorto ''España''. En la peninsulo existis la rejii León, Navara, Kastilia, Aragon e Portugal kom Hispana rejii (ek Hispania, Hispaniane ''España'') quankam nulo di li springesas la posibleso di prenar por ol la nomo di Hispania. Ma kande pro dinastikala racioni o di konquesto unu di li povus havar la plu parto dil teritorio dil kristana Hispania, autonomesis imperiestro di Hispania, kom Alfonso 6ma e Alfonso 7ma di León. Ramón Beregnuer 1ma, Komto di Barcelona, esis konocata kom ''Hispaniae subjugator''. La Katolika Reji esis konocata kom Reji di Hispania (o dil Hispani). Historisto di epoko Hernando del Pulgar komentis en 1479 quale la Rejala konsilistaro pensis designar la Katolika Reji kom Reji di Hispania; fine ne donacis ica titulo. En 1493, municipala guvernerio di Barcelona mencionis Fernando kom «rey de Spanya, nostre senyor», [[Maquiavel]] (La Princo, 1523) referis il kom Rejo di Hispania e Lope de Vega citas Carlos la 1ma kom Rejulo di Hispania. De [[Karolus la 5ma di Germania e la 1ma di Hispania|Karolus (Carlos) la 1ma]], omna reji nomesas "Rejo di Hispania" (o dil Hispani), malgre ke ordinare li uzas tituli kompleta, de Rejo di Kastilia til Sioro di Biskaya e di Molina. Til la 19ma yarcento, Hispana pekunii portis apud la nomo dil Rejo la legendo «Hispaniarum (et Indiarum) Rex», qua signifikas [[Latina linguo|Latine]] "Rejo dil Hispani (e di la Indii)". Precipue dum 19ma yarcento, Fernando la 7ma di Hispania e Isabel 2ma di Hispania uzis la titulo di Rejulo o Rejino dil Hispani dum la konstitucala periodi. [[Amadeo la 1ma di Hispania|Amadeo la 1ma]] esis l'unesma rejo qua oficale uzis la titulo "Rejo di Hispania". Pos Amadeo la 1ma, omna reji adoptis la titulo "Rejo di Hispania". Irgakaze, en l'altra landi di Europa l'ensemblo di Kristana rejii de [[Iberia]] komencis konocesar de frua tempo kom "Hispania". La propra vorto "español" venas de [[Provencala linguo]], ed unesmafoye aparis en skribita dokumento de la fino dil 11ma yarcento. En la Koncilo di Constanza, partoprenis la quar rejii (de [[Portugal]], [[Aragon]], [[Kastilia]] e [[Navara]]) sub la formo di unika ento, "Hispana naciono", partiganta la sama voto. ==== Dinastio Habsburg ==== [[Arkivo:Carlos_V_en_Mühlberg,_by_Titian,_from_Prado_in_Google_Earth.jpg|thumb|L'imperiestro [[Karolus la 5ma di Germania e la 1ma di Hispania|Karolus (Carlos) la 1ma]] en [[Mühlberg]], da Tiziano.]] [[Karolus la 5ma di Germania e la 1ma di Hispania|Karolus (Carlos) la 1ma]] komencis la [[dinastio Habsburg]] en Hispania, epoko en qua eventis la formaco di imperio, pro la konquesto di vasta teritorii en [[Amerika]] ed altra kolonii. Ultre to, Karolus la 1ma kronizesis imperiestro dil [[Santa Romana imperio]]. Il adjuntis vasta Europana teritorii al imperio. Pose, Felipe la 2ma enkorpigis plusa teritorii en Amerika, e prenis la krono di Portugal kun lua teritorii. To komencis l'epoko di dominaco di la nomizita ''Katolika Monarkio'', e l'imperio divenis la maxim granda ekonomiala e militara povo de la mondo. Pos la Milito pri Sucedo, Hispania perdis militara prepondero en Europa, quankam duris esar la maxim granda ekonomiala povo de la mondo e konservis la dominaco dil oceani til la fino dil 18ma yarcento. La monarki di ca epoko esis: * Regno di [[Karolus la 5ma di Germania e la 1ma di Hispania|Karolus (Carlos) la 1ma]] [1516-1556). * Regno di [[Felipe la 2ma di Hispania|Felipe la 2ma]] (1556-1598). * Regno di [[Felipe la 3ma di Hispania|Felipe la 3ma]] (1598-1621). * Regno di [[Felipe la 4ma di Hispania|Felipe la 4ma]] (1621-1665). * [[Paco di Westfalia]] ([[1648]]). Hispania agnoskas la nedependo di [[Nederlando]]. * Regno di [[Carlos la 2ma di Hispania|Carlos la 2ma]] (1665-1700). ==== La dinastio Bourbon ==== La dinastio Bourbon komencis regnar en Hispania en 1700, kun la kronizo di Felipe la 5ma. Poke pose, en 1702, komencis la [[Milito pri Hispana Sucedo]] kun la partopreno di Aragon, ma nek di Baskia nek di Navara, lor esante parto di Kastilia, restis fidela ad ol. Felipe la 5ma anke facis ampla administrala reformi por aproximar lua nova regno al centralismo di lua originala lando. La periodo qua iras del regno di Felipe la 5ma en 1700 til la regno di Carlos la 4ma en 1808 konocesas kom "epoko di la raciono" politikala. * Regno di Felipe la 5ma (1700-1746), kun kurta regno di Luis la 1ma di Hispania en 1724. * [[Traktato di Utrecht]] (1713). * Regno di Fernando la 6ma (1746-1759). * Regno di Carlos la 3ma (1759-1788). * Regno di Carlos la 4ma (1788-1808). Felipe la 5ma signatis la Dekreti di Nueva Planta en 1715, lego qua revokis la maxim multa historiala yuri e privileji dil diferanta rejii qui formacis Hispana krono, nome la Krono di Aragon, ed unionigis ol sub l'administrado di Kastilia, ube la Korti esis plu aceptema a la volunto dil rejo. Hispania konvertesis kulturale e politikale en sequanto dil absolutista Francia. Il facis reformi en la guvernerio e plufortigis la central autoritato relate la provinci. Dum ca epoko, la [[korupto]] kreskis multe. La reformi komencita da Felipe la 5ma kulminis kun reformi plu granda da Carlos la 3ma. L'ekonomio plubonigis inter 1650 e 1700, e la produkiveso kreskis samatempe kam diminutis la famino e l'epidemii. ==== l'Ora yarcento ==== [[Arkivo:Las Meninas, by Diego Velázquez, from Prado in Google Earth.jpg|thumb|240px|''[[Las Meninas]]'', da [[Diego de Velázquez]] esas lua maxim famoza verko, nun en la [[Muzeo dil Prado]] ([[Madrid]]).]] Tale nomizita "Ora yarcento Hispana" esis epoko di developo di arti e [[literaturo]] che [[Hispana imperio]], qua koincidis kun politikala dekado e falo di Habsburg-dinastio. La lasta skriptisto de ta epoko, [[Juana Inés de la Cruz]], mortis en [[Nova-Hispania]] en 1695. Le Habsburg esis granda artala meceni. ''El Escorial'', granda rejala monakeyo konstruktita da Felipe la 3ma, inspiris multa Europan arkitekti e piktisti. [[Diego Velázquez]], judikata kom un ek la maxim influiva piktisti de la historio di Europa, ja multe respektema en lua epoko, amiko de [[Felipe la 4ma di Hispania]] e de la komto-duko de Olivares, facis multa portreti de amba. [[El Greco]], Greka artisto, establisis su en Hispania ed adportis [[Renesanco]] Italiana a Hispana arto, e helpis krear unika stilo en Hispana pikturo. Importanta muzikisti, exemple Tomás Luis de Victoria, Luis de Milán e Alonso Lobo helpis evolucionar la muziko de la [[Renesanco]] e lua influi prolongis til Baroko. Hispana [[literaturo]] florifis. De ta epoko esas [[Don Quijote|Don Quijote de la Mancha]], libro da [[Miguel de Cervantes]]. La maxim produktiva dramatisto di Hispania, [[Lope de Vega]], skribis posible cirkume mil teatraji dum ilua vivo, qui qui plu kam 400 prezervesis til nun. == Nuntempal epoko == === La milito pri nedependo (1808-1813) === La [[Milito pri Hispana nedependo]] esis militara konfrontado inter [[Hispania]] e l'[[Unesma Franca imperio]], parto di [[Napoleonala militi]], qua eventis pro la deziro da Napoléon pri donar la krono Hispana a [[Joseph Bonaparte]], lua fratulo. * [[1808]]: [[Su-levo ye 2ma di mayo]] en [[Madrid]]. * [[1808]]: [[batalio di Bailén]] * [[1812]]: [[Hispana konstituco di 1812|Konstituco di Cádiz (''La Pepa'')]]. === [[Absolutista restaurado|Regno di Fernando la 7ma]] (1814 til 1833) === * Triyara epoko liberala (1820-1823) * La [[Década Ominosa]] ([[1823]]-[[1833]]). === Regno di [[Isabel la 2ma di Hispania]] (1833-1868) === * Regenteso di Cristina de Borbón-Dos Sicilias ([[1833]]-[[1840]]). * [[Unesma Karlista Milito]] ([[1833]]-[[1840]]). * [[Minoría de edad de Isabel II#La Regencia de Espartero|Regencia del Baldomero Espartero]] ([[1840]]-[[1843]]). * [[Reinado de Isabel II de España|Reinado de Isabel II]] ([[1843]]-[[1868]]). * [[Revoluciono di 1868]] === [[Demokrata yarsiso]] ([[1868]]-[[1874]]) === On konocas kom ''sis-yara demokratio'' la periodo dil historio di Hispania qui iras de la triumfo di tale nomizita "revoluciono di septembro" 1868 til la ''pronunciamiento'' di decembro di 1874 qua supozis la komenco dil [[Restaurado]]. ==== [[Amadeo 1ma di Hispania|Regno di Amadeo di Saboya]] ([[1870]]-[[1873]]) ==== Pos la revoluciono di 1868 en Hispania proklamesis konstitucala monarkio. Ol havis desfacileso en la chanjo di rejimo nam ol devis trovar rejo qua volis esar lo en Hispania. Fine, ye la 16ma di novembro 1870 kun l'apogo dil progresista sektoro de la Korti, Amadeo di Saboia elektesis Rejo kom [[Amadeo la 1ma di Hispania]], e sucedis Isabel la 2ma. Il havis multa desfacilesi pro nestabileso dil Hispana politikisti, la republikana konspiri, la karlista su-levi, Kubana separatismo, disputi inter propra suportinti ed ula probo di ocido. Il abdikis pro propra iniciativo la 11ma di februaro 1873 e pos lua ekiro proklamesis l'[[Unesma Hispana republiko]]. ==== [[Unesma Hispana republiko]] ([[1873]]-[[1874]]) ==== L'Unesma Hispana republiko proklamesis la 11ma di februaro 1873 dal Generala Korti. L'Unesma Hispana republiko duris dek ed un monati, en qua sucedis quar prezidanti (Figueras, Pi y Margall, Salmerón e Castelar). La febleso kun qua naskis la rejimo e qua provokis la posa Bourbona restaurado esis pro plura faktori, inter qua on destakas la manko di sufica sociala baso, pro la nekontenteso dil rurani e lavoristi; l'organizita opozo dil monarkisti, inkluziti la Karlista su-levi e la manko di borgezeso por subtentar la sistemo. === [[Bourbona restaurado en Hispania|Bourbona restaurado]] ([[1875]]-[[1931]]) === Ol esas konocata kom '''Bourbona restaruado''' la periodo inter la *pronuncamento dil generalo Martínez Campos en 1874, qua finas kun l'Unesma republiko, e la proklamado dil Duesma republiko la 14ma di aprilo 1931. La periodo karakterizas da certa institucala stabileso, la konformado di liberala modelo dil Stato e l'enkorpigo di sociala e politikala movadi, naskita de industriala revoluciono, qua komencas lua dekado kun la diktatoreso di Miguel Pimo de Rivera en 1923. ==== Regno di [[Alfonso 12ma di Hispania|Alfonso 12ma]] ([[1875]]-[[1885]]) ==== Quankam l'antiqua rejino, Isabel 2ma vibavis, el agnoskis que ne esis tre decidigiva kom guidisto ed abdikis en 1870 pro lua filiulo Alfonso, konocata kom Alfonso 12ma di Hispania. Pos l'Unesma Republiko, la Hispaniani aceptis ritorno al stableso sub la Bourboni. La republikan armei en Hispania, qua rezistis Karlista su-levo, deklaris lua loyaleso ad Alfonso en la vintro di 1874-75. La Republiko disolvigis ed Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, asesoro kun la konfido dal rejo, havis aktiva rolo en la milito e ganis l'apogo dil majoritato di lua sam-landani. Sistemo di turni stablesis en Hispania en qua liberali, guidita da Práxedes Mateo Sagasta e konservisti, guidita da Antonio Cánovas del Castillo,alternis su en la kontrolo dil guvernerio. Minima stableso ed ekonomikala progreso restablesis en Hispania dum la regno di Alfonso la 12ma. Lua morto en 1885, sequita dal ocido di Cánovas del Castillo en 1897, disstabligis la guvernerio, malgre la konstitucala monarkio duris dum la regno di Alfonso 13ma. ==== Regenteso di [[María Cristina di Habsburgo-Lorena]]([[1885]]-[[1902]]) ==== * '''Fondeso di UGT en 1888'''. {{PA|Hispana-Usana milito}} Hispania perdis Kuba, Filipini e Porto-Riko: dum la komenco di 1868, Kuba rebelis kontre Hispania, e komencis 10-yara milito qua rezultis l'aboliso di [[sklaveso]] Hispana kolonii en Amerika. Usana interesi en l'insulo e koncerni pri Kubana habitantaro plumaleskis la diplomacala relati inter la du landi. L'explozo dil Usana navo ''USS Maine'' che portuo di [[Habana]] en 1898 esis pretexto por komencar milito, qua rezultis granda perdaji por Hispania. Kuba nedependanteskis, e Hispania perdis tri altra kolonii: [[Porto-Riko]], [[Guam]] e [[Filipini]] cedesis ad Usa kambie 20 milion dolari. En 1899, Hispania vendis lua lasta insuli che Pacifiko - [[Norda Mariani]], Insuli Karolini e [[Palau]] - a [[Germana imperio]]. Nur Hispana Maroko, Hispana Sahara e Hispana Guinea, omni en Afrika, restis kom kolonii Hispana. La "dizastro" di 1898 kreis tale nomizitaa ''[[Generaciono dil 98]]'', grupo di politikisti ed intelektuali qui demandis liberala chanji de la nova guvernerio. ==== Regno di Alfonso la 13ma (1902-1931) ==== [[Arkivo:Guerra del Rif 1922 - 2.jpg|thumb|Kadavri di Hispana soldati en Rif la dio dil Annual-dizastro.]] La [[Neutreso|neutreso]] di Hispania dum l'[[unesma mondomilito]] posibligis ol furnisar prima materii por amba parti, e to efektigis ekonomiala prospero di la lando. La burjodo di Hispana gripo en Hispania ed en altra loki, kun importanta ekomoniala dis-acelereso en la posmilito, arivis a Hispania e la lando debizigis. La violento kontre l'indijena habitantaro en Hispana Maroko provokis su-levo e perdo di ta posedo en nord-Afrika ecepte Ceuta e Mililla en 1921, pos la Annual-dizastro. Alfonso 13m apogis la diktatoreso di Miguel Primo de Rivera, qua finigis la konstitucala monarkio en Hispani. Kun la helpo di Francia, Marokana teritorio rikuperigis (1925-1927) ma en 1930 la falio e la despopulareso dil rejo inter la sinistra desmisionigis Primo de Rivera. Repugnita pro la participado dil rejo en la diktatoreso, urbana habitantaro votis pro la republika kandidati en la municipala votadi di aprilo 1931. La rejo abandonis la lando e la [[Duesma Hispana republiko]] establisesis. Ye la [[13ma di septembro]] [[1923]], Miguel Primo de Rivera, lor la kapitano-generalo di Katalunia, komandis [[stato-stroko]] apogata dal maxim multa militala unitati. La kauzo dil su-levo esis la reuniono dil Generala Korti kun la skopo di analizar la problemo di Maroko e la rolo di l'armeo en la lukto. A ta situeso unuigas la importanta krizo dil monarkia sistemo qua ne adaptesis en 20ma yarcento markita da acelerata industriala revoluciono, rolo ne rekonocata dil burgesio, nacionalista tensioni e tradicia politikala partisi nekapabala di konfrontar plena demokratala rejimo. [[Arkivo:Variación de la población española entre 1920 y 1950.png|thumb|300px|<small>Geografiala distributado dil kreskado dil Hispana populado inter 1920 e 1950.</small>]] Pos ekonomiala krizo di 1927 aceuntita en 1929, la violenta reprezado di laboristi ed intelektualisti e la manko di sintoneso inter buergesio e diktaturo, la monarkio, komplico, esis diskutita ek l'uniono di omna oposizado en agosto 1930 en la Pakto di San Sebastián. La guverni di Dámaso Berenguer, konocata kom "Dictablanda" e di Juan Bautista Aznar-Cabañas, ne facus ke longar la dekado. Pos la municipala elektadi di 1931, la 14ma di aprilo proklamesis la Duesma republiko, finacanta la Bourbona restaurado en Hispania. [[Arkivo:Republique-allegorie-2.jpg|thumb|Alegorio dil [[Duesma Hispana republiko]] ube on pova vidar la nova flago.]] === [[Duesma Hispana republiko]] ([[1931]]-[[1936]]) === L'elektorala vinko dil republikani en l'urbi finigis kun la monarkio. La chanjo di rejimo facis sen morti en 14ma di aprilo 1931, pos la proklamado dil republiko en Madrid, Barcelona ed altra Hispana chef-urbi. Konvencita ke municipala elektadi esis nacionala manifestado kontre monarkio, la komto di Romanones, ministro di Stato, rekomendis la rejo abandonar la lando e negociis kun revolucionala komitato la transfero dil guvernerio. Kande la generalo Sanjurjo, chefo di Civila Guardio, dicis ke lua homi ne luktus pro monarkio, Alfonso 13ma exilis. En la maxim parto dil Hispana kapitali, l'elektala rezulto celebresis pacoze. === [[Hispana interna milito]] (1936-1939) === [[Hispana interna milito]], de la 17ma di julio 1936 til la 1ma di aprilo 1939, judikesas kom introdukto di [[Duesma mondomilito]], nam ol uzesis kom probo-loko por [[Axo Roma-Berlin-Tokio|Axo-povi]], ed anke esis konfronto-loko por la precipua politikala ideologii lor kunvivanta en [[Europa]]: [[fashismo]], demokratio di liberala tradiciono e revolucionala movado ([[komunismo]], [[socialismo]] ed [[anarkiismo]]). Ye la 17ma di julio 1936, generalo [[Francisco Franco]] komandis la kolonial armeo di [[Maroko]] por atakar la kontinento, dum ke altra forco ek la nordo guidita dal generalo Sanjurjo transiris al sudo di [[Navara]]. La militala unitati movilizis anke en altra loki pro prenar la guvernamentala institucii. La movado di Franco ne intencis kaptar povo nemediate, ma la sucesoza rezistado dil republikani en loki kom [[Madrid]], [[Barcelona]], [[Valencia]], [[Baskia]] ed en altra loki signifikas ke Hispania konfrontis prolongata interna milito. En pokoa tempo, granda parto dil sudo e la wesro esis sub kontrolo dil nacional armeo, di qua regular armeo di Afrika esis la forto maxim profesionala disponebla. Ambe parti riceves extera militala helpo: la nacionali, ek la Naziista Germania, la fashista [[Italia]] e la Diktatoreso di [[Portugal]] e le republikani, ek l'Internaciona Brigadi, [[Mexikia]] e l'armeo di Baskia. La siejo dil kastelo di Toledo dum la komenco di la milito esis punto decidigiva, kande nacionalisti vinkis pos longa siejo. Republikani sucesis mantenar Madrid, malgre l'ataki dal nacionalisti en novembro 1936, e frustita posa atakadi al chef-urbo, la Jarama e Guadalajara en 1937. Tamen, balde la nacionalisti komencis expansar tra la teritorio kun skopo okupar Madrid, ed inkursis este. En 1937 li finis l'okupo dil nordo di Hispania, ed Aragon falis poke pose. La bombardo di [[Guernica y Luno|Guernica]] esis la maxim kruel agado de la milito, reprezentata en la pikturo da Picasso. Ol uzesis quale probo-loko da la ''Legión Cóndor'' de Germana ''Luftwaffe'', ante la [[Duesma mondomilito]]. La [[batalio dil Ebro]] en julio e novembro 1938 esis la lasta probo dal republikani por modifikar la destino di la milito. Kande to faliis e Barcelona kaptesis dal nacionalisti dum la komenco di 1939, divenis klara ke la milito finabis. La cetera republikana fronti krulis, e Madrid okupesis en marto 1939. La milito produktis de {{formatnum:30000}} til {{formatnum:1000000}} mortinti, destruktis la [[Duesma Hispana republiko]] e rezultis la transformo di Francisco Franco en diktatoro di Hispania. Ilu proskriptis partisi sinitrana, republikana, e sindikati. La rezulto di la milito esis brutala por amba parti, kun masakro di civili e militala kaptiti. Pos la milito, mili di republikani esis enkarcerigesis e til {{formatnum:151000}} mortigesis inter 1939 e 1943. Mult altra republikani exilesis dum la rejimo Frankoista. ===[[Frankoismo]] (1939-1975) === [[Francisco Franco]] esis [[diktatoreso|diktatoro]] di Hispania de 1939 til 1975. Ilu mantenis forta postulo pri la retrodono di Gibraltar a Hispania, e recevis suporto a ca postulo che Unionita Nacioni. Dum la [[yari 1960a]], Hispania komencis impozar restrikti a Gibraltar, qua kulminis kun la klozado dil frontieri en 1969. Ol ne riapertesus komplete til 1985. La Hispanina dominaco en Marrokos finis en 1967. Malgre la militala vinko dum l'invado di [[Maroko]] en 1957-1958 al Hispana Ocidental Afrika, Hispania renuncis gradope a lua cetera kolonii. Li sendependentigis Hispana Ginea, qua esus Equatoriala Guinea en 1968, ed Ifni esus cedita a Marroko en 1969. La lasta yari de la rejimo Frankoista esis epoko di ekonomiala e politikala libereso, nomizita "Hispana miraklo", inkluzinta di developo di [[turismo|turismal industrio]]. Franco guvernis til ilua morto, ye la 20ma di novembro 1975, kande la chefeso di stato transferesis a la princo Juan Carlos, pose rejulo Juan Carlos la 1ma. Dum lua lasta monati, Hispana Stato paralizesis, e lora rejulo Hassan 2ma di Maroko vidis oportuneso por invadar [[Ocidental Sahara]], la lasta koloniala posedajo Hispana. === Transito a la demokratio (1975-1982) === Nova epoko en Hispana historio komencas kande eventas la transito a [[demokratio]] e la restauro di la [[dinastio Bourbon]]. Ca transito komencis pos la morto di Franco ye la [[20ma di novembro]] [[1975]]. Altra importanta evento esis kande partiso PSOE vinkis l'elekti eventinta ye la[[ 28ma di oktobro]] [[1982]]. De 1978 til 1982, Hispania guvernesis da [[Adolfo Suárez]], unesma chefministro de la partiso ''Unión de Centro DEmocrático''. Ye la [[23ma di februaro]] [[1981]], [[Antonio Tejero Molina]] probis facar [[stato-stroko]], ma arestesis. Ye la 23ma di februaro [[Antonio Tejero Molina]], kun membri de la Civila Gardo, eniris la Kongreso di Diputati ed interuptis la sesiono, probante donar [[stato-stroko]]. Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo nominesis chefministro. Oficale, la stato-stroko faliis pro interveno da Juan Carlos la 1ma. Hispania adheris a [[NATO]] ante ke Calvo Sotelo abandonis la guvernerio. Kun la politikala chanjo produketesis chanjo en socio qua donacis majoritato a social-demokratala guvernerio, komandita da Felipe González. Hispana socio esis multe konservema dum la diktatoreso di Franco, ma kun la transito a la demokratio anke komencis liberigo dil valori e la kustumi dil socio. == Extera ligili == *[http://www.ucm.es/info/hcontemp/leoc/historia%20spain.htm ''Historia de España''], Pagino web da Luis Enrique Otero Carvajal, Profesoro di Kontemporala Historio dil Universidad Complutense de Madrid. [Vidita: 29-3-2010] *[http://www.rtve.es/alacarta/videos/memoria-de-espana/ ''Memoria de España''.] *[http://eudocs.lib.byu.edu/index.php/History_of_Spain:_Primary_Documents History of Spain: Primary Documents] *[http://www.straatvaart.com Spanish History Sources & Documents] *[http://libro.uca.edu/payne1/payne15.htm Stanley G. Payne The Seventeenth-Century Decline] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20060426201637/http://www.art.man.ac.uk/SPANISH/courses/sp2490/Kamen_decline.html Henry Kamen, "The Decline of Spain: A Historical Myth?", Past and Present, (Explains the complexities of this subject)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20221111012852/http://vlib.iue.it/hist-spain/Index.html WWW-VL "Spanish History Index] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070627063448/http://www.omninternet.com/history/response.asp?estadoURL=Spain&Tzona=europa&Testado=europahis Histoire de l´Espagne par périodes] *{{citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo=L'Espagne sous la domination almoravide et almohade|idiomo={{fr}}|url=http://www.clio.fr/BIBLIOTHEQUE/l_espagne_sous_la_domination_almoravide_et_almohade.asp|autoro=Philippe Conrad}} {{Historio di Hispania2}}{{Historio di Europa}} [[Kategorio:Historio di Hispania| ]] 7lwaejdjlddryhrnl0wc17xigi8dxbu 10 35629 1142596 1001502 2026-10-27T07:55:48Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa seriei | latitudo_capsae = 230px | titulo = [[Historio di Hispania]] | imago = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg | grex1 = Frua historio | index1 = * [[Prehistorio]] * [[Romana Hispania]] | grex2 = Mezepoko | index2 = * [[Visigota Rejio]] * [[Rejio Asturia]] * Rejio di Suebi * [[Bizancana Spania]] * [[Al-Andalus]] * [[Reconquista]] | grex3 = Moderna ero | index3 = * [[Age of Expansion]] * [[Racion-epoko en Hispania|Racion-epoko]] | grex4 = Nuntempal epoko | index4 = [[Unesma Hispana republiko]] [[Bourbona restaurado en Hispania|Restaurado]] [[Duesma Hispana republiko]] [[Hispaniana interna milito]] [[Frankoismo]] }}<noinclude>[[Kategorio:Shabloni pri historio|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> q1xvqrnwg5mqdy8y0htsl9l8urmdhsr 1142597 1142596 2026-10-27T07:56:32Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142597 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa seriei | latitudo_capsae = 230px | titulo = [[Historio di Hispania]] | imago = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg | grex1 = Frua historio | index1 = * [[Prehistorio]] * [[Romana Hispania]] | grex2 = Mezepoko | index2 = * [[Visigota Rejio]] * [[Rejio Asturia]] * Rejio di Suebi * [[Bizancana Spania]] * [[Al-Andalus]] * [[Reconquista]] | grex3 = Moderna ero | index3 = * [[Age of Expansion]] * [[Racion-epoko en Hispania|Racion-epoko]] | grex4 = Nuntempal epoko | index4 = * [[Unesma Hispana republiko]] * [[Bourbona restaurado en Hispania|Restaurado]] * [[Duesma Hispana republiko]] * [[Hispaniana interna milito]] * [[Frankoismo]] }}<noinclude>[[Kategorio:Shabloni pri historio|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> aj5jbfartmgb5wtyihqo54uatw1880s 1142599 1142597 2026-10-27T07:58:05Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142599 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa seriei | latitudo_capsae = 230px | titulo = [[Historio di Hispania]] | imago = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg | grex1 = Frua historio | index1 = * [[Prehistorio]] * [[Romana Hispania]] | grex2 = Mezepoko | index2 = * [[Visigota Rejio]] * [[Rejio Asturia]] * Rejio di Suebi * [[Bizancana Spania]] * [[Al-Andalus]] * [[Reconquista]] | grex3 = Moderna ero | index3 = * [[Hispana imperio]] * [[Racion-epoko en Hispania|Racion-epoko]] | grex4 = Nuntempal epoko | index4 = * [[Unesma Hispana republiko]] * [[Bourbona restaurado en Hispania|Restaurado]] * [[Duesma Hispana republiko]] * [[Hispaniana interna milito]] * [[Frankoismo]] }}<noinclude>[[Kategorio:Shabloni pri historio|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> n1tjdhjl5in7w5it1fchyt5q4i8tqer 1142602 1142599 2026-10-27T08:00:12Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Capsa seriei | latitudo_capsae = 230px | titulo = [[Historio di Hispania]] | imago = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg | grex1 = Frua historio | index1 = * [[Prehistorio]] * [[Romana Hispania]] | grex2 = Mezepoko | index2 = * [[Visigota Rejio]] * [[Rejio Asturia]] * Rejio di Suebi * [[Bizancana Spania]] * [[Al-Andalus]] * [[Reconquista]] | grex3 = Moderna ero | index3 = * [[Hispana imperio]] * [[Racion-epoko en Hispania|Racion-epoko]] | grex4 = Nuntempal epoko | index4 = * [[Unesma Hispana republiko]] * [[Bourbona restaurado en Hispania|Restaurado]] * [[Diktatoreso da Primo de Rivera]] * [[Duesma Hispana republiko]] * [[Hispaniana interna milito]] * [[Frankoismo]] }}<noinclude>[[Kategorio:Shabloni pri historio|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> gzrem3b7nng3i2sfglbs5dhm7yo30dc 0 41005 1142541 1132057 2026-10-26T21:47:20Z Idisto 28999 /* Morti */ 1142541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{21ma yarcento}} La [[yaro]] '''2023''' (MMXXIII per Romala algarismi) esos ordinara yaro komencinta ye [[sundio]] segun la [[Gregoriala kalendario]]. Ol esis la 23ma yaro de la 3ma yarmilo, la 23ma yaro de la 21ma yarcento, e la 4ma yaro de la [[yari 2020a]]. Dum ca yaro, cesis global urjanteso deklarita da [[Mondal Organizuro pri Saneso]] pro la [[pandemio]] di [[KOVID-19]]. Inter la naturala dizastri qui eventis ca yaro esis la 5ma maxim destruktiva [[ter-tremo]] dil yarcento, qua produktis preske 60 mil mortinti en [[Turkia]] e [[Siria]]; [[ciklono]] ''Freddy'' - la maxim longe duranta de la historio, qua produktis plu kam 1400 morti en [[Malawi]] e [[Mozambik]]; tempesto ''Daniel'', qua produktis adminime 11 mil morti en [[Libia]] ed esis la maxim mortigiva tempesto depos ciklono ''Nargis'' de 2008; ed anke la ter-tremo di [[Maroko]] (2960 morti), e la quar ter-tremi qui eventis en Herat, [[Afganistan]], e produktis plu kam 1400 morti. L'[[invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|invado di Ukraina da Rusia]] e l'[[interna milito di Myanmar]] duris. Ank eventis serio di [[stato-stroko|stato-stroki]], armala konflikti e politikala krizi en multa nacioni di [[Afrika]]. En oktobro, pos atako da [[Hamas]] kontre [[Israel]]ana teritorio, komencis [[milito Israel-Hamas|milito kontre Hamas]] en [[Gaza]]. En 2023 eventis multa developi teknologiala pri [[artifical inteligenteso]], exemple kande organizuro [[OpenAI]] kreis stabila versiono di "babilo-roboto" [[ChatGPT]], e teknologiala grupo ''Alphabet Inc.'', suportita da [[Google]], expansis lua agado en diversa faki di nova teknologii. Ye la 1ma di januaro 2023 on kalkulis ke la [[Tero]] havis {{formatnum:7943}} milion habitanti,<ref>{{extera ligilo |autoro=US Census Bureau |titulo=U.S. Population Estimated at 334,233,854 on Jan. 1, 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/happy-new-year-2023.html |vidita ye=16ma di novembro 2023|editero=Census.gov}}</ref>, e kalkulesis ke ol atingus {{formatnum:8119}} milion individui ye la 1ma di januaro 2024. En aprilo [[India]] superiris [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]] kom la maxim populoza lando de la mondo<ref>{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{en}}|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/un-desa-policy-brief-no-153-india-overtakes-china-as-the-worlds-most-populous-country/ |titulo=UN DESA Policy Brief No. 153: India overtakes China as the world's most populous country{{!}}Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}</ref>. Segun Chiniala horoskopo, 2023 esis la Yaro dil [[Kuniklo]]. == Klimato ed ambiento* == Ye la [[3ma di januaro]], Usana ciencala centro ''National Snow and Ice Data Center'' publikigis raporto pri vasteso di [[glacio]]-kovrajo en [[Antarktika]]. Komparanta 45 yari di satelitala fotografuri, la raporto montris ke la kovrajo esis la min granda de la historio.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106145517/https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/|titulo=Ice down under|publikigita ye=3ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Ye la 25ma di januaro, giganta [[glaciomonto]], kovranta entote 1550 [[quadrata kilometro|km²]] (tam vasta kam urbo [[Sao Paulo (urbo)|Sao Paulo]]) separis su de Antarktika. Tamen, ciencisti del instituto ''British Antarctic Survey'' (BAS) afirmis ke ca evento ne esis konsequo de [[globala varmesko]].<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Iceberg do tamanho de São Paulo se desprende da Antártica|idiomo={{pt}}|editero=Forbes|url=https://forbes.com.br/forbes-tech/2023/01/iceberg-do-tamanho-de-sao-paulo-se-desprende-da-antartica/|publikigita ye=25ma di januaro 2023}}</ref> Ye fino di januaro, pluvegi efektigis inundadi en [[Auckland]], [[Nova-Zelando]], e produktis adminime 4 morti e granda destruktado<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/reuters/2023/01/31/inundacoes-em-auckland-devem-continuar-com-previsao-de-novas-tempestades.htm|titulo=Inundações em Auckland devem continuar com previsão de novas tempestades|editero=UOL |publikigita ye=31ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref>. Dum la komenco di januaro, [[Latvia]] frapesis da la maxim serioza inundadi pro desfrosto depos 1981.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.diariodepernambuco.com.br/noticia/mundo/2023/01/letonia-e-atingida-por-piores-inundacoes-em-decadas.html|titulo=Letônia é atingida por piores inundações em décadas|editero=Diário de Pernambuo|autoro=AFP|publikigita ye=15ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> Ye la [[26ma di januaro]], tropikala tempesto ''Cheneso'' frapis [[Madagaskar]], afektis 89 mil personi, e produktis 30 morti e 20 plusa homi desaparinta.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Tempestade tropical mata 30 pessoas em Madagascar; milhares estão desalojados|editero=G1 |autoro=AFP|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/01/31/tempestade-tropical-mata-30-pessoas-em-madagascar-milhares-estao-desalojados.ghtml|publikigita ye=31ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> Ye la [[30ma di januaro]] komencis serio di forestala incendii en la sudo di [[Chili]], qui produktis 24 morti e plu kam 2000 plusa homi vundita. Plu kam 12 milion [[hektaro|hektari]] brulesis. [[Ciklono]] ''Freddy'', qua originis ye la [[5ma di februaro]] proxim minora Insuli Sunda, che [[Indiana Oceano]], frapis sudal [[Afrika]] ([[Madagaskar]], [[Mozambik]], [[Eswatini]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Malawi]], [[Sudafrika]], [[Zambia]], insuli Mascarenhas), ante desaparar ye la [[14ma di marto]]. Ol frapis kelka loki nur kom tropikala tempesto, ma altra loki frapesis per venti qui atingis 270 kilometri po horo. Ol esis la maxim duranta e longe parkuranta tempesto de la historio, e produktis entote 1434 morti e 556 plusa homi desaparinta. La tempesto eventis meze epidemio di [[kolero]] en Mozambik e Malawi, e plumaleskis la severeso dil epidemio. Ye la 12ma di februaro, [[ciklono]] ''Gabrielle'' frapis [[Nova-Zelando]] e produktis adminime 11 morti e severa inundadi.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=New Zealand's cyclone death toll at 11, thousands still missing|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/cyclone-death-toll-new-zealand-rises-11-recovery-continues-2023-02-18/|publikigita ye=19ma di februaro 2023|editero=Reuters|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Ye la [[19ma di februaro]] eventis violentoza pluvego en la norda litoro dil stato [[Sao Paulo (stato)|Sao Paulo]], en [[Brazilia]]. Sur urbo [[São Sebastião, São Paulo|São Sebastião]] falis plu kam 600 mm di pluvi, qui efektigis dizastroza terglitadi e produktis plu kam 36 morti, cirkume 40 desaparinti, e granda destruktado.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2023/02/20/sp-sobe-para-37-o-numero-de-mortos-vitimados-pelas-chuvas-no-litoral-norte.htm|titulo=SP: Sobe para 40 o número de mortos vitimados pelas chuvas no litoral norte |editero=UOL|publikigita ye=20ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> En februaro e marto, landi de sudal [[Europa]] konfrontis serioza [[sikeso]], en qua kelka riveri e kanali divenis komplete senaqua. Nivuro en [[Alpi]] diminutis per 63%, segun ciencal organizuro ''CIMA Research Foundation''.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Dry canals, low rivers and shrunken lakes: Europe braces for severe drought amid winter heatwave|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/24/europe/europe-winter-drought-rivers-climate-intl/index.html |editero=CNN|publikigita ye=24ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Pro la poka pluvo-quanto e nivuro, Franca guvernerio decidis proskriptar 9 nova granda projeti pri domo-konstruktado en la sudo di la lando por la proxima 4 yari. La manko di aquo anke minacas navigado en kelk arei.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.wired.com/story/europe-drought-2023/|titulo=Europe is bracing for (another) devastating drought|editero=Wired|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=14ma di marto 2023}}</ref> En [[Peru]] ed [[Equador]], [[ciklono]] ''Yaku'' produktis adminime 8 morti e granda destruktado de la 7ma til la 20ma di marto. Ank en marto e komenco di aprilo, forta pluvi en la [[Norda regiono (Brazilia)|norda]] ed en la [[Nord-estala regiono (Brazilia)|Nord-estala]] regioni di [[Brazilia]] afektis mili di personi en diversa urbi. Che urbo [[Rio Branco, Acre]], pluvis dum 24 hori inter la 24ma e la 25ma di marto, 75% de la pluvo-quanto expektata por tota monato marto.<ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://g1.globo.com/ac/acre/noticia/2023/03/25/chuvas-causam-estragos-em-ao-menos-5-estados-do-norte-acre-tem-mais-de-32-mil-atingidos-e-amazonas-tem-casas-arrastadas-pela-agua.ghtml|titulo=Chuvas causam estragos em 6 estados do Norte e do Nordeste; AC tem mais de 32 mil atingidos e AM tem casas arrastadas pela água|editero=G1|publikigita ye=25ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> Dum [[autuno]] en norda misfero, kelka regioni enrejistris rekordi di alta temperaturi, exemple 36°C (96°F) en Windsor Locks, [[Connecticut]], [[Usa]] ye la [[14ma di aprilo]], 38,8°C en [[Córdoba, Hispania]] ye la 27ma di aprilo, e 36,1°C en [[Shanghai]], [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]], ye la 29ma di mayo. Ye la [[21ma di aprilo]] en [[Myanmar]], violentoza [[tornado]] frapis vilaji Aung Myin Kone e Tadaw, proxim la chef-urbo [[Naypyidaw]], produktanta adminime 8 morti e 128 plusa homi vundita, e destruktanta adminime 232 domi. Ye la [[29ma di aprilo]], decensanta ventegi frapis sudala [[Texas]] e produktis deki di mili di dolari en domaji.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=IEM :: pns from NWS BRO |url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=PNSBRO&e=202305011735|vidita ye=2ma di agosto 2023}}</ref> De la 19ma di mayo til la 3ma di junio, [[tifono]] ''Mawar'', anke konocata kom "supertifono ''Betty''", la maxim violentoza enrejistrita dum monato mayo en la historio, produktis 2 morti en [[Guam]], 1 en [[Filipini]], 1 en [[Taiwan]] e 2 en [[Japonia]], e granda destruktado. Dum [[somero]] en norda misfero, temperaturi en multa loki atingis historiala rekordi. Exemple [[Palermo]], [[Sicilia]], enrejistris 47[[Celsius|°C]]<ref name=ola>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Ola de calor sin precedentes: incendios forestales azotan 4 continentes (FOTOS)|idiomo={{es}}|url=https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/474495-calor-incendios-forestales-continentes|publikigita ye=26ma di julio 2023|editero=RT}}</ref>. En [[Tunis]], [[Tunizia]], enrejistresis 50°C<ref name=ola/>, ed en [[Amman]], [[Jordania]], enrejistresis 39°C. Diversa incendii en multa loki di Usa ed Europa augmentis la destruktado. De la 19ma til la 29ma di julio, [[tifono]] ''Doksuri'' frapis [[Filipini]], [[Taiwan]], [[Vietnam]] e [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]] e produktis entote 137 morti e 289 plusa homi vundita e 46 desaparinti. Ol ank efektigis 15,4 miliard dolari en materiala domaji, ed esis la 2ma maxim destruktiva tifono di la historio, e la maxim destruktiva di Popul-Republiko Chinia. Ye la 1ma di agosto, [[Iran]] deklaris vakancodio en tota la lando dum du dii, pro la temperaturi extreme alta, klozanta tota skoli, banki e publika kontori<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://news.sky.com/story/iran-announces-nationwide-shutdown-due-to-soaring-heat-12931849|titulo=Iran announces nationwide shutdown due to soaring heat|editero=Sky News|publikigita ye=1ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Ye la 3ma di agosto, komencis serio di inundadi pro pluvegi en sudal [[Austria]] ([[Karintia]]) e [[Slovenia]]. En 48 hori, pluvis 275 mm en Loibl, Slovenia<ref name=":1">{{extera ligilo|url=https://siol.net/novice/slovenija/vse-te-ceste-so-zaradi-posledic-neurja-zaprte-612667 |titulo=Nočna mora na Gorenjskem in Koroškem. Razmere so katastrofalne. #video|editero=siol.net|vidita ye=4ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{sl}}}}</ref>, e 3 personi mortis<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2485415-noodweer-in-slovenie-twee-nederlanders-omgekomen |titulo=Noodweer in Slovenië, twee Nederlanders omgekomen|publikigita ye=4ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{nl}}}}</ref>. Segun raporto publikigita ye la 8ma di agosto 2023 dal Europana sistemo ''Copernicus Programmme'' kreita por studiar klimatala chanji, julio 2023 esis la maxim varma julio segun historiala registragi<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/july-was-worlds-hottest-record-eu-scientists-say-2023-08-08/|titulo=July was world's hottest on record, EU scientists say|editero=Reuters|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=8ma di agosto 2023}}</ref>. La recenta varmesko klimatala afektabas serioze la quanto di [[glacio]] en [[Alpi]]: segun studii publikigita da Autrian Akademio pri Cienci, en agosto, la glacieri di Estal Alpi desaparigos komplete ante 2050<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://sputniknews.lat/20230821/estiman-que-los-glaciares-de-los-alpes-orientales-desapareceran-hacia-2050-1142887717.html|titulo=Estiman que los glaciares de los Alpes Orientales desaparecerán hacia 2050|editero=Sputnik|publigikita ye=21ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref>. En [[Kanada]], forestal incendii komencis ye la 1ma di marto 2023, e til la 20ma di agosto li destruktabis plu kam 14 milion hektari (cirkume 5% ek la foreti di la lando) ed efektigis la morto di 5 personi, e la diplaso di {{formatnum:155856}} plusa homi til la 7ma di julio<ref name="ABCnews_July7">{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/wildfires-canada-broken-records-area-burned-evacuations-cost-100806230 |titulo=Wildfires in Canada have broken records for area burned, evacuations and cost, official says |publikigita ye=7ma di julio 2023|vidita ye=8ma di julio 2023|editero=The Associated Press|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Lor la "fairala sezono" di 2023 en Nord-Amerika judikesis kom la maxim mala de la historio, e superiris olta di 2020. La fumo emisita afektis la qualeso dil aero en multa urbi, ed en junio ol trairis [[Atlantiko]] ed atingis Europa. En [[Italia]], nome en [[Sicilia]], fairi komencis ye la 23ma di julio, e til la 28ma di julio li destruktabis {{formatnum:51386}} hektari<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Incendi, da inizio anno andati in fumo 51.386 ettari in Italia |url=https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/cronaca/incendi-in-fumo-51-386-ettari-in-italia_67721989-202302k.shtml |vidita ye=28ma di julio 2023 |idiomo={{it}}|editero=tgcom24.mediaset.it}}</ref>. Samatempe, violentoza tempesti frapis la nordo di la lando. De la 16ma til la 24ma di agosto, [[uragano]] ''Hilary'', kategorizita kom "4" segun forteso di venti, frapis [[Basa Kalifornia]] e pose la sudo di [[Kalifornia]], en Usa. Ol esis l'unesma uragano en la regiono pos 84 yari<ref>{{Extera ligilo |publikigita ye=2023-08-20 |titulo=Rain from Tropical Storm Hilary lashes California and Mexico, swamping roads and trapping cars |url=https://apnews.com/article/hilary-tropical-storm-flooding-california-mexico-f89aeddeb62d55c935699ac81ca85f1d |vidita ye=23ma di agosto 2023 |editero=AP News |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. De la 22ma di agosto til la 3ma di septembro, tifono ''Saola'' o ''Goring'' frapis la sudo di Taiwan, la nordo di Filipini e la sudo di Popul-Republiko Chinia. Ye la 4ma di septembro, tifono ''Haikui'' frapis Taiwan, e koaktis l'evakuo di 7 mil personi. Ne eventis morti, tamen l'intensa pluvi efektigis inundadi e granda destruktado. En septembro, pluvegi en la centro e la sudo di Hispania produktis du morti, du desaparinti ed efektigis granda inundadi e destruktado<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.yucatan.com.mx/internacional/2023/9/4/fuertes-lluvias-dejan-dos-muertos-dos-desaparecidos-numerosos-incidentes-en-espana-430062.html|titulo=Fuertes lluvias dejan dos muertos, dos desaparecidos y numerosos incidentes en España|editero=Diario de Yucatán|idiomo={{es}}|publikigita ye=4ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. Ye la [[4ma di septembro]], [[ciklono]] frapis la centro e la nordo di [[Brazilia]]na stato [[Rio Grande do Sul]], efektigis pluvego ed inundadi en multa urbi e produktis adminime 21 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2023/09/05/ciclone-extratropical-mortes-destruicao-rio-grande-do-sul.ghtml |titulo=Ciclone extratropical mata 6 no RS; em SC, tempestade deixa 1 morto|editero=G1|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=5ma di septembro 2023}}</ref><ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2023/09/05/sobe-para-21-numero-de-vitimas-do-ciclone-extratropical-no-rs-confirma-governador.ghtml|titulo=Sobe para 21 número de vítimas do ciclone extratropical no RS|editero=G1|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=5ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. Ye la 6ma di septembro, tempesto ''Daniel'' frapis Turkia, Grekia e Bulgaria, efektigis grava inundadi e granda destruktado, e produktis en ca landi rispektive 7, 17 e 4 morti<ref name=Daniel/>. Che urbo Voros, distanta 330 km norde de [[Athina]], pluvis 375 mm en 14 hori, dekople la quanto di pluvi expektita por la tota monato.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/06/europe/greece-europe-extreme-weather-climate-intl/index.html|titulo=At least seven killed as Storm Daniel lashes southern Europe|editero=CNN|idioma={{en}}|publikigita ye=6ma di septembro 2023}}</ref> Pose, ''Daniel'' trairis Mediteraneo e frapis nord-estala [[Libia]] de la 10ma til la 12ma di septembro. Ibe ol produktis adminime {{formatnum:4333}} morti e {{formatnum:10000}} plusa homi desaparinta<ref name=Daniel>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Libya counts over 2,500 victims as storm Daniel's devastation unfolds|url=https://www.albawaba.com/news/libya-counts-over-2500-victims-storm-daniels-devastation-unfolds-1533870|autoro=Mansour Al-Maswari |editero=Albawaba News|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=11ma di septembro 2023}}</ref><ref name="cnnnew">{{extera ligilo |autoro=Salih Akbarzai, Richard Roth|titulo=UN revises previous high Libya death toll|publikigita ye=17ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{en}} |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/17/africa/un-revises-libya-death-toll/index.html |editero=CNN}}</ref>. En [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]] eventis granda inundadi en [[provinco Guangdong|Guangdong]] e [[provinco Fujian|Fujian]] kande ciklono ''Haikui'' frapis li ye la 8ma di septembro. Pluvegi en [[Hong-Kong]] e [[Shenzhen]] atingis historiala rekordi en 140 yari<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Hong Kong, Shenzhen deluged by heaviest rain on record|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2023|editero=Reuters|publikigita ye=8ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. Ye la 11ma di septembro, urbo Leominster, en [[Massachusetts]] deklaris urjanteso-stando pos ke 280-milimetra pluvego efektigis giganta inundado. Ye komenco di oktobro, anuncesis ke la [[sikeso]] en la [[Norda regiono (Brazilia)|Norda]] e [[Nord-estala regiono (Brazilia)|Nord-estala]] regioni di Brazilia ja esis la maxim serioza depos la yaro 1980. La manko di pluvi nocis la distributado di aquo por homala uzo e la produktado di elektro e nutrivi<ref name=Olhar>{{extera ligilo|url=https://olhardigital.com.br/2023/10/04/ciencia-e-espaco/norte-e-nordeste-enfrentam-pior-seca-desde-1980-especialistas-alertam-para-consequencias/|titulo=Norte e Nordeste enfrentam pior seca desde 1980; especialistas alertam para consequências|editero=Olhar Digital|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=4ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. Multa fishi ed exempleri di [[Amazoniana riverala delfino]] (''Inia geoffrensis'') mortis pro diminutado di volumino di aquo en riveri, ed augmento di la temperaturo<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/natureza/amazonia/noticia/2023/10/10/seca-historica-ja-matou-141-botos-no-lago-de-tefe-no-amazonas.ghtml|titulo=Sobe para 141 número de botos mortos durante a seca no Amazonas|editero=G1|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=10ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. Segun previdado meteorologiala, la sikeso en la regiono - afektanta 8 stati: [[Amazonas (Brazilia)|Amazonas]], [[Pará]], [[Acre]], [[Amapá]], [[Maranhão]], [[Piauí]], [[Bahia]] e [[Sergipe]] durus adminime til januaro 2024<ref name=Olhar/>. De la 4ma til la 5ma di oktobro en [[Sikkim]], [[India]], pluvegi efektigis brechizo che glaciala lago Suda Lhonak e sequante inundado, qua arivis al aquobarilo Teesta III e produktis lua rupto. Plu kam 74 personi mortis konseque<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2493456-meer-lichamen-gevonden-na-overstromingen-en-dijkdoorbraak-india-74-doden|titulo=Meer lichamen gevonden na overstromingen en dijkdoorbraak India, 74 doden|vidita ye=15ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Ye la 25ma di oktobro, uragano ''Otis'' frapis [[Acapulco]], [[Mexikia]], per venti qui atingis 270 km/h, e produktis adminime 39 morti. Ol esis l'unesma uragano di [[Pacifiko]] qua atingis kategorio ''5'' che skalo Saffir-Simpson.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/oct/27/hurricane-otis-the-eastern-pacifics-first-inland-category-5-storm|titulo=Hurricane Otis hits Mexico and continues with category 5 intensity|surnomo=Williams|nomo=Matt|editero=The Guardian|publikigita ye=27ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=27ma di oktobro 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> En novembro, reprezentanti de diversa nacioni kunvenis en [[Uzbekistan]] por konfero di la Kunveno dil Unionita Nacioni por Kombatar Dezertigo (Angle: ''United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification'', abreviita UNCCD). Reprezentanti de Afrikana nacioni emfazis ke globala konflikti, nome en [[Ukraina]] e [[Gaza]] deviacis internaciona kapitali qui uzesus por kombatar [[dezertigo]] en lia landi. On kalkulis ke plu kam 110 milion individui en [[Afrika]] afektesis direte por klimatala problemi e [[sikeso]] en 2022, e la domaji superiris 7,7 miliard Euri.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.dw.com/en/global-conflicts-overshadowing-african-desertification/a-67505050|titulo=Global conflicts overshadowing African desertification|editero=DW|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=21ma di novembro 2023|vidita ye=1ma di januaro 2024}}</ref> Ank en novembro, publikigesis studiuro montranta ke la granda fumonubi de incendii en [[Australia]] en 2019-2020 pluforteskis fenomeno [[La-Ninya]] en 2020-2022 e, nedirete, afektis la klimato ank en 2023.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2023/11/the-unusual-2023-atlantic-hurricane-season-ends/|titulo=The unusual 2023 Atlantic hurricane season ends|editero=Yale Climate Conditions|idomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=30ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> Ye la [[3ma di decembro]], inundadi e terglitadi en [[Tanzania]] produktis 47 morti e vundis plusa 85 homi. L'inundado eventis pos periodo di forta sikeso<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2419801/world |idiomo={{en}}|titulo=At least 47 dead in Tanzania landslides: local official|editero=Arab News |publikigita ye=3ma di decembro 2023}}</ref>. Ye la 9ma e la 10ma di decembro, diversa [[tornado|tornadi]] frapis Usana stato [[Tennessee]], e produktis 7 morti, 71 plusa homi vundita e granda materiala destruktado. Ye la 17ma di decembro, violentoza tempesto kun venti de plu kam 150 km po horo frapis [[Bahía Blanca]], en [[Arjentinia]], e produktis adminime 13 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/severe-storm-strikes-coastal-city-argentina-least-13-dead-2023-12-17/|titulo=Severe storm strikes coastal city in Argentina, at least 13 dead|editero=Reuters|publikigita ye=17ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Ye la [[26ma di decembro]], ventegi e sturmi produktis adminime 10 morti en [[Australia]]na stati [[Quinslando]] e [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=9 people have died in wild weather in Australian states, officials say|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/9-people-died-wild-weather-australian-states-queensland-105933170|editero=ABC News|publikigita ye=26ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Ye la [[28ma di decembro]], sturmo ''Gerrit'' frapis [[Unionita Rejio]] per venti qui atingis 128 km/h en rivala regioni, portis pluvegi e nivo a multa regioni, interuptis transporto en chosei e ferovoyi, ed interuptis furniso di elektro.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Storm Gerrit damages houses and leaves thousands without power as it batters UK|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/storm-gerrit-damages-houses-leaves-thousands-power-batters-105960674|editero=ABC News|publikigita ye=28ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Ye la lasta semano di decembro, pluvegi che [[Demokratial Republiko Kongo]] efektigis inundadi e terglitadi, e produktis plu kam 60 morti<ref name="Kongo"/>. Ye la [[30ma di decembro]], rapida inundadi produktis 21 morti en [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Sudafrika]]. Ye la 8ma di novembro, Europana meteorologiala observatorio ''Copernicus'' anuncis ke la yaro 2023 esus la maxim varma yaro de la pasinta 125 mil yari<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://g1.globo.com/meio-ambiente/noticia/2023/11/08/2023-deve-ser-o-ano-mais-quente-dos-ultimos-125-mil-anos-dizem-cientistas.ghtml|titulo=2023 deve ser o ano mais quente em 125 mil anos, diz observatório europeu|editero=G1|publikigita ye=8ma di novembro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref>. Datumi publikigita da Japoniana Agenterio pri Meteorologio ''Kishō-chō'' ye la 2ma di januaro 2024, montris ke 2023 esis la maxim varma yaro segun global enrejistrado, e la mezavalora temperaturi superiris per 1,43 °C la mezavalora lineo di temperaturi enrejistrita de 1850 til 1900.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://climatlas.com/temperature/jra55_temperature.php |titulo=Global temperatures|publikigita ye=2ma di januaro 2024|publikigo=Climatlas |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> == Eventi == ===Januaro=== * [[1ma di januaro]] - [[Kroatia]] adoptas [[Euro]] kom monetaro. * 1ma di januaro - [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] asumas triesmafoye kom prezidanto di [[Brazilia]], pos vinkir la duesma balotado di prezidantal elekto eventinta ye la 31ma di oktobro 2022. * [[7ma di januaro]] - En [[Israel]], komencas serio di stradala protesti kontre reformo di [[judiciala povo]] propozita da [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. * [[8ma di januaro]] - Suporteri di [[Jair Bolsonaro]], ex-prezidanto di [[Brazilia]], invadas l'edifici di Nacionala Kongreso, di prezidantala palaco e di la Supra Federala Tribunalo, che urbo [[Brasília]], e produktas granda destruktado.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|idiomo={{pt}}|url=https://istoe.com.br/bolsonaristas-golpistas-invadem-sedes-dos-tres-poderes/|titulo=Bolsonaristas golpistas invadem sedes dos três poderes|publikigita ye=8ma di januaro 2023|vidita ye=8ma di januaro 2023|editero=IstoÉ}}</ref> Kom respondo, prezidanto [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] dekretas federala interveno en Brasília.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Lula decreta intervenção federal no DF até 31 de janeiro |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2023/01/08/lula-decreta-intervencao-federal-no-df-ate-31-de-janeiro.htm|idiomo={{pt}}|autoro=Gabriela Vinhal, Igor Melo|publikigita ye=8ma di januaro 2023|vidita ye=8ma di januaro 2023|editero=UOL}}</ref> * [[18ma di januaro]] - [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]] renuncas la prezidanteso di [[Vietnam]] pro korupto-skandalo. * [[11ma di januaro]] - Suocidanta teroristo del [[Islamana Stato|Islamana Stato - Provinco Khorasan]] explozas su e mortigas adminime 20 personi en [[Kabul]], [[Afganistan]]. * [[19ma di januaro]] - Komencas serio di [[striko|striki]] en [[Paris]] ed en altra loki di [[Francia]] kontre modifiko en pensiono-sistemo. La striki duros dum plu kam 2 monati. * [[20ma di januaro]] - Parlamento di [[Trinidad e Tobago]] elektas chefministrino [[Christine Kangaloo]] kom prezidanto di la lando, per 48 voti kontre 22. * [[25ma di januaro]] - [[Chris Hipkins]] sucedas [[Jacinda Ardern]] kom chefministro di [[Nova-Zelando]], pos elua renunco.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|surnomo=McClure|nomo=Tess|publikigita ye=22ma di januaro 2023 |titulo=New Zealand: Chris Hipkins taking over from Jacinda Ardern on Wednesday |editero=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/22/new-zealand-labour-caucus-votes-in-chris-hipkins-to-succeed-jacinda-ardern|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * 27ma til la [[28ma di januaro]] - Eventas la duesma votado por prezidanto en [[Chekia]], e [[Petr Pavel]] proklamesas vinkinto. * [[30ma di januaro]] - Adminime 59 personi mortas e plusa 170 homi vundesas pos ke teroristo detonigas explozivi atachita a sua korpo che [[moskeo]] en [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64451936?zephr-modal-register|titulo= Pakistan mosque blast: Police targeted in attack that kills 47|sitioweb=BBC News|vidita ye=30ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> === Februaro === * [[3ma di februaro]] - Defens-autoritatozi de [[Usa]] anuncas ke observo-baloni de [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]] detektesis fluganta super [[Latin Amerika]], [[Kanada]] ed [[Usa]]. On suspektas ke ca baloni uzesas por spionado.<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Another Chinese 'surveillance balloon' is flying over Latin America, Pentagon says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/chinese-balloon-cause-civilian-injuries-deaths-rcna69052 |vidita ye=4ma di februaro 2023|editero=NBC News|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[6ma di februaro]] - Du [[Ter-tremo|ter-tremi]] frapas la sudo di [[Turkia]] e la nordo di [[Siria]]; un ek li en la provinco Gaziantep, kun forteso 7.8 che [[skalo di Richter]], e l'altru kun forteso 7.5 en la provinco Kahramanmaraş. La du efektigas granda destruktado e produktas {{formatnum:50783}} morti, 297 desaparinta e {{formatnum:121704}} plusa homi vundita en Turkia<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Son Dakika... Süleyman Soylu açıkladı: Depremde can kaybı 50 bin 783 oldu|url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/siyaset/son-dakika-suleyman-soylu-acikladi-depremde-can-kaybi-50-bin-783-oldu-2074031|editero=Cumhuriyet |publikigita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023 |idiomo={{tr}}}}</ref>, e {{formatnum:8476}} morti e {{formatnum:14500}} plusa homi vundita en Siria<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Devastating Earthquakes in Southern Türkiye and Northern Syria, April 6th 2023, Situation raport 20 [EN/TR]|url=https://reliefweb.int/raport/turkiye/devastating-earthquakes-southern-turkiye-and-northern-syria-april-6th-2023-situation-raport-20-entr|publikigo=International Blue Crescent|editero=Reliefweb|publikigita ye=6ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}</ref>. * [[9ma di februaro]] - [[Polonia]] klozas la precipua frontierala paseyo kun [[Bielorusia]], pro la kresko di tensi inter la du landi.<ref>{{citez jurnalo od edituro|publikigita ye=9ma di februaro 2023|titulo=Poland to close Bielorusia border crossing until further notice, Minsk unhappy |idiomo={{en}}|editero=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/Europa/poland-close-Bielorusia-border-crossing-until-further-notice-says-minister-2023-02-09/ }}</ref> * [[13ma di februaro]] - Eventas prezidantal elekto en [[Bangladesh]], kun [[Shahabuddin Chuppu]] kom sola kandidato por sucedar [[Mohammad Abdul Hamid]]. * [[15ma di februaro]] - En Los Planes, [[Panama]], acidento kun autobuso transportanta ekmigranti kun destino ad Usa produktas 41 morti.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/230215/accidente-chiriqui-deja-heridos-victimas-mortales|titulo=Accidente en Chiriquí deja varios heridos y víctimas mortales|vidita ye=15ma di februaro 2023|apellido=Panamá|Nomo=GESE-La Estrella de|editero=La Estrella de Panamá|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[19ma di februaro]] - Pluvego che norda litoro dil stato [[Sao Paulo (stato)|Sao Paulo]], [[Brazilia]] efektigas inundadi e ter-glitadi kun granda destrukto di imobli, precipue en urbi [[São Sebastião, São Paulo|São Sebastião]] ed [[Ubatuba]]. Adminime 57 personi mortas, di qui 56 en São Sebastião.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2023/02/19/chuvas-causam-enchentes-pelo-litoral-norte-de-sao-paulo-veja.htm|titulo=Litoral de SP: chuva deixa 36 mortos, interdita rodovias e cancela Carnaval|publikigita ye=19ma di februaro 2023|editero=UOL |idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref><ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2023/02/24/sp-sobe-para-57-numero-de-mortes-apos-chuvas-no-litoral-norte.htm|titulo=SP: Sobe para 57 número de mortes após chuvas no litoral norte |editero=UOL|publikigita ye=24ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[23ma di februaro]] - [[Ter-tremo]] kun forteso 6.8 til 7.2 che [[skalo di Richter]] frapas [[Tadjikistan]] e parto di [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]]. * [[26ma di februaro]] - Adminime 59 personi mortas kande batelo transportanta plu kam 150 personi de [[Afganistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] e [[Siria]] naufrajas proxim Crotone, [[Italia]]. On kredas ke la batelo havis ecesiva pezo.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Naufrágio próximo à Itália deixa ao menos 59 migrantes mortos; 12 eram crianças|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/02/naufragio-proximo-a-italia-deixa-mais-de-40-migrantes-mortos.shtml|editero=Folha de S.Paulo|publikigita ye=26ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[28ma di februaro]] - En [[Grekia]], du treni voyajanta en opozita direcioni - un ek li transportanta vari e l'altru transportanta pasajeri - kolizionas proxim urbo [[Larissa]]. L'acidento efektigas incendio e produktas adminime 36 morti e 85 plusa homi vundita.<ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/03/acidente-com-trens-na-grecia-gerou-temperatura-superior-a-1300oc-em-vagao.shtml|titulo=Acidente com trens na Grécia gerou temperatura superior a 1.300°C em vagão|editero=UOL|autoro=Reuters|publikigita ye=1ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> === Marto === * [[2ma di marto]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: che [[oblast Briansk]], [[Rusia]], eventas ataki kontre du frontierala vilaji, en qua du civili mortigesas, e 10-yar evanta puero vundesas serioze. Pose, nacionalisti Rusa de extrema dextra asumas l'autoreso dil ataki.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Rusia denuncia la muerte de dos personas en un ataque de "saboteadores ucranianos" en la región de Briansk|url=https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-rusia-denuncia-muerte-persona-ataque-saboteadores-ucranianos-region-briansk-20230302102308.html|vidita ye= 6ma di marto 2023|publikigita ye=2ma di marto 2023|editero=www.europapress.es|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * 2ma di marto - Ciencala Usana jurnalo ''Science'' publikigas artiklo montranta ke incendii en boreala foresti - qui ordinare reprezentas 10% del emiso globala di [[karbobioxo|CO₂]] - reprezentis 23% de globala emisi di ca polutanto en 2021. To esis la maxim alta chifro depos la yaro 2000. <ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade0805|titulo=Record-high CO2 emissions from boreal fires in 2021 |editero=Science |publikigita ye=2 March 2023 |volumo=379|idiomo={{en}}|pagini=912-917 |doi=10.1126/science.ade0805|autoro=Bo Zheng, Philippe Cials, ed altri}}</ref> * [[6ma di marto]] - En [[Indonezia]], terglitado en la regiono Kabupaten Natuna produktas adminime 50 morti e cirkume 4 plusa homi restas desaparinta.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Update Longsor Natuna: Korban Tewas Jadi 36 Orang, 18 Masih Hilang |editero=CNN Indonesia |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20230311130134-20-923715/update-longsor-natuna-korban-tewas-jadi-36-orang-18-masih-hilang |vidita ye=12ma di marto 2023 |publikigo=nasional |idiomo={{id}}}}</ref> * [[10ma di marto]] - Usana [[banko]] ''Silicon Valley Bank'', la 16ma maxim granda de Usa, bankrotas. To krea timo pri bankroto di altra granda banki.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|autoro=Karl Russell, Christine Zhang|publikigita ye=11ma di marto 2023|titulo=The Second-Biggest Bank Failure |editero=The New York Times|idiomo={{en}}|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/03/10/business/bank-failures-silicon-valley-collapse.html |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * [[13ma di marto]] - [[Ciklono]] ''Yaku'' frapas [[Lima]], [[Peru]], efektigas pluvego kun granda inundadi e terglitadi, e produktas adminime 5 morti.<ref>{{extera ligilo |titulo=Perú: lluvias dejan cinco muertos, inundaciones y derrumbes|editero=San Diego Union-Tribune |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/story/2023-03-13/peru-lluvias-dejan-cinco-muertos-inundaciones-y-derrumbes|publikigita ye=13ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[17ma di marto]] - L'Internaciona Kriminala Korto lansas arest-impero kontre Rusa prezidanto [[Vladimir Putin]], pro mortigi dum l'[[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina]].<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Russia-Ukraine war live: Biden welcomes Putin arrest warrant as UK says Moscow likely to expand conscription |editero=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/mar/18/russia-ukraine-war-live-xxxxx |publikigita ye=18ma di marto 2023 |vidita ye=18ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[18ma di marto]] - [[Ter-tremo]] kun [[epicentro]] en Balao, municipo distanta 140 kilometri de [[Guayaquil]], frapas [[Equador]] kun forteso 6.5 che [[skalo di Richter]]. Ol anke frapas min intense [[Peru]], [[Chili]] e [[Mexikia]], e produktas adminime 13 morti en Equador.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Terremoto atinge Equador, Peru, Chile e México; há ao menos 13 mortos |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/internacional/ultimas-noticias/2023/03/18/terremoto-equador-peru-paises-mortes.htm|editero=UOL |publikigita ye=18ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[19ma di marto]] - [[Suisia|Suisa]] koloko-banko ''UBS Group AG'' aceptas komprar banko ''Credit Suisse'' po 3 miliard [[Suisa franko|Suisa franki]], pos konkordo negociita kun Suisa guvernerio e la Nacionala Banko Suisa. * [[26ma di marto]] - Eventas grandega spontana protesti en diversa urbi [[Israel]]ana, pos ke chefministro [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] demisionas ilua defenso-ministro, qua disursis kontre la judiciala reformo propozata. * [[28ma di marto]] - Adminime 40 personi mortas dum incendio en diteneyo por migranti nelegala en [[Ciudad Juarez]], [[Mexikia]].<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/pelo-menos-40-imigrantes-morrem-em-incendio-durante-protesto-em-centro-de-detencao-no-mexico/|titulo=Pelo menos 40 imigrantes morrem em incêndio durante protesto em centro de detenção no México|editero=CNN Brasil |publikigita ye=28ma di marto 2023|vidita ye=28ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[29ma di marto]] - Unesmafoye [[Islamo|mohamedano]], [[Hamza Yusuf]], divenas chefa ministro di [[Skotia]]. * [[30ma di marto]] - En [[New-York]], jurio akuzas ex-prezidanto [[Donald Trump]] pri sekrete pagar ex-pornografial aktorino Stormy Daniels por ne divulgar afero inter le du ante prezidantal elekto di 2016, e samatempe mentiar pri la karaktero di la pago, dicante ke ol esis pago pri servado di advokati.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/03/30/donald-trump-e-indiciado-em-caso-de-atriz-porno-diz-new-york-times.ghtml|editero=G1|titulo=Donald Trump é acusado formalmente em caso de suborno a atriz pornô; promotoria negocia rendição|publikigita ye=30ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> === Aprilo === * [[4ma di aprilo]] - [[Finlando]] membreskas [[NATO]]. * 4ma di aprilo - Ex-prezidanto di Usa [[Donald Trump]] formale akuzesas pri [[fraudo]], relate pago facita ad ex-pornografial aktorino ante l'elekto di 2016, por ke el ne revelis ke ambe havis afero. La pago mencionesis da lu kom "pago ad advokati". Unesmafoye en la historio di [[Usa]], ula ex-prezidanto formale akuzesis ante judiciala korto.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo="Un complot ilegal": la acusación sin precedentes contra Trump por falsificar información para ocultar delitos|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-65181288 |editero=BBC News Mundo|vidita ye=9ma di aprilo 20239|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[11ma di aprilo]] - En [[Myanmar]], aer-armeo bombardas vilajo Pazigyi, e produktas 165 morti.<ref>{{extera ligilo|publikigita ye=12ma di aprilo 2023 |titulo= Myanmar's junta kills over 100 including women, children in a deadly airstrike on village: Report|editero=India TV News |idiomo={{en}}|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/myanmar-junta-killed-over-more-than-100-including-women-children-live-updates-airstrike-village-kant-balu-sagaing-min-aung-hlaing-aung-san-suu-kyi-2023-04-12-862665}}</ref> * [[15ma di aprilo]] - [[Germania]] klozas lua lasta nuklear elektriferio. * 15ma di aprilo - En [[Khartoum]] e [[Darfur]], komencas [[Interna milito di Sudan (depos 2023)|armala konflikto]] inter rivala grupi de la militala guvernerio di [[Sudan]]. La konflikti produktis 413 morti e mili di plusa homi vundita til la 21ma di aprilo, segun [[Mondal Organizuro pri Saneso]].<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-sudan-conflict-2023-rsf-explained/|titulo=Sudan’s conflict explained: What’s behind the latest fighting?|editero=The Globe and Mail|publikigita ye=21ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[19ma di aprilo]] - Tumulto en amasego di individui qui expektis recevar donacaji en [[Sanaa]], [[Yemen]], produktas adminime 78 morti.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/19/middleeast/yemen-sanaa-crowd-surge-intl/index.html|titulo=‘People sacrificed their lives for just 10 dollars’: At least 78 killed in Yemen crowd surge|editero=CNN|publikigita ye=20ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[20ma di aprilo]] - En Boca Chica, [[Texas]], [[fuzeo]] ''Starship'' de kompanio ''Space X'' da [[Elon Musk]] explozas 4 minuti pos lansado.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/20/science/spacex-launch-explosion-elon-musk.html|titulo=SpaceX’s Starship ‘Learning Experience’ Ends in Explosion|editero=The New York Times|publikigita ye=20ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[22ma di aprilo]] - Adminime 9 personi mortas e 60 plusa homi vundesas pro triopla suocidant atako da bombo-homi che urbo Sévaré, en [[Mali]]. L'explozi destruktas 20 domi.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/22/deadly-triple-suicide-bombing-hits-central-mali|titulo=Deadly triple suicide bombing hits central Mali|editero=The Guardian|publikigita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> === [[Mayo]] === * [[3ma di mayo]] - Pafado che skolo "Vladislav Ribnikar" en [[Beograd]], [[Serbia]], produktas 9 morti, di qui 8 pueri. * 3ma di mayo - Serio di inundadi e terglitadi frapas vilaji este de [[Demokratial Republiko Kongo]] e produktas plu kam 400 morti.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Inondations dans l’est de la RDC : « On dirait la fin du monde »|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/05/08/inondations-dans-l-est-de-la-rdc-on-dirait-la-fin-du-monde_6172501_3212.html|editero=Le Monde|publikigita ye=8ma di mayo 2023|idiomo={{fr}}}}</ref> * [[6ma di mayo]] - [[Charles la 3ma di Unionita Rejio]] kronizesas che [[abadeyo di Westminster]]. * [[9ma di mayo]] - [[Ciklono]] ''Mocha'' formacas sur [[Indiana Oceano]], frapas [[Myanmar]] e [[Bangladesh]], e produktas 400 morti e plu kam 700 plusa homi vundita.<ref>{{Extera ligilo |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/environment/cyclone-mocha-myanmar-government-claims-435-dead-appeals-for-international-aid-16688751.htm/|titulo=Cyclone Mocha: Myanmar government claims 435 dead, appeals for international aid |publikigita ye=17ma di mayo 2023 }}</ref> === [[Junio]] === * [[2ma di junio]] - Che stato [[Odisha]], [[India]], du treni ekreligas pos ke un ek li kolizionas kontre altra treno transportanta vari e partale invadas l'opoza treko. L'acidento esis la maxim mortigiva ferovoyal acidento di India, e produktis 288 morti e cirkume 900 plusa homi vundita.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/469024-india-choque-trenes-muertos-heridos|titulo=Más de 280 muertos y casi un millar de heridos en el accidente ferroviario más mortífero de la India en dos décadas|editero=RT|idiomo={{es}}|publikigita ye=2ma di junio 2023|vidita ye=26ma di julio 2023}}</ref> * [[11ma di junio]] - [[Honduras]] inauguras lua ambasadeyo en [[Beijing]]. * [[12ma di junio]] - Che stato Kwara, [[Nigeria]], batelo sinkas e produktas cirkume 100 morti e kelka desaparinti.<ref>{{citez jurnalo od edituro |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/nigeria-boat-accident-about-100-killed-after-vessel-capsizes-say-police/articleshow/100974623.cms |titulo=Nigeria boat accident: About 100 killed after vessel capsizes, say police|publikigita ye=14ma di junio 2023|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye= 18ma di junio 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> * [[18ma di junio]] - Mikra [[submara navo]] ''Titan'' implozas mortiganta 5 individui qui navigabis por vizitar restaji de navo ''[[Titanic]]'', qua sinkis en 1912. * [[20ma di junio]] - Adminime 46 personi mortas dum konflikto inter membri de kriminala grupi ''MS-13'' e ''Barrio 18'' en karcereyo por mulieri proxim [[Tegucigalpa]], [[Honduras]].<ref>{{citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo='Monstrous murder': 46 women killed in Honduras prison riot |idiomo={{en}}|editero=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/20/honduras-prison-riot-women-killed |vidita ye= 17ma di julio 2023|autoro=Staff |publikigita ye=20ma di junio 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> === Julio === * [[4ma di julio]] - [[Iran]] membreskas la [[Koopero-Organizuro di Shanghai]], divenanta la 9ma membro dil organizuro. * [[9ma di julio]] - [[Nova-Zelando]] signatas pakto pri [[libera komerco]] kun [[Europana Uniono]]. * [[20ma di julio]] - Komencas la [[Mondala Kupo di Futbalo]] por mulieri en [[Australia]] e [[Nova-Zelando]]. * 20ma di julio - Tri personi mortas per pafo, inkluzite la pafero, e 10 plusa homi vundesas en edifico che aferala quartero di [[Auckland]], [[Nova-Zelando]]. * [[21ma di julio]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: Rusa armeo bombardas depozeyi di vari en [[Odesa]], e destruktas 120 tuni di rakoltaji enmagazinigita ibe. * 21ma di julio - [[Milito di Darfur]]: adminime 20 civili mortas e 45 plusa homi vundesas pos atako per fuzei en rezidal arei di Nyala, Sudal Darfur, ed explozi proxim hospitali en El-Obeid, [[Nord-Kordofan]]. * [[23ma di julio]] - Incendii en [[Grekia]]: deki di mili di turisti fugas del insulo [[Rhodes]] pro incendii ed alta temperaturi. * [[25ma di julio]] - Parlamento di [[Ghana]] aprobas lego abolisanta [[mortopuniso]]. * [[26ma di julio]] - En [[Nijer]], [[stato-stroko]] revokas prezidanto [[Mohamed Bazoum]]. Generalo [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] asumas la povo. * [[30ma di julio]] - En Khar, [[Pakistan]], 56 personi mortas e cirkume 200 plusa homi vundesas kande suocidanta atakero explozas bombi atachita a lua korpo. [[Islama Stato]] revendikas l'atako. * [[31ma di julio]] - En Nuh, stato [[Haryana]], [[India]], 5 personi mortas e 20 plusa homi vundesas pos konflikti inter [[hinduismo|hindui]] e [[Islamo|Mohamedani]], pos ke Mohamedani atakis Hindua procesiono<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://apnews.com/article/india-violence-clashes-haryana-muslims-hindus-a4e5d0bd9427c85bdb311d64fdf98f08|titulo=India’s northern Haryana state tense after 5 killed in communal clashes between Hindus and Muslims|editero=AP|publikigita ye=2ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. === Agosto === * [[3ma di agosto]] - Granda terglitado en Shovi, [[Gruzia]], produktas adminime 17 morti e plusa 18 homi desaparinta.<ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-landslide-shovi-racha-dead/32534083.html|titulo=Death Toll In Georgian Landslide Reaches 17 As Rescue Efforts Continue|idiomo={{en}}|editero=Radio Free Europe|publikigita ye=6ma di agosto 2023}}</ref> * [[8ma di agosto]] - En [[Maui]], [[Havayi]], plu kam 5200 hektari brulas, produktanta adminime 106 morti e cirkume 1300 plusa homi desaparinta<ref>[https://www.kitv.com/news/lahaina/36-confirmed-dead-federal-and-local-officials-give-updates-on-maui-fires/article_5498454e-374e-11ee-aa9e-dbbaab703229.html| 36 confirmed dead: federal and local officials give updates on Maui fires]</ref>. * [[9ma di agosto]] - Batelo transportanta enmigranti kulbutas proxim insulo [[Lampedusa]], [[Italia]], e produktas 41 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66448987|titulo=Forty-one migrants die in shipwreck off Italy|editero=BBC News|publikigita ye=9ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * 9ma di agosto - En [[Quito]], [[Equador]], prezidantala kandidato Fernando Villavicencio asasinesas da pafisti. * [[10ma di agosto]] - [[Rusia]] lansas [[kosmoprobilo]] ''Luna 25'', l'unesma misiono sendita por explorar la [[Luno]] depos 1976. Ol eniras lunala orbito ye la [[16ma di agosto]]. * [[13ma di agosto]] - [[Milito di Amhara]]: en Finote Selam, [[Etiopia]], 26 personi mortigesas pro aeral atako kontre regiono kontrolita da milicani de etnio Fano. * [[14ma di agosto]] - En Hpakant, [[Myanmar]], adminime 25 ministi mortas e 14 plusa homi desaparas dum terglitado en mineyo di [[jado]]. * [[15ma di agosto]] - En [[Paraguay]], [[Santiago Peña]] sucedas [[Mario Abdo Benítez]] kom prezidanto. * 15ma di agosto - En [[India]], adminime 65 personi mortas e 20 plusa homi restas desaparinta pro inundadi e terglitadi norde de la lando<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230815-search-for-survivors-after-indian-floods-landslides-kill-58|titulo=Search for survivors after Indian floods, landslides kill 65|editero=France 24|autoro=AFP|publikigita ye=15ma di agosto 2020}}</ref>. * [[17ma di agosto]] - [[Ter-tremo]] en [[Kolumbia]], kun forteso 6,3 segun [[skalo di Richter]] ed epicentro proxim urbeto Medina, [[Cundinamarca]], produktas 2 morti, 50 plusa homi vundita, e domajas multa konstrukturi en diversa urbi, inkluzite [[Bogota]]. La ter-tremo havis kelka repeti min intensa ye la sama dio. * [[19ma di agosto]] - [[Kanada]]na guvernerio imperas l'evakuo di {{formatnum:35000}} personi pro forestal incendii en [[Britaniana Kolumbia]]. * [[23ma di agosto]] - ''Chandrayaan-3'' de [[India]] divenas l'unesma [[kosmoprobilo]] qua terovenas sur la suda polo di la [[Luno]]<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-asia-india-66576580|publikigita ye=23ma di agosto 2023 |titulo=India makes history as Chandrayaan-3 lands near Moon's south pole |editero=BBC News |vidita ye=23ma di agosto 2023 }}</ref>. * 23ma di agosto - Atako [[Rusia|Rusa]] per [[senpilotist aviacilo|senpilotist aviacili]] kontre loki por enmagazinigado di agrokultivala produkturi en [[Ismail]], [[Ukraina]], destruktas 13 mil tuni di cereali<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-08-23-23/h_5d04020c265e6936b727b050902826bf|titulo=Russia destroyed 13,000 tons of grain in overnight attack on port, says Ukrainian minister|editero=CNN|publikigita ye=23ma di agosto 2023|idiomo+{{en}}}}</ref> * [[30ma di agosto]] - Pos anunco di la rielekteso di [[Ali Bongo Ondimba]] kom prezidanto, militisti de [[Gabon]] facas sucesoza [[stato-stroko]] e kreas tale nomizita "Transito-Komitato por Restauro dil Institucuri" por guvernar la lando. To signifikas la fino di 56-yara guvernado da familio Bongo en la lando<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/08/militares-anunciam-na-televisao-tomada-de-poder-no-gabao-apos-eleicoes.shtml|titulo=Militares anunciam golpe no Gabão e prendem presidente após eleições|autoro=REUTERS ed AFP|editero=Folha de S.Paulo|publikigita ye=30ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref>. * 30ma di agosto - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: Rusa [[senpilotist aviacilo|senpilotist aviacili]] bombardas [[Kyiv]], produktanta 2 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/explosions-heard-ukraines-kyiv-mayor-2023-08-30/|titulo=Two killed in Russia's biggest air strike on Ukraine's capital in months|editero=REUTERS|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=30ma di agosto 2023}}</ref>. * [[31ma di agosto]] - Fairo en edifico di [[Johannesburg]], [[Sudafrika]], ube rezidis enmigranti produktas adminime 73 morti e 40 plusa homi vundita<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/reuters/2023/08/31/mais-de-50-mortos-em-incendio-em-joanesburgo-na-africa-do-sul.htm|titulo=Incêndio deixa ao menos 73 mortos em Johanesburgo, afirma governo local|autoro=Reuters|editero=UOL|idiomo={{pt}} |publikigita ye=31ma di agosto 2023}}</ref>. === Septembro === * [[1ma di septembro]] - [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]] elektesas prezidanto di [[Singapur]], per 70% ek la voti. * [[6ma di septembro]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: Adminime 17 personi mortas e plusa 32 homi vundesas dum atako [[Rusia|Rusa]] kontre [[Ukraina]]na urbo Kostiantynivka<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/least-16-killed-russian-attack-eastern-ukraine-presidential-adviser-2023-09-06/|titulo=Russian attack kills 17 in east Ukraine as Blinken visits Kyiv, officials say|editero=REUTERS|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=6ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. * 6ma di septembro - [[Interna milito di Sudan (depos 2023)|Interna milito di Sudan]]: adminime 19 civili mortas dum nepreciza artilriala bombardo kontre pozicioni de la Trupi por Rapida Suporto di [[Sudan]], che suburbo Umbada, weste de [[Omdurman]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=19 lives lost due to inaccurate targeting in Khartoum state|url=https://sudantribune.com/article276901/|editero=Sudan Tribune|vidita ye=6ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=5ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. * [[7ma di septembro]] - Terorist-ataki en nord-estala [[Mali]] produktas la morto di 49 civili e 15 soldati. [[Islamala Stato]] revendikis l'autoreso dil ataki.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/09/ataques-terroristas-no-mali-matam-ao-menos-49-civis-e-15-soldados.shtml|titulo=Ataques terroristas no Mali matam ao menos 49 civis e 15 soldados |editero=UOL|publikigita ye=7ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[8ma di septembro]] - [[Ter-tremo]] kun forteso 6.8 che [[skalo di Richter]] ed [[epicentro]] proxim [[Marrakesh]] frapas [[Maroko]] e produktas adminime 1305 morti e plu kam 1800 plusa homi vundita<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Terremoto no Marrocos deixa 1.305 mortos; tremor é o mais letal do país desde 1960|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/09/terremoto-de-magnitude-68-deixa-ao-menos-30-mortos-no-marrocos.shtml|publikigo=Folha de S. Paulo|editero=UOL|idiomo={{pt}} |publigikita ye=9ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. * [[9ma di septembro]] - [[Afrikana Uniono]] divenas permananta membro de [[G20]]. * [[15ma di septembro]] - [[Usa]]na [[labor-sindikato]] ''Union Auto Workers'' komencas [[striko]] demandanta augmento di salarii, 32-hora laborojornedo e protekto kontre klozado di fabrikerii, qua paralizas automobilala produktado en [[Ford Motor Company]], [[General Motors]] e [[Stellantis]]. * [[19ma di septembro]] - [[Planetaro Eise Eisinga]] juntesis a la listo di [[Mondala Patrimonio]] * [[20ma di septembro]] - La maxim anciena ligna strukturo konocata deskovresas proxim aquofalo Kalambo, en [[Zambia]]. * [[22ma di septembro]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: projektilo [[Ukraina]]na frapas sideyo di Rusa mar-armeo en [[Sevastopol]], [[Krimea]]. * [[23ma di septembro]] - Adminime 20 personi, la maxim multa ek li civili, mortas pos atako per atomobilo-bombo en Beledweyne, [[Somalia]].<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://english.news.cn/20230923/204a1b98d1594da188c406e95b9b8662/c.html|titulo=At least 20 people killed in suicide car bombing in central Somalia|editero=Xinhua|publikigita ye=23ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[26ma di septembro]] - Incendio, posible pro uzo di [[pirotekno|piroteknaji]] interne salono, produktas adminime 113 morti e plua kam 150 plusa homi vundita dum mariajo en la provinco Nineveh, [[Irak]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/26/at-least-100-killed-in-fire-at-wedding-celebration-in-iraq-media-report|titulo=At least 113 killed, over 150 injured as fire engulfs wedding party in Iraq |editero=Al Jazeera|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=26ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. === Oktobro === * [[4ma di oktobro]] - Adminime 13 personi mortas e 24 plusa homi vundesas dum incendio che noktala klubo ''Fonda Milagros'' en [[Murcia]], [[Hispania]]. * [[2ma di oktobro]] - En Tahoua, [[Nijer]], adminime 29 soldati mortas dum embusko da Mohamedana extremisti, uzanta automobilo-bombi e bombardi. Diversa extremisti mortigesas dum kontreatako<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66991696|titulo=Niger attack: Jihadists kill dozen of soldiers in deadliest raid since coup|editero=BBC News|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=3ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. * [[4ma di oktobro]] - [[FIFA]] anuncas ke partii de la [[Mondala Kupo di Futbalo]] [[2030]] eventos en t landi: [[Uruguay]], [[Arjentinia]], [[Paraguay]], [[Maroko]], [[Portugal]] e [[Hispania]]. * [[7ma di oktobro]] - Tri [[ter-tremo|ter-tremi]] kun fortesi 6.3, 5.9 e 5.5 che [[skalo di Richter]] frapas [[Afganistan]] e produktas plu kam 2.000 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Número de mortos por terremoto no Afeganistão passa de 2.000 |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/internacional/ultimas-noticias/2023/10/08/mortes-terremoto-afeganistao.htm|editero=UOL|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=8ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. * 7ma di oktobro - [[Milito Israel-Ramas]]: Trupi de [[Hamas]] lansas ataki kontre urbeti Be'eri ed Ofakim, sude de [[Israel]], e produktas plu kam 250 morti e plusa 1590 vunditi<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Gaza Declares War {{!}} Surprise Infiltration, Massive Barrages Shock Israel; Over 250 Israelis Killed, 1,590 Wounded; Civilians and Soldiers Held Hostage in Gaza|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-07/ty-article-live/israel-under-attack-terrorists-infiltrate-from-gaza-amid-massive-rocket-barrages/0000018b-088b-dae9-adcb-abbff50f0000|editero=Haaretz|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=7ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. Hamas anke lansas fuzei kontre Israelana urbo Ashkelon<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2|titulo=Hamas surprise attack out of Gaza stuns Israel and leaves hundreds dead in fighting, retaliation|editero=AP|publikigita ye=8ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. Israel respondas per aerala bombardo kontre [[Gaza-strio]], produktanta adminime 232 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{en}}|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza|editero=Al Jazeera|titulo=Israel-Palestine escalation updates: Gaza under bombardment|publikigita ye=7ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. * [[13ma di oktobro]] - [[Milito Israel-Ramas]]: [[Israel]] informas [[Unionita Nacioni]] ke ol lansis ultimato por ke 1,1 milion Palestinani habitanta la nordo di [[Gaza]] translojez su adsude en 24 hori<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-warns-palestinians-in-northern-gaza-to-evacuate-within-24-hours-un/|titulo=IDF warns 1 million Palestinians in northern Gaza to evacuate within 24 hours — UN|editero=Times of Israel|publikigita ye=13ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * 13ma di oktobro - Suicidant atako kontre [[moskeo]] en [[Puli Khumri]], provinco Baghlam, [[Afganistan]], mortigas 7 personi e vundas 15 plusa homi<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-mosque-bombing-friday-prayers/32636187.html |titulo=Taliban Police Say Seven Killed In Suicide Bombing Of Mosque In Afghanistan's Baghlan Province|editero=Radio Free Europe |idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=13ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. * [[15ma di oktobro]] - [[Daniel Noboa]] elektesas prezidanto di [[Equador]]. * [[17ma di oktobro]] - Adminime 471 personi mortas e 314 plusa homi vundesas pos explozo che hospitalo Al-Ahli, en [[Gaza]]. * [[20ma di oktobro]] til la [[5ma di novembro]] - En [[Santiago, Chili|Santiago]], [[Chili]], eventas la 19ma [[Tot-Amerika Ludi]]. * [[23ma di oktobro]] - En Bhairab, [[Bangladesh]], treno transportanta vari kolizionas kontre pasajero-treno, produktanta adminime 17 morti. === Novembro === * [[2ma di novembro]] - ''Now and Then'', la lasta kansono da [[The Beatles]], lansesas. * [[3ma di novembro]] - [[Ter-tremo]] kun forteso 5.6 che [[skalo di Richter]] frapas provinco Karnali, en [[Pakistan]], e produktas adminime 132 morti e destruktas multa domi. * [[6ma di novembro]] - [[Antoni Martí]], chefministro di Andora (n. 1963) * [[9ma di novembro]] - Usana kirurgi de medikala centro ''NYU Langone Health'' anuncas ke li sucesis transplantacar [[okulo]] kompleta. * 9ma di novembro - En [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], mili di individui maladeskas pro toxika nubo di polutanti, qua posible originis de brulado di agrokultivala rezidui.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Toxic heavy smog in eastern Pakistan makes tens of thousands sick|url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-smog-school-markets-shut-pollution-2b752ee29d1be2b8c93ec8bd5a81bf62|editero=AP|publikigita ye=9ma di novembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[10ma di novembro]] - [[Islando]] dekretas urjanteso-stando pos ke diversa [[ter-tremo|ter-tremi]] eventas proxim [[volkano]] ''Fagradalsfjall'', sude de la lando. * 10ma di novembro - [[Interna milito di Sudan (depos 2023)|Interna milito di Sudan]]: Diversa konflikti en Geneina, westala Darfur, [[Sudan]], produktas de 700 til 1300 morti, plu kam 100 plusa homi vundita e cirkume 300 desaparinta. * [[12ma di novembro]] - Konstruktanta tunelo choseala krulas en Uttarakhand, [[India]], celanta 41 laboristi interne ol, cirkume 200 metri del eniro.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|publikigita ye=13ma di novembro 2023 |titulo=Uttarakhand Tunnel Collapse Live Updates: Workers to be rescued through large-diameter steel pipes inserted through rubble |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-uttarkashi-tunnel-collapse-rescue-operation-workers-trapped-live-updates-9024269/ |vidita ye=14 November 2023 |editero=The Indian Express |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Omna laboristi retroduktesos vivanta ye la [[28ma di novembro]] ca yaro.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|publikigo=The Statesman|publikigita ye=29ma di novembro 2023 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/uttarakhand-rescued-workers-flown-to-aiims-rishikesh-in-chinook-helicopter-1503244978.html |titulo=Uttarakhand: Rescued workers flown to AIIMS Rishikesh in Chinook helicopter|vidita ye=29ma di novembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[19ma di novembro]] - [[Javier Milei]], de la partiso ''La Libertad Avanza'' elektesas prezidant per 56% ek la voti, lor la duesma balotado di prezidantal elekti di [[Arjentinia]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67470549|titulo=Javier Milei: Argentina's far-right outsider wins presidential election|editero=BBC|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=20ma di novembro 2023}}</ref>. * [[21ma di novembro]] - [[Interna milito di Sudan (depos 2023)|Interna milito di Sudan]]: adminime 40 civili mortas e plu kam 50 plusa homi vundesas pos ke [[Sudan]]an avioni bombardas la proximeso di la 20ma Infantriala Diviziono en [[Darfur]]. * [[22ma di novembro]] - [[Milito Israel-Ramas]]: [[Israel]] e [[Hamas]] paktas pri pafo-ceso en kombati qui komencabis ye la 7ma di oktobro, e liberigo di gajo-homi e personi enkarcerigita en amba flanki. * 22ma di novembro - [[Nord-Korea]] anuncas ke ol lansis lua unesma [[artificala satelito]] spiona, ''Malligyong-1''. * [[24ma di novembro]] - [[Milito Israel-Ramas]]: [[Pafo-ceso]] inter [[Israel]] e [[Hamas]] efikeskas, e 13 Israelani, 10 [[Tailando|Tailandani]] ed 1 [[Filipini|Filipinano]] liberigesas, kontre 39 Palestinani<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/qatar-confirms-that-red-cross-has-received-24-hostages-from-gaza/|titulo=Qatar confirms 24 hostages — 13 Israeli, 10 Thai and 1 Filipino — received by Red Cross|editero=Times of Israel|publikigita ye=24ma di novembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * [[27ma di novembro]] - En [[Rustenburg]], [[Sudafrika]], 11 ministi mortas e 75 plusa laboristi vundesas pos ke acensilo falas 200 metri interne [[platino]]-[[mineyo]]. === Decembro === * [[3ma di decembro]] - En [[Venezuela]], eventas simbolala plebicito pri anexar o ne la regiono weste de [[fluvio Essequibo]], en [[Guyana]],<ref name="Referendo">{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-sets-referendum-date-territory-dispute-with-guyana-2023-10-20/|titulo=Venezuela sets referendum date on territory dispute with Guyana|editero=Reuters|publikigita ye=20ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> e 98% ek la votanti manifestas su favorebla al anexo. Tamen, 51,01% del Venezuelani apta a votar ne votas. * [[7ma di decembro]] - [[Bolivia]] membreskas [[Mercosur]]<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.france24.com/es/video/20231207-informe-desde-r%C3%ADo-de-janeiro-bolivia-fue-ratificada-como-miembro-pleno-de-mercosur|titulo= Informe desde Río de Janeiro: Bolivia fue ratificada como miembro pleno de Mercosur|publikigita ye=7ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{es}}|editero=France 24}}</ref>. * [[14ma di decembro]] - En [[Beijing]], [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]], 515 personi vundesas kande du treni del [[metroo]] dil urbo kolizionas, konseque de problemi pro ecesiva nivado.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/12/15/over-500-people-injured-in-beijing-train-collision-amid-heavy-snow/|titulo=Over 500 people injured in Beijing train collision amid heavy snow|editero=1 News|publikigita ye=15ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[16ma di decembro]] - Batelo qua departis de Zuwarah, [[Libia]], transportanta 86 nelegala ekmigranti sinkas en [[Mediteraneo]], e 61 ek li dronas su<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/17/migrant-tragedy-libya-north-africa/|titulo=Dozens of migrants drown following shipwreck off Libya coast|editero=The Telegraph|publikigita ye=17ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * [[17ma di decembro]] - Severa tempesto kun venti de plu kam 150 km/h frapas urbo [[Bahía Blanca]], [[Arjentinia]], e produktas adminime 13 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/severe-storm-strikes-coastal-city-argentina-least-13-dead-2023-12-17/|titulo=Severe storm strikes coastal city in Argentina, at least 13 dead|editero=Reuters|publikigita ye=17ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * [[18ma di decembro]] - Adminime 134 personi mortas, 980 plusa homi vundesas e 13 restas desaparinta pos [[ter-tremo]] kun forteso 6,2 che [[skalo di Richter]] en Jishishan, [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]]<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=19ma di decembro 2023|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinese-rescuers-brave-freezing-cold-find-earthquake-survivors-2023-12-20/|titulo=Chinese earthquake victims pulled to safety in subfreezing weather |publikigo=Reuters|vidita ye=20ma di decembro 2023}}</ref>. * [[20ma di decembro]] - En [[Surinam]], ex-prezidanto [[Dési Bouterse]] kondamnesas a 20-yar-enkarcerigo pro la mortigo di 15 viri en 1982. * [[21ma di decembro]] - En [[Chekia]], eventas la maxim mortigiva pafado de la historio di la lando: studento David Kozák eniras la Fakultato pri Arti del Universitato Charles, en [[Praha]], pafas multafoye, e produktas ibe 14 morti e plusa 15 homi vundita. Ante ilu mortigis ilua patro en lua domo, e pos la masakro ilu [[suocido|suocidas]].<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/krimi-minutu-po-minute-jak-policie-zasahovala-proti-strelci-v-praze-40455108 |nomo=Tereza|surnomo=Trousilová|titulo=Minutu po minutě: Jak policie zasahovala proti střelci v Praze|idiomo={{cs}}|publikigita ye=22ma di decembro 2023|editero=Novinky.cz}}</ref> * [[22ma di decembro]] - En [[Burundi]], 19 civili ed 1 policisto mortigesas dum atako da rebela grupo RED–Tabara. * 22ma di decembro - [[Milito Israel-Hamas]]: La quanto di mortinti en [[Gaza]] superiras 20 mil personi, la maxim multa ek li civili. * [[24ma di decembro]] - En [[Gaza]], adminime 70 personi mortigesas pro aeral atako [[Israel]]ana kontre refujeyo en al-Maghazi.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/24/israel-hamas-war-live-israeli-bombardments-hunger-spread-in-gaza|titulo=Israel-Hamas war updates: Dozens killed, many buried in Israeli air strikes|editero=Al Jazeera|publikigita ye=24ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[29ma di decembro]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: La maxim granda aeral atako [[Rusia|Rusa]], uzanta 36 [[senpilotist aviacilo|senpilotist aviacili]], strategiala [[bombardaviono|bombardavioni]] [[Tupolev Tu-95]] e misili kontre [[Kharkiv]], [[Dnipro]], [[Odesa]] ed altra [[Ukraina]]n urbi produktas 39 morti e vundas cirkume 160 plusa homi.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Maior ataque aéreo da Rússia em mais de 1 ano na Ucrânia mata quase 40|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/12/grande-ataque-aereo-russo-deixa-ao-menos-10-mortos-na-ucrania.shtml|editero=Folha de S.Paulo|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=29ma di decembro 2023}}</ref><ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/articles/czkjyp9g9ymo|titulo=Масований удар по Україні: Львів, Київ, Дніпро, Харків, Запоріжжя, Сміла - багато загиблих і поранених|idiomo={{uk}}|publikigita ye=29ma di decembro 2023|editero=BBC}}</ref> * 29ma di decembro - Adminime 20 personi mortas pro [[terglitado|tergliatadi]] konseque de pluvegi en Mwenga, [[Demokratial Republiko Kongo]]<ref name="Kongo">{{extera ligilo|titulo=At least 20 killed in Congo flooding and landslides, bringing this week’s fatalities to over 60|url=https://apnews.com/article/congo-landslides-rains-floods-deaths-82c892e9d99ac2590d48fdcc473aec07|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=29ma di decembro 2023|editero=AP}}</ref> * [[31ma di decembro]] - Rejino [[Margrethe la 2ma di Dania]] anuncas ke el abdikos ye la 14ma di januaro 2024<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/dronning-margrethe-abdicerer-traeder-tilbage-14-januar|titulo=Dronning Margrethe abdicerer: Træder tilbage 14. januar|publikigita ye=31ma di decembro 2023|editero=DR|idiomo={{da}}}}</ref>. == Sporto == * de la [[20ma di oktobro]] til la [[5ma di novembro]] - Eventas [[Tot-Amerika Ludi]] en [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Chili]]. * [[Max Verstappen]] triesmafoye divenas mondala championo di [[Formulo 1]]. == Naski == == Morti == * [[3ma di januaro]] - [[Abdelsalam al-Majali]], chefministro di Jordania (n. 1925)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Former Prime Minister Abdel Salam Majali passes away |url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/39092/2023-01-03 |editero=en.royanews.tv |vidita ye=3ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Gianluca Vialli - RISE 2017.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Gianluca Vialli]]]] * [[6ma di januaro]] - [[Gianluca Vialli]], Italiana futbalisto (n. 1964)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Addio Gianluca Vialli. Ci lascia a 58 anni uno dei più amati di sempre |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/06-01-2023/morto-gianluca-vialli-cancro-pancreas-4501607411312.shtml |editero=La Gazzetta dello Sport |idiomo={{it}}}}</ref> * [[8ma di januaro]] - [[Roberto Dinamite]], Braziliana futbalisto (n. 1954) * [[9ma di januaro]] - [[Karl Alexander Müller]], Suisa fizikisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1927)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo= Physik-Nobelpreisträger Karl Alex Müller stirbt mit 95 Jahren |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/alle-news-in-kuerze/physik-nobelpreistraeger-karl-alex-mueller-stirbt-mit-95-jahren/48209386 |editero=SWI swissinfo.ch |vidita ye=17ma di januaro 2023 |idiomo={{de}}}}</ref> * [[10ma di januaro]] - [[Jeff Beck]], Britaniana gitaristo (n. 1944)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/jeff-beck-guitarist-dead-dies-1235486491/ |titulo=Jeff Beck, one of the guitar masters of the rock era, dies at 78 |publikigita ye=11ma di januaro 2023}}</ref> * 10ma di januaro - Rejulo [[Konstantinos la 2ma di Grekia]] (n. 1940)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.dw.com/en/constantine-ii-greeces-former-and-last-king-dies-at-82/a-64345808 |titulo=Constantine II: Greece's former and last king dies at 82 - DW - 01/10/2023 | vidita ye=10ma di januaro 2023}}</ref> * [[12ma di januaro]] - [[Lisa Marie Presley]], Usana kantistino e kompozistino (n. 1968) * [[16ma di januaro]] - [[Gina Lollobrigida]], Italian aktorino (n. 1927)<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64292026 Gina Lollobrigida: Italian screen star dies at 95]. BBC</ref> * [[18ma di januaro]] - [[David Crosby]], Usana muzikisto e kantisto ([[The Byrds]], [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]]) (n. 1941)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/david-crosby-dead-obituary-1234664235/ |titulo=David Crosby, Iconoclastic Rocker, Dead at 81 |editero=Rolling Stone|publikigita ye=19ma di januaro 2023 |vidita ye= 19ma di januaro 2023 |autoro=Jon Dolan, Andy Greene|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Álvaro Colom (siendo candidato).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Álvaro Colom]]]] * [[23ma di januaro]] - [[Álvaro Colom]], prezidanto di Guatemala (n. 1951)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Fallece Álvaro Colom, expresidente de Guatemala, confirman fuentes allegadas a la familia |url=https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/politica/fallece-alvaro-colom-expresidente-de-guatemala-confirman-fuentes-allegadas-a-la-familia-breaking/ |vidita ye=24ma di januaro 2023 |idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[31ma di januaro]] - [[Henrik Nordbrandt]], Dana skriptisto (n. 1945) * [[3ma di februaro]] - [[Paco Rabanne]], Hispana modisto (n. 1934)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://elpais.com/estilo/2023-02-03/muere-el-disenador-paco-rabanne-a-los-88-anos.html|titulo= Muere el diseñador Paco Rabanne a los 88 años|editero=El País|vidita ye= 3ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[4ma di februaro]] - [[Sherif Ismail]], chefministro di Egiptia (n. 1955)<ref>[https://see.news/president-sisi-mourns-death-of-former-pm-sherif-ismail President Sisi Mourns Death of Former PM Sherif Ismail]</ref> * [[5ma di februaro]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]], prezidanto di Pakistan (n. 1943)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/former-pakistani-president-pervez-musharraf-passes-away-dies-reports-101675577034276.html|titulo= Pervez Musharraf, former Pakistani president and army general, dies at 79|publikigita ye=5ma di februaro 2023|editero=Hindustan Times|vidita ye=5ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[6ma di februaro]] - [[Lubomír Štrougal]], chefministro di Chekoslovakia (n. 1924)<ref>[https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/domaci-politika-zemrel-expremier-lubomir-strougal-225178 Zemřel expremiér Lubomír Štrougal] {{cs}}</ref> * [[8ma di februaro]] - [[Burt Bacharach]], Usana kompozisto e kantisto (n. 1928)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Burt Bacharach, legendary composer of pop songs, dies at 94 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/legendary-composer-burt-bacharach-dies-at-94/ |editero=CBS News }}</ref> * 8ma di februaro - [[Ivan Silayev]], chefministro di Soviet-Uniono (n. 1930)<ref>[https://www.interfax.ru/russia/885396 Скончался экс-председатель Совета министров РСФСР Иван Силаев] idiomo: {{ru}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Director_invitado_(4790072575).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Carlos Saura]]]] * [[10ma di februaro]] - [[Carlos Saura]], Hispana filmifisto (n. 1932)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2023-02-10/muere-carlos-saura-a-los-91-anos-el-ultimo-director-clasico-del-cine-espanol.html |titulo=Muere Carlos Saura a los 91 años, el último director clásico del cine español|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * 10ma di februaro - [[Hugh Hudson]], Britaniana filmifisto (n. 1936)<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/10/chariots-fire-director-hugh-hudson-dies-aged-86/ Chariots of Fire director Hugh Hudson dies aged 86]</ref> * 10ma di februaro - [[Sergei Tereshchenko]], chefministro di Kazakstan (n. 1951)<ref>[https://rus.azattyq-ruhy.kz/society/46750-umer-pervyi-premer-ministr-kazakhstana-sergei-tereshchenko Умер первый премьер-министр Казахстана Сергей Терещенко] idiomo={{ru}}</ref> * 10ma di februaro - [[Hans Modrow]], chefministro di Est-Germania (n. 1928)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Hans Modrow ist tot|idiomo={{de}} |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ex-ddr-ministerpraesident-hans-modrow-ist-tot-a-4735c3f3-d193-487a-a94e-81ec6142a8b6}}</ref> * [[15ma di februaro]] - [[Paul Berg]], Usana biokemiisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1926)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/02/nobel-paul-berg-obit.html|titulo=Nobel Prize winner and recombinant DNA pioneer Paul Berg dies|editero=Stanford University School of Medicine|nomo=Emily|surnomo=Moskal|publikigita ye=17ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Raquel Welch 1979 adjusted.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Raquel Welch]]]] * 15ma di februaro - [[Raquel Welch]], Usan aktorino (n. 1940)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre Raquel Welch, atriz que foi sex symbol dos anos 1970, aos 82 anos|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2023/02/morre-raquel-welch-atriz-que-foi-sex-symbol-dos-anos-1970-aos-82-anos.shtml|editero=UOL|publikigita ye=15ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[22ma di februaro]] - [[Ahmed Qurei]], chefministro dil Autoritato Nacionala Palestinana (n. 1937) * [[27ma di februaro]] - [[Gérard Latortue]], chefministro di Haiti (n. 1934)<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-government-obituaries-caribbean-jean-bertrand-aristide-338c275d819a4b759753c2becf6a91d0 Gérard Latortue, former interim Haitian premier, dies at 88]</ref> * [[1ma di marto]] - [[Just Fontaine]], Franca futbalisto (n. 1933) * [[2ma di marto]] - [[Wayne Shorter]], Usana saxofonisto (n. 1933)<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/mar/02/wayne-shorter-icon-of-jazz-saxophone-dies-aged-89 Wayne Shorter, icon of jazz saxophone, dies aged 89]</ref> * [[3ma di marto]] - [[Kenzaburo Oe]], Japoniana skriptisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1935)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo=Muere a los 88 años el premio Nobel de Literatura Kenzaburo Oe|editero=Onda Cero|url=https://www.ondacero.es/noticias/cultura/muere-88-anos-premio-nobel-literatura-kenzaburo_20230313640ed6c835808d0001cadbfe.html|publikigita ye=13ma di marto 2023|vidita ye=13ma di marto 2023|loko=Madrid|autoro=Redacción |idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * 3ma di marto - [[Camille Souter]], Britanian-Irlandana piktistino (n. 1929) * [[8ma di marto]] - [[Marcel Amont]], Franca kantisto ed aktoro (n. 1929)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/musique/mort-de-marcel-amont-l-homme-qui-donnait-tout-pour-la-chanson-20230308|autoro=Léna Lutaud|titulo=Mort de Marcel Amont, l'homme qui donnait tout pour la chanson|editero=Le Figaro|publikigita ye=8ma di marto 2023|vidita ye=9ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{fr}}}}</ref> * [[10ma di marto]] - [[Janusz Weiss]], Polon aktoro, jurnalisto, e radio- e televiziono-prizentisto (n. 1948) * [[18ma di marto]] - [[Pōhiva Tuʻiʻonetoa]], chefministro di Tonga (n. 1951)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.parliament.gov.to/members-of-parliament/peoples/330-dr-pohiva-tu-i-onetoa |idiomo={{en}}|titulo=Dr. Pohiva Tu'i'onetoa|editero=www.parliament.gov.to|vidita ye=12ma di decembro 2019}}</ref> * [[25ma di marto]] - [[Pascoal Mocumbi]], chefa ministro di Mozambik (n. 1941) [[Arkivo:María Kodama graba fragmentos de textos literarios japoneses (33720919105).jpg|thumb|130px|[[María Kodama]]]] * [[26ma di marto]] - [[María Kodama]], Arjentiniana skriptistino (n. 1937)<ref>[https://www.lanacion.com.ar/cultura/murio-maria-kodama-la-viuda-de-jorge-luis-borges-nid26032023/ Murió María Kodama, viuda de Jorge Luis Borges] ({{es}})</ref> * [[31ma di marto]] - [[Rabbie Namaliu]], chefministro di Papua-Nova-Guinea (n. 1947) * [[1ma di aprilo]] - [[Włodzimierz Schmidt]], Polona shakoludisto (n. 1943) * [[5ma di aprilo]] - [[Kiumars Pourahmad]], Iranana filmifisto (n. 1949) * [[9ma di aprilo]] - [[Richard Ng]], Chinian aktoro (n. 1939) * [[13ma di aprilo]] - [[Mary Quant]], Britaniana modistino (n. 1930) * [[22ma di aprilo]] - [[Mudar Badran]], chefministro di Jordania (n. 1934)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/41292/2023-04-22|titulo= Former PM Mudar Badran passes away|editero=Roya News|publikigita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023|vidita ye= 22ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * 22ma di aprilo - [[Barry Humphries]], Australian aktoro, komediisto e skriptisto (n. 1934)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |last1=Runciman |first1=Caleb |titulo= Barry Humphries: Australian comedic legend dies aged 89 |url=https://thewest.com.au/entertainment/barry-humphries-australian-comedic-legend-star-dies-aged-89-c-10425339 |editero=The West Australian |vidita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023 |publikigita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Belafonte,_Harry_IMGP2441-A.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Harry Belafonte]]]] * [[25ma di aprilo]] - [[Harry Belafonte]], Usana muzikisto ed aktoro (n. 1927)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/arts/music/harry-belafonte-dead.html|titulo=Harry Belafonte, 96, Dies; Barrier-Breaking Singer, Actor and Activist|surnomo= Keepnews |nomo=Peter|editero=The New York Times|publikigita ye=25ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[27ma di aprilo]] - [[Jerry Springer]], Usana jurnalisto, aktoro, advokato e politikisto (n. 1944) * [[3ma di mayo]] - [[Nikica Valentić]], chefministro di Kroatia (n. 1950) * [[8ma di mayo]] - [[Rita Lee]], Braziliana kantisto, kompozisto e muzikisto (n. 1947)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/entretenimento/rita-lee-morre-aos-75-anos-em-sao-paulo/|titulo=Rita Lee, a rainha do rock brasileiro, morre aos 75 anos em São Paulo|idiomo={{pt}}|editero=CNN Brasil|publikigita ye=9ma di mayo 2023|vidita ye=6ma di junio 2023}}</ref> * [[15ma di mayo]] - [[Robert Emerson Lucas, Jr.]], Usan ekonomikisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1937) * [[22ma di mayo]] - [[Wim Udenhout]], chefa ministro di Surinam (n. 1937) [[Arkivo:Tina Turner.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Tina Turner]]]] * [[24ma di mayo]] - [[Tina Turner]], Usana-Suisiana kantistino (n. 1939)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Tina Turner, 'Queen of Rock n Roll', dies aged 83 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/tina-turner-dies-aged-83-12888593 |vidita ye=24ma di mayo 2023 |editero=Sky News |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[28ma di mayo]] - [[Harald zur Hausen]], Germana virologiisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1936)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/newsroom/zum-tod-von-professor-dr-harald-zur-hausen/|titulo=Zum Tod von Professor Dr. Harald zur Hausen|editero= klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de|publikigita ye=30ma di mayo 2023|idiomo={{de}}}}</ref> * [[2ma di junio]] - [[Kaija Saariaho]], Finlandana kompozisto (n. 1952) * [[5ma di junio]] - [[Astrud Gilberto]], Braziliana kantistino e kompozistino (n. 1940)<ref>{{extera ligilo|Astrud Gilberto, 83, Dies; Shot to Fame With ‘The Girl From Ipanema’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/06/arts/music/astrud-gilberto-dead.html|editero=The New York Times |idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=6ma di junio 2023}}</ref> * [[6ma di junio]] - [[Françoise Gilot]], Franca piktistino (n. 1921) * [[9ma di junio]] - [[Alain Touraine]], Franca sociologo (n. 1925)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Alain Touraine, morto il sociologo della realtà post-industriale|url=https://www.repubicca.it/cultura/2023/06/09/news/alain_touraine_morto-403782016/?rss|autoro=Fabio Gambaro|publikigo=La Republicca|publikigita ye=9ma di junio 2023|idiomo={{it}}|vidita ye=9ma di junio 2023}}</ref> * [[10ma di junio]] - [[Theodore Kaczynski]], ''Unabomber'', Usana teroristo (n. 1942) [[Arkivo:Silvio Berlusconi (2010) cropped (cropped2).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Silvio Berlusconi]]]] * [[12ma di junio]] - [[Silvio Berlusconi]], chefministro di Italia (n. 1936) * [[13ma di junio]] - [[Cormac McCarthy]], Usana skriptisto (n. 1933) * [[15ma di junio]] - [[Glenda Jackson]] , Angla aktorino e politikisto (n. 1936) * [[16ma di junio]] - [[Alfred Neussner]], Germana Idisto, reprezentanto di ULI por Germania (n. 1927) * [[22ma di junio]] - [[Ted Kaczynski]], Usana teroristo (m. 1942) * [[26ma di junio]] - [[John Bannister Goodenough]], Usana fizikisto e kemiisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1922)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/summary/|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=9ma di oktobro 2019}}</ref> * [[6ma di julio]] - [[Arnaldo Forlani]], chefministro di Italia (n. 1925) * [[12ma di julio]] - [[Milan Kundera]], Chekoslovakiana-Franciana skriptisto (n. 1929) * [[15ma di julio]] - [[Francisco Ibáñez]], Hispana kartunisto (n. 1936) * [[16ma di julio]] - [[Jane Birkin]], Britaniana-Franciana kantistino ed aktorino (n. 1946) * [[21ma di julio]] - [[Tony Bennett]], Usana kantisto (n. 1926)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Tony Bennett, masterful stylist of American musical standards, dies at 96|url=https://apnews.com/article/tony-bennett-dies-c3b3a7e2360449fb936a38794c7c3266|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Sinead_O'Connor_(14828633401).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Sinéad O'Connor]]]] * [[26ma di julio]] - [[Sinéad O'Connor]], Irlandana kantistino (n. 1966)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|editero=ABC|idiomo={{es}}|url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/musica/muere-anos-sinead-connor-20230726194451-nt.html|surnomo=Carbajo|nomo=María|titulo=Muere a los 56 años la cantante irlandesa Sinéad O' Connor|publikigita ye=26ma di julio 2023|vidita ye= 26ma di julio 2023}}</ref> * [[26ma di julio]] - [[Jean-Jacques Honorat]], chefministro e ministro pri exteral aferi di Haiti (n. 1931)<ref>{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{fr}} |titulo=L’ancien premier ministre de facto sous le règne des putchistes Jean Jacques Honorat est mort|url=https://gazettehaiti.com/node/10109 }}</ref> * [[30ma di julio]] - [[Paul Reubens]], Usan aktoro e komediisto (n. 1952) [[Arkivo:Henri Konan Bédié, président du PDCI, 24 avril 2017.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Henri Konan Bédié]]]] * [[1ma di agosto]] - [[Henri Konan Bédié]], prezidanto di Ivora Rivo<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/cote-d-ivoire-l-ancien-president-henri-konan-bedie-est-mort-a-89-ans-20230802|titulo=Côte d'Ivoire: l'ancien président Henri Konan Bédié est mort à 89 ans|editero= Le Figaro|vidita ye=1ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{fr}}}}</ref> (n. 1934) * [[4ma di agosto]] - [[Boniface Alexandre]], provizora prezidanto di Haiti (n. 1936)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Boniface Alexandre, former Haitian president and chief justice, dies at 87 |url=https://thebrunswicknews.com/news/national_news/boniface-alexandre-former-haitian-president-and-chief-justice-dies-at-87/article_70e372b2-5f3b-5339-943f-66e3b39f5f3c.html|nomo=Charles |surnomo=Jacqueline |vidita ye=4ma di agosto 2023|publikigo=Miami Herald |editero=The Brunswick News |publikigita ye=4ma di agosto 2023}}</ref> * [[7ma di agosto]] - [[Aracy Balabanian]], Brazilian aktorino (n. 1940) * [[17ma di agosto]] - [[John Thomas Devitt]], Australiana natisto, Olimpiala championo (n. 1937) * [[23ma di agosto]] – [[Yevgeni Viktorovich Prigojin|Yevgeni Prigojin]], Rusa entraprezisto (n. 1961) * 23ma di agosto – [[Dmitri Valeryevich Utkin|Dmitri Utkin]], Rusa oficiro (n. 1970) * [[26ma di agosto]] - [[Bob Barker]], Usana televiziono-prizentisto (n. 1923)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre aos 99 anos o lendário apresentador de TV americano Bob Barker|url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/afp/2023/08/26/morre-aos-99-anos-o-lendario-apresentador-de-tv-americano-bob-barker.htm|autoro=AFP|editero=UOL|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=26ma di agosto 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |surnomo=Sacks |nomo=Ethan |titulo=Bob Barker, longtime 'The Price Is Right' host, dies at 99 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/bob-barker-longtime-price-right-host-dies-xx-hold-rcna42292|publikigo=NBC News |publikigita ye=26ma di agosto 2023 |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[1ma di septembro]] - [[Jimmy Buffett]], Usana muzikisto e kompozisto (n. 1946) * [[6ma di septembro]] - [[Giuliano Montaldo]], Italiana filmifisto (n. 1930)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo= Giuliano Montaldo, morto il regista dell’impegno e contro il potere|url=https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/cinema-serie-tv/23_settembre_06/giuliano-montaldo-morto-regista-dell-impegno-contro-potere-fbbb4bc2-4c99-11ee-ba13-a63742c0d94b.shtml|surnomo=Mereghetti|nomo=Paolo|publikigita ye=6ma di septembro 2023|editero=Il Corriere della Sera|loko=Roma|idiomo={{it}}}}</ref> * [[9ma di septembro]] - [[Domenico De Masi]], Italiana sociologo (n. 1938)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre Domenico De Masi, sociólogo que pensou o 'ócio criativo', aos 85 anos|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2023/09/morre-domenico-de-masi-sociologo-que-pensou-o-ocio-criativo-aos-85-anos.shtml|editero=UOL|publikigo=Folha de S.Paulo|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=9ma di septembro 2023}}</ref> * [[13ma di septembro]] - [[Mircea Snegur]], Moldovana politikisto (n. 1940)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.thevoicemag.ru/stars/news/14-09-2023/umer-ot-neizlechimoi-bolezni-pervyi-prezident-moldavii-mircha-snegur/ |titulo=Умер от неизлечимой болезни первый президент Молдавии Мирча Снегур|idiomo={{ru}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Fernando Botero.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Fernando Botero]]]] * [[15ma di septembro]] - [[Fernando Botero]], Kolumbiana piktisto (n. 1932)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre aos 91 anos o artista colombiano Fernando Botero|url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/2023/09/15/morre-aos-91-anos-o-artista-colombiano-fernando-botero.htm|editero=UOL |publikigita ye=15ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[16ma di septembro]] - [[Abdul Ati al-Obeidi]], chefa ministro di Libia (n. 1939)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Former Libyan Prime Minister Abdel Ati Al-Obeidi passes away at 84|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2375056/middle-east|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[18ma di septembro]] - [[Marinho Peres]], Braziliana futbalisto (n. 1947) * [[20ma di septembro]] - [[Erwin Olaf]], Nederlandana fotografisto (n. [[1959]]) * [[21ma di septembro]] - [[Walewska Oliveira]], Braziliana volebalistino (n. 1979)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Walewska, campeã olímpica, morre aos 43 anos|url=https://ge.globo.com/volei/noticia/2023/09/21/walewska-campea-olimpica-morre-aos-43-anos.ghtml|editero=G1|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=21ma di septembro 2023}}</ref> * [[22ma di septembro]] - [[Giorgio Napolitano]], prezidanto di Italia (n. 1925)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Giorgio Napolitano è morto: se ne va il primo presidente della Repubblica eletto due volte|editero=La Repubblica|idiomo={{it}}|publikigita ye=22ma di septembro 2023 |url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/09/22/news/giorgio_napolitano_morto_presidente_repubblica_g-415450210/}}</ref> * [[25ma di septembro]] - [[David McCallum]], Skota aktoro e muzikisto (n. 1933) [[Arkivo:Maroufalbakhit.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Marouf al-Bakhit]]]] * [[7ma di oktobro]] - [[Marouf al-Bakhit]], chefministro di Jordania (n. 1947)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Former Prime Minister Marouf Al-Bakhit passes away|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/44974/2023-10-07|editero=Roya News|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=7ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[8ma di oktobro]] - [[László Sólyom]], Hungara politikisto, prezidanto di la lando de 2005 til 2010 (n. 1942)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://hvg.hu/itthon/20231008_Elhunyt_Solyom_Laszlo|titulo=Elhunyt Sólyom László|idiomo={{hu}}|publikigita ye=8ma di oktobro 2023|editero=hvg.hu}}</ref> * [[13ma di oktobro]] - [[Louise Glück]], Usana poeto ed esayisto, Nobel-laureato pri literaturo (n. 1943)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Louise Glück, Nobel-winning poet of terse and candid lyricism, dies at 80|editero=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/louise-gluck-dies-38648b2dc19644e11f42319145692943|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=13ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[14ma di oktobro]] - [[Dariush Mehrjui]], Iranana filmifisto (n. 1939)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |publikigita ye=14ma di oktobro 2023|url=https://cafehdanesh.com/en/the-murder-of-daryush-mehrjui-and-his-wife/ |titulo=the murder of Daryush Mehrjui and his wife |idiomo={{fa}}|nomo=Farhadi |surnomo=Parastoo |publikigo=CafehDanesh |vidita ye=14ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[16ma di oktobro]] - [[Martti Ahtisaari]], ex-prezidanto di Finlando e laureato di Nobel-premio pri paco (n. 1937)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/16/martti-ahtisaari-ex-finland-president-nobel-peace-prize-winner-dies|titulo=Martti Ahtisaari, ex-Finland president and Nobel peace laureate, dies aged 86|idiomo={{en}}|editero=The Guardian|publikigita ye=16ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[18ma di oktobro]] - [[Wessel te Gussinklo]], Nederlandana skriptisto (m. 2023) * [[21ma di oktobro]] - [[Bobby Charlton]], Angla futbalisto (b. 1937) * [[24ma di oktobro]] - [[Hans Albert]], Germana filozofo (n. 1921)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.zeit.de/news/2023-10/24/soziologe-hans-albert-mit-102-jahren-gestorben|titulo=Soziologe Hans Albert mit 102 Jahren gestorben|editero=Die Zeit|idiomo={{de}}|publikigita ye=24ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Richard Roundtree 1973.JPG|thumb|130px|[[Richard Roundtree]]]] * 24ma di oktobro - [[Richard Roundtree]], Usan aktoro (n. 1942)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/24/movies/richard-roundtree-dead.html|titulo=Richard Roundtree, Star of ‘Shaft,’ Dies at 81|editero=The New York Times|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=24ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[26ma di oktobro]] - [[Goa Gil]], Usana muzikisto e disk-jokeo (n. 1951) * [[28ma di oktobro]] - [[Matthew Perry (aktoro)|Matthew Perry]], Usana-Kanadan aktoro (n. 1969)<ref>{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{pt}} |url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/2023/10/28/matthew-perry-o-chandler-de-friends-morre-aos-54-anos.htm|titulo=Matthew Perry, o Chandler de 'Friends', morre aos 54 anos, diz TMZ|editero=UOL|publikigita ye=28ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[1ma di novembro]] - [[Emil Cimbura]], Cheka piktisto (n. 1922) * [[2ma di novembro]] - [[Henri Lopes]], chefa ministro di Republiko Kongo (n. 1937)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Décès d’Henri Lopes, écrivain et ancien Premier ministre du Congo|idiomo={{fr}}|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1500385/politique/deces-dhenri-lopes-ecrivain-et-ancien-premier-ministre-du-congo/|vidita ye=20ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> * [[3ma di novembro]] - [[Elizangela]], Braziliana kantistino ed aktorino (n. 1954)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Elizangela morre aos 68 anos; atriz estava afastada da TV desde 2019|url=https://noticiasdatv.uol.com.br/noticia/celebridades/elizangela-morre-de-infarto-aos-68-anos-atriz-estava-afastada-da-tv-desde-2019-110951|idiomo={{pt}} |editero=UOL|publikigita ye=3ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> * [[7ma di novembro]] - [[Frank Borman]], Usan astronauto (n. 1928)<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/astronaut-frank-borman-died-at-95-ed5eb4edf26a4076a2fef6cc31881aff Astronaut Frank Borman, commander of the first Apollo mission to the moon, has died at age 95]</ref> * [[12ma di novembro]] - [[Rahim Huseynov]], chefministro di Azerbaijan (n. 1936) * [[16ma di novembro]] - [[A.S. Byatt]], Britaniana skriptistino (n. 1936) * [[17ma di novembro]] - [[Agustín Ibarrola]], Hispana piktisto (n. 1930) * [[19ma di novembro]] - [[Rosalynn Carter]], Usana politikal aktivistino, spozino di [[Jimmy Carter]] (n. 1927)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|idiomo={{pt}}|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/11/19/morre-rosalynn-carter-ex-primeira-dama-dos-eua-aos-99-anos.ghtml|titulo=Morre Rosalynn Carter, ex-primeira-dama dos EUA, aos 96 anos|editero=G1|vidita ye=19ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> * [[22ma di novembro]] - [[Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie]], Franca historiisto (n. 1929) * [[28ma di novembro]] - [[Charlie Munger]], Usan entraprezisto e kolokisto (n. 1924) [[Arkivo:Henry Kissinger.png|thumb|130px|[[Henry Kissinger]]]] * [[29ma di novembro]] - [[Henry Kissinger]], stato-sekretario di Usa, Nobel-laureato pri paco (n. 1923)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre aos 100 Henry Kissinger, diplomata que moldou o século 20|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/11/morre-aos-100-anos-henry-kissinger-ex-secretario-de-estado-dos-eua.shtml|editero=Folha de S.Paulo|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=29ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> * [[30ma di novembro]] - [[Shane MacGowan]], Irlandana kantisto, kompozisto e muzikisto (n. 1951) * [[1ma di decembro]] - [[Dieter Schmidtchen]], Germana Idisto (n. 1951) * [[2ma di decembro]] - [[Faustin Twagiramungu]], chefa ministro di Ruanda (n. 1945) * [[3ma di decembro]] - [[Léonard Gianadda]], Suisa meceno (n. 1935) * [[5ma di decembro]] - [[Norman Lear]], Usana film-skriptisto e produktisto (n. 1922) * [[6ma di decembro]] - [[Rifat al-Alir]], Palestinana skriptisto, poeto, profesoro ed aktivisto (n. 1979) * [[8ma di decembro]] - [[Ryan O'Neal]], Usan aktoro (n. 1941) [[Arkivo:Antonio Negri DSC 2458 (3104171747).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Antonio Negri]]]] * [[16ma di decembro]] - [[Antonio Negri]], Italiana filozofo (n. 1933)<ref>{{extera ligilo|editero=La Repubblica|idiomo={{it}}|publikigita ye=16ma di decembro 2023|titulo=Toni Negri è morto, il leader di Autonomia Operaia è deceduto nella notte a Parigi|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/12/16/news/toni_negri_morto_parigi_autonomia_operaia_terrorismo-421674251/?ref=RHUO-UO}}</ref> * 16ma di decembro - [[Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]], emiro di Kuwait (n. 1937) * 16ma di decembro - [[Carlos Lyra]], Braziliana kantisto e kompozisto (n. 1933) * [[21ma di decembro]] - [[Robert Solow]], Usan ekonomikisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1924)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo=Robert M. Solow, Groundbreaking Economist and Nobelist, Dies at 99 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/business/robert-solow-dead.html|autoro=Robert Hershey, Michael Weinstein|publikigo=The New York Times |publikigita ye=21ma di decembro 2023}}</ref> * [[27ma di decembro]] - [[Li Sun-kyun]], Sud-Korean aktorino (n. 1975) * [[29ma di decembro]] - [[Gil de Ferran]], Brazilian automobilisto (n. 1967)<ref>{{extera ligilo|editero=UOL|titulo=Morre Gil de Ferran, ícone do automobilismo brasileiro, aos 56 anos|url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/ultimas-noticias/2023/12/29/morre-gil-de-ferran-piloto-brasileiro.htm |idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=29ma di decembro 2023}}</ref> * [[30ma di decembro]] - [[Tom Wilkinson]], Britanian aktoro (n. 1948)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/12/30/culturaipsilon/noticia/actor-britanico-tom-wilkinson-morre-75-anos-2075327|titulo=Actor britânico Tom Wilkinson morre aos 75 anos |editero=Público|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=30ma di decembro 2023}}</ref> * [[31ma di decembro]] - [[Benjamin Kiplagat]], Ugandan atleto (n. 1989) == Nobel-premiiziti == *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri fiziko|Fiziko]]: [[Pierre Agostini]], [[Ferenc Krausz]], [[Anne L'Huillier]]<ref>{{Extera ligilo |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/3/pierre-agostini-ferenc-krausz-anne-lhuillier-win-nobel-prize-for-physics |titulo=Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, Anne L’Huillier win Nobel Prize for physics|editero=www.aljazeera.com |vidita ye=4ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri kemio|Kemio]]: [[Moungi Bawendi]], [[Louis Eugene Brus|Louis Brus]], [[Alexei Ivanovich Yekimov|Alexei Yekimov]]<ref>{{citez jurnalo od edituro|autoro=Niklas Pollard, Ludwig Burger|publikigita ye=4ma di oktobro 2023|titulo=Nobel Chemistry prize awarded for 'quantum dots' that bring coloured light to screens |idiomo={{en}} |editero=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/science/bawendi-brus-ekimov-win-2023-nobel-prize-chemistry-2023-10-04/ |vidita ye=4ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri fiziologio o medicino|Fiziologio o Medicino]]: [[Katalin Karikó]], [[Drew Weissman]]<ref name="nobel-2023">{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/summary/|titulo=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023|vidita ye=2ma di oktobro 2023|publikigita ye=2ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri literaturo|Literaturo]]: [[Jon Fosse]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Escritor norueguês Jon Fosse ganha Prêmio Nobel de Literatura|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/escritor-noruegues-jon-fosse-ganha-premio-nobel-de-literatura/|editero=CNN |idiomo={{pt}} |publigikita ye=5ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri paco|Paco]]: [[Narges Mohammadi]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://jornal.unesp.br/2023/10/06/nobel-de-paz-de-2023-vai-para-narges-mohammadi-ativista-que-defende-direitos-das-mulheres-e-combate-pena-de-morte-no-ira/|titulo=Nobel de Paz de 2023 vai para Narges Mohammadi, ativista que defende direitos das mulheres e combate pena de morte no Irã|idiomo={{pt}} |editero=Jornal da Unesp|publikigita ye=6ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri ekonomiko|Ekonomiko]]: [[Claudia Goldin]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2023/popular-information/|titulo=The Prize in Economic Sciences 2023|editero=Nobelprize.org|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=15ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> == Referi == {{reflist}} [[Kategorio:Yari 2020a]] 221lukauluj0814j4firsuxumnr7l7p 1142542 1142541 2026-10-26T21:49:45Z Idisto 28999 /* Morti */ 1142542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{21ma yarcento}} La [[yaro]] '''2023''' (MMXXIII per Romala algarismi) esos ordinara yaro komencinta ye [[sundio]] segun la [[Gregoriala kalendario]]. Ol esis la 23ma yaro de la 3ma yarmilo, la 23ma yaro de la 21ma yarcento, e la 4ma yaro de la [[yari 2020a]]. Dum ca yaro, cesis global urjanteso deklarita da [[Mondal Organizuro pri Saneso]] pro la [[pandemio]] di [[KOVID-19]]. Inter la naturala dizastri qui eventis ca yaro esis la 5ma maxim destruktiva [[ter-tremo]] dil yarcento, qua produktis preske 60 mil mortinti en [[Turkia]] e [[Siria]]; [[ciklono]] ''Freddy'' - la maxim longe duranta de la historio, qua produktis plu kam 1400 morti en [[Malawi]] e [[Mozambik]]; tempesto ''Daniel'', qua produktis adminime 11 mil morti en [[Libia]] ed esis la maxim mortigiva tempesto depos ciklono ''Nargis'' de 2008; ed anke la ter-tremo di [[Maroko]] (2960 morti), e la quar ter-tremi qui eventis en Herat, [[Afganistan]], e produktis plu kam 1400 morti. L'[[invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|invado di Ukraina da Rusia]] e l'[[interna milito di Myanmar]] duris. Ank eventis serio di [[stato-stroko|stato-stroki]], armala konflikti e politikala krizi en multa nacioni di [[Afrika]]. En oktobro, pos atako da [[Hamas]] kontre [[Israel]]ana teritorio, komencis [[milito Israel-Hamas|milito kontre Hamas]] en [[Gaza]]. En 2023 eventis multa developi teknologiala pri [[artifical inteligenteso]], exemple kande organizuro [[OpenAI]] kreis stabila versiono di "babilo-roboto" [[ChatGPT]], e teknologiala grupo ''Alphabet Inc.'', suportita da [[Google]], expansis lua agado en diversa faki di nova teknologii. Ye la 1ma di januaro 2023 on kalkulis ke la [[Tero]] havis {{formatnum:7943}} milion habitanti,<ref>{{extera ligilo |autoro=US Census Bureau |titulo=U.S. Population Estimated at 334,233,854 on Jan. 1, 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/happy-new-year-2023.html |vidita ye=16ma di novembro 2023|editero=Census.gov}}</ref>, e kalkulesis ke ol atingus {{formatnum:8119}} milion individui ye la 1ma di januaro 2024. En aprilo [[India]] superiris [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]] kom la maxim populoza lando de la mondo<ref>{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{en}}|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/un-desa-policy-brief-no-153-india-overtakes-china-as-the-worlds-most-populous-country/ |titulo=UN DESA Policy Brief No. 153: India overtakes China as the world's most populous country{{!}}Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}</ref>. Segun Chiniala horoskopo, 2023 esis la Yaro dil [[Kuniklo]]. == Klimato ed ambiento* == Ye la [[3ma di januaro]], Usana ciencala centro ''National Snow and Ice Data Center'' publikigis raporto pri vasteso di [[glacio]]-kovrajo en [[Antarktika]]. Komparanta 45 yari di satelitala fotografuri, la raporto montris ke la kovrajo esis la min granda de la historio.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106145517/https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/|titulo=Ice down under|publikigita ye=3ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Ye la 25ma di januaro, giganta [[glaciomonto]], kovranta entote 1550 [[quadrata kilometro|km²]] (tam vasta kam urbo [[Sao Paulo (urbo)|Sao Paulo]]) separis su de Antarktika. Tamen, ciencisti del instituto ''British Antarctic Survey'' (BAS) afirmis ke ca evento ne esis konsequo de [[globala varmesko]].<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Iceberg do tamanho de São Paulo se desprende da Antártica|idiomo={{pt}}|editero=Forbes|url=https://forbes.com.br/forbes-tech/2023/01/iceberg-do-tamanho-de-sao-paulo-se-desprende-da-antartica/|publikigita ye=25ma di januaro 2023}}</ref> Ye fino di januaro, pluvegi efektigis inundadi en [[Auckland]], [[Nova-Zelando]], e produktis adminime 4 morti e granda destruktado<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/reuters/2023/01/31/inundacoes-em-auckland-devem-continuar-com-previsao-de-novas-tempestades.htm|titulo=Inundações em Auckland devem continuar com previsão de novas tempestades|editero=UOL |publikigita ye=31ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref>. Dum la komenco di januaro, [[Latvia]] frapesis da la maxim serioza inundadi pro desfrosto depos 1981.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.diariodepernambuco.com.br/noticia/mundo/2023/01/letonia-e-atingida-por-piores-inundacoes-em-decadas.html|titulo=Letônia é atingida por piores inundações em décadas|editero=Diário de Pernambuo|autoro=AFP|publikigita ye=15ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> Ye la [[26ma di januaro]], tropikala tempesto ''Cheneso'' frapis [[Madagaskar]], afektis 89 mil personi, e produktis 30 morti e 20 plusa homi desaparinta.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Tempestade tropical mata 30 pessoas em Madagascar; milhares estão desalojados|editero=G1 |autoro=AFP|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/01/31/tempestade-tropical-mata-30-pessoas-em-madagascar-milhares-estao-desalojados.ghtml|publikigita ye=31ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> Ye la [[30ma di januaro]] komencis serio di forestala incendii en la sudo di [[Chili]], qui produktis 24 morti e plu kam 2000 plusa homi vundita. Plu kam 12 milion [[hektaro|hektari]] brulesis. [[Ciklono]] ''Freddy'', qua originis ye la [[5ma di februaro]] proxim minora Insuli Sunda, che [[Indiana Oceano]], frapis sudal [[Afrika]] ([[Madagaskar]], [[Mozambik]], [[Eswatini]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Malawi]], [[Sudafrika]], [[Zambia]], insuli Mascarenhas), ante desaparar ye la [[14ma di marto]]. Ol frapis kelka loki nur kom tropikala tempesto, ma altra loki frapesis per venti qui atingis 270 kilometri po horo. Ol esis la maxim duranta e longe parkuranta tempesto de la historio, e produktis entote 1434 morti e 556 plusa homi desaparinta. La tempesto eventis meze epidemio di [[kolero]] en Mozambik e Malawi, e plumaleskis la severeso dil epidemio. Ye la 12ma di februaro, [[ciklono]] ''Gabrielle'' frapis [[Nova-Zelando]] e produktis adminime 11 morti e severa inundadi.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=New Zealand's cyclone death toll at 11, thousands still missing|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/cyclone-death-toll-new-zealand-rises-11-recovery-continues-2023-02-18/|publikigita ye=19ma di februaro 2023|editero=Reuters|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Ye la [[19ma di februaro]] eventis violentoza pluvego en la norda litoro dil stato [[Sao Paulo (stato)|Sao Paulo]], en [[Brazilia]]. Sur urbo [[São Sebastião, São Paulo|São Sebastião]] falis plu kam 600 mm di pluvi, qui efektigis dizastroza terglitadi e produktis plu kam 36 morti, cirkume 40 desaparinti, e granda destruktado.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2023/02/20/sp-sobe-para-37-o-numero-de-mortos-vitimados-pelas-chuvas-no-litoral-norte.htm|titulo=SP: Sobe para 40 o número de mortos vitimados pelas chuvas no litoral norte |editero=UOL|publikigita ye=20ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> En februaro e marto, landi de sudal [[Europa]] konfrontis serioza [[sikeso]], en qua kelka riveri e kanali divenis komplete senaqua. Nivuro en [[Alpi]] diminutis per 63%, segun ciencal organizuro ''CIMA Research Foundation''.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Dry canals, low rivers and shrunken lakes: Europe braces for severe drought amid winter heatwave|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/24/europe/europe-winter-drought-rivers-climate-intl/index.html |editero=CNN|publikigita ye=24ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Pro la poka pluvo-quanto e nivuro, Franca guvernerio decidis proskriptar 9 nova granda projeti pri domo-konstruktado en la sudo di la lando por la proxima 4 yari. La manko di aquo anke minacas navigado en kelk arei.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.wired.com/story/europe-drought-2023/|titulo=Europe is bracing for (another) devastating drought|editero=Wired|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=14ma di marto 2023}}</ref> En [[Peru]] ed [[Equador]], [[ciklono]] ''Yaku'' produktis adminime 8 morti e granda destruktado de la 7ma til la 20ma di marto. Ank en marto e komenco di aprilo, forta pluvi en la [[Norda regiono (Brazilia)|norda]] ed en la [[Nord-estala regiono (Brazilia)|Nord-estala]] regioni di [[Brazilia]] afektis mili di personi en diversa urbi. Che urbo [[Rio Branco, Acre]], pluvis dum 24 hori inter la 24ma e la 25ma di marto, 75% de la pluvo-quanto expektata por tota monato marto.<ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://g1.globo.com/ac/acre/noticia/2023/03/25/chuvas-causam-estragos-em-ao-menos-5-estados-do-norte-acre-tem-mais-de-32-mil-atingidos-e-amazonas-tem-casas-arrastadas-pela-agua.ghtml|titulo=Chuvas causam estragos em 6 estados do Norte e do Nordeste; AC tem mais de 32 mil atingidos e AM tem casas arrastadas pela água|editero=G1|publikigita ye=25ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> Dum [[autuno]] en norda misfero, kelka regioni enrejistris rekordi di alta temperaturi, exemple 36°C (96°F) en Windsor Locks, [[Connecticut]], [[Usa]] ye la [[14ma di aprilo]], 38,8°C en [[Córdoba, Hispania]] ye la 27ma di aprilo, e 36,1°C en [[Shanghai]], [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]], ye la 29ma di mayo. Ye la [[21ma di aprilo]] en [[Myanmar]], violentoza [[tornado]] frapis vilaji Aung Myin Kone e Tadaw, proxim la chef-urbo [[Naypyidaw]], produktanta adminime 8 morti e 128 plusa homi vundita, e destruktanta adminime 232 domi. Ye la [[29ma di aprilo]], decensanta ventegi frapis sudala [[Texas]] e produktis deki di mili di dolari en domaji.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=IEM :: pns from NWS BRO |url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=PNSBRO&e=202305011735|vidita ye=2ma di agosto 2023}}</ref> De la 19ma di mayo til la 3ma di junio, [[tifono]] ''Mawar'', anke konocata kom "supertifono ''Betty''", la maxim violentoza enrejistrita dum monato mayo en la historio, produktis 2 morti en [[Guam]], 1 en [[Filipini]], 1 en [[Taiwan]] e 2 en [[Japonia]], e granda destruktado. Dum [[somero]] en norda misfero, temperaturi en multa loki atingis historiala rekordi. Exemple [[Palermo]], [[Sicilia]], enrejistris 47[[Celsius|°C]]<ref name=ola>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Ola de calor sin precedentes: incendios forestales azotan 4 continentes (FOTOS)|idiomo={{es}}|url=https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/474495-calor-incendios-forestales-continentes|publikigita ye=26ma di julio 2023|editero=RT}}</ref>. En [[Tunis]], [[Tunizia]], enrejistresis 50°C<ref name=ola/>, ed en [[Amman]], [[Jordania]], enrejistresis 39°C. Diversa incendii en multa loki di Usa ed Europa augmentis la destruktado. De la 19ma til la 29ma di julio, [[tifono]] ''Doksuri'' frapis [[Filipini]], [[Taiwan]], [[Vietnam]] e [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]] e produktis entote 137 morti e 289 plusa homi vundita e 46 desaparinti. Ol ank efektigis 15,4 miliard dolari en materiala domaji, ed esis la 2ma maxim destruktiva tifono di la historio, e la maxim destruktiva di Popul-Republiko Chinia. Ye la 1ma di agosto, [[Iran]] deklaris vakancodio en tota la lando dum du dii, pro la temperaturi extreme alta, klozanta tota skoli, banki e publika kontori<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://news.sky.com/story/iran-announces-nationwide-shutdown-due-to-soaring-heat-12931849|titulo=Iran announces nationwide shutdown due to soaring heat|editero=Sky News|publikigita ye=1ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Ye la 3ma di agosto, komencis serio di inundadi pro pluvegi en sudal [[Austria]] ([[Karintia]]) e [[Slovenia]]. En 48 hori, pluvis 275 mm en Loibl, Slovenia<ref name=":1">{{extera ligilo|url=https://siol.net/novice/slovenija/vse-te-ceste-so-zaradi-posledic-neurja-zaprte-612667 |titulo=Nočna mora na Gorenjskem in Koroškem. Razmere so katastrofalne. #video|editero=siol.net|vidita ye=4ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{sl}}}}</ref>, e 3 personi mortis<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2485415-noodweer-in-slovenie-twee-nederlanders-omgekomen |titulo=Noodweer in Slovenië, twee Nederlanders omgekomen|publikigita ye=4ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{nl}}}}</ref>. Segun raporto publikigita ye la 8ma di agosto 2023 dal Europana sistemo ''Copernicus Programmme'' kreita por studiar klimatala chanji, julio 2023 esis la maxim varma julio segun historiala registragi<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/july-was-worlds-hottest-record-eu-scientists-say-2023-08-08/|titulo=July was world's hottest on record, EU scientists say|editero=Reuters|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=8ma di agosto 2023}}</ref>. La recenta varmesko klimatala afektabas serioze la quanto di [[glacio]] en [[Alpi]]: segun studii publikigita da Autrian Akademio pri Cienci, en agosto, la glacieri di Estal Alpi desaparigos komplete ante 2050<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://sputniknews.lat/20230821/estiman-que-los-glaciares-de-los-alpes-orientales-desapareceran-hacia-2050-1142887717.html|titulo=Estiman que los glaciares de los Alpes Orientales desaparecerán hacia 2050|editero=Sputnik|publigikita ye=21ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref>. En [[Kanada]], forestal incendii komencis ye la 1ma di marto 2023, e til la 20ma di agosto li destruktabis plu kam 14 milion hektari (cirkume 5% ek la foreti di la lando) ed efektigis la morto di 5 personi, e la diplaso di {{formatnum:155856}} plusa homi til la 7ma di julio<ref name="ABCnews_July7">{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/wildfires-canada-broken-records-area-burned-evacuations-cost-100806230 |titulo=Wildfires in Canada have broken records for area burned, evacuations and cost, official says |publikigita ye=7ma di julio 2023|vidita ye=8ma di julio 2023|editero=The Associated Press|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Lor la "fairala sezono" di 2023 en Nord-Amerika judikesis kom la maxim mala de la historio, e superiris olta di 2020. La fumo emisita afektis la qualeso dil aero en multa urbi, ed en junio ol trairis [[Atlantiko]] ed atingis Europa. En [[Italia]], nome en [[Sicilia]], fairi komencis ye la 23ma di julio, e til la 28ma di julio li destruktabis {{formatnum:51386}} hektari<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Incendi, da inizio anno andati in fumo 51.386 ettari in Italia |url=https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/cronaca/incendi-in-fumo-51-386-ettari-in-italia_67721989-202302k.shtml |vidita ye=28ma di julio 2023 |idiomo={{it}}|editero=tgcom24.mediaset.it}}</ref>. Samatempe, violentoza tempesti frapis la nordo di la lando. De la 16ma til la 24ma di agosto, [[uragano]] ''Hilary'', kategorizita kom "4" segun forteso di venti, frapis [[Basa Kalifornia]] e pose la sudo di [[Kalifornia]], en Usa. Ol esis l'unesma uragano en la regiono pos 84 yari<ref>{{Extera ligilo |publikigita ye=2023-08-20 |titulo=Rain from Tropical Storm Hilary lashes California and Mexico, swamping roads and trapping cars |url=https://apnews.com/article/hilary-tropical-storm-flooding-california-mexico-f89aeddeb62d55c935699ac81ca85f1d |vidita ye=23ma di agosto 2023 |editero=AP News |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. De la 22ma di agosto til la 3ma di septembro, tifono ''Saola'' o ''Goring'' frapis la sudo di Taiwan, la nordo di Filipini e la sudo di Popul-Republiko Chinia. Ye la 4ma di septembro, tifono ''Haikui'' frapis Taiwan, e koaktis l'evakuo di 7 mil personi. Ne eventis morti, tamen l'intensa pluvi efektigis inundadi e granda destruktado. En septembro, pluvegi en la centro e la sudo di Hispania produktis du morti, du desaparinti ed efektigis granda inundadi e destruktado<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.yucatan.com.mx/internacional/2023/9/4/fuertes-lluvias-dejan-dos-muertos-dos-desaparecidos-numerosos-incidentes-en-espana-430062.html|titulo=Fuertes lluvias dejan dos muertos, dos desaparecidos y numerosos incidentes en España|editero=Diario de Yucatán|idiomo={{es}}|publikigita ye=4ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. Ye la [[4ma di septembro]], [[ciklono]] frapis la centro e la nordo di [[Brazilia]]na stato [[Rio Grande do Sul]], efektigis pluvego ed inundadi en multa urbi e produktis adminime 21 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2023/09/05/ciclone-extratropical-mortes-destruicao-rio-grande-do-sul.ghtml |titulo=Ciclone extratropical mata 6 no RS; em SC, tempestade deixa 1 morto|editero=G1|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=5ma di septembro 2023}}</ref><ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2023/09/05/sobe-para-21-numero-de-vitimas-do-ciclone-extratropical-no-rs-confirma-governador.ghtml|titulo=Sobe para 21 número de vítimas do ciclone extratropical no RS|editero=G1|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=5ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. Ye la 6ma di septembro, tempesto ''Daniel'' frapis Turkia, Grekia e Bulgaria, efektigis grava inundadi e granda destruktado, e produktis en ca landi rispektive 7, 17 e 4 morti<ref name=Daniel/>. Che urbo Voros, distanta 330 km norde de [[Athina]], pluvis 375 mm en 14 hori, dekople la quanto di pluvi expektita por la tota monato.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/06/europe/greece-europe-extreme-weather-climate-intl/index.html|titulo=At least seven killed as Storm Daniel lashes southern Europe|editero=CNN|idioma={{en}}|publikigita ye=6ma di septembro 2023}}</ref> Pose, ''Daniel'' trairis Mediteraneo e frapis nord-estala [[Libia]] de la 10ma til la 12ma di septembro. Ibe ol produktis adminime {{formatnum:4333}} morti e {{formatnum:10000}} plusa homi desaparinta<ref name=Daniel>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Libya counts over 2,500 victims as storm Daniel's devastation unfolds|url=https://www.albawaba.com/news/libya-counts-over-2500-victims-storm-daniels-devastation-unfolds-1533870|autoro=Mansour Al-Maswari |editero=Albawaba News|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=11ma di septembro 2023}}</ref><ref name="cnnnew">{{extera ligilo |autoro=Salih Akbarzai, Richard Roth|titulo=UN revises previous high Libya death toll|publikigita ye=17ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{en}} |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/17/africa/un-revises-libya-death-toll/index.html |editero=CNN}}</ref>. En [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]] eventis granda inundadi en [[provinco Guangdong|Guangdong]] e [[provinco Fujian|Fujian]] kande ciklono ''Haikui'' frapis li ye la 8ma di septembro. Pluvegi en [[Hong-Kong]] e [[Shenzhen]] atingis historiala rekordi en 140 yari<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Hong Kong, Shenzhen deluged by heaviest rain on record|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2023|editero=Reuters|publikigita ye=8ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. Ye la 11ma di septembro, urbo Leominster, en [[Massachusetts]] deklaris urjanteso-stando pos ke 280-milimetra pluvego efektigis giganta inundado. Ye komenco di oktobro, anuncesis ke la [[sikeso]] en la [[Norda regiono (Brazilia)|Norda]] e [[Nord-estala regiono (Brazilia)|Nord-estala]] regioni di Brazilia ja esis la maxim serioza depos la yaro 1980. La manko di pluvi nocis la distributado di aquo por homala uzo e la produktado di elektro e nutrivi<ref name=Olhar>{{extera ligilo|url=https://olhardigital.com.br/2023/10/04/ciencia-e-espaco/norte-e-nordeste-enfrentam-pior-seca-desde-1980-especialistas-alertam-para-consequencias/|titulo=Norte e Nordeste enfrentam pior seca desde 1980; especialistas alertam para consequências|editero=Olhar Digital|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=4ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. Multa fishi ed exempleri di [[Amazoniana riverala delfino]] (''Inia geoffrensis'') mortis pro diminutado di volumino di aquo en riveri, ed augmento di la temperaturo<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/natureza/amazonia/noticia/2023/10/10/seca-historica-ja-matou-141-botos-no-lago-de-tefe-no-amazonas.ghtml|titulo=Sobe para 141 número de botos mortos durante a seca no Amazonas|editero=G1|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=10ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. Segun previdado meteorologiala, la sikeso en la regiono - afektanta 8 stati: [[Amazonas (Brazilia)|Amazonas]], [[Pará]], [[Acre]], [[Amapá]], [[Maranhão]], [[Piauí]], [[Bahia]] e [[Sergipe]] durus adminime til januaro 2024<ref name=Olhar/>. De la 4ma til la 5ma di oktobro en [[Sikkim]], [[India]], pluvegi efektigis brechizo che glaciala lago Suda Lhonak e sequante inundado, qua arivis al aquobarilo Teesta III e produktis lua rupto. Plu kam 74 personi mortis konseque<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2493456-meer-lichamen-gevonden-na-overstromingen-en-dijkdoorbraak-india-74-doden|titulo=Meer lichamen gevonden na overstromingen en dijkdoorbraak India, 74 doden|vidita ye=15ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Ye la 25ma di oktobro, uragano ''Otis'' frapis [[Acapulco]], [[Mexikia]], per venti qui atingis 270 km/h, e produktis adminime 39 morti. Ol esis l'unesma uragano di [[Pacifiko]] qua atingis kategorio ''5'' che skalo Saffir-Simpson.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/oct/27/hurricane-otis-the-eastern-pacifics-first-inland-category-5-storm|titulo=Hurricane Otis hits Mexico and continues with category 5 intensity|surnomo=Williams|nomo=Matt|editero=The Guardian|publikigita ye=27ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=27ma di oktobro 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> En novembro, reprezentanti de diversa nacioni kunvenis en [[Uzbekistan]] por konfero di la Kunveno dil Unionita Nacioni por Kombatar Dezertigo (Angle: ''United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification'', abreviita UNCCD). Reprezentanti de Afrikana nacioni emfazis ke globala konflikti, nome en [[Ukraina]] e [[Gaza]] deviacis internaciona kapitali qui uzesus por kombatar [[dezertigo]] en lia landi. On kalkulis ke plu kam 110 milion individui en [[Afrika]] afektesis direte por klimatala problemi e [[sikeso]] en 2022, e la domaji superiris 7,7 miliard Euri.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.dw.com/en/global-conflicts-overshadowing-african-desertification/a-67505050|titulo=Global conflicts overshadowing African desertification|editero=DW|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=21ma di novembro 2023|vidita ye=1ma di januaro 2024}}</ref> Ank en novembro, publikigesis studiuro montranta ke la granda fumonubi de incendii en [[Australia]] en 2019-2020 pluforteskis fenomeno [[La-Ninya]] en 2020-2022 e, nedirete, afektis la klimato ank en 2023.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2023/11/the-unusual-2023-atlantic-hurricane-season-ends/|titulo=The unusual 2023 Atlantic hurricane season ends|editero=Yale Climate Conditions|idomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=30ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> Ye la [[3ma di decembro]], inundadi e terglitadi en [[Tanzania]] produktis 47 morti e vundis plusa 85 homi. L'inundado eventis pos periodo di forta sikeso<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2419801/world |idiomo={{en}}|titulo=At least 47 dead in Tanzania landslides: local official|editero=Arab News |publikigita ye=3ma di decembro 2023}}</ref>. Ye la 9ma e la 10ma di decembro, diversa [[tornado|tornadi]] frapis Usana stato [[Tennessee]], e produktis 7 morti, 71 plusa homi vundita e granda materiala destruktado. Ye la 17ma di decembro, violentoza tempesto kun venti de plu kam 150 km po horo frapis [[Bahía Blanca]], en [[Arjentinia]], e produktis adminime 13 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/severe-storm-strikes-coastal-city-argentina-least-13-dead-2023-12-17/|titulo=Severe storm strikes coastal city in Argentina, at least 13 dead|editero=Reuters|publikigita ye=17ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Ye la [[26ma di decembro]], ventegi e sturmi produktis adminime 10 morti en [[Australia]]na stati [[Quinslando]] e [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=9 people have died in wild weather in Australian states, officials say|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/9-people-died-wild-weather-australian-states-queensland-105933170|editero=ABC News|publikigita ye=26ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Ye la [[28ma di decembro]], sturmo ''Gerrit'' frapis [[Unionita Rejio]] per venti qui atingis 128 km/h en rivala regioni, portis pluvegi e nivo a multa regioni, interuptis transporto en chosei e ferovoyi, ed interuptis furniso di elektro.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Storm Gerrit damages houses and leaves thousands without power as it batters UK|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/storm-gerrit-damages-houses-leaves-thousands-power-batters-105960674|editero=ABC News|publikigita ye=28ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Ye la lasta semano di decembro, pluvegi che [[Demokratial Republiko Kongo]] efektigis inundadi e terglitadi, e produktis plu kam 60 morti<ref name="Kongo"/>. Ye la [[30ma di decembro]], rapida inundadi produktis 21 morti en [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Sudafrika]]. Ye la 8ma di novembro, Europana meteorologiala observatorio ''Copernicus'' anuncis ke la yaro 2023 esus la maxim varma yaro de la pasinta 125 mil yari<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://g1.globo.com/meio-ambiente/noticia/2023/11/08/2023-deve-ser-o-ano-mais-quente-dos-ultimos-125-mil-anos-dizem-cientistas.ghtml|titulo=2023 deve ser o ano mais quente em 125 mil anos, diz observatório europeu|editero=G1|publikigita ye=8ma di novembro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref>. Datumi publikigita da Japoniana Agenterio pri Meteorologio ''Kishō-chō'' ye la 2ma di januaro 2024, montris ke 2023 esis la maxim varma yaro segun global enrejistrado, e la mezavalora temperaturi superiris per 1,43 °C la mezavalora lineo di temperaturi enrejistrita de 1850 til 1900.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://climatlas.com/temperature/jra55_temperature.php |titulo=Global temperatures|publikigita ye=2ma di januaro 2024|publikigo=Climatlas |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> == Eventi == ===Januaro=== * [[1ma di januaro]] - [[Kroatia]] adoptas [[Euro]] kom monetaro. * 1ma di januaro - [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] asumas triesmafoye kom prezidanto di [[Brazilia]], pos vinkir la duesma balotado di prezidantal elekto eventinta ye la 31ma di oktobro 2022. * [[7ma di januaro]] - En [[Israel]], komencas serio di stradala protesti kontre reformo di [[judiciala povo]] propozita da [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. * [[8ma di januaro]] - Suporteri di [[Jair Bolsonaro]], ex-prezidanto di [[Brazilia]], invadas l'edifici di Nacionala Kongreso, di prezidantala palaco e di la Supra Federala Tribunalo, che urbo [[Brasília]], e produktas granda destruktado.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|idiomo={{pt}}|url=https://istoe.com.br/bolsonaristas-golpistas-invadem-sedes-dos-tres-poderes/|titulo=Bolsonaristas golpistas invadem sedes dos três poderes|publikigita ye=8ma di januaro 2023|vidita ye=8ma di januaro 2023|editero=IstoÉ}}</ref> Kom respondo, prezidanto [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] dekretas federala interveno en Brasília.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Lula decreta intervenção federal no DF até 31 de janeiro |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2023/01/08/lula-decreta-intervencao-federal-no-df-ate-31-de-janeiro.htm|idiomo={{pt}}|autoro=Gabriela Vinhal, Igor Melo|publikigita ye=8ma di januaro 2023|vidita ye=8ma di januaro 2023|editero=UOL}}</ref> * [[18ma di januaro]] - [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]] renuncas la prezidanteso di [[Vietnam]] pro korupto-skandalo. * [[11ma di januaro]] - Suocidanta teroristo del [[Islamana Stato|Islamana Stato - Provinco Khorasan]] explozas su e mortigas adminime 20 personi en [[Kabul]], [[Afganistan]]. * [[19ma di januaro]] - Komencas serio di [[striko|striki]] en [[Paris]] ed en altra loki di [[Francia]] kontre modifiko en pensiono-sistemo. La striki duros dum plu kam 2 monati. * [[20ma di januaro]] - Parlamento di [[Trinidad e Tobago]] elektas chefministrino [[Christine Kangaloo]] kom prezidanto di la lando, per 48 voti kontre 22. * [[25ma di januaro]] - [[Chris Hipkins]] sucedas [[Jacinda Ardern]] kom chefministro di [[Nova-Zelando]], pos elua renunco.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|surnomo=McClure|nomo=Tess|publikigita ye=22ma di januaro 2023 |titulo=New Zealand: Chris Hipkins taking over from Jacinda Ardern on Wednesday |editero=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/22/new-zealand-labour-caucus-votes-in-chris-hipkins-to-succeed-jacinda-ardern|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * 27ma til la [[28ma di januaro]] - Eventas la duesma votado por prezidanto en [[Chekia]], e [[Petr Pavel]] proklamesas vinkinto. * [[30ma di januaro]] - Adminime 59 personi mortas e plusa 170 homi vundesas pos ke teroristo detonigas explozivi atachita a sua korpo che [[moskeo]] en [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64451936?zephr-modal-register|titulo= Pakistan mosque blast: Police targeted in attack that kills 47|sitioweb=BBC News|vidita ye=30ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> === Februaro === * [[3ma di februaro]] - Defens-autoritatozi de [[Usa]] anuncas ke observo-baloni de [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]] detektesis fluganta super [[Latin Amerika]], [[Kanada]] ed [[Usa]]. On suspektas ke ca baloni uzesas por spionado.<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Another Chinese 'surveillance balloon' is flying over Latin America, Pentagon says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/chinese-balloon-cause-civilian-injuries-deaths-rcna69052 |vidita ye=4ma di februaro 2023|editero=NBC News|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[6ma di februaro]] - Du [[Ter-tremo|ter-tremi]] frapas la sudo di [[Turkia]] e la nordo di [[Siria]]; un ek li en la provinco Gaziantep, kun forteso 7.8 che [[skalo di Richter]], e l'altru kun forteso 7.5 en la provinco Kahramanmaraş. La du efektigas granda destruktado e produktas {{formatnum:50783}} morti, 297 desaparinta e {{formatnum:121704}} plusa homi vundita en Turkia<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Son Dakika... Süleyman Soylu açıkladı: Depremde can kaybı 50 bin 783 oldu|url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/siyaset/son-dakika-suleyman-soylu-acikladi-depremde-can-kaybi-50-bin-783-oldu-2074031|editero=Cumhuriyet |publikigita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023 |idiomo={{tr}}}}</ref>, e {{formatnum:8476}} morti e {{formatnum:14500}} plusa homi vundita en Siria<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Devastating Earthquakes in Southern Türkiye and Northern Syria, April 6th 2023, Situation raport 20 [EN/TR]|url=https://reliefweb.int/raport/turkiye/devastating-earthquakes-southern-turkiye-and-northern-syria-april-6th-2023-situation-raport-20-entr|publikigo=International Blue Crescent|editero=Reliefweb|publikigita ye=6ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}</ref>. * [[9ma di februaro]] - [[Polonia]] klozas la precipua frontierala paseyo kun [[Bielorusia]], pro la kresko di tensi inter la du landi.<ref>{{citez jurnalo od edituro|publikigita ye=9ma di februaro 2023|titulo=Poland to close Bielorusia border crossing until further notice, Minsk unhappy |idiomo={{en}}|editero=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/Europa/poland-close-Bielorusia-border-crossing-until-further-notice-says-minister-2023-02-09/ }}</ref> * [[13ma di februaro]] - Eventas prezidantal elekto en [[Bangladesh]], kun [[Shahabuddin Chuppu]] kom sola kandidato por sucedar [[Mohammad Abdul Hamid]]. * [[15ma di februaro]] - En Los Planes, [[Panama]], acidento kun autobuso transportanta ekmigranti kun destino ad Usa produktas 41 morti.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/230215/accidente-chiriqui-deja-heridos-victimas-mortales|titulo=Accidente en Chiriquí deja varios heridos y víctimas mortales|vidita ye=15ma di februaro 2023|apellido=Panamá|Nomo=GESE-La Estrella de|editero=La Estrella de Panamá|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[19ma di februaro]] - Pluvego che norda litoro dil stato [[Sao Paulo (stato)|Sao Paulo]], [[Brazilia]] efektigas inundadi e ter-glitadi kun granda destrukto di imobli, precipue en urbi [[São Sebastião, São Paulo|São Sebastião]] ed [[Ubatuba]]. Adminime 57 personi mortas, di qui 56 en São Sebastião.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2023/02/19/chuvas-causam-enchentes-pelo-litoral-norte-de-sao-paulo-veja.htm|titulo=Litoral de SP: chuva deixa 36 mortos, interdita rodovias e cancela Carnaval|publikigita ye=19ma di februaro 2023|editero=UOL |idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref><ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2023/02/24/sp-sobe-para-57-numero-de-mortes-apos-chuvas-no-litoral-norte.htm|titulo=SP: Sobe para 57 número de mortes após chuvas no litoral norte |editero=UOL|publikigita ye=24ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[23ma di februaro]] - [[Ter-tremo]] kun forteso 6.8 til 7.2 che [[skalo di Richter]] frapas [[Tadjikistan]] e parto di [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]]. * [[26ma di februaro]] - Adminime 59 personi mortas kande batelo transportanta plu kam 150 personi de [[Afganistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] e [[Siria]] naufrajas proxim Crotone, [[Italia]]. On kredas ke la batelo havis ecesiva pezo.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Naufrágio próximo à Itália deixa ao menos 59 migrantes mortos; 12 eram crianças|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/02/naufragio-proximo-a-italia-deixa-mais-de-40-migrantes-mortos.shtml|editero=Folha de S.Paulo|publikigita ye=26ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[28ma di februaro]] - En [[Grekia]], du treni voyajanta en opozita direcioni - un ek li transportanta vari e l'altru transportanta pasajeri - kolizionas proxim urbo [[Larissa]]. L'acidento efektigas incendio e produktas adminime 36 morti e 85 plusa homi vundita.<ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/03/acidente-com-trens-na-grecia-gerou-temperatura-superior-a-1300oc-em-vagao.shtml|titulo=Acidente com trens na Grécia gerou temperatura superior a 1.300°C em vagão|editero=UOL|autoro=Reuters|publikigita ye=1ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> === Marto === * [[2ma di marto]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: che [[oblast Briansk]], [[Rusia]], eventas ataki kontre du frontierala vilaji, en qua du civili mortigesas, e 10-yar evanta puero vundesas serioze. Pose, nacionalisti Rusa de extrema dextra asumas l'autoreso dil ataki.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Rusia denuncia la muerte de dos personas en un ataque de "saboteadores ucranianos" en la región de Briansk|url=https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-rusia-denuncia-muerte-persona-ataque-saboteadores-ucranianos-region-briansk-20230302102308.html|vidita ye= 6ma di marto 2023|publikigita ye=2ma di marto 2023|editero=www.europapress.es|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * 2ma di marto - Ciencala Usana jurnalo ''Science'' publikigas artiklo montranta ke incendii en boreala foresti - qui ordinare reprezentas 10% del emiso globala di [[karbobioxo|CO₂]] - reprezentis 23% de globala emisi di ca polutanto en 2021. To esis la maxim alta chifro depos la yaro 2000. <ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade0805|titulo=Record-high CO2 emissions from boreal fires in 2021 |editero=Science |publikigita ye=2 March 2023 |volumo=379|idiomo={{en}}|pagini=912-917 |doi=10.1126/science.ade0805|autoro=Bo Zheng, Philippe Cials, ed altri}}</ref> * [[6ma di marto]] - En [[Indonezia]], terglitado en la regiono Kabupaten Natuna produktas adminime 50 morti e cirkume 4 plusa homi restas desaparinta.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Update Longsor Natuna: Korban Tewas Jadi 36 Orang, 18 Masih Hilang |editero=CNN Indonesia |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20230311130134-20-923715/update-longsor-natuna-korban-tewas-jadi-36-orang-18-masih-hilang |vidita ye=12ma di marto 2023 |publikigo=nasional |idiomo={{id}}}}</ref> * [[10ma di marto]] - Usana [[banko]] ''Silicon Valley Bank'', la 16ma maxim granda de Usa, bankrotas. To krea timo pri bankroto di altra granda banki.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|autoro=Karl Russell, Christine Zhang|publikigita ye=11ma di marto 2023|titulo=The Second-Biggest Bank Failure |editero=The New York Times|idiomo={{en}}|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/03/10/business/bank-failures-silicon-valley-collapse.html |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * [[13ma di marto]] - [[Ciklono]] ''Yaku'' frapas [[Lima]], [[Peru]], efektigas pluvego kun granda inundadi e terglitadi, e produktas adminime 5 morti.<ref>{{extera ligilo |titulo=Perú: lluvias dejan cinco muertos, inundaciones y derrumbes|editero=San Diego Union-Tribune |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/story/2023-03-13/peru-lluvias-dejan-cinco-muertos-inundaciones-y-derrumbes|publikigita ye=13ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[17ma di marto]] - L'Internaciona Kriminala Korto lansas arest-impero kontre Rusa prezidanto [[Vladimir Putin]], pro mortigi dum l'[[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina]].<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Russia-Ukraine war live: Biden welcomes Putin arrest warrant as UK says Moscow likely to expand conscription |editero=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/mar/18/russia-ukraine-war-live-xxxxx |publikigita ye=18ma di marto 2023 |vidita ye=18ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[18ma di marto]] - [[Ter-tremo]] kun [[epicentro]] en Balao, municipo distanta 140 kilometri de [[Guayaquil]], frapas [[Equador]] kun forteso 6.5 che [[skalo di Richter]]. Ol anke frapas min intense [[Peru]], [[Chili]] e [[Mexikia]], e produktas adminime 13 morti en Equador.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Terremoto atinge Equador, Peru, Chile e México; há ao menos 13 mortos |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/internacional/ultimas-noticias/2023/03/18/terremoto-equador-peru-paises-mortes.htm|editero=UOL |publikigita ye=18ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[19ma di marto]] - [[Suisia|Suisa]] koloko-banko ''UBS Group AG'' aceptas komprar banko ''Credit Suisse'' po 3 miliard [[Suisa franko|Suisa franki]], pos konkordo negociita kun Suisa guvernerio e la Nacionala Banko Suisa. * [[26ma di marto]] - Eventas grandega spontana protesti en diversa urbi [[Israel]]ana, pos ke chefministro [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] demisionas ilua defenso-ministro, qua disursis kontre la judiciala reformo propozata. * [[28ma di marto]] - Adminime 40 personi mortas dum incendio en diteneyo por migranti nelegala en [[Ciudad Juarez]], [[Mexikia]].<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/pelo-menos-40-imigrantes-morrem-em-incendio-durante-protesto-em-centro-de-detencao-no-mexico/|titulo=Pelo menos 40 imigrantes morrem em incêndio durante protesto em centro de detenção no México|editero=CNN Brasil |publikigita ye=28ma di marto 2023|vidita ye=28ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[29ma di marto]] - Unesmafoye [[Islamo|mohamedano]], [[Hamza Yusuf]], divenas chefa ministro di [[Skotia]]. * [[30ma di marto]] - En [[New-York]], jurio akuzas ex-prezidanto [[Donald Trump]] pri sekrete pagar ex-pornografial aktorino Stormy Daniels por ne divulgar afero inter le du ante prezidantal elekto di 2016, e samatempe mentiar pri la karaktero di la pago, dicante ke ol esis pago pri servado di advokati.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/03/30/donald-trump-e-indiciado-em-caso-de-atriz-porno-diz-new-york-times.ghtml|editero=G1|titulo=Donald Trump é acusado formalmente em caso de suborno a atriz pornô; promotoria negocia rendição|publikigita ye=30ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> === Aprilo === * [[4ma di aprilo]] - [[Finlando]] membreskas [[NATO]]. * 4ma di aprilo - Ex-prezidanto di Usa [[Donald Trump]] formale akuzesas pri [[fraudo]], relate pago facita ad ex-pornografial aktorino ante l'elekto di 2016, por ke el ne revelis ke ambe havis afero. La pago mencionesis da lu kom "pago ad advokati". Unesmafoye en la historio di [[Usa]], ula ex-prezidanto formale akuzesis ante judiciala korto.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo="Un complot ilegal": la acusación sin precedentes contra Trump por falsificar información para ocultar delitos|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-65181288 |editero=BBC News Mundo|vidita ye=9ma di aprilo 20239|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[11ma di aprilo]] - En [[Myanmar]], aer-armeo bombardas vilajo Pazigyi, e produktas 165 morti.<ref>{{extera ligilo|publikigita ye=12ma di aprilo 2023 |titulo= Myanmar's junta kills over 100 including women, children in a deadly airstrike on village: Report|editero=India TV News |idiomo={{en}}|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/myanmar-junta-killed-over-more-than-100-including-women-children-live-updates-airstrike-village-kant-balu-sagaing-min-aung-hlaing-aung-san-suu-kyi-2023-04-12-862665}}</ref> * [[15ma di aprilo]] - [[Germania]] klozas lua lasta nuklear elektriferio. * 15ma di aprilo - En [[Khartoum]] e [[Darfur]], komencas [[Interna milito di Sudan (depos 2023)|armala konflikto]] inter rivala grupi de la militala guvernerio di [[Sudan]]. La konflikti produktis 413 morti e mili di plusa homi vundita til la 21ma di aprilo, segun [[Mondal Organizuro pri Saneso]].<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-sudan-conflict-2023-rsf-explained/|titulo=Sudan’s conflict explained: What’s behind the latest fighting?|editero=The Globe and Mail|publikigita ye=21ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[19ma di aprilo]] - Tumulto en amasego di individui qui expektis recevar donacaji en [[Sanaa]], [[Yemen]], produktas adminime 78 morti.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/19/middleeast/yemen-sanaa-crowd-surge-intl/index.html|titulo=‘People sacrificed their lives for just 10 dollars’: At least 78 killed in Yemen crowd surge|editero=CNN|publikigita ye=20ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[20ma di aprilo]] - En Boca Chica, [[Texas]], [[fuzeo]] ''Starship'' de kompanio ''Space X'' da [[Elon Musk]] explozas 4 minuti pos lansado.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/20/science/spacex-launch-explosion-elon-musk.html|titulo=SpaceX’s Starship ‘Learning Experience’ Ends in Explosion|editero=The New York Times|publikigita ye=20ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[22ma di aprilo]] - Adminime 9 personi mortas e 60 plusa homi vundesas pro triopla suocidant atako da bombo-homi che urbo Sévaré, en [[Mali]]. L'explozi destruktas 20 domi.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/22/deadly-triple-suicide-bombing-hits-central-mali|titulo=Deadly triple suicide bombing hits central Mali|editero=The Guardian|publikigita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> === [[Mayo]] === * [[3ma di mayo]] - Pafado che skolo "Vladislav Ribnikar" en [[Beograd]], [[Serbia]], produktas 9 morti, di qui 8 pueri. * 3ma di mayo - Serio di inundadi e terglitadi frapas vilaji este de [[Demokratial Republiko Kongo]] e produktas plu kam 400 morti.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Inondations dans l’est de la RDC : « On dirait la fin du monde »|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/05/08/inondations-dans-l-est-de-la-rdc-on-dirait-la-fin-du-monde_6172501_3212.html|editero=Le Monde|publikigita ye=8ma di mayo 2023|idiomo={{fr}}}}</ref> * [[6ma di mayo]] - [[Charles la 3ma di Unionita Rejio]] kronizesas che [[abadeyo di Westminster]]. * [[9ma di mayo]] - [[Ciklono]] ''Mocha'' formacas sur [[Indiana Oceano]], frapas [[Myanmar]] e [[Bangladesh]], e produktas 400 morti e plu kam 700 plusa homi vundita.<ref>{{Extera ligilo |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/environment/cyclone-mocha-myanmar-government-claims-435-dead-appeals-for-international-aid-16688751.htm/|titulo=Cyclone Mocha: Myanmar government claims 435 dead, appeals for international aid |publikigita ye=17ma di mayo 2023 }}</ref> === [[Junio]] === * [[2ma di junio]] - Che stato [[Odisha]], [[India]], du treni ekreligas pos ke un ek li kolizionas kontre altra treno transportanta vari e partale invadas l'opoza treko. L'acidento esis la maxim mortigiva ferovoyal acidento di India, e produktis 288 morti e cirkume 900 plusa homi vundita.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/469024-india-choque-trenes-muertos-heridos|titulo=Más de 280 muertos y casi un millar de heridos en el accidente ferroviario más mortífero de la India en dos décadas|editero=RT|idiomo={{es}}|publikigita ye=2ma di junio 2023|vidita ye=26ma di julio 2023}}</ref> * [[11ma di junio]] - [[Honduras]] inauguras lua ambasadeyo en [[Beijing]]. * [[12ma di junio]] - Che stato Kwara, [[Nigeria]], batelo sinkas e produktas cirkume 100 morti e kelka desaparinti.<ref>{{citez jurnalo od edituro |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/nigeria-boat-accident-about-100-killed-after-vessel-capsizes-say-police/articleshow/100974623.cms |titulo=Nigeria boat accident: About 100 killed after vessel capsizes, say police|publikigita ye=14ma di junio 2023|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye= 18ma di junio 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> * [[18ma di junio]] - Mikra [[submara navo]] ''Titan'' implozas mortiganta 5 individui qui navigabis por vizitar restaji de navo ''[[Titanic]]'', qua sinkis en 1912. * [[20ma di junio]] - Adminime 46 personi mortas dum konflikto inter membri de kriminala grupi ''MS-13'' e ''Barrio 18'' en karcereyo por mulieri proxim [[Tegucigalpa]], [[Honduras]].<ref>{{citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo='Monstrous murder': 46 women killed in Honduras prison riot |idiomo={{en}}|editero=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/20/honduras-prison-riot-women-killed |vidita ye= 17ma di julio 2023|autoro=Staff |publikigita ye=20ma di junio 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> === Julio === * [[4ma di julio]] - [[Iran]] membreskas la [[Koopero-Organizuro di Shanghai]], divenanta la 9ma membro dil organizuro. * [[9ma di julio]] - [[Nova-Zelando]] signatas pakto pri [[libera komerco]] kun [[Europana Uniono]]. * [[20ma di julio]] - Komencas la [[Mondala Kupo di Futbalo]] por mulieri en [[Australia]] e [[Nova-Zelando]]. * 20ma di julio - Tri personi mortas per pafo, inkluzite la pafero, e 10 plusa homi vundesas en edifico che aferala quartero di [[Auckland]], [[Nova-Zelando]]. * [[21ma di julio]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: Rusa armeo bombardas depozeyi di vari en [[Odesa]], e destruktas 120 tuni di rakoltaji enmagazinigita ibe. * 21ma di julio - [[Milito di Darfur]]: adminime 20 civili mortas e 45 plusa homi vundesas pos atako per fuzei en rezidal arei di Nyala, Sudal Darfur, ed explozi proxim hospitali en El-Obeid, [[Nord-Kordofan]]. * [[23ma di julio]] - Incendii en [[Grekia]]: deki di mili di turisti fugas del insulo [[Rhodes]] pro incendii ed alta temperaturi. * [[25ma di julio]] - Parlamento di [[Ghana]] aprobas lego abolisanta [[mortopuniso]]. * [[26ma di julio]] - En [[Nijer]], [[stato-stroko]] revokas prezidanto [[Mohamed Bazoum]]. Generalo [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] asumas la povo. * [[30ma di julio]] - En Khar, [[Pakistan]], 56 personi mortas e cirkume 200 plusa homi vundesas kande suocidanta atakero explozas bombi atachita a lua korpo. [[Islama Stato]] revendikas l'atako. * [[31ma di julio]] - En Nuh, stato [[Haryana]], [[India]], 5 personi mortas e 20 plusa homi vundesas pos konflikti inter [[hinduismo|hindui]] e [[Islamo|Mohamedani]], pos ke Mohamedani atakis Hindua procesiono<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://apnews.com/article/india-violence-clashes-haryana-muslims-hindus-a4e5d0bd9427c85bdb311d64fdf98f08|titulo=India’s northern Haryana state tense after 5 killed in communal clashes between Hindus and Muslims|editero=AP|publikigita ye=2ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. === Agosto === * [[3ma di agosto]] - Granda terglitado en Shovi, [[Gruzia]], produktas adminime 17 morti e plusa 18 homi desaparinta.<ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-landslide-shovi-racha-dead/32534083.html|titulo=Death Toll In Georgian Landslide Reaches 17 As Rescue Efforts Continue|idiomo={{en}}|editero=Radio Free Europe|publikigita ye=6ma di agosto 2023}}</ref> * [[8ma di agosto]] - En [[Maui]], [[Havayi]], plu kam 5200 hektari brulas, produktanta adminime 106 morti e cirkume 1300 plusa homi desaparinta<ref>[https://www.kitv.com/news/lahaina/36-confirmed-dead-federal-and-local-officials-give-updates-on-maui-fires/article_5498454e-374e-11ee-aa9e-dbbaab703229.html| 36 confirmed dead: federal and local officials give updates on Maui fires]</ref>. * [[9ma di agosto]] - Batelo transportanta enmigranti kulbutas proxim insulo [[Lampedusa]], [[Italia]], e produktas 41 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66448987|titulo=Forty-one migrants die in shipwreck off Italy|editero=BBC News|publikigita ye=9ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * 9ma di agosto - En [[Quito]], [[Equador]], prezidantala kandidato Fernando Villavicencio asasinesas da pafisti. * [[10ma di agosto]] - [[Rusia]] lansas [[kosmoprobilo]] ''Luna 25'', l'unesma misiono sendita por explorar la [[Luno]] depos 1976. Ol eniras lunala orbito ye la [[16ma di agosto]]. * [[13ma di agosto]] - [[Milito di Amhara]]: en Finote Selam, [[Etiopia]], 26 personi mortigesas pro aeral atako kontre regiono kontrolita da milicani de etnio Fano. * [[14ma di agosto]] - En Hpakant, [[Myanmar]], adminime 25 ministi mortas e 14 plusa homi desaparas dum terglitado en mineyo di [[jado]]. * [[15ma di agosto]] - En [[Paraguay]], [[Santiago Peña]] sucedas [[Mario Abdo Benítez]] kom prezidanto. * 15ma di agosto - En [[India]], adminime 65 personi mortas e 20 plusa homi restas desaparinta pro inundadi e terglitadi norde de la lando<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230815-search-for-survivors-after-indian-floods-landslides-kill-58|titulo=Search for survivors after Indian floods, landslides kill 65|editero=France 24|autoro=AFP|publikigita ye=15ma di agosto 2020}}</ref>. * [[17ma di agosto]] - [[Ter-tremo]] en [[Kolumbia]], kun forteso 6,3 segun [[skalo di Richter]] ed epicentro proxim urbeto Medina, [[Cundinamarca]], produktas 2 morti, 50 plusa homi vundita, e domajas multa konstrukturi en diversa urbi, inkluzite [[Bogota]]. La ter-tremo havis kelka repeti min intensa ye la sama dio. * [[19ma di agosto]] - [[Kanada]]na guvernerio imperas l'evakuo di {{formatnum:35000}} personi pro forestal incendii en [[Britaniana Kolumbia]]. * [[23ma di agosto]] - ''Chandrayaan-3'' de [[India]] divenas l'unesma [[kosmoprobilo]] qua terovenas sur la suda polo di la [[Luno]]<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-asia-india-66576580|publikigita ye=23ma di agosto 2023 |titulo=India makes history as Chandrayaan-3 lands near Moon's south pole |editero=BBC News |vidita ye=23ma di agosto 2023 }}</ref>. * 23ma di agosto - Atako [[Rusia|Rusa]] per [[senpilotist aviacilo|senpilotist aviacili]] kontre loki por enmagazinigado di agrokultivala produkturi en [[Ismail]], [[Ukraina]], destruktas 13 mil tuni di cereali<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-08-23-23/h_5d04020c265e6936b727b050902826bf|titulo=Russia destroyed 13,000 tons of grain in overnight attack on port, says Ukrainian minister|editero=CNN|publikigita ye=23ma di agosto 2023|idiomo+{{en}}}}</ref> * [[30ma di agosto]] - Pos anunco di la rielekteso di [[Ali Bongo Ondimba]] kom prezidanto, militisti de [[Gabon]] facas sucesoza [[stato-stroko]] e kreas tale nomizita "Transito-Komitato por Restauro dil Institucuri" por guvernar la lando. To signifikas la fino di 56-yara guvernado da familio Bongo en la lando<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/08/militares-anunciam-na-televisao-tomada-de-poder-no-gabao-apos-eleicoes.shtml|titulo=Militares anunciam golpe no Gabão e prendem presidente após eleições|autoro=REUTERS ed AFP|editero=Folha de S.Paulo|publikigita ye=30ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref>. * 30ma di agosto - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: Rusa [[senpilotist aviacilo|senpilotist aviacili]] bombardas [[Kyiv]], produktanta 2 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/explosions-heard-ukraines-kyiv-mayor-2023-08-30/|titulo=Two killed in Russia's biggest air strike on Ukraine's capital in months|editero=REUTERS|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=30ma di agosto 2023}}</ref>. * [[31ma di agosto]] - Fairo en edifico di [[Johannesburg]], [[Sudafrika]], ube rezidis enmigranti produktas adminime 73 morti e 40 plusa homi vundita<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/reuters/2023/08/31/mais-de-50-mortos-em-incendio-em-joanesburgo-na-africa-do-sul.htm|titulo=Incêndio deixa ao menos 73 mortos em Johanesburgo, afirma governo local|autoro=Reuters|editero=UOL|idiomo={{pt}} |publikigita ye=31ma di agosto 2023}}</ref>. === Septembro === * [[1ma di septembro]] - [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]] elektesas prezidanto di [[Singapur]], per 70% ek la voti. * [[6ma di septembro]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: Adminime 17 personi mortas e plusa 32 homi vundesas dum atako [[Rusia|Rusa]] kontre [[Ukraina]]na urbo Kostiantynivka<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/least-16-killed-russian-attack-eastern-ukraine-presidential-adviser-2023-09-06/|titulo=Russian attack kills 17 in east Ukraine as Blinken visits Kyiv, officials say|editero=REUTERS|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=6ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. * 6ma di septembro - [[Interna milito di Sudan (depos 2023)|Interna milito di Sudan]]: adminime 19 civili mortas dum nepreciza artilriala bombardo kontre pozicioni de la Trupi por Rapida Suporto di [[Sudan]], che suburbo Umbada, weste de [[Omdurman]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=19 lives lost due to inaccurate targeting in Khartoum state|url=https://sudantribune.com/article276901/|editero=Sudan Tribune|vidita ye=6ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=5ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. * [[7ma di septembro]] - Terorist-ataki en nord-estala [[Mali]] produktas la morto di 49 civili e 15 soldati. [[Islamala Stato]] revendikis l'autoreso dil ataki.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/09/ataques-terroristas-no-mali-matam-ao-menos-49-civis-e-15-soldados.shtml|titulo=Ataques terroristas no Mali matam ao menos 49 civis e 15 soldados |editero=UOL|publikigita ye=7ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[8ma di septembro]] - [[Ter-tremo]] kun forteso 6.8 che [[skalo di Richter]] ed [[epicentro]] proxim [[Marrakesh]] frapas [[Maroko]] e produktas adminime 1305 morti e plu kam 1800 plusa homi vundita<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Terremoto no Marrocos deixa 1.305 mortos; tremor é o mais letal do país desde 1960|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/09/terremoto-de-magnitude-68-deixa-ao-menos-30-mortos-no-marrocos.shtml|publikigo=Folha de S. Paulo|editero=UOL|idiomo={{pt}} |publigikita ye=9ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. * [[9ma di septembro]] - [[Afrikana Uniono]] divenas permananta membro de [[G20]]. * [[15ma di septembro]] - [[Usa]]na [[labor-sindikato]] ''Union Auto Workers'' komencas [[striko]] demandanta augmento di salarii, 32-hora laborojornedo e protekto kontre klozado di fabrikerii, qua paralizas automobilala produktado en [[Ford Motor Company]], [[General Motors]] e [[Stellantis]]. * [[19ma di septembro]] - [[Planetaro Eise Eisinga]] juntesis a la listo di [[Mondala Patrimonio]] * [[20ma di septembro]] - La maxim anciena ligna strukturo konocata deskovresas proxim aquofalo Kalambo, en [[Zambia]]. * [[22ma di septembro]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: projektilo [[Ukraina]]na frapas sideyo di Rusa mar-armeo en [[Sevastopol]], [[Krimea]]. * [[23ma di septembro]] - Adminime 20 personi, la maxim multa ek li civili, mortas pos atako per atomobilo-bombo en Beledweyne, [[Somalia]].<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://english.news.cn/20230923/204a1b98d1594da188c406e95b9b8662/c.html|titulo=At least 20 people killed in suicide car bombing in central Somalia|editero=Xinhua|publikigita ye=23ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[26ma di septembro]] - Incendio, posible pro uzo di [[pirotekno|piroteknaji]] interne salono, produktas adminime 113 morti e plua kam 150 plusa homi vundita dum mariajo en la provinco Nineveh, [[Irak]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/26/at-least-100-killed-in-fire-at-wedding-celebration-in-iraq-media-report|titulo=At least 113 killed, over 150 injured as fire engulfs wedding party in Iraq |editero=Al Jazeera|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=26ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. === Oktobro === * [[4ma di oktobro]] - Adminime 13 personi mortas e 24 plusa homi vundesas dum incendio che noktala klubo ''Fonda Milagros'' en [[Murcia]], [[Hispania]]. * [[2ma di oktobro]] - En Tahoua, [[Nijer]], adminime 29 soldati mortas dum embusko da Mohamedana extremisti, uzanta automobilo-bombi e bombardi. Diversa extremisti mortigesas dum kontreatako<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66991696|titulo=Niger attack: Jihadists kill dozen of soldiers in deadliest raid since coup|editero=BBC News|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=3ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. * [[4ma di oktobro]] - [[FIFA]] anuncas ke partii de la [[Mondala Kupo di Futbalo]] [[2030]] eventos en t landi: [[Uruguay]], [[Arjentinia]], [[Paraguay]], [[Maroko]], [[Portugal]] e [[Hispania]]. * [[7ma di oktobro]] - Tri [[ter-tremo|ter-tremi]] kun fortesi 6.3, 5.9 e 5.5 che [[skalo di Richter]] frapas [[Afganistan]] e produktas plu kam 2.000 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Número de mortos por terremoto no Afeganistão passa de 2.000 |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/internacional/ultimas-noticias/2023/10/08/mortes-terremoto-afeganistao.htm|editero=UOL|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=8ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. * 7ma di oktobro - [[Milito Israel-Ramas]]: Trupi de [[Hamas]] lansas ataki kontre urbeti Be'eri ed Ofakim, sude de [[Israel]], e produktas plu kam 250 morti e plusa 1590 vunditi<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Gaza Declares War {{!}} Surprise Infiltration, Massive Barrages Shock Israel; Over 250 Israelis Killed, 1,590 Wounded; Civilians and Soldiers Held Hostage in Gaza|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-07/ty-article-live/israel-under-attack-terrorists-infiltrate-from-gaza-amid-massive-rocket-barrages/0000018b-088b-dae9-adcb-abbff50f0000|editero=Haaretz|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=7ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. Hamas anke lansas fuzei kontre Israelana urbo Ashkelon<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2|titulo=Hamas surprise attack out of Gaza stuns Israel and leaves hundreds dead in fighting, retaliation|editero=AP|publikigita ye=8ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. Israel respondas per aerala bombardo kontre [[Gaza-strio]], produktanta adminime 232 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{en}}|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza|editero=Al Jazeera|titulo=Israel-Palestine escalation updates: Gaza under bombardment|publikigita ye=7ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. * [[13ma di oktobro]] - [[Milito Israel-Ramas]]: [[Israel]] informas [[Unionita Nacioni]] ke ol lansis ultimato por ke 1,1 milion Palestinani habitanta la nordo di [[Gaza]] translojez su adsude en 24 hori<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-warns-palestinians-in-northern-gaza-to-evacuate-within-24-hours-un/|titulo=IDF warns 1 million Palestinians in northern Gaza to evacuate within 24 hours — UN|editero=Times of Israel|publikigita ye=13ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * 13ma di oktobro - Suicidant atako kontre [[moskeo]] en [[Puli Khumri]], provinco Baghlam, [[Afganistan]], mortigas 7 personi e vundas 15 plusa homi<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-mosque-bombing-friday-prayers/32636187.html |titulo=Taliban Police Say Seven Killed In Suicide Bombing Of Mosque In Afghanistan's Baghlan Province|editero=Radio Free Europe |idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=13ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. * [[15ma di oktobro]] - [[Daniel Noboa]] elektesas prezidanto di [[Equador]]. * [[17ma di oktobro]] - Adminime 471 personi mortas e 314 plusa homi vundesas pos explozo che hospitalo Al-Ahli, en [[Gaza]]. * [[20ma di oktobro]] til la [[5ma di novembro]] - En [[Santiago, Chili|Santiago]], [[Chili]], eventas la 19ma [[Tot-Amerika Ludi]]. * [[23ma di oktobro]] - En Bhairab, [[Bangladesh]], treno transportanta vari kolizionas kontre pasajero-treno, produktanta adminime 17 morti. === Novembro === * [[2ma di novembro]] - ''Now and Then'', la lasta kansono da [[The Beatles]], lansesas. * [[3ma di novembro]] - [[Ter-tremo]] kun forteso 5.6 che [[skalo di Richter]] frapas provinco Karnali, en [[Pakistan]], e produktas adminime 132 morti e destruktas multa domi. * [[6ma di novembro]] - [[Antoni Martí]], chefministro di Andora (n. 1963) * [[9ma di novembro]] - Usana kirurgi de medikala centro ''NYU Langone Health'' anuncas ke li sucesis transplantacar [[okulo]] kompleta. * 9ma di novembro - En [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], mili di individui maladeskas pro toxika nubo di polutanti, qua posible originis de brulado di agrokultivala rezidui.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Toxic heavy smog in eastern Pakistan makes tens of thousands sick|url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-smog-school-markets-shut-pollution-2b752ee29d1be2b8c93ec8bd5a81bf62|editero=AP|publikigita ye=9ma di novembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[10ma di novembro]] - [[Islando]] dekretas urjanteso-stando pos ke diversa [[ter-tremo|ter-tremi]] eventas proxim [[volkano]] ''Fagradalsfjall'', sude de la lando. * 10ma di novembro - [[Interna milito di Sudan (depos 2023)|Interna milito di Sudan]]: Diversa konflikti en Geneina, westala Darfur, [[Sudan]], produktas de 700 til 1300 morti, plu kam 100 plusa homi vundita e cirkume 300 desaparinta. * [[12ma di novembro]] - Konstruktanta tunelo choseala krulas en Uttarakhand, [[India]], celanta 41 laboristi interne ol, cirkume 200 metri del eniro.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|publikigita ye=13ma di novembro 2023 |titulo=Uttarakhand Tunnel Collapse Live Updates: Workers to be rescued through large-diameter steel pipes inserted through rubble |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-uttarkashi-tunnel-collapse-rescue-operation-workers-trapped-live-updates-9024269/ |vidita ye=14 November 2023 |editero=The Indian Express |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Omna laboristi retroduktesos vivanta ye la [[28ma di novembro]] ca yaro.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|publikigo=The Statesman|publikigita ye=29ma di novembro 2023 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/uttarakhand-rescued-workers-flown-to-aiims-rishikesh-in-chinook-helicopter-1503244978.html |titulo=Uttarakhand: Rescued workers flown to AIIMS Rishikesh in Chinook helicopter|vidita ye=29ma di novembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[19ma di novembro]] - [[Javier Milei]], de la partiso ''La Libertad Avanza'' elektesas prezidant per 56% ek la voti, lor la duesma balotado di prezidantal elekti di [[Arjentinia]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67470549|titulo=Javier Milei: Argentina's far-right outsider wins presidential election|editero=BBC|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=20ma di novembro 2023}}</ref>. * [[21ma di novembro]] - [[Interna milito di Sudan (depos 2023)|Interna milito di Sudan]]: adminime 40 civili mortas e plu kam 50 plusa homi vundesas pos ke [[Sudan]]an avioni bombardas la proximeso di la 20ma Infantriala Diviziono en [[Darfur]]. * [[22ma di novembro]] - [[Milito Israel-Ramas]]: [[Israel]] e [[Hamas]] paktas pri pafo-ceso en kombati qui komencabis ye la 7ma di oktobro, e liberigo di gajo-homi e personi enkarcerigita en amba flanki. * 22ma di novembro - [[Nord-Korea]] anuncas ke ol lansis lua unesma [[artificala satelito]] spiona, ''Malligyong-1''. * [[24ma di novembro]] - [[Milito Israel-Ramas]]: [[Pafo-ceso]] inter [[Israel]] e [[Hamas]] efikeskas, e 13 Israelani, 10 [[Tailando|Tailandani]] ed 1 [[Filipini|Filipinano]] liberigesas, kontre 39 Palestinani<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/qatar-confirms-that-red-cross-has-received-24-hostages-from-gaza/|titulo=Qatar confirms 24 hostages — 13 Israeli, 10 Thai and 1 Filipino — received by Red Cross|editero=Times of Israel|publikigita ye=24ma di novembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * [[27ma di novembro]] - En [[Rustenburg]], [[Sudafrika]], 11 ministi mortas e 75 plusa laboristi vundesas pos ke acensilo falas 200 metri interne [[platino]]-[[mineyo]]. === Decembro === * [[3ma di decembro]] - En [[Venezuela]], eventas simbolala plebicito pri anexar o ne la regiono weste de [[fluvio Essequibo]], en [[Guyana]],<ref name="Referendo">{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-sets-referendum-date-territory-dispute-with-guyana-2023-10-20/|titulo=Venezuela sets referendum date on territory dispute with Guyana|editero=Reuters|publikigita ye=20ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> e 98% ek la votanti manifestas su favorebla al anexo. Tamen, 51,01% del Venezuelani apta a votar ne votas. * [[7ma di decembro]] - [[Bolivia]] membreskas [[Mercosur]]<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.france24.com/es/video/20231207-informe-desde-r%C3%ADo-de-janeiro-bolivia-fue-ratificada-como-miembro-pleno-de-mercosur|titulo= Informe desde Río de Janeiro: Bolivia fue ratificada como miembro pleno de Mercosur|publikigita ye=7ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{es}}|editero=France 24}}</ref>. * [[14ma di decembro]] - En [[Beijing]], [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]], 515 personi vundesas kande du treni del [[metroo]] dil urbo kolizionas, konseque de problemi pro ecesiva nivado.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/12/15/over-500-people-injured-in-beijing-train-collision-amid-heavy-snow/|titulo=Over 500 people injured in Beijing train collision amid heavy snow|editero=1 News|publikigita ye=15ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[16ma di decembro]] - Batelo qua departis de Zuwarah, [[Libia]], transportanta 86 nelegala ekmigranti sinkas en [[Mediteraneo]], e 61 ek li dronas su<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/17/migrant-tragedy-libya-north-africa/|titulo=Dozens of migrants drown following shipwreck off Libya coast|editero=The Telegraph|publikigita ye=17ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * [[17ma di decembro]] - Severa tempesto kun venti de plu kam 150 km/h frapas urbo [[Bahía Blanca]], [[Arjentinia]], e produktas adminime 13 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/severe-storm-strikes-coastal-city-argentina-least-13-dead-2023-12-17/|titulo=Severe storm strikes coastal city in Argentina, at least 13 dead|editero=Reuters|publikigita ye=17ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * [[18ma di decembro]] - Adminime 134 personi mortas, 980 plusa homi vundesas e 13 restas desaparinta pos [[ter-tremo]] kun forteso 6,2 che [[skalo di Richter]] en Jishishan, [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]]<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=19ma di decembro 2023|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinese-rescuers-brave-freezing-cold-find-earthquake-survivors-2023-12-20/|titulo=Chinese earthquake victims pulled to safety in subfreezing weather |publikigo=Reuters|vidita ye=20ma di decembro 2023}}</ref>. * [[20ma di decembro]] - En [[Surinam]], ex-prezidanto [[Dési Bouterse]] kondamnesas a 20-yar-enkarcerigo pro la mortigo di 15 viri en 1982. * [[21ma di decembro]] - En [[Chekia]], eventas la maxim mortigiva pafado de la historio di la lando: studento David Kozák eniras la Fakultato pri Arti del Universitato Charles, en [[Praha]], pafas multafoye, e produktas ibe 14 morti e plusa 15 homi vundita. Ante ilu mortigis ilua patro en lua domo, e pos la masakro ilu [[suocido|suocidas]].<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/krimi-minutu-po-minute-jak-policie-zasahovala-proti-strelci-v-praze-40455108 |nomo=Tereza|surnomo=Trousilová|titulo=Minutu po minutě: Jak policie zasahovala proti střelci v Praze|idiomo={{cs}}|publikigita ye=22ma di decembro 2023|editero=Novinky.cz}}</ref> * [[22ma di decembro]] - En [[Burundi]], 19 civili ed 1 policisto mortigesas dum atako da rebela grupo RED–Tabara. * 22ma di decembro - [[Milito Israel-Hamas]]: La quanto di mortinti en [[Gaza]] superiras 20 mil personi, la maxim multa ek li civili. * [[24ma di decembro]] - En [[Gaza]], adminime 70 personi mortigesas pro aeral atako [[Israel]]ana kontre refujeyo en al-Maghazi.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/24/israel-hamas-war-live-israeli-bombardments-hunger-spread-in-gaza|titulo=Israel-Hamas war updates: Dozens killed, many buried in Israeli air strikes|editero=Al Jazeera|publikigita ye=24ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[29ma di decembro]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: La maxim granda aeral atako [[Rusia|Rusa]], uzanta 36 [[senpilotist aviacilo|senpilotist aviacili]], strategiala [[bombardaviono|bombardavioni]] [[Tupolev Tu-95]] e misili kontre [[Kharkiv]], [[Dnipro]], [[Odesa]] ed altra [[Ukraina]]n urbi produktas 39 morti e vundas cirkume 160 plusa homi.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Maior ataque aéreo da Rússia em mais de 1 ano na Ucrânia mata quase 40|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/12/grande-ataque-aereo-russo-deixa-ao-menos-10-mortos-na-ucrania.shtml|editero=Folha de S.Paulo|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=29ma di decembro 2023}}</ref><ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/articles/czkjyp9g9ymo|titulo=Масований удар по Україні: Львів, Київ, Дніпро, Харків, Запоріжжя, Сміла - багато загиблих і поранених|idiomo={{uk}}|publikigita ye=29ma di decembro 2023|editero=BBC}}</ref> * 29ma di decembro - Adminime 20 personi mortas pro [[terglitado|tergliatadi]] konseque de pluvegi en Mwenga, [[Demokratial Republiko Kongo]]<ref name="Kongo">{{extera ligilo|titulo=At least 20 killed in Congo flooding and landslides, bringing this week’s fatalities to over 60|url=https://apnews.com/article/congo-landslides-rains-floods-deaths-82c892e9d99ac2590d48fdcc473aec07|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=29ma di decembro 2023|editero=AP}}</ref> * [[31ma di decembro]] - Rejino [[Margrethe la 2ma di Dania]] anuncas ke el abdikos ye la 14ma di januaro 2024<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/dronning-margrethe-abdicerer-traeder-tilbage-14-januar|titulo=Dronning Margrethe abdicerer: Træder tilbage 14. januar|publikigita ye=31ma di decembro 2023|editero=DR|idiomo={{da}}}}</ref>. == Sporto == * de la [[20ma di oktobro]] til la [[5ma di novembro]] - Eventas [[Tot-Amerika Ludi]] en [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Chili]]. * [[Max Verstappen]] triesmafoye divenas mondala championo di [[Formulo 1]]. == Naski == == Morti == * [[3ma di januaro]] - [[Abdelsalam al-Majali]], chefministro di Jordania (n. 1925)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Former Prime Minister Abdel Salam Majali passes away |url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/39092/2023-01-03 |editero=en.royanews.tv |vidita ye=3ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Gianluca Vialli - RISE 2017.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Gianluca Vialli]]]] * [[6ma di januaro]] - [[Gianluca Vialli]], Italiana futbalisto (n. 1964)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Addio Gianluca Vialli. Ci lascia a 58 anni uno dei più amati di sempre |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/06-01-2023/morto-gianluca-vialli-cancro-pancreas-4501607411312.shtml |editero=La Gazzetta dello Sport |idiomo={{it}}}}</ref> * [[8ma di januaro]] - [[Roberto Dinamite]], Braziliana futbalisto (n. 1954) * [[9ma di januaro]] - [[Karl Alexander Müller]], Suisa fizikisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1927)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo= Physik-Nobelpreisträger Karl Alex Müller stirbt mit 95 Jahren |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/alle-news-in-kuerze/physik-nobelpreistraeger-karl-alex-mueller-stirbt-mit-95-jahren/48209386 |editero=SWI swissinfo.ch |vidita ye=17ma di januaro 2023 |idiomo={{de}}}}</ref> * [[10ma di januaro]] - [[Jeff Beck]], Britaniana gitaristo (n. 1944)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/jeff-beck-guitarist-dead-dies-1235486491/ |titulo=Jeff Beck, one of the guitar masters of the rock era, dies at 78 |publikigita ye=11ma di januaro 2023}}</ref> * 10ma di januaro - Rejulo [[Konstantinos la 2ma di Grekia]] (n. 1940)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.dw.com/en/constantine-ii-greeces-former-and-last-king-dies-at-82/a-64345808 |titulo=Constantine II: Greece's former and last king dies at 82 - DW - 01/10/2023 | vidita ye=10ma di januaro 2023}}</ref> * [[12ma di januaro]] - [[Lisa Marie Presley]], Usana kantistino e kompozistino (n. 1968) * [[16ma di januaro]] - [[Gina Lollobrigida]], Italian aktorino (n. 1927)<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64292026 Gina Lollobrigida: Italian screen star dies at 95]. BBC</ref> * [[18ma di januaro]] - [[David Crosby]], Usana muzikisto e kantisto ([[The Byrds]], [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]]) (n. 1941)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/david-crosby-dead-obituary-1234664235/ |titulo=David Crosby, Iconoclastic Rocker, Dead at 81 |editero=Rolling Stone|publikigita ye=19ma di januaro 2023 |vidita ye= 19ma di januaro 2023 |autoro=Jon Dolan, Andy Greene|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Álvaro Colom (siendo candidato).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Álvaro Colom]]]] * [[23ma di januaro]] - [[Álvaro Colom]], prezidanto di Guatemala (n. 1951)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Fallece Álvaro Colom, expresidente de Guatemala, confirman fuentes allegadas a la familia |url=https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/politica/fallece-alvaro-colom-expresidente-de-guatemala-confirman-fuentes-allegadas-a-la-familia-breaking/ |vidita ye=24ma di januaro 2023 |idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[31ma di januaro]] - [[Henrik Nordbrandt]], Dana skriptisto (n. 1945) * [[3ma di februaro]] - [[Paco Rabanne]], Hispana modisto (n. 1934)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://elpais.com/estilo/2023-02-03/muere-el-disenador-paco-rabanne-a-los-88-anos.html|titulo= Muere el diseñador Paco Rabanne a los 88 años|editero=El País|vidita ye= 3ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[4ma di februaro]] - [[Sherif Ismail]], chefministro di Egiptia (n. 1955)<ref>[https://see.news/president-sisi-mourns-death-of-former-pm-sherif-ismail President Sisi Mourns Death of Former PM Sherif Ismail]</ref> * [[5ma di februaro]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]], prezidanto di Pakistan (n. 1943)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/former-pakistani-president-pervez-musharraf-passes-away-dies-reports-101675577034276.html|titulo= Pervez Musharraf, former Pakistani president and army general, dies at 79|publikigita ye=5ma di februaro 2023|editero=Hindustan Times|vidita ye=5ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[6ma di februaro]] - [[Lubomír Štrougal]], chefministro di Chekoslovakia (n. 1924)<ref>[https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/domaci-politika-zemrel-expremier-lubomir-strougal-225178 Zemřel expremiér Lubomír Štrougal] {{cs}}</ref> * [[8ma di februaro]] - [[Burt Bacharach]], Usana kompozisto e kantisto (n. 1928)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Burt Bacharach, legendary composer of pop songs, dies at 94 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/legendary-composer-burt-bacharach-dies-at-94/ |editero=CBS News }}</ref> * 8ma di februaro - [[Ivan Silayev]], chefministro di Soviet-Uniono (n. 1930)<ref>[https://www.interfax.ru/russia/885396 Скончался экс-председатель Совета министров РСФСР Иван Силаев] idiomo: {{ru}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Director_invitado_(4790072575).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Carlos Saura]]]] * [[10ma di februaro]] - [[Carlos Saura]], Hispana filmifisto (n. 1932)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2023-02-10/muere-carlos-saura-a-los-91-anos-el-ultimo-director-clasico-del-cine-espanol.html |titulo=Muere Carlos Saura a los 91 años, el último director clásico del cine español|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * 10ma di februaro - [[Hugh Hudson]], Britaniana filmifisto (n. 1936)<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/10/chariots-fire-director-hugh-hudson-dies-aged-86/ Chariots of Fire director Hugh Hudson dies aged 86]</ref> * 10ma di februaro - [[Sergei Tereshchenko]], chefministro di Kazakstan (n. 1951)<ref>[https://rus.azattyq-ruhy.kz/society/46750-umer-pervyi-premer-ministr-kazakhstana-sergei-tereshchenko Умер первый премьер-министр Казахстана Сергей Терещенко] idiomo={{ru}}</ref> * 10ma di februaro - [[Hans Modrow]], chefministro di Est-Germania (n. 1928)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Hans Modrow ist tot|idiomo={{de}} |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ex-ddr-ministerpraesident-hans-modrow-ist-tot-a-4735c3f3-d193-487a-a94e-81ec6142a8b6}}</ref> * [[15ma di februaro]] - [[Paul Berg]], Usana biokemiisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1926)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/02/nobel-paul-berg-obit.html|titulo=Nobel Prize winner and recombinant DNA pioneer Paul Berg dies|editero=Stanford University School of Medicine|nomo=Emily|surnomo=Moskal|publikigita ye=17ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Raquel Welch 1979 adjusted.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Raquel Welch]]]] * 15ma di februaro - [[Raquel Welch]], Usan aktorino (n. 1940)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre Raquel Welch, atriz que foi sex symbol dos anos 1970, aos 82 anos|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2023/02/morre-raquel-welch-atriz-que-foi-sex-symbol-dos-anos-1970-aos-82-anos.shtml|editero=UOL|publikigita ye=15ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[22ma di februaro]] - [[Ahmed Qurei]], chefministro dil Autoritato Nacionala Palestinana (n. 1937) * [[27ma di februaro]] - [[Gérard Latortue]], chefministro di Haiti (n. 1934)<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-government-obituaries-caribbean-jean-bertrand-aristide-338c275d819a4b759753c2becf6a91d0 Gérard Latortue, former interim Haitian premier, dies at 88]</ref> * [[1ma di marto]] - [[Just Fontaine]], Franca futbalisto (n. 1933) * [[2ma di marto]] - [[Wayne Shorter]], Usana saxofonisto (n. 1933)<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/mar/02/wayne-shorter-icon-of-jazz-saxophone-dies-aged-89 Wayne Shorter, icon of jazz saxophone, dies aged 89]</ref> * [[3ma di marto]] - [[Kenzaburo Oe]], Japoniana skriptisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1935)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo=Muere a los 88 años el premio Nobel de Literatura Kenzaburo Oe|editero=Onda Cero|url=https://www.ondacero.es/noticias/cultura/muere-88-anos-premio-nobel-literatura-kenzaburo_20230313640ed6c835808d0001cadbfe.html|publikigita ye=13ma di marto 2023|vidita ye=13ma di marto 2023|loko=Madrid|autoro=Redacción |idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * 3ma di marto - [[Camille Souter]], Britanian-Irlandana piktistino (n. 1929) * [[8ma di marto]] - [[Marcel Amont]], Franca kantisto ed aktoro (n. 1929)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/musique/mort-de-marcel-amont-l-homme-qui-donnait-tout-pour-la-chanson-20230308|autoro=Léna Lutaud|titulo=Mort de Marcel Amont, l'homme qui donnait tout pour la chanson|editero=Le Figaro|publikigita ye=8ma di marto 2023|vidita ye=9ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{fr}}}}</ref> * [[10ma di marto]] - [[Janusz Weiss]], Polon aktoro, jurnalisto, e radio- e televiziono-prizentisto (n. 1948) * [[18ma di marto]] - [[Pōhiva Tuʻiʻonetoa]], chefministro di Tonga (n. 1951)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.parliament.gov.to/members-of-parliament/peoples/330-dr-pohiva-tu-i-onetoa |idiomo={{en}}|titulo=Dr. Pohiva Tu'i'onetoa|editero=www.parliament.gov.to|vidita ye=12ma di decembro 2019}}</ref> * [[25ma di marto]] - [[Pascoal Mocumbi]], chefa ministro di Mozambik (n. 1941) [[Arkivo:María Kodama graba fragmentos de textos literarios japoneses (33720919105).jpg|thumb|130px|[[María Kodama]]]] * [[26ma di marto]] - [[María Kodama]], Arjentiniana skriptistino (n. 1937)<ref>[https://www.lanacion.com.ar/cultura/murio-maria-kodama-la-viuda-de-jorge-luis-borges-nid26032023/ Murió María Kodama, viuda de Jorge Luis Borges] ({{es}})</ref> * [[31ma di marto]] - [[Rabbie Namaliu]], chefministro di Papua-Nova-Guinea (n. 1947) * [[1ma di aprilo]] - [[Włodzimierz Schmidt]], Polona shakoludisto (n. 1943) * [[5ma di aprilo]] - [[Kiumars Pourahmad]], Iranana filmifisto (n. 1949) * [[9ma di aprilo]] - [[Richard Ng]], Chinian aktoro (n. 1939) * [[13ma di aprilo]] - [[Mary Quant]], Britaniana modistino (n. 1930) * [[22ma di aprilo]] - [[Mudar Badran]], chefministro di Jordania (n. 1934)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/41292/2023-04-22|titulo= Former PM Mudar Badran passes away|editero=Roya News|publikigita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023|vidita ye= 22ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * 22ma di aprilo - [[Barry Humphries]], Australian aktoro, komediisto e skriptisto (n. 1934)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |last1=Runciman |first1=Caleb |titulo= Barry Humphries: Australian comedic legend dies aged 89 |url=https://thewest.com.au/entertainment/barry-humphries-australian-comedic-legend-star-dies-aged-89-c-10425339 |editero=The West Australian |vidita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023 |publikigita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Belafonte,_Harry_IMGP2441-A.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Harry Belafonte]]]] * [[25ma di aprilo]] - [[Harry Belafonte]], Usana muzikisto ed aktoro (n. 1927)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/arts/music/harry-belafonte-dead.html|titulo=Harry Belafonte, 96, Dies; Barrier-Breaking Singer, Actor and Activist|surnomo= Keepnews |nomo=Peter|editero=The New York Times|publikigita ye=25ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[27ma di aprilo]] - [[Jerry Springer]], Usana jurnalisto, aktoro, advokato e politikisto (n. 1944) * [[3ma di mayo]] - [[Nikica Valentić]], chefministro di Kroatia (n. 1950) * [[8ma di mayo]] - [[Rita Lee]], Braziliana kantisto, kompozisto e muzikisto (n. 1947)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/entretenimento/rita-lee-morre-aos-75-anos-em-sao-paulo/|titulo=Rita Lee, a rainha do rock brasileiro, morre aos 75 anos em São Paulo|idiomo={{pt}}|editero=CNN Brasil|publikigita ye=9ma di mayo 2023|vidita ye=6ma di junio 2023}}</ref> * [[15ma di mayo]] - [[Robert Emerson Lucas, Jr.]], Usan ekonomikisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1937) * [[22ma di mayo]] - [[Wim Udenhout]], chefa ministro di Surinam (n. 1937) [[Arkivo:Tina Turner.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Tina Turner]]]] * [[24ma di mayo]] - [[Tina Turner]], Usana-Suisiana kantistino (n. 1939)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Tina Turner, 'Queen of Rock n Roll', dies aged 83 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/tina-turner-dies-aged-83-12888593 |vidita ye=24ma di mayo 2023 |editero=Sky News |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[28ma di mayo]] - [[Harald zur Hausen]], Germana virologiisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1936)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/newsroom/zum-tod-von-professor-dr-harald-zur-hausen/|titulo=Zum Tod von Professor Dr. Harald zur Hausen|editero= klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de|publikigita ye=30ma di mayo 2023|idiomo={{de}}}}</ref> * [[2ma di junio]] - [[Kaija Saariaho]], Finlandana kompozisto (n. 1952) * [[5ma di junio]] - [[Astrud Gilberto]], Braziliana kantistino e kompozistino (n. 1940)<ref>{{extera ligilo|Astrud Gilberto, 83, Dies; Shot to Fame With ‘The Girl From Ipanema’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/06/arts/music/astrud-gilberto-dead.html|editero=The New York Times |idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=6ma di junio 2023}}</ref> * [[6ma di junio]] - [[Françoise Gilot]], Franca piktistino (n. 1921) * [[9ma di junio]] - [[Alain Touraine]], Franca sociologo (n. 1925)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Alain Touraine, morto il sociologo della realtà post-industriale|url=https://www.repubicca.it/cultura/2023/06/09/news/alain_touraine_morto-403782016/?rss|autoro=Fabio Gambaro|publikigo=La Republicca|publikigita ye=9ma di junio 2023|idiomo={{it}}|vidita ye=9ma di junio 2023}}</ref> * [[10ma di junio]] - [[Theodore Kaczynski]], ''Unabomber'', Usana teroristo (n. 1942) [[Arkivo:Silvio Berlusconi (2010) cropped (cropped2).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Silvio Berlusconi]]]] * [[12ma di junio]] - [[Silvio Berlusconi]], chefministro di Italia (n. 1936) * [[13ma di junio]] - [[Cormac McCarthy]], Usana skriptisto (n. 1933) * [[15ma di junio]] - [[Glenda Jackson]] , Angla aktorino e politikisto (n. 1936) * [[16ma di junio]] - [[Alfred Neussner]], Germana Idisto, reprezentanto di ULI por Germania (n. 1927) * [[22ma di junio]] - [[Ted Kaczynski]], Usana teroristo (n. 1942) * [[26ma di junio]] - [[John Bannister Goodenough]], Usana fizikisto e kemiisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1922)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/summary/|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=9ma di oktobro 2019}}</ref> * [[6ma di julio]] - [[Arnaldo Forlani]], chefministro di Italia (n. 1925) * [[12ma di julio]] - [[Milan Kundera]], Chekoslovakiana-Franciana skriptisto (n. 1929) * [[15ma di julio]] - [[Francisco Ibáñez]], Hispana kartunisto (n. 1936) * [[16ma di julio]] - [[Jane Birkin]], Britaniana-Franciana kantistino ed aktorino (n. 1946) * [[21ma di julio]] - [[Tony Bennett]], Usana kantisto (n. 1926)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Tony Bennett, masterful stylist of American musical standards, dies at 96|url=https://apnews.com/article/tony-bennett-dies-c3b3a7e2360449fb936a38794c7c3266|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Sinead_O'Connor_(14828633401).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Sinéad O'Connor]]]] * [[26ma di julio]] - [[Sinéad O'Connor]], Irlandana kantistino (n. 1966)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|editero=ABC|idiomo={{es}}|url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/musica/muere-anos-sinead-connor-20230726194451-nt.html|surnomo=Carbajo|nomo=María|titulo=Muere a los 56 años la cantante irlandesa Sinéad O' Connor|publikigita ye=26ma di julio 2023|vidita ye= 26ma di julio 2023}}</ref> * [[26ma di julio]] - [[Jean-Jacques Honorat]], chefministro e ministro pri exteral aferi di Haiti (n. 1931)<ref>{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{fr}} |titulo=L’ancien premier ministre de facto sous le règne des putchistes Jean Jacques Honorat est mort|url=https://gazettehaiti.com/node/10109 }}</ref> * [[30ma di julio]] - [[Paul Reubens]], Usan aktoro e komediisto (n. 1952) [[Arkivo:Henri Konan Bédié, président du PDCI, 24 avril 2017.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Henri Konan Bédié]]]] * [[1ma di agosto]] - [[Henri Konan Bédié]], prezidanto di Ivora Rivo<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/cote-d-ivoire-l-ancien-president-henri-konan-bedie-est-mort-a-89-ans-20230802|titulo=Côte d'Ivoire: l'ancien président Henri Konan Bédié est mort à 89 ans|editero= Le Figaro|vidita ye=1ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{fr}}}}</ref> (n. 1934) * [[4ma di agosto]] - [[Boniface Alexandre]], provizora prezidanto di Haiti (n. 1936)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Boniface Alexandre, former Haitian president and chief justice, dies at 87 |url=https://thebrunswicknews.com/news/national_news/boniface-alexandre-former-haitian-president-and-chief-justice-dies-at-87/article_70e372b2-5f3b-5339-943f-66e3b39f5f3c.html|nomo=Charles |surnomo=Jacqueline |vidita ye=4ma di agosto 2023|publikigo=Miami Herald |editero=The Brunswick News |publikigita ye=4ma di agosto 2023}}</ref> * [[7ma di agosto]] - [[Aracy Balabanian]], Brazilian aktorino (n. 1940) * [[17ma di agosto]] - [[John Thomas Devitt]], Australiana natisto, Olimpiala championo (n. 1937) * [[23ma di agosto]] – [[Yevgeni Viktorovich Prigojin|Yevgeni Prigojin]], Rusa entraprezisto (n. 1961) * 23ma di agosto – [[Dmitri Valeryevich Utkin|Dmitri Utkin]], Rusa oficiro (n. 1970) * [[26ma di agosto]] - [[Bob Barker]], Usana televiziono-prizentisto (n. 1923)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre aos 99 anos o lendário apresentador de TV americano Bob Barker|url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/afp/2023/08/26/morre-aos-99-anos-o-lendario-apresentador-de-tv-americano-bob-barker.htm|autoro=AFP|editero=UOL|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=26ma di agosto 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |surnomo=Sacks |nomo=Ethan |titulo=Bob Barker, longtime 'The Price Is Right' host, dies at 99 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/bob-barker-longtime-price-right-host-dies-xx-hold-rcna42292|publikigo=NBC News |publikigita ye=26ma di agosto 2023 |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[1ma di septembro]] - [[Jimmy Buffett]], Usana muzikisto e kompozisto (n. 1946) * [[6ma di septembro]] - [[Giuliano Montaldo]], Italiana filmifisto (n. 1930)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo= Giuliano Montaldo, morto il regista dell’impegno e contro il potere|url=https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/cinema-serie-tv/23_settembre_06/giuliano-montaldo-morto-regista-dell-impegno-contro-potere-fbbb4bc2-4c99-11ee-ba13-a63742c0d94b.shtml|surnomo=Mereghetti|nomo=Paolo|publikigita ye=6ma di septembro 2023|editero=Il Corriere della Sera|loko=Roma|idiomo={{it}}}}</ref> * [[9ma di septembro]] - [[Domenico De Masi]], Italiana sociologo (n. 1938)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre Domenico De Masi, sociólogo que pensou o 'ócio criativo', aos 85 anos|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2023/09/morre-domenico-de-masi-sociologo-que-pensou-o-ocio-criativo-aos-85-anos.shtml|editero=UOL|publikigo=Folha de S.Paulo|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=9ma di septembro 2023}}</ref> * [[13ma di septembro]] - [[Mircea Snegur]], Moldovana politikisto (n. 1940)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.thevoicemag.ru/stars/news/14-09-2023/umer-ot-neizlechimoi-bolezni-pervyi-prezident-moldavii-mircha-snegur/ |titulo=Умер от неизлечимой болезни первый президент Молдавии Мирча Снегур|idiomo={{ru}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Fernando Botero.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Fernando Botero]]]] * [[15ma di septembro]] - [[Fernando Botero]], Kolumbiana piktisto (n. 1932)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre aos 91 anos o artista colombiano Fernando Botero|url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/2023/09/15/morre-aos-91-anos-o-artista-colombiano-fernando-botero.htm|editero=UOL |publikigita ye=15ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[16ma di septembro]] - [[Abdul Ati al-Obeidi]], chefa ministro di Libia (n. 1939)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Former Libyan Prime Minister Abdel Ati Al-Obeidi passes away at 84|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2375056/middle-east|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[18ma di septembro]] - [[Marinho Peres]], Braziliana futbalisto (n. 1947) * [[20ma di septembro]] - [[Erwin Olaf]], Nederlandana fotografisto (n. [[1959]]) * [[21ma di septembro]] - [[Walewska Oliveira]], Braziliana volebalistino (n. 1979)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Walewska, campeã olímpica, morre aos 43 anos|url=https://ge.globo.com/volei/noticia/2023/09/21/walewska-campea-olimpica-morre-aos-43-anos.ghtml|editero=G1|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=21ma di septembro 2023}}</ref> * [[22ma di septembro]] - [[Giorgio Napolitano]], prezidanto di Italia (n. 1925)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Giorgio Napolitano è morto: se ne va il primo presidente della Repubblica eletto due volte|editero=La Repubblica|idiomo={{it}}|publikigita ye=22ma di septembro 2023 |url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/09/22/news/giorgio_napolitano_morto_presidente_repubblica_g-415450210/}}</ref> * [[25ma di septembro]] - [[David McCallum]], Skota aktoro e muzikisto (n. 1933) [[Arkivo:Maroufalbakhit.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Marouf al-Bakhit]]]] * [[7ma di oktobro]] - [[Marouf al-Bakhit]], chefministro di Jordania (n. 1947)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Former Prime Minister Marouf Al-Bakhit passes away|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/44974/2023-10-07|editero=Roya News|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=7ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[8ma di oktobro]] - [[László Sólyom]], Hungara politikisto, prezidanto di la lando de 2005 til 2010 (n. 1942)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://hvg.hu/itthon/20231008_Elhunyt_Solyom_Laszlo|titulo=Elhunyt Sólyom László|idiomo={{hu}}|publikigita ye=8ma di oktobro 2023|editero=hvg.hu}}</ref> * [[13ma di oktobro]] - [[Louise Glück]], Usana poeto ed esayisto, Nobel-laureato pri literaturo (n. 1943)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Louise Glück, Nobel-winning poet of terse and candid lyricism, dies at 80|editero=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/louise-gluck-dies-38648b2dc19644e11f42319145692943|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=13ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[14ma di oktobro]] - [[Dariush Mehrjui]], Iranana filmifisto (n. 1939)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |publikigita ye=14ma di oktobro 2023|url=https://cafehdanesh.com/en/the-murder-of-daryush-mehrjui-and-his-wife/ |titulo=the murder of Daryush Mehrjui and his wife |idiomo={{fa}}|nomo=Farhadi |surnomo=Parastoo |publikigo=CafehDanesh |vidita ye=14ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[16ma di oktobro]] - [[Martti Ahtisaari]], ex-prezidanto di Finlando e laureato di Nobel-premio pri paco (n. 1937)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/16/martti-ahtisaari-ex-finland-president-nobel-peace-prize-winner-dies|titulo=Martti Ahtisaari, ex-Finland president and Nobel peace laureate, dies aged 86|idiomo={{en}}|editero=The Guardian|publikigita ye=16ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[18ma di oktobro]] - [[Wessel te Gussinklo]], Nederlandana skriptisto (m. 2023) * [[21ma di oktobro]] - [[Bobby Charlton]], Angla futbalisto (b. 1937) * [[24ma di oktobro]] - [[Hans Albert]], Germana filozofo (n. 1921)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.zeit.de/news/2023-10/24/soziologe-hans-albert-mit-102-jahren-gestorben|titulo=Soziologe Hans Albert mit 102 Jahren gestorben|editero=Die Zeit|idiomo={{de}}|publikigita ye=24ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Richard Roundtree 1973.JPG|thumb|130px|[[Richard Roundtree]]]] * 24ma di oktobro - [[Richard Roundtree]], Usan aktoro (n. 1942)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/24/movies/richard-roundtree-dead.html|titulo=Richard Roundtree, Star of ‘Shaft,’ Dies at 81|editero=The New York Times|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=24ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[26ma di oktobro]] - [[Goa Gil]], Usana muzikisto e disk-jokeo (n. 1951) * [[28ma di oktobro]] - [[Matthew Perry (aktoro)|Matthew Perry]], Usana-Kanadan aktoro (n. 1969)<ref>{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{pt}} |url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/2023/10/28/matthew-perry-o-chandler-de-friends-morre-aos-54-anos.htm|titulo=Matthew Perry, o Chandler de 'Friends', morre aos 54 anos, diz TMZ|editero=UOL|publikigita ye=28ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[1ma di novembro]] - [[Emil Cimbura]], Cheka piktisto (n. 1922) * [[2ma di novembro]] - [[Henri Lopes]], chefa ministro di Republiko Kongo (n. 1937)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Décès d’Henri Lopes, écrivain et ancien Premier ministre du Congo|idiomo={{fr}}|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1500385/politique/deces-dhenri-lopes-ecrivain-et-ancien-premier-ministre-du-congo/|vidita ye=20ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> * [[3ma di novembro]] - [[Elizangela]], Braziliana kantistino ed aktorino (n. 1954)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Elizangela morre aos 68 anos; atriz estava afastada da TV desde 2019|url=https://noticiasdatv.uol.com.br/noticia/celebridades/elizangela-morre-de-infarto-aos-68-anos-atriz-estava-afastada-da-tv-desde-2019-110951|idiomo={{pt}} |editero=UOL|publikigita ye=3ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> * [[7ma di novembro]] - [[Frank Borman]], Usan astronauto (n. 1928)<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/astronaut-frank-borman-died-at-95-ed5eb4edf26a4076a2fef6cc31881aff Astronaut Frank Borman, commander of the first Apollo mission to the moon, has died at age 95]</ref> * [[12ma di novembro]] - [[Rahim Huseynov]], chefministro di Azerbaijan (n. 1936) * [[16ma di novembro]] - [[A.S. Byatt]], Britaniana skriptistino (n. 1936) * [[17ma di novembro]] - [[Agustín Ibarrola]], Hispana piktisto (n. 1930) * [[19ma di novembro]] - [[Rosalynn Carter]], Usana politikal aktivistino, spozino di [[Jimmy Carter]] (n. 1927)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|idiomo={{pt}}|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/11/19/morre-rosalynn-carter-ex-primeira-dama-dos-eua-aos-99-anos.ghtml|titulo=Morre Rosalynn Carter, ex-primeira-dama dos EUA, aos 96 anos|editero=G1|vidita ye=19ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> * [[22ma di novembro]] - [[Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie]], Franca historiisto (n. 1929) * [[28ma di novembro]] - [[Charlie Munger]], Usan entraprezisto e kolokisto (n. 1924) [[Arkivo:Henry Kissinger.png|thumb|130px|[[Henry Kissinger]]]] * [[29ma di novembro]] - [[Henry Kissinger]], stato-sekretario di Usa, Nobel-laureato pri paco (n. 1923)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre aos 100 Henry Kissinger, diplomata que moldou o século 20|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/11/morre-aos-100-anos-henry-kissinger-ex-secretario-de-estado-dos-eua.shtml|editero=Folha de S.Paulo|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=29ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> * [[30ma di novembro]] - [[Shane MacGowan]], Irlandana kantisto, kompozisto e muzikisto (n. 1951) * [[1ma di decembro]] - [[Dieter Schmidtchen]], Germana Idisto (n. 1951) * [[2ma di decembro]] - [[Faustin Twagiramungu]], chefa ministro di Ruanda (n. 1945) * [[3ma di decembro]] - [[Léonard Gianadda]], Suisa meceno (n. 1935) * [[5ma di decembro]] - [[Norman Lear]], Usana film-skriptisto e produktisto (n. 1922) * [[6ma di decembro]] - [[Rifat al-Alir]], Palestinana skriptisto, poeto, profesoro ed aktivisto (n. 1979) * [[8ma di decembro]] - [[Ryan O'Neal]], Usan aktoro (n. 1941) [[Arkivo:Antonio Negri DSC 2458 (3104171747).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Antonio Negri]]]] * [[16ma di decembro]] - [[Antonio Negri]], Italiana filozofo (n. 1933)<ref>{{extera ligilo|editero=La Repubblica|idiomo={{it}}|publikigita ye=16ma di decembro 2023|titulo=Toni Negri è morto, il leader di Autonomia Operaia è deceduto nella notte a Parigi|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/12/16/news/toni_negri_morto_parigi_autonomia_operaia_terrorismo-421674251/?ref=RHUO-UO}}</ref> * 16ma di decembro - [[Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]], emiro di Kuwait (n. 1937) * 16ma di decembro - [[Carlos Lyra]], Braziliana kantisto e kompozisto (n. 1933) * [[21ma di decembro]] - [[Robert Solow]], Usan ekonomikisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1924)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo=Robert M. Solow, Groundbreaking Economist and Nobelist, Dies at 99 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/business/robert-solow-dead.html|autoro=Robert Hershey, Michael Weinstein|publikigo=The New York Times |publikigita ye=21ma di decembro 2023}}</ref> * [[27ma di decembro]] - [[Li Sun-kyun]], Sud-Korean aktorino (n. 1975) * [[29ma di decembro]] - [[Gil de Ferran]], Brazilian automobilisto (n. 1967)<ref>{{extera ligilo|editero=UOL|titulo=Morre Gil de Ferran, ícone do automobilismo brasileiro, aos 56 anos|url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/ultimas-noticias/2023/12/29/morre-gil-de-ferran-piloto-brasileiro.htm |idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=29ma di decembro 2023}}</ref> * [[30ma di decembro]] - [[Tom Wilkinson]], Britanian aktoro (n. 1948)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/12/30/culturaipsilon/noticia/actor-britanico-tom-wilkinson-morre-75-anos-2075327|titulo=Actor britânico Tom Wilkinson morre aos 75 anos |editero=Público|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=30ma di decembro 2023}}</ref> * [[31ma di decembro]] - [[Benjamin Kiplagat]], Ugandan atleto (n. 1989) == Nobel-premiiziti == *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri fiziko|Fiziko]]: [[Pierre Agostini]], [[Ferenc Krausz]], [[Anne L'Huillier]]<ref>{{Extera ligilo |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/3/pierre-agostini-ferenc-krausz-anne-lhuillier-win-nobel-prize-for-physics |titulo=Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, Anne L’Huillier win Nobel Prize for physics|editero=www.aljazeera.com |vidita ye=4ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri kemio|Kemio]]: [[Moungi Bawendi]], [[Louis Eugene Brus|Louis Brus]], [[Alexei Ivanovich Yekimov|Alexei Yekimov]]<ref>{{citez jurnalo od edituro|autoro=Niklas Pollard, Ludwig Burger|publikigita ye=4ma di oktobro 2023|titulo=Nobel Chemistry prize awarded for 'quantum dots' that bring coloured light to screens |idiomo={{en}} |editero=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/science/bawendi-brus-ekimov-win-2023-nobel-prize-chemistry-2023-10-04/ |vidita ye=4ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri fiziologio o medicino|Fiziologio o Medicino]]: [[Katalin Karikó]], [[Drew Weissman]]<ref name="nobel-2023">{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/summary/|titulo=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023|vidita ye=2ma di oktobro 2023|publikigita ye=2ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri literaturo|Literaturo]]: [[Jon Fosse]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Escritor norueguês Jon Fosse ganha Prêmio Nobel de Literatura|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/escritor-noruegues-jon-fosse-ganha-premio-nobel-de-literatura/|editero=CNN |idiomo={{pt}} |publigikita ye=5ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri paco|Paco]]: [[Narges Mohammadi]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://jornal.unesp.br/2023/10/06/nobel-de-paz-de-2023-vai-para-narges-mohammadi-ativista-que-defende-direitos-das-mulheres-e-combate-pena-de-morte-no-ira/|titulo=Nobel de Paz de 2023 vai para Narges Mohammadi, ativista que defende direitos das mulheres e combate pena de morte no Irã|idiomo={{pt}} |editero=Jornal da Unesp|publikigita ye=6ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri ekonomiko|Ekonomiko]]: [[Claudia Goldin]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2023/popular-information/|titulo=The Prize in Economic Sciences 2023|editero=Nobelprize.org|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=15ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> == Referi == {{reflist}} [[Kategorio:Yari 2020a]] kpu1en2jpnm3vgy94tkduhetcpjylfb 1142543 1142542 2026-10-26T21:51:40Z Idisto 28999 /* Morti */ 1142543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{21ma yarcento}} La [[yaro]] '''2023''' (MMXXIII per Romala algarismi) esos ordinara yaro komencinta ye [[sundio]] segun la [[Gregoriala kalendario]]. Ol esis la 23ma yaro de la 3ma yarmilo, la 23ma yaro de la 21ma yarcento, e la 4ma yaro de la [[yari 2020a]]. Dum ca yaro, cesis global urjanteso deklarita da [[Mondal Organizuro pri Saneso]] pro la [[pandemio]] di [[KOVID-19]]. Inter la naturala dizastri qui eventis ca yaro esis la 5ma maxim destruktiva [[ter-tremo]] dil yarcento, qua produktis preske 60 mil mortinti en [[Turkia]] e [[Siria]]; [[ciklono]] ''Freddy'' - la maxim longe duranta de la historio, qua produktis plu kam 1400 morti en [[Malawi]] e [[Mozambik]]; tempesto ''Daniel'', qua produktis adminime 11 mil morti en [[Libia]] ed esis la maxim mortigiva tempesto depos ciklono ''Nargis'' de 2008; ed anke la ter-tremo di [[Maroko]] (2960 morti), e la quar ter-tremi qui eventis en Herat, [[Afganistan]], e produktis plu kam 1400 morti. L'[[invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|invado di Ukraina da Rusia]] e l'[[interna milito di Myanmar]] duris. Ank eventis serio di [[stato-stroko|stato-stroki]], armala konflikti e politikala krizi en multa nacioni di [[Afrika]]. En oktobro, pos atako da [[Hamas]] kontre [[Israel]]ana teritorio, komencis [[milito Israel-Hamas|milito kontre Hamas]] en [[Gaza]]. En 2023 eventis multa developi teknologiala pri [[artifical inteligenteso]], exemple kande organizuro [[OpenAI]] kreis stabila versiono di "babilo-roboto" [[ChatGPT]], e teknologiala grupo ''Alphabet Inc.'', suportita da [[Google]], expansis lua agado en diversa faki di nova teknologii. Ye la 1ma di januaro 2023 on kalkulis ke la [[Tero]] havis {{formatnum:7943}} milion habitanti,<ref>{{extera ligilo |autoro=US Census Bureau |titulo=U.S. Population Estimated at 334,233,854 on Jan. 1, 2023 |url=https://www.census.gov/library/stories/2022/12/happy-new-year-2023.html |vidita ye=16ma di novembro 2023|editero=Census.gov}}</ref>, e kalkulesis ke ol atingus {{formatnum:8119}} milion individui ye la 1ma di januaro 2024. En aprilo [[India]] superiris [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]] kom la maxim populoza lando de la mondo<ref>{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{en}}|url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/dpad/publication/un-desa-policy-brief-no-153-india-overtakes-china-as-the-worlds-most-populous-country/ |titulo=UN DESA Policy Brief No. 153: India overtakes China as the world's most populous country{{!}}Department of Economic and Social Affairs}}</ref>. Segun Chiniala horoskopo, 2023 esis la Yaro dil [[Kuniklo]]. == Klimato ed ambiento* == Ye la [[3ma di januaro]], Usana ciencala centro ''National Snow and Ice Data Center'' publikigis raporto pri vasteso di [[glacio]]-kovrajo en [[Antarktika]]. Komparanta 45 yari di satelitala fotografuri, la raporto montris ke la kovrajo esis la min granda de la historio.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230106145517/https://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/|titulo=Ice down under|publikigita ye=3ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Ye la 25ma di januaro, giganta [[glaciomonto]], kovranta entote 1550 [[quadrata kilometro|km²]] (tam vasta kam urbo [[Sao Paulo (urbo)|Sao Paulo]]) separis su de Antarktika. Tamen, ciencisti del instituto ''British Antarctic Survey'' (BAS) afirmis ke ca evento ne esis konsequo de [[globala varmesko]].<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Iceberg do tamanho de São Paulo se desprende da Antártica|idiomo={{pt}}|editero=Forbes|url=https://forbes.com.br/forbes-tech/2023/01/iceberg-do-tamanho-de-sao-paulo-se-desprende-da-antartica/|publikigita ye=25ma di januaro 2023}}</ref> Ye fino di januaro, pluvegi efektigis inundadi en [[Auckland]], [[Nova-Zelando]], e produktis adminime 4 morti e granda destruktado<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/reuters/2023/01/31/inundacoes-em-auckland-devem-continuar-com-previsao-de-novas-tempestades.htm|titulo=Inundações em Auckland devem continuar com previsão de novas tempestades|editero=UOL |publikigita ye=31ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref>. Dum la komenco di januaro, [[Latvia]] frapesis da la maxim serioza inundadi pro desfrosto depos 1981.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.diariodepernambuco.com.br/noticia/mundo/2023/01/letonia-e-atingida-por-piores-inundacoes-em-decadas.html|titulo=Letônia é atingida por piores inundações em décadas|editero=Diário de Pernambuo|autoro=AFP|publikigita ye=15ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> Ye la [[26ma di januaro]], tropikala tempesto ''Cheneso'' frapis [[Madagaskar]], afektis 89 mil personi, e produktis 30 morti e 20 plusa homi desaparinta.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Tempestade tropical mata 30 pessoas em Madagascar; milhares estão desalojados|editero=G1 |autoro=AFP|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/01/31/tempestade-tropical-mata-30-pessoas-em-madagascar-milhares-estao-desalojados.ghtml|publikigita ye=31ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> Ye la [[30ma di januaro]] komencis serio di forestala incendii en la sudo di [[Chili]], qui produktis 24 morti e plu kam 2000 plusa homi vundita. Plu kam 12 milion [[hektaro|hektari]] brulesis. [[Ciklono]] ''Freddy'', qua originis ye la [[5ma di februaro]] proxim minora Insuli Sunda, che [[Indiana Oceano]], frapis sudal [[Afrika]] ([[Madagaskar]], [[Mozambik]], [[Eswatini]], [[Zimbabwe]], [[Malawi]], [[Sudafrika]], [[Zambia]], insuli Mascarenhas), ante desaparar ye la [[14ma di marto]]. Ol frapis kelka loki nur kom tropikala tempesto, ma altra loki frapesis per venti qui atingis 270 kilometri po horo. Ol esis la maxim duranta e longe parkuranta tempesto de la historio, e produktis entote 1434 morti e 556 plusa homi desaparinta. La tempesto eventis meze epidemio di [[kolero]] en Mozambik e Malawi, e plumaleskis la severeso dil epidemio. Ye la 12ma di februaro, [[ciklono]] ''Gabrielle'' frapis [[Nova-Zelando]] e produktis adminime 11 morti e severa inundadi.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=New Zealand's cyclone death toll at 11, thousands still missing|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/cyclone-death-toll-new-zealand-rises-11-recovery-continues-2023-02-18/|publikigita ye=19ma di februaro 2023|editero=Reuters|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Ye la [[19ma di februaro]] eventis violentoza pluvego en la norda litoro dil stato [[Sao Paulo (stato)|Sao Paulo]], en [[Brazilia]]. Sur urbo [[São Sebastião, São Paulo|São Sebastião]] falis plu kam 600 mm di pluvi, qui efektigis dizastroza terglitadi e produktis plu kam 36 morti, cirkume 40 desaparinti, e granda destruktado.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2023/02/20/sp-sobe-para-37-o-numero-de-mortos-vitimados-pelas-chuvas-no-litoral-norte.htm|titulo=SP: Sobe para 40 o número de mortos vitimados pelas chuvas no litoral norte |editero=UOL|publikigita ye=20ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> En februaro e marto, landi de sudal [[Europa]] konfrontis serioza [[sikeso]], en qua kelka riveri e kanali divenis komplete senaqua. Nivuro en [[Alpi]] diminutis per 63%, segun ciencal organizuro ''CIMA Research Foundation''.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Dry canals, low rivers and shrunken lakes: Europe braces for severe drought amid winter heatwave|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/02/24/europe/europe-winter-drought-rivers-climate-intl/index.html |editero=CNN|publikigita ye=24ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Pro la poka pluvo-quanto e nivuro, Franca guvernerio decidis proskriptar 9 nova granda projeti pri domo-konstruktado en la sudo di la lando por la proxima 4 yari. La manko di aquo anke minacas navigado en kelk arei.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.wired.com/story/europe-drought-2023/|titulo=Europe is bracing for (another) devastating drought|editero=Wired|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=14ma di marto 2023}}</ref> En [[Peru]] ed [[Equador]], [[ciklono]] ''Yaku'' produktis adminime 8 morti e granda destruktado de la 7ma til la 20ma di marto. Ank en marto e komenco di aprilo, forta pluvi en la [[Norda regiono (Brazilia)|norda]] ed en la [[Nord-estala regiono (Brazilia)|Nord-estala]] regioni di [[Brazilia]] afektis mili di personi en diversa urbi. Che urbo [[Rio Branco, Acre]], pluvis dum 24 hori inter la 24ma e la 25ma di marto, 75% de la pluvo-quanto expektata por tota monato marto.<ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://g1.globo.com/ac/acre/noticia/2023/03/25/chuvas-causam-estragos-em-ao-menos-5-estados-do-norte-acre-tem-mais-de-32-mil-atingidos-e-amazonas-tem-casas-arrastadas-pela-agua.ghtml|titulo=Chuvas causam estragos em 6 estados do Norte e do Nordeste; AC tem mais de 32 mil atingidos e AM tem casas arrastadas pela água|editero=G1|publikigita ye=25ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> Dum [[autuno]] en norda misfero, kelka regioni enrejistris rekordi di alta temperaturi, exemple 36°C (96°F) en Windsor Locks, [[Connecticut]], [[Usa]] ye la [[14ma di aprilo]], 38,8°C en [[Córdoba, Hispania]] ye la 27ma di aprilo, e 36,1°C en [[Shanghai]], [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]], ye la 29ma di mayo. Ye la [[21ma di aprilo]] en [[Myanmar]], violentoza [[tornado]] frapis vilaji Aung Myin Kone e Tadaw, proxim la chef-urbo [[Naypyidaw]], produktanta adminime 8 morti e 128 plusa homi vundita, e destruktanta adminime 232 domi. Ye la [[29ma di aprilo]], decensanta ventegi frapis sudala [[Texas]] e produktis deki di mili di dolari en domaji.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=IEM :: pns from NWS BRO |url=https://mesonet.agron.iastate.edu/wx/afos/p.php?pil=PNSBRO&e=202305011735|vidita ye=2ma di agosto 2023}}</ref> De la 19ma di mayo til la 3ma di junio, [[tifono]] ''Mawar'', anke konocata kom "supertifono ''Betty''", la maxim violentoza enrejistrita dum monato mayo en la historio, produktis 2 morti en [[Guam]], 1 en [[Filipini]], 1 en [[Taiwan]] e 2 en [[Japonia]], e granda destruktado. Dum [[somero]] en norda misfero, temperaturi en multa loki atingis historiala rekordi. Exemple [[Palermo]], [[Sicilia]], enrejistris 47[[Celsius|°C]]<ref name=ola>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Ola de calor sin precedentes: incendios forestales azotan 4 continentes (FOTOS)|idiomo={{es}}|url=https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/474495-calor-incendios-forestales-continentes|publikigita ye=26ma di julio 2023|editero=RT}}</ref>. En [[Tunis]], [[Tunizia]], enrejistresis 50°C<ref name=ola/>, ed en [[Amman]], [[Jordania]], enrejistresis 39°C. Diversa incendii en multa loki di Usa ed Europa augmentis la destruktado. De la 19ma til la 29ma di julio, [[tifono]] ''Doksuri'' frapis [[Filipini]], [[Taiwan]], [[Vietnam]] e [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]] e produktis entote 137 morti e 289 plusa homi vundita e 46 desaparinti. Ol ank efektigis 15,4 miliard dolari en materiala domaji, ed esis la 2ma maxim destruktiva tifono di la historio, e la maxim destruktiva di Popul-Republiko Chinia. Ye la 1ma di agosto, [[Iran]] deklaris vakancodio en tota la lando dum du dii, pro la temperaturi extreme alta, klozanta tota skoli, banki e publika kontori<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://news.sky.com/story/iran-announces-nationwide-shutdown-due-to-soaring-heat-12931849|titulo=Iran announces nationwide shutdown due to soaring heat|editero=Sky News|publikigita ye=1ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Ye la 3ma di agosto, komencis serio di inundadi pro pluvegi en sudal [[Austria]] ([[Karintia]]) e [[Slovenia]]. En 48 hori, pluvis 275 mm en Loibl, Slovenia<ref name=":1">{{extera ligilo|url=https://siol.net/novice/slovenija/vse-te-ceste-so-zaradi-posledic-neurja-zaprte-612667 |titulo=Nočna mora na Gorenjskem in Koroškem. Razmere so katastrofalne. #video|editero=siol.net|vidita ye=4ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{sl}}}}</ref>, e 3 personi mortis<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2485415-noodweer-in-slovenie-twee-nederlanders-omgekomen |titulo=Noodweer in Slovenië, twee Nederlanders omgekomen|publikigita ye=4ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{nl}}}}</ref>. Segun raporto publikigita ye la 8ma di agosto 2023 dal Europana sistemo ''Copernicus Programmme'' kreita por studiar klimatala chanji, julio 2023 esis la maxim varma julio segun historiala registragi<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/july-was-worlds-hottest-record-eu-scientists-say-2023-08-08/|titulo=July was world's hottest on record, EU scientists say|editero=Reuters|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=8ma di agosto 2023}}</ref>. La recenta varmesko klimatala afektabas serioze la quanto di [[glacio]] en [[Alpi]]: segun studii publikigita da Autrian Akademio pri Cienci, en agosto, la glacieri di Estal Alpi desaparigos komplete ante 2050<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://sputniknews.lat/20230821/estiman-que-los-glaciares-de-los-alpes-orientales-desapareceran-hacia-2050-1142887717.html|titulo=Estiman que los glaciares de los Alpes Orientales desaparecerán hacia 2050|editero=Sputnik|publigikita ye=21ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref>. En [[Kanada]], forestal incendii komencis ye la 1ma di marto 2023, e til la 20ma di agosto li destruktabis plu kam 14 milion hektari (cirkume 5% ek la foreti di la lando) ed efektigis la morto di 5 personi, e la diplaso di {{formatnum:155856}} plusa homi til la 7ma di julio<ref name="ABCnews_July7">{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/wildfires-canada-broken-records-area-burned-evacuations-cost-100806230 |titulo=Wildfires in Canada have broken records for area burned, evacuations and cost, official says |publikigita ye=7ma di julio 2023|vidita ye=8ma di julio 2023|editero=The Associated Press|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Lor la "fairala sezono" di 2023 en Nord-Amerika judikesis kom la maxim mala de la historio, e superiris olta di 2020. La fumo emisita afektis la qualeso dil aero en multa urbi, ed en junio ol trairis [[Atlantiko]] ed atingis Europa. En [[Italia]], nome en [[Sicilia]], fairi komencis ye la 23ma di julio, e til la 28ma di julio li destruktabis {{formatnum:51386}} hektari<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Incendi, da inizio anno andati in fumo 51.386 ettari in Italia |url=https://www.tgcom24.mediaset.it/cronaca/incendi-in-fumo-51-386-ettari-in-italia_67721989-202302k.shtml |vidita ye=28ma di julio 2023 |idiomo={{it}}|editero=tgcom24.mediaset.it}}</ref>. Samatempe, violentoza tempesti frapis la nordo di la lando. De la 16ma til la 24ma di agosto, [[uragano]] ''Hilary'', kategorizita kom "4" segun forteso di venti, frapis [[Basa Kalifornia]] e pose la sudo di [[Kalifornia]], en Usa. Ol esis l'unesma uragano en la regiono pos 84 yari<ref>{{Extera ligilo |publikigita ye=2023-08-20 |titulo=Rain from Tropical Storm Hilary lashes California and Mexico, swamping roads and trapping cars |url=https://apnews.com/article/hilary-tropical-storm-flooding-california-mexico-f89aeddeb62d55c935699ac81ca85f1d |vidita ye=23ma di agosto 2023 |editero=AP News |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. De la 22ma di agosto til la 3ma di septembro, tifono ''Saola'' o ''Goring'' frapis la sudo di Taiwan, la nordo di Filipini e la sudo di Popul-Republiko Chinia. Ye la 4ma di septembro, tifono ''Haikui'' frapis Taiwan, e koaktis l'evakuo di 7 mil personi. Ne eventis morti, tamen l'intensa pluvi efektigis inundadi e granda destruktado. En septembro, pluvegi en la centro e la sudo di Hispania produktis du morti, du desaparinti ed efektigis granda inundadi e destruktado<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.yucatan.com.mx/internacional/2023/9/4/fuertes-lluvias-dejan-dos-muertos-dos-desaparecidos-numerosos-incidentes-en-espana-430062.html|titulo=Fuertes lluvias dejan dos muertos, dos desaparecidos y numerosos incidentes en España|editero=Diario de Yucatán|idiomo={{es}}|publikigita ye=4ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. Ye la [[4ma di septembro]], [[ciklono]] frapis la centro e la nordo di [[Brazilia]]na stato [[Rio Grande do Sul]], efektigis pluvego ed inundadi en multa urbi e produktis adminime 21 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2023/09/05/ciclone-extratropical-mortes-destruicao-rio-grande-do-sul.ghtml |titulo=Ciclone extratropical mata 6 no RS; em SC, tempestade deixa 1 morto|editero=G1|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=5ma di septembro 2023}}</ref><ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://g1.globo.com/rs/rio-grande-do-sul/noticia/2023/09/05/sobe-para-21-numero-de-vitimas-do-ciclone-extratropical-no-rs-confirma-governador.ghtml|titulo=Sobe para 21 número de vítimas do ciclone extratropical no RS|editero=G1|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=5ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. Ye la 6ma di septembro, tempesto ''Daniel'' frapis Turkia, Grekia e Bulgaria, efektigis grava inundadi e granda destruktado, e produktis en ca landi rispektive 7, 17 e 4 morti<ref name=Daniel/>. Che urbo Voros, distanta 330 km norde de [[Athina]], pluvis 375 mm en 14 hori, dekople la quanto di pluvi expektita por la tota monato.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/06/europe/greece-europe-extreme-weather-climate-intl/index.html|titulo=At least seven killed as Storm Daniel lashes southern Europe|editero=CNN|idioma={{en}}|publikigita ye=6ma di septembro 2023}}</ref> Pose, ''Daniel'' trairis Mediteraneo e frapis nord-estala [[Libia]] de la 10ma til la 12ma di septembro. Ibe ol produktis adminime {{formatnum:4333}} morti e {{formatnum:10000}} plusa homi desaparinta<ref name=Daniel>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Libya counts over 2,500 victims as storm Daniel's devastation unfolds|url=https://www.albawaba.com/news/libya-counts-over-2500-victims-storm-daniels-devastation-unfolds-1533870|autoro=Mansour Al-Maswari |editero=Albawaba News|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=11ma di septembro 2023}}</ref><ref name="cnnnew">{{extera ligilo |autoro=Salih Akbarzai, Richard Roth|titulo=UN revises previous high Libya death toll|publikigita ye=17ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{en}} |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/17/africa/un-revises-libya-death-toll/index.html |editero=CNN}}</ref>. En [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]] eventis granda inundadi en [[provinco Guangdong|Guangdong]] e [[provinco Fujian|Fujian]] kande ciklono ''Haikui'' frapis li ye la 8ma di septembro. Pluvegi en [[Hong-Kong]] e [[Shenzhen]] atingis historiala rekordi en 140 yari<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Hong Kong, Shenzhen deluged by heaviest rain on record|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Current_events/September_2023|editero=Reuters|publikigita ye=8ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. Ye la 11ma di septembro, urbo Leominster, en [[Massachusetts]] deklaris urjanteso-stando pos ke 280-milimetra pluvego efektigis giganta inundado. Ye komenco di oktobro, anuncesis ke la [[sikeso]] en la [[Norda regiono (Brazilia)|Norda]] e [[Nord-estala regiono (Brazilia)|Nord-estala]] regioni di Brazilia ja esis la maxim serioza depos la yaro 1980. La manko di pluvi nocis la distributado di aquo por homala uzo e la produktado di elektro e nutrivi<ref name=Olhar>{{extera ligilo|url=https://olhardigital.com.br/2023/10/04/ciencia-e-espaco/norte-e-nordeste-enfrentam-pior-seca-desde-1980-especialistas-alertam-para-consequencias/|titulo=Norte e Nordeste enfrentam pior seca desde 1980; especialistas alertam para consequências|editero=Olhar Digital|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=4ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. Multa fishi ed exempleri di [[Amazoniana riverala delfino]] (''Inia geoffrensis'') mortis pro diminutado di volumino di aquo en riveri, ed augmento di la temperaturo<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://g1.globo.com/am/amazonas/natureza/amazonia/noticia/2023/10/10/seca-historica-ja-matou-141-botos-no-lago-de-tefe-no-amazonas.ghtml|titulo=Sobe para 141 número de botos mortos durante a seca no Amazonas|editero=G1|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=10ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. Segun previdado meteorologiala, la sikeso en la regiono - afektanta 8 stati: [[Amazonas (Brazilia)|Amazonas]], [[Pará]], [[Acre]], [[Amapá]], [[Maranhão]], [[Piauí]], [[Bahia]] e [[Sergipe]] durus adminime til januaro 2024<ref name=Olhar/>. De la 4ma til la 5ma di oktobro en [[Sikkim]], [[India]], pluvegi efektigis brechizo che glaciala lago Suda Lhonak e sequante inundado, qua arivis al aquobarilo Teesta III e produktis lua rupto. Plu kam 74 personi mortis konseque<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2493456-meer-lichamen-gevonden-na-overstromingen-en-dijkdoorbraak-india-74-doden|titulo=Meer lichamen gevonden na overstromingen en dijkdoorbraak India, 74 doden|vidita ye=15ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Ye la 25ma di oktobro, uragano ''Otis'' frapis [[Acapulco]], [[Mexikia]], per venti qui atingis 270 km/h, e produktis adminime 39 morti. Ol esis l'unesma uragano di [[Pacifiko]] qua atingis kategorio ''5'' che skalo Saffir-Simpson.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/oct/27/hurricane-otis-the-eastern-pacifics-first-inland-category-5-storm|titulo=Hurricane Otis hits Mexico and continues with category 5 intensity|surnomo=Williams|nomo=Matt|editero=The Guardian|publikigita ye=27ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=27ma di oktobro 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> En novembro, reprezentanti de diversa nacioni kunvenis en [[Uzbekistan]] por konfero di la Kunveno dil Unionita Nacioni por Kombatar Dezertigo (Angle: ''United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification'', abreviita UNCCD). Reprezentanti de Afrikana nacioni emfazis ke globala konflikti, nome en [[Ukraina]] e [[Gaza]] deviacis internaciona kapitali qui uzesus por kombatar [[dezertigo]] en lia landi. On kalkulis ke plu kam 110 milion individui en [[Afrika]] afektesis direte por klimatala problemi e [[sikeso]] en 2022, e la domaji superiris 7,7 miliard Euri.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.dw.com/en/global-conflicts-overshadowing-african-desertification/a-67505050|titulo=Global conflicts overshadowing African desertification|editero=DW|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=21ma di novembro 2023|vidita ye=1ma di januaro 2024}}</ref> Ank en novembro, publikigesis studiuro montranta ke la granda fumonubi de incendii en [[Australia]] en 2019-2020 pluforteskis fenomeno [[La-Ninya]] en 2020-2022 e, nedirete, afektis la klimato ank en 2023.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://yaleclimateconnections.org/2023/11/the-unusual-2023-atlantic-hurricane-season-ends/|titulo=The unusual 2023 Atlantic hurricane season ends|editero=Yale Climate Conditions|idomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=30ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> Ye la [[3ma di decembro]], inundadi e terglitadi en [[Tanzania]] produktis 47 morti e vundis plusa 85 homi. L'inundado eventis pos periodo di forta sikeso<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2419801/world |idiomo={{en}}|titulo=At least 47 dead in Tanzania landslides: local official|editero=Arab News |publikigita ye=3ma di decembro 2023}}</ref>. Ye la 9ma e la 10ma di decembro, diversa [[tornado|tornadi]] frapis Usana stato [[Tennessee]], e produktis 7 morti, 71 plusa homi vundita e granda materiala destruktado. Ye la 17ma di decembro, violentoza tempesto kun venti de plu kam 150 km po horo frapis [[Bahía Blanca]], en [[Arjentinia]], e produktis adminime 13 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/severe-storm-strikes-coastal-city-argentina-least-13-dead-2023-12-17/|titulo=Severe storm strikes coastal city in Argentina, at least 13 dead|editero=Reuters|publikigita ye=17ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Ye la [[26ma di decembro]], ventegi e sturmi produktis adminime 10 morti en [[Australia]]na stati [[Quinslando]] e [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=9 people have died in wild weather in Australian states, officials say|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/9-people-died-wild-weather-australian-states-queensland-105933170|editero=ABC News|publikigita ye=26ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. Ye la [[28ma di decembro]], sturmo ''Gerrit'' frapis [[Unionita Rejio]] per venti qui atingis 128 km/h en rivala regioni, portis pluvegi e nivo a multa regioni, interuptis transporto en chosei e ferovoyi, ed interuptis furniso di elektro.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Storm Gerrit damages houses and leaves thousands without power as it batters UK|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/storm-gerrit-damages-houses-leaves-thousands-power-batters-105960674|editero=ABC News|publikigita ye=28ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Ye la lasta semano di decembro, pluvegi che [[Demokratial Republiko Kongo]] efektigis inundadi e terglitadi, e produktis plu kam 60 morti<ref name="Kongo"/>. Ye la [[30ma di decembro]], rapida inundadi produktis 21 morti en [[KwaZulu-Natal]], [[Sudafrika]]. Ye la 8ma di novembro, Europana meteorologiala observatorio ''Copernicus'' anuncis ke la yaro 2023 esus la maxim varma yaro de la pasinta 125 mil yari<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://g1.globo.com/meio-ambiente/noticia/2023/11/08/2023-deve-ser-o-ano-mais-quente-dos-ultimos-125-mil-anos-dizem-cientistas.ghtml|titulo=2023 deve ser o ano mais quente em 125 mil anos, diz observatório europeu|editero=G1|publikigita ye=8ma di novembro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref>. Datumi publikigita da Japoniana Agenterio pri Meteorologio ''Kishō-chō'' ye la 2ma di januaro 2024, montris ke 2023 esis la maxim varma yaro segun global enrejistrado, e la mezavalora temperaturi superiris per 1,43 °C la mezavalora lineo di temperaturi enrejistrita de 1850 til 1900.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://climatlas.com/temperature/jra55_temperature.php |titulo=Global temperatures|publikigita ye=2ma di januaro 2024|publikigo=Climatlas |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> == Eventi == ===Januaro=== * [[1ma di januaro]] - [[Kroatia]] adoptas [[Euro]] kom monetaro. * 1ma di januaro - [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] asumas triesmafoye kom prezidanto di [[Brazilia]], pos vinkir la duesma balotado di prezidantal elekto eventinta ye la 31ma di oktobro 2022. * [[7ma di januaro]] - En [[Israel]], komencas serio di stradala protesti kontre reformo di [[judiciala povo]] propozita da [[Benjamin Netanyahu]]. * [[8ma di januaro]] - Suporteri di [[Jair Bolsonaro]], ex-prezidanto di [[Brazilia]], invadas l'edifici di Nacionala Kongreso, di prezidantala palaco e di la Supra Federala Tribunalo, che urbo [[Brasília]], e produktas granda destruktado.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|idiomo={{pt}}|url=https://istoe.com.br/bolsonaristas-golpistas-invadem-sedes-dos-tres-poderes/|titulo=Bolsonaristas golpistas invadem sedes dos três poderes|publikigita ye=8ma di januaro 2023|vidita ye=8ma di januaro 2023|editero=IstoÉ}}</ref> Kom respondo, prezidanto [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] dekretas federala interveno en Brasília.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Lula decreta intervenção federal no DF até 31 de janeiro |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/politica/ultimas-noticias/2023/01/08/lula-decreta-intervencao-federal-no-df-ate-31-de-janeiro.htm|idiomo={{pt}}|autoro=Gabriela Vinhal, Igor Melo|publikigita ye=8ma di januaro 2023|vidita ye=8ma di januaro 2023|editero=UOL}}</ref> * [[18ma di januaro]] - [[Nguyễn Xuân Phúc]] renuncas la prezidanteso di [[Vietnam]] pro korupto-skandalo. * [[11ma di januaro]] - Suocidanta teroristo del [[Islamana Stato|Islamana Stato - Provinco Khorasan]] explozas su e mortigas adminime 20 personi en [[Kabul]], [[Afganistan]]. * [[19ma di januaro]] - Komencas serio di [[striko|striki]] en [[Paris]] ed en altra loki di [[Francia]] kontre modifiko en pensiono-sistemo. La striki duros dum plu kam 2 monati. * [[20ma di januaro]] - Parlamento di [[Trinidad e Tobago]] elektas chefministrino [[Christine Kangaloo]] kom prezidanto di la lando, per 48 voti kontre 22. * [[25ma di januaro]] - [[Chris Hipkins]] sucedas [[Jacinda Ardern]] kom chefministro di [[Nova-Zelando]], pos elua renunco.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|surnomo=McClure|nomo=Tess|publikigita ye=22ma di januaro 2023 |titulo=New Zealand: Chris Hipkins taking over from Jacinda Ardern on Wednesday |editero=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/22/new-zealand-labour-caucus-votes-in-chris-hipkins-to-succeed-jacinda-ardern|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * 27ma til la [[28ma di januaro]] - Eventas la duesma votado por prezidanto en [[Chekia]], e [[Petr Pavel]] proklamesas vinkinto. * [[30ma di januaro]] - Adminime 59 personi mortas e plusa 170 homi vundesas pos ke teroristo detonigas explozivi atachita a sua korpo che [[moskeo]] en [[Peshawar]], [[Pakistan]].<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-64451936?zephr-modal-register|titulo= Pakistan mosque blast: Police targeted in attack that kills 47|sitioweb=BBC News|vidita ye=30ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> === Februaro === * [[3ma di februaro]] - Defens-autoritatozi de [[Usa]] anuncas ke observo-baloni de [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]] detektesis fluganta super [[Latin Amerika]], [[Kanada]] ed [[Usa]]. On suspektas ke ca baloni uzesas por spionado.<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Another Chinese 'surveillance balloon' is flying over Latin America, Pentagon says |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/chinese-balloon-cause-civilian-injuries-deaths-rcna69052 |vidita ye=4ma di februaro 2023|editero=NBC News|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[6ma di februaro]] - Du [[Ter-tremo|ter-tremi]] frapas la sudo di [[Turkia]] e la nordo di [[Siria]]; un ek li en la provinco Gaziantep, kun forteso 7.8 che [[skalo di Richter]], e l'altru kun forteso 7.5 en la provinco Kahramanmaraş. La du efektigas granda destruktado e produktas {{formatnum:50783}} morti, 297 desaparinta e {{formatnum:121704}} plusa homi vundita en Turkia<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Son Dakika... Süleyman Soylu açıkladı: Depremde can kaybı 50 bin 783 oldu|url=https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/siyaset/son-dakika-suleyman-soylu-acikladi-depremde-can-kaybi-50-bin-783-oldu-2074031|editero=Cumhuriyet |publikigita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023 |idiomo={{tr}}}}</ref>, e {{formatnum:8476}} morti e {{formatnum:14500}} plusa homi vundita en Siria<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Devastating Earthquakes in Southern Türkiye and Northern Syria, April 6th 2023, Situation raport 20 [EN/TR]|url=https://reliefweb.int/raport/turkiye/devastating-earthquakes-southern-turkiye-and-northern-syria-april-6th-2023-situation-raport-20-entr|publikigo=International Blue Crescent|editero=Reliefweb|publikigita ye=6ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}</ref>. * [[9ma di februaro]] - [[Polonia]] klozas la precipua frontierala paseyo kun [[Bielorusia]], pro la kresko di tensi inter la du landi.<ref>{{citez jurnalo od edituro|publikigita ye=9ma di februaro 2023|titulo=Poland to close Bielorusia border crossing until further notice, Minsk unhappy |idiomo={{en}}|editero=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/Europa/poland-close-Bielorusia-border-crossing-until-further-notice-says-minister-2023-02-09/ }}</ref> * [[13ma di februaro]] - Eventas prezidantal elekto en [[Bangladesh]], kun [[Shahabuddin Chuppu]] kom sola kandidato por sucedar [[Mohammad Abdul Hamid]]. * [[15ma di februaro]] - En Los Planes, [[Panama]], acidento kun autobuso transportanta ekmigranti kun destino ad Usa produktas 41 morti.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.laestrella.com.pa/nacional/230215/accidente-chiriqui-deja-heridos-victimas-mortales|titulo=Accidente en Chiriquí deja varios heridos y víctimas mortales|vidita ye=15ma di februaro 2023|apellido=Panamá|Nomo=GESE-La Estrella de|editero=La Estrella de Panamá|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[19ma di februaro]] - Pluvego che norda litoro dil stato [[Sao Paulo (stato)|Sao Paulo]], [[Brazilia]] efektigas inundadi e ter-glitadi kun granda destrukto di imobli, precipue en urbi [[São Sebastião, São Paulo|São Sebastião]] ed [[Ubatuba]]. Adminime 57 personi mortas, di qui 56 en São Sebastião.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2023/02/19/chuvas-causam-enchentes-pelo-litoral-norte-de-sao-paulo-veja.htm|titulo=Litoral de SP: chuva deixa 36 mortos, interdita rodovias e cancela Carnaval|publikigita ye=19ma di februaro 2023|editero=UOL |idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref><ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/cotidiano/ultimas-noticias/2023/02/24/sp-sobe-para-57-numero-de-mortes-apos-chuvas-no-litoral-norte.htm|titulo=SP: Sobe para 57 número de mortes após chuvas no litoral norte |editero=UOL|publikigita ye=24ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[23ma di februaro]] - [[Ter-tremo]] kun forteso 6.8 til 7.2 che [[skalo di Richter]] frapas [[Tadjikistan]] e parto di [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]]. * [[26ma di februaro]] - Adminime 59 personi mortas kande batelo transportanta plu kam 150 personi de [[Afganistan]], [[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] e [[Siria]] naufrajas proxim Crotone, [[Italia]]. On kredas ke la batelo havis ecesiva pezo.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Naufrágio próximo à Itália deixa ao menos 59 migrantes mortos; 12 eram crianças|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/02/naufragio-proximo-a-italia-deixa-mais-de-40-migrantes-mortos.shtml|editero=Folha de S.Paulo|publikigita ye=26ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[28ma di februaro]] - En [[Grekia]], du treni voyajanta en opozita direcioni - un ek li transportanta vari e l'altru transportanta pasajeri - kolizionas proxim urbo [[Larissa]]. L'acidento efektigas incendio e produktas adminime 36 morti e 85 plusa homi vundita.<ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/03/acidente-com-trens-na-grecia-gerou-temperatura-superior-a-1300oc-em-vagao.shtml|titulo=Acidente com trens na Grécia gerou temperatura superior a 1.300°C em vagão|editero=UOL|autoro=Reuters|publikigita ye=1ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> === Marto === * [[2ma di marto]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: che [[oblast Briansk]], [[Rusia]], eventas ataki kontre du frontierala vilaji, en qua du civili mortigesas, e 10-yar evanta puero vundesas serioze. Pose, nacionalisti Rusa de extrema dextra asumas l'autoreso dil ataki.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Rusia denuncia la muerte de dos personas en un ataque de "saboteadores ucranianos" en la región de Briansk|url=https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-rusia-denuncia-muerte-persona-ataque-saboteadores-ucranianos-region-briansk-20230302102308.html|vidita ye= 6ma di marto 2023|publikigita ye=2ma di marto 2023|editero=www.europapress.es|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * 2ma di marto - Ciencala Usana jurnalo ''Science'' publikigas artiklo montranta ke incendii en boreala foresti - qui ordinare reprezentas 10% del emiso globala di [[karbobioxo|CO₂]] - reprezentis 23% de globala emisi di ca polutanto en 2021. To esis la maxim alta chifro depos la yaro 2000. <ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.ade0805|titulo=Record-high CO2 emissions from boreal fires in 2021 |editero=Science |publikigita ye=2 March 2023 |volumo=379|idiomo={{en}}|pagini=912-917 |doi=10.1126/science.ade0805|autoro=Bo Zheng, Philippe Cials, ed altri}}</ref> * [[6ma di marto]] - En [[Indonezia]], terglitado en la regiono Kabupaten Natuna produktas adminime 50 morti e cirkume 4 plusa homi restas desaparinta.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Update Longsor Natuna: Korban Tewas Jadi 36 Orang, 18 Masih Hilang |editero=CNN Indonesia |url=https://www.cnnindonesia.com/nasional/20230311130134-20-923715/update-longsor-natuna-korban-tewas-jadi-36-orang-18-masih-hilang |vidita ye=12ma di marto 2023 |publikigo=nasional |idiomo={{id}}}}</ref> * [[10ma di marto]] - Usana [[banko]] ''Silicon Valley Bank'', la 16ma maxim granda de Usa, bankrotas. To krea timo pri bankroto di altra granda banki.<ref>{{Extera ligilo|autoro=Karl Russell, Christine Zhang|publikigita ye=11ma di marto 2023|titulo=The Second-Biggest Bank Failure |editero=The New York Times|idiomo={{en}}|url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2023/03/10/business/bank-failures-silicon-valley-collapse.html |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> * [[13ma di marto]] - [[Ciklono]] ''Yaku'' frapas [[Lima]], [[Peru]], efektigas pluvego kun granda inundadi e terglitadi, e produktas adminime 5 morti.<ref>{{extera ligilo |titulo=Perú: lluvias dejan cinco muertos, inundaciones y derrumbes|editero=San Diego Union-Tribune |url=https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/en-espanol/noticias/story/2023-03-13/peru-lluvias-dejan-cinco-muertos-inundaciones-y-derrumbes|publikigita ye=13ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[17ma di marto]] - L'Internaciona Kriminala Korto lansas arest-impero kontre Rusa prezidanto [[Vladimir Putin]], pro mortigi dum l'[[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina]].<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Russia-Ukraine war live: Biden welcomes Putin arrest warrant as UK says Moscow likely to expand conscription |editero=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2023/mar/18/russia-ukraine-war-live-xxxxx |publikigita ye=18ma di marto 2023 |vidita ye=18ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[18ma di marto]] - [[Ter-tremo]] kun [[epicentro]] en Balao, municipo distanta 140 kilometri de [[Guayaquil]], frapas [[Equador]] kun forteso 6.5 che [[skalo di Richter]]. Ol anke frapas min intense [[Peru]], [[Chili]] e [[Mexikia]], e produktas adminime 13 morti en Equador.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Terremoto atinge Equador, Peru, Chile e México; há ao menos 13 mortos |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/internacional/ultimas-noticias/2023/03/18/terremoto-equador-peru-paises-mortes.htm|editero=UOL |publikigita ye=18ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[19ma di marto]] - [[Suisia|Suisa]] koloko-banko ''UBS Group AG'' aceptas komprar banko ''Credit Suisse'' po 3 miliard [[Suisa franko|Suisa franki]], pos konkordo negociita kun Suisa guvernerio e la Nacionala Banko Suisa. * [[26ma di marto]] - Eventas grandega spontana protesti en diversa urbi [[Israel]]ana, pos ke chefministro [[Benjamin Netanyahu]] demisionas ilua defenso-ministro, qua disursis kontre la judiciala reformo propozata. * [[28ma di marto]] - Adminime 40 personi mortas dum incendio en diteneyo por migranti nelegala en [[Ciudad Juarez]], [[Mexikia]].<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/pelo-menos-40-imigrantes-morrem-em-incendio-durante-protesto-em-centro-de-detencao-no-mexico/|titulo=Pelo menos 40 imigrantes morrem em incêndio durante protesto em centro de detenção no México|editero=CNN Brasil |publikigita ye=28ma di marto 2023|vidita ye=28ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[29ma di marto]] - Unesmafoye [[Islamo|mohamedano]], [[Hamza Yusuf]], divenas chefa ministro di [[Skotia]]. * [[30ma di marto]] - En [[New-York]], jurio akuzas ex-prezidanto [[Donald Trump]] pri sekrete pagar ex-pornografial aktorino Stormy Daniels por ne divulgar afero inter le du ante prezidantal elekto di 2016, e samatempe mentiar pri la karaktero di la pago, dicante ke ol esis pago pri servado di advokati.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/03/30/donald-trump-e-indiciado-em-caso-de-atriz-porno-diz-new-york-times.ghtml|editero=G1|titulo=Donald Trump é acusado formalmente em caso de suborno a atriz pornô; promotoria negocia rendição|publikigita ye=30ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> === Aprilo === * [[4ma di aprilo]] - [[Finlando]] membreskas [[NATO]]. * 4ma di aprilo - Ex-prezidanto di Usa [[Donald Trump]] formale akuzesas pri [[fraudo]], relate pago facita ad ex-pornografial aktorino ante l'elekto di 2016, por ke el ne revelis ke ambe havis afero. La pago mencionesis da lu kom "pago ad advokati". Unesmafoye en la historio di [[Usa]], ula ex-prezidanto formale akuzesis ante judiciala korto.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo="Un complot ilegal": la acusación sin precedentes contra Trump por falsificar información para ocultar delitos|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-internacional-65181288 |editero=BBC News Mundo|vidita ye=9ma di aprilo 20239|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[11ma di aprilo]] - En [[Myanmar]], aer-armeo bombardas vilajo Pazigyi, e produktas 165 morti.<ref>{{extera ligilo|publikigita ye=12ma di aprilo 2023 |titulo= Myanmar's junta kills over 100 including women, children in a deadly airstrike on village: Report|editero=India TV News |idiomo={{en}}|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/world/myanmar-junta-killed-over-more-than-100-including-women-children-live-updates-airstrike-village-kant-balu-sagaing-min-aung-hlaing-aung-san-suu-kyi-2023-04-12-862665}}</ref> * [[15ma di aprilo]] - [[Germania]] klozas lua lasta nuklear elektriferio. * 15ma di aprilo - En [[Khartoum]] e [[Darfur]], komencas [[Interna milito di Sudan (depos 2023)|armala konflikto]] inter rivala grupi de la militala guvernerio di [[Sudan]]. La konflikti produktis 413 morti e mili di plusa homi vundita til la 21ma di aprilo, segun [[Mondal Organizuro pri Saneso]].<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/world/article-sudan-conflict-2023-rsf-explained/|titulo=Sudan’s conflict explained: What’s behind the latest fighting?|editero=The Globe and Mail|publikigita ye=21ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[19ma di aprilo]] - Tumulto en amasego di individui qui expektis recevar donacaji en [[Sanaa]], [[Yemen]], produktas adminime 78 morti.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2023/04/19/middleeast/yemen-sanaa-crowd-surge-intl/index.html|titulo=‘People sacrificed their lives for just 10 dollars’: At least 78 killed in Yemen crowd surge|editero=CNN|publikigita ye=20ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[20ma di aprilo]] - En Boca Chica, [[Texas]], [[fuzeo]] ''Starship'' de kompanio ''Space X'' da [[Elon Musk]] explozas 4 minuti pos lansado.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/20/science/spacex-launch-explosion-elon-musk.html|titulo=SpaceX’s Starship ‘Learning Experience’ Ends in Explosion|editero=The New York Times|publikigita ye=20ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[22ma di aprilo]] - Adminime 9 personi mortas e 60 plusa homi vundesas pro triopla suocidant atako da bombo-homi che urbo Sévaré, en [[Mali]]. L'explozi destruktas 20 domi.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/22/deadly-triple-suicide-bombing-hits-central-mali|titulo=Deadly triple suicide bombing hits central Mali|editero=The Guardian|publikigita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> === [[Mayo]] === * [[3ma di mayo]] - Pafado che skolo "Vladislav Ribnikar" en [[Beograd]], [[Serbia]], produktas 9 morti, di qui 8 pueri. * 3ma di mayo - Serio di inundadi e terglitadi frapas vilaji este de [[Demokratial Republiko Kongo]] e produktas plu kam 400 morti.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Inondations dans l’est de la RDC : « On dirait la fin du monde »|url=https://www.lemonde.fr/afrique/article/2023/05/08/inondations-dans-l-est-de-la-rdc-on-dirait-la-fin-du-monde_6172501_3212.html|editero=Le Monde|publikigita ye=8ma di mayo 2023|idiomo={{fr}}}}</ref> * [[6ma di mayo]] - [[Charles la 3ma di Unionita Rejio]] kronizesas che [[abadeyo di Westminster]]. * [[9ma di mayo]] - [[Ciklono]] ''Mocha'' formacas sur [[Indiana Oceano]], frapas [[Myanmar]] e [[Bangladesh]], e produktas 400 morti e plu kam 700 plusa homi vundita.<ref>{{Extera ligilo |url=https://www.cnbctv18.com/environment/cyclone-mocha-myanmar-government-claims-435-dead-appeals-for-international-aid-16688751.htm/|titulo=Cyclone Mocha: Myanmar government claims 435 dead, appeals for international aid |publikigita ye=17ma di mayo 2023 }}</ref> === [[Junio]] === * [[2ma di junio]] - Che stato [[Odisha]], [[India]], du treni ekreligas pos ke un ek li kolizionas kontre altra treno transportanta vari e partale invadas l'opoza treko. L'acidento esis la maxim mortigiva ferovoyal acidento di India, e produktis 288 morti e cirkume 900 plusa homi vundita.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://actualidad.rt.com/actualidad/469024-india-choque-trenes-muertos-heridos|titulo=Más de 280 muertos y casi un millar de heridos en el accidente ferroviario más mortífero de la India en dos décadas|editero=RT|idiomo={{es}}|publikigita ye=2ma di junio 2023|vidita ye=26ma di julio 2023}}</ref> * [[11ma di junio]] - [[Honduras]] inauguras lua ambasadeyo en [[Beijing]]. * [[12ma di junio]] - Che stato Kwara, [[Nigeria]], batelo sinkas e produktas cirkume 100 morti e kelka desaparinti.<ref>{{citez jurnalo od edituro |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/us/nigeria-boat-accident-about-100-killed-after-vessel-capsizes-say-police/articleshow/100974623.cms |titulo=Nigeria boat accident: About 100 killed after vessel capsizes, say police|publikigita ye=14ma di junio 2023|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye= 18ma di junio 2023 |issn=0013-0389}}</ref> * [[18ma di junio]] - Mikra [[submara navo]] ''Titan'' implozas mortiganta 5 individui qui navigabis por vizitar restaji de navo ''[[Titanic]]'', qua sinkis en 1912. * [[20ma di junio]] - Adminime 46 personi mortas dum konflikto inter membri de kriminala grupi ''MS-13'' e ''Barrio 18'' en karcereyo por mulieri proxim [[Tegucigalpa]], [[Honduras]].<ref>{{citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo='Monstrous murder': 46 women killed in Honduras prison riot |idiomo={{en}}|editero=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jun/20/honduras-prison-riot-women-killed |vidita ye= 17ma di julio 2023|autoro=Staff |publikigita ye=20ma di junio 2023 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> === Julio === * [[4ma di julio]] - [[Iran]] membreskas la [[Koopero-Organizuro di Shanghai]], divenanta la 9ma membro dil organizuro. * [[9ma di julio]] - [[Nova-Zelando]] signatas pakto pri [[libera komerco]] kun [[Europana Uniono]]. * [[20ma di julio]] - Komencas la [[Mondala Kupo di Futbalo]] por mulieri en [[Australia]] e [[Nova-Zelando]]. * 20ma di julio - Tri personi mortas per pafo, inkluzite la pafero, e 10 plusa homi vundesas en edifico che aferala quartero di [[Auckland]], [[Nova-Zelando]]. * [[21ma di julio]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: Rusa armeo bombardas depozeyi di vari en [[Odesa]], e destruktas 120 tuni di rakoltaji enmagazinigita ibe. * 21ma di julio - [[Milito di Darfur]]: adminime 20 civili mortas e 45 plusa homi vundesas pos atako per fuzei en rezidal arei di Nyala, Sudal Darfur, ed explozi proxim hospitali en El-Obeid, [[Nord-Kordofan]]. * [[23ma di julio]] - Incendii en [[Grekia]]: deki di mili di turisti fugas del insulo [[Rhodes]] pro incendii ed alta temperaturi. * [[25ma di julio]] - Parlamento di [[Ghana]] aprobas lego abolisanta [[mortopuniso]]. * [[26ma di julio]] - En [[Nijer]], [[stato-stroko]] revokas prezidanto [[Mohamed Bazoum]]. Generalo [[Abdourahamane Tchiani]] asumas la povo. * [[30ma di julio]] - En Khar, [[Pakistan]], 56 personi mortas e cirkume 200 plusa homi vundesas kande suocidanta atakero explozas bombi atachita a lua korpo. [[Islama Stato]] revendikas l'atako. * [[31ma di julio]] - En Nuh, stato [[Haryana]], [[India]], 5 personi mortas e 20 plusa homi vundesas pos konflikti inter [[hinduismo|hindui]] e [[Islamo|Mohamedani]], pos ke Mohamedani atakis Hindua procesiono<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://apnews.com/article/india-violence-clashes-haryana-muslims-hindus-a4e5d0bd9427c85bdb311d64fdf98f08|titulo=India’s northern Haryana state tense after 5 killed in communal clashes between Hindus and Muslims|editero=AP|publikigita ye=2ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. === Agosto === * [[3ma di agosto]] - Granda terglitado en Shovi, [[Gruzia]], produktas adminime 17 morti e plusa 18 homi desaparinta.<ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://www.rferl.org/a/georgia-landslide-shovi-racha-dead/32534083.html|titulo=Death Toll In Georgian Landslide Reaches 17 As Rescue Efforts Continue|idiomo={{en}}|editero=Radio Free Europe|publikigita ye=6ma di agosto 2023}}</ref> * [[8ma di agosto]] - En [[Maui]], [[Havayi]], plu kam 5200 hektari brulas, produktanta adminime 106 morti e cirkume 1300 plusa homi desaparinta<ref>[https://www.kitv.com/news/lahaina/36-confirmed-dead-federal-and-local-officials-give-updates-on-maui-fires/article_5498454e-374e-11ee-aa9e-dbbaab703229.html| 36 confirmed dead: federal and local officials give updates on Maui fires]</ref>. * [[9ma di agosto]] - Batelo transportanta enmigranti kulbutas proxim insulo [[Lampedusa]], [[Italia]], e produktas 41 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66448987|titulo=Forty-one migrants die in shipwreck off Italy|editero=BBC News|publikigita ye=9ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * 9ma di agosto - En [[Quito]], [[Equador]], prezidantala kandidato Fernando Villavicencio asasinesas da pafisti. * [[10ma di agosto]] - [[Rusia]] lansas [[kosmoprobilo]] ''Luna 25'', l'unesma misiono sendita por explorar la [[Luno]] depos 1976. Ol eniras lunala orbito ye la [[16ma di agosto]]. * [[13ma di agosto]] - [[Milito di Amhara]]: en Finote Selam, [[Etiopia]], 26 personi mortigesas pro aeral atako kontre regiono kontrolita da milicani de etnio Fano. * [[14ma di agosto]] - En Hpakant, [[Myanmar]], adminime 25 ministi mortas e 14 plusa homi desaparas dum terglitado en mineyo di [[jado]]. * [[15ma di agosto]] - En [[Paraguay]], [[Santiago Peña]] sucedas [[Mario Abdo Benítez]] kom prezidanto. * 15ma di agosto - En [[India]], adminime 65 personi mortas e 20 plusa homi restas desaparinta pro inundadi e terglitadi norde de la lando<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20230815-search-for-survivors-after-indian-floods-landslides-kill-58|titulo=Search for survivors after Indian floods, landslides kill 65|editero=France 24|autoro=AFP|publikigita ye=15ma di agosto 2020}}</ref>. * [[17ma di agosto]] - [[Ter-tremo]] en [[Kolumbia]], kun forteso 6,3 segun [[skalo di Richter]] ed epicentro proxim urbeto Medina, [[Cundinamarca]], produktas 2 morti, 50 plusa homi vundita, e domajas multa konstrukturi en diversa urbi, inkluzite [[Bogota]]. La ter-tremo havis kelka repeti min intensa ye la sama dio. * [[19ma di agosto]] - [[Kanada]]na guvernerio imperas l'evakuo di {{formatnum:35000}} personi pro forestal incendii en [[Britaniana Kolumbia]]. * [[23ma di agosto]] - ''Chandrayaan-3'' de [[India]] divenas l'unesma [[kosmoprobilo]] qua terovenas sur la suda polo di la [[Luno]]<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-asia-india-66576580|publikigita ye=23ma di agosto 2023 |titulo=India makes history as Chandrayaan-3 lands near Moon's south pole |editero=BBC News |vidita ye=23ma di agosto 2023 }}</ref>. * 23ma di agosto - Atako [[Rusia|Rusa]] per [[senpilotist aviacilo|senpilotist aviacili]] kontre loki por enmagazinigado di agrokultivala produkturi en [[Ismail]], [[Ukraina]], destruktas 13 mil tuni di cereali<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://edition.cnn.com/europe/live-news/russia-ukraine-war-news-08-23-23/h_5d04020c265e6936b727b050902826bf|titulo=Russia destroyed 13,000 tons of grain in overnight attack on port, says Ukrainian minister|editero=CNN|publikigita ye=23ma di agosto 2023|idiomo+{{en}}}}</ref> * [[30ma di agosto]] - Pos anunco di la rielekteso di [[Ali Bongo Ondimba]] kom prezidanto, militisti de [[Gabon]] facas sucesoza [[stato-stroko]] e kreas tale nomizita "Transito-Komitato por Restauro dil Institucuri" por guvernar la lando. To signifikas la fino di 56-yara guvernado da familio Bongo en la lando<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/08/militares-anunciam-na-televisao-tomada-de-poder-no-gabao-apos-eleicoes.shtml|titulo=Militares anunciam golpe no Gabão e prendem presidente após eleições|autoro=REUTERS ed AFP|editero=Folha de S.Paulo|publikigita ye=30ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref>. * 30ma di agosto - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: Rusa [[senpilotist aviacilo|senpilotist aviacili]] bombardas [[Kyiv]], produktanta 2 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/explosions-heard-ukraines-kyiv-mayor-2023-08-30/|titulo=Two killed in Russia's biggest air strike on Ukraine's capital in months|editero=REUTERS|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=30ma di agosto 2023}}</ref>. * [[31ma di agosto]] - Fairo en edifico di [[Johannesburg]], [[Sudafrika]], ube rezidis enmigranti produktas adminime 73 morti e 40 plusa homi vundita<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/ultimas-noticias/reuters/2023/08/31/mais-de-50-mortos-em-incendio-em-joanesburgo-na-africa-do-sul.htm|titulo=Incêndio deixa ao menos 73 mortos em Johanesburgo, afirma governo local|autoro=Reuters|editero=UOL|idiomo={{pt}} |publikigita ye=31ma di agosto 2023}}</ref>. === Septembro === * [[1ma di septembro]] - [[Tharman Shanmugaratnam]] elektesas prezidanto di [[Singapur]], per 70% ek la voti. * [[6ma di septembro]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: Adminime 17 personi mortas e plusa 32 homi vundesas dum atako [[Rusia|Rusa]] kontre [[Ukraina]]na urbo Kostiantynivka<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/least-16-killed-russian-attack-eastern-ukraine-presidential-adviser-2023-09-06/|titulo=Russian attack kills 17 in east Ukraine as Blinken visits Kyiv, officials say|editero=REUTERS|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=6ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. * 6ma di septembro - [[Interna milito di Sudan (depos 2023)|Interna milito di Sudan]]: adminime 19 civili mortas dum nepreciza artilriala bombardo kontre pozicioni de la Trupi por Rapida Suporto di [[Sudan]], che suburbo Umbada, weste de [[Omdurman]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=19 lives lost due to inaccurate targeting in Khartoum state|url=https://sudantribune.com/article276901/|editero=Sudan Tribune|vidita ye=6ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=5ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. * [[7ma di septembro]] - Terorist-ataki en nord-estala [[Mali]] produktas la morto di 49 civili e 15 soldati. [[Islamala Stato]] revendikis l'autoreso dil ataki.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/09/ataques-terroristas-no-mali-matam-ao-menos-49-civis-e-15-soldados.shtml|titulo=Ataques terroristas no Mali matam ao menos 49 civis e 15 soldados |editero=UOL|publikigita ye=7ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[8ma di septembro]] - [[Ter-tremo]] kun forteso 6.8 che [[skalo di Richter]] ed [[epicentro]] proxim [[Marrakesh]] frapas [[Maroko]] e produktas adminime 1305 morti e plu kam 1800 plusa homi vundita<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Terremoto no Marrocos deixa 1.305 mortos; tremor é o mais letal do país desde 1960|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/09/terremoto-de-magnitude-68-deixa-ao-menos-30-mortos-no-marrocos.shtml|publikigo=Folha de S. Paulo|editero=UOL|idiomo={{pt}} |publigikita ye=9ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. * [[9ma di septembro]] - [[Afrikana Uniono]] divenas permananta membro de [[G20]]. * [[15ma di septembro]] - [[Usa]]na [[labor-sindikato]] ''Union Auto Workers'' komencas [[striko]] demandanta augmento di salarii, 32-hora laborojornedo e protekto kontre klozado di fabrikerii, qua paralizas automobilala produktado en [[Ford Motor Company]], [[General Motors]] e [[Stellantis]]. * [[19ma di septembro]] - [[Planetaro Eise Eisinga]] juntesis a la listo di [[Mondala Patrimonio]] * [[20ma di septembro]] - La maxim anciena ligna strukturo konocata deskovresas proxim aquofalo Kalambo, en [[Zambia]]. * [[22ma di septembro]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: projektilo [[Ukraina]]na frapas sideyo di Rusa mar-armeo en [[Sevastopol]], [[Krimea]]. * [[23ma di septembro]] - Adminime 20 personi, la maxim multa ek li civili, mortas pos atako per atomobilo-bombo en Beledweyne, [[Somalia]].<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://english.news.cn/20230923/204a1b98d1594da188c406e95b9b8662/c.html|titulo=At least 20 people killed in suicide car bombing in central Somalia|editero=Xinhua|publikigita ye=23ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[26ma di septembro]] - Incendio, posible pro uzo di [[pirotekno|piroteknaji]] interne salono, produktas adminime 113 morti e plua kam 150 plusa homi vundita dum mariajo en la provinco Nineveh, [[Irak]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/26/at-least-100-killed-in-fire-at-wedding-celebration-in-iraq-media-report|titulo=At least 113 killed, over 150 injured as fire engulfs wedding party in Iraq |editero=Al Jazeera|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=26ma di septembro 2023}}</ref>. === Oktobro === * [[4ma di oktobro]] - Adminime 13 personi mortas e 24 plusa homi vundesas dum incendio che noktala klubo ''Fonda Milagros'' en [[Murcia]], [[Hispania]]. * [[2ma di oktobro]] - En Tahoua, [[Nijer]], adminime 29 soldati mortas dum embusko da Mohamedana extremisti, uzanta automobilo-bombi e bombardi. Diversa extremisti mortigesas dum kontreatako<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66991696|titulo=Niger attack: Jihadists kill dozen of soldiers in deadliest raid since coup|editero=BBC News|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=3ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. * [[4ma di oktobro]] - [[FIFA]] anuncas ke partii de la [[Mondala Kupo di Futbalo]] [[2030]] eventos en t landi: [[Uruguay]], [[Arjentinia]], [[Paraguay]], [[Maroko]], [[Portugal]] e [[Hispania]]. * [[7ma di oktobro]] - Tri [[ter-tremo|ter-tremi]] kun fortesi 6.3, 5.9 e 5.5 che [[skalo di Richter]] frapas [[Afganistan]] e produktas plu kam 2.000 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Número de mortos por terremoto no Afeganistão passa de 2.000 |url=https://noticias.uol.com.br/internacional/ultimas-noticias/2023/10/08/mortes-terremoto-afeganistao.htm|editero=UOL|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=8ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. * 7ma di oktobro - [[Milito Israel-Ramas]]: Trupi de [[Hamas]] lansas ataki kontre urbeti Be'eri ed Ofakim, sude de [[Israel]], e produktas plu kam 250 morti e plusa 1590 vunditi<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Gaza Declares War {{!}} Surprise Infiltration, Massive Barrages Shock Israel; Over 250 Israelis Killed, 1,590 Wounded; Civilians and Soldiers Held Hostage in Gaza|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-10-07/ty-article-live/israel-under-attack-terrorists-infiltrate-from-gaza-amid-massive-rocket-barrages/0000018b-088b-dae9-adcb-abbff50f0000|editero=Haaretz|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=7ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. Hamas anke lansas fuzei kontre Israelana urbo Ashkelon<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-rockets-airstrikes-tel-aviv-11fb98655c256d54ecb5329284fc37d2|titulo=Hamas surprise attack out of Gaza stuns Israel and leaves hundreds dead in fighting, retaliation|editero=AP|publikigita ye=8ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. Israel respondas per aerala bombardo kontre [[Gaza-strio]], produktanta adminime 232 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{en}}|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/7/israel-palestine-escalation-live-news-barrage-of-rockets-fired-from-gaza|editero=Al Jazeera|titulo=Israel-Palestine escalation updates: Gaza under bombardment|publikigita ye=7ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. * [[13ma di oktobro]] - [[Milito Israel-Ramas]]: [[Israel]] informas [[Unionita Nacioni]] ke ol lansis ultimato por ke 1,1 milion Palestinani habitanta la nordo di [[Gaza]] translojez su adsude en 24 hori<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/idf-warns-palestinians-in-northern-gaza-to-evacuate-within-24-hours-un/|titulo=IDF warns 1 million Palestinians in northern Gaza to evacuate within 24 hours — UN|editero=Times of Israel|publikigita ye=13ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * 13ma di oktobro - Suicidant atako kontre [[moskeo]] en [[Puli Khumri]], provinco Baghlam, [[Afganistan]], mortigas 7 personi e vundas 15 plusa homi<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.rferl.org/a/afghanistan-mosque-bombing-friday-prayers/32636187.html |titulo=Taliban Police Say Seven Killed In Suicide Bombing Of Mosque In Afghanistan's Baghlan Province|editero=Radio Free Europe |idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=13ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref>. * [[15ma di oktobro]] - [[Daniel Noboa]] elektesas prezidanto di [[Equador]]. * [[17ma di oktobro]] - Adminime 471 personi mortas e 314 plusa homi vundesas pos explozo che hospitalo Al-Ahli, en [[Gaza]]. * [[20ma di oktobro]] til la [[5ma di novembro]] - En [[Santiago, Chili|Santiago]], [[Chili]], eventas la 19ma [[Tot-Amerika Ludi]]. * [[23ma di oktobro]] - En Bhairab, [[Bangladesh]], treno transportanta vari kolizionas kontre pasajero-treno, produktanta adminime 17 morti. === Novembro === * [[2ma di novembro]] - ''Now and Then'', la lasta kansono da [[The Beatles]], lansesas. * [[3ma di novembro]] - [[Ter-tremo]] kun forteso 5.6 che [[skalo di Richter]] frapas provinco Karnali, en [[Pakistan]], e produktas adminime 132 morti e destruktas multa domi. * [[6ma di novembro]] - [[Antoni Martí]], chefministro di Andora (n. 1963) * [[9ma di novembro]] - Usana kirurgi de medikala centro ''NYU Langone Health'' anuncas ke li sucesis transplantacar [[okulo]] kompleta. * 9ma di novembro - En [[Lahore]], [[Pakistan]], mili di individui maladeskas pro toxika nubo di polutanti, qua posible originis de brulado di agrokultivala rezidui.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Toxic heavy smog in eastern Pakistan makes tens of thousands sick|url=https://apnews.com/article/pakistan-smog-school-markets-shut-pollution-2b752ee29d1be2b8c93ec8bd5a81bf62|editero=AP|publikigita ye=9ma di novembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[10ma di novembro]] - [[Islando]] dekretas urjanteso-stando pos ke diversa [[ter-tremo|ter-tremi]] eventas proxim [[volkano]] ''Fagradalsfjall'', sude de la lando. * 10ma di novembro - [[Interna milito di Sudan (depos 2023)|Interna milito di Sudan]]: Diversa konflikti en Geneina, westala Darfur, [[Sudan]], produktas de 700 til 1300 morti, plu kam 100 plusa homi vundita e cirkume 300 desaparinta. * [[12ma di novembro]] - Konstruktanta tunelo choseala krulas en Uttarakhand, [[India]], celanta 41 laboristi interne ol, cirkume 200 metri del eniro.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|publikigita ye=13ma di novembro 2023 |titulo=Uttarakhand Tunnel Collapse Live Updates: Workers to be rescued through large-diameter steel pipes inserted through rubble |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/uttarakhand-uttarkashi-tunnel-collapse-rescue-operation-workers-trapped-live-updates-9024269/ |vidita ye=14 November 2023 |editero=The Indian Express |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> Omna laboristi retroduktesos vivanta ye la [[28ma di novembro]] ca yaro.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|publikigo=The Statesman|publikigita ye=29ma di novembro 2023 |url=https://www.thestatesman.com/india/uttarakhand-rescued-workers-flown-to-aiims-rishikesh-in-chinook-helicopter-1503244978.html |titulo=Uttarakhand: Rescued workers flown to AIIMS Rishikesh in Chinook helicopter|vidita ye=29ma di novembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[19ma di novembro]] - [[Javier Milei]], de la partiso ''La Libertad Avanza'' elektesas prezidant per 56% ek la voti, lor la duesma balotado di prezidantal elekti di [[Arjentinia]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-67470549|titulo=Javier Milei: Argentina's far-right outsider wins presidential election|editero=BBC|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=20ma di novembro 2023}}</ref>. * [[21ma di novembro]] - [[Interna milito di Sudan (depos 2023)|Interna milito di Sudan]]: adminime 40 civili mortas e plu kam 50 plusa homi vundesas pos ke [[Sudan]]an avioni bombardas la proximeso di la 20ma Infantriala Diviziono en [[Darfur]]. * [[22ma di novembro]] - [[Milito Israel-Ramas]]: [[Israel]] e [[Hamas]] paktas pri pafo-ceso en kombati qui komencabis ye la 7ma di oktobro, e liberigo di gajo-homi e personi enkarcerigita en amba flanki. * 22ma di novembro - [[Nord-Korea]] anuncas ke ol lansis lua unesma [[artificala satelito]] spiona, ''Malligyong-1''. * [[24ma di novembro]] - [[Milito Israel-Ramas]]: [[Pafo-ceso]] inter [[Israel]] e [[Hamas]] efikeskas, e 13 Israelani, 10 [[Tailando|Tailandani]] ed 1 [[Filipini|Filipinano]] liberigesas, kontre 39 Palestinani<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog_entry/qatar-confirms-that-red-cross-has-received-24-hostages-from-gaza/|titulo=Qatar confirms 24 hostages — 13 Israeli, 10 Thai and 1 Filipino — received by Red Cross|editero=Times of Israel|publikigita ye=24ma di novembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * [[27ma di novembro]] - En [[Rustenburg]], [[Sudafrika]], 11 ministi mortas e 75 plusa laboristi vundesas pos ke acensilo falas 200 metri interne [[platino]]-[[mineyo]]. === Decembro === * [[3ma di decembro]] - En [[Venezuela]], eventas simbolala plebicito pri anexar o ne la regiono weste de [[fluvio Essequibo]], en [[Guyana]],<ref name="Referendo">{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/venezuela-sets-referendum-date-territory-dispute-with-guyana-2023-10-20/|titulo=Venezuela sets referendum date on territory dispute with Guyana|editero=Reuters|publikigita ye=20ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> e 98% ek la votanti manifestas su favorebla al anexo. Tamen, 51,01% del Venezuelani apta a votar ne votas. * [[7ma di decembro]] - [[Bolivia]] membreskas [[Mercosur]]<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.france24.com/es/video/20231207-informe-desde-r%C3%ADo-de-janeiro-bolivia-fue-ratificada-como-miembro-pleno-de-mercosur|titulo= Informe desde Río de Janeiro: Bolivia fue ratificada como miembro pleno de Mercosur|publikigita ye=7ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{es}}|editero=France 24}}</ref>. * [[14ma di decembro]] - En [[Beijing]], [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]], 515 personi vundesas kande du treni del [[metroo]] dil urbo kolizionas, konseque de problemi pro ecesiva nivado.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.1news.co.nz/2023/12/15/over-500-people-injured-in-beijing-train-collision-amid-heavy-snow/|titulo=Over 500 people injured in Beijing train collision amid heavy snow|editero=1 News|publikigita ye=15ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[16ma di decembro]] - Batelo qua departis de Zuwarah, [[Libia]], transportanta 86 nelegala ekmigranti sinkas en [[Mediteraneo]], e 61 ek li dronas su<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/12/17/migrant-tragedy-libya-north-africa/|titulo=Dozens of migrants drown following shipwreck off Libya coast|editero=The Telegraph|publikigita ye=17ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * [[17ma di decembro]] - Severa tempesto kun venti de plu kam 150 km/h frapas urbo [[Bahía Blanca]], [[Arjentinia]], e produktas adminime 13 morti<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/severe-storm-strikes-coastal-city-argentina-least-13-dead-2023-12-17/|titulo=Severe storm strikes coastal city in Argentina, at least 13 dead|editero=Reuters|publikigita ye=17ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref>. * [[18ma di decembro]] - Adminime 134 personi mortas, 980 plusa homi vundesas e 13 restas desaparinta pos [[ter-tremo]] kun forteso 6,2 che [[skalo di Richter]] en Jishishan, [[Popul-Republiko Chinia]]<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=19ma di decembro 2023|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/chinese-rescuers-brave-freezing-cold-find-earthquake-survivors-2023-12-20/|titulo=Chinese earthquake victims pulled to safety in subfreezing weather |publikigo=Reuters|vidita ye=20ma di decembro 2023}}</ref>. * [[20ma di decembro]] - En [[Surinam]], ex-prezidanto [[Dési Bouterse]] kondamnesas a 20-yar-enkarcerigo pro la mortigo di 15 viri en 1982. * [[21ma di decembro]] - En [[Chekia]], eventas la maxim mortigiva pafado de la historio di la lando: studento David Kozák eniras la Fakultato pri Arti del Universitato Charles, en [[Praha]], pafas multafoye, e produktas ibe 14 morti e plusa 15 homi vundita. Ante ilu mortigis ilua patro en lua domo, e pos la masakro ilu [[suocido|suocidas]].<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.novinky.cz/clanek/krimi-minutu-po-minute-jak-policie-zasahovala-proti-strelci-v-praze-40455108 |nomo=Tereza|surnomo=Trousilová|titulo=Minutu po minutě: Jak policie zasahovala proti střelci v Praze|idiomo={{cs}}|publikigita ye=22ma di decembro 2023|editero=Novinky.cz}}</ref> * [[22ma di decembro]] - En [[Burundi]], 19 civili ed 1 policisto mortigesas dum atako da rebela grupo RED–Tabara. * 22ma di decembro - [[Milito Israel-Hamas]]: La quanto di mortinti en [[Gaza]] superiras 20 mil personi, la maxim multa ek li civili. * [[24ma di decembro]] - En [[Gaza]], adminime 70 personi mortigesas pro aeral atako [[Israel]]ana kontre refujeyo en al-Maghazi.<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/12/24/israel-hamas-war-live-israeli-bombardments-hunger-spread-in-gaza|titulo=Israel-Hamas war updates: Dozens killed, many buried in Israeli air strikes|editero=Al Jazeera|publikigita ye=24ma di decembro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[29ma di decembro]] - [[Invado di Ukraina da Rusia (2022)|Invado di Ukraina da Rusia]]: La maxim granda aeral atako [[Rusia|Rusa]], uzanta 36 [[senpilotist aviacilo|senpilotist aviacili]], strategiala [[bombardaviono|bombardavioni]] [[Tupolev Tu-95]] e misili kontre [[Kharkiv]], [[Dnipro]], [[Odesa]] ed altra [[Ukraina]]n urbi produktas 39 morti e vundas cirkume 160 plusa homi.<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Maior ataque aéreo da Rússia em mais de 1 ano na Ucrânia mata quase 40|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/12/grande-ataque-aereo-russo-deixa-ao-menos-10-mortos-na-ucrania.shtml|editero=Folha de S.Paulo|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=29ma di decembro 2023}}</ref><ref>{{extera ligilo |url=https://www.bbc.com/ukrainian/articles/czkjyp9g9ymo|titulo=Масований удар по Україні: Львів, Київ, Дніпро, Харків, Запоріжжя, Сміла - багато загиблих і поранених|idiomo={{uk}}|publikigita ye=29ma di decembro 2023|editero=BBC}}</ref> * 29ma di decembro - Adminime 20 personi mortas pro [[terglitado|tergliatadi]] konseque de pluvegi en Mwenga, [[Demokratial Republiko Kongo]]<ref name="Kongo">{{extera ligilo|titulo=At least 20 killed in Congo flooding and landslides, bringing this week’s fatalities to over 60|url=https://apnews.com/article/congo-landslides-rains-floods-deaths-82c892e9d99ac2590d48fdcc473aec07|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=29ma di decembro 2023|editero=AP}}</ref> * [[31ma di decembro]] - Rejino [[Margrethe la 2ma di Dania]] anuncas ke el abdikos ye la 14ma di januaro 2024<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.dr.dk/nyheder/indland/dronning-margrethe-abdicerer-traeder-tilbage-14-januar|titulo=Dronning Margrethe abdicerer: Træder tilbage 14. januar|publikigita ye=31ma di decembro 2023|editero=DR|idiomo={{da}}}}</ref>. == Sporto == * de la [[20ma di oktobro]] til la [[5ma di novembro]] - Eventas [[Tot-Amerika Ludi]] en [[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]], [[Chili]]. * [[Max Verstappen]] triesmafoye divenas mondala championo di [[Formulo 1]]. == Naski == == Morti == * [[3ma di januaro]] - [[Abdelsalam al-Majali]], chefministro di Jordania (n. 1925)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Former Prime Minister Abdel Salam Majali passes away |url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/39092/2023-01-03 |editero=en.royanews.tv |vidita ye=3ma di januaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Gianluca Vialli - RISE 2017.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Gianluca Vialli]]]] * [[6ma di januaro]] - [[Gianluca Vialli]], Italiana futbalisto (n. 1964)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Addio Gianluca Vialli. Ci lascia a 58 anni uno dei più amati di sempre |url=https://www.gazzetta.it/Calcio/Serie-A/06-01-2023/morto-gianluca-vialli-cancro-pancreas-4501607411312.shtml |editero=La Gazzetta dello Sport |idiomo={{it}}}}</ref> * [[8ma di januaro]] - [[Roberto Dinamite]], Braziliana futbalisto (n. 1954) * [[9ma di januaro]] - [[Karl Alexander Müller]], Suisa fizikisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1927)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo= Physik-Nobelpreisträger Karl Alex Müller stirbt mit 95 Jahren |url=https://www.swissinfo.ch/ger/alle-news-in-kuerze/physik-nobelpreistraeger-karl-alex-mueller-stirbt-mit-95-jahren/48209386 |editero=SWI swissinfo.ch |vidita ye=17ma di januaro 2023 |idiomo={{de}}}}</ref> * [[10ma di januaro]] - [[Jeff Beck]], Britaniana gitaristo (n. 1944)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |url=https://variety.com/2023/music/news/jeff-beck-guitarist-dead-dies-1235486491/ |titulo=Jeff Beck, one of the guitar masters of the rock era, dies at 78 |publikigita ye=11ma di januaro 2023}}</ref> * 10ma di januaro - Rejulo [[Konstantinos la 2ma di Grekia]] (n. 1940)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.dw.com/en/constantine-ii-greeces-former-and-last-king-dies-at-82/a-64345808 |titulo=Constantine II: Greece's former and last king dies at 82 - DW - 01/10/2023 | vidita ye=10ma di januaro 2023}}</ref> * [[12ma di januaro]] - [[Lisa Marie Presley]], Usana kantistino e kompozistino (n. 1968) * [[16ma di januaro]] - [[Gina Lollobrigida]], Italian aktorino (n. 1927)<ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-64292026 Gina Lollobrigida: Italian screen star dies at 95]. BBC</ref> * [[18ma di januaro]] - [[David Crosby]], Usana muzikisto e kantisto ([[The Byrds]], [[Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young]]) (n. 1941)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url= https://www.rollingstone.com/music/music-news/david-crosby-dead-obituary-1234664235/ |titulo=David Crosby, Iconoclastic Rocker, Dead at 81 |editero=Rolling Stone|publikigita ye=19ma di januaro 2023 |vidita ye= 19ma di januaro 2023 |autoro=Jon Dolan, Andy Greene|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Álvaro Colom (siendo candidato).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Álvaro Colom]]]] * [[23ma di januaro]] - [[Álvaro Colom]], prezidanto di Guatemala (n. 1951)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |titulo=Fallece Álvaro Colom, expresidente de Guatemala, confirman fuentes allegadas a la familia |url=https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/politica/fallece-alvaro-colom-expresidente-de-guatemala-confirman-fuentes-allegadas-a-la-familia-breaking/ |vidita ye=24ma di januaro 2023 |idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[31ma di januaro]] - [[Henrik Nordbrandt]], Dana skriptisto (n. 1945) * [[3ma di februaro]] - [[Paco Rabanne]], Hispana modisto (n. 1934)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://elpais.com/estilo/2023-02-03/muere-el-disenador-paco-rabanne-a-los-88-anos.html|titulo= Muere el diseñador Paco Rabanne a los 88 años|editero=El País|vidita ye= 3ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * [[4ma di februaro]] - [[Sherif Ismail]], chefministro di Egiptia (n. 1955)<ref>[https://see.news/president-sisi-mourns-death-of-former-pm-sherif-ismail President Sisi Mourns Death of Former PM Sherif Ismail]</ref> * [[5ma di februaro]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]], prezidanto di Pakistan (n. 1943)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/former-pakistani-president-pervez-musharraf-passes-away-dies-reports-101675577034276.html|titulo= Pervez Musharraf, former Pakistani president and army general, dies at 79|publikigita ye=5ma di februaro 2023|editero=Hindustan Times|vidita ye=5ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[6ma di februaro]] - [[Lubomír Štrougal]], chefministro di Chekoslovakia (n. 1924)<ref>[https://www.seznamzpravy.cz/clanek/domaci-politika-zemrel-expremier-lubomir-strougal-225178 Zemřel expremiér Lubomír Štrougal] {{cs}}</ref> * [[8ma di februaro]] - [[Burt Bacharach]], Usana kompozisto e kantisto (n. 1928)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|titulo=Burt Bacharach, legendary composer of pop songs, dies at 94 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/losangeles/news/legendary-composer-burt-bacharach-dies-at-94/ |editero=CBS News }}</ref> * 8ma di februaro - [[Ivan Silayev]], chefministro di Soviet-Uniono (n. 1930)<ref>[https://www.interfax.ru/russia/885396 Скончался экс-председатель Совета министров РСФСР Иван Силаев] idiomo: {{ru}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Director_invitado_(4790072575).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Carlos Saura]]]] * [[10ma di februaro]] - [[Carlos Saura]], Hispana filmifisto (n. 1932)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://elpais.com/cultura/2023-02-10/muere-carlos-saura-a-los-91-anos-el-ultimo-director-clasico-del-cine-espanol.html |titulo=Muere Carlos Saura a los 91 años, el último director clásico del cine español|idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * 10ma di februaro - [[Hugh Hudson]], Britaniana filmifisto (n. 1936)<ref>[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2023/02/10/chariots-fire-director-hugh-hudson-dies-aged-86/ Chariots of Fire director Hugh Hudson dies aged 86]</ref> * 10ma di februaro - [[Sergei Tereshchenko]], chefministro di Kazakstan (n. 1951)<ref>[https://rus.azattyq-ruhy.kz/society/46750-umer-pervyi-premer-ministr-kazakhstana-sergei-tereshchenko Умер первый премьер-министр Казахстана Сергей Терещенко] idiomo={{ru}}</ref> * 10ma di februaro - [[Hans Modrow]], chefministro di Est-Germania (n. 1928)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Hans Modrow ist tot|idiomo={{de}} |url=https://www.spiegel.de/politik/deutschland/ex-ddr-ministerpraesident-hans-modrow-ist-tot-a-4735c3f3-d193-487a-a94e-81ec6142a8b6}}</ref> * [[15ma di februaro]] - [[Paul Berg]], Usana biokemiisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1926)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2023/02/nobel-paul-berg-obit.html|titulo=Nobel Prize winner and recombinant DNA pioneer Paul Berg dies|editero=Stanford University School of Medicine|nomo=Emily|surnomo=Moskal|publikigita ye=17ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Raquel Welch 1979 adjusted.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Raquel Welch]]]] * 15ma di februaro - [[Raquel Welch]], Usan aktorino (n. 1940)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre Raquel Welch, atriz que foi sex symbol dos anos 1970, aos 82 anos|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2023/02/morre-raquel-welch-atriz-que-foi-sex-symbol-dos-anos-1970-aos-82-anos.shtml|editero=UOL|publikigita ye=15ma di februaro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[22ma di februaro]] - [[Ahmed Qurei]], chefministro dil Autoritato Nacionala Palestinana (n. 1937) * [[27ma di februaro]] - [[Gérard Latortue]], chefministro di Haiti (n. 1934)<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-government-obituaries-caribbean-jean-bertrand-aristide-338c275d819a4b759753c2becf6a91d0 Gérard Latortue, former interim Haitian premier, dies at 88]</ref> * [[1ma di marto]] - [[Just Fontaine]], Franca futbalisto (n. 1933) * [[2ma di marto]] - [[Wayne Shorter]], Usana saxofonisto (n. 1933)<ref>[https://www.theguardian.com/music/2023/mar/02/wayne-shorter-icon-of-jazz-saxophone-dies-aged-89 Wayne Shorter, icon of jazz saxophone, dies aged 89]</ref> * [[3ma di marto]] - [[Kenzaburo Oe]], Japoniana skriptisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1935)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo=Muere a los 88 años el premio Nobel de Literatura Kenzaburo Oe|editero=Onda Cero|url=https://www.ondacero.es/noticias/cultura/muere-88-anos-premio-nobel-literatura-kenzaburo_20230313640ed6c835808d0001cadbfe.html|publikigita ye=13ma di marto 2023|vidita ye=13ma di marto 2023|loko=Madrid|autoro=Redacción |idiomo={{es}}}}</ref> * 3ma di marto - [[Camille Souter]], Britanian-Irlandana piktistino (n. 1929) * [[8ma di marto]] - [[Marcel Amont]], Franca kantisto ed aktoro (n. 1929)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/musique/mort-de-marcel-amont-l-homme-qui-donnait-tout-pour-la-chanson-20230308|autoro=Léna Lutaud|titulo=Mort de Marcel Amont, l'homme qui donnait tout pour la chanson|editero=Le Figaro|publikigita ye=8ma di marto 2023|vidita ye=9ma di marto 2023|idiomo={{fr}}}}</ref> * [[10ma di marto]] - [[Janusz Weiss]], Polon aktoro, jurnalisto, e radio- e televiziono-prizentisto (n. 1948) * [[18ma di marto]] - [[Pōhiva Tuʻiʻonetoa]], chefministro di Tonga (n. 1951)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.parliament.gov.to/members-of-parliament/peoples/330-dr-pohiva-tu-i-onetoa |idiomo={{en}}|titulo=Dr. Pohiva Tu'i'onetoa|editero=www.parliament.gov.to|vidita ye=12ma di decembro 2019}}</ref> * [[25ma di marto]] - [[Pascoal Mocumbi]], chefa ministro di Mozambik (n. 1941) [[Arkivo:María Kodama graba fragmentos de textos literarios japoneses (33720919105).jpg|thumb|130px|[[María Kodama]]]] * [[26ma di marto]] - [[María Kodama]], Arjentiniana skriptistino (n. 1937)<ref>[https://www.lanacion.com.ar/cultura/murio-maria-kodama-la-viuda-de-jorge-luis-borges-nid26032023/ Murió María Kodama, viuda de Jorge Luis Borges] ({{es}})</ref> * [[31ma di marto]] - [[Rabbie Namaliu]], chefministro di Papua-Nova-Guinea (n. 1947) * [[1ma di aprilo]] - [[Włodzimierz Schmidt]], Polona shakoludisto (n. 1943) * [[5ma di aprilo]] - [[Kiumars Pourahmad]], Iranana filmifisto (n. 1949) * [[9ma di aprilo]] - [[Richard Ng]], Chinian aktoro (n. 1939) * [[13ma di aprilo]] - [[Mary Quant]], Britaniana modistino (n. 1930) * [[22ma di aprilo]] - [[Mudar Badran]], chefministro di Jordania (n. 1934)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/41292/2023-04-22|titulo= Former PM Mudar Badran passes away|editero=Roya News|publikigita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023|vidita ye= 22ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * 22ma di aprilo - [[Barry Humphries]], Australian aktoro, komediisto e skriptisto (n. 1934)<ref>{{Extera ligilo |last1=Runciman |first1=Caleb |titulo= Barry Humphries: Australian comedic legend dies aged 89 |url=https://thewest.com.au/entertainment/barry-humphries-australian-comedic-legend-star-dies-aged-89-c-10425339 |editero=The West Australian |vidita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023 |publikigita ye=22ma di aprilo 2023}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Belafonte,_Harry_IMGP2441-A.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Harry Belafonte]]]] * [[25ma di aprilo]] - [[Harry Belafonte]], Usana muzikisto ed aktoro (n. 1927)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/25/arts/music/harry-belafonte-dead.html|titulo=Harry Belafonte, 96, Dies; Barrier-Breaking Singer, Actor and Activist|surnomo= Keepnews |nomo=Peter|editero=The New York Times|publikigita ye=25ma di aprilo 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[27ma di aprilo]] - [[Jerry Springer]], Usana jurnalisto, aktoro, advokato e politikisto (n. 1944) * [[3ma di mayo]] - [[Nikica Valentić]], chefministro di Kroatia (n. 1950) * [[8ma di mayo]] - [[Rita Lee]], Braziliana kantisto, kompozisto e muzikisto (n. 1947)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/entretenimento/rita-lee-morre-aos-75-anos-em-sao-paulo/|titulo=Rita Lee, a rainha do rock brasileiro, morre aos 75 anos em São Paulo|idiomo={{pt}}|editero=CNN Brasil|publikigita ye=9ma di mayo 2023|vidita ye=6ma di junio 2023}}</ref> * [[15ma di mayo]] - [[Robert Emerson Lucas, Jr.]], Usan ekonomikisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1937) * [[22ma di mayo]] - [[Wim Udenhout]], chefa ministro di Surinam (n. 1937) [[Arkivo:Tina Turner.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Tina Turner]]]] * [[24ma di mayo]] - [[Tina Turner]], Usana-Suisiana kantistino (n. 1939)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Tina Turner, 'Queen of Rock n Roll', dies aged 83 |url=https://news.sky.com/story/tina-turner-dies-aged-83-12888593 |vidita ye=24ma di mayo 2023 |editero=Sky News |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[28ma di mayo]] - [[Harald zur Hausen]], Germana virologiisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1936)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de/newsroom/zum-tod-von-professor-dr-harald-zur-hausen/|titulo=Zum Tod von Professor Dr. Harald zur Hausen|editero= klinikum.uni-heidelberg.de|publikigita ye=30ma di mayo 2023|idiomo={{de}}}}</ref> * [[2ma di junio]] - [[Kaija Saariaho]], Finlandana kompozisto (n. 1952) * [[5ma di junio]] - [[Astrud Gilberto]], Braziliana kantistino e kompozistino (n. 1940)<ref>{{extera ligilo|Astrud Gilberto, 83, Dies; Shot to Fame With ‘The Girl From Ipanema’|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/06/arts/music/astrud-gilberto-dead.html|editero=The New York Times |idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=6ma di junio 2023}}</ref> * [[6ma di junio]] - [[Françoise Gilot]], Franca piktistino (n. 1921) * [[9ma di junio]] - [[Alain Touraine]], Franca sociologo (n. 1925)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Alain Touraine, morto il sociologo della realtà post-industriale|url=https://www.repubicca.it/cultura/2023/06/09/news/alain_touraine_morto-403782016/?rss|autoro=Fabio Gambaro|publikigo=La Republicca|publikigita ye=9ma di junio 2023|idiomo={{it}}|vidita ye=9ma di junio 2023}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Silvio Berlusconi (2010) cropped (cropped2).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Silvio Berlusconi]]]] * [[12ma di junio]] - [[Silvio Berlusconi]], chefministro di Italia (n. 1936) * [[13ma di junio]] - [[Cormac McCarthy]], Usana skriptisto (n. 1933) * [[15ma di junio]] - [[Glenda Jackson]] , Angla aktorino e politikisto (n. 1936) * [[16ma di junio]] - [[Alfred Neussner]], Germana Idisto, reprezentanto di ULI por Germania (n. 1927) * [[22ma di junio]] - [[Ted Kaczynski]], Usana teroristo (n. 1942) * [[26ma di junio]] - [[John Bannister Goodenough]], Usana fizikisto e kemiisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1922)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2019|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/chemistry/2019/summary/|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=9ma di oktobro 2019}}</ref> * [[6ma di julio]] - [[Arnaldo Forlani]], chefministro di Italia (n. 1925) * [[12ma di julio]] - [[Milan Kundera]], Chekoslovakiana-Franciana skriptisto (n. 1929) * [[15ma di julio]] - [[Francisco Ibáñez]], Hispana kartunisto (n. 1936) * [[16ma di julio]] - [[Jane Birkin]], Britaniana-Franciana kantistino ed aktorino (n. 1946) * [[21ma di julio]] - [[Tony Bennett]], Usana kantisto (n. 1926)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Tony Bennett, masterful stylist of American musical standards, dies at 96|url=https://apnews.com/article/tony-bennett-dies-c3b3a7e2360449fb936a38794c7c3266|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Sinead_O'Connor_(14828633401).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Sinéad O'Connor]]]] * [[26ma di julio]] - [[Sinéad O'Connor]], Irlandana kantistino (n. 1966)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|editero=ABC|idiomo={{es}}|url=https://www.abc.es/cultura/musica/muere-anos-sinead-connor-20230726194451-nt.html|surnomo=Carbajo|nomo=María|titulo=Muere a los 56 años la cantante irlandesa Sinéad O' Connor|publikigita ye=26ma di julio 2023|vidita ye= 26ma di julio 2023}}</ref> * [[26ma di julio]] - [[Jean-Jacques Honorat]], chefministro e ministro pri exteral aferi di Haiti (n. 1931)<ref>{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{fr}} |titulo=L’ancien premier ministre de facto sous le règne des putchistes Jean Jacques Honorat est mort|url=https://gazettehaiti.com/node/10109 }}</ref> * [[30ma di julio]] - [[Paul Reubens]], Usan aktoro e komediisto (n. 1952) [[Arkivo:Henri Konan Bédié, président du PDCI, 24 avril 2017.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Henri Konan Bédié]]]] * [[1ma di agosto]] - [[Henri Konan Bédié]], prezidanto di Ivora Rivo<ref>{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/international/cote-d-ivoire-l-ancien-president-henri-konan-bedie-est-mort-a-89-ans-20230802|titulo=Côte d'Ivoire: l'ancien président Henri Konan Bédié est mort à 89 ans|editero= Le Figaro|vidita ye=1ma di agosto 2023|idiomo={{fr}}}}</ref> (n. 1934) * [[4ma di agosto]] - [[Boniface Alexandre]], provizora prezidanto di Haiti (n. 1936)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |titulo=Boniface Alexandre, former Haitian president and chief justice, dies at 87 |url=https://thebrunswicknews.com/news/national_news/boniface-alexandre-former-haitian-president-and-chief-justice-dies-at-87/article_70e372b2-5f3b-5339-943f-66e3b39f5f3c.html|nomo=Charles |surnomo=Jacqueline |vidita ye=4ma di agosto 2023|publikigo=Miami Herald |editero=The Brunswick News |publikigita ye=4ma di agosto 2023}}</ref> * [[7ma di agosto]] - [[Aracy Balabanian]], Brazilian aktorino (n. 1940) * [[17ma di agosto]] - [[John Thomas Devitt]], Australiana natisto, Olimpiala championo (n. 1937) * [[23ma di agosto]] – [[Yevgeni Viktorovich Prigojin|Yevgeni Prigojin]], Rusa entraprezisto (n. 1961) * 23ma di agosto – [[Dmitri Valeryevich Utkin|Dmitri Utkin]], Rusa oficiro (n. 1970) * [[26ma di agosto]] - [[Bob Barker]], Usana televiziono-prizentisto (n. 1923)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre aos 99 anos o lendário apresentador de TV americano Bob Barker|url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/afp/2023/08/26/morre-aos-99-anos-o-lendario-apresentador-de-tv-americano-bob-barker.htm|autoro=AFP|editero=UOL|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=26ma di agosto 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |surnomo=Sacks |nomo=Ethan |titulo=Bob Barker, longtime 'The Price Is Right' host, dies at 99 |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/pop-culture-news/bob-barker-longtime-price-right-host-dies-xx-hold-rcna42292|publikigo=NBC News |publikigita ye=26ma di agosto 2023 |idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[1ma di septembro]] - [[Jimmy Buffett]], Usana muzikisto e kompozisto (n. 1946) * [[6ma di septembro]] - [[Giuliano Montaldo]], Italiana filmifisto (n. 1930)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo= Giuliano Montaldo, morto il regista dell’impegno e contro il potere|url=https://www.corriere.it/spettacoli/cinema-serie-tv/23_settembre_06/giuliano-montaldo-morto-regista-dell-impegno-contro-potere-fbbb4bc2-4c99-11ee-ba13-a63742c0d94b.shtml|surnomo=Mereghetti|nomo=Paolo|publikigita ye=6ma di septembro 2023|editero=Il Corriere della Sera|loko=Roma|idiomo={{it}}}}</ref> * [[9ma di septembro]] - [[Domenico De Masi]], Italiana sociologo (n. 1938)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre Domenico De Masi, sociólogo que pensou o 'ócio criativo', aos 85 anos|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/ilustrada/2023/09/morre-domenico-de-masi-sociologo-que-pensou-o-ocio-criativo-aos-85-anos.shtml|editero=UOL|publikigo=Folha de S.Paulo|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=9ma di septembro 2023}}</ref> * [[13ma di septembro]] - [[Mircea Snegur]], Moldovana politikisto (n. 1940)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.thevoicemag.ru/stars/news/14-09-2023/umer-ot-neizlechimoi-bolezni-pervyi-prezident-moldavii-mircha-snegur/ |titulo=Умер от неизлечимой болезни первый президент Молдавии Мирча Снегур|idiomo={{ru}}}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Fernando Botero.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Fernando Botero]]]] * [[15ma di septembro]] - [[Fernando Botero]], Kolumbiana piktisto (n. 1932)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre aos 91 anos o artista colombiano Fernando Botero|url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/2023/09/15/morre-aos-91-anos-o-artista-colombiano-fernando-botero.htm|editero=UOL |publikigita ye=15ma di septembro 2023|idiomo={{pt}}}}</ref> * [[16ma di septembro]] - [[Abdul Ati al-Obeidi]], chefa ministro di Libia (n. 1939)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Former Libyan Prime Minister Abdel Ati Al-Obeidi passes away at 84|url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2375056/middle-east|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> * [[18ma di septembro]] - [[Marinho Peres]], Braziliana futbalisto (n. 1947) * [[20ma di septembro]] - [[Erwin Olaf]], Nederlandana fotografisto (n. [[1959]]) * [[21ma di septembro]] - [[Walewska Oliveira]], Braziliana volebalistino (n. 1979)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Walewska, campeã olímpica, morre aos 43 anos|url=https://ge.globo.com/volei/noticia/2023/09/21/walewska-campea-olimpica-morre-aos-43-anos.ghtml|editero=G1|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=21ma di septembro 2023}}</ref> * [[22ma di septembro]] - [[Giorgio Napolitano]], prezidanto di Italia (n. 1925)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Giorgio Napolitano è morto: se ne va il primo presidente della Repubblica eletto due volte|editero=La Repubblica|idiomo={{it}}|publikigita ye=22ma di septembro 2023 |url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/09/22/news/giorgio_napolitano_morto_presidente_repubblica_g-415450210/}}</ref> * [[25ma di septembro]] - [[David McCallum]], Skota aktoro e muzikisto (n. 1933) [[Arkivo:Maroufalbakhit.jpg|thumb|130px|[[Marouf al-Bakhit]]]] * [[7ma di oktobro]] - [[Marouf al-Bakhit]], chefministro di Jordania (n. 1947)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Former Prime Minister Marouf Al-Bakhit passes away|url=https://en.royanews.tv/news/44974/2023-10-07|editero=Roya News|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=7ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[8ma di oktobro]] - [[László Sólyom]], Hungara politikisto, prezidanto di la lando de 2005 til 2010 (n. 1942)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://hvg.hu/itthon/20231008_Elhunyt_Solyom_Laszlo|titulo=Elhunyt Sólyom László|idiomo={{hu}}|publikigita ye=8ma di oktobro 2023|editero=hvg.hu}}</ref> * [[13ma di oktobro]] - [[Louise Glück]], Usana poeto ed esayisto, Nobel-laureato pri literaturo (n. 1943)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Louise Glück, Nobel-winning poet of terse and candid lyricism, dies at 80|editero=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/article/louise-gluck-dies-38648b2dc19644e11f42319145692943|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=13ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[14ma di oktobro]] - [[Dariush Mehrjui]], Iranana filmifisto (n. 1939)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro |publikigita ye=14ma di oktobro 2023|url=https://cafehdanesh.com/en/the-murder-of-daryush-mehrjui-and-his-wife/ |titulo=the murder of Daryush Mehrjui and his wife |idiomo={{fa}}|nomo=Farhadi |surnomo=Parastoo |publikigo=CafehDanesh |vidita ye=14ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[16ma di oktobro]] - [[Martti Ahtisaari]], ex-prezidanto di Finlando e laureato di Nobel-premio pri paco (n. 1937)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/oct/16/martti-ahtisaari-ex-finland-president-nobel-peace-prize-winner-dies|titulo=Martti Ahtisaari, ex-Finland president and Nobel peace laureate, dies aged 86|idiomo={{en}}|editero=The Guardian|publikigita ye=16ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[18ma di oktobro]] - [[Wessel te Gussinklo]], Nederlandana skriptisto (m. 2023) * [[21ma di oktobro]] - [[Bobby Charlton]], Angla futbalisto (b. 1937) * [[24ma di oktobro]] - [[Hans Albert]], Germana filozofo (n. 1921)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.zeit.de/news/2023-10/24/soziologe-hans-albert-mit-102-jahren-gestorben|titulo=Soziologe Hans Albert mit 102 Jahren gestorben|editero=Die Zeit|idiomo={{de}}|publikigita ye=24ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> [[Arkivo:Richard Roundtree 1973.JPG|thumb|130px|[[Richard Roundtree]]]] * 24ma di oktobro - [[Richard Roundtree]], Usan aktoro (n. 1942)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/24/movies/richard-roundtree-dead.html|titulo=Richard Roundtree, Star of ‘Shaft,’ Dies at 81|editero=The New York Times|idiomo={{en}}|publikigita ye=24ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[26ma di oktobro]] - [[Goa Gil]], Usana muzikisto e disk-jokeo (n. 1951) * [[28ma di oktobro]] - [[Matthew Perry (aktoro)|Matthew Perry]], Usana-Kanadan aktoro (n. 1969)<ref>{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{pt}} |url=https://www.uol.com.br/splash/noticias/2023/10/28/matthew-perry-o-chandler-de-friends-morre-aos-54-anos.htm|titulo=Matthew Perry, o Chandler de 'Friends', morre aos 54 anos, diz TMZ|editero=UOL|publikigita ye=28ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> * [[1ma di novembro]] - [[Emil Cimbura]], Cheka piktisto (n. 1922) * [[2ma di novembro]] - [[Henri Lopes]], chefa ministro di Republiko Kongo (n. 1937)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Décès d’Henri Lopes, écrivain et ancien Premier ministre du Congo|idiomo={{fr}}|url=https://www.jeuneafrique.com/1500385/politique/deces-dhenri-lopes-ecrivain-et-ancien-premier-ministre-du-congo/|vidita ye=20ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> * [[3ma di novembro]] - [[Elizangela]], Braziliana kantistino ed aktorino (n. 1954)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Elizangela morre aos 68 anos; atriz estava afastada da TV desde 2019|url=https://noticiasdatv.uol.com.br/noticia/celebridades/elizangela-morre-de-infarto-aos-68-anos-atriz-estava-afastada-da-tv-desde-2019-110951|idiomo={{pt}} |editero=UOL|publikigita ye=3ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> * [[7ma di novembro]] - [[Frank Borman]], Usan astronauto (n. 1928)<ref>[https://apnews.com/article/astronaut-frank-borman-died-at-95-ed5eb4edf26a4076a2fef6cc31881aff Astronaut Frank Borman, commander of the first Apollo mission to the moon, has died at age 95]</ref> * [[12ma di novembro]] - [[Rahim Huseynov]], chefministro di Azerbaijan (n. 1936) * [[16ma di novembro]] - [[A.S. Byatt]], Britaniana skriptistino (n. 1936) * [[17ma di novembro]] - [[Agustín Ibarrola]], Hispana piktisto (n. 1930) * [[19ma di novembro]] - [[Rosalynn Carter]], Usana politikal aktivistino, spozino di [[Jimmy Carter]] (n. 1927)<ref>{{Extera ligilo|idiomo={{pt}}|url=https://g1.globo.com/mundo/noticia/2023/11/19/morre-rosalynn-carter-ex-primeira-dama-dos-eua-aos-99-anos.ghtml|titulo=Morre Rosalynn Carter, ex-primeira-dama dos EUA, aos 96 anos|editero=G1|vidita ye=19ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> * [[22ma di novembro]] - [[Emmanuel Le Roy Ladurie]], Franca historiisto (n. 1929) * [[28ma di novembro]] - [[Charlie Munger]], Usan entraprezisto e kolokisto (n. 1924) [[Arkivo:Henry Kissinger.png|thumb|130px|[[Henry Kissinger]]]] * [[29ma di novembro]] - [[Henry Kissinger]], stato-sekretario di Usa, Nobel-laureato pri paco (n. 1923)<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Morre aos 100 Henry Kissinger, diplomata que moldou o século 20|url=https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/mundo/2023/11/morre-aos-100-anos-henry-kissinger-ex-secretario-de-estado-dos-eua.shtml|editero=Folha de S.Paulo|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=29ma di novembro 2023}}</ref> * [[30ma di novembro]] - [[Shane MacGowan]], Irlandana kantisto, kompozisto e muzikisto (n. 1951) * [[1ma di decembro]] - [[Dieter Schmidtchen]], Germana Idisto (n. 1951) * [[2ma di decembro]] - [[Faustin Twagiramungu]], chefa ministro di Ruanda (n. 1945) * [[3ma di decembro]] - [[Léonard Gianadda]], Suisa meceno (n. 1935) * [[5ma di decembro]] - [[Norman Lear]], Usana film-skriptisto e produktisto (n. 1922) * [[6ma di decembro]] - [[Rifat al-Alir]], Palestinana skriptisto, poeto, profesoro ed aktivisto (n. 1979) * [[8ma di decembro]] - [[Ryan O'Neal]], Usan aktoro (n. 1941) [[Arkivo:Antonio Negri DSC 2458 (3104171747).jpg|thumb|130px|[[Antonio Negri]]]] * [[16ma di decembro]] - [[Antonio Negri]], Italiana filozofo (n. 1933)<ref>{{extera ligilo|editero=La Repubblica|idiomo={{it}}|publikigita ye=16ma di decembro 2023|titulo=Toni Negri è morto, il leader di Autonomia Operaia è deceduto nella notte a Parigi|url=https://www.repubblica.it/politica/2023/12/16/news/toni_negri_morto_parigi_autonomia_operaia_terrorismo-421674251/?ref=RHUO-UO}}</ref> * 16ma di decembro - [[Nawaf Al-Ahmad Al-Jaber Al-Sabah]], emiro di Kuwait (n. 1937) * 16ma di decembro - [[Carlos Lyra]], Braziliana kantisto e kompozisto (n. 1933) * [[21ma di decembro]] - [[Robert Solow]], Usan ekonomikisto, Nobel-laureato (n. 1924)<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro|titulo=Robert M. Solow, Groundbreaking Economist and Nobelist, Dies at 99 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/12/21/business/robert-solow-dead.html|autoro=Robert Hershey, Michael Weinstein|publikigo=The New York Times |publikigita ye=21ma di decembro 2023}}</ref> * [[27ma di decembro]] - [[Li Sun-kyun]], Sud-Korean aktorino (n. 1975) * [[29ma di decembro]] - [[Gil de Ferran]], Brazilian automobilisto (n. 1967)<ref>{{extera ligilo|editero=UOL|titulo=Morre Gil de Ferran, ícone do automobilismo brasileiro, aos 56 anos|url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/ultimas-noticias/2023/12/29/morre-gil-de-ferran-piloto-brasileiro.htm |idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=29ma di decembro 2023}}</ref> * [[30ma di decembro]] - [[Tom Wilkinson]], Britanian aktoro (n. 1948)<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.publico.pt/2023/12/30/culturaipsilon/noticia/actor-britanico-tom-wilkinson-morre-75-anos-2075327|titulo=Actor britânico Tom Wilkinson morre aos 75 anos |editero=Público|idiomo={{pt}}|publikigita ye=30ma di decembro 2023}}</ref> * [[31ma di decembro]] - [[Benjamin Kiplagat]], Ugandan atleto (n. 1989) == Nobel-premiiziti == *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri fiziko|Fiziko]]: [[Pierre Agostini]], [[Ferenc Krausz]], [[Anne L'Huillier]]<ref>{{Extera ligilo |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/10/3/pierre-agostini-ferenc-krausz-anne-lhuillier-win-nobel-prize-for-physics |titulo=Pierre Agostini, Ferenc Krausz, Anne L’Huillier win Nobel Prize for physics|editero=www.aljazeera.com |vidita ye=4ma di oktobro 2023|idiomo={{en}}}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri kemio|Kemio]]: [[Moungi Bawendi]], [[Louis Eugene Brus|Louis Brus]], [[Alexei Ivanovich Yekimov|Alexei Yekimov]]<ref>{{citez jurnalo od edituro|autoro=Niklas Pollard, Ludwig Burger|publikigita ye=4ma di oktobro 2023|titulo=Nobel Chemistry prize awarded for 'quantum dots' that bring coloured light to screens |idiomo={{en}} |editero=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/science/bawendi-brus-ekimov-win-2023-nobel-prize-chemistry-2023-10-04/ |vidita ye=4ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri fiziologio o medicino|Fiziologio o Medicino]]: [[Katalin Karikó]], [[Drew Weissman]]<ref name="nobel-2023">{{Extera ligilo|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2023/summary/|titulo=The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2023|vidita ye=2ma di oktobro 2023|publikigita ye=2ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri literaturo|Literaturo]]: [[Jon Fosse]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|titulo=Escritor norueguês Jon Fosse ganha Prêmio Nobel de Literatura|url=https://www.cnnbrasil.com.br/internacional/escritor-noruegues-jon-fosse-ganha-premio-nobel-de-literatura/|editero=CNN |idiomo={{pt}} |publigikita ye=5ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri paco|Paco]]: [[Narges Mohammadi]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://jornal.unesp.br/2023/10/06/nobel-de-paz-de-2023-vai-para-narges-mohammadi-ativista-que-defende-direitos-das-mulheres-e-combate-pena-de-morte-no-ira/|titulo=Nobel de Paz de 2023 vai para Narges Mohammadi, ativista que defende direitos das mulheres e combate pena de morte no Irã|idiomo={{pt}} |editero=Jornal da Unesp|publikigita ye=6ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> *[[Listo di Nobel-laureati pri ekonomiko|Ekonomiko]]: [[Claudia Goldin]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/2023/popular-information/|titulo=The Prize in Economic Sciences 2023|editero=Nobelprize.org|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=15ma di oktobro 2023}}</ref> == Referi == {{reflist}} [[Kategorio:Yari 2020a]] 1hh1mljmvkf7tfaw66220ifx3nyfuy4 0 44054 1142584 955651 2026-10-27T07:49:01Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142584 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:Iberia 17BC-es.svg|thumb|250px|Administrala subdivido di Hispania en la yaro 17 ak.]] La frazo '''Hispania Romana''' nominas la teritorii di [[Iberia]] qui okupabis dum [[Romana imperio|Romana]] dominaco, ed anke l'epoko di la [[historio di Hispania]] inter la yari 218 aK (dato dil Romana desembarko en [[Ampurias]]) e la komenco dil 5ma yarcento (kande la [[Vizigoti]] invadis Iberia e remplasis l'autoritato Romana). Dum ca periodo di sep yarcenti, ambe la politikal organizado e la habitantaro di Hispania modifikesis, e la kulturo e kustumi Romana divenis dominacanta. Fakte, pos la periodo di konquesti, Hispania devenis importanta parto de [[Romana imperio]], furnisanta granda quanto di prima materii e laboro-povo, esanta dum yarcenti un ek la maxim stabila provinci di Roma, e bersilo di kelka guberniestri dil imperio. Quale en altra parti di la Romana imperio, la socio dividesis inter libera homi e sklavi. La libera homi povis votar ed esar proprieteri di tereni. Altralatere, sklavi havis nula yuro ed esis proprieti de libera homi. La procedo di similigo dil vivomaniero di di la kulturo Romana dal submisita populi konocesas kom "Romanigo". == La konquesto Romana == La konquesto Romana en Iberia komencis kun strategiala invado di la regiono por ruptar la provizuro-linei dil [[Kartago|Kartagana]] generalo [[Anibal]], dum la [[3ma yarcento aK]]. Tamen, tardeskis preske du yarcenti por ke Romani povus konquestar preske tota peninsulo, precipue pro la rezisti di populi qui habitis regioni doplanda: Kelt-Iberi, Luzitani, Asturi, edc.. La populi qui vivis ibe ante l'arivo di la Romani desaparis preske komplete pos kruelega militi. Romani modifikis l'ekonomio, la substrukturo, la legaro e l'arto di Iberia. Anke la lingui parolata en la peninsulo - Hispana, Portugalana, Kataluniana, Asturiana, Galisiana - originis de la [[Latina linguo]] parolita dal Romani. Romani okupis e ribaptis kelka urbi qui existis ante lia arivo, exemple ''Olissipo'' (nune [[Lisboa]]), e fondis importanta urbi, exemple ''Portus'' e ''Cale'' (nune [[Porto]] e [[Vila Nova de Gaia]] en [[Portugal]]), ''Iulia Traducta'' (nune [[Algeciras]] en [[Hispania]]). {{Historio di Hispania2}} [[Kategorio:Historio di Hispania]] 95i0ipa4fxwheae7th9vz6htr5xwa3r 0 44059 1142585 890150 2026-10-27T07:49:15Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142585 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:The Byzantine State under Justinian I-es.svg|thumb|300px|right|La [[Bizancana Imperio]] dum lua apogeo kun Justinianus 1ma. La konquesti da Justinianus aparas en oranjea, inkluzite Spania en la westala extremo.]] '''Spania''' esis provinco di Bizancana Imperio inter la 6ma e 7ma yarcenti. La provinco, la maxim westala dil Imperio dum lua historio, formacesis pro militala kampanii di Justinianus 1ma la Granda pro lua eforci por restaurar la [[Westala Romana Imperio]]. Lua teritorio inkluzis la sud-esto di [[Iberia]] prenita al [[Visigota Rejio]], qua formacis parto di Vandala Rejio. L'urbo di Septem (nune [[Ceuta]], quankam anke esis parto dil Visigota Rejio, inkluzesis en la provinco di Mauretania Secunda. {{Historio di Hispania2}} [[Kategorio:Historio di Hispania]] [[Kategorio:Bizancana imperio]] 4404kfau1ch6pedt6nauascgjnciwbo 0 44061 1142591 973496 2026-10-27T07:51:38Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Historio di Hispania}} L'idei de [[Racion-epoko]] ([[Hispana linguo|Hispane]] ''Ilustración'') arivis en [[Hispania]] dum la [[18ma yarcento]] kun la nova [[dinastio Bourbon]], pos la morto di la lasta [[dinastio Habsburg|Habsburga imperiestro]], [[Carlos la 2ma di Hispania]] en [[1700]]. La periodo di reformo ed "instruktita despotismo" de la 18ma yarcento dum la regno Bourbona enfokigis la centraligo e modernigo di Hispana guverno, ed anke plubonigo di substrukturi. Ol komencis kun [[Carlos la 3ma di Hispania]] e lua ministro [[José Moñino, 1ma komto de Floridablanca]]. La krono Hispana adoptis serio di reformi politikala ed ekonomiala, qua konocesas kom "Bourbona reformo", kun skopo facar transmara imperio plu prosperoza por la profito di Hispania. {{Historio di Hispania2}} [[Kategorio:Historio di Hispania]] [[Kategorio:Racion-epoko]] 7iq35uc8kauqth7ykjnl72pjofhabqd 0 51224 1142575 1039914 2026-10-27T07:36:31Z Boja02 30789 /* */ 1142575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Politikisto |Nomo = Ana Brnabić |Imajo = [[Arkivo:Ana Brnabić in 2026 3x4 (cropped).jpg|180px]] |Politikala_titulo= Chefministro |Shablono_lando= {{SRB}} |Guvernisteso = de la [[29ma di junio]] [[2017]] til la [[20ma di marto]] [[2024]] |Precedanto1 = [[Aleksandar Vučić]] |Sucedanto1 = [[Ivica Dačić]] | Naskodio = [[28ma di septembro]] [[1975]] | Nask-urbo = [[Beograd]], [[Republiko Socialista Federala Yugoslavia]] | Mort-dio = | Mort-urbo = | Spozo = Milica Đurđić |Profesiono = [[ekonomiko|ekonomikisto]] e politikisto |Partiso = Progresema Partiso di Serbia }} '''Ana Brnabić''', [[ekonomiko|ekonomikisto]] e politikisto n. ye la [[28ma di septembro]] [[1975]] en [[Beograd]], esis [[chefministro]] di [[Serbia]] de la [[29ma di junio]] [[2017]] til la [[20ma di marto]] [[2024]]. Elu studiis [[ekonomio]] en [[Unionita Rejio]], che Universitato di Hull, ed en [[USA]], che privata ''Northwood University'' en [[Michigan]]. El esis l'unesma femina chefministro di Serbia, e l'unesma [[homeosexualeso|homeosexuala]] persono en ca funciono. La familio di elua patro venis de [[Kroatia]]. Ana Brnabić vivas aperte en [[lesbiano|lesbiana*]] relato kun Milica Đurđić, qua havas un filiulo. ==Politikala kariero== * 2016-2017 Ministrino por publika administrado e lokala autonomeso en la guvernerio di [[Aleksandar Vučić]]. * 2017 Elu divenis ye [[29ma di junio]] [[2017]] kom unesma muliero [[chefministro]] di [[Serbia]]. * 2019 Ana Brnabić divenis membro di la [[Progresema Partiso di Serbia]]. * 2020 Ana Brnabić nominesis kom chefo di la sanesela krizo komitato por kombatar kontre la [[pandemio]] di la [[Korona-viruso]]. {{Tabelo di sucedo | Precedanto= [[Aleksandar Vučić]] | Nomo di listo= Listo pri chefministri di Serbia | Titulo di listo= Chefministro di Serbia | Komenco= 2017 | Fino= 2024 | Sucedanto= [[Ivica Dačić]]}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brnabić, Ana}} [[Kategorio:Chefministri di Serbia]] rx7vywn343gog3bvxg0i33pl1aw4xv5 0 53051 1142589 971702 2026-10-27T07:50:33Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142589 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:Spanish Empire Anachronous 0.PNG|thumb|320px|Diakronika mapo montranta arei qui apartenis a Hispana Imperio dum lua 400-yara historio.]] '''Hispana Imperio''' ([[Hispana linguo|Hispane]]: ''Imperio español''), historiale konocata kom '''Hispana monarkio''' esis l'ensemblo di omna teritorii qui administresis da Hispana [[dinastio|dinastii]] dum la historio. Ol konsistis ek rejii, vicerejii, provinci ed altra teritorii, administrita da Hispana monarki de 1492 til 1976. Un ek la maxim granda [[imperio|imperii]] de la [[Historio]], Hispania kontrolis vasta teritorio transmara en [[Amerika]], de la fino dil 15ma yarcento til la komenco dil 19ma yarcento, ed anke [[Filipini]] e [[Guam]] che [[Pacifiko]], e teritorii en [[Afrika]], [[Europa]] ed [[Oceania]]. Ol atingis lua maxim granda extenso dum la [[18ma yarcento]]: 20 milion km². Tamen, kelka historiisti, exemple Raymond Carr, afirmas ke ol esis mem plu vasta de 1580 til 1640, kande la kroni di [[Hispania]] e [[Portugal]] unionesis. == L'imperio di Katolika Reji == La mariajo inter tale nomizita "katolika reji", [[Isabel la 1ma di Kastilia]] e [[Fernando la 2ma di Aragon]], unigis la du kroni en la sama dinastio, kreinta pose moderna [[absolutismo|absolutista]] stato. L'expanso di Kastilia che [[Atlantiko]] komencis dum la fino dil 14ma yarcento, kande multa expedicioni sendesis a [[Kanarii]], qui konquestesis komplete erste en [[1496]]. En [[Iberia]], tale nomizita ''[[Reconquista]]'' finis ye la [[2ma di januaro]] [[1492]], kande [[rejio Granada]], la lasta [[Islamo|Mohamedana]] rejio en la peninsulo, kapitulacis. Ank en 1492 [[Cristoforo Colombo]] departis de Kanarii, ed ye la [[12ma di oktobro]] sam yaro desembarkis en [[Karibia]], komencinta l'expanso di Hispana imperio en [[Amerika]]. {{Historio di Hispania2}} [[Kategorio:Historio di Hispania]] [[Kategorio:Historio di Amerika]] [[Kategorio:Historio di Afrika]] [[Kategorio:Imperii]] 4dd5ms70hz24b8j9xdmtokvs12xw673 0 60850 1142496 1004271 2026-10-26T19:28:34Z Idisto 28999 1142496 wikitext text/x-wiki '''El-Ninyo''' esas la periodal acenso di la temperaturo di la mar-aquo til 5 gradi segun Celsio plu kam normale, avan la litoro di [[Peru]] ed [[Equador]]; kun pluvego. Normale relative kold aquo fluas alonge la westala litoro di Sud-Amerika, venanta de la sudo di la Grand Oceano, la tala-nomizita ''Peru''- o ''Humboldt-fluo''. Ca kold aquo donas a Peru olua dezertala karaktero ed a la maro granda fisharo. Pro to El-Ninyo povas havar dizastroza konsequaji por la pesko di Peru. El-Ninyi ofte eventas kun katastrofal inundi e sikesi altr-ube en la mondo. Exemple, l'El-Ninyo di 1982/1983 efektigis grand inundi en [[Kalifornia]] e [[Zimbabwe]]. La kauzi por l'existo di El-Ninyo ankore ne esas klara. Esas certa ke, se El-Ninyo developas su, varma mar-aquo de la westo di la Grand Oceano shovas al esto. Posible to esas pro chanjo en la forteso dil [[alizeo|alizei]]. ==<small>Konsequantaji pro El-Ninyo</small>== * 1877-1878 Varmesko dil oceano 3 gradi: La Granda Sikeso o La Granda Famino, 3-4 procento di la mondala populo mortis * 1982-1983 Varmesko dil oceano 2,5 gradi: destruktanta pluvi en sud- e nord-Amerika, extrema sikeso en Australia ed India * 2015-2016 Sedicii pro nutriv-indiji en Azia, extreme alta preci di rizo [[kategorio:meteorologio]] [[kategorio:oceanografio]] qf1f0l0clp6i1toxw72adlesi3xc2px 1142498 1142496 2026-10-26T19:47:56Z Idisto 28999 1142498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''El-Ninyo - sudal ocilo''' povas referar a: * [[El-Ninyo (naturala fenomeno)]]: forta varmesko de la normale koldeta mar-aquo cirkum l'equatoro en l'estala Granda Oceano. * [[La-Ninya]]: lo inversa di El-Ninyo. [[kategorio:meteorologio]] [[kategorio:oceanografio]] jiagv3vwx4t1zutdcytj5g1tzvb6fs5 1142499 1142498 2026-10-26T19:50:08Z Idisto 28999 Idisto movis la pagino [[El-Ninyo]] a [[El-Ninyo - sudal ocilo]]: Titulo skribita nekorekte 1142498 wikitext text/x-wiki '''El-Ninyo - sudal ocilo''' povas referar a: * [[El-Ninyo (naturala fenomeno)]]: forta varmesko de la normale koldeta mar-aquo cirkum l'equatoro en l'estala Granda Oceano. * [[La-Ninya]]: lo inversa di El-Ninyo. [[kategorio:meteorologio]] [[kategorio:oceanografio]] jiagv3vwx4t1zutdcytj5g1tzvb6fs5 1142503 1142499 2026-10-26T20:37:29Z Idisto 28999 1142503 wikitext text/x-wiki '''El-Ninyo - sudal ocilo''' od '''ENSO''' povas referar a: * [[El-Ninyo (naturala fenomeno)]]: forta varmesko de la normale koldeta mar-aquo cirkum l'equatoro en l'estala Granda Oceano. * [[La-Ninya]]: lo inversa di El-Ninyo. [[kategorio:meteorologio]] [[kategorio:oceanografio]] rn4lq0yezq78far2d9s4ljjdhnw93qw 1142504 1142503 2026-10-26T20:39:45Z Idisto 28999 1142504 wikitext text/x-wiki '''El-Ninyo - sudal ocilo''' od '''ENSO''' povas referar a: * [[El-Ninyo (naturala fenomeno)]]: forta varmesko de la normale koldeta mar-aquo cirkum l'[[equatoro]] en l'estala [[Oceano Pacifiko|Granda Oceano]]. * [[La-Ninya]]: lo inversa di El-Ninyo. [[kategorio:meteorologio]] [[kategorio:oceanografio]] jqlymhwis3yabn5hf328zkaczqe0xbx 0 62030 1142588 1053348 2026-10-27T07:50:21Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142588 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:La_Rendición_de_Granada_-_Pradilla.jpg|thumb|250px|"La kapitulaco di Granada". Rejulo Boabil cedas [[Granada (Hispania)|Granada]] al Katolika reji.]] '''Rikonquesto''' ([[Hispaniana linguo|Hispane]] ''reconquista'') esas periodo en la historio di [[Iberia]] qua duris dum cirkume 770 yari. Dum ica periodo, mikra [[katolikismo|katolika]] rejii gradope komencis unionar su e vinkar [[Islamo|Mohamedana kalifii]], til ke li sucesis ekpulsar la Mohamedani de la peninsulo. La koncepto pri "rikonquesto" milde aparis dum la 9ma yarcento, e til la 20ma yarcento, la Hispana e Portugalana katolika [[historiografio]] emfazis l'existo di fenomeno konsistanta en ke kristana rejii de Iberia kombatis kontre e konquestis Mohamedana kalifii, konsiderita lia komuna enemiko, qua asiejis militale la teritorio kristana.<ref>{{Citez jurnalo od edituro‎ |titulo= ''Reconquest and Crusade in Medieval Spain''|surnomo=O'Callaghan |nomo=Joseph F. |authorlink= Rosamond McKitterick |publikigita ye= 2003 |editero= University of Pennsylvania Press |loko=Philadelphia, Usa|isbn= 0812236963|page= 19|pages= |vidita ye= 15ma di februaro 2012|url=http://books.google.com/?id=4gVIt5u0U5wC&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false}}</ref> Tamen, komence la diferi inter mezepokala Katolika e Mohamedana rejii ne esis di klara opozo, ed ofte Katoliki e Mohamedani interkombatis. La Rikonquest-epoko komencis aproxime en [[722]] kun la [[batalio di Covadonga]] - kande [[rejio Asturia|Asturiana]] trupi komandita dal rejulo [[Pelayo]] vinkis Umayyad-armeo komandita da kalifo Munza -, e finis en [[1492]] - kande la nomizita "katolika reji" ([[Fernando la 2ma di Aragon]] ed [[Isabel la 1ma di Kastilia]]) konquestis [[rejio Granada|Granada]], lasta Islamana rejio en Iberia. == Preiranti di la Rikonquesto == {{nekompleta}} Pos ke la Mohamedani invadis la peninsulo en [[711]], pos la [[batalio di Guadalete]] kontre [[Visigota Rejio|visigoti]], nur la nordala parto dil peninsulo restis sub la kontrolo da kristani. == Referi == {{reflist}} {{Historio di Hispania2}} [[Kategorio:Historio di Hispania]] [[Kategorio:Historio di Portugal]] dj4ulugk51t4pj3l3kcjxsx47cke0q5 0 64460 1142460 1080973 2026-10-26T14:12:22Z Interlingvisto 47513 Interlingvisto movis la pagino [[Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale]] a [[Centro di dokumentado e studio di l'internaciona linguo]] 1080973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:Chaux-de-Fonds Bibliothek.jpg|197px|dekstra]] La '''Centro di dokumentado e studio di l'internaciona linguo''' (CDELI, en la franca ''Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale'') en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], [[Suisia]], fondesis ye 1967 da Claude Gacond. Lu esas la precipua fako di la biblioteko di l'urbo e kontenas plu kam 20 000 bibliografiala unaji. Lu ambicias prezervar dokumenti en e pri omnaspeca [[Konstruktita linguo|konstruktika lingui]]: lu ofras la maxim richa kolektajo de materiali pri [[Volapük]] ed [[Occidental|Interlingue]], inter altri. Ci trovesas multa Ido-verki, anke l'originala kayeri manuoskribita da [[Louis Couturat]]. == Extera ligilo == * [http://www.cdeli.org Retoloko di CDELI] [[Kategorio:Interlinguistiko]] 223p3e73e624txl28rr0b8lp2n45exu 1142462 1142460 2026-10-26T14:12:55Z Interlingvisto 47513 Interlingvisto movis la pagino [[Centro di dokumentado e studio di l'internaciona linguo]] a [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]] 1080973 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:Chaux-de-Fonds Bibliothek.jpg|197px|dekstra]] La '''Centro di dokumentado e studio di l'internaciona linguo''' (CDELI, en la franca ''Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale'') en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], [[Suisia]], fondesis ye 1967 da Claude Gacond. Lu esas la precipua fako di la biblioteko di l'urbo e kontenas plu kam 20 000 bibliografiala unaji. Lu ambicias prezervar dokumenti en e pri omnaspeca [[Konstruktita linguo|konstruktika lingui]]: lu ofras la maxim richa kolektajo de materiali pri [[Volapük]] ed [[Occidental|Interlingue]], inter altri. Ci trovesas multa Ido-verki, anke l'originala kayeri manuoskribita da [[Louis Couturat]]. == Extera ligilo == * [http://www.cdeli.org Retoloko di CDELI] [[Kategorio:Interlinguistiko]] 223p3e73e624txl28rr0b8lp2n45exu 0 72704 1142459 1141534 2026-10-26T14:11:41Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142459 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio di l'internaciona linguo]]. == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] 4i6bqx9gp08nln3pgs31klgixkrwak2 1142464 1142459 2026-10-26T14:13:20Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142464 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] p42d6ovab2h9219r0fumx45v0rlux9w 1142467 1142464 2026-10-26T14:23:26Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. == Frua vivo == La familio Matejka originis de Vyškovec en [[Bohemia]]. La patro di Matejka emigris ad [[Suisia]] dum sua yuneso, arivis ante 1900, e recevis la suisa civitaneso en 1915. Lua matro esis Suisa e venis del kantono Sankt Gallen. Alphonse naskis en Sankt Gallen ye la 9ma di januaro 1902. Matejka kompletigis gimnaziono e diplomigis en St. Gallen, e divenis suisa civitano. Il lernis mestiero en brod-vendejo, Reichenbach & Co; il laboris dum dek yari en lua filialo en [[Paris]]. Dum lua tempo en Paris, il frequentis vesper-kursi pri stranjerala lingui, lernante [[Latinida linguo|Latinida]] e Skandinaviana lingui, same kom la [[Swahilia linguo|swahilia]] e [[Rusa linguo|rusa]] lingui. Dum certa periodo, Matejka skribis por ruslinguala jurnalo e tradukis por la [[Akademio di cienci]] di [[Soviet-Uniono]]. Matejka anke laboris en la departemento di exporti di butono-kompanio, unesme en [[Zürich]] e, de 1936, en [[Amsterdam]]. Ye la 26ma di julio 1928, dum sua restado en Paris, Matejka mariajis la francino Jeanne Bellanger. En 1937, Matejka establis su en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], Suisia, ube il laboris en la horlojala industrio kom specialisto pri exporti. Pos la morto di Bellanger en 1987, Matejka retiris de publikala aktivaji e translocis a la old-azilo L’Escale (“La halto”) en La Chaux-de-Fonds. Il mortis ye la 27ma di oktobro 1999, en la evo di 97 yari. == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] fvudbb10s0ugxviio9ibx7a69j56562 1142468 1142467 2026-10-26T14:26:47Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142468 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. == Frua vivo == La familio Matejka originis de Vyškovec en [[Bohemia]]. La patro di Matejka emigris ad [[Suisia]] dum sua yuneso, arivis ante 1900, e recevis la suisa civitaneso en 1915. Lua matro esis Suisa e venis del kantono Sankt Gallen.<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000">{{Cite magazine |date=Summer 2000 |title=Alphonse Matejka 1902-1999 |url=https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.html |magazine=[[Cosmoglotta]] |language=ie |issue=289 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203727/https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm#4 |archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> Alphonse naskis en Sankt Gallen ye la 9ma di januaro 1902. Matejka kompletigis gimnaziono e diplomigis en St. Gallen, e divenis suisa civitano. Il lernis mestiero en brod-vendejo, Reichenbach & Co; il laboris dum dek yari en lua filialo en [[Paris]]. Dum lua tempo en Paris, il frequentis vesper-kursi pri stranjerala lingui, lernante [[Latinida linguo|Latinida]] e Skandinaviana lingui, same kom la [[Swahilia linguo|swahilia]] e [[Rusa linguo|rusa]] lingui. Dum certa periodo, Matejka skribis por ruslinguala jurnalo e tradukis por la [[Akademio di cienci]] di [[Soviet-Uniono]]. Matejka anke laboris en la departemento di exporti di butono-kompanio, unesme en [[Zürich]] e, de 1936, en [[Amsterdam]].{{Sfn|Künzli|2006|p=862}}<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000" /> Ye la 26ma di julio 1928, dum sua restado en Paris, Matejka mariajis la francino Jeanne Bellanger. En 1937, Matejka establis su en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], Suisia, ube il laboris en la horlojala industrio kom specialisto pri exporti. Pos la morto di Bellanger en 1987, Matejka retiris de publikala aktivaji e translocis a la old-azilo L’Escale (“La halto”) en La Chaux-de-Fonds. Il mortis ye la 27ma di oktobro 1999, en la evo di 97 yari.{{Sfn|Künzli|2006|p=862}} == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' == Referi == <references/> == Fonti == *{{Cite book |last=Barandovská-Frank |first=Vĕra |url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Interlingvistiko_enkonduko.pdf |title=Interlingvistiko: Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj |title-link= |publisher=[[Adam Mickiewicz University]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-83-65483-88-1 |location=Poznań |language=eo |trans-title=Interlinguistics: Introduction to the Science of Constructed Languages |author-link=:eo:Vĕra Barandovská-Frank}} * {{Cite book |last=Künzli |first=Andreas |title=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |title-link=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |publisher={{ill|Svisa Esperanto-Societo|eo}}; [[CDELI|Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-9700425-2-5 |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |language=eo |trans-title=Universal languages in Switzerland |author-link=:eo:Andreas Künzli}} ** [http://www.plansprachen.ch/34_ENCYCL_IDO.pdf "Parto 4: Ido]" [Chapter 4: Ido] pp. 791-852 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/36_ENCYCL_OCCIDENTAL.pdf Parto 5: Occidental-Interlingue]" [Chapter 5: Occidental-Interlingue] pp. 853-866 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/37_ENCYCL_INTERLINGUA.pdf Parto 6: Interlingua (IALA)]" [Chapter 6: Interlingua (IALA)] pp. 867-912 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/39_ENCYCL_INTERLINGVISTIKO.pdf Parto 7: Interlingvistiko kaj esperantologio]" [Chapter 7: Interlinguistics and Esperantology] pp.&nbsp;913–974 {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] ibdn5kjcqriyluj9y8v4zz2pfkm7rvi 1142469 1142468 2026-10-26T14:27:33Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Frua vivo */ 1142469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. == Frua vivo == La familio Matejka originis de Vyškovec en [[Bohemia]]. La patro di Matejka emigris ad [[Suisia]] dum sua yuneso, arivis ante 1900, e recevis la suisa civitaneso en 1915. Lua matro esis Suisa e venis del kantono Sankt Gallen.<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000">{{Cite magazine |date=Summer 2000 |title=Alphonse Matejka 1902-1999 |url=https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.html |magazine=[[Cosmoglotta]] |language=ie |issue=289 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203727/https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm#4 |archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> Alphonse naskis en Sankt Gallen ye la 9ma di januaro 1902. Matejka kompletigis gimnaziono e diplomigis en St. Gallen, e divenis suisa civitano. Il lernis mestiero en brod-vendejo, Reichenbach & Co; il laboris dum dek yari en lua filialo en [[Paris]]. Dum lua tempo en Paris, il frequentis vesper-kursi pri stranjerala lingui, lernante [[Latinida linguo|Latinida]] e Skandinaviana lingui, same kom la [[Swahilia linguo|swahilia]] e [[Rusa linguo|rusa]] lingui. Dum certa periodo, Matejka skribis por ruslinguala jurnalo e tradukis por la [[Akademio di cienci]] di [[Soviet-Uniono]]. Matejka anke laboris en la departemento di exporti di butono-kompanio, unesme en [[Zürich]] e, de 1936, en [[Amsterdam]].ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000" /> Ye la 26ma di julio 1928, dum sua restado en Paris, Matejka mariajis la francino Jeanne Bellanger. En 1937, Matejka establis su en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], Suisia, ube il laboris en la horlojala industrio kom specialisto pri exporti. Pos la morto di Bellanger en 1987, Matejka retiris de publikala aktivaji e translocis a la old-azilo L’Escale (“La halto”) en La Chaux-de-Fonds. Il mortis ye la 27ma di oktobro 1999, en la evo di 97 yari. == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' == Referi == <references/> == Fonti == *{{Cite book |last=Barandovská-Frank |first=Vĕra |url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Interlingvistiko_enkonduko.pdf |title=Interlingvistiko: Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj |title-link= |publisher=[[Adam Mickiewicz University]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-83-65483-88-1 |location=Poznań |language=eo |trans-title=Interlinguistics: Introduction to the Science of Constructed Languages |author-link=:eo:Vĕra Barandovská-Frank}} * {{Cite book |last=Künzli |first=Andreas |title=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |title-link=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |publisher={{ill|Svisa Esperanto-Societo|eo}}; [[CDELI|Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-9700425-2-5 |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |language=eo |trans-title=Universal languages in Switzerland |author-link=:eo:Andreas Künzli}} ** [http://www.plansprachen.ch/34_ENCYCL_IDO.pdf "Parto 4: Ido]" [Chapter 4: Ido] pp. 791-852 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/36_ENCYCL_OCCIDENTAL.pdf Parto 5: Occidental-Interlingue]" [Chapter 5: Occidental-Interlingue] pp. 853-866 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/37_ENCYCL_INTERLINGUA.pdf Parto 6: Interlingua (IALA)]" [Chapter 6: Interlingua (IALA)] pp. 867-912 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/39_ENCYCL_INTERLINGVISTIKO.pdf Parto 7: Interlingvistiko kaj esperantologio]" [Chapter 7: Interlinguistics and Esperantology] pp.&nbsp;913–974 {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] 904oyeltalbg3lmrdy0jimh3mgiktvu 1142470 1142469 2026-10-26T14:30:27Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Frua vivo */ 1142470 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. == Frua vivo == La familio Matejka originis de Vyškovec en [[Bohemia]]. La patro di Matejka emigris ad [[Suisia]] dum sua yuneso, arivis ante 1900, e recevis la suisa civitaneso en 1915. Lua matro esis Suisa e venis del kantono Sankt Gallen.<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000">{{Cite magazine |date=Summer 2000 |title=Alphonse Matejka 1902-1999 |url=https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.html |magazine=[[Cosmoglotta]] |language=ie |issue=289 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203727/https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm#4 |archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> Alphonse naskis en Sankt Gallen ye la 9ma di januaro 1902. Matejka kompletigis gimnaziono e diplomigis en St. Gallen, e divenis suisa civitano. Il lernis mestiero en brod-vendejo, Reichenbach & Co; il laboris dum dek yari en lua filialo en [[Paris]]. Dum lua tempo en Paris, il frequentis vesper-kursi pri stranjerala lingui, lernante [[Latinida linguo|Latinida]] e Skandinaviana lingui, same kom la [[Swahilia linguo|swahilia]] e [[Rusa linguo|rusa]] lingui. Dum certa periodo, Matejka skribis por ruslinguala jurnalo e tradukis por la [[Akademio di cienci]] di [[Soviet-Uniono]]. Matejka anke laboris en la departemento di exporti di butono-kompanio, unesme en [[Zürich]] e, de 1936, en [[Amsterdam]].ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000" /> Ye la 26ma di julio 1928, dum sua restado en Paris, Matejka mariajis la francino Jeanne Bellanger. En 1937, Matejka establis su en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], Suisia, ube il laboris en la horlojala industrio kom specialisto pri exporti. Pos la morto di Bellanger en 1987, Matejka retiris de publikala aktivaji e translocis a la old-azilo L’Escale (“La halto”) en La Chaux-de-Fonds. Il mortis ye la 27ma di oktobro 1999, en la evo di 97 yari. == Vidopunti == Kune plur altra sustenanti di internaciona helpolingui, Matejka sustenis anke pan-Europismo, pri qua il skribis e parolis. La relato di Edo Bernasconi dicis ke Matejka esis etnocentristo, kredante ke "la internaciona helpolinguo devas esar fenomeno e idealo di ''supera civilizuri''".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bernasconi |first=Edo |date=1977 |title=Neo-Romanticism in Language Planning |url=https://www.ttt.org/lingsem/old/novlatin.html |magazine=Esperanto aŭ Interlingua |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |publisher=Kultura Centro Esperantista |pages=66–85 |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> Pluse, il sustenis l'idei di Silvio Gesell, qua advocis ekonomiala libereso.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alcalde |first=Javier |title=Festlibro por la 75-jariĝo de Ulrich Lins |publisher=[[:eo:Mondial (eldonejo)|Mondial]] |year=2018 |pages=373–374 |chapter=Tri Esperantaj projektoj de Silvio Gesell |trans-chapter=Three Esperantic Projects by Silvio Gesell |author-link=:eo:Javier Alcalde |chapter-url=https://hal.science/hal-02801476}}</ref> Matejka havis granda intereso pri stranjerala lingui e sustenis anke la reformo dil Germana ortografio. == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' == Referi == <references/> == Fonti == *{{Cite book |last=Barandovská-Frank |first=Vĕra |url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Interlingvistiko_enkonduko.pdf |title=Interlingvistiko: Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj |title-link= |publisher=[[Adam Mickiewicz University]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-83-65483-88-1 |location=Poznań |language=eo |trans-title=Interlinguistics: Introduction to the Science of Constructed Languages |author-link=:eo:Vĕra Barandovská-Frank}} * {{Cite book |last=Künzli |first=Andreas |title=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |title-link=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |publisher={{ill|Svisa Esperanto-Societo|eo}}; [[CDELI|Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-9700425-2-5 |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |language=eo |trans-title=Universal languages in Switzerland |author-link=:eo:Andreas Künzli}} ** [http://www.plansprachen.ch/34_ENCYCL_IDO.pdf "Parto 4: Ido]" [Chapter 4: Ido] pp. 791-852 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/36_ENCYCL_OCCIDENTAL.pdf Parto 5: Occidental-Interlingue]" [Chapter 5: Occidental-Interlingue] pp. 853-866 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/37_ENCYCL_INTERLINGUA.pdf Parto 6: Interlingua (IALA)]" [Chapter 6: Interlingua (IALA)] pp. 867-912 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/39_ENCYCL_INTERLINGVISTIKO.pdf Parto 7: Interlingvistiko kaj esperantologio]" [Chapter 7: Interlinguistics and Esperantology] pp.&nbsp;913–974 {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] 2to0atrdtm4zn3vb2lljiwhjzlumb8z 1142471 1142470 2026-10-26T14:31:37Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. == Frua vivo == La familio Matejka originis de Vyškovec en [[Bohemia]]. La patro di Matejka emigris ad [[Suisia]] dum sua yuneso, arivis ante 1900, e recevis la suisa civitaneso en 1915. Lua matro esis Suisa e venis del kantono Sankt Gallen.<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000">{{Cite magazine |date=Summer 2000 |title=Alphonse Matejka 1902-1999 |url=https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.html |magazine=[[Cosmoglotta]] |language=ie |issue=289 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203727/https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm#4 |archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> Alphonse naskis en Sankt Gallen ye la 9ma di januaro 1902. Matejka kompletigis gimnaziono e diplomigis en St. Gallen, e divenis suisa civitano. Il lernis mestiero en brod-vendejo, Reichenbach & Co; il laboris dum dek yari en lua filialo en [[Paris]]. Dum lua tempo en Paris, il frequentis vesper-kursi pri stranjerala lingui, lernante [[Latinida linguo|Latinida]] e Skandinaviana lingui, same kom la [[Swahilia linguo|swahilia]] e [[Rusa linguo|rusa]] lingui. Dum certa periodo, Matejka skribis por ruslinguala jurnalo e tradukis por la [[Akademio di cienci]] di [[Soviet-Uniono]]. Matejka anke laboris en la departemento di exporti di butono-kompanio, unesme en [[Zürich]] e, de 1936, en [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000" /> Ye la 26ma di julio 1928, dum sua restado en Paris, Matejka mariajis la francino Jeanne Bellanger. En 1937, Matejka establis su en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], Suisia, ube il laboris en la horlojala industrio kom specialisto pri exporti. Pos la morto di Bellanger en 1987, Matejka retiris de publikala aktivaji e translocis a la old-azilo L’Escale (“La halto”) en La Chaux-de-Fonds. Il mortis ye la 27ma di oktobro 1999, en la evo di 97 yari. == Vidopunti == Kune plur altra sustenanti di internaciona helpolingui, Matejka sustenis anke pan-Europismo, pri qua il skribis e parolis. La relato di Edo Bernasconi dicis ke Matejka esis [[Etnocentrismo|etnocentristo]], kredante ke "la internaciona helpolinguo devas esar fenomeno e idealo di ''supera civilizuri''".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bernasconi |first=Edo |date=1977 |title=Neo-Romanticism in Language Planning |url=https://www.ttt.org/lingsem/old/novlatin.html |magazine=Esperanto aŭ Interlingua |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |publisher=Kultura Centro Esperantista |pages=66–85 |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> Pluse, il sustenis l'idei di Silvio Gesell, qua advocis ekonomiala libereso.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alcalde |first=Javier |title=Festlibro por la 75-jariĝo de Ulrich Lins |publisher=[[:eo:Mondial (eldonejo)|Mondial]] |year=2018 |pages=373–374 |chapter=Tri Esperantaj projektoj de Silvio Gesell |trans-chapter=Three Esperantic Projects by Silvio Gesell |author-link=:eo:Javier Alcalde |chapter-url=https://hal.science/hal-02801476}}</ref> Matejka havis granda intereso pri stranjerala lingui e sustenis anke la reformo dil Germana ortografio. == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' == Referi == <references/> == Fonti == *{{Cite book |last=Barandovská-Frank |first=Vĕra |url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Interlingvistiko_enkonduko.pdf |title=Interlingvistiko: Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj |title-link= |publisher=[[Adam Mickiewicz University]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-83-65483-88-1 |location=Poznań |language=eo |trans-title=Interlinguistics: Introduction to the Science of Constructed Languages |author-link=:eo:Vĕra Barandovská-Frank}} * {{Cite book |last=Künzli |first=Andreas |title=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |title-link=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |publisher={{ill|Svisa Esperanto-Societo|eo}}; [[CDELI|Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-9700425-2-5 |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |language=eo |trans-title=Universal languages in Switzerland |author-link=:eo:Andreas Künzli}} ** [http://www.plansprachen.ch/34_ENCYCL_IDO.pdf "Parto 4: Ido]" [Chapter 4: Ido] pp. 791-852 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/36_ENCYCL_OCCIDENTAL.pdf Parto 5: Occidental-Interlingue]" [Chapter 5: Occidental-Interlingue] pp. 853-866 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/37_ENCYCL_INTERLINGUA.pdf Parto 6: Interlingua (IALA)]" [Chapter 6: Interlingua (IALA)] pp. 867-912 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/39_ENCYCL_INTERLINGVISTIKO.pdf Parto 7: Interlingvistiko kaj esperantologio]" [Chapter 7: Interlinguistics and Esperantology] pp.&nbsp;913–974 {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] ij450xby4r28wxsr1e2igyg4uttuzt1 1142472 1142471 2026-10-26T14:32:00Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Vidopunti */ 1142472 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. == Frua vivo == La familio Matejka originis de Vyškovec en [[Bohemia]]. La patro di Matejka emigris ad [[Suisia]] dum sua yuneso, arivis ante 1900, e recevis la suisa civitaneso en 1915. Lua matro esis Suisa e venis del kantono Sankt Gallen.<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000">{{Cite magazine |date=Summer 2000 |title=Alphonse Matejka 1902-1999 |url=https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.html |magazine=[[Cosmoglotta]] |language=ie |issue=289 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203727/https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm#4 |archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> Alphonse naskis en Sankt Gallen ye la 9ma di januaro 1902. Matejka kompletigis gimnaziono e diplomigis en St. Gallen, e divenis suisa civitano. Il lernis mestiero en brod-vendejo, Reichenbach & Co; il laboris dum dek yari en lua filialo en [[Paris]]. Dum lua tempo en Paris, il frequentis vesper-kursi pri stranjerala lingui, lernante [[Latinida linguo|Latinida]] e Skandinaviana lingui, same kom la [[Swahilia linguo|swahilia]] e [[Rusa linguo|rusa]] lingui. Dum certa periodo, Matejka skribis por ruslinguala jurnalo e tradukis por la [[Akademio di cienci]] di [[Soviet-Uniono]]. Matejka anke laboris en la departemento di exporti di butono-kompanio, unesme en [[Zürich]] e, de 1936, en [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000" /> Ye la 26ma di julio 1928, dum sua restado en Paris, Matejka mariajis la francino Jeanne Bellanger. En 1937, Matejka establis su en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], Suisia, ube il laboris en la horlojala industrio kom specialisto pri exporti. Pos la morto di Bellanger en 1987, Matejka retiris de publikala aktivaji e translocis a la old-azilo L’Escale (“La halto”) en La Chaux-de-Fonds. Il mortis ye la 27ma di oktobro 1999, en la evo di 97 yari. == Vidopunti == Kune plur altra sustenanti di internaciona helpolingui, Matejka sustenis anke pan-Europismo, pri qua il skribis e parolis. La relato di Edo Bernasconi dicis ke Matejka esis [[Etnocentrismo|etnocentristo]], kredante ke "la internaciona helpolinguo devas esar fenomeno e idealo di ''supera civilizuri''".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bernasconi |first=Edo |date=1977 |title=Neo-Romanticism in Language Planning |url=https://www.ttt.org/lingsem/old/novlatin.html |magazine=Esperanto aŭ Interlingua |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |publisher=Kultura Centro Esperantista |pages=66–85 |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> Pluse, il sustenis l'idei di Silvio Gesell, qua advocis ekonomiala libereso.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alcalde |first=Javier |title=Festlibro por la 75-jariĝo de Ulrich Lins |publisher=[[:eo:Mondial (eldonejo)|Mondial]] |year=2018 |pages=373–374 |chapter=Tri Esperantaj projektoj de Silvio Gesell |trans-chapter=Three Esperantic Projects by Silvio Gesell |author-link=:eo:Javier Alcalde |chapter-url=https://hal.science/hal-02801476}}</ref> Matejka havis granda intereso pri stranjera lingui e sustenis anke la reformo dil Germana ortografio. == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' == Referi == <references/> == Fonti == *{{Cite book |last=Barandovská-Frank |first=Vĕra |url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Interlingvistiko_enkonduko.pdf |title=Interlingvistiko: Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj |title-link= |publisher=[[Adam Mickiewicz University]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-83-65483-88-1 |location=Poznań |language=eo |trans-title=Interlinguistics: Introduction to the Science of Constructed Languages |author-link=:eo:Vĕra Barandovská-Frank}} * {{Cite book |last=Künzli |first=Andreas |title=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |title-link=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |publisher={{ill|Svisa Esperanto-Societo|eo}}; [[CDELI|Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-9700425-2-5 |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |language=eo |trans-title=Universal languages in Switzerland |author-link=:eo:Andreas Künzli}} ** [http://www.plansprachen.ch/34_ENCYCL_IDO.pdf "Parto 4: Ido]" [Chapter 4: Ido] pp. 791-852 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/36_ENCYCL_OCCIDENTAL.pdf Parto 5: Occidental-Interlingue]" [Chapter 5: Occidental-Interlingue] pp. 853-866 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/37_ENCYCL_INTERLINGUA.pdf Parto 6: Interlingua (IALA)]" [Chapter 6: Interlingua (IALA)] pp. 867-912 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/39_ENCYCL_INTERLINGVISTIKO.pdf Parto 7: Interlingvistiko kaj esperantologio]" [Chapter 7: Interlinguistics and Esperantology] pp.&nbsp;913–974 {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] ncydjg4f7natehunsj6o676ogf525lj 1142473 1142472 2026-10-26T14:45:00Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. == Frua vivo == La familio Matejka originis de Vyškovec en [[Bohemia]]. La patro di Matejka emigris ad [[Suisia]] dum sua yuneso, arivis ante 1900, e recevis la suisa civitaneso en 1915. Lua matro esis Suisa e venis del kantono Sankt Gallen.<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000">{{Cite magazine |date=Summer 2000 |title=Alphonse Matejka 1902-1999 |url=https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.html |magazine=[[Cosmoglotta]] |language=ie |issue=289 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203727/https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm#4 |archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> Alphonse naskis en Sankt Gallen ye la 9ma di januaro 1902. Matejka kompletigis gimnaziono e diplomigis en St. Gallen, e divenis suisa civitano. Il lernis mestiero en brod-vendejo, Reichenbach & Co; il laboris dum dek yari en lua filialo en [[Paris]]. Dum lua tempo en Paris, il frequentis vesper-kursi pri stranjerala lingui, lernante [[Latinida linguo|Latinida]] e Skandinaviana lingui, same kom la [[Swahilia linguo|swahilia]] e [[Rusa linguo|rusa]] lingui. Dum certa periodo, Matejka skribis por ruslinguala jurnalo e tradukis por la [[Akademio di cienci]] di [[Soviet-Uniono]]. Matejka anke laboris en la departemento di exporti di butono-kompanio, unesme en [[Zürich]] e, de 1936, en [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000" /> Ye la 26ma di julio 1928, dum sua restado en Paris, Matejka mariajis la francino Jeanne Bellanger. En 1937, Matejka establis su en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], Suisia, ube il laboris en la horlojala industrio kom specialisto pri exporti. Pos la morto di Bellanger en 1987, Matejka retiris de publikala aktivaji e translocis a la old-azilo L’Escale (“La halto”) en La Chaux-de-Fonds. Il mortis ye la 27ma di oktobro 1999, en la evo di 97 yari. == Vidopunti == Kune plur altra sustenanti di internaciona helpolingui, Matejka sustenis anke pan-Europismo, pri qua il skribis e parolis. La relato di Edo Bernasconi dicis ke Matejka esis [[Etnocentrismo|etnocentristo]], kredante ke "la internaciona helpolinguo devas esar fenomeno e idealo di ''supera civilizuri''".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bernasconi |first=Edo |date=1977 |title=Neo-Romanticism in Language Planning |url=https://www.ttt.org/lingsem/old/novlatin.html |magazine=Esperanto aŭ Interlingua |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |publisher=Kultura Centro Esperantista |pages=66–85 |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> Pluse, il sustenis l'idei di Silvio Gesell, qua advocis ekonomiala libereso.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alcalde |first=Javier |title=Festlibro por la 75-jariĝo de Ulrich Lins |publisher=[[:eo:Mondial (eldonejo)|Mondial]] |year=2018 |pages=373–374 |chapter=Tri Esperantaj projektoj de Silvio Gesell |trans-chapter=Three Esperantic Projects by Silvio Gesell |author-link=:eo:Javier Alcalde |chapter-url=https://hal.science/hal-02801476}}</ref> Matejka havis granda intereso pri stranjera lingui e sustenis anke la reformo dil Germana ortografio. === Internaciona lingui === ==== Ido ==== En 1918, Matejka kompris exemplero dil lernolibro pri Ido da [[Albert Noetzli|Albert Nötzli]], e, komparante la linguo kun [[Esperanto]], trovis Ido superiora. Pro to, Matejka nultempe esis Esperantisto, e li juntis la Ido-movado. Matejka okupis funcioni en plura societi e partoprenis en quar kongresi. Dum la sequanta tri yari, il esis membro di l'Ido-klubo en Sankt Gallen, e pose il juntis organizuro por la linguo en Paris. De 1929 til 1934, il esis sekretario di l'[[Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido]] (ULI), e en 1940 il divenis lua prezidanto, pos ke il migris a Paris. Dum la mandato di 1934–1935, Matejka esis prezidanto dil nacionala Suisa Ido-Societo. Matejka laboris kun [[Ido-jurnalaro|Ido-jurnali]], quale Suisian Idisto ed Ido-Kuriero, e dum lua periodo kom sekretario il redaktis la bulteno di ULI. Kande la revuo ''[[Progreso]]'' ri-komencis publikigesar en 1913, Matejka esis nomizita lua chefa redaktisto. Il konservis ta posto til 1934. === Interlingue-Occidental === Pos ke [[Edgar de Wahl]] kreis [[Occidental]] ye 1922, plura Idisti komencis sustenar ol, precipue de 1928. Matejka, tamen, kritikis la linguo. Il kredis ke la maxim bona linguo internaciona povus rezultar del plubonigo di Ido, e pro to il argumentis kontre Occidental. [[Ric Berger]] deskriptis il kom “la maxim aktiva e kompetenta defensanto di Ido, e polemikisto kontre Occidental”. Kande Matejka argumentis kontre la Occidentalisti, il ofte uzis la pseudonimi “Franko Veramido” e “Scorpion”. Tamen, desiluzionigita dal konduto dil plu konservativa Idisti, il renuncis Ido e juntis l'Occidental-movado en 1937. La foriro di Matejka de Ido provokis agitado en Ido-movado. Balde il divenis korespondanta membro di l''Occidental-Acadamie''. De 1943 til 1946, il esis lua interima prezidanto, e en 1949 il divenis prezidanto. Dum la tota yardeko di 1940, Matejka esis prezidanto dil senato di l'''Occidental-Union'', l'internaciona organizuro di Occidentalisti, e reprezentis la linguo che l'''International Auxiliary Language Association'' (IALA). Matejka verkis plura kurso-libri e lernolibri pri Interlingue. Dum plu kam duadek yari, inter 1937 e 1985, il redaktis ''[[Cosmoglotta]]'', la precipua organo di l'Occidental-movado. Lua posteno kom redaktisto donis ad ilu granda respekto en la movado por linguo internaciona. En ''Cosmoglotta'', il publikigis lua propra verki e tradukuri, exemple verki da [[Anton Pavlovich Chehov|Anton Chehov]], same kom esei kontre altra lingui, quale ''[[Simpla Angla|Basic English]]'' ed [[Interlingua]]. Kande IALA publikigis Interlingua ye 1951, multa Occidentalisti abandonis Interlingue, precipue pos la foriro di Ric Berger. To larje destruktis la movado. Matejka trovis ke Interlingue ed Interlingua similas inter su ye 90% di lia vocabularo. L'''Interlingue-Union'' sustenis relati pozitivala kun la Interlingua-movado, mem pos la dissolvado di IALA ye 1953. Matejka publikigis lua lasta artiklo en ''Cosmoglotta'' ye 1985, kande il evis 85 yari. == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' == Referi == <references/> == Fonti == *{{Cite book |last=Barandovská-Frank |first=Vĕra |url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Interlingvistiko_enkonduko.pdf |title=Interlingvistiko: Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj |title-link= |publisher=[[Adam Mickiewicz University]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-83-65483-88-1 |location=Poznań |language=eo |trans-title=Interlinguistics: Introduction to the Science of Constructed Languages |author-link=:eo:Vĕra Barandovská-Frank}} * {{Cite book |last=Künzli |first=Andreas |title=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |title-link=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |publisher={{ill|Svisa Esperanto-Societo|eo}}; [[CDELI|Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-9700425-2-5 |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |language=eo |trans-title=Universal languages in Switzerland |author-link=:eo:Andreas Künzli}} ** [http://www.plansprachen.ch/34_ENCYCL_IDO.pdf "Parto 4: Ido]" [Chapter 4: Ido] pp. 791-852 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/36_ENCYCL_OCCIDENTAL.pdf Parto 5: Occidental-Interlingue]" [Chapter 5: Occidental-Interlingue] pp. 853-866 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/37_ENCYCL_INTERLINGUA.pdf Parto 6: Interlingua (IALA)]" [Chapter 6: Interlingua (IALA)] pp. 867-912 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/39_ENCYCL_INTERLINGVISTIKO.pdf Parto 7: Interlingvistiko kaj esperantologio]" [Chapter 7: Interlinguistics and Esperantology] pp.&nbsp;913–974 {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] 4u1bcti6nv0qh0cf9om50jw8uurkpqz 1142474 1142473 2026-10-26T14:45:14Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Interlingue-Occidental */ 1142474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. == Frua vivo == La familio Matejka originis de Vyškovec en [[Bohemia]]. La patro di Matejka emigris ad [[Suisia]] dum sua yuneso, arivis ante 1900, e recevis la suisa civitaneso en 1915. Lua matro esis Suisa e venis del kantono Sankt Gallen.<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000">{{Cite magazine |date=Summer 2000 |title=Alphonse Matejka 1902-1999 |url=https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.html |magazine=[[Cosmoglotta]] |language=ie |issue=289 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203727/https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm#4 |archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> Alphonse naskis en Sankt Gallen ye la 9ma di januaro 1902. Matejka kompletigis gimnaziono e diplomigis en St. Gallen, e divenis suisa civitano. Il lernis mestiero en brod-vendejo, Reichenbach & Co; il laboris dum dek yari en lua filialo en [[Paris]]. Dum lua tempo en Paris, il frequentis vesper-kursi pri stranjerala lingui, lernante [[Latinida linguo|Latinida]] e Skandinaviana lingui, same kom la [[Swahilia linguo|swahilia]] e [[Rusa linguo|rusa]] lingui. Dum certa periodo, Matejka skribis por ruslinguala jurnalo e tradukis por la [[Akademio di cienci]] di [[Soviet-Uniono]]. Matejka anke laboris en la departemento di exporti di butono-kompanio, unesme en [[Zürich]] e, de 1936, en [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000" /> Ye la 26ma di julio 1928, dum sua restado en Paris, Matejka mariajis la francino Jeanne Bellanger. En 1937, Matejka establis su en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], Suisia, ube il laboris en la horlojala industrio kom specialisto pri exporti. Pos la morto di Bellanger en 1987, Matejka retiris de publikala aktivaji e translocis a la old-azilo L’Escale (“La halto”) en La Chaux-de-Fonds. Il mortis ye la 27ma di oktobro 1999, en la evo di 97 yari. == Vidopunti == Kune plur altra sustenanti di internaciona helpolingui, Matejka sustenis anke pan-Europismo, pri qua il skribis e parolis. La relato di Edo Bernasconi dicis ke Matejka esis [[Etnocentrismo|etnocentristo]], kredante ke "la internaciona helpolinguo devas esar fenomeno e idealo di ''supera civilizuri''".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bernasconi |first=Edo |date=1977 |title=Neo-Romanticism in Language Planning |url=https://www.ttt.org/lingsem/old/novlatin.html |magazine=Esperanto aŭ Interlingua |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |publisher=Kultura Centro Esperantista |pages=66–85 |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> Pluse, il sustenis l'idei di Silvio Gesell, qua advocis ekonomiala libereso.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alcalde |first=Javier |title=Festlibro por la 75-jariĝo de Ulrich Lins |publisher=[[:eo:Mondial (eldonejo)|Mondial]] |year=2018 |pages=373–374 |chapter=Tri Esperantaj projektoj de Silvio Gesell |trans-chapter=Three Esperantic Projects by Silvio Gesell |author-link=:eo:Javier Alcalde |chapter-url=https://hal.science/hal-02801476}}</ref> Matejka havis granda intereso pri stranjera lingui e sustenis anke la reformo dil Germana ortografio. === Internaciona lingui === ==== Ido ==== En 1918, Matejka kompris exemplero dil lernolibro pri Ido da [[Albert Noetzli|Albert Nötzli]], e, komparante la linguo kun [[Esperanto]], trovis Ido superiora. Pro to, Matejka nultempe esis Esperantisto, e li juntis la Ido-movado. Matejka okupis funcioni en plura societi e partoprenis en quar kongresi. Dum la sequanta tri yari, il esis membro di l'Ido-klubo en Sankt Gallen, e pose il juntis organizuro por la linguo en Paris. De 1929 til 1934, il esis sekretario di l'[[Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido]] (ULI), e en 1940 il divenis lua prezidanto, pos ke il migris a Paris. Dum la mandato di 1934–1935, Matejka esis prezidanto dil nacionala Suisa Ido-Societo. Matejka laboris kun [[Ido-jurnalaro|Ido-jurnali]], quale Suisian Idisto ed Ido-Kuriero, e dum lua periodo kom sekretario il redaktis la bulteno di ULI. Kande la revuo ''[[Progreso]]'' ri-komencis publikigesar en 1913, Matejka esis nomizita lua chefa redaktisto. Il konservis ta posto til 1934. === Interlingue-Occidental === Pos ke [[Edgar de Wahl]] kreis [[Occidental]] ye 1922, plura Idisti komencis sustenar ol, precipue de 1928. Matejka, tamen, kritikis la linguo. Il kredis ke la maxim bona linguo internaciona povus rezultar del plubonigo di Ido, e pro to il argumentis kontre Occidental. [[Ric Berger]] deskriptis il kom “la maxim aktiva e kompetenta defensanto di Ido, e polemikisto kontre Occidental”. Kande Matejka argumentis kontre la Occidentalisti, il ofte uzis la pseudonimi “Franko Veramido” e “Scorpion”. Tamen, desiluzionigita dal konduto dil plu konservativa Idisti, il renuncis Ido e juntis l'Occidental-movado en 1937. La foriro di Matejka de Ido provokis agitado en Ido-movado. Balde il divenis korespondanta membro di l'''Occidental-Acadamie''. De 1943 til 1946, il esis lua interima prezidanto, e en 1949 il divenis prezidanto. Dum la tota yardeko di 1940, Matejka esis prezidanto dil senato di l'''Occidental-Union'', l'internaciona organizuro di Occidentalisti, e reprezentis la linguo che l'''International Auxiliary Language Association'' (IALA). Matejka verkis plura kurso-libri e lernolibri pri Interlingue. Dum plu kam duadek yari, inter 1937 e 1985, il redaktis ''[[Cosmoglotta]]'', la precipua organo di l'Occidental-movado. Lua posteno kom redaktisto donis ad ilu granda respekto en la movado por linguo internaciona. En ''Cosmoglotta'', il publikigis lua propra verki e tradukuri, exemple verki da [[Anton Pavlovich Chehov|Anton Chehov]], same kom esei kontre altra lingui, quale ''[[Simpla Angla|Basic English]]'' ed [[Interlingua]]. Kande IALA publikigis Interlingua ye 1951, multa Occidentalisti abandonis Interlingue, precipue pos la foriro di Ric Berger. To larje destruktis la movado. Matejka trovis ke Interlingue ed Interlingua similas inter su ye 90% di lia vocabularo. L'''Interlingue-Union'' sustenis relati pozitivala kun la Interlingua-movado, mem pos la dissolvado di IALA ye 1953. Matejka publikigis lua lasta artiklo en ''Cosmoglotta'' ye 1985, kande il evis 85 yari. == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' == Referi == <references/> == Fonti == *{{Cite book |last=Barandovská-Frank |first=Vĕra |url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Interlingvistiko_enkonduko.pdf |title=Interlingvistiko: Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj |title-link= |publisher=[[Adam Mickiewicz University]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-83-65483-88-1 |location=Poznań |language=eo |trans-title=Interlinguistics: Introduction to the Science of Constructed Languages |author-link=:eo:Vĕra Barandovská-Frank}} * {{Cite book |last=Künzli |first=Andreas |title=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |title-link=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |publisher={{ill|Svisa Esperanto-Societo|eo}}; [[CDELI|Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-9700425-2-5 |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |language=eo |trans-title=Universal languages in Switzerland |author-link=:eo:Andreas Künzli}} ** [http://www.plansprachen.ch/34_ENCYCL_IDO.pdf "Parto 4: Ido]" [Chapter 4: Ido] pp. 791-852 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/36_ENCYCL_OCCIDENTAL.pdf Parto 5: Occidental-Interlingue]" [Chapter 5: Occidental-Interlingue] pp. 853-866 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/37_ENCYCL_INTERLINGUA.pdf Parto 6: Interlingua (IALA)]" [Chapter 6: Interlingua (IALA)] pp. 867-912 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/39_ENCYCL_INTERLINGVISTIKO.pdf Parto 7: Interlingvistiko kaj esperantologio]" [Chapter 7: Interlinguistics and Esperantology] pp.&nbsp;913–974 {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] hdo5llnmpaswzs96bkmusmx3bz75a62 1142475 1142474 2026-10-26T14:45:52Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Interlingue-Occidental */ 1142475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. == Frua vivo == La familio Matejka originis de Vyškovec en [[Bohemia]]. La patro di Matejka emigris ad [[Suisia]] dum sua yuneso, arivis ante 1900, e recevis la suisa civitaneso en 1915. Lua matro esis Suisa e venis del kantono Sankt Gallen.<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000">{{Cite magazine |date=Summer 2000 |title=Alphonse Matejka 1902-1999 |url=https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.html |magazine=[[Cosmoglotta]] |language=ie |issue=289 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203727/https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm#4 |archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> Alphonse naskis en Sankt Gallen ye la 9ma di januaro 1902. Matejka kompletigis gimnaziono e diplomigis en St. Gallen, e divenis suisa civitano. Il lernis mestiero en brod-vendejo, Reichenbach & Co; il laboris dum dek yari en lua filialo en [[Paris]]. Dum lua tempo en Paris, il frequentis vesper-kursi pri stranjerala lingui, lernante [[Latinida linguo|Latinida]] e Skandinaviana lingui, same kom la [[Swahilia linguo|swahilia]] e [[Rusa linguo|rusa]] lingui. Dum certa periodo, Matejka skribis por ruslinguala jurnalo e tradukis por la [[Akademio di cienci]] di [[Soviet-Uniono]]. Matejka anke laboris en la departemento di exporti di butono-kompanio, unesme en [[Zürich]] e, de 1936, en [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000" /> Ye la 26ma di julio 1928, dum sua restado en Paris, Matejka mariajis la francino Jeanne Bellanger. En 1937, Matejka establis su en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], Suisia, ube il laboris en la horlojala industrio kom specialisto pri exporti. Pos la morto di Bellanger en 1987, Matejka retiris de publikala aktivaji e translocis a la old-azilo L’Escale (“La halto”) en La Chaux-de-Fonds. Il mortis ye la 27ma di oktobro 1999, en la evo di 97 yari. == Vidopunti == Kune plur altra sustenanti di internaciona helpolingui, Matejka sustenis anke pan-Europismo, pri qua il skribis e parolis. La relato di Edo Bernasconi dicis ke Matejka esis [[Etnocentrismo|etnocentristo]], kredante ke "la internaciona helpolinguo devas esar fenomeno e idealo di ''supera civilizuri''".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bernasconi |first=Edo |date=1977 |title=Neo-Romanticism in Language Planning |url=https://www.ttt.org/lingsem/old/novlatin.html |magazine=Esperanto aŭ Interlingua |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |publisher=Kultura Centro Esperantista |pages=66–85 |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> Pluse, il sustenis l'idei di Silvio Gesell, qua advocis ekonomiala libereso.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alcalde |first=Javier |title=Festlibro por la 75-jariĝo de Ulrich Lins |publisher=[[:eo:Mondial (eldonejo)|Mondial]] |year=2018 |pages=373–374 |chapter=Tri Esperantaj projektoj de Silvio Gesell |trans-chapter=Three Esperantic Projects by Silvio Gesell |author-link=:eo:Javier Alcalde |chapter-url=https://hal.science/hal-02801476}}</ref> Matejka havis granda intereso pri stranjera lingui e sustenis anke la reformo dil Germana ortografio. === Internaciona lingui === ==== Ido ==== En 1918, Matejka kompris exemplero dil lernolibro pri Ido da [[Albert Noetzli|Albert Nötzli]], e, komparante la linguo kun [[Esperanto]], trovis Ido superiora. Pro to, Matejka nultempe esis Esperantisto, e li juntis la Ido-movado. Matejka okupis funcioni en plura societi e partoprenis en quar kongresi. Dum la sequanta tri yari, il esis membro di l'Ido-klubo en Sankt Gallen, e pose il juntis organizuro por la linguo en Paris. De 1929 til 1934, il esis sekretario di l'[[Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido]] (ULI), e en 1940 il divenis lua prezidanto, pos ke il migris a Paris. Dum la mandato di 1934–1935, Matejka esis prezidanto dil nacionala Suisa Ido-Societo. Matejka laboris kun [[Ido-jurnalaro|Ido-jurnali]], quale Suisian Idisto ed Ido-Kuriero, e dum lua periodo kom sekretario il redaktis la bulteno di ULI. Kande la revuo ''[[Progreso]]'' ri-komencis publikigesar en 1913, Matejka esis nomizita lua chefa redaktisto. Il konservis ta posto til 1934. === Interlingue-Occidental === Pos ke [[Edgar de Wahl]] kreis [[Occidental]] ye 1922, plura Idisti komencis sustenar ol, precipue de 1928. Matejka, tamen, kritikis la linguo. Il kredis ke la maxim bona linguo internaciona povus rezultar del plubonigo di Ido, e pro to il argumentis kontre Occidental. [[Ric Berger]] deskriptis il kom “la maxim aktiva e kompetenta defensanto di Ido, e polemikisto kontre Occidental”. Kande Matejka argumentis kontre la Occidentalisti, il ofte uzis la pseudonimi “Franko Veramido” e “Scorpion”. Tamen, desiluzionigita dal konduto dil plu konservativa Idisti, il renuncis Ido e juntis l'Occidental-movado en 1937. La foriro di Matejka de Ido provokis agitado en Ido-movado. Balde il divenis korespondanta membro di l'''Occidental-Acadamie''. De 1943 til 1946, il esis lua interima prezidanto, e en 1949 il divenis prezidanto. Dum la tota yardeko di 1940, Matejka esis prezidanto dil senato di l’''Occidental-Union'', l'internaciona organizuro di Occidentalisti, e reprezentis la linguo che l'''International Auxiliary Language Association'' (IALA). Matejka verkis plura kurso-libri e lernolibri pri Interlingue. Dum plu kam duadek yari, inter 1937 e 1985, il redaktis ''[[Cosmoglotta]]'', la precipua organo di l'Occidental-movado. Lua posteno kom redaktisto donis ad ilu granda respekto en la movado por linguo internaciona. En ''Cosmoglotta'', il publikigis lua propra verki e tradukuri, exemple verki da [[Anton Pavlovich Chehov|Anton Chehov]], same kom esei kontre altra lingui, quale ''[[Simpla Angla|Basic English]]'' ed [[Interlingua]]. Kande IALA publikigis Interlingua ye 1951, multa Occidentalisti abandonis Interlingue, precipue pos la foriro di Ric Berger. To larje destruktis la movado. Matejka trovis ke Interlingue ed Interlingua similas inter su ye 90% di lia vocabularo. L'''Interlingue-Union'' sustenis relati pozitivala kun la Interlingua-movado, mem pos la dissolvado di IALA ye 1953. Matejka publikigis lua lasta artiklo en ''Cosmoglotta'' ye 1985, kande il evis 85 yari. == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' == Referi == <references/> == Fonti == *{{Cite book |last=Barandovská-Frank |first=Vĕra |url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Interlingvistiko_enkonduko.pdf |title=Interlingvistiko: Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj |title-link= |publisher=[[Adam Mickiewicz University]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-83-65483-88-1 |location=Poznań |language=eo |trans-title=Interlinguistics: Introduction to the Science of Constructed Languages |author-link=:eo:Vĕra Barandovská-Frank}} * {{Cite book |last=Künzli |first=Andreas |title=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |title-link=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |publisher={{ill|Svisa Esperanto-Societo|eo}}; [[CDELI|Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-9700425-2-5 |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |language=eo |trans-title=Universal languages in Switzerland |author-link=:eo:Andreas Künzli}} ** [http://www.plansprachen.ch/34_ENCYCL_IDO.pdf "Parto 4: Ido]" [Chapter 4: Ido] pp. 791-852 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/36_ENCYCL_OCCIDENTAL.pdf Parto 5: Occidental-Interlingue]" [Chapter 5: Occidental-Interlingue] pp. 853-866 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/37_ENCYCL_INTERLINGUA.pdf Parto 6: Interlingua (IALA)]" [Chapter 6: Interlingua (IALA)] pp. 867-912 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/39_ENCYCL_INTERLINGVISTIKO.pdf Parto 7: Interlingvistiko kaj esperantologio]" [Chapter 7: Interlinguistics and Esperantology] pp.&nbsp;913–974 {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] blr4xfozljbiamyhz5gzbri1wg8hji4 1142476 1142475 2026-10-26T14:46:08Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Interlingue-Occidental */ 1142476 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. == Frua vivo == La familio Matejka originis de Vyškovec en [[Bohemia]]. La patro di Matejka emigris ad [[Suisia]] dum sua yuneso, arivis ante 1900, e recevis la suisa civitaneso en 1915. Lua matro esis Suisa e venis del kantono Sankt Gallen.<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000">{{Cite magazine |date=Summer 2000 |title=Alphonse Matejka 1902-1999 |url=https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.html |magazine=[[Cosmoglotta]] |language=ie |issue=289 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203727/https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm#4 |archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> Alphonse naskis en Sankt Gallen ye la 9ma di januaro 1902. Matejka kompletigis gimnaziono e diplomigis en St. Gallen, e divenis suisa civitano. Il lernis mestiero en brod-vendejo, Reichenbach & Co; il laboris dum dek yari en lua filialo en [[Paris]]. Dum lua tempo en Paris, il frequentis vesper-kursi pri stranjerala lingui, lernante [[Latinida linguo|Latinida]] e Skandinaviana lingui, same kom la [[Swahilia linguo|swahilia]] e [[Rusa linguo|rusa]] lingui. Dum certa periodo, Matejka skribis por ruslinguala jurnalo e tradukis por la [[Akademio di cienci]] di [[Soviet-Uniono]]. Matejka anke laboris en la departemento di exporti di butono-kompanio, unesme en [[Zürich]] e, de 1936, en [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000" /> Ye la 26ma di julio 1928, dum sua restado en Paris, Matejka mariajis la francino Jeanne Bellanger. En 1937, Matejka establis su en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], Suisia, ube il laboris en la horlojala industrio kom specialisto pri exporti. Pos la morto di Bellanger en 1987, Matejka retiris de publikala aktivaji e translocis a la old-azilo L’Escale (“La halto”) en La Chaux-de-Fonds. Il mortis ye la 27ma di oktobro 1999, en la evo di 97 yari. == Vidopunti == Kune plur altra sustenanti di internaciona helpolingui, Matejka sustenis anke pan-Europismo, pri qua il skribis e parolis. La relato di Edo Bernasconi dicis ke Matejka esis [[Etnocentrismo|etnocentristo]], kredante ke "la internaciona helpolinguo devas esar fenomeno e idealo di ''supera civilizuri''".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bernasconi |first=Edo |date=1977 |title=Neo-Romanticism in Language Planning |url=https://www.ttt.org/lingsem/old/novlatin.html |magazine=Esperanto aŭ Interlingua |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |publisher=Kultura Centro Esperantista |pages=66–85 |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> Pluse, il sustenis l'idei di Silvio Gesell, qua advocis ekonomiala libereso.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alcalde |first=Javier |title=Festlibro por la 75-jariĝo de Ulrich Lins |publisher=[[:eo:Mondial (eldonejo)|Mondial]] |year=2018 |pages=373–374 |chapter=Tri Esperantaj projektoj de Silvio Gesell |trans-chapter=Three Esperantic Projects by Silvio Gesell |author-link=:eo:Javier Alcalde |chapter-url=https://hal.science/hal-02801476}}</ref> Matejka havis granda intereso pri stranjera lingui e sustenis anke la reformo dil Germana ortografio. === Internaciona lingui === ==== Ido ==== En 1918, Matejka kompris exemplero dil lernolibro pri Ido da [[Albert Noetzli|Albert Nötzli]], e, komparante la linguo kun [[Esperanto]], trovis Ido superiora. Pro to, Matejka nultempe esis Esperantisto, e li juntis la Ido-movado. Matejka okupis funcioni en plura societi e partoprenis en quar kongresi. Dum la sequanta tri yari, il esis membro di l'Ido-klubo en Sankt Gallen, e pose il juntis organizuro por la linguo en Paris. De 1929 til 1934, il esis sekretario di l'[[Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido]] (ULI), e en 1940 il divenis lua prezidanto, pos ke il migris a Paris. Dum la mandato di 1934–1935, Matejka esis prezidanto dil nacionala Suisa Ido-Societo. Matejka laboris kun [[Ido-jurnalaro|Ido-jurnali]], quale Suisian Idisto ed Ido-Kuriero, e dum lua periodo kom sekretario il redaktis la bulteno di ULI. Kande la revuo ''[[Progreso]]'' ri-komencis publikigesar en 1913, Matejka esis nomizita lua chefa redaktisto. Il konservis ta posto til 1934. === Interlingue-Occidental === Pos ke [[Edgar de Wahl]] kreis [[Occidental]] ye 1922, plura Idisti komencis sustenar ol, precipue de 1928. Matejka, tamen, kritikis la linguo. Il kredis ke la maxim bona linguo internaciona povus rezultar del plubonigo di Ido, e pro to il argumentis kontre Occidental. [[Ric Berger]] deskriptis il kom “la maxim aktiva e kompetenta defensanto di Ido, e polemikisto kontre Occidental”. Kande Matejka argumentis kontre la Occidentalisti, il ofte uzis la pseudonimi “Franko Veramido” e “Scorpion”. Tamen, desiluzionigita dal konduto dil plu konservativa Idisti, il renuncis Ido e juntis l'Occidental-movado en 1937. La foriro di Matejka de Ido provokis agitado en Ido-movado. Balde il divenis korespondanta membro di l’''Occidental-Acadamie''. De 1943 til 1946, il esis lua interima prezidanto, e en 1949 il divenis prezidanto. Dum la tota yardeko di 1940, Matejka esis prezidanto dil senato di l’''Occidental-Union'', l'internaciona organizuro di Occidentalisti, e reprezentis la linguo che l'''International Auxiliary Language Association'' (IALA). Matejka verkis plura kurso-libri e lernolibri pri Interlingue. Dum plu kam duadek yari, inter 1937 e 1985, il redaktis ''[[Cosmoglotta]]'', la precipua organo di l'Occidental-movado. Lua posteno kom redaktisto donis ad ilu granda respekto en la movado por linguo internaciona. En ''Cosmoglotta'', il publikigis lua propra verki e tradukuri, exemple verki da [[Anton Pavlovich Chehov|Anton Chehov]], same kom esei kontre altra lingui, quale ''[[Simpla Angla|Basic English]]'' ed [[Interlingua]]. Kande IALA publikigis Interlingua ye 1951, multa Occidentalisti abandonis Interlingue, precipue pos la foriro di Ric Berger. To larje destruktis la movado. Matejka trovis ke Interlingue ed Interlingua similas inter su ye 90% di lia vocabularo. L'''Interlingue-Union'' sustenis relati pozitivala kun la Interlingua-movado, mem pos la dissolvado di IALA ye 1953. Matejka publikigis lua lasta artiklo en ''Cosmoglotta'' ye 1985, kande il evis 85 yari. == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' == Referi == <references/> == Fonti == *{{Cite book |last=Barandovská-Frank |first=Vĕra |url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Interlingvistiko_enkonduko.pdf |title=Interlingvistiko: Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj |title-link= |publisher=[[Adam Mickiewicz University]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-83-65483-88-1 |location=Poznań |language=eo |trans-title=Interlinguistics: Introduction to the Science of Constructed Languages |author-link=:eo:Vĕra Barandovská-Frank}} * {{Cite book |last=Künzli |first=Andreas |title=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |title-link=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |publisher={{ill|Svisa Esperanto-Societo|eo}}; [[CDELI|Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-9700425-2-5 |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |language=eo |trans-title=Universal languages in Switzerland |author-link=:eo:Andreas Künzli}} ** [http://www.plansprachen.ch/34_ENCYCL_IDO.pdf "Parto 4: Ido]" [Chapter 4: Ido] pp. 791-852 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/36_ENCYCL_OCCIDENTAL.pdf Parto 5: Occidental-Interlingue]" [Chapter 5: Occidental-Interlingue] pp. 853-866 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/37_ENCYCL_INTERLINGUA.pdf Parto 6: Interlingua (IALA)]" [Chapter 6: Interlingua (IALA)] pp. 867-912 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/39_ENCYCL_INTERLINGVISTIKO.pdf Parto 7: Interlingvistiko kaj esperantologio]" [Chapter 7: Interlinguistics and Esperantology] pp.&nbsp;913–974 {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] tk3mytc7kasqbhlg11esnksbhs8hl86 1142477 1142476 2026-10-26T14:46:32Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. == Frua vivo == La familio Matejka originis de Vyškovec en [[Bohemia]]. La patro di Matejka emigris ad [[Suisia]] dum sua yuneso, arivis ante 1900, e recevis la suisa civitaneso en 1915. Lua matro esis Suisa e venis del kantono Sankt Gallen.<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000">{{Cite magazine |date=Summer 2000 |title=Alphonse Matejka 1902-1999 |url=https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.html |magazine=[[Cosmoglotta]] |language=ie |issue=289 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203727/https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm#4 |archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> Alphonse naskis en Sankt Gallen ye la 9ma di januaro 1902. Matejka kompletigis gimnaziono e diplomigis en St. Gallen, e divenis suisa civitano. Il lernis mestiero en brod-vendejo, Reichenbach & Co; il laboris dum dek yari en lua filialo en [[Paris]]. Dum lua tempo en Paris, il frequentis vesper-kursi pri stranjerala lingui, lernante [[Latinida linguo|Latinida]] e Skandinaviana lingui, same kom la [[Swahilia linguo|swahilia]] e [[Rusa linguo|rusa]] lingui. Dum certa periodo, Matejka skribis por ruslinguala jurnalo e tradukis por la [[Akademio di cienci]] di [[Soviet-Uniono]]. Matejka anke laboris en la departemento di exporti di butono-kompanio, unesme en [[Zürich]] e, de 1936, en [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000" /> Ye la 26ma di julio 1928, dum sua restado en Paris, Matejka mariajis la francino Jeanne Bellanger. En 1937, Matejka establis su en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], Suisia, ube il laboris en la horlojala industrio kom specialisto pri exporti. Pos la morto di Bellanger en 1987, Matejka retiris de publikala aktivaji e translocis a la old-azilo L’Escale (“La halto”) en La Chaux-de-Fonds. Il mortis ye la 27ma di oktobro 1999, en la evo di 97 yari. == Vidopunti == Kune plur altra sustenanti di internaciona helpolingui, Matejka sustenis anke pan-Europismo, pri qua il skribis e parolis. La relato di Edo Bernasconi dicis ke Matejka esis [[Etnocentrismo|etnocentristo]], kredante ke "la internaciona helpolinguo devas esar fenomeno e idealo di ''supera civilizuri''".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bernasconi |first=Edo |date=1977 |title=Neo-Romanticism in Language Planning |url=https://www.ttt.org/lingsem/old/novlatin.html |magazine=Esperanto aŭ Interlingua |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |publisher=Kultura Centro Esperantista |pages=66–85 |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> Pluse, il sustenis l'idei di Silvio Gesell, qua advocis ekonomiala libereso.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alcalde |first=Javier |title=Festlibro por la 75-jariĝo de Ulrich Lins |publisher=[[:eo:Mondial (eldonejo)|Mondial]] |year=2018 |pages=373–374 |chapter=Tri Esperantaj projektoj de Silvio Gesell |trans-chapter=Three Esperantic Projects by Silvio Gesell |author-link=:eo:Javier Alcalde |chapter-url=https://hal.science/hal-02801476}}</ref> Matejka havis granda intereso pri stranjera lingui e sustenis anke la reformo dil Germana ortografio. === Internaciona lingui === ==== Ido ==== En 1918, Matejka kompris exemplero dil lernolibro pri Ido da [[Albert Noetzli|Albert Nötzli]], e, komparante la linguo kun [[Esperanto]], trovis Ido superiora. Pro to, Matejka nultempe esis Esperantisto, e li juntis la Ido-movado. Matejka okupis funcioni en plura societi e partoprenis en quar kongresi. Dum la sequanta tri yari, il esis membro di l'Ido-klubo en Sankt Gallen, e pose il juntis organizuro por la linguo en Paris. De 1929 til 1934, il esis sekretario di l'[[Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido]] (ULI), e en 1940 il divenis lua prezidanto, pos ke il migris a Paris. Dum la mandato di 1934–1935, Matejka esis prezidanto dil nacionala Suisa Ido-Societo. Matejka laboris kun [[Ido-jurnalaro|Ido-jurnali]], quale Suisian Idisto ed Ido-Kuriero, e dum lua periodo kom sekretario il redaktis la bulteno di ULI. Kande la revuo ''[[Progreso]]'' ri-komencis publikigesar en 1913, Matejka esis nomizita lua chefa redaktisto. Il konservis ta posto til 1934. ==== Interlingue-Occidental ==== Pos ke [[Edgar de Wahl]] kreis [[Occidental]] ye 1922, plura Idisti komencis sustenar ol, precipue de 1928. Matejka, tamen, kritikis la linguo. Il kredis ke la maxim bona linguo internaciona povus rezultar del plubonigo di Ido, e pro to il argumentis kontre Occidental. [[Ric Berger]] deskriptis il kom “la maxim aktiva e kompetenta defensanto di Ido, e polemikisto kontre Occidental”. Kande Matejka argumentis kontre la Occidentalisti, il ofte uzis la pseudonimi “Franko Veramido” e “Scorpion”. Tamen, desiluzionigita dal konduto dil plu konservativa Idisti, il renuncis Ido e juntis l'Occidental-movado en 1937. La foriro di Matejka de Ido provokis agitado en Ido-movado. Balde il divenis korespondanta membro di l’''Occidental-Acadamie''. De 1943 til 1946, il esis lua interima prezidanto, e en 1949 il divenis prezidanto. Dum la tota yardeko di 1940, Matejka esis prezidanto dil senato di l’''Occidental-Union'', l'internaciona organizuro di Occidentalisti, e reprezentis la linguo che l'''International Auxiliary Language Association'' (IALA). Matejka verkis plura kurso-libri e lernolibri pri Interlingue. Dum plu kam duadek yari, inter 1937 e 1985, il redaktis ''[[Cosmoglotta]]'', la precipua organo di l'Occidental-movado. Lua posteno kom redaktisto donis ad ilu granda respekto en la movado por linguo internaciona. En ''Cosmoglotta'', il publikigis lua propra verki e tradukuri, exemple verki da [[Anton Pavlovich Chehov|Anton Chehov]], same kom esei kontre altra lingui, quale ''[[Simpla Angla|Basic English]]'' ed [[Interlingua]]. Kande IALA publikigis Interlingua ye 1951, multa Occidentalisti abandonis Interlingue, precipue pos la foriro di Ric Berger. To larje destruktis la movado. Matejka trovis ke Interlingue ed Interlingua similas inter su ye 90% di lia vocabularo. L'''Interlingue-Union'' sustenis relati pozitivala kun la Interlingua-movado, mem pos la dissolvado di IALA ye 1953. Matejka publikigis lua lasta artiklo en ''Cosmoglotta'' ye 1985, kande il evis 85 yari. == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' == Referi == <references/> == Fonti == *{{Cite book |last=Barandovská-Frank |first=Vĕra |url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Interlingvistiko_enkonduko.pdf |title=Interlingvistiko: Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj |title-link= |publisher=[[Adam Mickiewicz University]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-83-65483-88-1 |location=Poznań |language=eo |trans-title=Interlinguistics: Introduction to the Science of Constructed Languages |author-link=:eo:Vĕra Barandovská-Frank}} * {{Cite book |last=Künzli |first=Andreas |title=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |title-link=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |publisher={{ill|Svisa Esperanto-Societo|eo}}; [[CDELI|Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-9700425-2-5 |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |language=eo |trans-title=Universal languages in Switzerland |author-link=:eo:Andreas Künzli}} ** [http://www.plansprachen.ch/34_ENCYCL_IDO.pdf "Parto 4: Ido]" [Chapter 4: Ido] pp. 791-852 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/36_ENCYCL_OCCIDENTAL.pdf Parto 5: Occidental-Interlingue]" [Chapter 5: Occidental-Interlingue] pp. 853-866 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/37_ENCYCL_INTERLINGUA.pdf Parto 6: Interlingua (IALA)]" [Chapter 6: Interlingua (IALA)] pp. 867-912 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/39_ENCYCL_INTERLINGVISTIKO.pdf Parto 7: Interlingvistiko kaj esperantologio]" [Chapter 7: Interlinguistics and Esperantology] pp.&nbsp;913–974 {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] gnws5oh0h2yoaay36qpmckfysuzfasz 1142478 1142477 2026-10-26T14:56:24Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Alphonse Matejka | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Alphonse Matejka.png|180px]] | Okupeso = [[Idisto]], [[Interlingua|Interlinguisto]] | Shablono_lando = {{SUI}} | Naskodio = [[9ma di januaro]] [[1902]] | Nask-urbo = [[St. Gallen]] | Mort-dio = [[27ma di oktobro]] [[1999]] | Mort-urbo = [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]] }} '''Alfonso Matejka''' (9 di januaro 1902 – 27 di oktobro 1999) esis Suisa experto pri exportaco e propagisto di internaciona helpolingui. Naskita en St. Gallen da Cheka patro e Suisa matro, il laboris en la texala e horlojala industrii, e vivis dum granda parto di sua vivo en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]]. Matejka esas precipue konocata pro sua laboro en la movado por internaciona linguo; komence il sustenis [[Ido]], e plu tarde [[Occidental]] (Interlingue). Il direktis multa organizuri en ta domeni e verkis plura libri por instruktar pri ta lingui. Matejka anke helpis fondar la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. == Frua vivo == La familio Matejka originis de Vyškovec en [[Bohemia]]. La patro di Matejka emigris ad [[Suisia]] dum sua yuneso, arivis ante 1900, e recevis la suisa civitaneso en 1915. Lua matro esis Suisa e venis del kantono Sankt Gallen.<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000">{{Cite magazine |date=Summer 2000 |title=Alphonse Matejka 1902-1999 |url=https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.html |magazine=[[Cosmoglotta]] |language=ie |issue=289 |page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413203727/https://cosmoglotta.narod.ru/Cg289/cg289.htm#4 |archive-date=2021-04-13}}</ref> Alphonse naskis en Sankt Gallen ye la 9ma di januaro 1902. Matejka kompletigis gimnaziono e diplomigis en St. Gallen, e divenis suisa civitano. Il lernis mestiero en brod-vendejo, Reichenbach & Co; il laboris dum dek yari en lua filialo en [[Paris]]. Dum lua tempo en Paris, il frequentis vesper-kursi pri stranjerala lingui, lernante [[Latinida linguo|Latinida]] e Skandinaviana lingui, same kom la [[Swahilia linguo|swahilia]] e [[Rusa linguo|rusa]] lingui. Dum certa periodo, Matejka skribis por ruslinguala jurnalo e tradukis por la [[Akademio di cienci]] di [[Soviet-Uniono]]. Matejka anke laboris en la departemento di exporti di butono-kompanio, unesme en [[Zürich]] e, de 1936, en [[Amsterdam]].<ref name="Cosmoglotta-2000" /> Ye la 26ma di julio 1928, dum sua restado en Paris, Matejka mariajis la francino Jeanne Bellanger. En 1937, Matejka establis su en [[La Chaux-de-Fonds]], Suisia, ube il laboris en la horlojala industrio kom specialisto pri exporti. Pos la morto di Bellanger en 1987, Matejka retiris de publikala aktivaji e translocis a la old-azilo L’Escale (“La halto”) en La Chaux-de-Fonds. Il mortis ye la 27ma di oktobro 1999, en la evo di 97 yari. == Vidopunti == Kune plur altra sustenanti di internaciona helpolingui, Matejka sustenis anke pan-Europismo, pri qua il skribis e parolis. La relato di Edo Bernasconi dicis ke Matejka esis [[Etnocentrismo|etnocentristo]], kredante ke "la internaciona helpolinguo devas esar fenomeno e idealo di ''supera civilizuri''".<ref>{{Cite magazine |last=Bernasconi |first=Edo |date=1977 |title=Neo-Romanticism in Language Planning |url=https://www.ttt.org/lingsem/old/novlatin.html |magazine=Esperanto aŭ Interlingua |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |publisher=Kultura Centro Esperantista |pages=66–85 |access-date=2024-01-02}}</ref> Pluse, il sustenis l'idei di Silvio Gesell, qua advocis ekonomiala libereso.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Alcalde |first=Javier |title=Festlibro por la 75-jariĝo de Ulrich Lins |publisher=[[:eo:Mondial (eldonejo)|Mondial]] |year=2018 |pages=373–374 |chapter=Tri Esperantaj projektoj de Silvio Gesell |trans-chapter=Three Esperantic Projects by Silvio Gesell |author-link=:eo:Javier Alcalde |chapter-url=https://hal.science/hal-02801476}}</ref> Matejka havis granda intereso pri stranjera lingui e sustenis anke la reformo dil Germana ortografio. === Internaciona lingui === ==== Ido ==== En 1918, Matejka kompris exemplero dil lernolibro pri Ido da [[Albert Noetzli|Albert Nötzli]], e, komparante la linguo kun [[Esperanto]], trovis Ido superiora. Pro to, Matejka nultempe esis Esperantisto, e li juntis la Ido-movado. Matejka okupis funcioni en plura societi e partoprenis en quar kongresi. Dum la sequanta tri yari, il esis membro di l'Ido-klubo en Sankt Gallen, e pose il juntis organizuro por la linguo en Paris. De 1929 til 1934, il esis sekretario di l'[[Uniono por la Linguo Internaciona Ido]] (ULI), e en 1940 il divenis lua prezidanto, pos ke il migris a Paris. Dum la mandato di 1934–1935, Matejka esis prezidanto dil nacionala Suisa Ido-Societo. Matejka laboris kun [[Ido-jurnalaro|Ido-jurnali]], quale Suisian Idisto ed Ido-Kuriero, e dum lua periodo kom sekretario il redaktis la bulteno di ULI. Kande la revuo ''[[Progreso]]'' ri-komencis publikigesar en 1913, Matejka esis nomizita lua chefa redaktisto. Il konservis ta posto til 1934. ==== Interlingue-Occidental ==== Pos ke [[Edgar de Wahl]] kreis [[Occidental]] ye 1922, plura Idisti komencis sustenar ol, precipue de 1928. Matejka, tamen, kritikis la linguo. Il kredis ke la maxim bona linguo internaciona povus rezultar del plubonigo di Ido, e pro to il argumentis kontre Occidental. [[Ric Berger]] deskriptis il kom “la maxim aktiva e kompetenta defensanto di Ido, e polemikisto kontre Occidental”. Kande Matejka argumentis kontre la Occidentalisti, il ofte uzis la pseudonimi “Franko Veramido” e “Scorpion”. Tamen, desiluzionigita dal konduto dil plu konservativa Idisti, il renuncis Ido e juntis l'Occidental-movado en 1937. La foriro di Matejka de Ido provokis agitado en Ido-movado. Balde il divenis korespondanta membro di l’''Occidental-Acadamie''. De 1943 til 1946, il esis lua interima prezidanto, e en 1949 il divenis prezidanto. Dum la tota yardeko di 1940, Matejka esis prezidanto dil senato di l’''Occidental-Union'', l'internaciona organizuro di Occidentalisti, e reprezentis la linguo che l'''International Auxiliary Language Association'' (IALA). Matejka verkis plura kurso-libri e lernolibri pri Interlingue. Dum plu kam duadek yari, inter 1937 e 1985, il redaktis ''[[Cosmoglotta]]'', la precipua organo di l'Occidental-movado. Lua posteno kom redaktisto donis ad ilu granda respekto en la movado por linguo internaciona. En ''Cosmoglotta'', il publikigis lua propra verki e tradukuri, exemple verki da [[Anton Pavlovich Chehov|Anton Chehov]], same kom esei kontre altra lingui, quale ''[[Simpla Angla|Basic English]]'' ed [[Interlingua]]. Kande IALA publikigis Interlingua ye 1951, multa Occidentalisti abandonis Interlingue, precipue pos la foriro di Ric Berger. To larje destruktis la movado. Matejka trovis ke Interlingue ed Interlingua similas inter su ye 90% di lia vocabularo. L'''Interlingue-Union'' sustenis relati pozitivala kun la Interlingua-movado, mem pos la dissolvado di IALA ye 1953. Matejka publikigis lua lasta artiklo en ''Cosmoglotta'' ye 1985, kande il evis 85 yari. === CDELI === Matejka helpis fondar en 1967 la [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]]. Il laboris precipue kun lua arkivisto, Claude Gacond, e kun André Schild. Matejka donacis granda quanti de lua kolekturi di materialo pri lingui internaciona al centro, e vizitis ol ofte til sua morto. == Bibliografio == * 1942: ''OCCIDENTAL die internationale Welthilfssprache'' * 1945: ''Wörterbuch Occidental-Deutsch und Deutsch-Occidental'' * 1949: ''Interlingue die natürliche Welthilfssprache, für Millionen geschaffen, von Millionen verstanden. Vollständiger Lehrgang in 20 Lektionen'' == Referi == <references/> == Fonti == *{{Cite book |last=Barandovská-Frank |first=Vĕra |url=http://interl.home.amu.edu.pl/interlingvistiko/Barandovska_Interlingvistiko_enkonduko.pdf |title=Interlingvistiko: Enkonduko en la sciencon pri planlingvoj |title-link= |publisher=[[Adam Mickiewicz University]] |year=2020 |isbn=978-83-65483-88-1 |location=Poznań |language=eo |trans-title=Interlinguistics: Introduction to the Science of Constructed Languages |author-link=:eo:Vĕra Barandovská-Frank}} * {{Cite book |last=Künzli |first=Andreas |title=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |title-link=Universalaj lingvoj en Svislando |publisher={{ill|Svisa Esperanto-Societo|eo}}; [[CDELI|Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale]] |year=2006 |isbn=978-2-9700425-2-5 |location=La Chaux-de-Fonds |language=eo |trans-title=Universal languages in Switzerland |author-link=:eo:Andreas Künzli}} ** [http://www.plansprachen.ch/34_ENCYCL_IDO.pdf "Parto 4: Ido]" [Chapter 4: Ido] pp. 791-852 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/36_ENCYCL_OCCIDENTAL.pdf Parto 5: Occidental-Interlingue]" [Chapter 5: Occidental-Interlingue] pp. 853-866 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/37_ENCYCL_INTERLINGUA.pdf Parto 6: Interlingua (IALA)]" [Chapter 6: Interlingua (IALA)] pp. 867-912 ** "[http://www.planlingvoj.ch/39_ENCYCL_INTERLINGVISTIKO.pdf Parto 7: Interlingvistiko kaj esperantologio]" [Chapter 7: Interlinguistics and Esperantology] pp.&nbsp;913–974 {{Occidental}} {{DEFAULTSORT: Matejka, Alphonse}} [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] 56i20s5t55b392549xjm1jsqpopmidf 0 79021 1142555 1053978 2026-10-27T07:10:03Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}} |2={{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}} }}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2023}} Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}} [[Gautama Buddha]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref>{{full citation needed|date=September 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Apostolo Paulo]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedikto di Nursia]], [[Francisko di Asizi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/>{{page needed|date=September 2023}} [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunita Islamo|sunita]] e [[Shiita Islamo|shiita]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[Turkala populi|turkala populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakers]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Ateno|atenana]] [[filozofi]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[Suda Usa|suda Stati Uniti]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] 0hway9qyt3nmqtoagxj1uf8l6z3zavn 1142556 1142555 2026-10-27T07:10:25Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Religiala e spirituala */ 1142556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}} |2={{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}} }}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2023}} Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Gautama Buddha]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Apostolo Paulo]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedikto di Nursia]], [[Francisko di Asizi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/>{{page needed|date=September 2023}} [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunita Islamo|sunita]] e [[Shiita Islamo|shiita]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[Turkala populi|turkala populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakers]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Ateno|atenana]] [[filozofi]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[Suda Usa|suda Stati Uniti]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] mqkdt1tuqe7ru93zp2myas6pzuhklo7 1142557 1142556 2026-10-27T07:10:59Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}} |2={{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}} }}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2023}} Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Gautama Buddha]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Apostolo Paulo]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedikto di Nursia]], [[Francisko di Asizi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/>{{page needed|date=September 2023}} [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunita Islamo|sunita]] e [[Shiita Islamo|shiita]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[Turkala populi|turkala populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakers]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Ateno|atenana]] [[filozofi]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[Suda Usa|suda Stati Uniti]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] j9qyc6hl4l4ieij92pb9akzfxlv9ao1 1142558 1142557 2026-10-27T07:11:32Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}} |2={{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}} }}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref>{{page needed|date=September 2023}} Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Gautama Buddha]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Apostolo Paulo]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedikto di Nursia]], [[Francisko di Asizi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/>{{page needed|date=September 2023}} [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunita Islamo|sunita]] e [[Shiita Islamo|shiita]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[Turkala populi|turkala populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakers]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Ateno|atenana]] [[filozofi]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] f95pos0wzoi5kya2g2oggv6dh9tiuar 1142559 1142558 2026-10-27T07:11:49Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}} |2={{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}} }}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Gautama Buddha]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Apostolo Paulo]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedikto di Nursia]], [[Francisko di Asizi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunita Islamo|sunita]] e [[Shiita Islamo|shiita]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[Turkala populi|turkala populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakers]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Ateno|atenana]] [[filozofi]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] m5z3cuk6mef0rbzo9klxuksutqbrtj7 1142560 1142559 2026-10-27T07:12:13Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Historio */ 1142560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Gautama Buddha]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Apostolo Paulo]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedikto di Nursia]], [[Francisko di Asizi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunita Islamo|sunita]] e [[Shiita Islamo|shiita]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[Turkala populi|turkala populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakers]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Ateno|atenana]] [[filozofi]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] rgx2w3wckmr0h6xrt7zm9q84zj6qq10 1142561 1142560 2026-10-27T07:12:36Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Religiala e spirituala */ 1142561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddha]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Jesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Apostolo Paulo]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedikto di Nursia]], [[Francisko di Asizi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunita Islamo|sunita]] e [[Shiita Islamo|shiita]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[Turkala populi|turkala populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakers]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Ateno|atenana]] [[filozofi]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] 7jxodlbrp3qj63n1znkstauxxrsw77p 1142562 1142561 2026-10-27T07:13:19Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Religiala e spirituala */ 1142562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddho ]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Apostolo Paulo]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedikto di Nursia]], [[Francisko di Asizi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Leo Tolstoy]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunita Islamo|sunita]] e [[Shiita Islamo|shiita]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[Turkala populi|turkala populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakers]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Ateno|atenana]] [[filozofi]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] c2ry2ufe1oby2byibaj4ida0lgtqfz0 1142563 1142562 2026-10-27T07:14:35Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Religiala e spirituala */ 1142563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddho ]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Apostolo Paulo]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedictus de Nursia]], [[Santa Franciscus de Assisi|Franciscus de Assisi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi|Lev Tolstoi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunita Islamo|sunita]] e [[Shiita Islamo|shiita]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[Turkala populi|turkala populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakers]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Ateno|atenana]] [[filozofi]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] q5jcltngaa1sss15jmn0gswdpfgsg7e 1142564 1142563 2026-10-27T07:15:19Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Religiala e spirituala */ 1142564 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddho ]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Paulus de Tarsus|Apostolo Paulus]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedictus de Nursia]], [[Santa Franciscus de Assisi|Franciscus de Assisi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi|Lev Tolstoi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunita Islamo|sunita]] e [[Shiita Islamo|shiita]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[Turkala populi|turkala populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakers]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Ateno|atenana]] [[filozofi]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] nxd9ql9goceewsmilk3m3bvs4m5819a 1142565 1142564 2026-10-27T07:16:51Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Religiala e spirituala */ 1142565 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddho]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Paulus de Tarsus|Apostolo Paulus]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedictus de Nursia]], [[Santa Franciscus de Assisi|Franciscus de Assisi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi|Lev Tolstoi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufiismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunismo|sunista]] e [[Shiismo|shiista]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[Turkala populi|turkala populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakers]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Ateno|atenana]] [[filozofi]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] ashbdawljtk9wfyudzgonoaliy5fxtz 1142566 1142565 2026-10-27T07:18:04Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Historio */ 1142566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddho]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Paulus de Tarsus|Apostolo Paulus]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedictus de Nursia]], [[Santa Franciscus de Assisi|Franciscus de Assisi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi|Lev Tolstoi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufiismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunismo|sunista]] e [[Shiismo|shiista]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[turka populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakers]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Ateno|atenana]] [[filozofi]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] ha2flc0p6icmsrxdm0ihfs5mq08dki8 1142567 1142566 2026-10-27T07:19:21Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Religiala e spirituala */ 1142567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddho]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Paulus de Tarsus|Apostolo Paulus]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedictus de Nursia]], [[Santa Franciscus de Assisi|Franciscus de Assisi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi|Lev Tolstoi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufiismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunismo|sunista]] e [[Shiismo|shiista]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[turka populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakero|Quakeri]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Ateno|atenana]] [[filozofi]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] 7ly3644s65ziezkwk3m477eeevk8mk4 1142568 1142567 2026-10-27T07:20:13Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Laika e politika */ 1142568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddho]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Paulus de Tarsus|Apostolo Paulus]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedictus de Nursia]], [[Santa Franciscus de Assisi|Franciscus de Assisi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi|Lev Tolstoi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufiismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunismo|sunista]] e [[Shiismo|shiista]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[turka populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakero|Quakeri]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Athina|athinana]] [[filozofo]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la {{BCE|quara yarcento}} til la {{CE|tria yarcento}}. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] bc0kkjlkn0va6p8eqfh7nbiklj2v346 1142569 1142568 2026-10-27T07:21:16Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Laika e politika */ 1142569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddho]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Paulus de Tarsus|Apostolo Paulus]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedictus de Nursia]], [[Santa Franciscus de Assisi|Franciscus de Assisi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi|Lev Tolstoi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufiismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunismo|sunista]] e [[Shiismo|shiista]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }} |2={{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[turka populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}} |2={{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakero|Quakeri]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}} |2={{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}} }}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Athina|athinana]] [[filozofo]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la quara yarcento a.K. til la tria yarcento p.K. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{multiref2 |1={{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}} |2=Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] 2rogfy3h9nitdb1wt2d5j57v9qlnhyp 1142570 1142569 2026-10-27T07:22:43Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddho]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Paulus de Tarsus|Apostolo Paulus]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedictus de Nursia]], [[Santa Franciscus de Assisi|Franciscus de Assisi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi|Lev Tolstoi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufiismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunismo|sunista]] e [[Shiismo|shiista]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[turka populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}} }}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakero|Quakeri]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Athina|athinana]] [[filozofo]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la quara yarcento a.K. til la tria yarcento p.K. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}}</ref><ref>Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] sc5jh38dc3oeq0upmz19q2lxwm11544 1142571 1142570 2026-10-27T07:23:23Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Religiala e spirituala */ 1142571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddho]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Paulus de Tarsus|Apostolo Paulus]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedictus de Nursia]], [[Santa Franciscus de Assisi|Franciscus de Assisi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi|Lev Tolstoi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufiismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunismo|sunista]] e [[Shiismo|shiista]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[turka populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakero|Quakeri]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Athina|athinana]] [[filozofo]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la quara yarcento a.K. til la tria yarcento p.K. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}}</ref><ref>Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] g07ox3ksybcqwuynnqpw819km7g2dhk 1142572 1142571 2026-10-27T07:23:49Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Religiala e spirituala */ 1142572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddho]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Paulus de Tarsus|Apostolo Paulus]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedictus de Nursia]], [[Santa Franciscus de Assisi|Franciscus de Assisi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi|Lev Tolstoi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis li a vivado simpla.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufiismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunismo|sunista]] e [[Shiismo|shiista]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[turka populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakero|Quakeri]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Lumo|franca epoko di la Lumo]] filozofi [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Athina|athinana]] [[filozofo]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la quara yarcento a.K. til la tria yarcento p.K. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}}</ref><ref>Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] bf3wiz0t8utf6e1ralxe4thpd5poqlv 1142573 1142572 2026-10-27T07:25:01Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Religiala e spirituala */ 1142573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddho]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Paulus de Tarsus|Apostolo Paulus]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedictus de Nursia]], [[Santa Franciscus de Assisi|Franciscus de Assisi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi|Lev Tolstoi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis lia vivado simple.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufiismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunismo|sunista]] e [[Shiismo|shiista]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[turka populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakero|Quakeri]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Racion-epoko|franca Racion-epoko]] filozofo [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Athina|athinana]] [[filozofo]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la quara yarcento a.K. til la tria yarcento p.K. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}}</ref><ref>Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] g2n27y1ebn5iy838xzxi8emo5y7emup 1142574 1142573 2026-10-27T07:25:23Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} '''Simpla vivo''' referas a praktiki qui promovas simpleso en unu vivostilo. Ordinara praktiki di simpla vivo inkluzas reduktar la numero di posedi qui on havas, dependar min de teknologio e servaji, ed spensar min mono. Adjuntite tala externala chanji, simpla vivo anke refletas la menteso e valori di un persono. Praktiki di simpla vivo povas esar vidata en historio, religio, arto, e ekonomio. Adherenti povas elektar simpla vivo pro diversa personala motivi, tale quale spiriteso, sano, augmento di qualita tempo por familio e amiki, laboro-vivo balanco, personala gusto, financala sostenibileso, augmento di filantropio, frugaleso, medio-sostenibilitato, o reduktar streso. Simpla vivo povas anke esar reakto ad ekonomiala materialismo e konsumista-culturo. Kelki citas socia-politikala skopi aliniata kun medio-protekto, anti-konsumismo, o anti-militanta movadi, inkluzante konservado, profunda ekologio, e imposto-rezisto. == Historio == === Religiala e spirituala === Plura religiala e spirituala tradicioni rekomendas simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite journal|first=Helena|last=Echlin|date=December 2006|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA92|title=Be Happier With Less|journal=Yoga Journal|page=92}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|first=W. Bradford|last=Swift|date=July–August 1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fekDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA81|journal=Yoga Journal|title=Living Simply in a Complex World|page=81}}</ref> Inter la frua exempli esas la tradicioni di la [[Śramaṇa]] en [[Fera epoko en India|India dum la Fera Epoko]] e la bibliaj [[Nazireo]]s. Ta tradicioni esis forte influencita da nacionala kulturi e religiala etiko.<ref name="shi">{{cite book|last=Shi|first=David|title=The Simple Life|publisher=University of Georgia Press|year=2001}}</ref> Simpleso esis un de la precipua koncepti propagata da Lao Tzu, la fondinto di [[Taoismo]]. To manifestas precipue en la principii di [[Pu (Taoismo)|Pu]] e [[Ziran]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Tao Te Ching |last= |first=}}</ref> On ofte citas Konfucius quale rekomendanta simpla vivado.<ref>{{cite web |title=Gain Insight and Awareness With These 47 Confucius Quotes |url=https://www.thoughtco.com/best-confucius-quotes-2833291 |website=ThoughtCo |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Analects |last= |first=}}</ref> [[Buddho]] rekomendis simpla vivado quale centrala vertuo di [[Budhismo]]. La [[Quar Nobla Veraji]] rekomendas desapego de deziro quale la voyo por finar suferado e atingar [[Nirvano (Budhismo)|Nirvano]].<ref>{{cite wikisource |title=Dhammapada |last= |first=}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Mark |first1=Joshua J. |title=Four Noble Truths |url=https://www.worldhistory.org/Four_Noble_Truths/ |website=World History Encyclopedia |date=22 July 2021 |access-date=7 November 2023 |language=en}}</ref> [[Iesu]] vivis, segun on dicas, simpla vivo. On dicas ke ilu exhortis sua [[Discipulo (Kristanismo)|discipuli]] «ne prenar ulo por lia voyajo, exter bastono — nek pano, nek sako, nek pekunio en lia zono — ma portar sandali e ne metar du tuniki».<ref>{{bibleverse|Mark|6:8–9|ESV}}: [[English Standard Version]]</ref> Ilu anke dicis a sua discipuli ke li ne povas servar Deo e pekunio samtempe, e explikis ke Deo povas furnisar a li la necesaji por la vivo (nutrivi e vestivi), se li «serchas unesme lua regno».<ref>{{bibleverse|Matthew|6:24–33|ESV}}</ref> [[Paulus de Tarsus|Apostolo Paulus]] docis ke homi devas kontentigar su per nutrivi e vestivi, e ke la deziro divenar rica esas la kauzo di multa sorto di malajo.<ref>{{bibleverse|1 Timothy|6:6–10|ESV}}</ref> Multa altra famoza religiala personi, quale [[Benedictus de Nursia]], [[Santa Franciscus de Assisi|Franciscus de Assisi]],<ref>{{cite web|last=Slocock|first=N.|date=May 2004|url=http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727121313/http://www.tssf.org.uk/attachments/article/219/Living_a_Life_of_Simplicity.pdf|archive-date=2011-07-27|title='Living a Life of Simplicity?' A Response to Francis of Assisi by Adrian House}}</ref> [[Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoi|Lev Tolstoi]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[Albert Schweitzer]], e [[Mahatma Gandhi]], afirmis ke spirituala inspiro kondukis lia vivado simple.<ref name="shi"/> [[File:Preziosi - Derviş cerşetor.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Otomana Turki|Otomana]] [[Dervisho]] reprezentita da [[Amedeo Preziosi]], cirkume 1860, [[Muzeo Nacionala di Arto di Rumania]]]] La [[Sufiismo]] en la [[Musulmana mondo]] aparis e kreskis quale mistikala, kelkete celita tradicioni en la precipua [[Sunismo|sunista]] e [[Shiismo|shiista]] [[Brancho e skoli di Islamo|brancho]] di [[Islamo]].<ref name="Cook 2015">{{cite encyclopedia |author-last=Cook |author-first=David |author-link=David Cook (historian) |date=May 2015 |title=Mysticism in Sufi Islam |url=https://oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Religion |location=[[Oxford]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.013.51 |isbn=9780199340378 |doi-access= |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128012740/http://oxfordre.com/religion/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199340378.001.0001/acrefore-9780199340378-e-51 |archive-date=28 November 2018 |url-status=live |access-date=4 January 2022|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Sufismo kreskis precipue en la frontiera regioni di [[Islamala stati|islamala stati]],<ref name="Cook 2015"/><ref name="Findley 2005">{{cite book |last=Findley |first=Carter Vaughn |author-link=Carter V. Findley |year=2005 |chapter=Islam and Empire from the Seljuks through the Mongols |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ToAjDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA56|chapter-url-access=subscription |title=The Turks in World History |location=[[Oxford]] e [[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |pages=56–66 |isbn=9780195177268 |oclc=54529318}}</ref> ube la asketismo di lua [[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]] atraktis populacioni qui ja konocis la monakala tradicioni di [[Hinduismo]], [[Budhismo]], e [[Kristanismo]].<ref name=hanson104>{{cite book |last=Hanson |first=Eric O. |title=Religion and Politics in the International System Today |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Wz4nCOMd8ucC&pg=PA102 |year=2006 |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |location=[[Nov-Yorko|Nov-Yorko]] |pages=102–104 |doi=10.1017/CBO9780511616457 |isbn=978-0-521-85245-6}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Shahzad Bashir|title=Sufi Bodies: Religion and Society in Medieval Islam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ArurAgAAQBAJ|url-access=subscription |year=2013|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-14491-9 |pages=9–11, 58–67 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|author=Antony Black|title=The History of Islamic Political Thought: From the Prophet to the Present|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Hd1vAAAAQBAJ |url-access=subscription|year=2011|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|isbn=978-0-7486-8878-4 |pages=241–242}} }}</ref> Sufi-ani havis influo e sucesis en la [[Disvastigo di Islamo|disvastigo di Islamo]] inter la 10ma e 19ma yarcenti.<ref name="Cook 2015"/> Kelka akademiani argumentis ke sufi-musulmana asketi e mistikisti ludis decida rolo en la konversiono di la [[turka populi]] a Islamo, precipue pro la simileso inter la extrema asketisma Sufi-ani ([[fakiro]] e [[dervisho]]) e la [[Shamanismo|shamani]] di la [[Tengrismo|tradicionala turko-mongola religio]].<ref name="Findley 2005"/><ref>{{cite journal |last=Amitai-Preiss |first=Reuven |date=January 1999 |title=Sufis and Shamans: Some Remarks on the Islamization of the Mongols in the Ilkhanate |journal=Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient |location=[[Leiden]] |publisher=[[Brill Publishers]] |volume=42 |issue=1 |pages=27–46 |doi=10.1163/1568520991445605 |issn=1568-5209 |jstor=3632297}}</ref> [[Simpla populi]] ordinare apartenis a kristana grupi qui praktikis vivadi sen certi formi di [[richeso]] o [[teknologio]], pro religiala o filozofiala motivi. Tali kristana grupi inkluzas la [[Shakers]], [[Old Order Mennonite|Mennoniti]], [[Amish]], [[Hutterites]], [[Amana Colonies]], [[Bruderhof Communities|Bruderhof]],<ref><ref>{{Cite news|first=Pete|last=Ascosi|date=2016-08-25|url=https://christlife.org/blog/learning-from-the-bruderhof-an-intentional-christian-community|title=Learning from the Bruderhof: An Intentional Christian Community|work=ChristLife|access-date=2017-05-23|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/mediapacks/inside-the-bruderhof|title=Inside The Bruderhofe|website=BBC Media Centre|date=2019-07-09|access-date=2019-07-19}}</ref> [[Old German Baptist Brethren]], [[Harmony Society]], e kelka [[Quakero|Quakeri]]. Quakera kredo nomizita ''[[Testimonio di simpleso]]'' asertas ke persono devas vivar simple. Tamen, kelka populara idei pri kompleta refuzo di teknologio en ta grupi povas ne esar exakta. La Amish e altra grupi uzas anke moderna teknologio, pose evaluir lua efiki sur la komunumo.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190801091934/https://medium.com/@dallincrump/what-the-amish-are-teaching-me-about-how-to-use-technology-aa8bd1816260|archive-date=2019-08-01|title=What the Amish are Teaching Me about How to Use Technology|last=Crump|first=Dallin|date=2018-08-22|website=Medium|language=en|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Novak|first=Kim|url=https://metro.co.uk/2019/07/20/unknown-christian-community-in-sussex-lives-without-electricity-possessions-or-debt-10431308/|title=Unknown Christian community in Sussex lives without electricity or possessions|date=2019-07-20|website=Metro|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-01}}</ref> La 18ma-yarcenta [[Franca Racion-epoko|franca Racion-epoko]] filozofo [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]] forte laudis la simpla vivmaniero en multa de lua skriburi, precipue en du libri: ''Discourse on the Arts and Sciences'' (1750) e ''Discourse on Inequality'' (1754).<ref>{{cite book|author-link=Peter Marshall (author, born 1946)|last=Marshall|first=Peter|title=[[Reto di Naturo: Ripensar Nia Loko sur la Tero|Nature's Web: Rethinking Our Place on Earth]]|publisher=M.E. Sharpe|year=1996|pages=235, 239–244}}</ref> === Laika e politika === [[Epikurismo]], fondita sur la docado di la [[Athina|athinana]] [[filozofo]] [[Epikuro]], floris de cirkume la quara yarcento a.K. til la tria yarcento p.K. Epikurismo konsideris la paradigmo di feliceso quale vivo sen turbado, quo esis posibla per atencema e bone konsiderita elekto. Epikuro remarkis ke la problemoj ligita a la mantenado di extravaganta vivstilo tendencas superpasar la plezuri obtenata de ol. Pro to, ilu konkluzis ke to quo esas necesa por feliceso, korpala komforto e la vivo ipsa devas esar mantenata ye minima kosto, dum omna altra kozi super la necesa devas esar moderigata o tote evitata.<ref>{{cite web|last=Smith|first=M.F.|year=2001|url=http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html#III|url-status=dead|title=Introduction to Lucretius: On the Nature of Things|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060301142624/http://www.epicurus.info/etexts/introlucretius.html|website=Epicurus.info|archive-date=2006-03-01}}</ref> [[File:Thoreau's cabin inside.jpg|thumb|left|Rekonstrukto di la kabano di [[Henry David Thoreau]] an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]]] [[Henry David Thoreau]], amerikani [[natural historio|naturalisto]] e autoro, prezentis la klasika [[Sekularismo|laika]] defenso di simpla e [[Sustenebla vivado|sustenebla vivado]] en lua libro ''[[Walden]]'' (1854). Thoreau efektigis experimento di du yari vivante simple e sen pretendo an la bordi di [[Laguno Walden|Walden Pond]]. Ilu konkluzis: «Nia vivo esas disipata da detali. Simpligar, simpligar, simpligar! Me dicas, lasar vua aferi esar du o tri, ne cent o mil; vice milion, kontar nur sis, e gardar vua konti sur la fingro-unglo.»<ref>{{cite book|last=Thoreau|first=Henry David|title=Walden|chapter=Where I Lived, and What I Lived For|chapter-url=https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/henry-david-thoreau/walden/text/where-i-lived-and-what-i-lived-for|year=1854}}</ref> En la viktoriana Britania, [[Henry Stephens Salt]], admiranto di Thoreau, popularigis la ideon «Simpligo, la plu sana maniero di vivar».<ref name=Gould>{{cite book|first=Peter C.|last=Gould|title=Early Green Politics}}</ref>{{rp|22}} Altri britana defensori di la simpla vivo inkluzis [[Edward Carpenter]], [[William Morris]], e la membri di la «[[Kunfraterneso di la Nova Vivo|Fellowship of the New Life]]».<ref name=Gould/>{{rp|27–28}} Carpenter popularigis la frazo «Simpla Vivo» en lua eseo ''Simplification of Life'', publikigita en ''England's Ideal'' (1887).<ref>{{cite book|last=Delany|first=Paul|year=1987|title=The Neo-pagans: Rupert Brooke and the ordeal of youth|url=https://archive.org/details/neopagansrupertb00dela|url-access=registration|publisher=[[Free Press (publisher)|Free Press]]|isbn=978-0029082805|page=10}}</ref> [[Charles Robert Ashbee|C. R. Ashbee]] e lua sequanti anke praktikis kelka de ta idei, ligante simpleso kun la [[Movado di Arti e Mestieri|movado Arti e Mestieri]].<ref>{{cite book|first=Fiona|last=Maccarthy|title=The Simple Life: C.R. Ashbee in the Cotswolds|location=London|year=1981}}</ref> La brita romanisto [[John Cowper Powys]] rekomendis simpla vivado en lua libro ''A Philosophy of Solitude'' (1933).<ref>{{cite book|last=Powys|first=John Cowper|title=A Philosophy of Solitude|location=London|year=1933}}</ref><ref>Videz anke {{cite book|author-link=David Goodway|first=David|last=Goodway|title=[[Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow|Anarkista semini sub la nivi]]|location=Liverpool|year=2006|pages=48–49, 174|postscript=, por la komparo da Goodway inter la idei di Powys pri la simpla vivo e ta di Carpenter.}} }}</ref> [[John Middleton Murry]] e [[Max Plowman]] praktikis simpla vivstilo en lia Adelphi Centre en Essex dum la 1930ma yari.<ref>{{cite book|last=Hardy|first=Dennis|title=Utopian England: Community Experiments 1900–1945|page=42}} La libro di Hardy deskriptas altra movadi por simpla vivado en la Unuigita Rejio dum ta periodo.</ref> La irlanda poeto [[Patrick Kavanagh]] defendis filozofio di «justa simpleso», bazita sur [[Agrarismo|rurismo]], en kelka de lua verki.<ref>{{cite news|first=Alan|last=O'Riordan|url=https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/books/kavanagh-s-lessons-for-simple-living-1.776937|title=Kavanagh's Lessons for Simple Living|publisher=Irish Times|date=November 23, 2009}}</ref> [[George Lorenzo Noyes]], [[Natural historio|naturalisto]], [[Mineralogio|mineralogisto]], kritikisto di [[Post-evolu-teorio|post-evoluo]], skribisto e artisto, konocas quale la Thoreau di Maine. Ilu vivis en naturala regiono, e per lua kreiva laboro defendis simpla vivo e reverenco por la naturo. Dum la 1920ma e 1930ma yari, la [[Suda Agrariani|Vanderbilt Agrarians]] di la [[suda Usa]] rekomendis vivmaniero e kulturo centrita sur tradiciana e sustenebla [[agrarismo|agrara valori]], kontre la progresiva urbana [[Industriala Revoluciono|industralismo]] dominanta en la [[Okcidenta kulturo|okcidenta mondo]] di ta tempo. [[File:Veblen - Theory of the leisure class, 1924 - 5854536.tif|thumb|right|upright|''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'', 1924]] La norvego-amerikana ekonomisto e sociologo [[Thorstein Veblen]] avertis pri la [[ostentanta konsumo]] di la [[Materialismo ekonomiala|materialista]] societo en lua libro ''[[La Teorio di la Oci-klaso|The Theory of the Leisure Class]]'' (1899). [[Richard Gregg (social philosopher)|Richard Gregg]] kreis la termino «voluntala simpleso» en ''The Value of Voluntary Simplicity'' (1936). De la 1920ma yari, plura moderna autori formulizis la teorio e praktiko di simpla vivado, inter li [[Gandhismo|gandhiana]] Richard Gregg, la ekonomisti [[Ralph Borsodi]] e [[Scott Nearing]], la antropologo-poeto [[Gary Snyder]], e la [[utopio|utopiala]] fikcio-autoro [[Ernest Callenbach]]. La ekonomisto [[E. F. Schumacher]] argumentis kontre la ideo ke «plu granda esas plu bona» en ''[[Malgranda esas Bela|Small Is Beautiful]]'' (1973); e [[Duane Elgin]] kontinuigis la promociono di simpla vivado en ''Voluntary Simplicity'' (1981). La australi ana akademiano [[Ted Trainer]] praktikas e skribas pri simpleso, e fondis la Simplicity Institute<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://simplicityinstitute.org/ted-trainer|title=Ted Trainer|website=Simplicity Institute}}</ref> en Pigface Point, cirkume {{convert|20|km|mi|abbr=on}} de la [[Universitato di Nov-Sud-Wales|University of New South Wales]], a qua ol esas afiliita.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.unsw.edu.au/arts-design-architecture|title=Arts, Design & Architecture - UNSW Sydney|website=UNSW Sites}}</ref> La projekto ''Ethify Yourself'' kreis laika grupo de non valori en [[Austria]], kun simpligita vivstilo en la mento. En [[Usa]], voluntala simpleso komencis ganar plu granda publika videbleso per movado dum la fino di la 1990ma yari, cirkume la populara libro pri «simpleso», ''The Simple Living Guide'' da Janet Luhrs.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Janet|last=Luhrs|title=The Simple Living Guide|publisher=Harmony|year=1997|isbn=978-0553067965}}</ref> == Referi == <references/> {{Klado}} [[Kategorio:Simpla vivo]] d8zj3ueyd6sfete4qu3hqqaabt116va 0 93237 1142457 1083415 2026-10-26T12:38:24Z BFD-69 33376 aktualigo 1142457 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Regiono |Nomo = Provinco Moskva |Lokala_nomo = Московская область |Lokala_pronunco = |lando = [[Rusia]] |TipoRegiono0 = Provinco |TipoRegiono1 = |Regiono2 = |TipoRegiono2 = |Regiono3 = |TipoRegiono3 = |Regiono4 = |Imajo = Moscow Urban Agglomeration, Russia, LandSat-7 image.jpg |Texto_dil_Imajo = |flago = Flag of Moscow Oblast (large).svg |blazono = Coat of arms of Moscow Oblast.svg |mapo = Map of Russia (2014–2022) - Moscow Oblast.svg |MapoNomo = di Rusia |tipochefloko = |chefurbo = [[Moskva]], [[Krasnogorsk]] |precipua_loko = [[Balashiha]], [[Podolsk]], [[Mitishchi]], [[Himki]] |iso3166_2 = RU-MOS |ru_okato = 46 000 000 000<ref>{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{ru}}|titulo = Справочник кодов общероссийских классификаторов – Московская область |vidita ye = 17ma di septembro 2025|editero=classinform.ru|url = https://classinform.ru/okato/search.php?str=46000000000}}</ref> |Estro_1 = Guberniestro |subdividur_estro_1 = Andrei Voroblyov |Estro_2 = Prezidanto di naciona deputati |subdividur_estro_2 = Igor Brincalov |linguo = [[Rusa linguo|Rusa]] |habitanti = {{formatnum:8775735}} <small>(2025)</small> |denseso = 197,97 |gentilicio = |surfaco = 44 329 |surfaco tero = |surfaco aquo = |frontieri = |latitudo = 55°37'41"N |longitudo = 37°44'17"E |larjeso = |altitudo = |alta elevaciono = |meza elevaciono = |basa elevaciono = |klimato = |Horala_zono = UTC+3 |postokodexo = 140000–144999 |telefonkodexo = +7 496xx |automobilokodexo = 50 |retopagino = {{URL|https://mosreg.ru}} }} '''Provinco Moskva''' esas un ek la subdividuri di [[Rusia]]. Ol subdividesas a 56 distrikti, ed olua chefurbo esas [[Moskva]] (ne esanta parto dil provinco) e parte [[Krasnogorsk]]. == Precipua loki == De loki en la provinco super 100 000 habitanti esas: {| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align: right;" ! Loko !! habitantaro !! Surfaco<br /><small>[km²]</small> |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of arms of Balashikha.svg|25px]] [[Balashiha]] | 530 311<ref name="y2024">{{extera ligilo|idiomo={{ru}}|titulo = Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2024 года|vidita ye = 17ma di septembro 2025|editero=rosstat.gov.ru|url = https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/%D0%A1hisl_MO_01-01-2024.xlsx}}</ref> || 67,4848 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of Arms of Podolsk (Moscow oblast).svg|25px]] [[Podolsk]] | 312 911<ref name="y2024" /> || 40,39 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of Arms of Mytishchi rural settlement (Moscow Oblast).png|25px]] [[Mitishchi]] | 275 313<ref name="y2024" /> || 34,59 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Герб Химок.svg|25px]] [[Himki]] | 256 684<ref name="y2024" /> || 109,8 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of Arms of Lyubertsy (2026).svg|25px]] [[Lyuberci]] | 236 339<ref name="y2024" /> || 12,87 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of Arms of Korolyov (Moscow Oblast).svg|25px]] [[Korolyov (urbo)|Korolyov]] | 226 007<ref name="y2024" /> || 35,5877 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of Arms of Krasnogorsk (Moscow oblast).svg|25px]] [[Krasnogorsk]] | 193 127<ref name="y2024" /> || 25,65 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Герб городского поселения Одинцово.gif|25px]] [[Odincovo]] | 187 301<ref name="y2024" /> || 19,60 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of arms of Domodedovo.svg|25px]] [[Domodedovo (urbo)|Domodedovo]] | 156 681<ref name="y2024" /> || 159,27 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of Arms of Elektrostal (Moscow oblast).svg|25px]] [[Elektrostal]] | 141 778<ref name="y2024" /> || 51,45 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Герб Щёлково.png|25px]] [[Shchyolkovo]] | 135 918<ref name="y2024" /> || 52 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Vector coat of arms Serpukhov.svg|25px]] [[Serpuhov]] | 133 756<ref name="y2024" /> || 32,1 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of Arms of Kolomna.svg|25px]] [[Kolomna]] | 132 247<ref name="y2024" /> || 65,10 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of Arms of Dolgoprudny (Moscow oblast) (2003).png|25px]] [[Dolgoprudni]] | 119 089<ref name="y2024" /> || 30,52 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of Arms of Ramenskoye (Moscow oblast).png|25px]] [[Ramenskoye]] | 113 897<ref name="y2024" /> || 59,46 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of Arms of Reutov (Moscow oblast).png|25px]] [[Reutov]] | 112 070<ref name="y2024" /> || 8,8824 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of arms of Pushkino (2010).png|25px]] [[Pushkino]] | 111 580<ref name="y2024" /> || 60,33 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Герб Жуковского (города Московской области).svg|25px]] [[Jukovski (Moskva)|Jukovski]] | 110 083<ref name="y2024" /> || 47,29 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Vidnoe COA (2008).gif|25px]] [[Vidnoye]] | 106 222<ref name="y2024" /> || 16,10 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Coat of Arms of Orekhovo-Zuevo (Moscow oblast).png|25px]] [[Orehovo-Zuyevo]] | 104 728<ref name="y2024" /> || 36,38 |- |align="left"| [[Arkivo:Noginskposel.gif|25px]] [[Noginsk]] | 102 392<ref name="y2024" /> || 43,348 |} == Distrikti == De 56 distrikti esas kin [[Klozit urbo|klozita loki (ZATO)]] ([[Krasnoznamensk (Moskva)|Krasnoznamensk]], [[Vlasiha (Moskva)|Vlasiha]], [[Voshod (Moskva)|Voshod]], [[Zvyozdni gorodok]] e [[Molodyojni (klozita loko)|Molodyojni]]), non distrikt-urbi ([[Bronnici]], [[Dolgoprudni]], [[Dubna]], [[Jukovski (Moskva)|Jukovski]], [[Korolyov (urbo)|Korolyov]], [[Kotelniki]], [[Lobnya]], [[Litkarino]] e [[Reutov]]) e tri kolonieti urbaltipa kom distrikti: [[Distrikto Lotoshino|Lotoshino]], [[Distrikto Serebryaniye Prudi|Serebryaniye Prudi]] e [[Distrikto Shahovskaya|Shahovskaya]]. La cetera 39 distrikti esas: [[Distrikto Balashiha|Balashiha]], [[Distrikto Chehov|Chehov]], [[Distrikto Chernogolovka|Chernogolovka]], [[Distrikto Dmitrov|Dmitrov]], [[Distrikto Domodedovo|Domodedovo]], [[Distrikto Elektrostal|Elektrostal]], [[Distrikto Fryazino|Fryazino]], [[Distrikto Himki|Himki]], [[Distrikto Istra|Istra]], [[Distrikto Kashira|Kashira]], [[Distrikto Klin|Klin]], [[Distrikto Kolomna|Kolomna]], [[Distrikto Krasnogorsk|Krasnogorsk]], [[Distrikto Losino-Petrovski|Losino-Petrovski]], [[Distrikto Luhovici|Luhovici]], [[Distrikto Lyuberci|Lyuberci]], [[Distrikto Mojaisk|Mojaisk]], [[Distrikto Mitishchi|Mitishchi]], [[Distrikto Naro-Fominsk|Naro-Fominsk]], [[Distrikto Noginsk|Noginsk]], [[Distrikto Odincovo|Odincovo]], [[Distrikto Orehovo-Zuyevo|Orehovo-Zuyevo]], [[Distrikto Pavlovski Posad|Pavlovski Posad]], [[Distrikto Podolsk|Podolsk]], [[Distrikto Pushkino|Pushkino]], [[Distrikto Ramenskoye|Ramenskoye]], [[Distrikto Ruza|Ruza]], [[Distrikto Sergiyev Posad|Sergiyev Posad]], [[Distrikto Serpuhov|Serpuhov]], [[Distrikto Solnechnogorsk|Solnechnogorsk]], [[Distrikto Stupino|Stupino]], [[Distrikto Taldom|Taldom]], [[Distrikto Shatura|Shatura]], [[Distrikto Shchyolkovo|Shchyolkovo]], [[Distrikto Vidnoye|Vidnoye]], [[Distrikto Volokolamsk|Volokolamsk]], [[Distrikto Voskresensk|Voskresensk]], [[Distrikto Yegoryevsk|Yegoryevsk]] e [[Distrikto Zaraisk|Zaraisk]]. == Referi == {{reflist}} {{Subdividuri di Rusia}} [[Kategorio:Provinco Moskva|*]] nckaux10my1f845lidgzffpjgnncpaf 2 120036 1142466 1142445 2026-10-26T14:13:57Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:ia-2|io-1}} Saluto! Me ne bone parolas Ido, ma me volus lernar ol. * [[Uzanto:Interlingvisto/Laboreyo]] * [[Joan Barber i Colis]] * [[Krucago di Iesu Kristo]] * [[Dijitala merkatigo]] * [[Ubaldo Sanzo]] * [[Pankel]] * [[Talossa]] * [[Kanalo di Kastilia]] * [[Alphonse Matejka]] [[ia:Usator:Interlingvisto]] kxspjk6we83pgrhlkbb9h1is6x7as7i 1142490 1142466 2026-10-26T18:45:09Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142490 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:ia-2|io-1}} Saluto! Me ne bone parolas Ido, ma me volus lernar ol. * [[Uzanto:Interlingvisto/Laboreyo]] * [[Joan Barber i Colis]] * [[Krucago di Iesu Kristo]] * [[Dijitala merkatigo]] * [[Ubaldo Sanzo]] * [[Pankel]] * [[Talossa]] * [[Kanalo di Kastilia]] * [[Alphonse Matejka]] * [[Georg Forchhammer]] [[ia:Usator:Interlingvisto]] opugh628z3o2wwhmjrytuz4711ofpn6 0 122152 1142533 1139796 2026-10-26T21:33:53Z Christopher mirro 47829 /* Personajis */ 1142533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:''SpongeBob SquarePants''}} [[Arkivo:SpongeBob SquarePants Logo (2003).svg|thumb|right|400px]] '''''SpongeBob SquarePants''''' ([[ido]], '''''Bob Sponjo Quadrata Pantaloni ''''') esas un de la maxim multe spektata spektakli en Nickelodeon, ed esas animacita televiziala serio e medi-francho [[Usa]]na, nominita por Emmy. Ol esas un de la «Nicktoons» di Nickelodeon. Quankam lua originala reto esas Nickelodeon, '''''Bob Sponjo''''' esas nun difuzata tra la mondo. Ol kreesis da la marinbiologo ed animacisto [[Stephen Hillenburg]], e produktesas tra lua produkt-kompanio, United Plankton Pictures Inc. La serio eventas en la [[Pacifika Oceano]], en la urbo '''Fundo di Bikini''' (Bikini Bottom) e sur la fundo di la laguno cirkum ol.La pilot-episodio unesmafoye difuzesis en Usa sur Nickelodeon pos la Nickelodeon Kids Choice Awards, la 1ma di May [[1999]]. La «oficiala» komenco di la serio sekvis la 17ma di Julio [[1999]] kun la duesma episodio, «Bubblestand/Ripped Pants». == Personajis == * '''Bob Sponjo''': esas la protagonisto di la serio, flava di [[Sponjo|sponjo]]. * '''Patrick Stelo''': esas [[Asterio]], un amiko di Bob Sponjo, quo vivis sur [[roko]]. * '''Squidward Tentakuli''': La vicino di Bob amas ludar [[Klarineto]] e Bob sempre esas provokita da. * '''Sandy Vangi''': olu esas [[Skurelo]] qua vivas sub kapsulo ube olu povas spirar, portanta kostumo di [[astronauto]]. * '''Eugene Krabos''': esas [[krabo]], chefo di Bob e proprietanto di la Krusty Krab-[[restoracio]]. * '''Sheldon Planktono''': esas mikra peco di [[planktono]], qua batalias por aquirar la recepto de Krabby Patty. * '''Gary''': esas [[heliko]], animalo di estimo di Bob. == Popular-eso == ''Bob Sponjo'' esas la sola animata serio qua konstante aparas en la listo di la Top 10 en la Nielsen-ratings, e, segun la reto, esas la unesma Nickelodeon-serio kun «mala budjeto» qua diventis extreme populara. Animati seri kun mala budjeto ne obtenis tanta estimo kam seri kun plu alta rating e plu granda budjeto, quale Rugrats. Tamen, kande ''Bob Sponjo'' komencis difuzesar en 1999, ol obtenis suficante granda nombro de spektanti en la ratings por konsideresar populara, e fine devenis plu populara kam Rugrats ultempe esis. Bob Sponjo sequas altra Nickelodeon-serii qui atraktis «plu olda» adepti: ''The Ren & Stimpy Show'', ''Rocko's Modern Life'', la sketi di ''Kablam!'', Action League Now! e ''The Angry Beavers''. Altri seriis anke sequas ca tendenco: ''Invader Zim'' e ''The Fairly OddParents'' ganis simila fanaro kande li komencis difuzesar en [[2001]], e la lasta nun esas nur segun la popular-eso de Bob Sponjo, dum la unesma atraktis kulto-sequanti citreso bezonata. La serio debutis en '''1999''', e dum ta tempo ''Pokémon'' ankore esis la maxim granda furoro. Bob Sponjo ne ganis lua popular-eso til cirkum [[2000]], e ol restis populara depos lore." == Videz anke == * [[The SpongeBob SquarePants Movie]] * [[Stephen Hillenburg]] [[Kategorio:Usan animita televizionala serii]] okphw4mm4v592pfvrgvhzghzdebr55z 0 126902 1142493 1142451 2026-10-26T18:58:30Z Forstbirdo 3024 1142493 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:Atlas-Mountains-Labeled-2.jpg|eta|Lokizo di Mez-Atlas : videz "Middle Atlas" (angliana)]] '''Mez-Atlas''' ([[Berberiana lingui|Berberiana]] : ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, Atlas Anammas; [[Arabiana linguo|Arabiana]] : الأطلس المتوسط, al-Aṭlas al-Mutawassiṭ) esas [[montaro]] e montoza [[regiono]] en [[Maroko]], parto di la vasta [[Montaro Atlas]]. Mez-Atlas okupas areo de plu kam 23 000 [[quadrata kilometro|quadrata kilometri]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://grokipedia.com/page/Middle_Atlas|titulo=Mez-Atlas che "Grokipedia"|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=26ma di oktobro 2026}}</ref>. Ol esas la maxim nordala e duesma maxim alta montokateno ek la tri Atlas-kateni di Maroko. == Referi == {{reflist}} == Extera ligili == * [https://grokipedia.com/page/Middle_Atlas] [[Kategorio:Montari di Maroko]] qhzo4r5005ed579expqjrl4tuadkpvg 1142494 1142493 2026-10-26T19:10:13Z Forstbirdo 3024 1142494 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:Atlas-Mountains-Labeled-2.jpg|eta|Lokizo di Mez-Atlas : videz "Middle Atlas" (angliana)]] '''Mez-Atlas''' ([[Berberiana lingui|Berberiana]] : ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, Atlas Anammas; [[Arabiana linguo|Arabiana]] : الأطلس المتوسط, al-Aṭlas al-Mutawassiṭ) esas [[montaro]] e montoza [[regiono]] en [[Maroko]], parto di la vasta [[Montaro Atlas]]. Mez-Atlas okupas areo de plu kam 23 000 [[quadrata kilometro|quadrata kilometri]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://grokipedia.com/page/Middle_Atlas|titulo=Mez-Atlas che "Grokipedia"|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=26ma di oktobro 2026}}</ref> e havas longo di cirkum 500 kilometri. Ol esas la maxim nordala e duesma maxim alta montokateno ek la tri Atlas-kateni di Maroko. == Referi == {{reflist}} == Extera ligili == * [https://grokipedia.com/page/Middle_Atlas] [[Kategorio:Montari di Maroko]] qm315idza3x8wh2t22h1ovb1rmdauya 1142495 1142494 2026-10-26T19:15:49Z Forstbirdo 3024 1142495 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:Atlas-Mountains-Labeled-2.jpg|eta|Lokizo di Mez-Atlas : videz "Middle Atlas" (angliana)]] '''Mez-Atlas''' ([[Berberiana lingui|Berberiana]] : ⴰⵟⵍⴰⵚ ⴰⵏⴰⵎⵎⴰⵙ, Atlas Anammas; [[Arabiana linguo|Arabiana]] : الأطلس المتوسط, al-Aṭlas al-Mutawassiṭ) esas [[montaro]] e montoza [[regiono]] en [[Maroko]], parto di la vasta [[Montaro Atlas]]. Mez-Atlas okupas areo de plu kam 23 000 [[quadrata kilometro|quadrata kilometri]]<ref>{{extera ligilo|url=https://grokipedia.com/page/Middle_Atlas|titulo=Mez-Atlas che "Grokipedia"|idiomo={{en}}|vidita ye=26ma di oktobro 2026}}</ref> e havas longo di cirkum 350 <ref>Ibid.</ref> kilometri. Ol esas la maxim nordala e duesma maxim alta montokateno ek la tri Atlas-kateni di Maroko. == Referi == {{reflist}} == Extera ligili == * [https://grokipedia.com/page/Middle_Atlas] [[Kategorio:Montari di Maroko]] ft64tksvjtbijtwntjrkqjhpz5yikbh 0 126920 1142461 2026-10-26T14:12:22Z Interlingvisto 47513 Interlingvisto movis la pagino [[Centre de documentation et d'étude sur la langue internationale]] a [[Centro di dokumentado e studio di l'internaciona linguo]] 1142461 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIDIREKTI [[Centro di dokumentado e studio di l'internaciona linguo]] 668kdpdd9pe33fiji0khoouq0lxu9zd 1142465 1142461 2026-10-26T14:13:30Z Interlingvisto 47513 Chanjis la ridirektilo de [[Centro di dokumentado e studio di l'internaciona linguo]] a [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]] 1142465 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIDIREKTI [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]] 40tfm8b7za3kcdcx57fps9afm54uj6r 0 126921 1142463 2026-10-26T14:12:55Z Interlingvisto 47513 Interlingvisto movis la pagino [[Centro di dokumentado e studio di l'internaciona linguo]] a [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]] 1142463 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIDIREKTI [[Centro di dokumentado e studio pri l'internaciona linguo]] 40tfm8b7za3kcdcx57fps9afm54uj6r 0 126922 1142481 2026-10-26T18:38:13Z Interlingvisto 47513 Pagino kreesis kun ' '''Johannes Georg Forchhammer''' (22 di mayo 1861 – 23 di julio 1938) esis Dana edukisto di surduli, qua direktis plura skoli por surduli en Nyborg e Fredericia de 1891 til 1926. Naskita en Aalborg en familio de akademiisti, il unesme formacis su kom kemiisto. Il docis fiziko dum plura yari ante komencar laborar kom edukisto di surduli. Forchhammer developis un de la unesma sistemi di parolado per boko e manui, metodo di linguo kodifikita per manui, quam il uzis por...' 1142481 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Johannes Georg Forchhammer''' (22 di mayo 1861 – 23 di julio 1938) esis Dana edukisto di surduli, qua direktis plura skoli por surduli en Nyborg e Fredericia de 1891 til 1926. Naskita en Aalborg en familio de akademiisti, il unesme formacis su kom kemiisto. Il docis fiziko dum plura yari ante komencar laborar kom edukisto di surduli. Forchhammer developis un de la unesma sistemi di parolado per boko e manui, metodo di linguo kodifikita per manui, quam il uzis por docar la Dana linguo a surda lernanti. Lua sistemo uzesis dum la tota 20ma yarcento, e plu tarde adaptisesis por docar la Germana linguo. La sistemo uzis serio di man-formi sub la mentono por montrar la soni di parolo dum la persono parolis, donante a la observanto plu multa informi pri la pronunco. Forchhammer facis investigi en la linguistiko e kreis teorio pri la intenseso di la voco. Il inventis la fonoskopo, aparato uzita por demonstrar a surda lernanti, per helpo di flamo di gaso e rotacanta tamburo, kad la vokalo quan li produktis esis korekta. En 1903, il obtenis doktoreco pri komunikado kun surduli, e suportis diversa linguo konstruktita. Il direktis societo por una de ta lingui, Ido, en Kopenhagen. Forchhammer havis un filio, Eiler, qua anke divenis edukisto di surduli. [[Kategorio:Daniana ciencisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana edukisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana fizikisti]] [[Kategorio:Esperantisti]] [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] [[Kategorio:Novial]] f3gcfcfm7e511e4ijgfqmbwp6jwcopr 1142483 1142481 2026-10-26T18:42:34Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografio | Nomo = Georg Forchhammer | Imajo = Georg Forchhammer.jpg | ExplikoImajo = Forchhammer en 1910 | Profesiono = Surdula edukisto | Shablono_lando = Danio | Naskodio = 22 majo 1861 | Nask-urbo = Aalborg, Danio | Mort-dio = 23 julio 1938 | Mort-urbo = Ordrup, Danio }} '''Johannes Georg Forchhammer''' (22 di mayo 1861 – 23 di julio 1938) esis Dana edukisto di surduli, qua direktis plura skoli por surduli en Nyborg e Fredericia de 1891 til 1926. Naskita en Aalborg en familio de akademiisti, il unesme formacis su kom kemiisto. Il docis fiziko dum plura yari ante komencar laborar kom edukisto di surduli. Forchhammer developis un de la unesma sistemi di parolado per boko e manui, metodo di linguo kodifikita per manui, quam il uzis por docar la Dana linguo a surda lernanti. Lua sistemo uzesis dum la tota 20ma yarcento, e plu tarde adaptisesis por docar la Germana linguo. La sistemo uzis serio di man-formi sub la mentono por montrar la soni di parolo dum la persono parolis, donante a la observanto plu multa informi pri la pronunco. Forchhammer facis investigi en la linguistiko e kreis teorio pri la intenseso di la voco. Il inventis la fonoskopo, aparato uzita por demonstrar a surda lernanti, per helpo di flamo di gaso e rotacanta tamburo, kad la vokalo quan li produktis esis korekta. En 1903, il obtenis doktoreco pri komunikado kun surduli, e suportis diversa linguo konstruktita. Il direktis societo por una de ta lingui, Ido, en Kopenhagen. Forchhammer havis un filio, Eiler, qua anke divenis edukisto di surduli. [[Kategorio:Daniana ciencisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana edukisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana fizikisti]] [[Kategorio:Esperantisti]] [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] [[Kategorio:Novial]] mpdmvyhqf1zvi25hr4nd5rjtnxkzaua 1142484 1142483 2026-10-26T18:42:57Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142484 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografio | Nomo = Georg Forchhammer | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Georg Forchhammer.jpg|197px]] | ExplikoImajo = Forchhammer en 1910 | Profesiono = Surdula edukisto | Shablono_lando = {{DAN}} | Naskodio = 22 majo 1861 | Nask-urbo = Aalborg, Danio | Mort-dio = 23 julio 1938 | Mort-urbo = Ordrup, Danio }} '''Johannes Georg Forchhammer''' (22 di mayo 1861 – 23 di julio 1938) esis Dana edukisto di surduli, qua direktis plura skoli por surduli en Nyborg e Fredericia de 1891 til 1926. Naskita en Aalborg en familio de akademiisti, il unesme formacis su kom kemiisto. Il docis fiziko dum plura yari ante komencar laborar kom edukisto di surduli. Forchhammer developis un de la unesma sistemi di parolado per boko e manui, metodo di linguo kodifikita per manui, quam il uzis por docar la Dana linguo a surda lernanti. Lua sistemo uzesis dum la tota 20ma yarcento, e plu tarde adaptisesis por docar la Germana linguo. La sistemo uzis serio di man-formi sub la mentono por montrar la soni di parolo dum la persono parolis, donante a la observanto plu multa informi pri la pronunco. Forchhammer facis investigi en la linguistiko e kreis teorio pri la intenseso di la voco. Il inventis la fonoskopo, aparato uzita por demonstrar a surda lernanti, per helpo di flamo di gaso e rotacanta tamburo, kad la vokalo quan li produktis esis korekta. En 1903, il obtenis doktoreco pri komunikado kun surduli, e suportis diversa linguo konstruktita. Il direktis societo por una de ta lingui, Ido, en Kopenhagen. Forchhammer havis un filio, Eiler, qua anke divenis edukisto di surduli. [[Kategorio:Daniana ciencisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana edukisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana fizikisti]] [[Kategorio:Esperantisti]] [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] [[Kategorio:Novial]] 08aek639h3y3ghgxm3solz0lu3b06kl 1142485 1142484 2026-10-26T18:43:15Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142485 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografio | Nomo = Georg Forchhammer | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Georg Forchhammer.jpg|197px]] | ExplikoImajo = Forchhammer en 1910 | Profesiono = Surdula edukisto | Shablono_lando = {{DK}} | Naskodio = 22 majo 1861 | Nask-urbo = Aalborg, Danio | Mort-dio = 23 julio 1938 | Mort-urbo = Ordrup, Danio }} '''Johannes Georg Forchhammer''' (22 di mayo 1861 – 23 di julio 1938) esis Dana edukisto di surduli, qua direktis plura skoli por surduli en Nyborg e Fredericia de 1891 til 1926. Naskita en Aalborg en familio de akademiisti, il unesme formacis su kom kemiisto. Il docis fiziko dum plura yari ante komencar laborar kom edukisto di surduli. Forchhammer developis un de la unesma sistemi di parolado per boko e manui, metodo di linguo kodifikita per manui, quam il uzis por docar la Dana linguo a surda lernanti. Lua sistemo uzesis dum la tota 20ma yarcento, e plu tarde adaptisesis por docar la Germana linguo. La sistemo uzis serio di man-formi sub la mentono por montrar la soni di parolo dum la persono parolis, donante a la observanto plu multa informi pri la pronunco. Forchhammer facis investigi en la linguistiko e kreis teorio pri la intenseso di la voco. Il inventis la fonoskopo, aparato uzita por demonstrar a surda lernanti, per helpo di flamo di gaso e rotacanta tamburo, kad la vokalo quan li produktis esis korekta. En 1903, il obtenis doktoreco pri komunikado kun surduli, e suportis diversa linguo konstruktita. Il direktis societo por una de ta lingui, Ido, en Kopenhagen. Forchhammer havis un filio, Eiler, qua anke divenis edukisto di surduli. [[Kategorio:Daniana ciencisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana edukisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana fizikisti]] [[Kategorio:Esperantisti]] [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] [[Kategorio:Novial]] g1ncez3grghy1qfhds6segi7knoiwbj 1142486 1142485 2026-10-26T18:43:27Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142486 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografio | Nomo = Georg Forchhammer | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Georg Forchhammer.jpg|197px]] | ExplikoImajo = Forchhammer en 1910 | Profesiono = Surdula edukisto | Shablono_lando = {{Dk}} | Naskodio = 22 majo 1861 | Nask-urbo = Aalborg, Danio | Mort-dio = 23 julio 1938 | Mort-urbo = Ordrup, Danio }} '''Johannes Georg Forchhammer''' (22 di mayo 1861 – 23 di julio 1938) esis Dana edukisto di surduli, qua direktis plura skoli por surduli en Nyborg e Fredericia de 1891 til 1926. Naskita en Aalborg en familio de akademiisti, il unesme formacis su kom kemiisto. Il docis fiziko dum plura yari ante komencar laborar kom edukisto di surduli. Forchhammer developis un de la unesma sistemi di parolado per boko e manui, metodo di linguo kodifikita per manui, quam il uzis por docar la Dana linguo a surda lernanti. Lua sistemo uzesis dum la tota 20ma yarcento, e plu tarde adaptisesis por docar la Germana linguo. La sistemo uzis serio di man-formi sub la mentono por montrar la soni di parolo dum la persono parolis, donante a la observanto plu multa informi pri la pronunco. Forchhammer facis investigi en la linguistiko e kreis teorio pri la intenseso di la voco. Il inventis la fonoskopo, aparato uzita por demonstrar a surda lernanti, per helpo di flamo di gaso e rotacanta tamburo, kad la vokalo quan li produktis esis korekta. En 1903, il obtenis doktoreco pri komunikado kun surduli, e suportis diversa linguo konstruktita. Il direktis societo por una de ta lingui, Ido, en Kopenhagen. Forchhammer havis un filio, Eiler, qua anke divenis edukisto di surduli. [[Kategorio:Daniana ciencisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana edukisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana fizikisti]] [[Kategorio:Esperantisti]] [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] [[Kategorio:Novial]] h96jagk4xscmlwuic6dcfumnfrbgvlv 1142488 1142486 2026-10-26T18:44:40Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142488 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografio | Nomo = Georg Forchhammer | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Georg Forchhammer.jpg|197px]] | ExplikoImajo = Forchhammer en 1910 | Profesiono = Surdula edukisto | Shablono_lando = {{DEN}} | Naskodio = 22 majo 1861 | Nask-urbo = [[Aalborg]], Danio | Mort-dio = 23 julio 1938 | Mort-urbo = Ordrup, Danio }} '''Johannes Georg Forchhammer''' (22 di mayo 1861 – 23 di julio 1938) esis Dana edukisto di surduli, qua direktis plura skoli por surduli en Nyborg e Fredericia de 1891 til 1926. Naskita en Aalborg en familio de akademiisti, il unesme formacis su kom kemiisto. Il docis fiziko dum plura yari ante komencar laborar kom edukisto di surduli. Forchhammer developis un de la unesma sistemi di parolado per boko e manui, metodo di linguo kodifikita per manui, quam il uzis por docar la Dana linguo a surda lernanti. Lua sistemo uzesis dum la tota 20ma yarcento, e plu tarde adaptisesis por docar la Germana linguo. La sistemo uzis serio di man-formi sub la mentono por montrar la soni di parolo dum la persono parolis, donante a la observanto plu multa informi pri la pronunco. Forchhammer facis investigi en la linguistiko e kreis teorio pri la intenseso di la voco. Il inventis la fonoskopo, aparato uzita por demonstrar a surda lernanti, per helpo di flamo di gaso e rotacanta tamburo, kad la vokalo quan li produktis esis korekta. En 1903, il obtenis doktoreco pri komunikado kun surduli, e suportis diversa linguo konstruktita. Il direktis societo por una de ta lingui, Ido, en Kopenhagen. Forchhammer havis un filio, Eiler, qua anke divenis edukisto di surduli. [[Kategorio:Daniana ciencisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana edukisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana fizikisti]] [[Kategorio:Esperantisti]] [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] [[Kategorio:Novial]] 06cno09hwwpuh76v0xu0fi5rvc96hmb 1142489 1142488 2026-10-26T18:45:00Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142489 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Georg Forchhammer | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Georg Forchhammer.jpg|197px]] | ExplikoImajo = Forchhammer en 1910 | Profesiono = Surdula edukisto | Shablono_lando = {{DEN}} | Naskodio = 22 majo 1861 | Nask-urbo = [[Aalborg]], Danio | Mort-dio = 23 julio 1938 | Mort-urbo = Ordrup, Danio }} '''Johannes Georg Forchhammer''' (22 di mayo 1861 – 23 di julio 1938) esis Dana edukisto di surduli, qua direktis plura skoli por surduli en Nyborg e Fredericia de 1891 til 1926. Naskita en Aalborg en familio de akademiisti, il unesme formacis su kom kemiisto. Il docis fiziko dum plura yari ante komencar laborar kom edukisto di surduli. Forchhammer developis un de la unesma sistemi di parolado per boko e manui, metodo di linguo kodifikita per manui, quam il uzis por docar la Dana linguo a surda lernanti. Lua sistemo uzesis dum la tota 20ma yarcento, e plu tarde adaptisesis por docar la Germana linguo. La sistemo uzis serio di man-formi sub la mentono por montrar la soni di parolo dum la persono parolis, donante a la observanto plu multa informi pri la pronunco. Forchhammer facis investigi en la linguistiko e kreis teorio pri la intenseso di la voco. Il inventis la fonoskopo, aparato uzita por demonstrar a surda lernanti, per helpo di flamo di gaso e rotacanta tamburo, kad la vokalo quan li produktis esis korekta. En 1903, il obtenis doktoreco pri komunikado kun surduli, e suportis diversa linguo konstruktita. Il direktis societo por una de ta lingui, Ido, en Kopenhagen. Forchhammer havis un filio, Eiler, qua anke divenis edukisto di surduli. [[Kategorio:Daniana ciencisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana edukisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana fizikisti]] [[Kategorio:Esperantisti]] [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] [[Kategorio:Novial]] dr7qmu6j807on3mqkepi185b35hzlqz 1142491 1142489 2026-10-26T18:47:02Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142491 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Georg Forchhammer | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Georg Forchhammer.jpg|197px]] | ExplikoImajo = Forchhammer en 1910 | Profesiono = Surdula edukisto | Shablono_lando = {{DEN}} | Naskodio = 22 majo 1861 | Nask-urbo = [[Aalborg]], Danio | Mort-dio = 23 julio 1938 | Mort-urbo = Ordrup, Danio }} '''Johannes Georg Forchhammer''' (22 di mayo 1861 – 23 di julio 1938) esis Dana edukisto di surduli, qua direktis plura skoli por surduli en Nyborg e Fredericia de 1891 til 1926. Naskita en [[Aalborg]] en familio de akademiisti, il unesme formacis su kom kemiisto. Il docis [[fiziko]] dum plura yari ante komencar laborar kom edukisto di surduli. Forchhammer developis un de la unesma sistemi di parolado per boko e manui, metodo di linguo kodifikita per manui, quam il uzis por docar la [[Daniana linguo]] a surda lernanti. Lua sistemo uzesis dum la tota 20ma yarcento, e plu tarde adaptisesis por docar la [[Germaniana linguo]]. La sistemo uzis serio di man-formi sub la mentono por montrar la soni di parolo dum la persono parolis, donante a la observanto plu multa informi pri la pronunco. Forchhammer facis investigi en la linguistiko e kreis teorio pri la intenseso di la voco. Il inventis la fonoskopo, aparato uzita por demonstrar a surda lernanti, per helpo di flamo di gaso e rotacanta tamburo, kad la vokalo quan li produktis esis korekta. En 1903, il obtenis doktoreco pri komunikado kun surduli, e suportis diversa linguo konstruktita. Il direktis societo por una de ta lingui, [[Ido]], en [[København]]. Forchhammer havis un filio, Eiler, qua anke divenis edukisto di surduli. [[Kategorio:Daniana ciencisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana edukisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana fizikisti]] [[Kategorio:Esperantisti]] [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] [[Kategorio:Novial]] babuo6xegzrejvco1l6gs6iwi5bvteo 1142492 1142491 2026-10-26T18:47:30Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142492 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Revizo}} {{Biografio | Nomo = Georg Forchhammer | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Georg Forchhammer.jpg|197px]] | ExplikoImajo = Forchhammer en 1910 | Profesiono = Surdula edukisto | Shablono_lando = {{DEN}} | Naskodio = 22 majo 1861 | Nask-urbo = [[Aalborg]], Danio | Mort-dio = 23 julio 1938 | Mort-urbo = Ordrup, Danio }} '''Johannes Georg Forchhammer''' (22 di mayo 1861 – 23 di julio 1938) esis Dana edukisto di surduli, qua direktis plura skoli por surduli en Nyborg e Fredericia de 1891 til 1926. Naskita en [[Aalborg]] en familio de akademiisti, il unesme formacis su kom kemiisto. Il docis [[fiziko]] dum plura yari ante komencar laborar kom edukisto di surduli. Forchhammer developis un de la unesma sistemi di parolado per boko e manui, metodo di linguo kodifikita per manui, quam il uzis por docar la [[Daniana linguo]] a surda lernanti. Lua sistemo uzesis dum la tota 20ma yarcento, e plu tarde adaptisesis por docar la [[Germaniana linguo]]. La sistemo uzis serio di man-formi sub la mentono por montrar la soni di parolo dum la persono parolis, donante a la observanto plu multa informi pri la pronunco. Forchhammer facis investigadi en la [[linguistiko]] e kreis teorio pri la intenseso di la voco. Il inventis la fonoskopo, aparato uzita por demonstrar a surda lernanti, per helpo di flamo di gaso e rotacanta tamburo, kad la vokalo quan li produktis esis korekta. En 1903, il obtenis doktoreco pri komunikado kun surduli, e suportis diversa linguo konstruktita. Il direktis societo por una de ta lingui, [[Ido]], en [[København]]. Forchhammer havis un filio, Eiler, qua anke divenis edukisto di surduli. [[Kategorio:Daniana ciencisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana edukisti]] [[Kategorio:Daniana fizikisti]] [[Kategorio:Esperantisti]] [[Kategorio:Idisti]] [[Kategorio:Occidental]] [[Kategorio:Novial]] pdiw7fosj1dqcbyfs5o4u804h8l7nag 14 126923 1142482 2026-10-26T18:39:36Z Interlingvisto 47513 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:Daniani segun okupeso]] [[Kategorio:Edukisti segun nacionaneso]] [[Kategorio:Edukado en Dania]]' 1142482 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:Daniani segun okupeso]] [[Kategorio:Edukisti segun nacionaneso]] [[Kategorio:Edukado en Dania]] hyyxc7wrg23rpign1rn2oxwug60eaq8 14 126924 1142487 2026-10-26T18:43:34Z Interlingvisto 47513 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:Dania]] [[Kategorio:Edukado segun lando]] [[Kategorio:Edukado en Europa segun lando]]' 1142487 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:Dania]] [[Kategorio:Edukado segun lando]] [[Kategorio:Edukado en Europa segun lando]] qx5suliwpqxz1y3d8oeqcz0xn3ih4r1 0 126925 1142497 2026-10-26T19:36:12Z Idisto 28999 Pagino kreesis kun ''''El-Ninyo''' esas la periodal acenso di la temperaturo di la mar-aquo til 5 gradi segun Celsio plu kam normale, avan la litoro di [[Peru]] ed [[Equador]]; kun pluvego. Normale relative kold aquo fluas alonge la westala litoro di Sud-Amerika, venanta de la sudo di la Grand Oceano, la tala-nomizita ''Peru''- o ''Humboldt-fluo''. Ca kold aquo donas a Peru olua dezertala karaktero ed a la maro granda fisharo. Pro to El-Ninyo povas havar dizastroza konsequaji por la pesko...' 1142497 wikitext text/x-wiki '''El-Ninyo''' esas la periodal acenso di la temperaturo di la mar-aquo til 5 gradi segun Celsio plu kam normale, avan la litoro di [[Peru]] ed [[Equador]]; kun pluvego. Normale relative kold aquo fluas alonge la westala litoro di Sud-Amerika, venanta de la sudo di la Grand Oceano, la tala-nomizita ''Peru''- o ''Humboldt-fluo''. Ca kold aquo donas a Peru olua dezertala karaktero ed a la maro granda fisharo. Pro to El-Ninyo povas havar dizastroza konsequaji por la pesko di Peru. El-Ninyi ofte eventas kun katastrofal inundi e sikesi altr-ube en la mondo. Exemple, l'El-Ninyo di 1982/1983 efektigis grand inundi en [[Kalifornia]] e [[Zimbabwe]]. La kauzi por l'existo di El-Ninyo ankore ne esas klara. Esas certa ke, se El-Ninyo developas su, varma mar-aquo de la westo di la Grand Oceano shovas al esto. Posible to esas pro chanjo en la forteso dil [[alizeo|alizei]]. ==<small>Konsequantaji pro El-Ninyo</small>== * 1877-1878 Varmesko dil oceano 3 gradi: La Granda Sikeso o La Granda Famino, 3-4 procento di la mondala populo mortis * 1982-1983 Varmesko dil oceano 2,5 gradi: destruktanta pluvi en sud- e nord-Amerika, extrema sikeso en Australia ed India * 2015-2016 Sedicii pro nutriv-indiji en Azia, extreme alta preci di rizo [[kategorio:meteorologio]] [[kategorio:oceanografio]] qf1f0l0clp6i1toxw72adlesi3xc2px 1142501 1142497 2026-10-26T20:02:09Z Idisto 28999 1142501 wikitext text/x-wiki '''El-Ninyo''' esas la periodal acenso di la temperaturo di la mar-aquo til 5 gradi segun Celsio plu kam normale, avan la litoro di [[Peru]] ed [[Equador]]; kun pluvego. Normale relative kold aquo fluas alonge la westala litoro di Sud-Amerika, venanta de la sudo di la Grand Oceano, la tala-nomizita ''Peru''- o ''Humboldt-fluo''. Ca kold aquo donas a Peru olua dezertala karaktero ed a la maro granda fisharo. Pro to El-Ninyo povas havar dizastroza konsequaji por la pesko di Peru. El-Ninyi ofte eventas kun katastrofal inundi e sikesi altr-ube en la mondo. Exemple, l'El-Ninyo di 1982/1983 efektigis grand inundi en [[Kalifornia]] e [[Zimbabwe]]. La kauzi por l'existo di El-Ninyo ankore ne esas klara. Esas certa ke, se El-Ninyo developas su, varma mar-aquo de la westo di la Grand Oceano shovas al esto. Posible to esas pro chanjo en la forteso dil [[alizeo|alizei]]. '''Nomo''' Peskisti en Peru donis la nomo ''El Niño'' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''el-ninyo''; l'infantulo, la kristnask-infantulo) a la fenomeno, pro ke la varmeskinta mar-aquo atraktis tropikala fishi a la litoro di Peru cirkum la kristnaskala periodo. ==<small>Konsequantaji pro El-Ninyo</small>== * 1877-1878 Varmesko dil oceano 3 gradi: La Granda Sikeso o La Granda Famino, 3-4 procento di la mondala populo mortis * 1982-1983 Varmesko dil oceano 2,5 gradi: destruktanta pluvi en sud- e nord-Amerika, inundi en Zimbabwe, extrema sikeso en Australia ed India * 2015-2016 Sedicii pro nutriv-indiji en Azia, extreme alta preci di rizo [[kategorio:meteorologio]] [[kategorio:oceanografio]] 8brgu86ik15wambuxq7bosgt11605ul 1142502 1142501 2026-10-26T20:06:04Z Idisto 28999 1142502 wikitext text/x-wiki '''El-Ninyo''' esas la periodal acenso di la temperaturo di la mar-aquo til 5 gradi segun Celsio plu kam normale, avan la litoro di [[Peru]] ed [[Equador]]; kun pluvego. Normale relative kold aquo fluas alonge la westala litoro di Sud-Amerika, venanta de la sudo di la Grand Oceano, la tala-nomizita ''Peru''- o ''Humboldt-fluo''. Ca kold aquo donas a Peru olua dezertala karaktero ed a la maro granda fisharo. Pro to El-Ninyo povas havar dizastroza konsequaji por la pesko di Peru. El-Ninyo esas [[El-Ninyo - sudal ocilo|ENSO]]-efekto. El-Ninyi ofte eventas kun katastrofal inundi e sikesi altr-ube en la mondo. Exemple, l'El-Ninyo di 1982/1983 efektigis grand inundi en [[Kalifornia]] e [[Zimbabwe]]. La kauzi por l'existo di El-Ninyo ankore ne esas klara. Esas certa ke, se El-Ninyo developas su, varma mar-aquo de la westo di la Grand Oceano shovas al esto. Posible to esas pro chanjo en la forteso dil [[alizeo|alizei]]. '''Nomo''' Peskisti en Peru donis la nomo ''El Niño'' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''el-ninyo''; l'infantulo, la kristnask-infantulo) a la fenomeno, pro ke la varmeskinta mar-aquo atraktis tropikala fishi a la litoro di Peru cirkum la kristnaskala periodo. ==<small>Konsequantaji pro El-Ninyo</small>== * 1877-1878 Varmesko dil oceano 3 gradi: La Granda Sikeso o La Granda Famino, 3-4 procento di la mondala populo mortis * 1982-1983 Varmesko dil oceano 2,5 gradi: destruktanta pluvi en sud- e nord-Amerika, inundi en Zimbabwe, extrema sikeso en Australia ed India * 2015-2016 Sedicii pro nutriv-indiji en Azia, extreme alta preci di rizo [[kategorio:meteorologio]] [[kategorio:oceanografio]] ckg9pyo8h9jrqssvjeacjswex9ycquf 1142509 1142502 2026-10-26T20:51:11Z Idisto 28999 1142509 wikitext text/x-wiki '''El-Ninyo''' esas la periodal acenso di la temperaturo di la mar-aquo til 5 gradi segun Celsio plu kam normale, avan la litoro di [[Peru]] ed [[Equador]]; kun pluvego. Normale relative kold aquo fluas alonge la westala litoro di Sud-Amerika, venanta de la sudo di la Grand Oceano, la tala-nomizita ''Peru''- o ''Humboldt-fluo''. Ca kold aquo donas a Peru olua dezertala karaktero ed a la maro granda fisharo. Pro to El-Ninyo povas havar dizastroza konsequaji por la pesko di Peru. El-Ninyo esas [[El-Ninyo - sudal ocilo|ENSO]]-efekto. El-Ninyi ofte eventas kun katastrofal inundi e sikesi altr-ube en la mondo. Exemple, l'El-Ninyo di 1982/1983 efektigis grand inundi en [[Kalifornia]] e [[Zimbabwe]]. La kauzi por l'existo di El-Ninyo ankore ne esas klara. Esas certa ke, se El-Ninyo developas su, varma mar-aquo de la westo di la Grand Oceano shovas al esto. Posible to esas pro chanjo en la forteso dil [[alizeo|alizei]]. '''Nomo''' Peskisti en Peru donis la nomo ''El Niño'' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''el-ninyo''; l'infantulo, la kristnask-infantulo) a la fenomeno, pro ke la varmeskinta mar-aquo atraktis tropikala fishi a la litoro di Peru cirkum la kristnaskala periodo<ref>https://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/komt-er-weer-een-zeer-sterke-el-nino-hoe-het-weerfenomeen-de-geschiedenis-kan-veranderen~b41ea349/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qwant.com%2F</ref>. ==<small>Konsequantaji pro El-Ninyo</small>== * 1877-1878 Varmesko dil oceano 3 gradi: La Granda Sikeso o La Granda Famino, 3-4 procento di la mondala populo mortis<ref>https://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/komt-er-weer-een-zeer-sterke-el-nino-hoe-het-weerfenomeen-de-geschiedenis-kan-veranderen~b41ea349/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qwant.com%2F</ref> * 1982-1983 Varmesko dil oceano 2,5 gradi: destruktanta pluvi en sud- e nord-Amerika, inundi en Zimbabwe, extrema sikeso en Australia ed India<ref>https://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/komt-er-weer-een-zeer-sterke-el-nino-hoe-het-weerfenomeen-de-geschiedenis-kan-veranderen~b41ea349/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qwant.com%2F</ref> * 2015-2016 Sedicii pro nutriv-indiji en Azia, extreme alta preci di rizo<ref>https://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/komt-er-weer-een-zeer-sterke-el-nino-hoe-het-weerfenomeen-de-geschiedenis-kan-veranderen~b41ea349/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qwant.com%2F</ref> ==<small>Referi</small>== [[kategorio:meteorologio]] [[kategorio:oceanografio]] tqrbtx474loswg881c0kphv5c50gvjt 1142513 1142509 2026-10-26T20:55:33Z Idisto 28999 /* Konsequantaji pro El-Ninyo */ 1142513 wikitext text/x-wiki '''El-Ninyo''' esas la periodal acenso di la temperaturo di la mar-aquo til 5 gradi segun Celsio plu kam normale, avan la litoro di [[Peru]] ed [[Equador]]; kun pluvego. Normale relative kold aquo fluas alonge la westala litoro di Sud-Amerika, venanta de la sudo di la Grand Oceano, la tala-nomizita ''Peru''- o ''Humboldt-fluo''. Ca kold aquo donas a Peru olua dezertala karaktero ed a la maro granda fisharo. Pro to El-Ninyo povas havar dizastroza konsequaji por la pesko di Peru. El-Ninyo esas [[El-Ninyo - sudal ocilo|ENSO]]-efekto. El-Ninyi ofte eventas kun katastrofal inundi e sikesi altr-ube en la mondo. Exemple, l'El-Ninyo di 1982/1983 efektigis grand inundi en [[Kalifornia]] e [[Zimbabwe]]. La kauzi por l'existo di El-Ninyo ankore ne esas klara. Esas certa ke, se El-Ninyo developas su, varma mar-aquo de la westo di la Grand Oceano shovas al esto. Posible to esas pro chanjo en la forteso dil [[alizeo|alizei]]. '''Nomo''' Peskisti en Peru donis la nomo ''El Niño'' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''el-ninyo''; l'infantulo, la kristnask-infantulo) a la fenomeno, pro ke la varmeskinta mar-aquo atraktis tropikala fishi a la litoro di Peru cirkum la kristnaskala periodo<ref>https://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/komt-er-weer-een-zeer-sterke-el-nino-hoe-het-weerfenomeen-de-geschiedenis-kan-veranderen~b41ea349/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qwant.com%2F</ref>. ==<small>Konsequantaji pro El-Ninyo</small>== * [[El-Ninyo 1877-1878|1877-1878]] Varmesko dil oceano 3 gradi: La Granda Sikeso o La Granda Famino, 3 til 4 procento di la mondala populo mortis<ref>https://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/komt-er-weer-een-zeer-sterke-el-nino-hoe-het-weerfenomeen-de-geschiedenis-kan-veranderen~b41ea349/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qwant.com%2F</ref> * 1982-1983 Varmesko dil oceano 2,5 gradi: destruktanta pluvi en sud- e nord-Amerika, inundi en Zimbabwe, extrema sikeso en Australia ed India<ref>https://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/komt-er-weer-een-zeer-sterke-el-nino-hoe-het-weerfenomeen-de-geschiedenis-kan-veranderen~b41ea349/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qwant.com%2F</ref> * 2015-2016 Sedicii pro nutriv-indiji en Azia, extreme alta preci di rizo<ref>https://www.volkskrant.nl/wetenschap/komt-er-weer-een-zeer-sterke-el-nino-hoe-het-weerfenomeen-de-geschiedenis-kan-veranderen~b41ea349/?referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qwant.com%2F</ref> ==<small>Referi</small>== [[kategorio:meteorologio]] [[kategorio:oceanografio]] 22fqxazo9y29ucz3l3klzdtrz0w02zt 0 126926 1142500 2026-10-26T19:50:08Z Idisto 28999 Idisto movis la pagino [[El-Ninyo]] a [[El-Ninyo - sudal ocilo]]: Titulo skribita nekorekte 1142500 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIDIREKTI [[El-Ninyo - sudal ocilo]] slq8b8e5ko4dt4ltf2osyyttcnphysm 0 126927 1142505 2026-10-26T20:48:06Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun ''''East Craigie FC''' od oficale '''East Craigie Junior Football Club''' esas [[Skotia]]na [[Futbalo|futbalala]] klubo de urbo [[Dundee]], fondita en 1880. [[Kategorio:East Craigie FC|*]]' 1142505 wikitext text/x-wiki '''East Craigie FC''' od oficale '''East Craigie Junior Football Club''' esas [[Skotia]]na [[Futbalo|futbalala]] klubo de urbo [[Dundee]], fondita en 1880. [[Kategorio:East Craigie FC|*]] o5u979iz90acfhd8h3075qqs5sxnsga 14 126928 1142506 2026-10-26T20:49:37Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:Skotiana klubi futbalala|East Craigie FC]]' 1142506 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:Skotiana klubi futbalala|East Craigie FC]] rxfhwk9h2nhbcivycwky05b2h0b4ppr 14 126929 1142507 2026-10-26T20:50:17Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:East Craigie FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbalisti segun klubo|East Craigie FC]]' 1142507 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:East Craigie FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbalisti segun klubo|East Craigie FC]] pfw1it8l2aeanfbhnshuqj2v2eux492 14 126930 1142508 2026-10-26T20:50:52Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:East Craigie FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbal-exercisti segun klubo|East Craigie FC]]' 1142508 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:East Craigie FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbal-exercisti segun klubo|East Craigie FC]] clduqspbc352w86yf9tvo9rqed7exvz 0 126931 1142510 2026-10-26T20:53:33Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Arkivo:Aberdeen East End Football Club.jpg|right|400px]] '''East End FC''' od oficale '''East End Football Club''' esas [[Skotia]]na [[Futbalo|futbalala]] klubo de urbo [[Aberdeen]], fondita en 1887. [[Kategorio:East End FC|*]]' 1142510 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:Aberdeen East End Football Club.jpg|right|400px]] '''East End FC''' od oficale '''East End Football Club''' esas [[Skotia]]na [[Futbalo|futbalala]] klubo de urbo [[Aberdeen]], fondita en 1887. [[Kategorio:East End FC|*]] ijahlnsiw377rwmppnz4c5faako8jjr 14 126932 1142511 2026-10-26T20:54:07Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:Skotiana klubi futbalala|East End FC]]' 1142511 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:Skotiana klubi futbalala|East End FC]] ozlh5ee6xlwclzqp467z42kzfbr1rfp 14 126933 1142512 2026-10-26T20:54:47Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:East End FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbalisti segun klubo|East End FC]]' 1142512 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:East End FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbalisti segun klubo|East End FC]] hvjpl2yucp50lvtbcqtq9ztizjiv2pg 14 126934 1142514 2026-10-26T20:55:35Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:East End FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbal-exercisti segun klubo|East End FC]]' 1142514 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:East End FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbal-exercisti segun klubo|East End FC]] chy9po5cku6xoxkace9mf6q4th0c5o6 0 126935 1142515 2026-10-26T21:02:41Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Arkivo:East Wemyss and Methil from the air (geograph 5836521).jpg|right|400px]] '''Methil''' ([[IFA]] ''ˈmiːθəl'') esas urbo ed administrala centro di [[Administrala subdividuri di Skotia|konsilal areo]] [[Fife]], [[Skotia]], [[Unionita Rejio]]. [[Kategorio:Urbi en Skotia]]' 1142515 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:East Wemyss and Methil from the air (geograph 5836521).jpg|right|400px]] '''Methil''' ([[IFA]] ''ˈmiːθəl'') esas urbo ed administrala centro di [[Administrala subdividuri di Skotia|konsilal areo]] [[Fife]], [[Skotia]], [[Unionita Rejio]]. [[Kategorio:Urbi en Skotia]] 4uukody1qxm07j7x2yo52xapc8qhpbq 1142516 1142515 2026-10-26T21:03:28Z ThWiki1910 31363 1142516 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:East Wemyss and Methil from the air (geograph 5836521).jpg|right|400px]] '''Methil''' ([[IFA]] ''ˈmiːθəl'') esas urbo en [[Administrala subdividuri di Skotia|konsilal areo]] [[Fife]], [[Skotia]], [[Unionita Rejio]]. [[Kategorio:Urbi en Skotia]] 51ymkbqblq6yn6bx6kxuip7b7by36q5 0 126936 1142517 2026-10-26T21:04:26Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Arkivo:Methil power station.jpg|right|400px]] '''East Fife FC''' od oficale '''East Fife Football Club''' esas [[Skotia]]na [[Futbalo|futbalala]] klubo de urbo [[Methil]] ([[Administrala subdividuri di Skotia|konsilal areo]] [[Fife]]), fondita en 1903. [[Kategorio:East Fife FC|*]]' 1142517 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:Methil power station.jpg|right|400px]] '''East Fife FC''' od oficale '''East Fife Football Club''' esas [[Skotia]]na [[Futbalo|futbalala]] klubo de urbo [[Methil]] ([[Administrala subdividuri di Skotia|konsilal areo]] [[Fife]]), fondita en 1903. [[Kategorio:East Fife FC|*]] 11tj4aap71ownt6m29wj17s151ums2o 14 126937 1142518 2026-10-26T21:05:11Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:Skotiana klubi futbalala|East Fife FC]]' 1142518 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:Skotiana klubi futbalala|East Fife FC]] odnxqt4k0eug3x57p20mdhvn610bujn 14 126938 1142519 2026-10-26T21:06:00Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:East Fife FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbalisti segun klubo|East Fife FC]]' 1142519 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:East Fife FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbalisti segun klubo|East Fife FC]] 98cao3epsu4hxomxk6rv4z81kf6id0u 14 126939 1142520 2026-10-26T21:06:41Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:East Fife FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbal-exercisti segun klubo|East Fife FC]]' 1142520 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:East Fife FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbal-exercisti segun klubo|East Fife FC]] 6r31a0v4d5s4ei84jmsgrhbli5amg9a 14 126940 1142521 2026-10-26T21:07:52Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:East Fife FC]]' 1142521 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:East Fife FC]] dq7mat09er5q0511zai9yvi32aof700 14 126941 1142522 2026-10-26T21:08:39Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:East Fife FC]]' 1142522 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:East Fife FC]] dq7mat09er5q0511zai9yvi32aof700 0 126942 1142523 2026-10-26T21:16:57Z Idisto 28999 Pagino kreesis kun ''''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] (North Carolina), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. {{DEF...' 1142523 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] (North Carolina), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Ted}} [[Kategorio:Usana teroristi]] pq0o2ketknqjych20rstk909in7c8ps 1142524 1142523 2026-10-26T21:17:45Z Idisto 28999 1142524 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] (North Carolina), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Ted}} [[Kategorio:Teroristi]] qxqe34mup8dtw3v9lnhhwm17xj80cx9 1142531 1142524 2026-10-26T21:23:16Z Idisto 28999 1142531 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] ([[Nordal Karolina|Nord-Karolina]]), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Ted}} [[Kategorio:Teroristi]] chbwpi0vv72bx4s91196yk82qjx84ta 1142534 1142531 2026-10-26T21:36:33Z Idisto 28999 1142534 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] ([[Nordal Karolina|Nord-Karolina]]), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Ted}} [[Kategorio:Teroristi]] [[Kategorio:Usana matematikisti]] [[Kategorio:Usan anarkiisti]] 3ksudvhlhk6svwr0wk09b9ae5klvlet 1142535 1142534 2026-10-26T21:37:39Z Idisto 28999 1142535 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] ([[Nordal Karolina|Nord-Karolina]]), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Ted}} [[Kategorio:Teroristi]] [[Kategorio:Usana matematikisti]] [[Kategorio:Anarkiisti]] i4ddtiejxkt1yg88ebezbwcsfzapkx1 1142536 1142535 2026-10-26T21:38:04Z Idisto 28999 1142536 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] ([[Nordal Karolina|Nord-Karolina]]), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Ted}} [[Kategorio:Teroristi]] [[Kategorio:Usana matematikisti]] [[Kategorio:Usan anarkiisti]] 3ksudvhlhk6svwr0wk09b9ae5klvlet 1142548 1142536 2026-10-27T06:59:27Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142548 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografio | Nomo = Ted Kaczynski | Imajo = Ted Kaczynski 2 (cropped).jpg | ExplikoImajo = Kaczynski post sia aresto en 1996 | Profesiono = Matematikisto, universitata profesoro, krimulo | Shablono_lando = Usono | Naskodio = 22 majo 1942 | Nask-urbo = Ĉikago, Ilinojso, Usono | Mort-dio = 10 junio 2023 | Mort-urbo = Durham, Norda Karolino, Usono }} '''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] ([[Nordal Karolina|Nord-Karolina]]), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Ted}} [[Kategorio:Teroristi]] [[Kategorio:Usana matematikisti]] [[Kategorio:Usan anarkiisti]] ji5jaur7a56259pbba6ffyhonm9cpbg 1142549 1142548 2026-10-27T07:00:40Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142549 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografio | Nomo = Ted Kaczynski | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Ted Kaczynski 2 (cropped).jpg|197px]] | ExplikoImajo = Kaczynski pos sua aresto en 1996 | Profesiono = Profesoro di matematiko | Shablono_lando = Usa | Naskodio = 22 mayo 1942 | Nask-urbo = Chicago, Illinois, Usa | Mort-dio = 10 junio 2023 | Mort-urbo = Durham, Nord-Karolina, Usa }} '''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] ([[Nordal Karolina|Nord-Karolina]]), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Ted}} [[Kategorio:Teroristi]] [[Kategorio:Usana matematikisti]] [[Kategorio:Usan anarkiisti]] co2tnjv1p9cc1hcjo7qn8xvfy6b5dbb 1142550 1142549 2026-10-27T07:02:13Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografio | Nomo = Ted Kaczynski | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Ted Kaczynski 2 (cropped).jpg|197px]] | ExplikoImajo = Kaczynski pos sua aresto en 1996 | Profesiono = Profesoro di matematiko | Shablono_lando = Usa | Naskodio = 22 mayo 1942 | Nask-urbo = Chicago, Illinois, Usa | Mort-dio = 10 junio 2023 | Mort-urbo = Durham, Nord-Karolina, Usa }} '''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] ([[Nordal Karolina|Nord-Karolina]]), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. == Publikigita verki == === Matematikala === * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |date=June–July 1964 |title=Another Proof of Wedderburn's Theorem |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2312328 |journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]] |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=652–653 |doi=10.2307/2312328 |jstor=2312328 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }} A proof of [[Wedderburn's little theorem]] in [[abstract algebra]] * {{Cite journal |last1=Peleg |first1=Bezalel |last2=Kaczynski |first2=Theodore |last3=Redheffer |first3=R. M. |author3-link=Raymond Redheffer |last4=Carlitz |first4=L. |author4-link=Leonard Carlitz |last5=Seidman |first5=T. I. |last6=Nix |first6=E. D. |last7=Wilansky |first7=A. |author7-link=Albert Wilansky |last8=Wyler |first8=Oswald |last9=Hajek |first9=Otomar |author9-link=Otomar Hájek |author-mask2=2 |date=June–July 1964 |title=Advanced Problem 5210 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2312349 |journal=American Mathematical Monthly |volume=71 |issue=6 |page=689 |doi=10.2307/2312349 |jstor=2312349 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }} A challenge problem in abstract algebra * {{Cite journal |last1=Kaczynski |first1=Theodore |last2=Bilyeu |first2=R. G. |author-mask1=2 |date=June–July 1965 |title=Distributivity and (−1)x = −x (Advanced Problem 5210, with Solution by Bilyeu, R.G.) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2313887 |journal=American Mathematical Monthly |language=en |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=677–678 |doi=10.2307/2313887 |jstor=2313887 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }} Reprint and solution to "Advanced Problem 5210" (above) * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=July 1965 |title=Boundary Functions for Functions Defined in a Disk |url=http://www.iumj.indiana.edu/IUMJ/FULLTEXT/1965/14/14039 |journal=[[Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=589–612 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=November 1966 |title=On a Boundary Property of Continuous Functions |journal=[[Michigan Mathematical Journal]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=313–320 |doi=10.1307/mmj/1031732782 |issn=0026-2285 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=Boundary Functions |date=1967 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Michigan |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore_John_Kaczynski_-_Boundary_functions_(1967).pdf |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} Kaczynski's doctoral dissertation. Complete dissertation ''available for purchase'' from [[ProQuest]], with publication number 6717790. * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=March–April 1968 |title=Note on a Problem of Alan Sutcliffe |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2689056 |journal=[[Mathematics Magazine]] |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=84–86 |doi=10.2307/2689056 |jstor=2689056 |ref=none}} A brief paper in [[number theory]] concerning the [[Numerical digit|digits]] of numbers * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=March 1969 |title=Boundary Functions for Bounded Harmonic Functions |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-137-00/S0002-9947-1969-0236393-5/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Transactions of the American Mathematical Society]] |volume=137 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.2307/1994796 |jstor=1994796 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116001149/http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-137-00/S0002-9947-1969-0236393-5/S0002-9947-1969-0236393-5.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |ref=none |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=July 1969 |title=Boundary Functions and Sets of Curvilinear Convergence for Continuous Functions |url=http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-141-00/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Transactions of the American Mathematical Society |volume=141 |pages=107–125 |doi=10.2307/1995093 |jstor=1995093 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812205557/http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-141-00/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8.pdf |archive-date=August 12, 2017 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=November 1969 |title=The Set of Curvilinear Convergence of a Continuous Function Defined in the Interior of a Cube |url=http://www.ams.org/journals/proc/1969-023-02/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society]] |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=323–327 |doi=10.2307/2037166 |jstor=2037166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802123408/http://www.ams.org/journals/proc/1969-023-02/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X.pdf |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=January–February 1971 |title=Problem 787 |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=44 |issue=1 |page=41 |doi=10.2307/2688865 |jstor=2688865 |ref=none}} A challenge problem in [[geometry]] * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=November–December 1971 |title=A Match Stick Problem (Problem 787, with Solutions by Gibbs, R.A. and Breisch, R.L.) |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=294–296 |doi=10.2307/2688646 |jstor=2688646 |ref=none}} Reprint and solutions to "Problem 787" (above) === Filozofiala === * {{Cite news |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |year=1995 |title=Industrial Society and Its Future |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529011112/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm |archive-date=2025-05-29 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last1=Kaczynski |first1=Theodore |title=The Road to Revolution |title-link=Technological Slavery |last2=Barriot |first2=Patrick |last3=Skrbina |first3=David |date=2008 |publisher=Éditions Xenia |isbn=978-2-888920-65-6 |location=Vevey (Suisse) [le Kremlin-Bicêtre] |ref=none}} ** {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Technological Slavery]] |date=2010 |publisher=Feral House |isbn=978-1-932595-80-2 |edition=revised and expanded 2nd |location=Port Townsend |ref=none |author-mask=2}} ** {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Technological Slavery]]: Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Fitch & Madison Publishers |isbn=978-1-944228-01-9 |edition=revised and expanded 3rd |ref=none |author-mask=2}} ** {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Technological Slavery]]: Volume 1 |date=2022 |publisher=Fitch & Madison Publishers |isbn=978-1-944228-03-3 |edition=enhanced 4th |ref=none |author-mask=2}} * {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Anti-Tech Revolution|Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How]] |date=2016 |publisher=Fitch & Madison Publishers |isbn=978-1-944228-00-2 |ref=none}} ** {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Anti-Tech Revolution|Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How]] |publisher=Fitch & Madison Publishers |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-944228-02-6 |edition=revised and expanded 2nd |ref=none |author-mask=2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Ted}} [[Kategorio:Teroristi]] [[Kategorio:Usana matematikisti]] [[Kategorio:Usan anarkiisti]] 6bwu2wl54393nx56yr0mz4grw4398sp 1142551 1142550 2026-10-27T07:04:25Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografio | Nomo = Ted Kaczynski | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Ted Kaczynski 2 (cropped).jpg|197px]] | ExplikoImajo = Kaczynski pos sua aresto en 1996 | Profesiono = Profesoro di matematiko | Shablono_lando = Usa | Naskodio = 22 mayo 1942 | Nask-urbo = Chicago, Illinois, Usa | Mort-dio = 10 junio 2023 | Mort-urbo = Durham, Nord-Karolina, Usa }} '''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] ([[Nordal Karolina|Nord-Karolina]]), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. == Publikigita verki == === Matematikala === * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |date=June–July 1964 |title=Another Proof of Wedderburn's Theorem |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2312328 |journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]] |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=652–653 |doi=10.2307/2312328 |jstor=2312328 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }} A proof of [[Wedderburn's little theorem]] in [[abstract algebra]] * {{Cite journal |last1=Peleg |first1=Bezalel |last2=Kaczynski |first2=Theodore |last3=Redheffer |first3=R. M. |author3-link=Raymond Redheffer |last4=Carlitz |first4=L. |author4-link=Leonard Carlitz |last5=Seidman |first5=T. I. |last6=Nix |first6=E. D. |last7=Wilansky |first7=A. |author7-link=Albert Wilansky |last8=Wyler |first8=Oswald |last9=Hajek |first9=Otomar |author9-link=Otomar Hájek |author-mask2=2 |date=June–July 1964 |title=Advanced Problem 5210 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2312349 |journal=American Mathematical Monthly |volume=71 |issue=6 |page=689 |doi=10.2307/2312349 |jstor=2312349 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }} A challenge problem in abstract algebra * {{Cite journal |last1=Kaczynski |first1=Theodore |last2=Bilyeu |first2=R. G. |author-mask1=2 |date=June–July 1965 |title=Distributivity and (−1)x = −x (Advanced Problem 5210, with Solution by Bilyeu, R.G.) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2313887 |journal=American Mathematical Monthly |language=en |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=677–678 |doi=10.2307/2313887 |jstor=2313887 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }} Reprint and solution to "Advanced Problem 5210" (above) * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=July 1965 |title=Boundary Functions for Functions Defined in a Disk |url=http://www.iumj.indiana.edu/IUMJ/FULLTEXT/1965/14/14039 |journal=[[Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=589–612 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=November 1966 |title=On a Boundary Property of Continuous Functions |journal=[[Michigan Mathematical Journal]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=313–320 |doi=10.1307/mmj/1031732782 |issn=0026-2285 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=Boundary Functions |date=1967 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Michigan |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore_John_Kaczynski_-_Boundary_functions_(1967).pdf |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} Kaczynski's doctoral dissertation. Complete dissertation ''available for purchase'' from [[ProQuest]], with publication number 6717790. * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=March–April 1968 |title=Note on a Problem of Alan Sutcliffe |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2689056 |journal=[[Mathematics Magazine]] |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=84–86 |doi=10.2307/2689056 |jstor=2689056 |ref=none}} A brief paper in [[number theory]] concerning the [[Numerical digit|digits]] of numbers * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=March 1969 |title=Boundary Functions for Bounded Harmonic Functions |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-137-00/S0002-9947-1969-0236393-5/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Transactions of the American Mathematical Society]] |volume=137 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.2307/1994796 |jstor=1994796 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116001149/http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-137-00/S0002-9947-1969-0236393-5/S0002-9947-1969-0236393-5.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |ref=none |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=July 1969 |title=Boundary Functions and Sets of Curvilinear Convergence for Continuous Functions |url=http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-141-00/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Transactions of the American Mathematical Society |volume=141 |pages=107–125 |doi=10.2307/1995093 |jstor=1995093 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812205557/http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-141-00/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8.pdf |archive-date=August 12, 2017 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=November 1969 |title=The Set of Curvilinear Convergence of a Continuous Function Defined in the Interior of a Cube |url=http://www.ams.org/journals/proc/1969-023-02/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society]] |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=323–327 |doi=10.2307/2037166 |jstor=2037166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802123408/http://www.ams.org/journals/proc/1969-023-02/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X.pdf |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=January–February 1971 |title=Problem 787 |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=44 |issue=1 |page=41 |doi=10.2307/2688865 |jstor=2688865 |ref=none}} A challenge problem in [[geometry]] * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=November–December 1971 |title=A Match Stick Problem (Problem 787, with Solutions by Gibbs, R.A. and Breisch, R.L.) |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=294–296 |doi=10.2307/2688646 |jstor=2688646 |ref=none}} Reprint and solutions to "Problem 787" (above) === Filozofiala === * {{Cite news |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |year=1995 |title=Industrial Society and Its Future |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529011112/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm |archive-date=2025-05-29 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |ref=none}} * {{cite|last=Kaczynski|name=Theodore|title=The Road to Revolution|editorial=Éditions Xenia|location=Vevey (Suisse) [le Kremlin-Bicêtre]|date=2008}} ** {{cite|last=Kaczynski|name=Theodore|title=[[Technological Slavery]]|editorial=Feral House|location=Port Townsend|date=2010}} ** {{cite|last=Kaczynski|name=Theodore|title=[[Technological Slavery]]: Volume 1|editorial=Fitch & Madison Publishers|date=2019}} ** {{cite|last=Kaczynski|name=Theodore|title=[[Technological Slavery]]: Volume 1|editorial=Fitch & Madison Publishers|date=2022}} * {{cite|last=Kaczynski|name=Theodore|title=[[Anti-Tech Revolution|Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How]]|editorial=Fitch & Madison Publishers|date=2016}} ** {{cite|last=Kaczynski|name=Theodore|title=[[Anti-Tech Revolution|Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How]]|editorial=Fitch & Madison Publishers|date=2020}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Ted}} [[Kategorio:Teroristi]] [[Kategorio:Usana matematikisti]] [[Kategorio:Usan anarkiisti]] jyd3fpe4xiw12j2k73hquvpmdpxlq4z 1142552 1142551 2026-10-27T07:04:43Z Interlingvisto 47513 Desfacita revizo [[Special:Diff/1142551|1142551]] da [[Special:Contributions/Interlingvisto|Interlingvisto]] ([[User talk:Interlingvisto|skribez mesajo]]) 1142552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografio | Nomo = Ted Kaczynski | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Ted Kaczynski 2 (cropped).jpg|197px]] | ExplikoImajo = Kaczynski pos sua aresto en 1996 | Profesiono = Profesoro di matematiko | Shablono_lando = Usa | Naskodio = 22 mayo 1942 | Nask-urbo = Chicago, Illinois, Usa | Mort-dio = 10 junio 2023 | Mort-urbo = Durham, Nord-Karolina, Usa }} '''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] ([[Nordal Karolina|Nord-Karolina]]), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. == Publikigita verki == === Matematikala === * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |date=June–July 1964 |title=Another Proof of Wedderburn's Theorem |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2312328 |journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]] |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=652–653 |doi=10.2307/2312328 |jstor=2312328 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }} A proof of [[Wedderburn's little theorem]] in [[abstract algebra]] * {{Cite journal |last1=Peleg |first1=Bezalel |last2=Kaczynski |first2=Theodore |last3=Redheffer |first3=R. M. |author3-link=Raymond Redheffer |last4=Carlitz |first4=L. |author4-link=Leonard Carlitz |last5=Seidman |first5=T. I. |last6=Nix |first6=E. D. |last7=Wilansky |first7=A. |author7-link=Albert Wilansky |last8=Wyler |first8=Oswald |last9=Hajek |first9=Otomar |author9-link=Otomar Hájek |author-mask2=2 |date=June–July 1964 |title=Advanced Problem 5210 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2312349 |journal=American Mathematical Monthly |volume=71 |issue=6 |page=689 |doi=10.2307/2312349 |jstor=2312349 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }} A challenge problem in abstract algebra * {{Cite journal |last1=Kaczynski |first1=Theodore |last2=Bilyeu |first2=R. G. |author-mask1=2 |date=June–July 1965 |title=Distributivity and (−1)x = −x (Advanced Problem 5210, with Solution by Bilyeu, R.G.) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2313887 |journal=American Mathematical Monthly |language=en |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=677–678 |doi=10.2307/2313887 |jstor=2313887 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }} Reprint and solution to "Advanced Problem 5210" (above) * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=July 1965 |title=Boundary Functions for Functions Defined in a Disk |url=http://www.iumj.indiana.edu/IUMJ/FULLTEXT/1965/14/14039 |journal=[[Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=589–612 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=November 1966 |title=On a Boundary Property of Continuous Functions |journal=[[Michigan Mathematical Journal]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=313–320 |doi=10.1307/mmj/1031732782 |issn=0026-2285 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=Boundary Functions |date=1967 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Michigan |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore_John_Kaczynski_-_Boundary_functions_(1967).pdf |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} Kaczynski's doctoral dissertation. Complete dissertation ''available for purchase'' from [[ProQuest]], with publication number 6717790. * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=March–April 1968 |title=Note on a Problem of Alan Sutcliffe |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2689056 |journal=[[Mathematics Magazine]] |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=84–86 |doi=10.2307/2689056 |jstor=2689056 |ref=none}} A brief paper in [[number theory]] concerning the [[Numerical digit|digits]] of numbers * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=March 1969 |title=Boundary Functions for Bounded Harmonic Functions |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-137-00/S0002-9947-1969-0236393-5/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Transactions of the American Mathematical Society]] |volume=137 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.2307/1994796 |jstor=1994796 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116001149/http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-137-00/S0002-9947-1969-0236393-5/S0002-9947-1969-0236393-5.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |ref=none |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=July 1969 |title=Boundary Functions and Sets of Curvilinear Convergence for Continuous Functions |url=http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-141-00/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Transactions of the American Mathematical Society |volume=141 |pages=107–125 |doi=10.2307/1995093 |jstor=1995093 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812205557/http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-141-00/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8.pdf |archive-date=August 12, 2017 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=November 1969 |title=The Set of Curvilinear Convergence of a Continuous Function Defined in the Interior of a Cube |url=http://www.ams.org/journals/proc/1969-023-02/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society]] |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=323–327 |doi=10.2307/2037166 |jstor=2037166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802123408/http://www.ams.org/journals/proc/1969-023-02/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X.pdf |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=January–February 1971 |title=Problem 787 |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=44 |issue=1 |page=41 |doi=10.2307/2688865 |jstor=2688865 |ref=none}} A challenge problem in [[geometry]] * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=November–December 1971 |title=A Match Stick Problem (Problem 787, with Solutions by Gibbs, R.A. and Breisch, R.L.) |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=294–296 |doi=10.2307/2688646 |jstor=2688646 |ref=none}} Reprint and solutions to "Problem 787" (above) === Filozofiala === * {{Cite news |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |year=1995 |title=Industrial Society and Its Future |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529011112/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm |archive-date=2025-05-29 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last1=Kaczynski |first1=Theodore |title=The Road to Revolution |title-link=Technological Slavery |last2=Barriot |first2=Patrick |last3=Skrbina |first3=David |date=2008 |publisher=Éditions Xenia |isbn=978-2-888920-65-6 |location=Vevey (Suisse) [le Kremlin-Bicêtre] |ref=none}} ** {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Technological Slavery]] |date=2010 |publisher=Feral House |isbn=978-1-932595-80-2 |edition=revised and expanded 2nd |location=Port Townsend |ref=none |author-mask=2}} ** {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Technological Slavery]]: Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Fitch & Madison Publishers |isbn=978-1-944228-01-9 |edition=revised and expanded 3rd |ref=none |author-mask=2}} ** {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Technological Slavery]]: Volume 1 |date=2022 |publisher=Fitch & Madison Publishers |isbn=978-1-944228-03-3 |edition=enhanced 4th |ref=none |author-mask=2}} * {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Anti-Tech Revolution|Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How]] |date=2016 |publisher=Fitch & Madison Publishers |isbn=978-1-944228-00-2 |ref=none}} ** {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Anti-Tech Revolution|Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How]] |publisher=Fitch & Madison Publishers |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-944228-02-6 |edition=revised and expanded 2nd |ref=none |author-mask=2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Ted}} [[Kategorio:Teroristi]] [[Kategorio:Usana matematikisti]] [[Kategorio:Usan anarkiisti]] 6bwu2wl54393nx56yr0mz4grw4398sp 1142553 1142552 2026-10-27T07:05:15Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Matematikala */ 1142553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografio | Nomo = Ted Kaczynski | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Ted Kaczynski 2 (cropped).jpg|197px]] | ExplikoImajo = Kaczynski pos sua aresto en 1996 | Profesiono = Profesoro di matematiko | Shablono_lando = Usa | Naskodio = 22 mayo 1942 | Nask-urbo = Chicago, Illinois, Usa | Mort-dio = 10 junio 2023 | Mort-urbo = Durham, Nord-Karolina, Usa }} '''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] ([[Nordal Karolina|Nord-Karolina]]), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. == Publikigita verki == === Matematikala === * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |date=June–July 1964 |title=Another Proof of Wedderburn's Theorem |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2312328 |journal=[[American Mathematical Monthly]] |volume=71 |issue=6 |pages=652–653 |doi=10.2307/2312328 |jstor=2312328 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }} * {{Cite journal |last1=Peleg |first1=Bezalel |last2=Kaczynski |first2=Theodore |last3=Redheffer |first3=R. M. |author3-link=Raymond Redheffer |last4=Carlitz |first4=L. |author4-link=Leonard Carlitz |last5=Seidman |first5=T. I. |last6=Nix |first6=E. D. |last7=Wilansky |first7=A. |author7-link=Albert Wilansky |last8=Wyler |first8=Oswald |last9=Hajek |first9=Otomar |author9-link=Otomar Hájek |author-mask2=2 |date=June–July 1964 |title=Advanced Problem 5210 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2312349 |journal=American Mathematical Monthly |volume=71 |issue=6 |page=689 |doi=10.2307/2312349 |jstor=2312349 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }} A challenge problem in abstract algebra * {{Cite journal |last1=Kaczynski |first1=Theodore |last2=Bilyeu |first2=R. G. |author-mask1=2 |date=June–July 1965 |title=Distributivity and (−1)x = −x (Advanced Problem 5210, with Solution by Bilyeu, R.G.) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2313887 |journal=American Mathematical Monthly |language=en |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=677–678 |doi=10.2307/2313887 |jstor=2313887 |ref=none|url-access=subscription }} Reprint and solution to "Advanced Problem 5210" (above) * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=July 1965 |title=Boundary Functions for Functions Defined in a Disk |url=http://www.iumj.indiana.edu/IUMJ/FULLTEXT/1965/14/14039 |journal=[[Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics]] |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=589–612 |ref=none}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=November 1966 |title=On a Boundary Property of Continuous Functions |journal=[[Michigan Mathematical Journal]] |volume=13 |issue=3 |pages=313–320 |doi=10.1307/mmj/1031732782 |issn=0026-2285 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite thesis |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=Boundary Functions |date=1967 |degree=PhD |publisher=University of Michigan |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Theodore_John_Kaczynski_-_Boundary_functions_(1967).pdf |author-mask=2 |ref=none}} Kaczynski's doctoral dissertation. Complete dissertation ''available for purchase'' from [[ProQuest]], with publication number 6717790. * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=March–April 1968 |title=Note on a Problem of Alan Sutcliffe |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/2689056 |journal=[[Mathematics Magazine]] |language=en |volume=41 |issue=2 |pages=84–86 |doi=10.2307/2689056 |jstor=2689056 |ref=none}} A brief paper in [[number theory]] concerning the [[Numerical digit|digits]] of numbers * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=March 1969 |title=Boundary Functions for Bounded Harmonic Functions |url=https://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-137-00/S0002-9947-1969-0236393-5/ |url-status=live |journal=[[Transactions of the American Mathematical Society]] |volume=137 |pages=203–209 |doi=10.2307/1994796 |jstor=1994796 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170116001149/http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-137-00/S0002-9947-1969-0236393-5/S0002-9947-1969-0236393-5.pdf |archive-date=January 16, 2017 |ref=none |doi-access=free|url-access=subscription }} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=July 1969 |title=Boundary Functions and Sets of Curvilinear Convergence for Continuous Functions |url=http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-141-00/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Transactions of the American Mathematical Society |volume=141 |pages=107–125 |doi=10.2307/1995093 |jstor=1995093 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812205557/http://www.ams.org/journals/tran/1969-141-00/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8/S0002-9947-1969-0243078-8.pdf |archive-date=August 12, 2017 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=November 1969 |title=The Set of Curvilinear Convergence of a Continuous Function Defined in the Interior of a Cube |url=http://www.ams.org/journals/proc/1969-023-02/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society]] |volume=23 |issue=2 |pages=323–327 |doi=10.2307/2037166 |jstor=2037166 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802123408/http://www.ams.org/journals/proc/1969-023-02/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X/S0002-9939-1969-0248339-X.pdf |archive-date=August 2, 2017 |ref=none |doi-access=free}} * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=January–February 1971 |title=Problem 787 |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=44 |issue=1 |page=41 |doi=10.2307/2688865 |jstor=2688865 |ref=none}} A challenge problem in [[geometry]] * {{Cite journal |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |author-mask=2 |date=November–December 1971 |title=A Match Stick Problem (Problem 787, with Solutions by Gibbs, R.A. and Breisch, R.L.) |journal=Mathematics Magazine |volume=44 |issue=5 |pages=294–296 |doi=10.2307/2688646 |jstor=2688646 |ref=none}} Reprint and solutions to "Problem 787" (above) === Filozofiala === * {{Cite news |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |year=1995 |title=Industrial Society and Its Future |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250529011112/https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/unabomber/manifesto.text.htm |archive-date=2025-05-29 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |ref=none}} * {{Cite book |last1=Kaczynski |first1=Theodore |title=The Road to Revolution |title-link=Technological Slavery |last2=Barriot |first2=Patrick |last3=Skrbina |first3=David |date=2008 |publisher=Éditions Xenia |isbn=978-2-888920-65-6 |location=Vevey (Suisse) [le Kremlin-Bicêtre] |ref=none}} ** {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Technological Slavery]] |date=2010 |publisher=Feral House |isbn=978-1-932595-80-2 |edition=revised and expanded 2nd |location=Port Townsend |ref=none |author-mask=2}} ** {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Technological Slavery]]: Volume 1 |date=2019 |publisher=Fitch & Madison Publishers |isbn=978-1-944228-01-9 |edition=revised and expanded 3rd |ref=none |author-mask=2}} ** {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Technological Slavery]]: Volume 1 |date=2022 |publisher=Fitch & Madison Publishers |isbn=978-1-944228-03-3 |edition=enhanced 4th |ref=none |author-mask=2}} * {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Anti-Tech Revolution|Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How]] |date=2016 |publisher=Fitch & Madison Publishers |isbn=978-1-944228-00-2 |ref=none}} ** {{Cite book |last=Kaczynski |first=Theodore |title=[[Anti-Tech Revolution|Anti-Tech Revolution: Why and How]] |publisher=Fitch & Madison Publishers |year=2020 |isbn=978-1-944228-02-6 |edition=revised and expanded 2nd |ref=none |author-mask=2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Ted}} [[Kategorio:Teroristi]] [[Kategorio:Usana matematikisti]] [[Kategorio:Usan anarkiisti]] tqs9jiup4rgpejhvdx6xhm2ansj0s45 1142554 1142553 2026-10-27T07:06:30Z Interlingvisto 47513 /* Publikigita verki */ 1142554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Biografio | Nomo = Ted Kaczynski | Imajo = [[Arkivo:Ted Kaczynski 2 (cropped).jpg|197px]] | ExplikoImajo = Kaczynski pos sua aresto en 1996 | Profesiono = Profesoro di matematiko | Shablono_lando = Usa | Naskodio = 22 mayo 1942 | Nask-urbo = Chicago, Illinois, Usa | Mort-dio = 10 junio 2023 | Mort-urbo = Durham, Nord-Karolina, Usa }} '''Theodore John (Ted) Kaczynski''' ([[Pronunco|pron]].: ''ted-kachinski''; n. [[Chicago|Chikago]], la [[22ma di mayo]] [[1942]] – m. [[Butner]] ([[Nordal Karolina|Nord-Karolina]]), la [[10ma di junio]] [[2023]]), surnomizita '''Unabomber''', esis [[Usa|Usana]] matematikisto, nov-[[Luddisti|Luddista]] kritikero di socio ed extremisto, qua atentis per bombo-letri, qui efektigis plura mortinti e vunditi. Il arestesis la 3ma di aprilo 1996 en sua kabano en la foresto di [[Montana]]. {{DEFAULTSORT:Kaczynski, Ted}} [[Kategorio:Teroristi]] [[Kategorio:Usana matematikisti]] [[Kategorio:Usan anarkiisti]] co2tnjv1p9cc1hcjo7qn8xvfy6b5dbb 0 126943 1142525 2026-10-26T21:19:16Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Arkivo:Ochilview Park - Geograph-2010936-by-kim-traynor.jpg|right|400px]] '''East Stirlingshire FC''' od oficale '''East Stirlingshire Football Club''' esas [[Skotia]]na [[Futbalo|futbalala]] klubo de urbo [[Falkirk]] (geologial areo [[Central Lowlands]]), fondita en 1880 kom ''Bainsford Britannia''. [[Kategorio:East Stirlingshire FC|*]]' 1142525 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Arkivo:Ochilview Park - Geograph-2010936-by-kim-traynor.jpg|right|400px]] '''East Stirlingshire FC''' od oficale '''East Stirlingshire Football Club''' esas [[Skotia]]na [[Futbalo|futbalala]] klubo de urbo [[Falkirk]] (geologial areo [[Central Lowlands]]), fondita en 1880 kom ''Bainsford Britannia''. [[Kategorio:East Stirlingshire FC|*]] i4zx5411wd7yw1buf1beepocx6xq3d5 14 126944 1142526 2026-10-26T21:20:01Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:Skotiana klubi futbalala|East Stirlingshire FC]]' 1142526 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:Skotiana klubi futbalala|East Stirlingshire FC]] ata5bis19u5y2z9vfgmxqswo0hvrrvr 14 126945 1142527 2026-10-26T21:20:56Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:East Stirlingshire FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbalisti segun klubo|East Stirlingshire FC]]' 1142527 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:East Stirlingshire FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbalisti segun klubo|East Stirlingshire FC]] oixj4s7tiy6js9tzqbtuc3vmunjwnh3 14 126946 1142528 2026-10-26T21:21:34Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:East Stirlingshire FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbal-exercisti segun klubo|East Stirlingshire FC]]' 1142528 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:East Stirlingshire FC]] [[Kategorio:Futbal-exercisti segun klubo|East Stirlingshire FC]] r05cyrpudog7bobzpy2gt2s1fqegtjd 0 126947 1142529 2026-10-26T21:21:55Z Idisto 28999 Ridirektas a [[Ted Kaczynski]] 1142529 wikitext text/x-wiki #ALIDIREKTI [[Ted Kaczynski]] euhvj96kmrd2egwfehag2l4otrkjzyg 14 126948 1142530 2026-10-26T21:22:29Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:East Stirlingshire FC]]' 1142530 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:East Stirlingshire FC]] fiop11dv9wwf2lqxkxco4woj5eh47cf 14 126949 1142532 2026-10-26T21:23:25Z ThWiki1910 31363 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:East Stirlingshire FC]]' 1142532 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:East Stirlingshire FC]] fiop11dv9wwf2lqxkxco4woj5eh47cf 14 126950 1142537 2026-10-26T21:39:30Z Idisto 28999 Pagino kreesis kun '[[Kategorio:Usani|anarkiisti]] [[Kategorio:Anarkiisti]]' 1142537 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Kategorio:Usani|anarkiisti]] [[Kategorio:Anarkiisti]] gc43otak18ywdmymk94cde3opo21cki 10 126951 1142576 2026-10-27T07:37:40Z Interlingvisto 47513 Pagino kreesis kun ' {{Navbox generic | name = Historio di Hispania | state = collapsed | title = [[Historio di Hispania]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; | liststyle = text-align:left; | group1 = [[Prehistorio en la Iberiana Peninsula|Prehistorio]] | list1 = [[Neolitiko en la Iberiana Peninsula|Neolitiko]] | group2 = [[Antiqua historio di la Iberiana Peninsula|Antiqueso]] | list2 = [[Populi pre-Romana]] • [[Romana konkero di la Iberiana Peninsula|Romana konkero]] • Iber...' 1142576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic | name = Historio di Hispania | state = collapsed | title = [[Historio di Hispania]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; | liststyle = text-align:left; | group1 = [[Prehistorio en la Iberiana Peninsula|Prehistorio]] | list1 = [[Neolitiko en la Iberiana Peninsula|Neolitiko]] | group2 = [[Antiqua historio di la Iberiana Peninsula|Antiqueso]] | list2 = [[Populi pre-Romana]] • [[Romana konkero di la Iberiana Peninsula|Romana konkero]] • [[Iberiana Peninsula sub Romana dominado|Romana Hispania]] | group3 = [[Mezepoko en Hispania|Mezepoko]] | list3 = [[Germaniana invadi en la Iberiana Peninsula|Germaniana invadi]] • [[Visigota regno]] • [[Islama konkero di la Iberiana Peninsula|Islama konkero]] • [[Al-Andalus]] • [[Rekonkero]] | group4 = [[Moderna epoko en Hispania|Moderna epoko]] | list4 = [[Katolika Regi]] • [[Hispana Imperio]] • [[Hispana Ora Yarcento]] • [[Lumi eri en Hispania|Lumi eri]] | group5 = [[Nuntempa epoko en Hispania|Nuntempa epoko]] | list5 = [[Unesma Republiko]] • [[Restauro]] • [[Desastro di 1898]] • [[Duesma Hispana Republiko|Duesma Republiko]] • [[Hispana Civila Milito]] • [[Franquista Hispania]] • [[Transiro a demokratio]] }} <noinclude>[[Kategorio:Shabloni pri historio|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> dnt1drbhken421kuqxr77fp0ap8k050 1142577 1142576 2026-10-27T07:39:59Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic | name = Historio di Hispania | state = collapsed | title = [[Historio di Hispania]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; | liststyle = text-align:left; | group1 = [[Prehistorio en la Iberiana Peninsula|Prehistorio]] | list1 = [[Neolitiko en la Iberiana Peninsula|Neolitiko]] | group2 = [[Antiqua historio di la Iberiana Peninsula|Antiqueso]] | list2 = [[Populi pre-Romana]] • [[Romana konkero di la Iberiana Peninsula|Romana konkero]] • [[Hispania Romana]] | group3 = [[Mezepoko en Hispania|Mezepoko]] | list3 = [[Germaniana invadi en la Iberiana Peninsula|Germaniana invadi]] • [[Visigota regno]] • [[Islama konkero di la Iberiana Peninsula|Islama konkero]] • [[Al-Andalus]] • [[Rikonquesto]] | group4 = [[Moderna epoko en Hispania|Moderna epoko]] | list4 = [[Katolika Regi]] • [[Hispana Imperio]] • [[Hispana Ora Yarcento]] • [[Lumi eri en Hispania|Lumi eri]] | group5 = [[Nuntempa epoko en Hispania|Nuntempa epoko]] | list5 = [[Unesma Hispana republiko|Unesma Republiko]] • [[Restauro]] • [[Desastro di 1898]] • [[Duesma Hispana Republiko|Duesma Republiko]] • [[Hispana Civila Milito]] • [[Franquista Hispania]] • [[Transiro a demokratio]] }} <noinclude>[[Kategorio:Shabloni pri historio|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> ljqfubxj8xd0wsrf1q8nixz0uzs5fbq 1142578 1142577 2026-10-27T07:40:28Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic | name = Historio di Hispania | state = collapsed | title = [[Historio di Hispania]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; | liststyle = text-align:left; | group1 = [[Prehistorio en la Iberiana Peninsula|Prehistorio]] | list1 = [[Neolitiko en la Iberiana Peninsula|Neolitiko]] | group2 = [[Antiqua historio di la Iberiana Peninsula|Antiqueso]] | list2 = [[Populi pre-Romana]] • [[Romana konkero di la Iberiana Peninsula|Romana konkero]] • [[Hispania Romana]] | group3 = [[Mezepoko en Hispania|Mezepoko]] | list3 = [[Germaniana invadi en la Iberiana Peninsula|Germaniana invadi]] • [[Visigota regno]] • [[Islama konkero di la Iberiana Peninsula|Islama konkero]] • [[Al-Andalus]] • [[Rikonquesto]] | group4 = [[Moderna epoko en Hispania|Moderna epoko]] | list4 = [[Katolika Regi]] • [[Hispana imperio]] • [[Hispana Ora Yarcento]] • [[Lumi eri en Hispania|Lumi eri]] | group5 = [[Nuntempa epoko en Hispania|Nuntempa epoko]] | list5 = [[Unesma Hispana republiko|Unesma Republiko]] • [[Restauro]] • [[Desastro di 1898]] • [[Duesma Hispana republiko|Duesma Republiko]] • [[Hispana Civila Milito]] • [[Franquista Hispania]] • [[Transiro a demokratio]] }} <noinclude>[[Kategorio:Shabloni pri historio|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> mqk5z9p5zvacbkwp1hljkspkhkg5cyb 1142579 1142578 2026-10-27T07:41:17Z Interlingvisto 47513 1142579 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox generic | name = Historio di Hispania | state = collapsed | title = [[Historio di Hispania]] | above = | groupstyle = text-align:right; 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