Vikipedija isvwiki https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.8 first-letter Media Special Besěda Koristnik Besěda s koristnikom Vikipedija Besěda Vikipedije Fajl Besěda o fajlu MediaWiki Besěda o MediaWiki Šablon Besěda o šablonu Pomoč Besěda o pomoči Kategorija Besěda o kategoriji TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 10 159 27518 27218 2026-06-29T12:46:29Z Minorax 40 27518 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Template:Glavna/Nadpis/styles.css" /> <div class="mp-box" style="border:2px solid #1976D2;" {{#if: {{{id|}}} | id="mp-{{{id}}}" }}> <div class="mp-search nomobile" style="display: none;"> <div class="mp-search-suggestions">Napriklad, <span class="mp-search-random"><em>ide dostava…</em></span></div> </div> <div class="mp-header"> <h1 class="mp-header__title">Dobrodošli v [[Vikipedija|Vikipediju]], svobodnu enciklopediju, ktoru [[Wikipedia:Iztvoriti zapis|vsekto može tvoriti]].</h1> <div class="mp-header__subtitle">Tutčas ona imaje [[Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}]] {{plural|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES:R}}|članok|članky|člankov}} na [[Medžuslovjansky jezyk|medžuslovjanskom jezyku]].</div> <div class="center" style="margin-top:1em;"><big>[[Fajl:Wikipedia Logo Platinum.svg|40px|link=]] &nbsp; ''[[Vikipedija:Pomoč/Kako koristati tutu viki|Kako koristati tutu viki?]]''</big></div> </div></div><noinclude> {{Dokumentacija | tekst = The header on the main page. {{Glavna}} }} </noinclude> 0eqbptsdn02g90ae3lno7fq792g39ib 10 214 27517 1052 2026-06-29T12:46:14Z Minorax 40 27517 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka | autoheaders = 1 | bodyclass = vcard | above = {{#if: {{{status|}}} | {{{status}}} | Država }} | titleclass = adr | title = {{{name| {{{common_name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}} }}} | subheader1 = <div class="center">{{{native_name|}}}</div> | subheader2 = <div class="center">{{#if: {{{year_start|}}} | {{{year_start}}}{{#if: {{{year_end}}} | –{{{year_end}}} }} }}</div> | image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image= {{{image_flag|}}} |upright= 0.5 |alt= {{{alt_flag|{{{flag_alt|}}}}}} |title= {{#invoke:Alphabet|global_cyrl|{{#if: {{{flag_type|}}} | {{{flag_type}}} | Horugva }}}} }} | image2 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image= {{{image_coat| {{{image_symbol|}}} }}} |upright= 0.33 | border= no |alt={{{alt_coat|{{{coat_alt|{{{alt_symbol|}}}}}}}}} |title= {{#invoke:Alphabet|global_cyrl|{{#if: {{{symbol_type|}}} | {{{symbol_type}}} | Gerb }}}} }} | header1 = Obča informacija | label2 = Polna nazva | data2 = {{{conventional_long_name|}}} | label3 = {{#if: {{{anthems|}}} | Himny | Himn }} | data3 = {{{anthems| {{{national_anthem|{{{anthem|}}}}}} }}} | label4 = {{#if: {{{admin_center|}}} | {{#if:{{{admin_center_type|}}}| {{{admin_center_type}}} | Administratno srědišče }} | Glavny {{#ifeq: {{{capital|}}} | {{{largest_settlement|{{{largest_city|}}}}}} | i najbolši }} grad }} | data4 = {{#if: {{{admin_center|}}} | {{{admin_center|}}} | {{{capital|}}} }} | autolink4 = 1 | label5 = Glavny grad v izgnańju | data5 = {{{capital_exile|}}} | autolink5 = 1 | label6 = {{#if: {{{largest_settlement_type|}}} | {{{largest_settlement_type}}} | Najbolši grad }} | data6 = {{#ifeq: {{{capital|}}} | {{{largest_settlement|{{{largest_city|}}}}}} | | {{{largest_settlement|{{{largest_city|}}}}}} }} | autolink6 = 1 | label7 = {{#if: {{{national_languages|}}} | Jezyky | Služebne jezyky }} | data7 = {{{official_languages|{{{national_languages|}}}}}} | autolink7 = 1 | label8 = {{#if: {{{membership_type|}}} | {{{membership_type}}} | Členstvo }} | data8 = {{{membership|}}} | label9 = Državna forma | data9 = {{{government_type|}}} | header10 = Historična informacija | label11 = {{#if: {{{event_start|}}} | {{{event_start}}} | Ustanovjena }} | data11 = {{{date_start|}}} {{{year_start|}}} | label12 = {{#if: {{{event_end|}}} | {{{event_end}}} | Likvidovana }} | data12 = {{{date_end|}}} {{{year_end|}}} | header13 = Statistika | label14 = Plošča | data14 = {{Formatnum|1={{{area|{{{area_km2|}}}}}}}}{{#if: {{{area| {{{area_km2| }}} }}} | &nbsp;{{#invoke:Alphabet|global_cyrl|km}}² }}{{#if:{{{area_rank|}}} |&#32;({{{area_rank}}}&nbsp;město) }}{{{area_footnote|}}} | label15 = Naseljeńje | data15 = {{#if:{{{population_estimate|}}} | * {{#invoke:Alphabet|global_cyrl|Ocěnka}}{{#if: {{{population_estimate_year|}}} | &#32;({{{population_estimate_year|}}}) }}: {{Formatnum|1={{{population_estimate}}}}}&nbsp;{{#invoke:Alphabet|global_cyrl|ljudij}}{{#if:{{{population_estimate_rank|}}} | &#32;({{{population_estimate_rank}}}&nbsp;město) }} }} {{#if:{{{population_census|}}} | * {{#invoke:Alphabet|global_cyrl|Spis}}{{#if: {{{population_census_year|}}} | &#32;({{{population_census_year|}}}) }}: {{Formatnum|1={{{population_census}}}}}&nbsp;{{#invoke:Alphabet|global_cyrl|ljudij}} {{#if:{{{population_census_rank|}}} | &#32;({{{population_census_rank}}}&nbsp;město) }} }} | label16 = {{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{status|}}}}} | minidržava | Tvrdima valuta | Valuta }} | data16 = {{{currency|}}} {{#if:{{{currency_code|}}} |({{-|{{{currency_code}}}}})}} | autolink16 = {{#ifeq: {{lc:{{{status|}}}}} | minidržava | | 1 }} | label17 = Časova zona | data17 = {{#if: {{{utc_offset|}}} | * {{-|[[:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]}}{{{utc_offset}}} {{#if:{{{time_zone|}}}| {{-|({{{time_zone}}})}} }} | {{#if: {{{time_zone|}}} | * {{{time_zone|}}} }} }} {{#if: {{{utc_offset_DST|}}}{{{time_zone_DST|}}}{{{DST|}}} | * {{#invoke:Alphabet|global_cyrl|lětom}}: {{#if: {{{utc_offset_DST|}}} | {{-|[[:en:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]}}{{{utc_offset_DST}}} {{#if:{{{time_zone_DST|}}}| {{-|({{{time_zone_DST}}})}} | {{#if:{{{DST|}}}| {{-|({{{DST}}})}} }}}} | {{#if:{{{time_zone_DST|}}} | {{{time_zone_DST}}} | {{{DST|}}} }} }} }} | label18 = Kod ISO 3166 | data18 = {{#if:{{{iso3166code|}}}|{{-|{{uc:{{{iso3166code}}}}}}} }} | data19 = {{#switch: {{lc: {{{status|}}} }} | medžunarodna organizacija | minidržava | historična država = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image= {{{image_map|}}} |alt= {{{alt_map|{{{image_map_alt|}}}}}} |title= {{#if: {{{map_caption|}}}{{{image_map_caption|}}} | {{{map_caption|{{{image_map_caption}}}}}} | {{{name| {{{common_name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}} }}} {{#invoke:Alphabet|global_cyrl|na kartě}} }} }} | #default = {{#if: {{{coordinates|}}} | {{#tag:mapframe|| width = 300 | height = 300 | zoom = 4 | latitude = {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord2text|{{{coordinates|}}}|lat}} | longitude = {{#invoke:Coordinates|coord2text|{{{coordinates|}}}|long}} | text = {{{name| {{{common_name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}} }}} {{#invoke:Alphabet|global_cyrl|na kartě}} | align = center }} }} }} | class19 = infobox-image is-separated | data20 = {{#if: {{{coordinates|}}} | {{#invoke:Alphabet|global_cyrl|Koordinaty}}: {{-|{{{coordinates|}}} }} }} | class20 = center is-separated }}<noinclude> {{Dokumentacija}} </noinclude> rzwi4fogm2hblo6d20eyke4syw168zj 10 365 27552 2225 2026-06-29T12:56:09Z Minorax 40 27552 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Politične partije v Niderlandah | title = [[Fajl:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|25px]] &nbsp; Politične partije v [[Niderlandy|Niderlandah]] | group1 = Lěvičarske | list1 = * [[DENK|{{-|DENK}}]] * [[Partija truda (Niderlandy)|{{Nowrap|Partija truda ({{-|PvdA}})}}]] * [[Partija za životiny|{{Nowrap|Partija za životiny ({{-|PvdD}})}}]] * [[Socialistična partija|{{Nowrap|Socialistična partija ({{-|SP}})}}]] * [[Zelena lěvica|{{Nowrap|Zelena lěvica ({{-|GL}})}}]] | group2 = Centrične | list2 = * [[Demokrati 66|{{Nowrap|Demokrati 66 ({{-|D66}})}}]] * [[Hristijansko-demokratičny poklik|{{Nowrap|Hristijansko-demokratičny poklik ({{-|CDA}})}}]] * [[Sojuz hristijanov|{{Nowrap|Sojuz hristijanov ({{-|CU}})}}]] * [[VOLT|{{-|VOLT}}]] * [[50PLUS|{{-|50PLUS}}]] | group3 = Pravičarske | list3 = * [[Državno-reformatorska partija|{{Nowrap|Državno-reformatorska partija ({{-|SGP}})}}]] * [[Forum za demokraciju|{{Nowrap|Forum za demokraciju ({{-|FVD}})}}]] * [[JA21|{{-|JA21}}]] * [[Narodna partija za svobodu i demokraciju|{{Nowrap|Narodna partija za svobodu i demokraciju ({{-|VVD}})}}]] * [[Novy socialny kontrakt|{{Nowrap|Novy socialny kontrakt ({{-|NSC}})}}]] * [[Partija za svobodu|{{Nowrap|Partija za svobodu ({{-|PVV}})}}]] * [[Zemjedělsko-gradžansko dviženje|{{Nowrap|Zemjedělsko-gradžansko dviženje ({{-|BBB}})}}]] }}<noinclude> {{Dokumentacija|Template:Navigacija/Dokumentacija šablonov}} [[Kategorija:Šablony:Navigacija|Politične partije Niderlandov]] {{INTERWIKI|Q10950510}} </noinclude> b6pbkhkrgjp6bbix6b6oxrl85s03t2t 10 510 27526 2863 2026-06-29T12:48:04Z Minorax 40 27526 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" width="100%" style="text-align:center; font-family:Cambria, Calibri; font-size:115%;" ! align="left" width="10%" | [[Ч]] ← ! align="center" width="80%" | Varianty [[Kirilica|kiriličnoj]] bukvy [[Џ]] ! align="right" width="10%" | → [[Ш]] |- | colspan="3" style="padding:0 3em; | [[Џ|Џ џ]] · [[Џ̆|Џ̆ џ̆]] · [[Џ̇|Џ̇ џ̇]] |}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Kirilica|Kirilica]] </noinclude> eesgqhabltlaa2vr6sg9je39wbqkdgw 10 511 27520 2868 2026-06-29T12:47:16Z Minorax 40 27520 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" width="100%" style="text-align:center; font-family:Cambria, Calibri; font-size:115%;" ! align="left" width="10%" | ! align="center" width="80%" | Varianty [[Kirilica|kiriličnyh]] bukv [[А (kirilica)|А]], [[Я]] ! align="right" width="10%" | → [[Б]] |- | colspan="3" style="padding:0 3em; | [[А (kirilica)|Аа]] · [[Ӑ|Ӑ ӑ]] · [[А̄|А̄ а̄]] · [[А̂|А̂ а̂]] · [[Ӓ|Ӓ ӓ]] · [[Ӓ̄|Ӓ̄ ӓ̄]] · [[А̇|А̇ а̇]] · [[А̨|А̨ а̨]] · [[А̱|А̱ а̱]] · [[А’|А’ а’]] · [[’А|’А ’а]] · [[‘А̇|‘А̇ ‘а̇]] · [[Аᵸ|Аᵸ аᵸ]] · [[А̄ᵸ|А̄ᵸ а̄ᵸ]] · [[Ӕ|Ӕ ӕ]] · [[Ꙗ|Ꙗ ꙗ]] · [[Я|Я я]] · [[Я̆|Я̆ я̆]] · [[Я̄|Я̄ я̄]] · [[Я̂|Я̂ я̂]] · [[Я̈|Я̈ я̈]] · [[Я̧|Я̧ я̧]] · [[Я̨|Я̨ я̨]] · [[Ԙ|Ԙ ԙ]] |}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Kirilica|Kirilica]] {{INTERWIKI|Q22329031}} </noinclude> 4tbaakelkk1w74cthml0db8ivxzd76x 10 512 27530 2871 2026-06-29T12:48:11Z Minorax 40 27530 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" width="100%" style="text-align:center; font-family:Cambria, Calibri; font-size:115%;" ! align="left" width="10%" | [[А (kirilica)|А]] ← ! align="center" width="80%" | Varianty [[Kirilica|kiriličnoj]] bukvy [[Б]] ! align="right" width="10%" | → [[В (kirilica)|В]] |- | colspan="3" style="padding:0 3em; | [[Б|Б б]] · [[Б́|Б́ б́]] · [[Б̀|Б̀ б̀]] |}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Kirilica|Kirilica]] </noinclude> 2p3hwps4xpyx2vlywakuo9fo14n2chc 10 514 27527 2881 2026-06-29T12:48:04Z Minorax 40 27527 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" width="100%" style="text-align:center; font-family:Cambria, Calibri; font-size:115%;" ! align="left" width="10%" | [[В (kirilica)|В]] ← ! align="center" width="80%" | Varianty [[Kirilica|kiriličnoj]] bukvy [[Г]] ! align="right" width="10%" | → [[Д]] |- | colspan="3" style="padding:0 3em; | [[Г|Г г]] · [[Ѓ|Ѓ ѓ]] · [[Г̀|Г̀ г̀]] · [[Г̌|Г̌ г̌]] · [[Г̆|Г̆ г̆]] · [[Г̄|Г̄ г̄]] · [[Г̈|Г̈ г̈]] · [[Г̇|Г̇ г̇]] · [[Г̊|Г̊ г̊]] · [[Г̑|Г̑ г̑]] · [[Г̓|Г̓ г̓]] · [[Г’|Г’ г’]] · [[Гꙻ|Гꙻ &nbsp; гꙻ]] &nbsp; · [[Г̧|Г̧ г̧]] · [[Г̣|Г̣ г̣]] · [[Г̱|Г̱ г̱]] · [[Ґ|Ґ ґ]] · [[Ӷ|Ӷ ӷ]] · [[Ӷ̇|Ӷ̇ ӷ̇]] · [[Ӷ̊|Ӷ̊ ӷ̊]] · [[Fajl:Cyrillic capital letter Ghe with hook.svg|9px|link=Ӷ]] [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Ghe with hook.svg|6px|link=Ӷ]] · [[Ӻ|Ӻ ӻ]] · [[Ҕ|Ҕ ҕ]] · [[Ҕ̀|Ҕ̀ ҕ̀]] · [[Ҕ̆|Ҕ̆ ҕ̆]] · [[Ғ|Ғ ғ]] · [[Ғ̌|Ғ̌ ғ̌]] · [[Ғ̊|Ғ̊ ғ̊]] · [[Fajl:Cyrillic capital letter Ghe with stroke and descender.svg|9px|link=Prěčrknuto Г s nižnjeju črtkoju]] [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Ghe with stroke and descender.svg|7px|link=Prěčrknuto Г s nižnjeju črtkoju]] · [[Fajl:Cyrillic capital letter split by middle ring Ghe.svg|9px|link=Г razdvojeno prstenjem po srědině]] [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter split by middle ring Ghe.svg|7px|link=Г razdvojeno prstenjem po srědině]]<br /> [[Γ|Γ γ]] · [[Ɣ̌|Ɣ̌ ɣ̌]] · [[G|G g]] · [[Ƣ|Ƣ ƣ]] · [[Ꙣ|Ꙣ ꙣ]] · [[Ꙥ|Ꙥ ꙥ]] · [[Ꙧ|Ꙧ ꙧ]] · [[Ҥ|Ҥ ҥ]] · [[Hryvnja|₴]] |}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Kirilica|Kirilica]] {{INTERWIKI|Q22797634}} </noinclude> 289q2gjqr6rrpep4bfrkts863pphw9j 10 519 27519 2919 2026-06-29T12:47:00Z Minorax 40 27519 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable skin-invert-image" width="100%" style="text-align:center; font-family:Cambria, Calibri; font-size:115%;" ! align="left" width="10%" | [[З]] ← ! align="center" width="80%" | Varianty [[Kirilica|kiriličnyh]] bukv [[И]], [[Й]], [[І (kirilica)|I]], [[Ј (kirilica)|Ј]] ! align="right" width="10%" | → [[К (kirilica)|К]] |- | colspan="3" style="padding:0 3em; | [[И|И и]] · [[И́|И́ и́]] · [[Ѝ|Ѝ ѝ]] · [[Й|Й й]] · [[Ӣ|Ӣ ӣ]] · [[Ӥ|Ӥ ӥ]] · [[Ӥ̄|Ӥ̄ ӥ̄]] · [[И̂|И̂ и̂]] · [[И̇|И̇ и̇]] · [[Иᵸ|Иᵸ иᵸ]] · [[Ҋ|Ҋ ҋ]] · [[Prěčrknuto Й|<s>Й</s> <s>й</s>]] · [[Fajl:Cyrillic letter short I with hook.svg|40px]] [[І (kirilica)|І ı]] · [[І́|І́ і́]] · [[І̆|І̆ і̆]] · [[І̄|І̄ і̄]] · [[Ї (kirilica)|Ї ї]] · [[І̂|І̂ і̂]] · [[І̄̀|І̄̀ і̄̀]] · [[І̨ |І̨ і̨]] · [[Fajl:Cyrillic capital letter bashkir Dha.svg|8px|link=І s nižnjem izgybom]] [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter bashkir Dha.svg|7px|link=І s nižnjem izgybom]] · [[Ј (kirilica)|Ј ј]] · [[Ɉ]]ɉ · [[Ј bez točky|Јȷ]] · [[Fajl:Cyrillic capital letter bashkir Ie.svg|8px|link=Baškirsky Ј]] [[Fajl:Cyrillic letter small capital bashkir Ie.svg|7px|link=Baškirsky Ј]] · [[Ꙗ|Ꙗ ꙗ]] · [[Ѥ|Ѥ ѥ]] · [[Ꙓ|Ꙓ ꙓ]] · [[Ѭ|Ѭ ѭ]] · [[Ѩ|Ѩ ѩ]] · [[Ѩ|Ꙝ ꙝ]] · [[Ю|Ю ю]] · [[Ю|Ꙕ ꙕ]] · [[Ꙑ|Ы ы]] · [[Ꙑ|Ꙑ ꙑ]] · [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Yeru with connecting stroke.svg|10px]] |}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Kirilica|Kirilica]] {{INTERWIKI|Q22784436}} </noinclude> 496b8in91vg8n60az6b4p3oc502x4wo 10 521 27532 2933 2026-06-29T12:48:38Z Minorax 40 27532 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable skin-invert-image" width="100%" style="text-align:center; font-family:Cambria, Calibri; font-size:115%;"> ! align="left" width="10%" | [[К (kirilica)|К]] ← ! align="center" width="80%" | Varianty [[Kirilica|kiriličnoj]] bukvy [[Л]] ! align="right" width="10%" | → [[М (kirilica)|М]] |- | colspan="3" style="padding:0 3em; | [[Л]]л · [[Л́|Л́ л́]] · [[Л̀|Л̀ л̀]] · [[Л̄|Л̄ л̄]] · [[Л̑|Л̑ л̑]] · [[Л̈|Л̈ л̈]] · [[Л̇|Л̇ л̇]] · [[Л’|Л’ л’]] · [[ʼЛ|ʼЛ ʼл]] · [[Ԉ|Ԉ ԉ]] · [[Ԯ|Ԯ ԯ]] · [[Ӆ|Ӆ ӆ]] · [[Ԓ|Ԓ ԓ]] · [[Ԡ|Ԡ ԡ]] · [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter El with retroflex hook.svg|13px|link=Л s retrofleksnym hakom]] · [[Ꙥ|Ꙥ ꙥ]] · [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Te El.svg|11px|link=Ligatura ТЛ]] · [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Te El with retroflex hook.svg|11px|link=Ligatura ТЛ s retrofleksnym hakom]] · <span style="vertical-align:top;">[[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tlje.svg|13px|link=Bezzvučno Л]]</span> · [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter voiceless L with comma above.svg|12px|link=Bezzvučno Л s zarezkoju]] ·[[Fajl:Cyrillic capital letter El Er.png|28px|link=Ligatura ЛР]][[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter El Er.svg|12px|link=Ligatura ЛР]] · [[Ԕ|Ԕ ԕ]] · [[Љ|Љ љ]] · [[Fajl:Cyrillic capital letter curled roundtop El.svg|13px|link=Л s kruglym vrhom]][[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter curled roundtop El.svg|10px|link=Л s kruglym vrhom]] · [[L|L l]] · [[Ł|Ł ł]] · [[ᴫ]] |}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Kirilica|Kirilica]] {{INTERWIKI|Q22805952}} </noinclude> 5apzmpls67t05i7bb9thtoo97z1e90p 10 523 27528 2939 2026-06-29T12:48:06Z Minorax 40 27528 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" width="100%" style="text-align:center; font-family:Cambria, Calibri; font-size:115%;" ! align="left" width="10%" | [[М (kirilica)|М]] ← ! align="center" width="80%" | Varianty [[Kirilica|kiriličnoj]] bukvy [[Н (kirilica)|Н]] ! align="right" width="10%" | → [[О (kirilica)|О]] |- | colspan="3" style="padding:0 3em; | [[Н (kirilica)|Н н]] · [[Н́|Н́ н́]] · [[Н̀|Н̀ н̀]] · [[Н̄|Н̄ н̄]] · [[Н̈|Н̈ н̈]] · [[Н̃|Н̃ н̃]] · [[Н’|Н’ н’]] · [[ʼН|ʼН ʼн]] · [[Н̧|Н̧ н̧]] · [[Н̨|Н̨ н̨]] · [[Ң|Ң ң]] · [[Ӊ|Ӊ ӊ]] · [[Ԩ|Ԩ ԩ]] · [[Ӈ|Ӈ ӈ]] · [[ʼӇ|ʼӇ ʼӈ]] · [[Ԋ|Ԋ ԋ]] · [[Ԣ|Ԣ ԣ]] · [[Њ|Њ њ]] · [[Ҥ|Ҥ ҥ]] · [[Ҥ̱|Ҥ̱ ҥ̱]] · [[Ŋ|Ŋ ŋ]] |}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Kirilica|Kirilica]] {{INTERWIKI|Q22776916}} </noinclude> 1af0qivoqtqhqliyrmza4d9lr5260k5 10 524 27522 2943 2026-06-29T12:47:22Z Minorax 40 27522 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" width="100%" style="text-align:center; font-family:Cambria, Calibri; font-size:115%;" ! align="left" width="10%" | [[Н (kirilica)|Н]] ← ! align="center" width="80%" | Varianty [[Kirilica|kiriličnoj]] bukvy [[О (kirilica)|О]] ! align="right" width="10%" | → [[П]] |- | colspan="3" style="padding:0 3em; | [[О (kirilica)|О о]] · [[О́|О́ о́]] · [[О̀|О̀ о̀]] · [[О̆|О̆ о̆]] · [[О̄|О̄ о]] · [[О̌|О̌ о̌]] · [[О̂|О̂ о̂]] · [[Ӧ|Ӧ ӧ]] · [[О̇|О̇ о̇]] · [[О̃|О̃ о̃]] · [[Ӧ́|Ӧ́ ӧ́]] · [[Ӧ̄|Ӧ̄ ӧ̄]] · [[’О|’О ’о]] · [[‘О̇|‘О̇ ‘о̇]] · [[О’|О’ о’]] · [[Оᵸ|Оᵸ оᵸ]] · [[О̨|О̨ о̨]] · [[Ọ|Ọ ọ]] · [[Œ|Œ œ]] · [[Ѹ|Ѹ ѹ]] · [[Ѹ|Ꙋ ꙋ]] · [[Ю|Ꙕ ꙕ]] · [[Ю|Ю ю]]<br /> [[Ө|Ө ө]] · [[Ө́|Ө́ ө́]] · [[Ө̆|Ө̆ ө̆]] · [[Ө̄|Ө̄ ө̄]] · [[Ӫ|Ӫ ӫ]] · [[Ҩ|Ҩ ҩ]] · [[Ɔ|Ɔ ɔ]] · [[Ꚛ|Ꚛ ꚛ]] · [[Ꙩ|Ꙩ ꙩ]] · [[Ꙩ|Ꙫ ꙫ]] · [[Ꙩ|Ꙭ ꙭ]] · [[Ꙩ|ꙮ]] · [[Ѻ|Ѻ ѻ]] · [[Ѡ|Ѡ ꙍ/ѡ]] · [[Ѡ|Ѿ ѿ]] · [[Ѡ|Ѽ ѽ]] |}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Kirilica|Kirilica]] {{INTERWIKI|Q22673877}} </noinclude> 15b4j0ed6kpn8y3b3vlqx1dwd9oz3bp 10 525 27529 2945 2026-06-29T12:48:09Z Minorax 40 27529 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" width="100%" style="text-align:center; font-family:Cambria, Calibri; font-size:115%;" ! align="left" width="10%" | [[О (kirilica)|О]] ← ! align="center" width="80%" | Varianty [[Kirilica|kiriličnoj]] bukvy [[П]] ! align="right" width="10%" | → [[Р (kirilica)|Р]] |- | colspan="3" style="padding:0 3em; | [[П|П п]] · [[П́|П́ п́]] · [[П̀|П̀ п̀]] · [[П̑|П̑ п̑]] · [[П̓|П̓ п̓]] · [[П͑|П͑ п͑]] · [[П’|П’ п’]] · [[Ԥ|Ԥ ԥ]] · [[П̧|П̧ п̧]] · [[Ҧ|Ҧ ҧ]] |}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Kirilica|Kirilica]] {{INTERWIKI|Q22791127}} </noinclude> dls2kk3h14jjbeookqa1i5dffvo9rg9 10 528 27531 2958 2026-06-29T12:48:35Z Minorax 40 27531 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable skin-invert-image" width="100%" style="text-align:center; font-family:Cambria, Calibri; font-size:115%;"> ! align="left" width="10%" | [[С (kirilica)|С]] ← ! align="center" width="80%" | Varianty [[Kirilica|kiriličnoj]] bukvy [[Т (kirilica)|Т]] ! align="right" width="10%" | → [[У (kirilica)|У]] |- | colspan="3" style="padding:0 3em;" | [[Т (kirilica)|Т т]] ([[Fajl:Unicode 0x1C85.svg|link=ᲅ|16px]]) · [[Т́|Т́ т́]] · [[Т̀|Т̀ т̀]] · [[Т̆|Т̆ т̆]] · [[Т̄|Т̄ т̄]] · [[Т̌|Т̌ т̌]] · [[Т̂|Т̂ Т̂]] · [[Т̑|Т̑ т̑]] · [[Т̈|Т̈ т̈]] · [[Т̇|Т̇ т̇]] · [[Т̓|Т̓ т̓]] · [[Т̊|Т̊ т̊]] · [[Т͑|Т͑ Т͑]] · [[Т’|Т’ т’]] <!--- [[Т']] = [[Тʼ]] = [[Т′]]---> · [[Т̣|Т̣ т̣]] · [[Ԏ|Ԏ ԏ]] · [[Т̧|Т̧ Т̧]] · [[Ҭ|Ҭ ҭ]] · [[Ҭ̊|Ҭ̊ ҭ̊]] · [[Ꚑ|Ꚑ ꚑ]] · [[Ꚋ|Ꚋ ꚋ]] · [[Ћ|Ћ ћ]] · [[Ђ|Ђ ђ]] · [[Ᲊ|Ᲊ ᲊ]] ([[Fajl:Unicode 0x1C89.svg|16px]][[Fajl:Unicode 0x1C8A.svg|16px]]) · [[Ҵ|Ҵ ҵ]] · [[Ꚓ|Ꚓ ꚓ]] · [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Te El.svg|11px|link=Ligatura ТЛ]] · [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Te El with retroflex hook.svg|11px|link=Ligatura ТЛ s retrofleksnym hakom]] · <span style="vertical-align:top;">[[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tlje.svg|13px|link=Bezzvučno Л]]</span> <!--- [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Te El Soft-sign.svg|14px]] ---> · [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter voiceless L with comma above.svg|12px|link=Bezzvučno Л s zarezkoju]] · [[Ꚍ|Ꚍ ꚍ]] · [[Ꚍ̆|Ꚍ̆ ꚍ̆]] · [[t]] · [[Т (кириллица)|ᲄ]] |}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Kirilica|Kirilica]] {{INTERWIKI|Q22778045}} </noinclude> nc51mg0vv51865jpniijiu3a5oyh3fm 10 529 27523 2960 2026-06-29T12:47:26Z Minorax 40 27523 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" width="100%" style="text-align:center; font-family:Cambria, Calibri; font-size:115%;" ! align="left" width="10%" | [[Т (kirilica)|Т]] ← ! align="center" width="80%" | Varianty [[Kirilica|kiriličnyh]] bukv [[У (kirilica)|У]], [[Ю]] ! align="right" width="10%" | → [[Ф]] |- | colspan="3" style="padding:0 3em; | [[У (kirilica)|У у]] · [[У́|У́ у́]] · [[Ў|Ў ў]] · [[Ӯ|Ӯ ӯ]] · [[У̂|У̂ у̂]] · [[Ӱ|Ӱ ӱ]] · [[Ӱ́|Ӱ́ ӱ́]] · [[Ӱ̄|Ӱ̄ ӱ̄]] · [[Ӱ̊|Ӱ̊ ӱ̊]] · [[Ӳ|Ӳ ӳ]] · [[У̇|У̇ у̇]] · [[У̊|У̊ у̊]] · [[У̃|У̃ у̃]] · [[У̨|У̨ у̨]] · [[’У|’У ’у]] · [[У’|У’ у’]] · [[Уᵸ|Уᵸ уᵸ]] · [[ʼЎ|ʼЎ ʼў]] · [[Ү|Ү ү]] · [[Ү́|Ү́ ү́]] · [[Ү̈|Ү̈ ү̈]] · [[Ұ|Ұ ұ]]<br /> [[Ю|Ю ю]] · [[Ю́|Ю́ ю́]] · [[Ю̂|Ю̂ ю̂]] · [[Ю̆|Ю̆ ю̆]] · [[Ю̄|Ю̄ ю̄]] · [[Ю̈|Ю̈ ю̈]] · [[Ю̈̄|Ю̈̄ ю̈̄]] · [[Ю|Ꙕ ꙕ]] · [[Ѹ|Ѹ ѹ]] · [[Ѹ|Ꙋ ꙋ]] · [[Ꙋ̆|Ꙋ̆ ꙋ̆]] |}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Kirilica|Kirilica]] {{INTERWIKI|Q25834066}} </noinclude> 4kgg74x87a69nnd91nx1lpknh8omsn7 10 530 27525 2962 2026-06-29T12:47:55Z Minorax 40 27525 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" width="100%" style="text-align:center; font-family:Cambria, Calibri; font-size:115%;" ! align="left" width="10%" | [[У (kirilica)|У]] ← ! align="center" width="80%" | Varianty [[Kirilica|kiriličnoj]] bukvy [[Ф]] ! align="right" width="10%" | → [[Х (kirilica)|Х]] |- | colspan="3" style="padding:0 3em; | [[Ф|Ф ф]] · [[Ф̑|Ф̑ ф̑]] · [[Ф̓|Ф̓ ф̓]] · [[Ф’|Ф’ ф’]] |}<noinclude> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Kirilica|Kirilica]] </noinclude> p0hj2k1942jnb2hpnshoftzv8tjtgxo 10 543 27548 27289 2026-06-29T12:54:46Z Minorax 40 27548 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="usermessage"> {| width=100% style="margin:1px; padding:1em;" | |- valign="center" | | width=10% | [[Fajl:Cup-o-coffee-simple.svg|120px]] | width=80% align=center | <p style="margin: -10px 0px 10px 0px; text-align: center; font-size:16pt; line-height: 150%;">''' Dobrodošli v krčmě! '''</p> <p>Krčma — v davnyh časah město, kde ljudi popili i pobesědovali.<br />Tu vy možete obgovoriti medžuslovjansku Vikipediju s drugymi koristnikami projekta.<br />Ako vy imajete kake-nebud pytanja, primětky, pomysly ili prědloženja, napišite jih tu.<br />Prosimo, že podpišete svoje soobčenje s pomočju četyreh tild: <nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>.</p> <p><div class="center"><big>[{{SERVER}}{{localurl:{{FULLPAGENAME}}|action=edit&section=new}} Započnite novu diskusiju!]<!--- ili [[{{NAMESPACE}}:{{BASEPAGENAME}}|sde]] ---></big></div></p> | width=10% | [[Fajl:Oxygen480-apps-wine.svg|100px]] |} </div> <p align=right>'''Arhiv:''' ''[[Vikipedija:Krčma/Arhiv 2024|2024]] — [[Vikipedija:Krčma/Arhiv 2025|2025]]''</p> </div><includeonly>{{INTERWIKI|Q16503}}</includeonly><noinclude>[[Kategorija:Šablony:Poslanja]]</noinclude> [[Kategorija:Krčma]] 2uvwxjfae698yvot2ra5aouv8orqaiz 0 837 27593 5500 2026-06-30T05:34:46Z Ilja isv 10 27593 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} [[Fajl:Eco MOL (solar powered) petrol station. - Budapest, XII. distr. Istenhegyi St., 55.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Benzinostancija na [[Solnečna energija|solnečnoj energiji]] v [[Budapešt]]u, [[Vugrija]]]] [[Fajl:VW Golf TDI Clean Diesel WAS 2010 8983.JPG|thumb|right|250px|{{-|[[Volkswagen]] [[Golf TDI]]}} v lětu 2010, s rěčenjem "čisty dizelj" (vid paliva, takože znajemy kako [[dizelj s ultra-nizkoju sěroju]]). Kompanija pozdněje se stala prědmětom razslědovanja i byla uznana vinovatoju v svezu s [[Emisijny skandal Volkswagen|emisijnym skandalom]].]] '''Ekomanipulacija''', {{Jezyky|en|Greenwashing}} ([[složeno slovo]], skonstruovano od "{{-|[[Whitewashing (communications)|Whitewashing]]}}", izpranje do bělogo), takože '''zeleno pranje''',<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2011 |title=Season 5: It's Not Easy Being Green: Green Marketing |url= http://www.cbc.ca/ageofpersuasion/episode/season-5/2011/01/08/its-not-easy-being-green-green-marketing/ |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110804064419/http://www.cbc.ca/ageofpersuasion/episode/season-5/2011/01/08/its-not-easy-being-green-green-marketing/ |archive-date=4 August 2011 |access-date=30 July 2022 |work=CBC Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LP: 'The biggest environmental crime in history' |url= http://www.libertypost.org/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=209637 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130116004629/https://www.libertypost.org/cgi-bin/readart.cgi?ArtNum=209637 |archive-date=16 January 2013 |access-date=11 September 2009 |website=libertypost.org}}</ref> jest forma [[Reklama|reklamy]] ili [[marketingovy trik]], ktory omamno koristaje [[Zeleny PR|zeleny {{-|PR}}]] i [[zeleny marketing]] da by uběditi publiku, že produckcija, cělje ili [[Politika|politiky]] organizacije sut [[Ekologičnost|prijatelske za prirodnu obsrědinu]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Williams |first1=Joe |title=Greenwashing: Appearance, illusion and the future of 'green' capitalism |journal=Geography Compass |date=2024 |volume=18 |issue=1 |page=e12736 |doi=10.1111/gec3.12736 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2024GComp..18E2736W }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zioło |first1=Magdalena |last2=Bąk |first2=Iwona |last3=Spoz |first3=Anna |title=Literature review of greenwashing research: State of the art |journal=Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management |date=2024 |volume=31 |issue=6 |pages=5343–5356 |doi=10.1002/csr.2842 |doi-access=free|bibcode=2024CSREM..31.5343Z }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=de Freitas Netto |first1=Sebastião Vieira |last2=Sobral |first2=Marcos Felipe Falcão |last3=Ribeiro |first3=Ana Regina Bezerra |last4=Soares |first4=Gleibson Robert da Luz |title=Concepts and forms of greenwashing: a systematic review |journal=[[Environmental Sciences Europe]] |date=2020 |volume=32 |page=19 |doi=10.1186/s12302-020-0300-3 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Kompanije, ktore naměrno akceptujut ekomanipulačne komunikacijne strategije, često dělajut to, da by oddaliti sebe od svojih [[Ekologija|ekologičnyh]] prěstupkov ili prěstupkov svojih dostaviteljev.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Pizzetti |first1=Marta |last2=Gatti |first2=Lucia |last3=Seele |first3=Peter |title=Firms Talk, Suppliers Walk: Analyzing the Locus of Greenwashing in the Blame Game and Introducing 'Vicarious Greenwashing' |journal=Journal of Business Ethics |date=April 2021 |volume=170 |issue=1 |pages=21–38 |doi=10.1007/s10551-019-04406-2 |s2cid=214383794 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/329946/files/Seele_2019_jbe.pdf }}</ref> Firmy puskajut se do {{-|greenwashing}}'a glavno vslěd dvoh pričin: da by izgledati legitimnymi, i da by projektovati obraz ekologičnoj odpovědnosti na široku publiku.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Walker |first1=Kent |last2=Wan |first2=Fang |date=2012-08-01 |title=The Harm of Symbolic Actions and Green-Washing: Corporate Actions and Communications on Environmental Performance and Their Financial Implications |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10551-011-1122-4 |journal=Journal of Business Ethics |language=en |volume=109 |issue=2 |pages=227–242 |doi=10.1007/s10551-011-1122-4 |issn=1573-0697|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Zatože ne jestvuje harmonizovana medžunarodna definicija ekomanipulacije, jej oprěděljenje v konkretnom slučaju može byti značnoju vyzvoju za spotrěbiteljev i regulačne organy.<ref name="Harvard">{{Cite web|url=https://corpgov.law.harvard.edu/2023/07/24/greenwashing-navigating-the-risk/ |title=Greenwashing: Navigating the Risk|first1=Peter|last1=Pears|first2=Tim|last2=Baines|first3=Oliver|last3=Williams|publisher=Harvard Law School Forum on Corporate Governance|date=July 24, 2023}}</ref> == Izkoristanje == [[Fajl:Greenwashingcard.JPG|thumb|right|Plakat v hotelu s prosboju «shranjati prirodnu obsrědinu»]] Izraz "{{-|greenwashing}}" byl vprvo prědložen [[Nju-Jork|nju-jorkskym]] [[Environmentalizm|environmentalistom]] {{-|Džejom Vesterfeldom (Jay Westerveld)|Джеjом Вестерфелдом ({{-|Jay Westerveld}})}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/08/28/commentary-when-csr-neither-profit-nor-public-good.html | title = Commentary: When CSR is neither profit nor public good | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211019174659/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2008/08/28/commentary-when-csr-neither-profit-nor-public-good.html | archive-date = 2021-11-01 | language = en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news| url = http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/special-report/09/16/08/beware-green-marketing-warns-greenpeace-exec | title = ABS-CNB News | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117015921/http://www.abs-cbnnews.com/special-report/09/16/08/beware-green-marketing-warns-greenpeace-exec |archive-date=2015-11-17 }}</ref> v lětu 1986. V svojem eseju o hotelovom biznesu on jest opisal praktiku navěšivanja hotelami v komorah plakatov, ktore prizyvajut gostev koristati ručniky mnogokratno, vměsto tomu, daby jih oddavati v praljnu, i tako «shranjati» obsrědinu. Na javu, cělj, ktoromu sut slědovali gostinicy — skratiti traty na pranje. Vesterfeld jest opisal postupanje, ktoro imaje cěljem glavno doseganje koristi, ale ne realnu opeku ob obsrědine, kako "zeleno pranje" ili "{{-|greenwashing}}". Tutoj termin jest aplikovateljnym k slučajam, ako kompanije reklamujut svoje ekologične prědnosti i dosegnjenja vměsto realnyh vlaganij v "zelene" tehnologije. Napadnym priměrom jest lěpjenje na sodržnik s himikatami za zemjedeljstvo jarkyh etiket s zelenymi drěvami i listami, ktore muset izzyvati čuvstvo uvěrjenosti v bezpečnosti i ekologičnosti produkta vnutri. [[Ombudsmen]] [[Norvegija|Norvegije]] v spotrěbnyh tovarah jest izjavil slučaje, kogda proizvoditelj avtomobilov jest utvrdžal, že jego vozy sut [[Ekologična bezpečnost|ekologično čiste]]. Tutčas proizvoditelje imajut zabranjeno upotrěbjati v reklamě podobne terminy, zatože avtomobily sami po sebe ne mogut nesti dlja obsrědiny ničto, než škodu. Razlika jest jedino v toj ili inoj měrě negativnogo vplyva <ref>{{Cite book| language=en| title = Use of environmental claims in the marketing of vehicles in relation to the Marketing Control Act |editor = Executive officer Ole Andre Tveit |publisher = Forbrukerombudet |url = http://www.forbrukerombudet.no/asset/2857/1/2857_1.pdf |archive-date=2010-11-23 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101123183503/http://www.forbrukerombudet.no/asset/2857/1/2857_1.pdf }}</ref>. ==Linky i referencije== {{Iztočniky}} ==Vněšnje linky== {{Prěvod|en|Greenwashing}} {{Prěvod|ru|Зелёный камуфляж}} [[Kategorija:Ekologija]] [[Kategorija:Etika]] [[Kategorija:Promysl]] {{INTERWIKI|Q983063}} oow5qfspdpinr6mpbdn3hiy8sn7f5qz 0 967 27536 27492 2026-06-29T12:51:12Z Minorax 40 27536 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Hantyjsky jezyk | nativename = <center>{{Jezyky|kca|Ханты ясаӈ}}</center> | image = 6-Ob Ugric-languages.png | imagecaption = Hantyjsky i mansijsky jezyky v načelu XX stolětja<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref> | states = Rosija | speakers = 9584 (2010) / 14 000 (2020)<ref name="rosstat-2020"/> | ref = | script = * [[kirilica]] ([[Hantyjsky jezyk#Pismennost|hantyjska]]) | official = [[Hanty-Mansijsky avtonomny okrug]], [[Jamalo-Nenečsky avtonomny okrug]] | agency = | iso1 = | iso3 = kca | family = * [[Uralske jezyky]] ** [[Ugrofinske jezyky]] *** [[Ugrske jezyky]] **** [[Obsko-ugrske jezyky]] | GOST 7.75–97 = han 760 }} '''Hantyjsky jezyk''' ([[Russky jezyk|rus.]] ''ostjacky'')<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://feb-web.ru/feb/litenc/encyclop/le8/le8-3741.htm |title=Литературная энциклопедия |access-date=2009-08-14 |archive-date=2022-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303064842/http://feb-web.ru/feb/LITENC/ENCYCLOP/le8/le8-3741.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> — jezyk [[Hanty|Hantov]] — [[Domorodne maločislne narody Sěvera, Siberje i Dalekogo Iztoka Rosijskoj Federacije|maločislnogo naroda]] [[Zapadna Siberja|Zapadnoj Siberiji]], živučih po basenam pritokov [[Obj (rěka)|Obje]] i [[Irtyš (rěka)|Irtyša]] i po samoj Obi v jejnom srědnjem i nižnjem tečenjah. Odnosi se k [[Ugrske jezyky|ugrskym jezykam]] iz ([[Obsko-ugrske jezyky|obsko-ugrskyh]]) [[Ugrofinske jezyky|ugrofinskyh]] jezykov [[Uralske jezyky|uralskoj jezyčnoj rodiny]]; jest srodny [[Mansijsky jezyk|mansijskomu]] i [[Madjarsky jezyk|madjarskomu]] jezykam. Po danym prěpisa 2002 goda, čislnost hantov sostavjala 28,7 tys. ljudij. Osnovna jih masa žije v [[Hanty-Mansijsky avtonomny okrug|Hanty-Mansijskom]] (kromě jego zapadnyh rajonov, zaseljenyh [[Mansi]]) i [[Jamalo-Nenečsky avtonomny okrug|Jamalo-Nenečskom]] avtonomnyh okrugah (25,9 tys. ljudij), ostali — na sěvero-zapadu [[Tomska oblast|Tomskoj oblasti]]. Čislnost Hantov na proteženju XX stolětja ostavaje se vyše ili menje stabilnoju, ale kolikost hantov, uvažajučih hantyjsky jezyk rodnym, se značno izmenšala s godami: v 1959-m godu jih bylo 77 % pri naseljenju v 19 410 ljudij, v 1970-m — 68,9 % (od 21 138 ljudij), a v 1989-m — 60,5 %. Raste poděl hantov, vladajučih [[Russky jezyk|russkym jezykom]] (kako prvogo, tako i vtorogo jezyka): 70,3 % v 1959 i 89,4 % v 1989 godah. Prěpis 2020 goda pokazal povyšanje kolikosti nositeljev na 4416 ljudij v sravnjenju s 2010 godom<ref name="rosstat-2020">{{Cite web |author=[[Rosstat|RosStat]] |title=Росстат — Итоги ВПН-2020. Том 5 Национальный состав и владение языками. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab6_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=2024-02-04 |lang=ru}}</ref>. [[Hantyjska pismennost|Pismennost hantov]] — na osnově kirilice. Hantyjsky jezyk jest prědmetom izučanja v [[Načelna škola|načelnyh klasah školy]]; izdajut se [[Novina (članok)|noviny]]. Po svojemu stroju toj jest, kako i druge [[Ugrofinske jezyky|ugrofinske]], [[Aglutinativne jezyky|aglutinativnym jezykom]]. == Dialekty == [[Fajl:Khanty Mansi dialects.svg|thumb|270px|Dialekty hantyjskogo i mansijskogo jezykov: {{Legend|Yellow|obdorsky,}} {{Legend|Orange|priobske,}} {{Legend|Red|južne (irtyšske),}} {{Legend|Turquoise|surgutske,}} {{Legend|LimeGreen|iztočne (vahovsko-vasjuganske).}}]] Hantyjsky jezyk jest znany svojeju izraznoju [[Dialektologija|dialektnoju razdrobjenostju]]. Teritorialno susědne govory i dialekty sut blizke medžu soboju, ale krajne točky [[Kontinuum (lingvistika)|dialektnogo kontinuuma]] imajut razliky, ktore izključajut [[vzajemno razuměnje]] nositeljev tyh dialektov. Bezspornym jest uděljenje dvoh grup [[dialekt]]ov (narěčij): zapadnyh (vlastno hantyjskyh), podrazděljenyh na [[Sěvernohantyjsky jezyk|sěverne]] (govory obdorskoj grupy (obdorsky) i govory priobskoj grupy: šuryškarsky, berezovsky, kazymsky, srědnjeobsky)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dissercat.com/content/imya-chislitelnoe-v-dialektakh-khantyiskogo-yazyka-sopostavitelnyi-aspekt |title=Диссертация на тему «Имя числительное в диалектах хантыйского языка: сопоставительный аспект» aвтореферат по специальности ВАК 10.02.20 — Сравнительно-историческое, типологическое и сопоставительное языкознание |access-date=2012-06-19 |archive-date=2012-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221107/http://www.dissercat.com/content/imya-chislitelnoe-v-dialektakh-khantyiskogo-yazyka-sopostavitelnyi-aspekt |url-status=live }}</ref> i [[Južnohantyjsky jezyk|južne]] (irtyšsky, kondinsky, demjansky — mrtve dialekty), i [[Iztočnohantyjsky jezyk|iztočnyh]] (ili kantykskyh — po samonazvanju iztočnyh hantov), vključno govorov surgutskoj grupy: trom-aganskogo, aganskogo, juganskogo, pimskogo. S obzirom na odsutstvo literaturnoj normy i leksično razhodženje medžu dialektami, sut osnovanja govoriti o hantyjskoj podgrupě obsko-ugrskyh jezykov, vključajučej tri jezyky: vlastno [[Sěvernohantyjsky jezyk|hantyjsky (sěverny)]], [[Južnohantyjsky jezyk|handejsky (južny)]] i [[Iztočnohantyjsky jezyk|kantyksky (iztočny)]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Коряков |first=Ю. Б. |year=2017 |title=Проблема «язык или диалект» и попытка лексикостатистического подхода |journal=[[Voprosy jezykoznanja (žurnal)|Вопросы языкознания]] |language=ru |issue=6 |pages=94 |url=https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2017-6/79-101}}</ref>. == Pismennost == [[Fajl:Kornika Tago en la Arkeologia muzeo ĉe lago Andrejevskoje (2024) 02.jpg|thumb|270px|Nadpis hantyjskoju kiriliceju]] [[Fajl:Lyantor museum.jpg|thumb|270px|Nadpis hantyjskoju kiriliceju na vhodu v [[Ljantor]]sky muzej]] Prve pokušenja stvorjenja [[Pismennost|pisemnogo varianta]] hantyjskogo jezyka, prodolžavše se až do početka XX stolětja, odnoset se k 1868 godu, kogda byl izdanym prěvod [[Evangelje od Matfeja|Evangelja od Mateja]] na berezovsko-obdorskom dialektu. Pismennost na osnově [[Latinsky alfabet|latinice]] byla sostavjena v 1930-h godah dlja obdorskogo i kazymskogo dialektov, a v 1937 godu — prěvedena na [[Kirilica|kirilicu]]. Jedinogo literaturnogo varianta jezyka ne povstalo; v nastoječe vrěme pismennost jestvuje na četyreh dialektah. Sumarny hantyjsky alfabet dlja četyreh dialektov (od 2000 goda)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Кошкарева |first=Н. Б. |date=2013 |title=Актуальные вопросы совершенствования хантыйской графики и орфографии |journal=[[Věstnik ugrovedenja (žurnal)|Вестник угроведения]] |issue=3 | language = ru |pages=52—72}}</ref>: {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF; white-space: nowrap;" | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|А а}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ӓ ӓ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ӑ ӑ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Б б}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|В в}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Г г}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Д д}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Е е}} |-}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ё ё}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ә ә}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ӛ ӛ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ж ж}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|З з}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|И и}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Й й}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|К к}} |-}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Қ қ <br> (Ӄ ӄ)}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Л л}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ԯ ԯ <br> (Ԓ ԓ)}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|М м}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Н н}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ң ң <br> (Ӈ ӈ)}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Н' н'}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|О о}} |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ӧ ӧ <br> (Ŏ ŏ)}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ө ө}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ӫ ӫ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|П п}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Р р}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|С с}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Т т}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|У у}} |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ӱ ӱ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ў ў}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ф ф}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Х х}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ҳ ҳ <br> (Ӽ ӽ)}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ц ц}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ч ч}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ҷ ҷ}} |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ш ш}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Щ щ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ъ ъ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ы ы}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ь ь}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Э э}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Є є}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Є̈ є̈}} |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ю ю}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ю̆ ю̆}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Я я}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Я̆ я̆}} |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Sovrěmenna kirilica ! Nazvanje bukvy ! [[Medžunarodny fonetičny alfabet|MFA]] |- | {{-|А а}} || ''a'' || {{-|ɑ}} |- | {{-|Ӓ ӓ}} || ''ӓ'' || |- | {{-|Ӑ ӑ}} || ''ӑ'' || |- | {{-|Б б}} || ''be'' || {{-|b}} |- | {{-|В в}} || ''ve'' || {{-|w, v}} |- | {{-|Г г}} || ''ge'' || {{-|ɣ, ɡ}} |- | {{-|Д д}} || ''de'' || {{-|d}} |- | {{-|Е е}} || ''je'' || {{-|je, ʲe}} |- | {{-|Ё ё}} || ''jo'' || {{-|jo, ʲo}} |- | {{-|Ә ә}} || ''ә'' || {{-|ə̱}} |- | {{-|Ӛ ӛ}} || ''ӛ'' || {{-|ɘ}} |- | {{-|Ж ж}} || ''že'' || {{-|ʒ}} |- | {{-|З з}} || ''ze'' || {{-|z}} |- | {{-|И и}} || ''i'' || {{-|i, ʲi}} |- | {{-|Й й}} || || {{-|j}} |- | {{-|К к}} || ''ka'' || {{-|k}} |- | {{-|Қ қ (Ӄ ӄ)}} || ''qа'' || {{-|q}} |- | {{-|Л л}} || ''el'' || {{-|ɫ, lʲ}} |- | {{-|Ԯ ԯ (Ԓ ԓ)}} || ''еł̦'' || {{-|ɬ}} |- | {{-|М м}} || ''em'' || {{-|m}} |- | {{-|Н н}} || ''en'' || {{-|n, nʲ}} |- | {{-|Ң ң (Ӈ ӈ)}} || ''еŋ'' || {{-|ŋ}} |- | {{-|Н' н'}} || ''en''' || {{-|ɳ}} |- | {{-|О о}} || ''o'' || {{-|o}} |- | {{-|Ӧ ӧ (Ŏ ŏ)}} || ''ӧ'' || {{-|ø}} |- | {{-|Ө ө}} || ''ө'' || {{-|ө̱ }} |- | {{-|Ӫ ӫ}} || ''ӫ'' || {{-|ɵ~ɞ}} |- | {{-|П п}} || ''pe'' || {{-|p}} |- | {{-|Р р}} || ''er'' || {{-|r}} |- | {{-|С с}} || ''es'' || {{-|s, ɕ}} |- | {{-|Т т}} || ''te'' || {{-|t, tʲ}} |- | {{-|У у}} || ''u'' || {{-|u}} |- | {{-|Ӱ ӱ}} || ''ü'' || {{-|y}} |- | {{-|Ў ў}} || ''ǔ'' || {{-|w}} |- | {{-|Ф ф}} || ''ef'' || {{-|f}} |- | {{-|Х х}} || ''ha'' || {{-|x}} |- | {{-|Ҳ ҳ (Ӽ ӽ)}} || ''ħа'' || {{-|χ}} |- | {{-|Ц ц}} || ''ce'' || {{-|ts}} |- | {{-|Ч ч}} || ''če'' || {{-|tɕ}} |- | {{-|Ҷ ҷ}} || ''ćе'' || {{-|tʃ}} |- | {{-|Ш ш}} || ''ša'' || {{-|ʃ}} |- | {{-|Щ щ}} || ''šča'' || {{-|ɕ, ɕː}} |- | {{-|Ъ ъ}} || || |- | {{-|Ы ы}} || ''y'' || {{-|ə, i}} |- | {{-|Ь ь}} || || {{-|ʲ}} |- | {{-|Э э}} || ''e'' || {{-|e}} |- | {{-|Є є}} || ''є'' || {{-|ě}} |- | {{-|Є̈ є̈}} || ''є̈'' || |- | {{-|Ю ю}} || ''ju'' || {{-|ju, ʲu}} |- | {{-|Ю̆ ю̆}} || ''јǔ'' || |- | {{-|Я я}} || ''ja'' || {{-|ja, ʲa}} |- | {{-|Я̆ я̆}} || ''јӑ'' || |} == Lingvistična harakteristika == === Fonetika i fonologija === Da by uslyšati zapis zvučanja hantyjskogo jezyka, [https://finugorbib.com/audio/aud_khanty.html natisnite tut]; priměry izgovora izrazov na hantyjskom jezyku (s prěvodom) [https://translation.ouipiir.ru/han_kaz možno jest uslyšati tut]. V [[Fonetika|fonetikě]] hantyjskogo jezyka uděljajut 8 [[Samoglasky|samoglasnyh]] i 18 [[Suglasky|suglasnyh]] zvukov (kazymsky dialekt). Trěba različati samoglasky prvogo i neprvyh [[slog]]ov. Tako, samoglasky prvogo sloga sut vyše definovane i jasne; one mogut byti [[Dolge i kratke samoglasky|dolgimi]]: {{-|''а'', ''э'', ''о'', ''ә''}}, i kratkimi: {{-|''ӓ'', ''и'', ''ө'', ''у''}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Honti |first=László |title=ObUgrian. The Uralic Languages |year=1998 |language=en |pages=338}}</ref>. Dolgota samoglasky često igraje smyslorazličajuču rolju, napriměr: {{-|'''''А'''с''}} «Obj» ― {{-|'''''ӓ'''с''}} «samka»; {{-|''ш'''а'''нш''}} «kolěno» ― {{-|''ш'''ӓ'''нш''}} «hrebet». V neprvyh slogah često strěčaje se [[Redukcija (lingvistika)|redukovana]] superkratka samoglaska, označajema bukvoju {{-|''ы''}}. ==== Suglasky ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Suglasne zvuky kazymskogo dialekta<ref name=":2" /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | [[Gubno-gubne suglasky|Gubno-gubne]] ! colspan="2" | [[Zubne suglasky|Zubne]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Retrofleksne suglasky|Retrofleksne]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Palatalne suglasky|Palatalne]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Zadnjejezyčne suglasky|Zadnjejezyčne]] |- ! Proste ! [[Palatalizacija|Palatalizovane]] |- ! colspan="2" | [[Nosove suglasky|Nosove]] | {{-|m}} || {{-|n}} || {{-|nʲ}} || {{-|ɳ}} || || {{-|ŋ}} |- ! colspan="2" | [[Eksplozivne suglasky|Eksplozivne]] | {{-|p}} || {{-|t}} || || || || {{-|k}} |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Frikativne suglasky|Frikativne]] ! centralne | || {{-|s}} || {{-|sʲ}} || {{-|ʂ}} || || {{-|x}} |- ! [[Bokove suglasky|bočne]] | || {{-|ɬ}} || {{-|ɬʲ}} || || || |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Aproksimanty]] ! centralne | {{-|w}} || || || || {{-|j}} || |- ! bočne | || {{-|l}} || || || || |- ! colspan="2" | [[Vibrantne suglasky|Vibrantne]] | ||{{-|r}} || || || || |} Něktore suglasne zvuky ne mogut tvoriti [[Slivanje suglasok|slivanij]]; ako pri [[sufiks]]aciji take nedopustime slivanja imajut vozniknuti, jedna iz suglasok či odpadaje, či medžu njimi voznikaje redukovany samoglasny zvuk. Suglasky {{-|''с '', ''х'', ''ш'', ''ӆ''}} v položenju medžu samoglaskami mogut stavati se zvučnymi. ==== Udarjenje ==== [[Udarjenje]] v hantyjskom skoro vsegda padaje na prvy slog<ref>{{Cite book |last=Estill |first=Dennis |title=Diachronic change in Erzya word stress |year=2004 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Finno-Ugrian Society |language=en |pages=179 |isbn=952-5150-80-1}}</ref>; v mnogosložnyh slovah mogut pojavjati se drugoredne udarjenja, padajuče na jedin iz neparnyh slogov (čestěje na tretji). === Morfologija === V hantyjskom odsutstvuje [[Rod (lingvistika)|kategorija gramatičnogo roda]], [[prědlog]]am obyčno odpovědajut [[poslělog]]y, napriměr: ''{{-|Ма Ас пэла мансөм}}'' («Ja k Obi pošel jesm»), kde ''{{-|Ас}}'' — «Obj», a [[poslělog]] ''{{-|пэла}}'' — «k». Dlja označenja prinaležnosti prědmeta k kakoj-libo osobě koristajut [[Privlastniteljne afiksy|osobno-privlastniteljne sufiksy]]. Uděljajut 3 [[Gramatično čislo|čisla]]: [[Jednina|jedninu]], [[Množina|množinu]] i [[Dvojina|dvojinu]], napriměr: ''{{-|пух мӓныс}}'' («hlapčik ušel»), ''{{-|пухы мӓнсаңын}}'' («hlapčiki (dvoje) ušli»), ''{{-|пухыт мӓнсыт}}'' («hlapčiki ušli»). [[Padež]]ev uděljaje se do 11<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nikolaeva |first=Irina Alekseevna |title=Ostyak. Languages of the world |language=en |year=1999 |publisher=Materials. Lincom Europa |isbn=3-89586-562-1}}</ref>. === Sintaksa === Obyčny [[Tipologija reda slov|red slov]] v hantyjskom jezyku — {{-|[[Tipologija reda slov|SOV]]}} ([[prědmet]] — [[Dopolnjenje (sintaksa)|dopolnjenje]] — [[glagol]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grenoble |first=Lenore A. |title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union |language=en |year=2003 |publisher=Springer |pages=14 |isbn=978-1-4020-1298-3}}</ref>. === Leksika === Suglasno izslědovanju 1972 goda, [[Leksika|slovnikovy sostav]] hantyjskogo jezyka byl slědujuči<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schiefer |first=Erhard |year=1972 |title=Wolfgang Steinitz. Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache |language=de |journal=Études Finno-Ougriennes |volume=9 |pages=161–171}}</ref>: {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="4" | [[Iskonne slovo|Iskonne slova]] || rowspan="4" | 30 % || [[Uralske jezyky|Uralskogo]] proishoženja || 5 % |- | [[Ugrofinske jezyky|Ugrofinskyh]] || 9 % |- | [[Ugrske jezyky|Ugrskogo]] || 3 % |- | [[Obsko-ugrske jezyky|Obsko-ugrskogo]] || 13 % |- | rowspan="4" | [[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|Pozajetja]] || rowspan="4" | 28 % || Iz [[Komi jezyk|komi]] || 7 % |- | Iz [[Samodijske jezyky|samodijskyh jezykov]] ([[Selkupske jezyky|selkupske]] i [[Nenečsky jezyk|nenečsky]]) || 3 % |- | Iz [[Tatarsky jezyk|tatarskogo]] || 10 % |- | Iz russkogo || 8 % |- | Slova neznanogo proizhodženja || 40 % || |} Izslědovanje 1975 goda takože prědpokladaje prisutnost pozajetij iz [[Tungusko-mančžurske jezyky|tungusko-mančžurskyh jezykov]] — glavno iz [[Evenkijsky jezyk|evenkijskogo]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Futaky |first=István |year=1975 |title=Tungusische Lehnwörter des Ostjakischen |language=de |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |location=Wiesbaden}}</ref>. Osnovnym načinom [[Slovotvorjenje|slovotvorjenja]] jest [[sufiksacija]]. [[Glagol]]y v hantyjskom jezyku, kako i v drugyh ugrskyh jezykah, mogut iměti [[Prědrastka (lingvistika)|prědrastky]]. == Historija izučanja == Sistematično izučanje hantyjskogo jezyka načelo se v XIX stolětju, kogda ekspediciju v města obyvanja hantov i mansij sovršil madjarsky izslědovatelj {{LatCyr|Antal Reguli|Антал Регули||1}}. Jednako i do togo ruske poseljenci iměli opyt občenja s ostjakami i vogulami, s ktoryh oni sbirali danj, podčas nekolika prědhodnyh stolětij; takože jezyk interesoval pravoslavnyh [[Hristijanstvo|hristijanskyh]] svečenikov. Znane hantyvedy: * [[Antal Reguli|{{LatCyr|Antal Reguli|Антал Регули|Antal Reguli|1}}]] * [[Kusta Karjalajnen|{{LatCyr|Kustaa Fredrik Karjalainen|Куста Карялайнен|Kusta Karjalajnen|1}}]] * [[Hatanzejev, Petr Jefimovič|Petr Jefimovič Hatanzejev]] * [[Volfgang Štejnic|{{LatCyr|Wolfgang Steinitz|Вольфганг Штейниц|Volfgang Štejnic|1}}]] * [[Tereškin, Nikolaj Ivanovič|Nikolaj Ivanovič Tereškin]] * [[Russkaja, Julija Nikolajevna|Julija Nikolajevna Russkaja]] * [[Životikov, Pavel Kuzmič|Pavel Kuzmič Životikov]] * [[Kaksin, Andrej Danilovič|Andrej Danilovič Kaksin]] * [[Koškareva, Natalja Borisovna|Natalja Borisovna Koškareva]] * [[Solovar, Valentina Nikolajevna|Valentina Nikolajevna Solovar]] === Izrabotanje literaturnoj normy === V 1898—1902 godah sbiranjem hantyjskoj [[Leksika|leksiky]] v Siberji ([[Tobolsk]], [[Tomsk]]) zajimal se finsky naučnik {{LatCyr|Kustaa Fredrik Karjalainen|Куста Карjaлаjнен|Kusta Karjalajnen|1}}. Zatože k momentu [[Ustanovjenje sovětskoj vlasti v Rosiji|ustanovjenja Sovětskoj vlasti v Rosiji]] pismennosti u [[Korenne narody Sěvera|korennyh narodov Sěvera]] ne jestvovalo, uže v 1919 g. pri oddělu prosvěčenja nacionalnyh menšinstv [[Narkompros RSFSR|Narkomprosa RSFSR]] byla organizovana redakcijna kolegija dlja izrabotanja alfabetov dlja tyh narodov, a v 1922 godu bylo prijato rěšenje o stvorjenju pismennosti dlja narodnostij Sěvera, dlja čego byla stvorjena specialna komisija iz prědstaviteljev [[Narodny komisariat po dělom nacionalnostij RSFSR|Narkomata nacionalnostij]], Narkomprosa, [[Akademija nauk SSSR|Akademije nauk]], največših jezykovědov i etnografov<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Чумак |first=Е. Г. |date=2006 |title=Процесс становления письменности и разработки учебников на родных языках в Ханты-Мансийском округе в 20-50-е гг. XX века |language=ru |journal=[[Věstnik arheologije, antropologije i etnografije (žurnal)|Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии]]|issue=6 |pages=194–199 |issn=1811-7465 |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/protsess-stanovleniya-pismennosti-i-razrabotki-uchebnikov-na-rodnyh-yazykah-v-hanty-mansiyskom-okruge-v-20-50-e-gg-hh-veka |archive-date=2022-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815143424/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/protsess-stanovleniya-pismennosti-i-razrabotki-uchebnikov-na-rodnyh-yazykah-v-hanty-mansiyskom-okruge-v-20-50-e-gg-hh-veka}}</ref>. === Prve učebniky === V početku 1921 g. Sibirsky odděl narodnogo obrazovanja, organizovany 25 januara 1920 g., proglasil srěd učiteljev iz srědy domorodnogo naseljenja, rabotajučih v nacionalnyh školah, konkurs na izrabotanje najlěpšego učebnika na rodnom jezyku učenikov. Paralelno po rěšenju Narkomprosa i Komiteta Sěvera v 1925 g. sut počeli izrabotku specialnogo bukvarja i knigy dlja čitanja za obučenje dětij russkomu jezyku, ktory po stroju i leksikě silno odličal se od hantyjskogo<ref name=":1" />. V 1926 g. pojavili se prve prigotovjene entuziastami bukvari na nacionalnyh jezykah, prvonačelno izgotovjene ručno. V 1928—1930 gg. bukvari počeli izdavati [[Knigopečet|tipografskym]] sposobom, poslě čego byla početa planoměrna rabota po izrabatyvanju program i kompletov učebnikov na jezykah narodov Sěvera dlja načelnyh škol, a takože metodičnoj literatury dlja učiteljev<ref name=":1" />. V 1927/28 učebnom godu {{LatCyr|Vladimir Germanovič Bogoraz|Владимир Германович Богораз|1}} i {{LatCyr|Sergej Nikolajevič Stebnicky|Сергей Николаевич Стебницкий|1}} sut sostavili prvy russky bukvarj dlja vsih škol Sěvera, objemom 129 stranic. V toj že čas N. I. Leonov i P. E. Ostrovsky sut izpustili knigu «Naš Sěver» objemom 180 stranic dlja tuzemnyh škol RSFSR<ref name=":1" />. === Razrabotka alfabeta === V oktobru 1929 g. Komisija nacionalnyh jezykov i kultur Sěvernogo fakulteta [[Leningradsky institut živyh iztočnyh jezykov|Leningradskogo instituta živyh iztočnyh jezykov]] prijela Jediny sěverny alfabet na latinicě, ktory sostojal iz 32 bukv, v kombinaciji s [[Diakritične znaky|diakritičnymi znakami]], dozvaljajučimi prědavati na pismě fonemy jezykov sěvernyh narodov<ref name=":1" />. V dekembru 1930 g. naučniki sut prědstavili novy projekt alfabeta, takože latinskogo, iz 39 bukv (29 suglasnyh, 10 samoglasnyh) s dodavanjem znakov, označajučih smekčenje, dolgotu i pridyhanje. On byl utvrdženy v 1931 g. Vsesojuznym Komitetom novogo alfabeta pri Prězidijumu Sověta Nacionalnostij CIK SSSR i Kolegijeju Narkomprosa SSSR<ref name=":1" />. V toj že čas počelo se stvorjenje novyh učebnikov na osnově prědloženogo alfabeta. V 1930 g. na obdorskom govoru sěvernoj grupy jest izšel prvy hantyjsky bukvarj «Hanty-kniga», sostavjeny učitelem [[Hatanzejev, Petr Jefimovič|P. J. Hatanzejevym]]<ref name=":1" />. Kogda v 1932 godu Prězidijum VCIK prijel postanovjenje o nacionalno-teritorialnom rajonirovanju Krajnogo Sěvera i obrazovanju tam nacionalnyh okrugov i rajonov, na Prvoj Vserosijskoj konferenciji po razvoju jezykov i pismennosti narodov Sěvera byl utvrdženy projekt stvorjenja nacionalnyh literaturnyh jezykov dlja četyrinadseti narodnostij, vključno hantov, [[mansi|mansij]], [[Nenci|nencev]], i izdavanja učebnikov i bukvarjev na tyh jezykah<ref name=":1" />. V 1933 lětu sut izšli bukvarj Kargara, sostavjeny na [[kazym]]skom govoru hantyjskogo jezyka, prěvody prvoj česti knigy dlja čitanja Šuleva i učebnika aritmetiky Popovoj<ref name=":1" />. V dekembru 1933 g. po prizvanju [[Narkompros RSFSR|Narkomprosa RSFSR]] grupu studentov fakulteta russkogo jezyka i literatury [[Tomsky industrialny pedagogičny institut|Tomskogo industrialnogo pedagogičnogo instituta]], vključno [[Životikov, Pavel Kuzmič|P. K. Životikova]], napravili na Vysše pedagogične kursy Leningradskogo pedagogičnogo instituta im. A. I. Gercena dlja izučanja hantyjskogo jezyka. Lětom 1934 g. tuti studenti odpravili se na učitelsku rabotu. Životikov po okončanju kursov byl napravjeny v [[Ostjako-Vogulsky pedagogičny tehnikum]], kdě učil russky i hantyjsky jezyky, literaturu, prodolžal izslědovanja i sistematizaciju hantyjskogo jezyka, stvoril i vozglavil kružek nacionalnoj tvorby<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|lang=ru|url=https://ugra-news.ru/article/ot_moey_raboty_est/|title=«От моей работы есть польза». О Павле Животикове - организаторе школьного образования в Югре|author=Ольга Маслова|website=ugra-news.ru|date=2019-07-19|publisher=Сургутская трибуна|access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref>. V 1933—1934 lětah sut izšli prve prigotovjene naučnymi rabotnikami i učiteljami [[Institut narodov Sěvera|Instituta narodov Sěvera]] knigy dlja čitanja i učebniky gramatiky<ref name=":1" />. V 1934 g. na radě prědstaviteljev Komitetov novogo alfabeta narodov Sěvera, Narkomprosa RSFSR i Komiteta Sěvera pri Prězidijumu VCIK po kvestijam razvoja pismennosti na nacionalnyh jezykah v Moskvě se izjavilo, že latinica stvorjaje trudnosti v koristanju literatury. V 1935 g. prezidium Ostjako-Vogulskogo okružnogo izpolniteljnogo komiteta prijel postanovljenje «O prěhodu pismennosti hantyjskogo i mansijskogo alfabeta na russku osnovu», realizovane v fevruaru 1937 g.<ref name=":1" /> === Izbor dialektnoj osnovy i pytanja normalizacije === [[Fajl:Khanty alphabet book.pdf|thumb|230px|Hantyjsky bukvarj Suhotinoj]] V 1937 g. [[Institut narodov Sěvera]] vypustil sbornik «Jezyky i pismennost narodov Sěvera» s člankom {{-|Wolfgang´a Steinitz´a|Вольфганга Штейница (Wolfgang Steinitz)}}, davajučim morfologičny esej hantyjskogo jezyka (polnovatsky govor sěvernoj grupy), čto založilo početok izslědovanju jego dialektov<ref name=":1" />. Od 1937 goda počelo se prěizdavanje vsej literatury, izšedšej raněje na sěvernyh jezykah. Unifikacija šla po srědnje-obskomu dialektu. V 1938 g. na kirilicě byl izdavany bukvarj Zalcberg, a potom bukvarj Suhotinoj, v 1939-m — prva kniga dlja čitanja<ref name=":1" />. V osnovu literaturnogo jezyka postanovjenjem bjura Hanty-Mansijskogo okružkoma VKP(b) v 1940 godu byl položen srědninny srědnje-obsky (kazymsky) dialekt, jednako na konferenciji učiteljev (10.07.1940 g.) bylo rěšeno izrabotyvati pismennost i dlja vahovskogo dialekta<ref name=":1" />. Ovako, prisutnost dialektov v hantyjskom i v mansijskom jezykah sdělalo nemožnym koristanje jedinyh literaturnyh jezykov v procesu obučenja obojim<ref name=":1" />. === Izrabotniki učebnikov hantyjskogo jezyka === * ''[[Hatanzejev, Petr Jefimovič|P. J. Hatanzejev]].'' Hanty-kniga. Leningrad, 1930<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Малахова |first=Л. П. |date=2017 |title=Просветительная работа среди ханты и манси как вариант адаптации к советской культуре |lang=ru |journal=[[Věstnik Surgutskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogičnogo universiteta|Вестник Сургутского государственного педагогического университета]] |issue=4 (49) |pages=80–84 |issn=2078-7626 |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prosvetitelnaya-rabota-sredi-hanty-i-mansi-kak-variant-adaptatsii-k-sovetskoy-kulture |archive-date=2022-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818110126/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prosvetitelnaya-rabota-sredi-hanty-i-mansi-kak-variant-adaptatsii-k-sovetskoy-kulture}}</ref>. * ''J. R. Suhotina.'' Bukvarj. Leningrad: Učpedgiz, 1938<ref>{{Cite web|lang=ru|url=http://xn----dtbdzdfqbczhet1kob.xn--p1ai/2021/10/02/bukvar-na-hantyjskom-yazyke-1938-god/|title=Букварь на хантыйском языке, 1938 год|author=Андрей Рябов|website=остяко-вогульск.рф|date=2021-10-02|access-date=2022-08-18|archive-date=2022-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818071810/http://xn----dtbdzdfqbczhet1kob.xn--p1ai/2021/10/02/bukvar-na-hantyjskom-yazyke-1938-god/|url-status=live}}</ref>. * ''[[Životikov, Pavel Kuzmič|P. K. Životikov]].'' «Esej gramatiky hantyjskogo jezyka» (1942)<ref name=":1" />. * ''K. F. Hvataj-Muha, [[Aksarina, Nina Matvejevna|N. M. Aksarina]], G. A. Obatina.'' Bukvarj (1973)<ref>{{-|''К. Ф. Хватай-Муха, [[Aksarina, Nina Matvejevna|Н. М. Аксарина]], Г. А. Обатина.'' Букварь. Издание 2-е, переработанное, под редакцией [[Russkaja, Julija Nikolajevna|Ю. Н. Русской]] (на языке казымских ханты, для подготовительного класса хантыйской начальной школы). Ленинград: Просвещение, 1973. — 128 с.}}</ref>. == Koristanje jezyka v sovrěmennosti == === Medija na hantyjskom jezyku === Prve publikacije na hantyjskom jezyku pojavili se v novinah «[[Novosti Jugry|Ostjako-Vogulskaja Pravda]]» v 1934 godu. Od 1957 goda v [[Hanty-Mansijsky avtonomny okrug — Jugra|HMAO]] izhodi hantyjezyčna novina «''Lenin pant huvat''» («Po leninskomu putju»), prěimenovana v 1991 godu v «''[[Hanty jasang]]''» («Hantyjske slovo»). Novina izhodi jedno za sedmicu: do početka 1970-h — na 1 stranicě, a poslě — na 4 stranicah. V [[Jamalo-Nenečsky avtonomny okrug|Jamalo-Nenečskom avtonomnom okrugu]] na hantyjskom jezyku izdavajut se noviny «''[[Luh avt]]''». Regularno [[Radio|radioprědavanje]] na hantyjskom jezyku na radiju «[[Jugorija (teleradiokompanija)|Jugorija]]» počelo se v 1964 godu. Hantyjske prědavanja dolge 20 minut izhodet po ponedělkam, srědam i petnicam jutrom, v oběd i večerom. Na [[Televizija|televizijnom]] kanalu «[[Jugra (teleradiokompanija)|Jugra]]» takože jest podobno prědavanje. Na teleradiokompaniji «Jugorija» tvorčo družstvo «Ognišče» izpuskaje teleprogramy na hantyjskom. === Sovrěmenna kultura na hantyjskom jezyku === Na jezyku publikujut se tvorby hantyjskyh pisateljev. Na surgutskom dialektu izdavajut se pověsti [[Ajpin, Jeremej Danilovič|J. D. Ajpina]], na kazymskom dialektu vypuskajut se tvorby [[Vagatova, Marija|M. Vagatovoj]], [[Šuljgin, Mikulj Ivanovič|M. I. Šuljgina]], [[Lazarev, Grigorij Dmitrijevič|G. D. Lazareva]] i [[Sengepov, Aleksej Mihajlovič|A. M. Sengepova]], a na šuryškarskom dialektu publikujut se poetične tvorby [[Rugin, Roman Prokopjevič|R. P. Rugina]] i [[Saltykov, Prokopij Jermolajevič|P. J. Saltykova]]<ref>{{Cite web|lang=ru|url=http://irkipedia.ru/content/hantyyskiy_yazyk_istoricheskaya_enciklopediya_sibiri_2009|title=Хантыйский язык // «Историческая энциклопедия Сибири» (2009)|website=ИРКИПЕДИЯ - портал Иркутской области: знания и новости|access-date=2021-12-17|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217032150/http://irkipedia.ru/content/hantyyskiy_yazyk_istoricheskaya_enciklopediya_sibiri_2009|url-status=live| lang=ru}}</ref>. Etno-rok-grupa «''[[H-Ural]]''» od 2009 g. izpolnjaje pěsni na šuryškarskom i srědnjeobskom dialektah hantyjskogo jezyka. Larisa Miljahova — hantyjska etnopěvica, izpolnjajuča tradicijne pěsnje na šuryškarskom dialektě, uroženka Šuryškarskogo městečka Jamalo-Nenečskogo AO. Jestvuje hantyjska folklorna grupa «''Hatl naj''» (rukovoditelj — Ljubov Gavrilovna Vitjazeva), kolektivu v 2013 godu se stalo 25 lět. V njem děti pěvajut pěsnje na šuryškarskom dialektu hantyjskogo jezyka. == Literatura == (na russkom i hantyjskom jezykah) <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * Штейниц В. К. Хантыйский (остяцкий) язык // Языки и письменность народов Севера: Ч. 1. Языки и письменность самоедских и финно-угорских народов. — М.-Л.: Учпедгиз, 1937. — С. 193—228. * Животиков П. К. Очерк грамматики хантыйского языка (средне-обской диалект)/ Под ред. Ю. Н. Русской. — Ханты-Мансийск: Окружная комиссия по разработке литературного хантыйского языка при Исполкоме Ханты-Мансийского Окрсовета Омской области, 1942. — 122 с. * Вальгамова С. И., Кошкарева Н. Б., Онина С. В., Шиянова А. А. Диалектологический словарь хантыйского языка (шурышкарский и приуральский диалекты). Екатеринбург: Издательство «Баско», 2011. 208 с. * Терёшкин Н. И. О некоторых особенностях ваховского, сургутского и казымского диалектов хантыйского языка. — Л., 1958. * Терёшкин Н. И. Очерки диалектов хантыйского языка: Ч. 1. Ваховский диалект. — М.-Л.: Наука, 1961. * Терёшкин Н. И. Хантыйский язык. — М., 1966. * Терёшкин Н. И. Словарь восточнохантыйских диалектов. — Л., 1981. * Скамейко Р. Р., Сязи 3. И. Словарь хантыйско-русский и русско-хантыйский (шурышкарский диалект). — 2-е изд., дораб. — СПб.: Просвещение, 1992. — 272 с. * Немысова Е. А., Кононова С. П., Вожакова Е. Н. Русско-хантыйский разговорник (казымский диалект). — М.: Икар, 1996. — 148 с. * Куркина Г. Г. Вокализм хантыйского языка. — Новосибирск: Сибирский хронограф, 2000. — 296 с. * Кононова С. П. Русско-хантыйский тематический словарь (казымский диалект). — СПб.: Просвещение, 2002. — 216 с. * Кошкарева Н. Б., Соловар В. Н. Хăнты ясăӈн путăртԓўв. Поговорим по-хантыйски. — Новосибирск: Сибирский хронограф, 2004. — 282 с. * Покачева Е. Р., Песикова А. С. Русско-хантыйский разговорник (сургутский диалект). — Ханты-Мансийск: Полиграфист, 2006. — 124 с. * Каксин А. Д. Казымский диалект хантыйского языка. — Ханты-Мансийск: Полиграфист, 2007. — 134 c. * Онина С. В. Оленеводческая лексика хантыйского языка: семантические группы и словарь. Йошкар-Ола, 2001. 74 с. * Solovar V. N. Paradigma prostoj rečenice v hantyjskom jezyku. — Novosibirsk: Ljubava, 2009. — 264 s. * Каксин А. Д. Модальность и средства её выражения в хантыйском языке: монография / А. Д. Каксин. — Ханты-Мансийск: Полиграфист, 2008. — 128 с. * Соловар В. Н. Хантыйско-русский словарь. СПб. : Ханты-Мансийск, 2014. 385 с. </div> == Iztočniky == {{Iztočniky}} == Vněšnje linky == * [http://ouipiir.ru/ Centr izučanja hantyjskogo jezyka] * [https://postnauka.ru/longreads/156128 Sěvernohantyjsky jezyk: Dyhanjem větra jezyk ognja dunut] {{Uralske jezyky}} [[Kategorija:Uralske jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Hantyjsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Ugrske jezyky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q33563}} {{Prěvod|ru|Хантыйский язык}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 3a41l7z28s1s0u7uvx2tkzb5049i0v9 27537 27536 2026-06-29T12:51:30Z Minorax 40 27537 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Hantyjsky jezyk | nativename = <div class="center">{{Jezyky|kca|Ханты ясаӈ}}</div> | image = 6-Ob Ugric-languages.png | imagecaption = Hantyjsky i mansijsky jezyky v načelu XX stolětja<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648 |doi-access=free |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref> | states = Rosija | speakers = 9584 (2010) / 14 000 (2020)<ref name="rosstat-2020"/> | ref = | script = * [[kirilica]] ([[Hantyjsky jezyk#Pismennost|hantyjska]]) | official = [[Hanty-Mansijsky avtonomny okrug]], [[Jamalo-Nenečsky avtonomny okrug]] | agency = | iso1 = | iso3 = kca | family = * [[Uralske jezyky]] ** [[Ugrofinske jezyky]] *** [[Ugrske jezyky]] **** [[Obsko-ugrske jezyky]] | GOST 7.75–97 = han 760 }} '''Hantyjsky jezyk''' ([[Russky jezyk|rus.]] ''ostjacky'')<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://feb-web.ru/feb/litenc/encyclop/le8/le8-3741.htm |title=Литературная энциклопедия |access-date=2009-08-14 |archive-date=2022-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220303064842/http://feb-web.ru/feb/LITENC/ENCYCLOP/le8/le8-3741.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> — jezyk [[Hanty|Hantov]] — [[Domorodne maločislne narody Sěvera, Siberje i Dalekogo Iztoka Rosijskoj Federacije|maločislnogo naroda]] [[Zapadna Siberja|Zapadnoj Siberiji]], živučih po basenam pritokov [[Obj (rěka)|Obje]] i [[Irtyš (rěka)|Irtyša]] i po samoj Obi v jejnom srědnjem i nižnjem tečenjah. Odnosi se k [[Ugrske jezyky|ugrskym jezykam]] iz ([[Obsko-ugrske jezyky|obsko-ugrskyh]]) [[Ugrofinske jezyky|ugrofinskyh]] jezykov [[Uralske jezyky|uralskoj jezyčnoj rodiny]]; jest srodny [[Mansijsky jezyk|mansijskomu]] i [[Madjarsky jezyk|madjarskomu]] jezykam. Po danym prěpisa 2002 goda, čislnost hantov sostavjala 28,7 tys. ljudij. Osnovna jih masa žije v [[Hanty-Mansijsky avtonomny okrug|Hanty-Mansijskom]] (kromě jego zapadnyh rajonov, zaseljenyh [[Mansi]]) i [[Jamalo-Nenečsky avtonomny okrug|Jamalo-Nenečskom]] avtonomnyh okrugah (25,9 tys. ljudij), ostali — na sěvero-zapadu [[Tomska oblast|Tomskoj oblasti]]. Čislnost Hantov na proteženju XX stolětja ostavaje se vyše ili menje stabilnoju, ale kolikost hantov, uvažajučih hantyjsky jezyk rodnym, se značno izmenšala s godami: v 1959-m godu jih bylo 77 % pri naseljenju v 19 410 ljudij, v 1970-m — 68,9 % (od 21 138 ljudij), a v 1989-m — 60,5 %. Raste poděl hantov, vladajučih [[Russky jezyk|russkym jezykom]] (kako prvogo, tako i vtorogo jezyka): 70,3 % v 1959 i 89,4 % v 1989 godah. Prěpis 2020 goda pokazal povyšanje kolikosti nositeljev na 4416 ljudij v sravnjenju s 2010 godom<ref name="rosstat-2020">{{Cite web |author=[[Rosstat|RosStat]] |title=Росстат — Итоги ВПН-2020. Том 5 Национальный состав и владение языками. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/storage/mediabank/Tom5_tab6_VPN-2020.xlsx |access-date=2024-02-04 |lang=ru}}</ref>. [[Hantyjska pismennost|Pismennost hantov]] — na osnově kirilice. Hantyjsky jezyk jest prědmetom izučanja v [[Načelna škola|načelnyh klasah školy]]; izdajut se [[Novina (članok)|noviny]]. Po svojemu stroju toj jest, kako i druge [[Ugrofinske jezyky|ugrofinske]], [[Aglutinativne jezyky|aglutinativnym jezykom]]. == Dialekty == [[Fajl:Khanty Mansi dialects.svg|thumb|270px|Dialekty hantyjskogo i mansijskogo jezykov: {{Legend|Yellow|obdorsky,}} {{Legend|Orange|priobske,}} {{Legend|Red|južne (irtyšske),}} {{Legend|Turquoise|surgutske,}} {{Legend|LimeGreen|iztočne (vahovsko-vasjuganske).}}]] Hantyjsky jezyk jest znany svojeju izraznoju [[Dialektologija|dialektnoju razdrobjenostju]]. Teritorialno susědne govory i dialekty sut blizke medžu soboju, ale krajne točky [[Kontinuum (lingvistika)|dialektnogo kontinuuma]] imajut razliky, ktore izključajut [[vzajemno razuměnje]] nositeljev tyh dialektov. Bezspornym jest uděljenje dvoh grup [[dialekt]]ov (narěčij): zapadnyh (vlastno hantyjskyh), podrazděljenyh na [[Sěvernohantyjsky jezyk|sěverne]] (govory obdorskoj grupy (obdorsky) i govory priobskoj grupy: šuryškarsky, berezovsky, kazymsky, srědnjeobsky)<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dissercat.com/content/imya-chislitelnoe-v-dialektakh-khantyiskogo-yazyka-sopostavitelnyi-aspekt |title=Диссертация на тему «Имя числительное в диалектах хантыйского языка: сопоставительный аспект» aвтореферат по специальности ВАК 10.02.20 — Сравнительно-историческое, типологическое и сопоставительное языкознание |access-date=2012-06-19 |archive-date=2012-04-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427221107/http://www.dissercat.com/content/imya-chislitelnoe-v-dialektakh-khantyiskogo-yazyka-sopostavitelnyi-aspekt |url-status=live }}</ref> i [[Južnohantyjsky jezyk|južne]] (irtyšsky, kondinsky, demjansky — mrtve dialekty), i [[Iztočnohantyjsky jezyk|iztočnyh]] (ili kantykskyh — po samonazvanju iztočnyh hantov), vključno govorov surgutskoj grupy: trom-aganskogo, aganskogo, juganskogo, pimskogo. S obzirom na odsutstvo literaturnoj normy i leksično razhodženje medžu dialektami, sut osnovanja govoriti o hantyjskoj podgrupě obsko-ugrskyh jezykov, vključajučej tri jezyky: vlastno [[Sěvernohantyjsky jezyk|hantyjsky (sěverny)]], [[Južnohantyjsky jezyk|handejsky (južny)]] i [[Iztočnohantyjsky jezyk|kantyksky (iztočny)]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Коряков |first=Ю. Б. |year=2017 |title=Проблема «язык или диалект» и попытка лексикостатистического подхода |journal=[[Voprosy jezykoznanja (žurnal)|Вопросы языкознания]] |language=ru |issue=6 |pages=94 |url=https://vja.ruslang.ru/ru/archive/2017-6/79-101}}</ref>. == Pismennost == [[Fajl:Kornika Tago en la Arkeologia muzeo ĉe lago Andrejevskoje (2024) 02.jpg|thumb|270px|Nadpis hantyjskoju kiriliceju]] [[Fajl:Lyantor museum.jpg|thumb|270px|Nadpis hantyjskoju kiriliceju na vhodu v [[Ljantor]]sky muzej]] Prve pokušenja stvorjenja [[Pismennost|pisemnogo varianta]] hantyjskogo jezyka, prodolžavše se až do početka XX stolětja, odnoset se k 1868 godu, kogda byl izdanym prěvod [[Evangelje od Matfeja|Evangelja od Mateja]] na berezovsko-obdorskom dialektu. Pismennost na osnově [[Latinsky alfabet|latinice]] byla sostavjena v 1930-h godah dlja obdorskogo i kazymskogo dialektov, a v 1937 godu — prěvedena na [[Kirilica|kirilicu]]. Jedinogo literaturnogo varianta jezyka ne povstalo; v nastoječe vrěme pismennost jestvuje na četyreh dialektah. Sumarny hantyjsky alfabet dlja četyreh dialektov (od 2000 goda)<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Кошкарева |first=Н. Б. |date=2013 |title=Актуальные вопросы совершенствования хантыйской графики и орфографии |journal=[[Věstnik ugrovedenja (žurnal)|Вестник угроведения]] |issue=3 | language = ru |pages=52—72}}</ref>: {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF; white-space: nowrap;" | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|А а}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ӓ ӓ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ӑ ӑ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Б б}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|В в}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Г г}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Д д}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Е е}} |-}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ё ё}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ә ә}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ӛ ӛ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ж ж}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|З з}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|И и}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Й й}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|К к}} |-}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Қ қ <br> (Ӄ ӄ)}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Л л}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ԯ ԯ <br> (Ԓ ԓ)}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|М м}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Н н}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ң ң <br> (Ӈ ӈ)}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Н' н'}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|О о}} |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ӧ ӧ <br> (Ŏ ŏ)}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ө ө}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ӫ ӫ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|П п}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Р р}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|С с}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Т т}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|У у}} |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ӱ ӱ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ў ў}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ф ф}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Х х}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ҳ ҳ <br> (Ӽ ӽ)}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ц ц}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ч ч}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ҷ ҷ}} |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ш ш}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Щ щ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ъ ъ}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ы ы}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ь ь}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Э э}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Є є}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Є̈ є̈}} |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ю ю}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Ю̆ ю̆}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Я я}} | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|Я̆ я̆}} |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Sovrěmenna kirilica ! Nazvanje bukvy ! [[Medžunarodny fonetičny alfabet|MFA]] |- | {{-|А а}} || ''a'' || {{-|ɑ}} |- | {{-|Ӓ ӓ}} || ''ӓ'' || |- | {{-|Ӑ ӑ}} || ''ӑ'' || |- | {{-|Б б}} || ''be'' || {{-|b}} |- | {{-|В в}} || ''ve'' || {{-|w, v}} |- | {{-|Г г}} || ''ge'' || {{-|ɣ, ɡ}} |- | {{-|Д д}} || ''de'' || {{-|d}} |- | {{-|Е е}} || ''je'' || {{-|je, ʲe}} |- | {{-|Ё ё}} || ''jo'' || {{-|jo, ʲo}} |- | {{-|Ә ә}} || ''ә'' || {{-|ə̱}} |- | {{-|Ӛ ӛ}} || ''ӛ'' || {{-|ɘ}} |- | {{-|Ж ж}} || ''že'' || {{-|ʒ}} |- | {{-|З з}} || ''ze'' || {{-|z}} |- | {{-|И и}} || ''i'' || {{-|i, ʲi}} |- | {{-|Й й}} || || {{-|j}} |- | {{-|К к}} || ''ka'' || {{-|k}} |- | {{-|Қ қ (Ӄ ӄ)}} || ''qа'' || {{-|q}} |- | {{-|Л л}} || ''el'' || {{-|ɫ, lʲ}} |- | {{-|Ԯ ԯ (Ԓ ԓ)}} || ''еł̦'' || {{-|ɬ}} |- | {{-|М м}} || ''em'' || {{-|m}} |- | {{-|Н н}} || ''en'' || {{-|n, nʲ}} |- | {{-|Ң ң (Ӈ ӈ)}} || ''еŋ'' || {{-|ŋ}} |- | {{-|Н' н'}} || ''en''' || {{-|ɳ}} |- | {{-|О о}} || ''o'' || {{-|o}} |- | {{-|Ӧ ӧ (Ŏ ŏ)}} || ''ӧ'' || {{-|ø}} |- | {{-|Ө ө}} || ''ө'' || {{-|ө̱ }} |- | {{-|Ӫ ӫ}} || ''ӫ'' || {{-|ɵ~ɞ}} |- | {{-|П п}} || ''pe'' || {{-|p}} |- | {{-|Р р}} || ''er'' || {{-|r}} |- | {{-|С с}} || ''es'' || {{-|s, ɕ}} |- | {{-|Т т}} || ''te'' || {{-|t, tʲ}} |- | {{-|У у}} || ''u'' || {{-|u}} |- | {{-|Ӱ ӱ}} || ''ü'' || {{-|y}} |- | {{-|Ў ў}} || ''ǔ'' || {{-|w}} |- | {{-|Ф ф}} || ''ef'' || {{-|f}} |- | {{-|Х х}} || ''ha'' || {{-|x}} |- | {{-|Ҳ ҳ (Ӽ ӽ)}} || ''ħа'' || {{-|χ}} |- | {{-|Ц ц}} || ''ce'' || {{-|ts}} |- | {{-|Ч ч}} || ''če'' || {{-|tɕ}} |- | {{-|Ҷ ҷ}} || ''ćе'' || {{-|tʃ}} |- | {{-|Ш ш}} || ''ša'' || {{-|ʃ}} |- | {{-|Щ щ}} || ''šča'' || {{-|ɕ, ɕː}} |- | {{-|Ъ ъ}} || || |- | {{-|Ы ы}} || ''y'' || {{-|ə, i}} |- | {{-|Ь ь}} || || {{-|ʲ}} |- | {{-|Э э}} || ''e'' || {{-|e}} |- | {{-|Є є}} || ''є'' || {{-|ě}} |- | {{-|Є̈ є̈}} || ''є̈'' || |- | {{-|Ю ю}} || ''ju'' || {{-|ju, ʲu}} |- | {{-|Ю̆ ю̆}} || ''јǔ'' || |- | {{-|Я я}} || ''ja'' || {{-|ja, ʲa}} |- | {{-|Я̆ я̆}} || ''јӑ'' || |} == Lingvistična harakteristika == === Fonetika i fonologija === Da by uslyšati zapis zvučanja hantyjskogo jezyka, [https://finugorbib.com/audio/aud_khanty.html natisnite tut]; priměry izgovora izrazov na hantyjskom jezyku (s prěvodom) [https://translation.ouipiir.ru/han_kaz možno jest uslyšati tut]. V [[Fonetika|fonetikě]] hantyjskogo jezyka uděljajut 8 [[Samoglasky|samoglasnyh]] i 18 [[Suglasky|suglasnyh]] zvukov (kazymsky dialekt). Trěba različati samoglasky prvogo i neprvyh [[slog]]ov. Tako, samoglasky prvogo sloga sut vyše definovane i jasne; one mogut byti [[Dolge i kratke samoglasky|dolgimi]]: {{-|''а'', ''э'', ''о'', ''ә''}}, i kratkimi: {{-|''ӓ'', ''и'', ''ө'', ''у''}}<ref name=":2">{{Cite book |last=Honti |first=László |title=ObUgrian. The Uralic Languages |year=1998 |language=en |pages=338}}</ref>. Dolgota samoglasky često igraje smyslorazličajuču rolju, napriměr: {{-|'''''А'''с''}} «Obj» ― {{-|'''''ӓ'''с''}} «samka»; {{-|''ш'''а'''нш''}} «kolěno» ― {{-|''ш'''ӓ'''нш''}} «hrebet». V neprvyh slogah često strěčaje se [[Redukcija (lingvistika)|redukovana]] superkratka samoglaska, označajema bukvoju {{-|''ы''}}. ==== Suglasky ==== {| class="wikitable" |+ Suglasne zvuky kazymskogo dialekta<ref name=":2" /> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | [[Gubno-gubne suglasky|Gubno-gubne]] ! colspan="2" | [[Zubne suglasky|Zubne]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Retrofleksne suglasky|Retrofleksne]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Palatalne suglasky|Palatalne]] ! rowspan="2" | [[Zadnjejezyčne suglasky|Zadnjejezyčne]] |- ! Proste ! [[Palatalizacija|Palatalizovane]] |- ! colspan="2" | [[Nosove suglasky|Nosove]] | {{-|m}} || {{-|n}} || {{-|nʲ}} || {{-|ɳ}} || || {{-|ŋ}} |- ! colspan="2" | [[Eksplozivne suglasky|Eksplozivne]] | {{-|p}} || {{-|t}} || || || || {{-|k}} |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Frikativne suglasky|Frikativne]] ! centralne | || {{-|s}} || {{-|sʲ}} || {{-|ʂ}} || || {{-|x}} |- ! [[Bokove suglasky|bočne]] | || {{-|ɬ}} || {{-|ɬʲ}} || || || |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Aproksimanty]] ! centralne | {{-|w}} || || || || {{-|j}} || |- ! bočne | || {{-|l}} || || || || |- ! colspan="2" | [[Vibrantne suglasky|Vibrantne]] | ||{{-|r}} || || || || |} Něktore suglasne zvuky ne mogut tvoriti [[Slivanje suglasok|slivanij]]; ako pri [[sufiks]]aciji take nedopustime slivanja imajut vozniknuti, jedna iz suglasok či odpadaje, či medžu njimi voznikaje redukovany samoglasny zvuk. Suglasky {{-|''с '', ''х'', ''ш'', ''ӆ''}} v položenju medžu samoglaskami mogut stavati se zvučnymi. ==== Udarjenje ==== [[Udarjenje]] v hantyjskom skoro vsegda padaje na prvy slog<ref>{{Cite book |last=Estill |first=Dennis |title=Diachronic change in Erzya word stress |year=2004 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Finno-Ugrian Society |language=en |pages=179 |isbn=952-5150-80-1}}</ref>; v mnogosložnyh slovah mogut pojavjati se drugoredne udarjenja, padajuče na jedin iz neparnyh slogov (čestěje na tretji). === Morfologija === V hantyjskom odsutstvuje [[Rod (lingvistika)|kategorija gramatičnogo roda]], [[prědlog]]am obyčno odpovědajut [[poslělog]]y, napriměr: ''{{-|Ма Ас пэла мансөм}}'' («Ja k Obi pošel jesm»), kde ''{{-|Ас}}'' — «Obj», a [[poslělog]] ''{{-|пэла}}'' — «k». Dlja označenja prinaležnosti prědmeta k kakoj-libo osobě koristajut [[Privlastniteljne afiksy|osobno-privlastniteljne sufiksy]]. Uděljajut 3 [[Gramatično čislo|čisla]]: [[Jednina|jedninu]], [[Množina|množinu]] i [[Dvojina|dvojinu]], napriměr: ''{{-|пух мӓныс}}'' («hlapčik ušel»), ''{{-|пухы мӓнсаңын}}'' («hlapčiki (dvoje) ušli»), ''{{-|пухыт мӓнсыт}}'' («hlapčiki ušli»). [[Padež]]ev uděljaje se do 11<ref>{{Cite book |last=Nikolaeva |first=Irina Alekseevna |title=Ostyak. Languages of the world |language=en |year=1999 |publisher=Materials. Lincom Europa |isbn=3-89586-562-1}}</ref>. === Sintaksa === Obyčny [[Tipologija reda slov|red slov]] v hantyjskom jezyku — {{-|[[Tipologija reda slov|SOV]]}} ([[prědmet]] — [[Dopolnjenje (sintaksa)|dopolnjenje]] — [[glagol]])<ref>{{Cite book |last=Grenoble |first=Lenore A. |title=Language Policy in the Soviet Union |language=en |year=2003 |publisher=Springer |pages=14 |isbn=978-1-4020-1298-3}}</ref>. === Leksika === Suglasno izslědovanju 1972 goda, [[Leksika|slovnikovy sostav]] hantyjskogo jezyka byl slědujuči<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Schiefer |first=Erhard |year=1972 |title=Wolfgang Steinitz. Dialektologisches und etymologisches Wörterbuch der ostjakischen Sprache |language=de |journal=Études Finno-Ougriennes |volume=9 |pages=161–171}}</ref>: {| class="wikitable" |- | rowspan="4" | [[Iskonne slovo|Iskonne slova]] || rowspan="4" | 30 % || [[Uralske jezyky|Uralskogo]] proishoženja || 5 % |- | [[Ugrofinske jezyky|Ugrofinskyh]] || 9 % |- | [[Ugrske jezyky|Ugrskogo]] || 3 % |- | [[Obsko-ugrske jezyky|Obsko-ugrskogo]] || 13 % |- | rowspan="4" | [[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|Pozajetja]] || rowspan="4" | 28 % || Iz [[Komi jezyk|komi]] || 7 % |- | Iz [[Samodijske jezyky|samodijskyh jezykov]] ([[Selkupske jezyky|selkupske]] i [[Nenečsky jezyk|nenečsky]]) || 3 % |- | Iz [[Tatarsky jezyk|tatarskogo]] || 10 % |- | Iz russkogo || 8 % |- | Slova neznanogo proizhodženja || 40 % || |} Izslědovanje 1975 goda takože prědpokladaje prisutnost pozajetij iz [[Tungusko-mančžurske jezyky|tungusko-mančžurskyh jezykov]] — glavno iz [[Evenkijsky jezyk|evenkijskogo]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Futaky |first=István |year=1975 |title=Tungusische Lehnwörter des Ostjakischen |language=de |publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag |location=Wiesbaden}}</ref>. Osnovnym načinom [[Slovotvorjenje|slovotvorjenja]] jest [[sufiksacija]]. [[Glagol]]y v hantyjskom jezyku, kako i v drugyh ugrskyh jezykah, mogut iměti [[Prědrastka (lingvistika)|prědrastky]]. == Historija izučanja == Sistematično izučanje hantyjskogo jezyka načelo se v XIX stolětju, kogda ekspediciju v města obyvanja hantov i mansij sovršil madjarsky izslědovatelj {{LatCyr|Antal Reguli|Антал Регули||1}}. Jednako i do togo ruske poseljenci iměli opyt občenja s ostjakami i vogulami, s ktoryh oni sbirali danj, podčas nekolika prědhodnyh stolětij; takože jezyk interesoval pravoslavnyh [[Hristijanstvo|hristijanskyh]] svečenikov. Znane hantyvedy: * [[Antal Reguli|{{LatCyr|Antal Reguli|Антал Регули|Antal Reguli|1}}]] * [[Kusta Karjalajnen|{{LatCyr|Kustaa Fredrik Karjalainen|Куста Карялайнен|Kusta Karjalajnen|1}}]] * [[Hatanzejev, Petr Jefimovič|Petr Jefimovič Hatanzejev]] * [[Volfgang Štejnic|{{LatCyr|Wolfgang Steinitz|Вольфганг Штейниц|Volfgang Štejnic|1}}]] * [[Tereškin, Nikolaj Ivanovič|Nikolaj Ivanovič Tereškin]] * [[Russkaja, Julija Nikolajevna|Julija Nikolajevna Russkaja]] * [[Životikov, Pavel Kuzmič|Pavel Kuzmič Životikov]] * [[Kaksin, Andrej Danilovič|Andrej Danilovič Kaksin]] * [[Koškareva, Natalja Borisovna|Natalja Borisovna Koškareva]] * [[Solovar, Valentina Nikolajevna|Valentina Nikolajevna Solovar]] === Izrabotanje literaturnoj normy === V 1898—1902 godah sbiranjem hantyjskoj [[Leksika|leksiky]] v Siberji ([[Tobolsk]], [[Tomsk]]) zajimal se finsky naučnik {{LatCyr|Kustaa Fredrik Karjalainen|Куста Карjaлаjнен|Kusta Karjalajnen|1}}. Zatože k momentu [[Ustanovjenje sovětskoj vlasti v Rosiji|ustanovjenja Sovětskoj vlasti v Rosiji]] pismennosti u [[Korenne narody Sěvera|korennyh narodov Sěvera]] ne jestvovalo, uže v 1919 g. pri oddělu prosvěčenja nacionalnyh menšinstv [[Narkompros RSFSR|Narkomprosa RSFSR]] byla organizovana redakcijna kolegija dlja izrabotanja alfabetov dlja tyh narodov, a v 1922 godu bylo prijato rěšenje o stvorjenju pismennosti dlja narodnostij Sěvera, dlja čego byla stvorjena specialna komisija iz prědstaviteljev [[Narodny komisariat po dělom nacionalnostij RSFSR|Narkomata nacionalnostij]], Narkomprosa, [[Akademija nauk SSSR|Akademije nauk]], največših jezykovědov i etnografov<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Чумак |first=Е. Г. |date=2006 |title=Процесс становления письменности и разработки учебников на родных языках в Ханты-Мансийском округе в 20-50-е гг. XX века |language=ru |journal=[[Věstnik arheologije, antropologije i etnografije (žurnal)|Вестник археологии, антропологии и этнографии]]|issue=6 |pages=194–199 |issn=1811-7465 |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/protsess-stanovleniya-pismennosti-i-razrabotki-uchebnikov-na-rodnyh-yazykah-v-hanty-mansiyskom-okruge-v-20-50-e-gg-hh-veka |archive-date=2022-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220815143424/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/protsess-stanovleniya-pismennosti-i-razrabotki-uchebnikov-na-rodnyh-yazykah-v-hanty-mansiyskom-okruge-v-20-50-e-gg-hh-veka}}</ref>. === Prve učebniky === V početku 1921 g. Sibirsky odděl narodnogo obrazovanja, organizovany 25 januara 1920 g., proglasil srěd učiteljev iz srědy domorodnogo naseljenja, rabotajučih v nacionalnyh školah, konkurs na izrabotanje najlěpšego učebnika na rodnom jezyku učenikov. Paralelno po rěšenju Narkomprosa i Komiteta Sěvera v 1925 g. sut počeli izrabotku specialnogo bukvarja i knigy dlja čitanja za obučenje dětij russkomu jezyku, ktory po stroju i leksikě silno odličal se od hantyjskogo<ref name=":1" />. V 1926 g. pojavili se prve prigotovjene entuziastami bukvari na nacionalnyh jezykah, prvonačelno izgotovjene ručno. V 1928—1930 gg. bukvari počeli izdavati [[Knigopečet|tipografskym]] sposobom, poslě čego byla početa planoměrna rabota po izrabatyvanju program i kompletov učebnikov na jezykah narodov Sěvera dlja načelnyh škol, a takože metodičnoj literatury dlja učiteljev<ref name=":1" />. V 1927/28 učebnom godu {{LatCyr|Vladimir Germanovič Bogoraz|Владимир Германович Богораз|1}} i {{LatCyr|Sergej Nikolajevič Stebnicky|Сергей Николаевич Стебницкий|1}} sut sostavili prvy russky bukvarj dlja vsih škol Sěvera, objemom 129 stranic. V toj že čas N. I. Leonov i P. E. Ostrovsky sut izpustili knigu «Naš Sěver» objemom 180 stranic dlja tuzemnyh škol RSFSR<ref name=":1" />. === Razrabotka alfabeta === V oktobru 1929 g. Komisija nacionalnyh jezykov i kultur Sěvernogo fakulteta [[Leningradsky institut živyh iztočnyh jezykov|Leningradskogo instituta živyh iztočnyh jezykov]] prijela Jediny sěverny alfabet na latinicě, ktory sostojal iz 32 bukv, v kombinaciji s [[Diakritične znaky|diakritičnymi znakami]], dozvaljajučimi prědavati na pismě fonemy jezykov sěvernyh narodov<ref name=":1" />. V dekembru 1930 g. naučniki sut prědstavili novy projekt alfabeta, takože latinskogo, iz 39 bukv (29 suglasnyh, 10 samoglasnyh) s dodavanjem znakov, označajučih smekčenje, dolgotu i pridyhanje. On byl utvrdženy v 1931 g. Vsesojuznym Komitetom novogo alfabeta pri Prězidijumu Sověta Nacionalnostij CIK SSSR i Kolegijeju Narkomprosa SSSR<ref name=":1" />. V toj že čas počelo se stvorjenje novyh učebnikov na osnově prědloženogo alfabeta. V 1930 g. na obdorskom govoru sěvernoj grupy jest izšel prvy hantyjsky bukvarj «Hanty-kniga», sostavjeny učitelem [[Hatanzejev, Petr Jefimovič|P. J. Hatanzejevym]]<ref name=":1" />. Kogda v 1932 godu Prězidijum VCIK prijel postanovjenje o nacionalno-teritorialnom rajonirovanju Krajnogo Sěvera i obrazovanju tam nacionalnyh okrugov i rajonov, na Prvoj Vserosijskoj konferenciji po razvoju jezykov i pismennosti narodov Sěvera byl utvrdženy projekt stvorjenja nacionalnyh literaturnyh jezykov dlja četyrinadseti narodnostij, vključno hantov, [[mansi|mansij]], [[Nenci|nencev]], i izdavanja učebnikov i bukvarjev na tyh jezykah<ref name=":1" />. V 1933 lětu sut izšli bukvarj Kargara, sostavjeny na [[kazym]]skom govoru hantyjskogo jezyka, prěvody prvoj česti knigy dlja čitanja Šuleva i učebnika aritmetiky Popovoj<ref name=":1" />. V dekembru 1933 g. po prizvanju [[Narkompros RSFSR|Narkomprosa RSFSR]] grupu studentov fakulteta russkogo jezyka i literatury [[Tomsky industrialny pedagogičny institut|Tomskogo industrialnogo pedagogičnogo instituta]], vključno [[Životikov, Pavel Kuzmič|P. K. Životikova]], napravili na Vysše pedagogične kursy Leningradskogo pedagogičnogo instituta im. A. I. Gercena dlja izučanja hantyjskogo jezyka. Lětom 1934 g. tuti studenti odpravili se na učitelsku rabotu. Životikov po okončanju kursov byl napravjeny v [[Ostjako-Vogulsky pedagogičny tehnikum]], kdě učil russky i hantyjsky jezyky, literaturu, prodolžal izslědovanja i sistematizaciju hantyjskogo jezyka, stvoril i vozglavil kružek nacionalnoj tvorby<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|lang=ru|url=https://ugra-news.ru/article/ot_moey_raboty_est/|title=«От моей работы есть польза». О Павле Животикове - организаторе школьного образования в Югре|author=Ольга Маслова|website=ugra-news.ru|date=2019-07-19|publisher=Сургутская трибуна|access-date=2022-08-15}}</ref>. V 1933—1934 lětah sut izšli prve prigotovjene naučnymi rabotnikami i učiteljami [[Institut narodov Sěvera|Instituta narodov Sěvera]] knigy dlja čitanja i učebniky gramatiky<ref name=":1" />. V 1934 g. na radě prědstaviteljev Komitetov novogo alfabeta narodov Sěvera, Narkomprosa RSFSR i Komiteta Sěvera pri Prězidijumu VCIK po kvestijam razvoja pismennosti na nacionalnyh jezykah v Moskvě se izjavilo, že latinica stvorjaje trudnosti v koristanju literatury. V 1935 g. prezidium Ostjako-Vogulskogo okružnogo izpolniteljnogo komiteta prijel postanovljenje «O prěhodu pismennosti hantyjskogo i mansijskogo alfabeta na russku osnovu», realizovane v fevruaru 1937 g.<ref name=":1" /> === Izbor dialektnoj osnovy i pytanja normalizacije === [[Fajl:Khanty alphabet book.pdf|thumb|230px|Hantyjsky bukvarj Suhotinoj]] V 1937 g. [[Institut narodov Sěvera]] vypustil sbornik «Jezyky i pismennost narodov Sěvera» s člankom {{-|Wolfgang´a Steinitz´a|Вольфганга Штейница (Wolfgang Steinitz)}}, davajučim morfologičny esej hantyjskogo jezyka (polnovatsky govor sěvernoj grupy), čto založilo početok izslědovanju jego dialektov<ref name=":1" />. Od 1937 goda počelo se prěizdavanje vsej literatury, izšedšej raněje na sěvernyh jezykah. Unifikacija šla po srědnje-obskomu dialektu. V 1938 g. na kirilicě byl izdavany bukvarj Zalcberg, a potom bukvarj Suhotinoj, v 1939-m — prva kniga dlja čitanja<ref name=":1" />. V osnovu literaturnogo jezyka postanovjenjem bjura Hanty-Mansijskogo okružkoma VKP(b) v 1940 godu byl položen srědninny srědnje-obsky (kazymsky) dialekt, jednako na konferenciji učiteljev (10.07.1940 g.) bylo rěšeno izrabotyvati pismennost i dlja vahovskogo dialekta<ref name=":1" />. Ovako, prisutnost dialektov v hantyjskom i v mansijskom jezykah sdělalo nemožnym koristanje jedinyh literaturnyh jezykov v procesu obučenja obojim<ref name=":1" />. === Izrabotniki učebnikov hantyjskogo jezyka === * ''[[Hatanzejev, Petr Jefimovič|P. J. Hatanzejev]].'' Hanty-kniga. Leningrad, 1930<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Малахова |first=Л. П. |date=2017 |title=Просветительная работа среди ханты и манси как вариант адаптации к советской культуре |lang=ru |journal=[[Věstnik Surgutskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogičnogo universiteta|Вестник Сургутского государственного педагогического университета]] |issue=4 (49) |pages=80–84 |issn=2078-7626 |url=https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prosvetitelnaya-rabota-sredi-hanty-i-mansi-kak-variant-adaptatsii-k-sovetskoy-kulture |archive-date=2022-08-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818110126/https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/prosvetitelnaya-rabota-sredi-hanty-i-mansi-kak-variant-adaptatsii-k-sovetskoy-kulture}}</ref>. * ''J. R. Suhotina.'' Bukvarj. Leningrad: Učpedgiz, 1938<ref>{{Cite web|lang=ru|url=http://xn----dtbdzdfqbczhet1kob.xn--p1ai/2021/10/02/bukvar-na-hantyjskom-yazyke-1938-god/|title=Букварь на хантыйском языке, 1938 год|author=Андрей Рябов|website=остяко-вогульск.рф|date=2021-10-02|access-date=2022-08-18|archive-date=2022-08-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220818071810/http://xn----dtbdzdfqbczhet1kob.xn--p1ai/2021/10/02/bukvar-na-hantyjskom-yazyke-1938-god/|url-status=live}}</ref>. * ''[[Životikov, Pavel Kuzmič|P. K. Životikov]].'' «Esej gramatiky hantyjskogo jezyka» (1942)<ref name=":1" />. * ''K. F. Hvataj-Muha, [[Aksarina, Nina Matvejevna|N. M. Aksarina]], G. A. Obatina.'' Bukvarj (1973)<ref>{{-|''К. Ф. Хватай-Муха, [[Aksarina, Nina Matvejevna|Н. М. Аксарина]], Г. А. Обатина.'' Букварь. Издание 2-е, переработанное, под редакцией [[Russkaja, Julija Nikolajevna|Ю. Н. Русской]] (на языке казымских ханты, для подготовительного класса хантыйской начальной школы). Ленинград: Просвещение, 1973. — 128 с.}}</ref>. == Koristanje jezyka v sovrěmennosti == === Medija na hantyjskom jezyku === Prve publikacije na hantyjskom jezyku pojavili se v novinah «[[Novosti Jugry|Ostjako-Vogulskaja Pravda]]» v 1934 godu. Od 1957 goda v [[Hanty-Mansijsky avtonomny okrug — Jugra|HMAO]] izhodi hantyjezyčna novina «''Lenin pant huvat''» («Po leninskomu putju»), prěimenovana v 1991 godu v «''[[Hanty jasang]]''» («Hantyjske slovo»). Novina izhodi jedno za sedmicu: do početka 1970-h — na 1 stranicě, a poslě — na 4 stranicah. V [[Jamalo-Nenečsky avtonomny okrug|Jamalo-Nenečskom avtonomnom okrugu]] na hantyjskom jezyku izdavajut se noviny «''[[Luh avt]]''». Regularno [[Radio|radioprědavanje]] na hantyjskom jezyku na radiju «[[Jugorija (teleradiokompanija)|Jugorija]]» počelo se v 1964 godu. Hantyjske prědavanja dolge 20 minut izhodet po ponedělkam, srědam i petnicam jutrom, v oběd i večerom. Na [[Televizija|televizijnom]] kanalu «[[Jugra (teleradiokompanija)|Jugra]]» takože jest podobno prědavanje. Na teleradiokompaniji «Jugorija» tvorčo družstvo «Ognišče» izpuskaje teleprogramy na hantyjskom. === Sovrěmenna kultura na hantyjskom jezyku === Na jezyku publikujut se tvorby hantyjskyh pisateljev. Na surgutskom dialektu izdavajut se pověsti [[Ajpin, Jeremej Danilovič|J. D. Ajpina]], na kazymskom dialektu vypuskajut se tvorby [[Vagatova, Marija|M. Vagatovoj]], [[Šuljgin, Mikulj Ivanovič|M. I. Šuljgina]], [[Lazarev, Grigorij Dmitrijevič|G. D. Lazareva]] i [[Sengepov, Aleksej Mihajlovič|A. M. Sengepova]], a na šuryškarskom dialektu publikujut se poetične tvorby [[Rugin, Roman Prokopjevič|R. P. Rugina]] i [[Saltykov, Prokopij Jermolajevič|P. J. Saltykova]]<ref>{{Cite web|lang=ru|url=http://irkipedia.ru/content/hantyyskiy_yazyk_istoricheskaya_enciklopediya_sibiri_2009|title=Хантыйский язык // «Историческая энциклопедия Сибири» (2009)|website=ИРКИПЕДИЯ - портал Иркутской области: знания и новости|access-date=2021-12-17|archive-date=2021-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211217032150/http://irkipedia.ru/content/hantyyskiy_yazyk_istoricheskaya_enciklopediya_sibiri_2009|url-status=live| lang=ru}}</ref>. Etno-rok-grupa «''[[H-Ural]]''» od 2009 g. izpolnjaje pěsni na šuryškarskom i srědnjeobskom dialektah hantyjskogo jezyka. Larisa Miljahova — hantyjska etnopěvica, izpolnjajuča tradicijne pěsnje na šuryškarskom dialektě, uroženka Šuryškarskogo městečka Jamalo-Nenečskogo AO. Jestvuje hantyjska folklorna grupa «''Hatl naj''» (rukovoditelj — Ljubov Gavrilovna Vitjazeva), kolektivu v 2013 godu se stalo 25 lět. V njem děti pěvajut pěsnje na šuryškarskom dialektu hantyjskogo jezyka. == Literatura == (na russkom i hantyjskom jezykah) <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * Штейниц В. К. Хантыйский (остяцкий) язык // Языки и письменность народов Севера: Ч. 1. Языки и письменность самоедских и финно-угорских народов. — М.-Л.: Учпедгиз, 1937. — С. 193—228. * Животиков П. К. Очерк грамматики хантыйского языка (средне-обской диалект)/ Под ред. Ю. Н. Русской. — Ханты-Мансийск: Окружная комиссия по разработке литературного хантыйского языка при Исполкоме Ханты-Мансийского Окрсовета Омской области, 1942. — 122 с. * Вальгамова С. И., Кошкарева Н. Б., Онина С. В., Шиянова А. А. Диалектологический словарь хантыйского языка (шурышкарский и приуральский диалекты). Екатеринбург: Издательство «Баско», 2011. 208 с. * Терёшкин Н. И. О некоторых особенностях ваховского, сургутского и казымского диалектов хантыйского языка. — Л., 1958. * Терёшкин Н. И. Очерки диалектов хантыйского языка: Ч. 1. Ваховский диалект. — М.-Л.: Наука, 1961. * Терёшкин Н. И. Хантыйский язык. — М., 1966. * Терёшкин Н. И. Словарь восточнохантыйских диалектов. — Л., 1981. * Скамейко Р. Р., Сязи 3. И. Словарь хантыйско-русский и русско-хантыйский (шурышкарский диалект). — 2-е изд., дораб. — СПб.: Просвещение, 1992. — 272 с. * Немысова Е. А., Кононова С. П., Вожакова Е. Н. Русско-хантыйский разговорник (казымский диалект). — М.: Икар, 1996. — 148 с. * Куркина Г. Г. Вокализм хантыйского языка. — Новосибирск: Сибирский хронограф, 2000. — 296 с. * Кононова С. П. Русско-хантыйский тематический словарь (казымский диалект). — СПб.: Просвещение, 2002. — 216 с. * Кошкарева Н. Б., Соловар В. Н. Хăнты ясăӈн путăртԓўв. Поговорим по-хантыйски. — Новосибирск: Сибирский хронограф, 2004. — 282 с. * Покачева Е. Р., Песикова А. С. Русско-хантыйский разговорник (сургутский диалект). — Ханты-Мансийск: Полиграфист, 2006. — 124 с. * Каксин А. Д. Казымский диалект хантыйского языка. — Ханты-Мансийск: Полиграфист, 2007. — 134 c. * Онина С. В. Оленеводческая лексика хантыйского языка: семантические группы и словарь. Йошкар-Ола, 2001. 74 с. * Solovar V. N. Paradigma prostoj rečenice v hantyjskom jezyku. — Novosibirsk: Ljubava, 2009. — 264 s. * Каксин А. Д. Модальность и средства её выражения в хантыйском языке: монография / А. Д. Каксин. — Ханты-Мансийск: Полиграфист, 2008. — 128 с. * Соловар В. Н. Хантыйско-русский словарь. СПб. : Ханты-Мансийск, 2014. 385 с. </div> == Iztočniky == {{Iztočniky}} == Vněšnje linky == * [http://ouipiir.ru/ Centr izučanja hantyjskogo jezyka] * [https://postnauka.ru/longreads/156128 Sěvernohantyjsky jezyk: Dyhanjem větra jezyk ognja dunut] {{Uralske jezyky}} [[Kategorija:Uralske jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Hantyjsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Ugrske jezyky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q33563}} {{Prěvod|ru|Хантыйский язык}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} odnauzbzzjs4ewac63ycahvn9irrbh4 4 1052 27579 27452 2026-06-29T14:33:26Z VadymTS1 172 /* Vikidane */ Odgovor 27579 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Zaglavje krčmy}} <!--- Napišite svoje soobčenje niže ---> == Link na Diskord-server na Glavnoj stranici == Na Glavnoj stranici tut: Ако вы имајете какеколи пытан​ја, проблемы, примєткы или прєдложен​ја, поставите јих в '''[[Incubator:Krčma|крчмє обчины]]''' или [https://discord.gg/nhRuYAc5Uq нашем Дискорд-серверу]. Diskord-link vede na server Safronowiec, ktory uže malo čto imaje občo s MS i vikipedijeju. Imaje li smysl jego izmeniti na aktualny MS Diskord? Ili takože dodati link na Telegram-čat? Velika hvala. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 06:45, 5 January 2026 (UTC) :@[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] – Čestno govoreči, ja ne jesm na Diskordu i ne znaju te servery. Jest li tam někaka grupa, ktora specifično zajmaje se MS Vikipedijeju? Ako ne, može bylo by lěpje dodati link k grupě na Telegramu. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 08:39, 5 January 2026 (UTC) ::Da, možno dati link na tuty razdel Diskorda, gde diskutuje se rabota na Vikipedii ::[[discord:channels/879438774323535914/1284479085871104075|• Discord | "Medžuslovjanska Wikipedija" | Medžuslovjansky • Меджусловјанскы • Interslavic]] ::či takože na telegram https://t.me/interslavic_wikipedia, ale myslim by bylo dobro prěd tym zapytati tamnogo admina ili vlastnika. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 11:13, 5 January 2026 (UTC) :::Grupa na Telegramu jest nemnožko aktivnějša, ne li? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:28, 5 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Takože jestvuje stary Diskord-server za Medžuviki: https://discord.gg/Yp5QfFCPny, ktorogo vodil Lev. Oboje dnes neaktivny. Jestvuje li potrěba iměti sobstveny Diskord-server za Vikipediju? Forum-nit ne jest mnogo primětna. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|talk]] · [[Koristnik:Vipz/isv|isv]]) 09:35, 6 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Da, tam ješče někto byvaje iz redaktorov, dodam tuty link do glavnoj stranicy. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 09:58, 6 January 2026 (UTC) == Prědustavjeno pismo == Zdrav surabotniki! Jest nužno organizovati (povtoriti) razpravu o preferovanom pismu medžuslovjanskoj Vikipedije na domenu Fundacije Vikimedija, da byhmo iměli osnovu za tehničnu rabotu ktora odnese se na naše jezyčne kody <code>isv</code>, <code>isv-Latn</code>, and <code>isv-Cyrl</code> na Fabrikatoru ({{-|phabricator.wikimedia.org}}). [https://isv.miraheze.org/wiki/Med%C5%BEuviki:Kavarnja#Vikipedija_na_med%C5%BEuslovjanskom Diskusije organizovane na sajtu Miraheze] – na Fabrikatoru oni ne uvažajut. Slědovateljno otvarjaju ovu diskusiju: ktoro pismo preferujemo i začto? – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|talk]] · [[Koristnik:Vipz/isv|isv]]) 08:58, 9 January 2026 (UTC) Hey Vipz, I'll respond in English, so that members of the Language Committee will be able to follow this conversation as well. A few months ago, I went through all articles we have, and found that about 2/3 of our articles use the Latin alphabet and 1/3 use Cyrillic. Although I am not active on social media myself, I have the impression that the situation there is similar: the majority uses Latin, but a sizeable minority uses Cyrillic. Since Latin and Cyrillic being equal is one of the main design criteria of Interslavic, the conclusion is simple: it should be possible to use both alphabets, and they should, ''as far as possible'', be served equally well. In other words, we need a bidrectional script converter. I've been looking around a bit and found ca. 20 Wikipedia editions that work with some kind of script converter: * Our own converter runs on Javascript and has three options: the source page (Lat/Cyr), the Latin transliteration and the Cyrillic translation. It has the advantage that the system remembers the preferred script of the user, apparently by means of a cookie. In mainspace articles, this converter only transliterates the text, but not the page name and not the categories. On category pages, it transliterates the titles of the articles and subcategories it contains, as well as system messages like "Тхе фолловинг 4 пагес аре ин тхис цатегоры, оут оф 4 тотал." The only established Wikipedia with a converter that works like this is [[:got:|Gothic]]. * [[:sr:|Serbian]], [[:uz:|Uzbek]], [[:ku:|Kurdish]], [[:chr:|Crimean Tatar]], [[:iu:|Inuktitut]] and [[:shi:|Tachelhit]] have PHP-based converters with the same three options (f.ex. source, Lat., Kir.). Information about the script is contained in the URL. The system does not remember one's preferred script, so when a page is opened, it is always the source text that is displayed first. This converter also converts the page title and the categories it is in. On category pages it does the opposite from our current converter: it transliterates the page title and the categories it is in, but not the titles of the pages and the subcategories it contains. * [[:sh:|Serbocroatian]], [[:tg:|Tajik]], [[:tly:|Talysh]] and [[:zgh:|Amazigh]] have PHP-based converters with two only options (for example: Latinica/Ћирилица). As I've understood, these converters are unidirectional, so that all pages must be written in the same script. For the rest, they work the same as Serbian. * The Chinese ones (zh, wuu, gan, zh-yue) seem to work like either Serbian or Serbocroatian, but since I can't read Chinese, I haven't taken any closer look at them. * [[:tt:|Tatar]] and [[:cv:|Chuvash]] have one or sometimes two buttons next to the page name. Everything is transliterated, even the menu on the left. Appears to run on JavaScript. * [[:ban:|Balinese]] has no less than five variations, but I can't quite figure out how it works. It seems like it shows some transliteration version by default, but I'm not sure about that. * [[:mni:|Meitei]] offers transliteration into Bengali script, but that works only for the categories underneath a page and the first letters on category pages. * [[:cu:|Church Slavonic]]: every page has three links for three different script variants (including Glagolitic), but they don't seem to work anymore. [[:ang:|Anglo-Saxon]] has a similar thing that actually works. * Another five projects (ug, bug, hak, bbc, gom) have multiple scripts but instead of a converter they sometimes contain multiple versions of the same article, for example [[:bug:Balanda]]. We have done that too in the beginning, but it's way too high-maintenance to be workable. I've been told that JavaScript is considered a bad idea, because it doesn't work properly in Wikipedia apps for cell phones. This means that we need to use the PHP solution, and since we need the converter to be bidirectional, our only option is the solution used for Serbian. This does, however, have a few disadvantages: # It transliterates page titles, which is not always what we want. This shouldn't be problematic though, since the page title can be manipulated with a template, for example here: [[:sr:З (слово ћирилице)]] # However, it also transliterates the names of categories, which means that Latin and Cyrillic articles are all tossed into the same category. Articles names are listed there untransliterated. This is problematic, because we must consider that not every Latin-writing person can read Cyrillic, and not every Cyrillic-writing person can read the Latin alphabet. # Even if a category full of articles written in the Latin alphabet is transliterated into Cyrillic, it does not only show them in the Latin alphabet, but also in the alphabetical order of the Latin alphabet. # A user who prefers one of the two alphabets has to change it manually for each and every page. So here's my own preferred solution, if possible: # It can work exactly like the converter on Serbian Wikipedia does, except for one thing: it should NOT transliterate category names. # Instead, we have parallel categories for Latin and Cyrillic. Every article written in the Latin alphabet is placed in Latin categories and has a redirect in Cyrillic, which is placed in the Cyrillic counterparts of these categories. Articles with titles that cannot be transliterated, like [[Microsoft]] or [[Ж]], can be placed in both categories. This is, basically, the current situation. It has the advantage that every article can be found by navigating though the categories, and that they are placed in the correct alphabetical order (which for Cyrillic is different from the Latin order). # I am aware of the fact that this solution is not perfect: a Cyrillic user who follows a Cyrillic redirect will still end up with a Latin article in Latin categories, even if he switches to Cyrillic. This cannot be helped, I'm afraid. UNLESS it would be technically possible that the categories under a Latin article link to Latin categories, and the categories under a Cyrillic article to their Cyrillic equivalents. Would such a thing be possible? # It is not a matter of life or death, but it would be nice if a user's preferred orthography could be stored in a cookie, so that he/she won't have to change the orthography manually every time. This would be a nice-to-have. There are a few other issues, too, but I'll get back to that later. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:57, 10 January 2026 (UTC) :Thank you, Jan! This is a very insightful and nuanced reply. The issue of not having a default script on multi-scipt Wikimedia projects affects editors more so than readers. As of 2026, multi-script editing is, unfortunately, nothing more than a seldom mentioned concept ([https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/03/12/supporting-languages-multiple-writing-systems/ Diff 2018 community blog article]; [[:c:File:Editing challenges on multi-script wikis (with speaker notes).pdf|Wikimania 2017 presentation]]). Some editors are less proficient or efficient with one of the scripts, and many do not know one or the other at all, and will therefore be uncomfortable editing articles in the said script. Until multi-script editing becomes a reality, having a default script is an option to be considered; whether it is a sensible sacrifice—to the benefit of one group (a majority) and detriment of the other (a minority)—is subjective, but alas. The other thing which concerns designation of a default script are fallback choices: <code>isv</code> should ''probably'' have a fallback sequence to one of the scripts, which ''could'' solve the issue of the system not recognizing <code>[https://codelookup.toolforge.org/isv isv]</code> while recognizing <code>[https://codelookup.toolforge.org/isv-Latn isv-Latn]</code> and <code>[https://codelookup.toolforge.org/isv-Cyrl isv-Cyrl]</code>. In other words, we ought to support <code>isv</code>, but it makes no sense to translate it separately from <code>isv-Latn</code> and <code>isv-Cyrl</code>, unless we intend to have an unwieldy and hideous solution to not favoring one or the other – by including them both in every localized interface, namespace, or message element. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|talk]] · [[Koristnik:Vipz/isv|isv]]) 10:07, 10 January 2026 (UTC) ::Well, I think we shouldn't be over-zealous, but on the other hand, it's been almost twenty years now since I got involved with this language, and I can assure you that the alphabet issue has been a thing almost since day one. Every possible option between Latin-only and Cyrillic-only has its ardent supporters, and even though the Latin alphabet is used more often for Interslavic than Cyrillic, it remains a fact that about 3/4 of all Slavic people use Cyrillic. So treating one of them as merely a transliterated version of the other is out of the question. But it is also true that the average Pole, Czech or Slovene cannot read Cyrillic, whereas most Russians, Ukrainians and Bulgarians know the Latin alphabet at least to some degree, which gives the Latin alphabet a slight advantage nonetheless. It's not entirely clear to me what you mean by "fallback option", but if it means that <code>isv</code> is interpreted as "<code>isv-Latn</code> unless specified otherwise", I'd be perfectly fine with that.<br />Of course, there will always be imperfections. For a person who only knows the Latin alphabet it will be difficult to correct a typo in the Cyrillic text, or even to expand it with Latin text. For now, I think we should stick to the principle that a page written in Cyrillic stays in Cyrillic, and ''tant pis'' if you can't handle Cyrillic. But honestly, I don't think that's much of a problem at the moment. Most Interslavic users can understand both alphabets, and I'm sure the problem of multi-script editing will solve itself at some point.<br />For the record, transliteration between Latin and Cyrillic is pretty straightforward. The only inconsistency is the '''њ/нј''' issue found also in Serbian, but that's a minor thing that can easily be solved. That still leaves us with a few issues addressed [[:meta:Requests for new languages/Wikipedia Interslavic#Writing system related issues|here]] by @[[Koristnik:TutČas|TutČas]]. More specifically, s/he mentions the possibility of using not only the ex-Yugoslavia method for displaying Cyrillic, but also the Russian method (''лю'' instead of ''љу''). If I understand correctly that the source code looks like [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Editing_challenges_on_multi-script_wikis_%28with_speaker_notes%29.pdf#page=29 this], such a thing could easily be implemented. The question is: do we want that? And another thing is that some users persistently use the etymological orthography (''mųž'', ''krålj'', etc.). If the converter can be programmed in such way that <code>'ų' => 'у'</code> and <code>'у' => 'u'</code>, then that would be a nice thing to have as well. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 12:40, 10 January 2026 (UTC) == Транслитерација со Јапонского == Поздрав! Какобы толико в източнословјанскых йезыках хирагану し / катакану シ транслитерујут како си/si. В вечинству језыков (вкључајучи словјански) пишут ши/shi/ši. @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]], може измєнити то [[Kacusika Hokusaj|сде]] на "Kacušika Hokusaj" або на "Kacušika Hokusai"? Како мыслите? --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|talk]]) 20:09, 10 January 2026 (UTC) :Pozdrav, Murade, nazva ''Kacusika Hokusaj'' byla uže raněje v spisu potrěbnyh člankov, zato ja jesm to ostavil. Možno jest izdělati re-direkt na na ''Katsušika Hokusaj'' i to bude izobražati se na stranice. Tutčas, obratno, ja jesm prědělal vse japonske slova v članku na "''si''", "''dzju''", "''dzjo''" vměsto "''ši''", "''džu''", "''džo''" (Hepburnovo romaji ''shi'', ''ju'', ''jo''), i t.d. da by vsečto bylo v jednom standardu, ili možem to vratiti i ostaviti, kako bylo, s koristanjem jedino romaji transkripcije bez jej prěvoda do kirilicy. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 08:55, 12 January 2026 (UTC) Po mojemu mněnju to ne jest dobry pomysl. Nakoliko ja znaju, toj spisok potrěbnyh člankov sdělal Lev, a on vse bazoval na russkoj transkripciji. Problem jest v tom, že ta transkripcija jest osnovana na principu, že v russkom suglasky prěd '''и''' i '''е''' sut avtomatično palatalizovane. Izgovor '''シ''' i '''チ''' zaisto zvuči bolje kako poljske {{-|'''ś'''}} i {{-|'''ć'''}} neželi kako russke '''ш''' i '''ч''', ale v medžuslovjanskom to ne rabotaje tako. Sdělal jesm tabelku s někojimi problematičnymi znakami i uvidite, že daže ukrajinsky i srbsky koristajut '''ш''' i '''ч'''. Pozrite tu (poslědnji stolp jest moje prědloženje za medžuslovjansky): {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" style="text-align:center;" ! jap. !! ang. !! čes. !! rus. !! ukr. !! srb. !! isv |- | サ || sa || sa || са || са || са || sa / са |- | シ || shi || ši || си || ші || ши || ši / ши |- | シャ || sha || ša || ся || шя || ша || ša / ша |- | タ || ta || ta || та || та || та || ta / та |- | チ || chi || či || ти || чі || чи/ћи || či / чи |- | ツ || tsu || cu || цу || цу || цу || cu / цу |- | チャ || cha || ča || тя || чя || ча/ћа || ča / ча |- | ニャ || nya || nja || ня || ня || ња || nja / ња |- | ワ || wa || wa || ва || ва || ва/уа || wa / ва |- | ザ || za || za || дза || дза || за || za / за |- | ジ || ji || dži || дзи || джі || ђи || dži / джи |- | ジャ || ja || dža || дзя || джя || ђа || dža / джа |- | ダ || da || da || да || да || да || da / да |- | ヂ || ji || (dži) || (дзи) || (джі) || ђи || dži / джи |- | ヅ || zu || (zu) || (дзу) || (дзу) || зу || zu / зу |- | ヂャ || ja || (dža) || (дзя) || (джя) || (ђа) || dža / джа |- ! colspan="7" | razširjena katakana |- | ス || su || su || су || су || су || su / су |- | スィ || si || (si) || сы || (сі) || (си) || si / си |- | テ || te || te || тэ || те || те || te / те |- | ティ || ti || (ti) || ти (ты) || ті || ти || ti / ти |} {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:02, 12 January 2026 (UTC) : Одлично табло! Але по мојему мнєнју ако измєнити za / за на dza / дза (и zu / зу на dzu / дзу) тогды је было бы фонетично идеално (не по Поливанову и не по Хепберну оногдашње). --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|talk]]) 18:02, 12 January 2026 (UTC) ::Da, jesm tako(d)že suglasny [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 18:05, 12 January 2026 (UTC) == Remaining issues == Dear all, since it probably won't be long now before our Interslavic Wikipedia will finally be approved, there are still a few issues to be resolved. {{Ping|Ilja isv|LiMr|Danvintius Bookix|GlěbDyndar|Мурад 97|Panslavist|Tutčas}}, {{Ping|Medžuslovjanin|Ferpaks|Marcoorio|Aula Orion|Panslav|Orbitminis|Wojsław Brożyna}}, {{Ping|Adiee5|Plameniled|Miłosz Czaniecki|Владимєр Брєзин, сын Александров|Qiorly|Polda18}}, {{Ping|SzymonV|Vipz|Asank neo|FitikWasTaken|Machine of goodness|Snovid}} Your attention please! === Transliteration === First of all, there's the issue of transliteration, see above under [[Incubator:Krčma#Prědustavjeno pismo]]. The system used by the Serbian Wikipedia has the advantage that we can have the same article both in Latin and Cyrillic without having to resort to back-transliterations. In other words, we won't be forced to write "Džorž Buš" instead of "George Bush" in the Latin alphabet to avoid Cyrillic transliterations like "Георге Бусх". At present, transliteration is taken care of with JavaScript in [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki:Common.js MediaWiki:Common.js]. When we move to the system used by the Serbian Wikipedia (which IMO is the only sensible solution, see above), the same transliteration rules should be transferred to whatever system they use there, preferably with a few additions: '''bidirectional:''' {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" | a || b || c || č || d || e || ě || f || g || h || i || j || k || l || lj{{FN|*)}} || m || n || nj{{FN|*)}} || o || p || r || s || š || t || u || v || y || z || ž || ä || ö || ü |- | а || б || ц || ч || д || е || є || ф || г || х || и || ј || к || л || љ || м || н || њ || о || п || р || с || ш || т || у || в || ы || з || ж || ӓ || ӧ || ӱ |} '''unidirectional Lat &rarr; Cyr:''' {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! from | á || å || a || ć || ď || đ || ė || è || é || ę || í || ľ || ĺ || ł || ń || ň || ȯ || ò || ó || qu || ŕ || ř || ś || ť || ú ||ų || ů || w || x || ý || ź || ż |- ! to | а || а || а || ч || д || дж || е || е || е || e || и || л || л || л || н || н || о || о || о || kv || р || р || с || т || у || у || у || в || кс || ы || з || ж |} '''unidirectional Cyr &rarr; Lat:''' {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! from | ґ || ѓ || ђ || ѣ || ё || ѕ || і || ї || й || ќ || ћ || ў || џ || щ || ъ || ь || э || ю || я |- ! to | g || dž || dž || ě || jo || dz || i || ji || j || č || č || v || dž || šč || — || — || e || ju || ja |} {{FNBox|Note: {{FNZ|*)|I don't know if there is a way to distinguish between Љ (LJ) and Љ (Lj), but since fully capitalized text is rare, I guess Љ &rarr; Lj and Њ &rarr; Nj will do.}} }} === Alphabetical order === Another thing is the alphabetical ordering of articles in, for example, categories. The current situation is that Cyrillic letters absent in Russian – like Є, Њ and Ј – come before А. It is necessary that the right alphabetical order is followed, which preferably should also include letters not used in Interslavic but used in other Slavic languages, as they may appear in categories as well: '''Latin:'''<br /> <big>'''a''' á ä ą å '''b c''' ć '''č d''' ď '''e''' é è ė ę '''ě f g h i''' í '''j k l''' ł ľ ĺ '''lj m n''' ń ň '''nj o''' ò ó ȯ '''p''' q '''r''' ŕ ř '''s''' ś '''š t''' ť '''u''' ú ů ų '''v''' w x '''y''' ý '''z''' ź '''ž''' ż</big> '''Cyrillic:'''<br /> <big>'''а б в г''' ґ '''д''' ђ ѓ '''е''' ё '''є''' ѣ '''ж з''' ѕ '''и''' й і ї '''ј к л љ м н њ о п р с т''' ћ ќ '''у''' ў '''ф х ц ч''' џ '''ш''' щ '''ы''' э ю я</big> === Dates === * The standard format for dates is: <code>dd.mm.yyyy</code> * In dates, month names should always be in the genitive case. Although these genitives are defined on translatewiki.net, that doesn't seem to work in the Recent changes, Watchlist etc. === Numbers === When a number is followed by a noun, the corresponding case differs: * 1: nominative singular (1 dom) * 2–4: nominative plural (2 domy) * 0 and 5–19: genitive plural (5 domov) * all higher numbers ending with 1: nominative singular (101 dom) * all higher numbers ending with 2–4: nominative plural (102 domy) * all higher numbers ending with 0 or 5–9: genitive plural (100 domov, 105 domov) === Namespaces === {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! colspan="2" | Namespace || colspan="2" | Talk |- ! English || Interslavic || English || Interslavic |- | (main) || (glavny) || Talk || Besěda |- | User || Koristnik || User talk || Besěda koristnika |- | Wikipedia || Vikipedija || Wikipedia talk || Besěda vikipedije |- | File || Fajl || File talk || Besěda fajla |- | MediaWiki || MediaWiki || MediaWiki || Besěda MediaWiki |- | Template || Šablon || Template talk || Besěda šablona |- | Help || Pomoč || Help talk || Besěda pomoči |- | Category || Kategorija || Category talk || Besěda kategorije |- | Portal || Portal || Portal talk || Besěda portala |- | Module || Modul || Module talk || Besěda modula |- | Gadget || Gadžet || Gadget talk || Besěda gadžeta |} I hope I haven't forgotten anything! === The code ISV === * In interwiki links, the language should appear as: <code>Medžuslovjansky / меджусловјанскы</code> * The English name of the language is "Interslavic". * There still appear to be issues with the language code <code>isv</code>. In Babel boxes, for example, <code>isv-Latn</code> and <code>isv-Cyrl</code> work, but <code>isv</code> does not. * I guess using <code>isv</code> shoud have a fallback sequence to <code>isv-Latn</code>, as [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] suggested. === Transliteration once more === ''Theoretically'' it will be possible to add unidirectional solutions to additional writing systems, like Russian Cyrillic or Glagolitic. Personally, I am not in favour of such a solution though. That's pretty much all I can think of. Comments? Suggestions? Opinions? Cheers, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:51, 11 February 2026 (UTC) :Finally! That is some great news. :All the points touched here make sense to me. :I am also against additional transliteration to either Russian Cyrillic or Glagolitic. It would add more confusion IMO. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 19:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC) :jesm popravil tabelu Namespaces [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 19:09, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::O, hvala za popravku, to je byla moja glupost! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 20:39, 11 February 2026 (UTC) :Hi Jan, :Many thanks for this communication. :My idea of selective automatic both-way transliteration is as follows.<br />Now we have a template to block transliteration for a piece of text :<pre>{{-|text not to be transliterated}}</pre> :all it does only adding HTML tag :<pre>&lt;span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"&gt;text not to be transliterated&lt;/span&gt;</pre> :that is analized by transliteration gadget that ignores the text between tag borders. This tag can be also used "manually" when use of template is not possible due to wikitext syntax (e.g. text of hyperlink etc.), so we have more or less two tools to control transliteration now. :I would propose to add one more template for selective transliteration, for example :<pre>{{LatCyr|Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа|Žan Fransua|1}}</pre> :where:<br/> :''Jean-François'' - (obligatory parameter) text in original language in Latin script (name)<br/> :''Жан-Франсуа'' - (obligatory parameter) text in cyrillic (phonetical transliteration)<br/> :''Žan Fransua'' - (optional) phonetic latin<br/> :''1'' - (optional) when this is present, the name appears first time on the article and it could be displayed with phonetic latin in parentheses (could be useful when uncommon languages for the reader are used). :This template could work same way adding HTML class tags (these need to be created for original latin, cyrillic and phonetic latin). The translit script could be modified so it sees the tags and modifies text as per current isv graphic selection setting. {| class="wikitable" |+ |Examples |- ! Parameters !! lat/cyr !! Renders as |- | <nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа|Žan-Fransua|1</nowiki> || cyr || Жан-Франсуа (Jean-François) |- | <nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа|Žan-Fransua</nowiki> || cyr || Жан-Франсуа |- | <nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа|Žan-Fransua|1</nowiki> || lat || Jean-François (Žan-Fransua) |- |<nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа</nowiki> |lat |Jean-François |- |<nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа</nowiki> |cyr |Жан-Франсуа |- |<nowiki>Györ|Дьёр|Ďjor|1</nowiki> |lat |Györ (Ďjor) |} :Would this proposal be of interest? :It would still require somepone to program the gadget and admin rights to place it on the wiki section. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 07:21, 12 February 2026 (UTC) Yes, this certainly makes sense. The language converter can easily be embedded in the current <tt><nowiki>{{-|...}}</nowiki></tt> template. Normally the language converter would expect something like:<br /><tt><nowiki>-{ isv-Latn: Jean-François; isv-Cyrl:Жан-Франсуа }-</nowiki></tt>.<br />The remaining two fields can easily be handled in the template itself, I think. But on the other hand, the same functionality can also be achieved simply by using the same template twice: <tt><nowiki>{{-|Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа}} {{-|(izgovor: Žan-Fransua)|(fr. Jean-François)}}</nowiki></tt> If that's the case, then parameters 3 and 4 wouldn't even be necessary. One thing I'm not entirely sure about myself, is what happens when you open a page ''before'' picking an orthography. At that moment the system doesn't know whether the page is in Latin or in Cyrillic orthography. I *think* this is done by adding a third parameter: <tt><nowiki>-{ isv-Latn: Jean-François; isv-Cyrl: Жан-Франсуа; isv: Jean-François }-</nowiki></tt> Anyway, the advantage of all this is that we won't immediately have to change all pages where it is used. In many cases the template is used for expressions that shouldn't be transliterated at all, like "{{-|Microsoft}}". Those cases won't be affected by the change at all. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 11:01, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :Thank you, Jan, yes, this could be the way to go. Still need some time to understand better the way the gadget works but would like to start trying soonest. Cheers, [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 18:53, 12 February 2026 (UTC) === Script === {{-|''(added a header for clarity)''}} :So, today is a great day as I tried first time the vibe-codng with Google AI mode to modify transliteration script. :My proposal is to use 3 classes that will be added by template (or manually) to mark 3 options of text. :<pre> <span class="alphabet-isv-Latn">Jean-François</span></pre> :<pre> <span class="alphabet-isv-Cyrl">Жан-Франсуа</span></pre> :<pre><span class="alphabet-isv">Žan-Fransua</span></pre> :Depending on user alphabet setting, only one of the three will be displayed.<br/> :Herewith the code that needs to be added to the script, in the very beginning, after description remark (starting line 9). :<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript" line="1" start="9"> /** This part is added by [[Koristnik:Ilja_isv]], vibe-coded with Google AI /** Sorry code is removed since it did not work in the end </syntaxhighlight> :@[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]], may I ask you to add this code to Common.js so we could test? It takes admin rights to modify the javascript. I can send the complete modified script file if this is easier, I have a backup of original Common.js for the case of failure and the tags for testing entered in the sandbox. Thanking you in advance for help, hope it will work. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 09:56, 24 February 2026 (UTC) ::Unfortunately, being a test admin I do not have the rights to edit Common.js (I actually tried a while back, to no avail). Perhaps [[Koristnik:Iohanen]] can be of help here? Cheers, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 10:56, 24 February 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you Jan, will contact. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 11:19, 24 February 2026 (UTC) :::Jan, one more idea: we can also test changes at old Miraheze space, the gadget script is identical. Do you have admin rights there or do you know the admin? I do not even have a login. The script file there is called Gadget-alphabet.js: :::https://isv.miraheze.org/wiki/MediaWiki:Gadget-alphabet.js :::Just someone will also need to make a test page with tags to see how it works. :::Many thanks. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 11:50, 24 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Yes, I can modify the alphabet gadget on Miraheze. What exactly do you want me to do? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:21, 24 February 2026 (UTC) :::::Hvala Jane, myslím, zajutra večer budu odpovědati, prěd tym uže ne budu iměti čas. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 18:54, 24 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::I had a reply from Iohanen, hvala za kontakt, it is: ::::::https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Iohanen?markasread=2792850&markasreadwiki=incubatorwiki#c-Iohanen-20260224173800-Ilja_isv-20260224114000 ::::::Will follow up in 1-2 days [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 05:35, 25 February 2026 (UTC) :::::No need to do anything, thanks to Iohanen, we have now a workable and tested script. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 12:38, 26 February 2026 (UTC) :::I have modified the '''- '''template, it can have 2 parameters now. If there is only one parameter, this text will be excluded from transliteration. If there is a second parameter present, first parameter is considered Latin, second is considered Cyrilic. When we install updated gadget script, either one or the other will be displayed, depending on language setting. Default is Latin (if Lat./Cyr is a choice or no choice made yet). {| class="wikitable" |+ Kako koristati |- ! Sintaksis !! Rezultat {{-|Latn}} !! Rezultat {{-|Cyrl}} |- | <pre>{{-|macOS Sierra}}</pre>|| <pre>macOS Sierra</pre> || <pre>macOS Sierra</pre> |- | <pre>{{-|Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа}}</pre> || <pre>Jean-François</pre> || <pre>Жан-Франсуа</pre> |- | <pre>{{-|Joe Biden (Džo Bajden)|Джо Байден}}</pre> || <pre>Joe Biden (Džo Bajden)</pre> || <pre>Джо Байден</pre> |} :::As we already have a perfectly working script (great thanks to [[Koristnik:Iohanen]]), I will ask administrators to install it and we have the problem solved. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 12:45, 26 February 2026 (UTC) ::::👍 [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 12:51, 26 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Hi All, ::::Good news: the script and new templates are implemented and work. I will publish a tutorial shortest possible. Congratulations to all participants 👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 16:27, 28 February 2026 (UTC) ::::<s>Bad news: does not work in the mobile version, both Cyrillic and Latin are displayed, which was not like that during tests.</s> <s>Next point to address.</s> Done, all works now. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 16:29, 28 February 2026 (UTC) === Approval === {{-|''(moving this to a separate section to avoid cluttering)''}} Where did you get the information that Wp/isv is about to be approved? On the discussion page, the Language Committee members are ignoring it again, but as soon as someone posted about another project, it immediately received a response. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-98653-7|&#126;2026-98653-7]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-98653-7|talk]]) 21:08, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :I've been discussing the issue of the script converter with a member of the Language Committee, that's way. I know they could have approved our project already a year ago, but there's not much point in mulling over that now. I suggest we simply keep working on this wiki, approval will come by itself. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 21:37, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :: What kind of stories are you telling us? How many times has this happened? People are wasting their precious time on this instead of something more useful. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10102-52|&#126;2026-10102-52]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10102-52|talk]]) 13:57, 14 February 2026 (UTC) :::LOL, login under your real name. Why are you even here? :::If you're feeling that you are wasting your time here, you know where the door is, right? I strongly encourage you to go and do something more useful. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 14:03, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Can't say I disagree. Negativity won't get us anywhere, that's for sure. Ultimately, we'll get there, and all the work we are doing here will soon end up in a real Interslavic wikipedia anyway, so it's definitely not a waste of time. And, if I may say so, complaining is a much bigger waste of time than actually contributing. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:45, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::: Look. It's a dead project; it only has four active users. Part of that is your fault, after all, you kept telling everyone the project was about to be approved (but it never happened). And I'll disappoint you a little: activity usually declines after a domain is created. I'd advise everyone to be more accepting of criticism. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10115-37|&#126;2026-10115-37]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10115-37|talk]]) 17:58, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::Listen, brave man. If you want anyone to take your “criticism” even remotely seriously, you need to log in so we can see what your stake is and what you’ve actually contributed. Until then, you’ll simply come across as a troll or a saboteur. ::::::When we need your advice, we’ll ask for it. For now, you can tone it down and keep your advice to yourself. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 19:52, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::: Wikimedia has a [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Universal%20Code%20of%20Conduct universal code of conduct]. I recommend you read it. I've been following this project for several years, sometimes making anonymous edits. And I have the right not to register as long as Wikimedia Foundation projects allow this option. Your requests are rejected. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10259-25|&#126;2026-10259-25]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10259-25|talk]]) 20:07, 15 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Too many recommendations for anonymous "editor", buddy. You're dismissed and free to go. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 21:36, 15 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::::All emotions aside, I don’t really understand your frustration about the situation or your negativity toward Jan. I’m pretty sure Jan was simply passing on to the community what he himself had been told. ::::::::I don’t think anyone involved in this project expects it to suddenly become hugely popular. For me, it’s about steady work and gradually onboarding new learners of Interslavic. ::::::::Personally, everything I write here — and everything I do in life — I do primarily for myself. I don’t expect large audiences or dramatic results. If you feel like you’ve wasted your time because you were expecting something bigger, maybe the issue isn’t the project itself but the expectations attached to it. ::::::::If exposure and visibility are what you’re looking for, there are platforms built exactly for that. Like TikTok for example. But this project has always been about consistent effort and long-term development, not instant recognition. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:31, 15 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::::And if you truly have such deep knowledge of the future and already know how everything is going to turn out, maybe you should try day trading. With that kind of foresight, you’d probably make millions — and then all the time you think you “wasted” on our small project would fade away like a bad dream. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:34, 15 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::That's right. Perhaps I've been premature with my assumptions, but they were not entirely without reason. First of all, we already met all the necessary requirements by October 2024 (five editors contributing regularly during a period of a few months + translated interface), and secondly, in January 2025 a member of the Language Committee confirmed that the project was ready for approval. Honestly, I have no idea why that still hasn't happened, and believe me, nobody feels more frustrated about this sluggishness than me. At first, I thought it was because of the label "constructed language", but given the fact that a wikipedia in Toki Pona was approved – even though it it's not even an auxiliary language and even though it wasn't even in the Incubator – that's can't really be the reason. And yes, of course I am disappointed that some active contributors haven't shown up for a long time. Neither do I understand why [[Koristnik:Wojsław Brożyna|Wojsław Brożyna]] requested Interslavic Wikipedia on Meta and started this wiki on the Incubator, since he never contributed anything of substance afterwards. Still, no matter what, the best we can do is simply carry on. Showing that we *can* do it is precisely what the Incubator is meant for. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:01, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::And anonymous, you call this a dead project, but at the same time you noted yourself that other projects with less users and less content are being approved, so apparently it's not *that* dead after all. You say that we should be more accepting of criticism, but the point of criticism is to improve something, not to frustrate it. If you have ideas about how to improve this project, we are all ears, and if you care about this project, you are more than welcome to contribute. But if you don't, then I don't quite understand why you bother making these comments at all. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:03, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::: I don't remember saying this, but I would have said the same thing. You need to clearly define your goal and determine whether it's achievable. If not, then move on to other goals. Here, it's like knocking on a closed gate. Sometimes they say something or wink, but the gate remains closed. I have ideas, but first you need to stop knocking on closed gates. It's really sad. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10286-28|&#126;2026-10286-28]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10286-28|talk]]) 11:38, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::I don't think it's like knocking on a closed gate. Look what happened with our ISO code. Our first two requests were rejected for stupid reasons and the third request took almost five years to be validated: first because they simply forgot about it, and then because it was stalled because they were reformulating their policies. It seems like they didn't quite know what do to with Interslavic, for example, whether they should qualify it as natural or a constructed language. So yes, I am kind of having a ''déjà-vu'' here. And again, I don't why it is taking them so long. The language itself shouldn't be the problem anymore, since its eligibility was established already in October 2024. My best guess is simply that the majority of the LangCom members are barely active, and that the remaining members are hesitant because of the extra work that needs to be done with regard to script conversion and the like. But ultimately ''upornost se izplati''. And anyway, it's not like we have an alternative here. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 12:37, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::: There are alternatives. In fact, with the development of AI, Wikipedia's role is gradually diminishing. Just look at the statistics: activity is declining in many editions (for example, in Russian, but the situation is no better in other Slavic editions). The situation is only good in languages ​​with a large number of native speakers (English, Spanish, French). This project will ultimately be edited by a relatively small group of enthusiasts. If the project is for enthusiasts, work can be done anywhere (on other wiki projects, etc.) whithout frustration. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10427-04|&#126;2026-10427-04]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10427-04|talk]]) 14:26, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::The relationship between Wikipedia and AI is a problem in itself, but there's not much point in speculation about the future. Besides, following your logic, we might as well close all Wikipedias except the English one. You are right about one thing: if the Interslavic Wikipedia were purely intended for enthusiasts of Interslavic, Miraheze or whatever other wikifarm might do. But that's not the point. This wiki should serve as an additional source of information for Slavic speakers. The reason we need a separate Wikipedia project is that people can find it, for example via interwiki links. As long as it is stored here or in some wikifarm, nobody will be able to find it. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:05, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::: This isn't quite the correct continuation of my logic: sections don't need to be closed, but activity will gradually decline. They will remain as encyclopedias, but will be preserved (AI will take information from there for itself). As for whether people will be able to find this project through interwiki, that's doubtful; interwiki is badly presented in the current Wikipedia skin. It's easy to search there if you know exactly which language you need. But it's possible that some people will still find this project through interwiki. As a source of information, people prefer to read in their native language. What you said could have been expected 10-20 years ago. If they can't find information in their language, they'll translate it from the language in which it exists (most likely, English). The quality of translation in online translators is much better now. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10427-04|&#126;2026-10427-04]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10427-04|talk]]) 09:09, 17 February 2026 (UTC) ::Good news. A thread "Proposed approval of Interslavic Wikipedia" has appeared on the Langcom Mailing List. I hope we get a positive response soon. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-17126-63|&#126;2026-17126-63]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-17126-63|talk]]) 20:12, 18 March 2026 (UTC) :::I'm really starting to get the impression that langcom is deliberately ignoring wp/isv. Jon Harald Søby created a thread "Proposed approval of Interslavic Wikipedia," but it received no response, either positive or negative. However, another thread appeared there and received an almost immediate response. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-18779-70|&#126;2026-18779-70]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-18779-70|talk]]) 11:19, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::: That's true. But in reality, there are plenty of such threads. Someone wants approval, no one responds, or no one responds positively, and approval is delayed. Don't count on approval soon; it will be several years away. I especially don't recommend relying on the nearly dead Langcom.--[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-18633-18|&#126;2026-18633-18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-18633-18|talk]]) 11:30, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::::Years? Is it really that bad? What's the point of writing anything here if there will never be approval? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-18861-96|&#126;2026-18861-96]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-18861-96|talk]]) 13:56, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::::: Honestly, I don't know why they're doing this. It's been clear many times that Langcom doesn't want to approve this project and will delay approval as long as possible. Sooner or later, this leads to burnout (maybe Langcom is counting on it). Note that Langcom hasn't offered any apologies or justifications, as if this is a normal situation. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-18833-94|&#126;2026-18833-94]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-18833-94|talk]]) 15:57, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ura! Sračky 😂 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 21:35, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::Very good news! Other members of the language committee have responded, and it's safe to say that Interslavic Wikipedia is practically approved. All that's left is to leave a notification about the proposal being approved, and now all that's left is to create isv.wikipedia.org. Finally, it's isv's turn. Thank you for continuing to create articles and staying active. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31741-38|&#126;2026-31741-38]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-31741-38|talk]]) 03:13, 29 May 2026 (UTC) == Wiktionary == ''(moving this to a separate item to avoid cluttering)'' When we receive approval, will it automatically give us the option to create a Wiktionary for Interslavic, or do we need to apply for that separately? I already have some ideas and plans for it. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 15:45, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :Setting up a separate Wiktionary would require a separate application process on [[m:Requests for new languages|Meta]]. Approval will probably come easier if Interslavic already has its own Wikipedia, though. Theoretically, you could also start creating a Wiktionary in the Incubator, here: [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/isv Wt/isv]. Yet I am wondering: what would be the point of a Wiktionary for Interslavic? We already have our multilingual dictionary at https://interslavic-dictionary.com/, and there's the same dictionary at http://steen.free.fr/interslavic/dynamic_dictionary.html. Keeping those two in line with each other is already quite a lot of work. Wouldn't it be better to keep all our eggs in one basket, instead of having even more dictionaries around? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:42, 12 February 2026 (UTC) ::Well, in reality, I'm just experimenting. ::In theory, there is an automated or at least semi-automated way to add articles to Wiktionary straight from the dictionary database, so the labor part should not be that difficult. ::What I did is I've created a fork of the dictionary that is using the same database and did slight improvements to it's UI, so now you can compare multiple words at the same screen and you can also look up the Wiktionary article straight from the interface, just by pressing the hyperlink. Creating Interslavic Wiktionary obviously would allow me to add the links to Interslavic Wiktionary. ::Wiktionary by definition is something that anyone can edit, so: ::# People would add new words more easily (Yes, there is a problem with verifying if those words are good or not, but in general it would give more power to the community vs. now, when suggesting something to Interslavic dictionary seems more like a bureaucratic process rather than a community contribution). ::# People could modify articles about the words in Interslavic and add contexts, translations to their natural languages, usage examples, etc. (Think of https://context.reverso.net/) ::[[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:04, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::I've also revived the Slovnik Bot in Telegram and modified it a little bit, so it's also showing links to Wiktionary articles in corresponding languages. :::In theory, if people will add the use cases in Interslavic, this bot would be able to spit it out to users in Telegram. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:07, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::The slovnik fork is available here :::https://interslavic.forum/slovnik/ :::I'm still working on it, but it's pretty much done for now. :::It allows you to compare up to 4 words on the same screen and look up the Wiktionary articles for corresponding language. :::This is just something I'm constantly using in writing texts. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:10, 12 February 2026 (UTC) ::In general, I'm just trying to integrate the existing infrastructure of Interslavic with what Wikipedia offers. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:07, 12 February 2026 (UTC) Well, I can certainly see the potential advantages of a Wiktionary. It could, for example, help in translating the dictionary into other languages. The thing is only that the official Interslavic dictionary is being worked on by a whole team of people. Errors are being corrected, new words are being added, and sometimes existing words are being replaced or simply kicked out. The problem with forked dictionaries is that sooner or later they will be obsolete. Besides, we can't have people adding stuff that hasn't been properly researched. That's why I am a bit hesitant here. But if you really want to try it, I cannot stop you, of course. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 21:50, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :This is a UI fork, mostly visual difference and additional features. It's connected to the same google document just as official dictionary. The only difference for now is that I've fixed individual declensions for some words (jejin, obědvě) (also I've committed the changes to official dictionary, it's just a matter for someone to approve the changes). :I'm not trying to create my own dictionary, but I'd like the work to go faster and I'd like to have a more participatory mechanism for the community. :Wiktionary would be a part of this mechanism. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 23:28, 13 February 2026 (UTC) ::Okay, we can of course give it a try. And like I said, I can surely see quite a few advantages of the idea. My only concern is, who is going to manage all this? Starting it in the Incubator is possible for sure, but if it's going to be a one-man show, it will probably stay there forever. Personally, I'd much rather we concentrate on Wikipedia now, which is already more than enough work. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:07, 14 February 2026 (UTC) :::I'll try to see how far I can go with it. If I fail, I fail, no biggie. I promise I will keep writing here on Wiki :) [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 00:16, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I also do see potential in empowering people. When we know that our voice matters and we can affect something, it is in itself a very inspiring thing. I may be too naive and idealistic tho. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 00:21, 14 February 2026 (UTC) :::[[Wt/isv/Main Page]] :::I've created the Main Page and in process of importing the words from the dictionary. :::@[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]], I was thinking translating some of your materials from English to Interslavic on word formation, voting machine, etc to create Help page, can I have your permission? :::@[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]] @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] @[[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] @[[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] @[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] @[[Koristnik:Danvintius Bookix|Danvintius Bookix]] @[[Koristnik:LiMr|LiMr]] @[[Koristnik:TutČas|TutČas]] @[[Koristnik:Medžuslovjanin|Medžuslovjanin]] @[[Koristnik:Ferpaks|Ferpaks]] @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] @[[Koristnik:Aula Orion|Aula Orion]] @[[Koristnik:Panslav|Panslav]] @[[Koristnik:Orbitminis|Orbitminis]] @[[Koristnik:Wojsław Brożyna|Wojsław Brożyna]] @[[Koristnik:Adiee5|Adiee5]] @[[Koristnik:Plameniled|Plameniled]] @[[Koristnik:Miłosz Czaniecki|Miłosz Czaniecki]] @[[Koristnik:Владимєр Брєзин, сын Александров|Владимєр Брєзин, сын Александров]] @[[Koristnik:Qiorly|Qiorly]] @[[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] @[[Koristnik:SzymonV|SzymonV]] @[[Koristnik:Asank neo|Asank neo]] @[[Koristnik:FitikWasTaken|FitikWasTaken]] @[[Koristnik:Machine of goodness|Machine of goodness]] @[[Koristnik:Snovid|Snovid]] :::If anyone has any suggestions, I'd love to hear it. :::So far my plan is the followinɡː :::[[Wt/isv/Vikislovnik:Propozicija měseca#Dorabotati Vikislovnik]] [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 01:48, 12 March 2026 (UTC) ::::Hi GlěbDyndar, I can see the Wiktionary already on the incubator, and found a nice side-effect for Wikipedia incubator: when editing in Visual mode, selecting a noun in Nominative or a verb in infinitive, and pressing Ctrl-K (to insert hyperlink) it also shows possible links to the Wiktonary, so this option could be used for spell checking 😎 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 13:40, 19 March 2026 (UTC) :::::That would be awesome! Having something to check spelling against is beneficial for the wiki. Yes, there is an official Interslavic Dictionary available, but it's not really built into Wikipedia, it would be really interesting to see it imported into the Wiktionary in its full extent and interconnected with the Wikipedia for spellcheck. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|contribs]]) 14:19, 13 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::: First of all, it's not that it takes up a lot of memory. Wiki projects use templates. A volunteer user who might want to edit Wiktionary doesn't need to know HTML and CSS. Learn to create templates first. The original wiki code, consisting almost entirely of HTML and CSS, is what we had in the past. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-29111-53|&#126;2026-29111-53]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-29111-53|talk]]) 16:03, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Да говно эти шаблоны, в эпоху ИИ от них толку мало, ебешься три года ради того, что ИИ напишет за секунду. А потом если нужно какую строчку добавить или убавить в карточке, снова нужно лезть в этот шаблон и выяснять что там к чему. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:03, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::::все новое - это хорошо забытое старое) :::::::::Шаблоны были сделаны, чтоб облегчить жизнь тем, кто не может кодить. Сейчас кодить может каждый, соответственно шаблоны летят мимо. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:10, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::::: Whether it's good or bad, that's the way things are done in Wikimedia projects. So, don't blame anyone else. You can easily create your own beautiful wiki project without templates in the AI ​​era. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-29111-53|&#126;2026-29111-53]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-29111-53|talk]]) 10:25, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Да не переживай ты так, учитель) Разберусь, что мне делать. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 16:24, 15 May 2026 (UTC) == Sravniti vs. sravnjati vs. sravnivati == slovnik ima 'sravnjati' kak imperfect, ale iz mojego pogleda, bylo by razumněje pisati "sravnivati", ibo priblizno vse jezyky imajut dodatny slog v tutom slovu v imperfektu "sravnjati" za mene imaje smysl "uravnjati", "sdělati jednakovym", na angl. ''to level'' čto myslite? [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :Nu znaješ, "sravnjati" prosto jest regularno stvorjena nesovršena forma sovršenogo glagola "sravniti". V dolgoj historiji medžuslovjanskogo jezyka vsegda jesmo usilovali, že jezyk jest kako možno regularny. Zato ''-ati > -yvati'', a ''-iti > -jati''. Očevidno, byli by takože druge možnosti, napr. ''-ati > -avati'' iili ''-iti > -ivati''. Ale my jesmo izbrali te formy, ktore sut najbolje razprostranjene po slovjanskyh jezykah. Poněkogda te druge formy na indivualnoj osnově daže mogut byti lěpše, ale ne hočemo vvesti v jezyk veče neregularnostij, neželi sut potrěbne. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 22:01, 13 February 2026 (UTC) ::Da, Jane, ja dobro razuměm i pametam vaše pojasnjenje o logikě impf.-pf. glagolov v MS, ale čto ako li poněkogda stvorjajemo falšivyh prijateljev v ugodu regulardnosti? (rus. сравнять, čes. srovnat, pol. zrównać) ::Dodatno, regularnost v MS v tutom osobnom slučaju (iz moejgo pogleda) ide protiv naturalističnosti, ibo vse naturalne jezyky prědavajut semantiku "to be comparing" inym slovom. ::Russky срав'''ни'''вать, сопоставлять ::Bělorussky параўноўваць, зраў'''ноў'''ваць, супастаўляць ::Ukrajinsky порів'''ню'''вати, зіставляти, зрівнювати ::Poljsky porów'''ny'''wać ::Češsky srov'''ná'''vat, porov'''ná'''vat ::Slovačsky porov'''ná'''vať, zrov'''ná'''vať ::Hrvatsky srav'''nji'''vati, upoređivati ::Srbsky срав'''њи'''вати, упоређавати ::Makedonsky сравнува, споредува ::Bulgarsky срав'''ня'''вам ::"Sravnjati s zemjeju" — "Compare with Earth?" or "Level it to the ground"? [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 23:43, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :::Aha, razuměju. Da da, takom slučaju može lěpje bude ''sravnyvati'' (nesov.) i ''sravnati'' (sov.), a takože ''sravnanje'' zaměsto ''sravnjenje'' «comparison”, ne li? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 23:57, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :::Moje prědloženje": :::for the verb ''to compare: sravniti / sravnivati,'' ibo to odpovědaje logikě naturalnyh jezykov. :::for the verb ''to even, to level'' we already have ''poravniti'' (curiously, it's not ''por'''o'''vniti'', which would follow the logic you're explaining) :::[[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 00:13, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::''sravnjati'' možemo ostaviti, ale jedino v smyslu ''to even, to level'' [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 00:22, 14 February 2026 (UTC) == Websajt s katalogom i statistikoju == <nowiki>https://medzuslovjansky.onl/</nowiki> jesm stvoril maly websajt s vyše vizualnym kalalogom stranic i statistikoju može byti koristany kak onlajn biblioteka stvoril jego da by može byti takym obrazom uprostiti dostup obyčnyh ljudij do Viki i malost zainteresovati v napisanju člankov prošu, pišite vaši propozicije i myslji [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 17:32, 23 February 2026 (UTC) :myslju oddělno sdělati filtr za kategorij s prověrjenym pravopisom i dobry članok, da by možno bylo legko najdti teksty s dobrym MSom [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:11, 23 February 2026 (UTC) ::Da, to bylo by interesno. Myslju, že kategorija s prověrjenym pravopisom ne jest mnogo upotrěbima, ale može [[Incubator:Spisok najdolžejših stranic|tutoj spisok najdolžejših ćlankov]] jest? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 22:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC) :::Už sdělal oddělny filtr, koj polazyvaje jedino članky so zvězdoju i s prověrjenym pravopisom. Myslju, to ne byla zla ideja i ja budu probovati dodavati toj šablon, kogda čitaju članky. :::Vo vkladke statistika možno odfiltrovati članky po dolžině, ale može byti sdělati oddělnu jarku vkladku "Najdolžejše članky"? [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:19, 23 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Da, myslju, že to jest dobry pomysl. Mimohodom, može mogli byhmo uže dodati do dobryh člankov. Srěd mojih člankov, myslju, že napriklad [[Abhazsky alfabet]], [[Džok (pes)]] i [[Ҕ]] kvalifikujut se, ibo sut mnogo obširnějše, než jihne ekvivalenty na drugyh jezykah. Imajete li prědloženja? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 22:58, 23 February 2026 (UTC) :::::A nas budut prověrjati na odpovědnost kriterijam dobryh člankov? Ibo imajemo množstvo člankov vyše 10kb, koje libo už sut dost dobre (ale može byti ne sut take dobre, kak jihne analogy v inyh jezykah, ili prinajmenje v něktoryh), ale sut kratše, než v inyh jezykah. :::::I takože imajemo množstvo člankov menše než 10kb, ale koje takože sut mnogo dobre. :::::Večinstvo (ili vse) članky o kiriličnyh bukvah sut dobre na moj pogled, ale ne imajut trěbujemogo razměra. :::::@[[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] napisal několiko dobryh člankov, ale on prosil prověriti pravopis za njim i ja byh dodal v jegove članky malost obrazov ili medija materialov, že by jih nemnogo oživiti (imajut prěmnogo teksta bez ničego vizualnogo) :::::@[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] takože napisal dostatočno dobryh člankov [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 23:27, 23 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::Da da, jesm suglasny. Teoretično ne imajemo izrazne kriterije, toliko, že dobry članok trěbuje iměti někoju kritičnu masu. Granica 10K bajtov byla ustanovjena libovoljno, kogda na medžuviki iměli jesmo 20 člankov >10K, ale tutčas imajemo jih ok. 140. Dolgy ne avtomatično znači lěpši. Po mojemu mněnju, da by članok kvalifikoval se za uměščenje na glavnoj stranici: ::::::* jest bolje-menje kompletny o obgovarjaje vse aspekty (napr. članok o državě ne jest kompletny, ako nemaje ničego o ekonomikě, prirodě i t.d.). ::::::* imaje pravilny i prověrjeny pravopis ::::::* jest osnovany na prověrjenyh izvorah (znači, ne slěpo kopirovanyh iz drugyh viki) ::::::* ne jest toliko prěvod članka iz drugoj viki ::::::* kako možno, sodrživaje obrazky ::::::* kako možno, jest lěpši od ekvivalentah na drugyh slovjanskyh jezykah ::::::* prědmet ne jest prěmnogo niševy. ::::::Kromě togo, dobro by bylo, ako jest raznorodnost medžu člankami na glavnoj stranici. Tutčas imajemo ok. 20 dobryh člankov. Glupo bylo by, ako srěd njih byli 3 kirilične bukvy, ili 3 ukrajinski politiki. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:51, 24 February 2026 (UTC) == Dodati linky na spoločnosti v Dicord i TG na glavnoj stranici v menju == Tutčas poglednul i uviděl, že bulgarska vikipedija ima linky do spoločnostij v discord i tg na glavnoj stranici v menju, v lěvoj jegovoj česti. Može byti, my takože budemo dodati? https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 12:29, 26 February 2026 (UTC) :Ne znaju, imaje li smysl popularizovati toj Diskord, on ne imaje ničto občo s Viki projektom, i Jan tam ne jest. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 08:16, 6 March 2026 (UTC) == Nove možnosti translliteracije - sdělano == Blagodare dobrym ljudam, pomagavšim izměniti skript, pojavili se nove možnosti transliteracije.<br/>Šablon '''-''' dostavaje novu funkciju: <br/>Tuty šablon upravjaje transliteracijeju, izključaje ju za fragment teksta (kogda koristaje se s jednym parametrom), ili pokazyvaje razny tekst za latinicu i kirilicu (variant s dvoma parametrami).<br/> {| class="wikitable" |+ Kako koristati |- ! Sintaksis !! Rezultat {{-|Latn}} !! Rezultat {{-|Cyrl}} |- | <code><nowiki>{{-|macOS Sierra}}</nowiki></code>|| <code><nowiki>macOS Sierra</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>macOS Sierra</nowiki></code> |- | <code><nowiki>{{-|Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа}}</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>Jean-François</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>Жан-Франсуа</nowiki></code> |- | <code><nowiki>{{-|Joe Biden (Džo Bajden)|Джо Байден}}</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>Joe Biden (Džo Bajden)</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>Джо Байден</nowiki></code> |- |<code><nowiki>«Scena v sadu {{-|Roundhay|Раундхеј}}» (1888) {{-|[[Louis Le Prince|{{-|Louis Le Prince'a}}]]|[[Louis Le Prince|Луи ле Пранса ({{-|Louis Le Prince)}}]]}} — najrannějši izvestny film v historiji.</nowiki></code> |<code><nowiki>«Scena v sadu Roundhay» (1888) Louis Le Prince'a — najrannějši izvestny film v historiji.</nowiki></code> |<code><nowiki>«Сцена в саду Раундхеј» (1888) Луи ле Пранса (Louis Le Prince) — најраннєјши известны филм в хисторији.</nowiki></code> |- |<code><nowiki>V Providen{{-|ce’|с}}u</nowiki></code> |<code><nowiki>V Providence’u</nowiki></code> |<code><nowiki>В Провиденсу</nowiki></code> |} <br /> <s>Čto ješče ne rabotaje: v mobilnoj versiji bude vsegda pokazyvati i latiničny i kiriličny varianty. Na rěšenju rabotajemo.</s> Vsečto uže rabotaje! [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 07:15, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :Odlično! Nu izvini, ale vse vrěme ne razuměju, začto jest toj drugy šablon. Takože možno jest pisati: <nowiki>{{-|Jean-François (izgovor: Žan-Fransua)|Žan-Fransua (fr. Jean-François)}}</nowiki>, i rezultat bude taky sam, ne li? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 12:39, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::Jego sdělal Iohanen za test, rěšil ostaviti 😊 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 12:43, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::vot test obohdvoh šablonov na živom članku https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 12:48, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::Mene lično dopoka nemnogo ustrašaje ta razlika medžu latiniceju i kiriliceju, ko ktoroj prihodímo. Napriklad, jesm musel v jednom slučaju sklonjati kirilicu i ne sklonjati latinicu 😢 Tako prijdemo ko dvom jezykam. Možlivo, bysmo mogli prěporučovati koristanje tutoj možnosti toliko v izključiteljnyh slučajah? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:04, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::A v kakom slučaju trěba bylo sklonjati kirilicu? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:13, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::Tut byl variant ::::v Red Hook / v Ред-Хуку, ale já jesm dopoka našel izhod: ::::v apartamentu v četvrti {-|Red Hook|Ред Хук} [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:18, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::ješče v Providence / в Провиденсу [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:24, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::::Ah, razuměju. Znaješ, medžuslovjansky ne imaje tvrde pravila odnosno sklanjanja neslovjanskyh imen i nazv. Ja byh sovětoval, da byhmo koristali apostrof: lat. {{-|Charles de Gaulle}}, kir. {{-|Шарљ де Гољ}} &rarr; rod. {{-|Charles’a de Gaulle’a}}, {{-|Шарља де Гоља}}. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:32, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::myslím, že rěšenjem jest vo Providensu / во Провиденсу, v Red-Huku / в Ред-Хуку. Ale, Lovecrafta/Лавкрафта, zato že ime [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:31, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::::Ah, razuměju. Znaješ, medžuslovjansky ne imaje tvrde pravila odnosno sklanjanja neslovjanskyh imen i nazv. Ja byh sovětoval, da byhmo koristali apostrof: lat. {{-|Charles de Gaulle}}, kir. {{-|Шарљ де Гољ}} &rarr; rod. {{-|Charles’a de Gaulle’a}}, {{-|Шарља де Гоља}}. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:35, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::nu to jest podobno russkomu jezyku, kogda koristajut se kusky latinicy [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:37, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::Točno. A tamtyh slučajah: {{-|v Providence’u, v Red Hook’u}}. Koristajuči novy možnosti, možno daže: <code><nowiki>«V Providen{{-|ce’|с}}u»</nowiki></code>: «V Providen{{-|ce’|с}}u». {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:40, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::::nu to uże diko jest: во Провиденс-цу? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:42, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Vo Providence'u/ во Провиденсу izgledaje kompromisno [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:44, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::::interesno, trěba izučiti [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:52, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::Gaulle на выдумки хитра (russko prislovje) ☺️ [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:39, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :Vsim pozdrav, ide obnovjenje skripta, transliteracija ne bude někaky čas rabotati. Prosim izviniti [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 17:47, 5 March 2026 (UTC) :Tak, vsečto jest izrěšeno, uže rabotaje i na mobilu. Mnogo děkuju adminam Vikipedije, ktore mnogo pomogli. Ura 👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 19:42, 5 March 2026 (UTC) ::Vidžu! Fantastično! Hvala vsim, ktori pomogli! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 08:20, 6 March 2026 (UTC) == Originalne <s>imena ljudij</s> i iztvorov umětnostij kako nazvy člankov == <s>Ja jesm natolkl se na toj problem, že ne věm, kako dějati lěpše... Jest članok o Johnu R. R, Tolkienu, zaglavje ktorogo jest napisano anglijskym jezykom. Trěba li takym že sposobom stvorjati i nove članky? A kako pisati vnutri članka?</s> <s>Ješče jesm ugleděl, že v poljskom jezyku imena sklanjajut se po pravilam jezyka, ale pišut se kako v originalu. Či možno li togda vnutri članka pisati, napriklad, ''... u Johna Ronalda Reuela Tolkiena...''? Ne bude li togda to mrzko izgledati v kirilici ''... у Jохна Роналда Реуела Толкиена...''? Abo trěba vnutri članka flavorizovati?..</s> P.S. Pomilujte, ja jesm slěpec, jedino tutčas uviděl jesm v vrhu to, kak to možno sdělati. Ješče jedna věč: jest članok o «Vladaru prstenjev», zaglavje ktorogo jest napisano na anglijskom jezyku («The Lord of the Rings»). Trěba li jego prěimenovati na medžuslovjansky jezyk? Myslim, že trěba, bo na vsakoj Vikipedije nazvy knig prěkladajut se na glavny jezyk Vikipedije. Cělkovito ne razuměm, kako rěšati tuto pytanje, ačekoli mně se kaže, že jego už obgovarjali, ale ja ne vidim rezultatov, pomilujte. S považenjem, [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|talk]]) 07:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :Da, nazvanja knig jest trěba prěkladati, TLOTR in particular ☺️ Nužno jest tuty članok prěimenovati/prěměstiti, čto ne jest trudno [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 16:21, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::Točno, lěpje jest prěvoditi zaglavja knig, filmov i t.d., ale takože imaje byti prěnapravjenje od originalnogo zaglavja. Jesm prěimenoval TLOTR v [[Vladar prstenjev]]. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:14, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Approval! == Great news! Interslavic Wikipedia will soon be approved! Committee member Jon Harald Søby posted the approval notice on the Talk Language Committee page! Finally! Let everyone know if anyone doesn't know yet, and let Jan know too! Victory! [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-35104-48|&#126;2026-35104-48]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-35104-48|talk]]) 18:12, 15 June 2026 (UTC) :approved! 🎉 [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-36378-17|&#126;2026-36378-17]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-36378-17|talk]]) 15:14, 23 June 2026 (UTC) : Radostno! [[Koristnik:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Таёжный лес|besěda]]) 23:48, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) == Administratorstvo == Dragi! Dnes nakonec naša Medžuslovjanska Vikipedija byla stvorjena. Blagoželaju nam vsim i imaju naděju, že naš projekt bude postojanno rasti! Ja jesm byl administrator v Inkubatoru, a takože vo vsih prědhodnyh versijah medžuslovjanskoj viki (od 2007 g.). Na žalost, administratorstvo ne bylo prěneseno avtomatično iz Inkubatora, zato trěba mně tu oficialno kandidatovati se na administratora. Jest několiko věčij, ktore tutčas trěba bude sdělati bystro. Napriklad, vy isto pametajete, že skoro vse stranice iz Medžuviki byli kopirovane ručno – bez jihnyh historij, čto jest narušenje avtorskyh prav – i zato ja hoču je stopiti s novějšimi versijami. Kromě togo, vsegda jest potrěbny někto, ktory odstranjaje spam, vandalizm i tako dalje. Prošu, glasujte poniže! Sut slědujuče opcije: {{-|<nowiki>{{Za}}, {{Protiv}}, {{Nevtralno}} i {{Primětka}}</nowiki>}}. Ne zabudite dodati svoj podpis (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). S srdečnym pozdravom, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 23:50, 24 junij 2026 (UTC) [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 17:09, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}}: Razuměje se, Jan nas dovedl tu kde jesmo, ov projekt bez jegovogo děla ne by ni egzistoval. On zakladaje se mnogo i obhodi se s pravdivymi ambicijami. Nadějem se budemo iměti uspěšny prvy god na živoj Vikipediji! :) – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 00:19, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}} [[Koristnik:Vikislav|Vikislav]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vikislav|besěda]]) 03:01, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}} i potrěbujemo izbrati ješče 2-3 admini ili podadmini [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 06:27, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}} Jan nas dovedl tam, kamo jesmo potrěbovali, i kako najaktivnějši člen občiny si zasluži byti administratorom. --[[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]]) 09:49, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}}, očevidno. Velika hvala vsim — to jest naš obči uspěh! [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|besěda]]) 10:27, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}} [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 17:53, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} očevidno, Jan je tvorec medžuslovjanskogo. [[Koristnik:Adiee5|Adiee5]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Adiee5|besěda]]) 01:05, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # Разумєје се {{Za}} [[Koristnik:FitikWasTaken|FitikWasTaken]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:FitikWasTaken|besěda]]) 13:24, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} prisjedinjaju se k vsemu vyše skazanomu. [[Koristnik:Noncinque|Noncinque]]([[Besěda s koristnikom:Noncinque|besěda]]) 12:01, 26 junij 2026 (UTC+6) === Drugi admini === {{Ping|LiMr|Danvintius Bookix|GlěbDyndar|Мурад 97|Panslavist|Tutčas}}, {{Ping|Medžuslovjanin|Ferpaks|Marcoorio|Aula Orion|Panslav|Orbitminis|Wojsław Brożyna}}, {{Ping|Adiee5|Plameniled|Miłosz Czaniecki|Владимєр Брєзин, сын Александров|Qiorly|Polda18}}, {{Ping|SzymonV|Vipz|Asank neo|FitikWasTaken|Machine of goodness|Snovid}} i ostatni, kogo jesm ne vspomnil tut, prosim nehtěl by někdo se stati vtorym i tretjim adminom, da by Jan ne tegnul vsečto sam? Prosim takože vsih glasovati, hvalim voprěd. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:23, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) 09:32, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) :Ja ne věm, ako byh iměl na to dostatok časa, i ja o tom budu razvažiti. Ja dekuju za prědloženje. [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]]) 09:57, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) ::Da, dobro bylo by iměto ješče jednogo ili dvoh adminov. @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]], može li ty se kandiduješ? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 10:32, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) :::Možno, budu, ale by se htělo lěpših kandidatov. ({{-|BTW}} izčezlo "odgovoriti", to jesm ja něčto slomil?) [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:21, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) :Ja mogu prijmati vaše prizvanje do administratorstva. [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|besěda]]) 10:35, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] i @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]]: Super! Togda sdělajte oddělno zaglavje, da byhmo ne komplikovali žitje administratorom na Meta. ;) {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:44, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) :Hvala @[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]], tako izdělajemo, ale htělo by ješče i někogo, kdo znaje, kako rabotaje Vikipedija lěpje, než ja ili @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] i od kogo by bylo vyše koristi. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 17:03, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) Zdrav! Ako naša občina to želaje, mogu sebe nominovati za administratora i administratora interfejsa. Primarno se interesujem rabotati na tehničnoj infrastrukturě projekta: šablony, moduly, CSS, JS/gadžety, botovanje, i t.d. Administrativne prava dobro prihodet zaradi izčrkavanja i iziskyvanja, importovanja i prěměščanja specifičnyh stranic, iz-medžu ostalogo. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 23:02, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) :@[[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]]: To bylo by odlično! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 23:05, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Jesm uže administrator (interfejsa) na srbskohrvatskoj Vikipedije i bylo by mně milo prenesti něčto znalosti odonud ovamo. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 23:11, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) === Drugi admini - glasovanje === Kandidati na druge admini sut dva, @[[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] i @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]], oni ne sut konkurenti, adminami mogut byti obadva, jestli budut poddržani, prosim za ili protiv njih takože glasovati tut (ne zabezpametajte glasovati i za Jana vgorě) [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:23, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) ==== Vipz ==== @[[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] glasovanje [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:24, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} - potrěbujemo opytnogo admina [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:26, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Nevtralno}} – ne znam dobro člověka [[Koristnik:Adiee5|Adiee5]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Adiee5|besěda]]) 10:59, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}}. Věrim jegovomu slovu o znanju interfejsa — tute znanja sut nam potrěbne. [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|besěda]]) 11:37, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Nevtralno}} [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 11:41, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}}, očevidno! Izkušeny koristnik, črěz dolge lěta byl administrator Medžuviki. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:46, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} [[Koristnik:Vikislav|Vikislav]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vikislav|besěda]]) 15:38, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 21:07, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # ... ==== Marcoorio ==== @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] glasovanje [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:24, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} - potrěbujemo motivovanogo admina [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:26, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Nevtralno}} [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 11:41, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}}. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:46, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} [[Koristnik:Vikislav|Vikislav]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vikislav|besěda]]) 15:40, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 15:47, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 21:08, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Nevtralno}} [[Koristnik:Adiee5|Adiee5]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Adiee5|besěda]]) 12:58, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) # ... == Kolikost člankov na latinici i kirilici == Dragi prijatelji! Ja myslju, že oprědělenje "Okolo 2/3 vsih člankov byli napisane latiniceju, okolo 1/3 kiriliceju" ne odgovarja enciklopedičnosti. Prědlagaju stvoriti kategoriju, katalog po tipu Spisok člankov na latinici i na kirilici. Začto? Da by točno razuměti, koliko u nas materialov jest napisano na oboh grafikah. Poka čto u nas sut tendencije k umenšenju pisanja člankov na kirilici. [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 23:10, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) :A či jest li potrěbno tuto ukazanje? Imajemo translitiraciju, zatom, na moj pogled, ne jest potrěbno ukazyvati, koliko člankov sut na kirilici/latinici. Takym tvrdženjem možemo odstrašiti tyh, kto znaje kirilicu i ne znaje latinicu (ako taki sut) abo někako inako prinesti zlu myslj, ale, očevidno, ju ne imajemo. [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|besěda]]) 11:42, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Ja jesm obratil uvagu na fakt, že v članku "Medžuslovjanska Vikipedija" jest privedena taka informacija: "Okolo 2/3 vsih člankov byli napisane latiniceju, okolo 1/3 kiriliceju", ale ne ima spiska člankov po kirilici i latinici. Zato jesm pomyslil, že jest enciklopedično ukazovati točnu informaciju [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 11:52, 26 junij 2026 (CEST). Дља статистикы буде интересно. --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|besěda]]) 12:01, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :Kako oprěděliti, latinica ili kirilica, bot/skript musi uděliti toliko tekst iz članka i sčitati latinične i kirilične bukvy? Napriměr, jestli vyše 70% teksta sut kirilične bukvy, on jest kiriličny? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 13:23, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :: А сут много чланков, кде оба писма? Вообче, по мојему мнєнју то пытанје технично. Просто, интересно, направду, кака у нас тутчас статистика. --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|besěda]]) 14:14, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Mnogo lingvističnyh člankov imajut kirilične tablicy, priměry teksta, kako Mansijsky jezyk i td. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 15:19, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Ili prosto, tekst s kiriličnymi nazvami razdělov jest kiriličnym 8-) Ako li sut razděly [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 15:22, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :Za statistiku bylo by interesno, ale ja ne myslju, že taka kategorizacija jest potrěbna. Kromě togo dodavanje i poddrživanje tyh kategorij bude mnogo raboty. Někoj čas tomu nazad jesm prosto občislil, koliko iměli jesmo člankov na kirilici i latinici na osnově zaglavij (ne včisleči mojih člankov o kiriličnyh bukvah, ktore byli napisane latiniceju). Togda to bylo okolo 1/3 kirilice i 2/3 latinice. Kako to izgledaje tutčas, ja ne znaju. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 15:56, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Jesm napravil osnovnu prověrku: v tutom momentu, 1,072 odnosno {{round|70.993377}}% nadpisov je na latinici, a 438 odnosno {{round|29.006623}}% vsih nadpisov na kirilici. Imějuči na umu različne dolžiny člankov, {{Round|88.523968}}% vsego teksta napisano je na latinici. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 16:42, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Jestvuje že algoritm, ktory čisli kolikost člankov pravilno? A ako prosto načeti označovati članky kategorijami "Članok napisany kiriliceju" / "Članok napisany latiniceju", tako takože možno stvoriti po priměru togo algoritma algoritm, ktory v kategorijah bude čisliti članky. Ili sčitati ručno, s pomočju kategorij. [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 16:44, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) == Razděljenje Krčmy == Dragi kolegi, hčemo razdvojiti [[Vikipedija:Krčma]] na několiko tematičnyh odděljenij? Za početok: Pravila i směrnice; Tehnika (ili Tehnične kvestije/pytanja); Jezyk i pravopis (ili Jezyčne kvestije/pytanja); Noviny. Tak možemo razbrěmeniti centralnu stranicu Krčmy i ulegšati slědovanje diskusij kogda-libo egzistuje potrěba diskutovati mnogo prědmetov jednočasno. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 14:23, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) : Јесм согласны. Але, по мојему мнєнју новины не трєба оддєљати од централној Крчмы. Лєпје јих видєти разом на централној. --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|besěda]]) 14:41, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :Či ne lěpje li arhivovati stare diskusije? Krčma jest velmi těžka tutčas, ale imaje byti "{{-|village pump}}", selskoju studnoju, kde obgovarjaje se vsečto [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:22, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :Dalšo pytanje, imajemo v menu "Portal občiny", čto nikuda ne vede. Imaje tam býti link do Krčmy? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:32, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Ja jesm arhivoval stare poslanja v Krčmě. Pozdněje hoču takože dodati starějše sodržanje Krčmy na Medžuviki do arhiva, ale tutčas to ješče ne jest možno. ::Čto se tyče razdvojenja krčmy, ja ne jesm uvěrjen, jest li to smyslno. Imajemo tu može 10–20 aktivnyh učestnikov i obyčne sut samo dva ili tri aktivne prědmety na měsec. Napriklad, v maju bylo samo 14 pravok, a v aprilju 4. Ako tu bude zaisto mnogo aktivnosti, togda možno bude pomysliti o razdvojenju, ale v medžučasu ja byh ostavil Krčmu taku, kaka ona jest. Očevidno budut avtomatične poslanja na anglijskom jezyku od fondacije Wikimedia, ktore po mojemu mněnju možno bude arhivovati do oddělnogo arhiva. ::A Portal občiny... jest li nam on potrěbny? Ja by na tom město sdělal link do Krčmy, ale k tomu bude potrěbny administrator. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:05, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :::👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 19:20, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Jesm mněval, tutčas jesmo oficialna Vikipedija, itak bude mnogo vyše raboty i, slědovateljno, diskusije. Kogda avtomatične, masivne poslanja budut početi, one nas budut zakopati. Brda inojezyčnyh poslanij umějut dokladati tako zvanomu '{{-|[[:en:banner blindness|banner blindness]]u}}'. Tutošnje poslanja togda budut menje primětne, čto može pobudžati deficit lokalnoj aktivnosti. Jedno rěšenje jest arhivacija, nu časom ne budemo htěti arhivovati recentne poslanja. Drugo rěšenje jest čekati, viděti i onogda rěšati. Jesm oprěděljeny za koju-nebud opciju. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 08:28, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Pozdrav, Jane, čto jestli prosto dati vněšni link na kavárnu Medžuviki prěd linkom na arhiv na početku stranice? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 09:30, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Ja ne mnju, že Portal občiny ima vesti na Krčmu, na češskoj Vikipediji to napriměr vede na [[:cs:Wikipedie:Portál Wikipedie|tutu stranicu]]. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 19:24, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :::@[[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]]: Da da, ja znaju, ale češska Vikipedija jest veliky projekt. Menše viki često ne imajut taky portal, ili samo někaky kratky tekst ili prěnapravjenje na [[Vikipedija:Čto Vikipedija ne jest]]. Nyně my imajemo prěmalo stranic za taky portal, ale može poprobujemo stvoriti nečto, li? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:55, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) ::::Ja jesm samo daval priměr. Portal občiny ne jest besěda občiny. Ale v budučnosti možemo něčto takovogo izrabotati. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 20:49, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) == Vikidane == Pozdrav. Kako toliko na Vikidane dodadut jezyčny kod <code>isv</code>, bude trěba tutu stranicu na Vikidane [[d:Q16503|dodati]]. Možno jest, že to za nas izdělajut administratori Vikidanyh, ibo ja jesm na besědě stranice kako ne prijavjeny koristnik napisal zajavjenje o dodanje (ja jesm byl v rabotě). Jednako bude poslě potrěba priložiti takože vsake članky. Česti se mogu prijeti tako ja, ale sam ja na to ne staču. Tyseč člankov jest mnogo. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 20:51, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :Nám oběčali sut, že to sdělaje robot (možlivo) [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 08:52, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Možlivo v budučnosti, kako bude naš jezyčny kod dodany na Vikidane, ale nyně ne jest možno kako by robot funkcionoval bez dodanogo koda. Itak, robot bude potrěbovati čestičnu pomoč od koristnikov, ibo ne vse bude podojdti izrabotati avtomatično. Ače, umětna inteligencija by možno mogla tako isto funkcionovati. Ale kto bude priučati umětnu inteligenciju? — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 16:20, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Administracija Viki nam to oběčaje [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:22, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::::Da, to jest možlivo. Hvala. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 16:28, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::::Ja jesm chčel se zapytati. Kako jest tuta stranica povezana s drugymi stranicami na inych jezyčnyh verzijah? To ne jest izdělano skroz Vikidane, ibo tako Vikidane ne imajut naš jezyčny kod, daže to ne jest izdělano skroz interviki, ili ja jesm to ne ugledal? — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 16:35, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::::Ja už jesm to našel. Tehničny šablon <code><nowiki>{{INTERWIKI}}</nowiki></code> iz {{š|Zaglavje krčmy}}. Kako bude naš jezyčny kod dodany na Vikidane, tuten tehničny šablon ne bude jest zapotrěbny. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 16:46, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::::::Tak 👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:56, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::::::Hvala. Tako jest, ja jesm izrabil šablon {{š|Šablon}} (kratky link {{š|Š}}), kako isto tehničny šablon dlja ostavjanja inyh šablonov. Tuten šablon bude jest potrěba praviti dlja različenja imennyh prostorov i zablokovanja linka veduči na ne egzistujuče stranice. Tutčasna verzija jest velmi prosta. Tako jest, tuten šablon tutčasno ne uměje parametry. Tako isto, to bude potrěba dodati. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 17:21, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :V vslědnyh dnah bude naš jezyčny kod <code>isv</code> dodany do Vikidanyh, kako jest viděti [[phab:T430419|tu na Fabrikatoru]]. Hvala adminam Fabrikatora. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 09:00, 29 junij 2026 (CEST) :The change has been merged and will be deployed on Wednesday during MediaWiki Train [[User:VadymTS1|'''<span style="color:#a09786;"><ruby>ヴァディム</ruby></span>''']] ([[User talk:VadymTS1|<small>besěda</small>]]) 16:33, 29 junij 2026 (CEST) == Translations == Hi! Zdravo! Lately I have been translating special pages and namespaces. I noticed that an Interslavic Wikipedia was created (since I am from Ukraine myself) and I was very happy. So, I want to offer localization for this Wiki, all I need is a list of the necessary special pages and namespaces with their translation. If translation is still needed, then tag me under the list. [[User:VadymTS1|'''<span style="color:#a09786;"><ruby>ヴァディム</ruby></span>''']] ([[User talk:VadymTS1|<small>besěda</small>]]) 17:31, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :Hi, sorry this is already done I believe. Thank you anyway 👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 17:36, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::This about links. For example: Special:AllPages — Specialna:Vse stranice. And also translating for other non translated special pages (BlockedExternalDomains for example) [[User:VadymTS1|'''<span style="color:#a09786;"><ruby>ヴァディム</ruby></span>''']] ([[User talk:VadymTS1|<small>besěda</small>]]) 17:42, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Na tom uže někdo tuž rabotaje, ale možlivo Jan tebe odepíše [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 17:43, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :Maybe the "Special" namespace still needs translation, and the individual links to the special pages. The view name of the pages are already translated, or should be at least. But links and the namespace itself are still in English. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 18:38, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) == Kako jest slovo "pěskovišče" kategorizovano? == Ja jesm pytam, či jest slovo "pěskovišče" roda mužskoho ili srědnogo? Ja jesm ne našel tuto slovo v [https://interslavic-dictionary.com/ medžuslovjanskom slovniku], ktory ja upotrěbjaju na odgovory i ine pravky. V češskom jezyku tuto slovo jest roda srědnogo, tak samo ja mnju, že tako samo tuto slovo jest roda srědnogo tako v medžuslovjanskom. Ale ja znaju, že to ne jest vsegda pravda. Napriměr, slovo "šablon" jest roda mužskogo v medžuslovjanskom jezyku, ale to samo jest roda ženskogo v češskom jezyku. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 18:51, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :Vse imenniky na '''-o''' (poslě tvroj suglasky) i '''-e''' (poslě mekkoj suglasky) sut srědnjego roda. Slova na '''-išče''' v občem označajut město. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 20:12, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Tako jest slovo "město" roda srědnjego, da? Togda pěskovišče musi byti roda srědnjego kako město, da? Hvala. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 20:38, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :ono jest [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 20:56, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Ja jesm zabyl, odprašaju se. Tako hvala. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 21:14, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) spnoymfsqob5uu29ko1my1gpo2qeljw 27580 27579 2026-06-29T14:45:10Z Ilja isv 10 /* Vikidane */ Odgovor 27580 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Zaglavje krčmy}} <!--- Napišite svoje soobčenje niže ---> == Link na Diskord-server na Glavnoj stranici == Na Glavnoj stranici tut: Ако вы имајете какеколи пытан​ја, проблемы, примєткы или прєдложен​ја, поставите јих в '''[[Incubator:Krčma|крчмє обчины]]''' или [https://discord.gg/nhRuYAc5Uq нашем Дискорд-серверу]. Diskord-link vede na server Safronowiec, ktory uže malo čto imaje občo s MS i vikipedijeju. Imaje li smysl jego izmeniti na aktualny MS Diskord? Ili takože dodati link na Telegram-čat? Velika hvala. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 06:45, 5 January 2026 (UTC) :@[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] – Čestno govoreči, ja ne jesm na Diskordu i ne znaju te servery. Jest li tam někaka grupa, ktora specifično zajmaje se MS Vikipedijeju? Ako ne, može bylo by lěpje dodati link k grupě na Telegramu. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 08:39, 5 January 2026 (UTC) ::Da, možno dati link na tuty razdel Diskorda, gde diskutuje se rabota na Vikipedii ::[[discord:channels/879438774323535914/1284479085871104075|• Discord | "Medžuslovjanska Wikipedija" | Medžuslovjansky • Меджусловјанскы • Interslavic]] ::či takože na telegram https://t.me/interslavic_wikipedia, ale myslim by bylo dobro prěd tym zapytati tamnogo admina ili vlastnika. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 11:13, 5 January 2026 (UTC) :::Grupa na Telegramu jest nemnožko aktivnějša, ne li? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:28, 5 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Takože jestvuje stary Diskord-server za Medžuviki: https://discord.gg/Yp5QfFCPny, ktorogo vodil Lev. Oboje dnes neaktivny. Jestvuje li potrěba iměti sobstveny Diskord-server za Vikipediju? Forum-nit ne jest mnogo primětna. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|talk]] · [[Koristnik:Vipz/isv|isv]]) 09:35, 6 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Da, tam ješče někto byvaje iz redaktorov, dodam tuty link do glavnoj stranicy. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 09:58, 6 January 2026 (UTC) == Prědustavjeno pismo == Zdrav surabotniki! Jest nužno organizovati (povtoriti) razpravu o preferovanom pismu medžuslovjanskoj Vikipedije na domenu Fundacije Vikimedija, da byhmo iměli osnovu za tehničnu rabotu ktora odnese se na naše jezyčne kody <code>isv</code>, <code>isv-Latn</code>, and <code>isv-Cyrl</code> na Fabrikatoru ({{-|phabricator.wikimedia.org}}). [https://isv.miraheze.org/wiki/Med%C5%BEuviki:Kavarnja#Vikipedija_na_med%C5%BEuslovjanskom Diskusije organizovane na sajtu Miraheze] – na Fabrikatoru oni ne uvažajut. Slědovateljno otvarjaju ovu diskusiju: ktoro pismo preferujemo i začto? – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|talk]] · [[Koristnik:Vipz/isv|isv]]) 08:58, 9 January 2026 (UTC) Hey Vipz, I'll respond in English, so that members of the Language Committee will be able to follow this conversation as well. A few months ago, I went through all articles we have, and found that about 2/3 of our articles use the Latin alphabet and 1/3 use Cyrillic. Although I am not active on social media myself, I have the impression that the situation there is similar: the majority uses Latin, but a sizeable minority uses Cyrillic. Since Latin and Cyrillic being equal is one of the main design criteria of Interslavic, the conclusion is simple: it should be possible to use both alphabets, and they should, ''as far as possible'', be served equally well. In other words, we need a bidrectional script converter. I've been looking around a bit and found ca. 20 Wikipedia editions that work with some kind of script converter: * Our own converter runs on Javascript and has three options: the source page (Lat/Cyr), the Latin transliteration and the Cyrillic translation. It has the advantage that the system remembers the preferred script of the user, apparently by means of a cookie. In mainspace articles, this converter only transliterates the text, but not the page name and not the categories. On category pages, it transliterates the titles of the articles and subcategories it contains, as well as system messages like "Тхе фолловинг 4 пагес аре ин тхис цатегоры, оут оф 4 тотал." The only established Wikipedia with a converter that works like this is [[:got:|Gothic]]. * [[:sr:|Serbian]], [[:uz:|Uzbek]], [[:ku:|Kurdish]], [[:chr:|Crimean Tatar]], [[:iu:|Inuktitut]] and [[:shi:|Tachelhit]] have PHP-based converters with the same three options (f.ex. source, Lat., Kir.). Information about the script is contained in the URL. The system does not remember one's preferred script, so when a page is opened, it is always the source text that is displayed first. This converter also converts the page title and the categories it is in. On category pages it does the opposite from our current converter: it transliterates the page title and the categories it is in, but not the titles of the pages and the subcategories it contains. * [[:sh:|Serbocroatian]], [[:tg:|Tajik]], [[:tly:|Talysh]] and [[:zgh:|Amazigh]] have PHP-based converters with two only options (for example: Latinica/Ћирилица). As I've understood, these converters are unidirectional, so that all pages must be written in the same script. For the rest, they work the same as Serbian. * The Chinese ones (zh, wuu, gan, zh-yue) seem to work like either Serbian or Serbocroatian, but since I can't read Chinese, I haven't taken any closer look at them. * [[:tt:|Tatar]] and [[:cv:|Chuvash]] have one or sometimes two buttons next to the page name. Everything is transliterated, even the menu on the left. Appears to run on JavaScript. * [[:ban:|Balinese]] has no less than five variations, but I can't quite figure out how it works. It seems like it shows some transliteration version by default, but I'm not sure about that. * [[:mni:|Meitei]] offers transliteration into Bengali script, but that works only for the categories underneath a page and the first letters on category pages. * [[:cu:|Church Slavonic]]: every page has three links for three different script variants (including Glagolitic), but they don't seem to work anymore. [[:ang:|Anglo-Saxon]] has a similar thing that actually works. * Another five projects (ug, bug, hak, bbc, gom) have multiple scripts but instead of a converter they sometimes contain multiple versions of the same article, for example [[:bug:Balanda]]. We have done that too in the beginning, but it's way too high-maintenance to be workable. I've been told that JavaScript is considered a bad idea, because it doesn't work properly in Wikipedia apps for cell phones. This means that we need to use the PHP solution, and since we need the converter to be bidirectional, our only option is the solution used for Serbian. This does, however, have a few disadvantages: # It transliterates page titles, which is not always what we want. This shouldn't be problematic though, since the page title can be manipulated with a template, for example here: [[:sr:З (слово ћирилице)]] # However, it also transliterates the names of categories, which means that Latin and Cyrillic articles are all tossed into the same category. Articles names are listed there untransliterated. This is problematic, because we must consider that not every Latin-writing person can read Cyrillic, and not every Cyrillic-writing person can read the Latin alphabet. # Even if a category full of articles written in the Latin alphabet is transliterated into Cyrillic, it does not only show them in the Latin alphabet, but also in the alphabetical order of the Latin alphabet. # A user who prefers one of the two alphabets has to change it manually for each and every page. So here's my own preferred solution, if possible: # It can work exactly like the converter on Serbian Wikipedia does, except for one thing: it should NOT transliterate category names. # Instead, we have parallel categories for Latin and Cyrillic. Every article written in the Latin alphabet is placed in Latin categories and has a redirect in Cyrillic, which is placed in the Cyrillic counterparts of these categories. Articles with titles that cannot be transliterated, like [[Microsoft]] or [[Ж]], can be placed in both categories. This is, basically, the current situation. It has the advantage that every article can be found by navigating though the categories, and that they are placed in the correct alphabetical order (which for Cyrillic is different from the Latin order). # I am aware of the fact that this solution is not perfect: a Cyrillic user who follows a Cyrillic redirect will still end up with a Latin article in Latin categories, even if he switches to Cyrillic. This cannot be helped, I'm afraid. UNLESS it would be technically possible that the categories under a Latin article link to Latin categories, and the categories under a Cyrillic article to their Cyrillic equivalents. Would such a thing be possible? # It is not a matter of life or death, but it would be nice if a user's preferred orthography could be stored in a cookie, so that he/she won't have to change the orthography manually every time. This would be a nice-to-have. There are a few other issues, too, but I'll get back to that later. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:57, 10 January 2026 (UTC) :Thank you, Jan! This is a very insightful and nuanced reply. The issue of not having a default script on multi-scipt Wikimedia projects affects editors more so than readers. As of 2026, multi-script editing is, unfortunately, nothing more than a seldom mentioned concept ([https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/03/12/supporting-languages-multiple-writing-systems/ Diff 2018 community blog article]; [[:c:File:Editing challenges on multi-script wikis (with speaker notes).pdf|Wikimania 2017 presentation]]). Some editors are less proficient or efficient with one of the scripts, and many do not know one or the other at all, and will therefore be uncomfortable editing articles in the said script. Until multi-script editing becomes a reality, having a default script is an option to be considered; whether it is a sensible sacrifice—to the benefit of one group (a majority) and detriment of the other (a minority)—is subjective, but alas. The other thing which concerns designation of a default script are fallback choices: <code>isv</code> should ''probably'' have a fallback sequence to one of the scripts, which ''could'' solve the issue of the system not recognizing <code>[https://codelookup.toolforge.org/isv isv]</code> while recognizing <code>[https://codelookup.toolforge.org/isv-Latn isv-Latn]</code> and <code>[https://codelookup.toolforge.org/isv-Cyrl isv-Cyrl]</code>. In other words, we ought to support <code>isv</code>, but it makes no sense to translate it separately from <code>isv-Latn</code> and <code>isv-Cyrl</code>, unless we intend to have an unwieldy and hideous solution to not favoring one or the other – by including them both in every localized interface, namespace, or message element. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|talk]] · [[Koristnik:Vipz/isv|isv]]) 10:07, 10 January 2026 (UTC) ::Well, I think we shouldn't be over-zealous, but on the other hand, it's been almost twenty years now since I got involved with this language, and I can assure you that the alphabet issue has been a thing almost since day one. Every possible option between Latin-only and Cyrillic-only has its ardent supporters, and even though the Latin alphabet is used more often for Interslavic than Cyrillic, it remains a fact that about 3/4 of all Slavic people use Cyrillic. So treating one of them as merely a transliterated version of the other is out of the question. But it is also true that the average Pole, Czech or Slovene cannot read Cyrillic, whereas most Russians, Ukrainians and Bulgarians know the Latin alphabet at least to some degree, which gives the Latin alphabet a slight advantage nonetheless. It's not entirely clear to me what you mean by "fallback option", but if it means that <code>isv</code> is interpreted as "<code>isv-Latn</code> unless specified otherwise", I'd be perfectly fine with that.<br />Of course, there will always be imperfections. For a person who only knows the Latin alphabet it will be difficult to correct a typo in the Cyrillic text, or even to expand it with Latin text. For now, I think we should stick to the principle that a page written in Cyrillic stays in Cyrillic, and ''tant pis'' if you can't handle Cyrillic. But honestly, I don't think that's much of a problem at the moment. Most Interslavic users can understand both alphabets, and I'm sure the problem of multi-script editing will solve itself at some point.<br />For the record, transliteration between Latin and Cyrillic is pretty straightforward. The only inconsistency is the '''њ/нј''' issue found also in Serbian, but that's a minor thing that can easily be solved. That still leaves us with a few issues addressed [[:meta:Requests for new languages/Wikipedia Interslavic#Writing system related issues|here]] by @[[Koristnik:TutČas|TutČas]]. More specifically, s/he mentions the possibility of using not only the ex-Yugoslavia method for displaying Cyrillic, but also the Russian method (''лю'' instead of ''љу''). If I understand correctly that the source code looks like [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Editing_challenges_on_multi-script_wikis_%28with_speaker_notes%29.pdf#page=29 this], such a thing could easily be implemented. The question is: do we want that? And another thing is that some users persistently use the etymological orthography (''mųž'', ''krålj'', etc.). If the converter can be programmed in such way that <code>'ų' => 'у'</code> and <code>'у' => 'u'</code>, then that would be a nice thing to have as well. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 12:40, 10 January 2026 (UTC) == Транслитерација со Јапонского == Поздрав! Какобы толико в източнословјанскых йезыках хирагану し / катакану シ транслитерујут како си/si. В вечинству језыков (вкључајучи словјански) пишут ши/shi/ši. @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]], може измєнити то [[Kacusika Hokusaj|сде]] на "Kacušika Hokusaj" або на "Kacušika Hokusai"? Како мыслите? --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|talk]]) 20:09, 10 January 2026 (UTC) :Pozdrav, Murade, nazva ''Kacusika Hokusaj'' byla uže raněje v spisu potrěbnyh člankov, zato ja jesm to ostavil. Možno jest izdělati re-direkt na na ''Katsušika Hokusaj'' i to bude izobražati se na stranice. Tutčas, obratno, ja jesm prědělal vse japonske slova v članku na "''si''", "''dzju''", "''dzjo''" vměsto "''ši''", "''džu''", "''džo''" (Hepburnovo romaji ''shi'', ''ju'', ''jo''), i t.d. da by vsečto bylo v jednom standardu, ili možem to vratiti i ostaviti, kako bylo, s koristanjem jedino romaji transkripcije bez jej prěvoda do kirilicy. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 08:55, 12 January 2026 (UTC) Po mojemu mněnju to ne jest dobry pomysl. Nakoliko ja znaju, toj spisok potrěbnyh člankov sdělal Lev, a on vse bazoval na russkoj transkripciji. Problem jest v tom, že ta transkripcija jest osnovana na principu, že v russkom suglasky prěd '''и''' i '''е''' sut avtomatično palatalizovane. Izgovor '''シ''' i '''チ''' zaisto zvuči bolje kako poljske {{-|'''ś'''}} i {{-|'''ć'''}} neželi kako russke '''ш''' i '''ч''', ale v medžuslovjanskom to ne rabotaje tako. Sdělal jesm tabelku s někojimi problematičnymi znakami i uvidite, že daže ukrajinsky i srbsky koristajut '''ш''' i '''ч'''. Pozrite tu (poslědnji stolp jest moje prědloženje za medžuslovjansky): {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" style="text-align:center;" ! jap. !! ang. !! čes. !! rus. !! ukr. !! srb. !! isv |- | サ || sa || sa || са || са || са || sa / са |- | シ || shi || ši || си || ші || ши || ši / ши |- | シャ || sha || ša || ся || шя || ша || ša / ша |- | タ || ta || ta || та || та || та || ta / та |- | チ || chi || či || ти || чі || чи/ћи || či / чи |- | ツ || tsu || cu || цу || цу || цу || cu / цу |- | チャ || cha || ča || тя || чя || ча/ћа || ča / ча |- | ニャ || nya || nja || ня || ня || ња || nja / ња |- | ワ || wa || wa || ва || ва || ва/уа || wa / ва |- | ザ || za || za || дза || дза || за || za / за |- | ジ || ji || dži || дзи || джі || ђи || dži / джи |- | ジャ || ja || dža || дзя || джя || ђа || dža / джа |- | ダ || da || da || да || да || да || da / да |- | ヂ || ji || (dži) || (дзи) || (джі) || ђи || dži / джи |- | ヅ || zu || (zu) || (дзу) || (дзу) || зу || zu / зу |- | ヂャ || ja || (dža) || (дзя) || (джя) || (ђа) || dža / джа |- ! colspan="7" | razširjena katakana |- | ス || su || su || су || су || су || su / су |- | スィ || si || (si) || сы || (сі) || (си) || si / си |- | テ || te || te || тэ || те || те || te / те |- | ティ || ti || (ti) || ти (ты) || ті || ти || ti / ти |} {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:02, 12 January 2026 (UTC) : Одлично табло! Але по мојему мнєнју ако измєнити za / за на dza / дза (и zu / зу на dzu / дзу) тогды је было бы фонетично идеално (не по Поливанову и не по Хепберну оногдашње). --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|talk]]) 18:02, 12 January 2026 (UTC) ::Da, jesm tako(d)že suglasny [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 18:05, 12 January 2026 (UTC) == Remaining issues == Dear all, since it probably won't be long now before our Interslavic Wikipedia will finally be approved, there are still a few issues to be resolved. {{Ping|Ilja isv|LiMr|Danvintius Bookix|GlěbDyndar|Мурад 97|Panslavist|Tutčas}}, {{Ping|Medžuslovjanin|Ferpaks|Marcoorio|Aula Orion|Panslav|Orbitminis|Wojsław Brożyna}}, {{Ping|Adiee5|Plameniled|Miłosz Czaniecki|Владимєр Брєзин, сын Александров|Qiorly|Polda18}}, {{Ping|SzymonV|Vipz|Asank neo|FitikWasTaken|Machine of goodness|Snovid}} Your attention please! === Transliteration === First of all, there's the issue of transliteration, see above under [[Incubator:Krčma#Prědustavjeno pismo]]. The system used by the Serbian Wikipedia has the advantage that we can have the same article both in Latin and Cyrillic without having to resort to back-transliterations. In other words, we won't be forced to write "Džorž Buš" instead of "George Bush" in the Latin alphabet to avoid Cyrillic transliterations like "Георге Бусх". At present, transliteration is taken care of with JavaScript in [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki:Common.js MediaWiki:Common.js]. When we move to the system used by the Serbian Wikipedia (which IMO is the only sensible solution, see above), the same transliteration rules should be transferred to whatever system they use there, preferably with a few additions: '''bidirectional:''' {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" | a || b || c || č || d || e || ě || f || g || h || i || j || k || l || lj{{FN|*)}} || m || n || nj{{FN|*)}} || o || p || r || s || š || t || u || v || y || z || ž || ä || ö || ü |- | а || б || ц || ч || д || е || є || ф || г || х || и || ј || к || л || љ || м || н || њ || о || п || р || с || ш || т || у || в || ы || з || ж || ӓ || ӧ || ӱ |} '''unidirectional Lat &rarr; Cyr:''' {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! from | á || å || a || ć || ď || đ || ė || è || é || ę || í || ľ || ĺ || ł || ń || ň || ȯ || ò || ó || qu || ŕ || ř || ś || ť || ú ||ų || ů || w || x || ý || ź || ż |- ! to | а || а || а || ч || д || дж || е || е || е || e || и || л || л || л || н || н || о || о || о || kv || р || р || с || т || у || у || у || в || кс || ы || з || ж |} '''unidirectional Cyr &rarr; Lat:''' {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! from | ґ || ѓ || ђ || ѣ || ё || ѕ || і || ї || й || ќ || ћ || ў || џ || щ || ъ || ь || э || ю || я |- ! to | g || dž || dž || ě || jo || dz || i || ji || j || č || č || v || dž || šč || — || — || e || ju || ja |} {{FNBox|Note: {{FNZ|*)|I don't know if there is a way to distinguish between Љ (LJ) and Љ (Lj), but since fully capitalized text is rare, I guess Љ &rarr; Lj and Њ &rarr; Nj will do.}} }} === Alphabetical order === Another thing is the alphabetical ordering of articles in, for example, categories. The current situation is that Cyrillic letters absent in Russian – like Є, Њ and Ј – come before А. It is necessary that the right alphabetical order is followed, which preferably should also include letters not used in Interslavic but used in other Slavic languages, as they may appear in categories as well: '''Latin:'''<br /> <big>'''a''' á ä ą å '''b c''' ć '''č d''' ď '''e''' é è ė ę '''ě f g h i''' í '''j k l''' ł ľ ĺ '''lj m n''' ń ň '''nj o''' ò ó ȯ '''p''' q '''r''' ŕ ř '''s''' ś '''š t''' ť '''u''' ú ů ų '''v''' w x '''y''' ý '''z''' ź '''ž''' ż</big> '''Cyrillic:'''<br /> <big>'''а б в г''' ґ '''д''' ђ ѓ '''е''' ё '''є''' ѣ '''ж з''' ѕ '''и''' й і ї '''ј к л љ м н њ о п р с т''' ћ ќ '''у''' ў '''ф х ц ч''' џ '''ш''' щ '''ы''' э ю я</big> === Dates === * The standard format for dates is: <code>dd.mm.yyyy</code> * In dates, month names should always be in the genitive case. Although these genitives are defined on translatewiki.net, that doesn't seem to work in the Recent changes, Watchlist etc. === Numbers === When a number is followed by a noun, the corresponding case differs: * 1: nominative singular (1 dom) * 2–4: nominative plural (2 domy) * 0 and 5–19: genitive plural (5 domov) * all higher numbers ending with 1: nominative singular (101 dom) * all higher numbers ending with 2–4: nominative plural (102 domy) * all higher numbers ending with 0 or 5–9: genitive plural (100 domov, 105 domov) === Namespaces === {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! colspan="2" | Namespace || colspan="2" | Talk |- ! English || Interslavic || English || Interslavic |- | (main) || (glavny) || Talk || Besěda |- | User || Koristnik || User talk || Besěda koristnika |- | Wikipedia || Vikipedija || Wikipedia talk || Besěda vikipedije |- | File || Fajl || File talk || Besěda fajla |- | MediaWiki || MediaWiki || MediaWiki || Besěda MediaWiki |- | Template || Šablon || Template talk || Besěda šablona |- | Help || Pomoč || Help talk || Besěda pomoči |- | Category || Kategorija || Category talk || Besěda kategorije |- | Portal || Portal || Portal talk || Besěda portala |- | Module || Modul || Module talk || Besěda modula |- | Gadget || Gadžet || Gadget talk || Besěda gadžeta |} I hope I haven't forgotten anything! === The code ISV === * In interwiki links, the language should appear as: <code>Medžuslovjansky / меджусловјанскы</code> * The English name of the language is "Interslavic". * There still appear to be issues with the language code <code>isv</code>. In Babel boxes, for example, <code>isv-Latn</code> and <code>isv-Cyrl</code> work, but <code>isv</code> does not. * I guess using <code>isv</code> shoud have a fallback sequence to <code>isv-Latn</code>, as [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] suggested. === Transliteration once more === ''Theoretically'' it will be possible to add unidirectional solutions to additional writing systems, like Russian Cyrillic or Glagolitic. Personally, I am not in favour of such a solution though. That's pretty much all I can think of. Comments? Suggestions? Opinions? Cheers, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:51, 11 February 2026 (UTC) :Finally! That is some great news. :All the points touched here make sense to me. :I am also against additional transliteration to either Russian Cyrillic or Glagolitic. It would add more confusion IMO. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 19:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC) :jesm popravil tabelu Namespaces [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 19:09, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::O, hvala za popravku, to je byla moja glupost! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 20:39, 11 February 2026 (UTC) :Hi Jan, :Many thanks for this communication. :My idea of selective automatic both-way transliteration is as follows.<br />Now we have a template to block transliteration for a piece of text :<pre>{{-|text not to be transliterated}}</pre> :all it does only adding HTML tag :<pre>&lt;span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"&gt;text not to be transliterated&lt;/span&gt;</pre> :that is analized by transliteration gadget that ignores the text between tag borders. This tag can be also used "manually" when use of template is not possible due to wikitext syntax (e.g. text of hyperlink etc.), so we have more or less two tools to control transliteration now. :I would propose to add one more template for selective transliteration, for example :<pre>{{LatCyr|Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа|Žan Fransua|1}}</pre> :where:<br/> :''Jean-François'' - (obligatory parameter) text in original language in Latin script (name)<br/> :''Жан-Франсуа'' - (obligatory parameter) text in cyrillic (phonetical transliteration)<br/> :''Žan Fransua'' - (optional) phonetic latin<br/> :''1'' - (optional) when this is present, the name appears first time on the article and it could be displayed with phonetic latin in parentheses (could be useful when uncommon languages for the reader are used). :This template could work same way adding HTML class tags (these need to be created for original latin, cyrillic and phonetic latin). The translit script could be modified so it sees the tags and modifies text as per current isv graphic selection setting. {| class="wikitable" |+ |Examples |- ! Parameters !! lat/cyr !! Renders as |- | <nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа|Žan-Fransua|1</nowiki> || cyr || Жан-Франсуа (Jean-François) |- | <nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа|Žan-Fransua</nowiki> || cyr || Жан-Франсуа |- | <nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа|Žan-Fransua|1</nowiki> || lat || Jean-François (Žan-Fransua) |- |<nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа</nowiki> |lat |Jean-François |- |<nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа</nowiki> |cyr |Жан-Франсуа |- |<nowiki>Györ|Дьёр|Ďjor|1</nowiki> |lat |Györ (Ďjor) |} :Would this proposal be of interest? :It would still require somepone to program the gadget and admin rights to place it on the wiki section. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 07:21, 12 February 2026 (UTC) Yes, this certainly makes sense. The language converter can easily be embedded in the current <tt><nowiki>{{-|...}}</nowiki></tt> template. Normally the language converter would expect something like:<br /><tt><nowiki>-{ isv-Latn: Jean-François; isv-Cyrl:Жан-Франсуа }-</nowiki></tt>.<br />The remaining two fields can easily be handled in the template itself, I think. But on the other hand, the same functionality can also be achieved simply by using the same template twice: <tt><nowiki>{{-|Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа}} {{-|(izgovor: Žan-Fransua)|(fr. Jean-François)}}</nowiki></tt> If that's the case, then parameters 3 and 4 wouldn't even be necessary. One thing I'm not entirely sure about myself, is what happens when you open a page ''before'' picking an orthography. At that moment the system doesn't know whether the page is in Latin or in Cyrillic orthography. I *think* this is done by adding a third parameter: <tt><nowiki>-{ isv-Latn: Jean-François; isv-Cyrl: Жан-Франсуа; isv: Jean-François }-</nowiki></tt> Anyway, the advantage of all this is that we won't immediately have to change all pages where it is used. In many cases the template is used for expressions that shouldn't be transliterated at all, like "{{-|Microsoft}}". Those cases won't be affected by the change at all. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 11:01, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :Thank you, Jan, yes, this could be the way to go. Still need some time to understand better the way the gadget works but would like to start trying soonest. Cheers, [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 18:53, 12 February 2026 (UTC) === Script === {{-|''(added a header for clarity)''}} :So, today is a great day as I tried first time the vibe-codng with Google AI mode to modify transliteration script. :My proposal is to use 3 classes that will be added by template (or manually) to mark 3 options of text. :<pre> <span class="alphabet-isv-Latn">Jean-François</span></pre> :<pre> <span class="alphabet-isv-Cyrl">Жан-Франсуа</span></pre> :<pre><span class="alphabet-isv">Žan-Fransua</span></pre> :Depending on user alphabet setting, only one of the three will be displayed.<br/> :Herewith the code that needs to be added to the script, in the very beginning, after description remark (starting line 9). :<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript" line="1" start="9"> /** This part is added by [[Koristnik:Ilja_isv]], vibe-coded with Google AI /** Sorry code is removed since it did not work in the end </syntaxhighlight> :@[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]], may I ask you to add this code to Common.js so we could test? It takes admin rights to modify the javascript. I can send the complete modified script file if this is easier, I have a backup of original Common.js for the case of failure and the tags for testing entered in the sandbox. Thanking you in advance for help, hope it will work. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 09:56, 24 February 2026 (UTC) ::Unfortunately, being a test admin I do not have the rights to edit Common.js (I actually tried a while back, to no avail). Perhaps [[Koristnik:Iohanen]] can be of help here? Cheers, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 10:56, 24 February 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you Jan, will contact. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 11:19, 24 February 2026 (UTC) :::Jan, one more idea: we can also test changes at old Miraheze space, the gadget script is identical. Do you have admin rights there or do you know the admin? I do not even have a login. The script file there is called Gadget-alphabet.js: :::https://isv.miraheze.org/wiki/MediaWiki:Gadget-alphabet.js :::Just someone will also need to make a test page with tags to see how it works. :::Many thanks. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 11:50, 24 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Yes, I can modify the alphabet gadget on Miraheze. What exactly do you want me to do? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:21, 24 February 2026 (UTC) :::::Hvala Jane, myslím, zajutra večer budu odpovědati, prěd tym uže ne budu iměti čas. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 18:54, 24 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::I had a reply from Iohanen, hvala za kontakt, it is: ::::::https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Iohanen?markasread=2792850&markasreadwiki=incubatorwiki#c-Iohanen-20260224173800-Ilja_isv-20260224114000 ::::::Will follow up in 1-2 days [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 05:35, 25 February 2026 (UTC) :::::No need to do anything, thanks to Iohanen, we have now a workable and tested script. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 12:38, 26 February 2026 (UTC) :::I have modified the '''- '''template, it can have 2 parameters now. If there is only one parameter, this text will be excluded from transliteration. If there is a second parameter present, first parameter is considered Latin, second is considered Cyrilic. When we install updated gadget script, either one or the other will be displayed, depending on language setting. Default is Latin (if Lat./Cyr is a choice or no choice made yet). {| class="wikitable" |+ Kako koristati |- ! Sintaksis !! Rezultat {{-|Latn}} !! Rezultat {{-|Cyrl}} |- | <pre>{{-|macOS Sierra}}</pre>|| <pre>macOS Sierra</pre> || <pre>macOS Sierra</pre> |- | <pre>{{-|Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа}}</pre> || <pre>Jean-François</pre> || <pre>Жан-Франсуа</pre> |- | <pre>{{-|Joe Biden (Džo Bajden)|Джо Байден}}</pre> || <pre>Joe Biden (Džo Bajden)</pre> || <pre>Джо Байден</pre> |} :::As we already have a perfectly working script (great thanks to [[Koristnik:Iohanen]]), I will ask administrators to install it and we have the problem solved. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 12:45, 26 February 2026 (UTC) ::::👍 [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 12:51, 26 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Hi All, ::::Good news: the script and new templates are implemented and work. I will publish a tutorial shortest possible. Congratulations to all participants 👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 16:27, 28 February 2026 (UTC) ::::<s>Bad news: does not work in the mobile version, both Cyrillic and Latin are displayed, which was not like that during tests.</s> <s>Next point to address.</s> Done, all works now. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 16:29, 28 February 2026 (UTC) === Approval === {{-|''(moving this to a separate section to avoid cluttering)''}} Where did you get the information that Wp/isv is about to be approved? On the discussion page, the Language Committee members are ignoring it again, but as soon as someone posted about another project, it immediately received a response. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-98653-7|&#126;2026-98653-7]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-98653-7|talk]]) 21:08, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :I've been discussing the issue of the script converter with a member of the Language Committee, that's way. I know they could have approved our project already a year ago, but there's not much point in mulling over that now. I suggest we simply keep working on this wiki, approval will come by itself. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 21:37, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :: What kind of stories are you telling us? How many times has this happened? People are wasting their precious time on this instead of something more useful. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10102-52|&#126;2026-10102-52]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10102-52|talk]]) 13:57, 14 February 2026 (UTC) :::LOL, login under your real name. Why are you even here? :::If you're feeling that you are wasting your time here, you know where the door is, right? I strongly encourage you to go and do something more useful. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 14:03, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Can't say I disagree. Negativity won't get us anywhere, that's for sure. Ultimately, we'll get there, and all the work we are doing here will soon end up in a real Interslavic wikipedia anyway, so it's definitely not a waste of time. And, if I may say so, complaining is a much bigger waste of time than actually contributing. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:45, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::: Look. It's a dead project; it only has four active users. Part of that is your fault, after all, you kept telling everyone the project was about to be approved (but it never happened). And I'll disappoint you a little: activity usually declines after a domain is created. I'd advise everyone to be more accepting of criticism. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10115-37|&#126;2026-10115-37]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10115-37|talk]]) 17:58, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::Listen, brave man. If you want anyone to take your “criticism” even remotely seriously, you need to log in so we can see what your stake is and what you’ve actually contributed. Until then, you’ll simply come across as a troll or a saboteur. ::::::When we need your advice, we’ll ask for it. For now, you can tone it down and keep your advice to yourself. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 19:52, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::: Wikimedia has a [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Universal%20Code%20of%20Conduct universal code of conduct]. I recommend you read it. I've been following this project for several years, sometimes making anonymous edits. And I have the right not to register as long as Wikimedia Foundation projects allow this option. Your requests are rejected. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10259-25|&#126;2026-10259-25]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10259-25|talk]]) 20:07, 15 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Too many recommendations for anonymous "editor", buddy. You're dismissed and free to go. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 21:36, 15 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::::All emotions aside, I don’t really understand your frustration about the situation or your negativity toward Jan. I’m pretty sure Jan was simply passing on to the community what he himself had been told. ::::::::I don’t think anyone involved in this project expects it to suddenly become hugely popular. For me, it’s about steady work and gradually onboarding new learners of Interslavic. ::::::::Personally, everything I write here — and everything I do in life — I do primarily for myself. I don’t expect large audiences or dramatic results. If you feel like you’ve wasted your time because you were expecting something bigger, maybe the issue isn’t the project itself but the expectations attached to it. ::::::::If exposure and visibility are what you’re looking for, there are platforms built exactly for that. Like TikTok for example. But this project has always been about consistent effort and long-term development, not instant recognition. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:31, 15 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::::And if you truly have such deep knowledge of the future and already know how everything is going to turn out, maybe you should try day trading. With that kind of foresight, you’d probably make millions — and then all the time you think you “wasted” on our small project would fade away like a bad dream. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:34, 15 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::That's right. Perhaps I've been premature with my assumptions, but they were not entirely without reason. First of all, we already met all the necessary requirements by October 2024 (five editors contributing regularly during a period of a few months + translated interface), and secondly, in January 2025 a member of the Language Committee confirmed that the project was ready for approval. Honestly, I have no idea why that still hasn't happened, and believe me, nobody feels more frustrated about this sluggishness than me. At first, I thought it was because of the label "constructed language", but given the fact that a wikipedia in Toki Pona was approved – even though it it's not even an auxiliary language and even though it wasn't even in the Incubator – that's can't really be the reason. And yes, of course I am disappointed that some active contributors haven't shown up for a long time. Neither do I understand why [[Koristnik:Wojsław Brożyna|Wojsław Brożyna]] requested Interslavic Wikipedia on Meta and started this wiki on the Incubator, since he never contributed anything of substance afterwards. Still, no matter what, the best we can do is simply carry on. Showing that we *can* do it is precisely what the Incubator is meant for. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:01, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::And anonymous, you call this a dead project, but at the same time you noted yourself that other projects with less users and less content are being approved, so apparently it's not *that* dead after all. You say that we should be more accepting of criticism, but the point of criticism is to improve something, not to frustrate it. If you have ideas about how to improve this project, we are all ears, and if you care about this project, you are more than welcome to contribute. But if you don't, then I don't quite understand why you bother making these comments at all. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:03, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::: I don't remember saying this, but I would have said the same thing. You need to clearly define your goal and determine whether it's achievable. If not, then move on to other goals. Here, it's like knocking on a closed gate. Sometimes they say something or wink, but the gate remains closed. I have ideas, but first you need to stop knocking on closed gates. It's really sad. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10286-28|&#126;2026-10286-28]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10286-28|talk]]) 11:38, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::I don't think it's like knocking on a closed gate. Look what happened with our ISO code. Our first two requests were rejected for stupid reasons and the third request took almost five years to be validated: first because they simply forgot about it, and then because it was stalled because they were reformulating their policies. It seems like they didn't quite know what do to with Interslavic, for example, whether they should qualify it as natural or a constructed language. So yes, I am kind of having a ''déjà-vu'' here. And again, I don't why it is taking them so long. The language itself shouldn't be the problem anymore, since its eligibility was established already in October 2024. My best guess is simply that the majority of the LangCom members are barely active, and that the remaining members are hesitant because of the extra work that needs to be done with regard to script conversion and the like. But ultimately ''upornost se izplati''. And anyway, it's not like we have an alternative here. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 12:37, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::: There are alternatives. In fact, with the development of AI, Wikipedia's role is gradually diminishing. Just look at the statistics: activity is declining in many editions (for example, in Russian, but the situation is no better in other Slavic editions). The situation is only good in languages ​​with a large number of native speakers (English, Spanish, French). This project will ultimately be edited by a relatively small group of enthusiasts. If the project is for enthusiasts, work can be done anywhere (on other wiki projects, etc.) whithout frustration. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10427-04|&#126;2026-10427-04]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10427-04|talk]]) 14:26, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::The relationship between Wikipedia and AI is a problem in itself, but there's not much point in speculation about the future. Besides, following your logic, we might as well close all Wikipedias except the English one. You are right about one thing: if the Interslavic Wikipedia were purely intended for enthusiasts of Interslavic, Miraheze or whatever other wikifarm might do. But that's not the point. This wiki should serve as an additional source of information for Slavic speakers. The reason we need a separate Wikipedia project is that people can find it, for example via interwiki links. As long as it is stored here or in some wikifarm, nobody will be able to find it. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:05, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::: This isn't quite the correct continuation of my logic: sections don't need to be closed, but activity will gradually decline. They will remain as encyclopedias, but will be preserved (AI will take information from there for itself). As for whether people will be able to find this project through interwiki, that's doubtful; interwiki is badly presented in the current Wikipedia skin. It's easy to search there if you know exactly which language you need. But it's possible that some people will still find this project through interwiki. As a source of information, people prefer to read in their native language. What you said could have been expected 10-20 years ago. If they can't find information in their language, they'll translate it from the language in which it exists (most likely, English). The quality of translation in online translators is much better now. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10427-04|&#126;2026-10427-04]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10427-04|talk]]) 09:09, 17 February 2026 (UTC) ::Good news. A thread "Proposed approval of Interslavic Wikipedia" has appeared on the Langcom Mailing List. I hope we get a positive response soon. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-17126-63|&#126;2026-17126-63]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-17126-63|talk]]) 20:12, 18 March 2026 (UTC) :::I'm really starting to get the impression that langcom is deliberately ignoring wp/isv. Jon Harald Søby created a thread "Proposed approval of Interslavic Wikipedia," but it received no response, either positive or negative. However, another thread appeared there and received an almost immediate response. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-18779-70|&#126;2026-18779-70]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-18779-70|talk]]) 11:19, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::: That's true. But in reality, there are plenty of such threads. Someone wants approval, no one responds, or no one responds positively, and approval is delayed. Don't count on approval soon; it will be several years away. I especially don't recommend relying on the nearly dead Langcom.--[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-18633-18|&#126;2026-18633-18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-18633-18|talk]]) 11:30, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::::Years? Is it really that bad? What's the point of writing anything here if there will never be approval? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-18861-96|&#126;2026-18861-96]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-18861-96|talk]]) 13:56, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::::: Honestly, I don't know why they're doing this. It's been clear many times that Langcom doesn't want to approve this project and will delay approval as long as possible. Sooner or later, this leads to burnout (maybe Langcom is counting on it). Note that Langcom hasn't offered any apologies or justifications, as if this is a normal situation. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-18833-94|&#126;2026-18833-94]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-18833-94|talk]]) 15:57, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ura! Sračky 😂 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 21:35, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::Very good news! Other members of the language committee have responded, and it's safe to say that Interslavic Wikipedia is practically approved. All that's left is to leave a notification about the proposal being approved, and now all that's left is to create isv.wikipedia.org. Finally, it's isv's turn. Thank you for continuing to create articles and staying active. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31741-38|&#126;2026-31741-38]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-31741-38|talk]]) 03:13, 29 May 2026 (UTC) == Wiktionary == ''(moving this to a separate item to avoid cluttering)'' When we receive approval, will it automatically give us the option to create a Wiktionary for Interslavic, or do we need to apply for that separately? I already have some ideas and plans for it. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 15:45, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :Setting up a separate Wiktionary would require a separate application process on [[m:Requests for new languages|Meta]]. Approval will probably come easier if Interslavic already has its own Wikipedia, though. Theoretically, you could also start creating a Wiktionary in the Incubator, here: [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/isv Wt/isv]. Yet I am wondering: what would be the point of a Wiktionary for Interslavic? We already have our multilingual dictionary at https://interslavic-dictionary.com/, and there's the same dictionary at http://steen.free.fr/interslavic/dynamic_dictionary.html. Keeping those two in line with each other is already quite a lot of work. Wouldn't it be better to keep all our eggs in one basket, instead of having even more dictionaries around? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:42, 12 February 2026 (UTC) ::Well, in reality, I'm just experimenting. ::In theory, there is an automated or at least semi-automated way to add articles to Wiktionary straight from the dictionary database, so the labor part should not be that difficult. ::What I did is I've created a fork of the dictionary that is using the same database and did slight improvements to it's UI, so now you can compare multiple words at the same screen and you can also look up the Wiktionary article straight from the interface, just by pressing the hyperlink. Creating Interslavic Wiktionary obviously would allow me to add the links to Interslavic Wiktionary. ::Wiktionary by definition is something that anyone can edit, so: ::# People would add new words more easily (Yes, there is a problem with verifying if those words are good or not, but in general it would give more power to the community vs. now, when suggesting something to Interslavic dictionary seems more like a bureaucratic process rather than a community contribution). ::# People could modify articles about the words in Interslavic and add contexts, translations to their natural languages, usage examples, etc. (Think of https://context.reverso.net/) ::[[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:04, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::I've also revived the Slovnik Bot in Telegram and modified it a little bit, so it's also showing links to Wiktionary articles in corresponding languages. :::In theory, if people will add the use cases in Interslavic, this bot would be able to spit it out to users in Telegram. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:07, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::The slovnik fork is available here :::https://interslavic.forum/slovnik/ :::I'm still working on it, but it's pretty much done for now. :::It allows you to compare up to 4 words on the same screen and look up the Wiktionary articles for corresponding language. :::This is just something I'm constantly using in writing texts. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:10, 12 February 2026 (UTC) ::In general, I'm just trying to integrate the existing infrastructure of Interslavic with what Wikipedia offers. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:07, 12 February 2026 (UTC) Well, I can certainly see the potential advantages of a Wiktionary. It could, for example, help in translating the dictionary into other languages. The thing is only that the official Interslavic dictionary is being worked on by a whole team of people. Errors are being corrected, new words are being added, and sometimes existing words are being replaced or simply kicked out. The problem with forked dictionaries is that sooner or later they will be obsolete. Besides, we can't have people adding stuff that hasn't been properly researched. That's why I am a bit hesitant here. But if you really want to try it, I cannot stop you, of course. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 21:50, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :This is a UI fork, mostly visual difference and additional features. It's connected to the same google document just as official dictionary. The only difference for now is that I've fixed individual declensions for some words (jejin, obědvě) (also I've committed the changes to official dictionary, it's just a matter for someone to approve the changes). :I'm not trying to create my own dictionary, but I'd like the work to go faster and I'd like to have a more participatory mechanism for the community. :Wiktionary would be a part of this mechanism. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 23:28, 13 February 2026 (UTC) ::Okay, we can of course give it a try. And like I said, I can surely see quite a few advantages of the idea. My only concern is, who is going to manage all this? Starting it in the Incubator is possible for sure, but if it's going to be a one-man show, it will probably stay there forever. Personally, I'd much rather we concentrate on Wikipedia now, which is already more than enough work. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:07, 14 February 2026 (UTC) :::I'll try to see how far I can go with it. If I fail, I fail, no biggie. I promise I will keep writing here on Wiki :) [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 00:16, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I also do see potential in empowering people. When we know that our voice matters and we can affect something, it is in itself a very inspiring thing. I may be too naive and idealistic tho. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 00:21, 14 February 2026 (UTC) :::[[Wt/isv/Main Page]] :::I've created the Main Page and in process of importing the words from the dictionary. :::@[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]], I was thinking translating some of your materials from English to Interslavic on word formation, voting machine, etc to create Help page, can I have your permission? :::@[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]] @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] @[[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] @[[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] @[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] @[[Koristnik:Danvintius Bookix|Danvintius Bookix]] @[[Koristnik:LiMr|LiMr]] @[[Koristnik:TutČas|TutČas]] @[[Koristnik:Medžuslovjanin|Medžuslovjanin]] @[[Koristnik:Ferpaks|Ferpaks]] @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] @[[Koristnik:Aula Orion|Aula Orion]] @[[Koristnik:Panslav|Panslav]] @[[Koristnik:Orbitminis|Orbitminis]] @[[Koristnik:Wojsław Brożyna|Wojsław Brożyna]] @[[Koristnik:Adiee5|Adiee5]] @[[Koristnik:Plameniled|Plameniled]] @[[Koristnik:Miłosz Czaniecki|Miłosz Czaniecki]] @[[Koristnik:Владимєр Брєзин, сын Александров|Владимєр Брєзин, сын Александров]] @[[Koristnik:Qiorly|Qiorly]] @[[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] @[[Koristnik:SzymonV|SzymonV]] @[[Koristnik:Asank neo|Asank neo]] @[[Koristnik:FitikWasTaken|FitikWasTaken]] @[[Koristnik:Machine of goodness|Machine of goodness]] @[[Koristnik:Snovid|Snovid]] :::If anyone has any suggestions, I'd love to hear it. :::So far my plan is the followinɡː :::[[Wt/isv/Vikislovnik:Propozicija měseca#Dorabotati Vikislovnik]] [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 01:48, 12 March 2026 (UTC) ::::Hi GlěbDyndar, I can see the Wiktionary already on the incubator, and found a nice side-effect for Wikipedia incubator: when editing in Visual mode, selecting a noun in Nominative or a verb in infinitive, and pressing Ctrl-K (to insert hyperlink) it also shows possible links to the Wiktonary, so this option could be used for spell checking 😎 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 13:40, 19 March 2026 (UTC) :::::That would be awesome! Having something to check spelling against is beneficial for the wiki. Yes, there is an official Interslavic Dictionary available, but it's not really built into Wikipedia, it would be really interesting to see it imported into the Wiktionary in its full extent and interconnected with the Wikipedia for spellcheck. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|contribs]]) 14:19, 13 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::: First of all, it's not that it takes up a lot of memory. Wiki projects use templates. A volunteer user who might want to edit Wiktionary doesn't need to know HTML and CSS. Learn to create templates first. The original wiki code, consisting almost entirely of HTML and CSS, is what we had in the past. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-29111-53|&#126;2026-29111-53]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-29111-53|talk]]) 16:03, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Да говно эти шаблоны, в эпоху ИИ от них толку мало, ебешься три года ради того, что ИИ напишет за секунду. А потом если нужно какую строчку добавить или убавить в карточке, снова нужно лезть в этот шаблон и выяснять что там к чему. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:03, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::::все новое - это хорошо забытое старое) :::::::::Шаблоны были сделаны, чтоб облегчить жизнь тем, кто не может кодить. Сейчас кодить может каждый, соответственно шаблоны летят мимо. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:10, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::::: Whether it's good or bad, that's the way things are done in Wikimedia projects. So, don't blame anyone else. You can easily create your own beautiful wiki project without templates in the AI ​​era. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-29111-53|&#126;2026-29111-53]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-29111-53|talk]]) 10:25, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Да не переживай ты так, учитель) Разберусь, что мне делать. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 16:24, 15 May 2026 (UTC) == Sravniti vs. sravnjati vs. sravnivati == slovnik ima 'sravnjati' kak imperfect, ale iz mojego pogleda, bylo by razumněje pisati "sravnivati", ibo priblizno vse jezyky imajut dodatny slog v tutom slovu v imperfektu "sravnjati" za mene imaje smysl "uravnjati", "sdělati jednakovym", na angl. ''to level'' čto myslite? [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :Nu znaješ, "sravnjati" prosto jest regularno stvorjena nesovršena forma sovršenogo glagola "sravniti". V dolgoj historiji medžuslovjanskogo jezyka vsegda jesmo usilovali, že jezyk jest kako možno regularny. Zato ''-ati > -yvati'', a ''-iti > -jati''. Očevidno, byli by takože druge možnosti, napr. ''-ati > -avati'' iili ''-iti > -ivati''. Ale my jesmo izbrali te formy, ktore sut najbolje razprostranjene po slovjanskyh jezykah. Poněkogda te druge formy na indivualnoj osnově daže mogut byti lěpše, ale ne hočemo vvesti v jezyk veče neregularnostij, neželi sut potrěbne. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 22:01, 13 February 2026 (UTC) ::Da, Jane, ja dobro razuměm i pametam vaše pojasnjenje o logikě impf.-pf. glagolov v MS, ale čto ako li poněkogda stvorjajemo falšivyh prijateljev v ugodu regulardnosti? (rus. сравнять, čes. srovnat, pol. zrównać) ::Dodatno, regularnost v MS v tutom osobnom slučaju (iz moejgo pogleda) ide protiv naturalističnosti, ibo vse naturalne jezyky prědavajut semantiku "to be comparing" inym slovom. ::Russky срав'''ни'''вать, сопоставлять ::Bělorussky параўноўваць, зраў'''ноў'''ваць, супастаўляць ::Ukrajinsky порів'''ню'''вати, зіставляти, зрівнювати ::Poljsky porów'''ny'''wać ::Češsky srov'''ná'''vat, porov'''ná'''vat ::Slovačsky porov'''ná'''vať, zrov'''ná'''vať ::Hrvatsky srav'''nji'''vati, upoređivati ::Srbsky срав'''њи'''вати, упоређавати ::Makedonsky сравнува, споредува ::Bulgarsky срав'''ня'''вам ::"Sravnjati s zemjeju" — "Compare with Earth?" or "Level it to the ground"? [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 23:43, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :::Aha, razuměju. Da da, takom slučaju može lěpje bude ''sravnyvati'' (nesov.) i ''sravnati'' (sov.), a takože ''sravnanje'' zaměsto ''sravnjenje'' «comparison”, ne li? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 23:57, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :::Moje prědloženje": :::for the verb ''to compare: sravniti / sravnivati,'' ibo to odpovědaje logikě naturalnyh jezykov. :::for the verb ''to even, to level'' we already have ''poravniti'' (curiously, it's not ''por'''o'''vniti'', which would follow the logic you're explaining) :::[[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 00:13, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::''sravnjati'' možemo ostaviti, ale jedino v smyslu ''to even, to level'' [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 00:22, 14 February 2026 (UTC) == Websajt s katalogom i statistikoju == <nowiki>https://medzuslovjansky.onl/</nowiki> jesm stvoril maly websajt s vyše vizualnym kalalogom stranic i statistikoju može byti koristany kak onlajn biblioteka stvoril jego da by može byti takym obrazom uprostiti dostup obyčnyh ljudij do Viki i malost zainteresovati v napisanju člankov prošu, pišite vaši propozicije i myslji [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 17:32, 23 February 2026 (UTC) :myslju oddělno sdělati filtr za kategorij s prověrjenym pravopisom i dobry članok, da by možno bylo legko najdti teksty s dobrym MSom [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:11, 23 February 2026 (UTC) ::Da, to bylo by interesno. Myslju, že kategorija s prověrjenym pravopisom ne jest mnogo upotrěbima, ale može [[Incubator:Spisok najdolžejših stranic|tutoj spisok najdolžejših ćlankov]] jest? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 22:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC) :::Už sdělal oddělny filtr, koj polazyvaje jedino članky so zvězdoju i s prověrjenym pravopisom. Myslju, to ne byla zla ideja i ja budu probovati dodavati toj šablon, kogda čitaju članky. :::Vo vkladke statistika možno odfiltrovati članky po dolžině, ale može byti sdělati oddělnu jarku vkladku "Najdolžejše članky"? [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:19, 23 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Da, myslju, že to jest dobry pomysl. Mimohodom, može mogli byhmo uže dodati do dobryh člankov. Srěd mojih člankov, myslju, že napriklad [[Abhazsky alfabet]], [[Džok (pes)]] i [[Ҕ]] kvalifikujut se, ibo sut mnogo obširnějše, než jihne ekvivalenty na drugyh jezykah. Imajete li prědloženja? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 22:58, 23 February 2026 (UTC) :::::A nas budut prověrjati na odpovědnost kriterijam dobryh člankov? Ibo imajemo množstvo člankov vyše 10kb, koje libo už sut dost dobre (ale može byti ne sut take dobre, kak jihne analogy v inyh jezykah, ili prinajmenje v něktoryh), ale sut kratše, než v inyh jezykah. :::::I takože imajemo množstvo člankov menše než 10kb, ale koje takože sut mnogo dobre. :::::Večinstvo (ili vse) članky o kiriličnyh bukvah sut dobre na moj pogled, ale ne imajut trěbujemogo razměra. :::::@[[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] napisal několiko dobryh člankov, ale on prosil prověriti pravopis za njim i ja byh dodal v jegove članky malost obrazov ili medija materialov, že by jih nemnogo oživiti (imajut prěmnogo teksta bez ničego vizualnogo) :::::@[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] takože napisal dostatočno dobryh člankov [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 23:27, 23 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::Da da, jesm suglasny. Teoretično ne imajemo izrazne kriterije, toliko, že dobry članok trěbuje iměti někoju kritičnu masu. Granica 10K bajtov byla ustanovjena libovoljno, kogda na medžuviki iměli jesmo 20 člankov >10K, ale tutčas imajemo jih ok. 140. Dolgy ne avtomatično znači lěpši. Po mojemu mněnju, da by članok kvalifikoval se za uměščenje na glavnoj stranici: ::::::* jest bolje-menje kompletny o obgovarjaje vse aspekty (napr. članok o državě ne jest kompletny, ako nemaje ničego o ekonomikě, prirodě i t.d.). ::::::* imaje pravilny i prověrjeny pravopis ::::::* jest osnovany na prověrjenyh izvorah (znači, ne slěpo kopirovanyh iz drugyh viki) ::::::* ne jest toliko prěvod članka iz drugoj viki ::::::* kako možno, sodrživaje obrazky ::::::* kako možno, jest lěpši od ekvivalentah na drugyh slovjanskyh jezykah ::::::* prědmet ne jest prěmnogo niševy. ::::::Kromě togo, dobro by bylo, ako jest raznorodnost medžu člankami na glavnoj stranici. Tutčas imajemo ok. 20 dobryh člankov. Glupo bylo by, ako srěd njih byli 3 kirilične bukvy, ili 3 ukrajinski politiki. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:51, 24 February 2026 (UTC) == Dodati linky na spoločnosti v Dicord i TG na glavnoj stranici v menju == Tutčas poglednul i uviděl, že bulgarska vikipedija ima linky do spoločnostij v discord i tg na glavnoj stranici v menju, v lěvoj jegovoj česti. Može byti, my takože budemo dodati? https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 12:29, 26 February 2026 (UTC) :Ne znaju, imaje li smysl popularizovati toj Diskord, on ne imaje ničto občo s Viki projektom, i Jan tam ne jest. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 08:16, 6 March 2026 (UTC) == Nove možnosti translliteracije - sdělano == Blagodare dobrym ljudam, pomagavšim izměniti skript, pojavili se nove možnosti transliteracije.<br/>Šablon '''-''' dostavaje novu funkciju: <br/>Tuty šablon upravjaje transliteracijeju, izključaje ju za fragment teksta (kogda koristaje se s jednym parametrom), ili pokazyvaje razny tekst za latinicu i kirilicu (variant s dvoma parametrami).<br/> {| class="wikitable" |+ Kako koristati |- ! Sintaksis !! Rezultat {{-|Latn}} !! Rezultat {{-|Cyrl}} |- | <code><nowiki>{{-|macOS Sierra}}</nowiki></code>|| <code><nowiki>macOS Sierra</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>macOS Sierra</nowiki></code> |- | <code><nowiki>{{-|Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа}}</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>Jean-François</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>Жан-Франсуа</nowiki></code> |- | <code><nowiki>{{-|Joe Biden (Džo Bajden)|Джо Байден}}</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>Joe Biden (Džo Bajden)</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>Джо Байден</nowiki></code> |- |<code><nowiki>«Scena v sadu {{-|Roundhay|Раундхеј}}» (1888) {{-|[[Louis Le Prince|{{-|Louis Le Prince'a}}]]|[[Louis Le Prince|Луи ле Пранса ({{-|Louis Le Prince)}}]]}} — najrannějši izvestny film v historiji.</nowiki></code> |<code><nowiki>«Scena v sadu Roundhay» (1888) Louis Le Prince'a — najrannějši izvestny film v historiji.</nowiki></code> |<code><nowiki>«Сцена в саду Раундхеј» (1888) Луи ле Пранса (Louis Le Prince) — најраннєјши известны филм в хисторији.</nowiki></code> |- |<code><nowiki>V Providen{{-|ce’|с}}u</nowiki></code> |<code><nowiki>V Providence’u</nowiki></code> |<code><nowiki>В Провиденсу</nowiki></code> |} <br /> <s>Čto ješče ne rabotaje: v mobilnoj versiji bude vsegda pokazyvati i latiničny i kiriličny varianty. Na rěšenju rabotajemo.</s> Vsečto uže rabotaje! [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 07:15, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :Odlično! Nu izvini, ale vse vrěme ne razuměju, začto jest toj drugy šablon. Takože možno jest pisati: <nowiki>{{-|Jean-François (izgovor: Žan-Fransua)|Žan-Fransua (fr. Jean-François)}}</nowiki>, i rezultat bude taky sam, ne li? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 12:39, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::Jego sdělal Iohanen za test, rěšil ostaviti 😊 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 12:43, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::vot test obohdvoh šablonov na živom članku https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 12:48, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::Mene lično dopoka nemnogo ustrašaje ta razlika medžu latiniceju i kiriliceju, ko ktoroj prihodímo. Napriklad, jesm musel v jednom slučaju sklonjati kirilicu i ne sklonjati latinicu 😢 Tako prijdemo ko dvom jezykam. Možlivo, bysmo mogli prěporučovati koristanje tutoj možnosti toliko v izključiteljnyh slučajah? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:04, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::A v kakom slučaju trěba bylo sklonjati kirilicu? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:13, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::Tut byl variant ::::v Red Hook / v Ред-Хуку, ale já jesm dopoka našel izhod: ::::v apartamentu v četvrti {-|Red Hook|Ред Хук} [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:18, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::ješče v Providence / в Провиденсу [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:24, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::::Ah, razuměju. Znaješ, medžuslovjansky ne imaje tvrde pravila odnosno sklanjanja neslovjanskyh imen i nazv. Ja byh sovětoval, da byhmo koristali apostrof: lat. {{-|Charles de Gaulle}}, kir. {{-|Шарљ де Гољ}} &rarr; rod. {{-|Charles’a de Gaulle’a}}, {{-|Шарља де Гоља}}. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:32, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::myslím, že rěšenjem jest vo Providensu / во Провиденсу, v Red-Huku / в Ред-Хуку. Ale, Lovecrafta/Лавкрафта, zato že ime [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:31, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::::Ah, razuměju. Znaješ, medžuslovjansky ne imaje tvrde pravila odnosno sklanjanja neslovjanskyh imen i nazv. Ja byh sovětoval, da byhmo koristali apostrof: lat. {{-|Charles de Gaulle}}, kir. {{-|Шарљ де Гољ}} &rarr; rod. {{-|Charles’a de Gaulle’a}}, {{-|Шарља де Гоља}}. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:35, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::nu to jest podobno russkomu jezyku, kogda koristajut se kusky latinicy [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:37, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::Točno. A tamtyh slučajah: {{-|v Providence’u, v Red Hook’u}}. Koristajuči novy možnosti, možno daže: <code><nowiki>«V Providen{{-|ce’|с}}u»</nowiki></code>: «V Providen{{-|ce’|с}}u». {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:40, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::::nu to uże diko jest: во Провиденс-цу? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:42, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Vo Providence'u/ во Провиденсу izgledaje kompromisno [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:44, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::::interesno, trěba izučiti [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:52, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::Gaulle на выдумки хитра (russko prislovje) ☺️ [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:39, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :Vsim pozdrav, ide obnovjenje skripta, transliteracija ne bude někaky čas rabotati. Prosim izviniti [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 17:47, 5 March 2026 (UTC) :Tak, vsečto jest izrěšeno, uže rabotaje i na mobilu. Mnogo děkuju adminam Vikipedije, ktore mnogo pomogli. Ura 👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 19:42, 5 March 2026 (UTC) ::Vidžu! Fantastično! Hvala vsim, ktori pomogli! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 08:20, 6 March 2026 (UTC) == Originalne <s>imena ljudij</s> i iztvorov umětnostij kako nazvy člankov == <s>Ja jesm natolkl se na toj problem, že ne věm, kako dějati lěpše... Jest članok o Johnu R. R, Tolkienu, zaglavje ktorogo jest napisano anglijskym jezykom. Trěba li takym že sposobom stvorjati i nove članky? A kako pisati vnutri članka?</s> <s>Ješče jesm ugleděl, že v poljskom jezyku imena sklanjajut se po pravilam jezyka, ale pišut se kako v originalu. Či možno li togda vnutri članka pisati, napriklad, ''... u Johna Ronalda Reuela Tolkiena...''? Ne bude li togda to mrzko izgledati v kirilici ''... у Jохна Роналда Реуела Толкиена...''? Abo trěba vnutri članka flavorizovati?..</s> P.S. Pomilujte, ja jesm slěpec, jedino tutčas uviděl jesm v vrhu to, kak to možno sdělati. Ješče jedna věč: jest članok o «Vladaru prstenjev», zaglavje ktorogo jest napisano na anglijskom jezyku («The Lord of the Rings»). Trěba li jego prěimenovati na medžuslovjansky jezyk? Myslim, že trěba, bo na vsakoj Vikipedije nazvy knig prěkladajut se na glavny jezyk Vikipedije. Cělkovito ne razuměm, kako rěšati tuto pytanje, ačekoli mně se kaže, že jego už obgovarjali, ale ja ne vidim rezultatov, pomilujte. S považenjem, [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|talk]]) 07:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :Da, nazvanja knig jest trěba prěkladati, TLOTR in particular ☺️ Nužno jest tuty članok prěimenovati/prěměstiti, čto ne jest trudno [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 16:21, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::Točno, lěpje jest prěvoditi zaglavja knig, filmov i t.d., ale takože imaje byti prěnapravjenje od originalnogo zaglavja. Jesm prěimenoval TLOTR v [[Vladar prstenjev]]. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:14, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Approval! == Great news! Interslavic Wikipedia will soon be approved! Committee member Jon Harald Søby posted the approval notice on the Talk Language Committee page! Finally! Let everyone know if anyone doesn't know yet, and let Jan know too! Victory! [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-35104-48|&#126;2026-35104-48]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-35104-48|talk]]) 18:12, 15 June 2026 (UTC) :approved! 🎉 [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-36378-17|&#126;2026-36378-17]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-36378-17|talk]]) 15:14, 23 June 2026 (UTC) : Radostno! [[Koristnik:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Таёжный лес|besěda]]) 23:48, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) == Administratorstvo == Dragi! Dnes nakonec naša Medžuslovjanska Vikipedija byla stvorjena. Blagoželaju nam vsim i imaju naděju, že naš projekt bude postojanno rasti! Ja jesm byl administrator v Inkubatoru, a takože vo vsih prědhodnyh versijah medžuslovjanskoj viki (od 2007 g.). Na žalost, administratorstvo ne bylo prěneseno avtomatično iz Inkubatora, zato trěba mně tu oficialno kandidatovati se na administratora. Jest několiko věčij, ktore tutčas trěba bude sdělati bystro. Napriklad, vy isto pametajete, že skoro vse stranice iz Medžuviki byli kopirovane ručno – bez jihnyh historij, čto jest narušenje avtorskyh prav – i zato ja hoču je stopiti s novějšimi versijami. Kromě togo, vsegda jest potrěbny někto, ktory odstranjaje spam, vandalizm i tako dalje. Prošu, glasujte poniže! Sut slědujuče opcije: {{-|<nowiki>{{Za}}, {{Protiv}}, {{Nevtralno}} i {{Primětka}}</nowiki>}}. Ne zabudite dodati svoj podpis (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). S srdečnym pozdravom, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 23:50, 24 junij 2026 (UTC) [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 17:09, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}}: Razuměje se, Jan nas dovedl tu kde jesmo, ov projekt bez jegovogo děla ne by ni egzistoval. On zakladaje se mnogo i obhodi se s pravdivymi ambicijami. Nadějem se budemo iměti uspěšny prvy god na živoj Vikipediji! :) – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 00:19, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}} [[Koristnik:Vikislav|Vikislav]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vikislav|besěda]]) 03:01, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}} i potrěbujemo izbrati ješče 2-3 admini ili podadmini [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 06:27, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}} Jan nas dovedl tam, kamo jesmo potrěbovali, i kako najaktivnějši člen občiny si zasluži byti administratorom. --[[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]]) 09:49, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}}, očevidno. Velika hvala vsim — to jest naš obči uspěh! [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|besěda]]) 10:27, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}} [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 17:53, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} očevidno, Jan je tvorec medžuslovjanskogo. [[Koristnik:Adiee5|Adiee5]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Adiee5|besěda]]) 01:05, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # Разумєје се {{Za}} [[Koristnik:FitikWasTaken|FitikWasTaken]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:FitikWasTaken|besěda]]) 13:24, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} prisjedinjaju se k vsemu vyše skazanomu. [[Koristnik:Noncinque|Noncinque]]([[Besěda s koristnikom:Noncinque|besěda]]) 12:01, 26 junij 2026 (UTC+6) === Drugi admini === {{Ping|LiMr|Danvintius Bookix|GlěbDyndar|Мурад 97|Panslavist|Tutčas}}, {{Ping|Medžuslovjanin|Ferpaks|Marcoorio|Aula Orion|Panslav|Orbitminis|Wojsław Brożyna}}, {{Ping|Adiee5|Plameniled|Miłosz Czaniecki|Владимєр Брєзин, сын Александров|Qiorly|Polda18}}, {{Ping|SzymonV|Vipz|Asank neo|FitikWasTaken|Machine of goodness|Snovid}} i ostatni, kogo jesm ne vspomnil tut, prosim nehtěl by někdo se stati vtorym i tretjim adminom, da by Jan ne tegnul vsečto sam? Prosim takože vsih glasovati, hvalim voprěd. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:23, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) 09:32, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) :Ja ne věm, ako byh iměl na to dostatok časa, i ja o tom budu razvažiti. Ja dekuju za prědloženje. [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]]) 09:57, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) ::Da, dobro bylo by iměto ješče jednogo ili dvoh adminov. @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]], može li ty se kandiduješ? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 10:32, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) :::Možno, budu, ale by se htělo lěpših kandidatov. ({{-|BTW}} izčezlo "odgovoriti", to jesm ja něčto slomil?) [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:21, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) :Ja mogu prijmati vaše prizvanje do administratorstva. [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|besěda]]) 10:35, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] i @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]]: Super! Togda sdělajte oddělno zaglavje, da byhmo ne komplikovali žitje administratorom na Meta. ;) {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:44, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) :Hvala @[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]], tako izdělajemo, ale htělo by ješče i někogo, kdo znaje, kako rabotaje Vikipedija lěpje, než ja ili @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] i od kogo by bylo vyše koristi. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 17:03, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) Zdrav! Ako naša občina to želaje, mogu sebe nominovati za administratora i administratora interfejsa. Primarno se interesujem rabotati na tehničnoj infrastrukturě projekta: šablony, moduly, CSS, JS/gadžety, botovanje, i t.d. Administrativne prava dobro prihodet zaradi izčrkavanja i iziskyvanja, importovanja i prěměščanja specifičnyh stranic, iz-medžu ostalogo. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 23:02, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) :@[[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]]: To bylo by odlično! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 23:05, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Jesm uže administrator (interfejsa) na srbskohrvatskoj Vikipedije i bylo by mně milo prenesti něčto znalosti odonud ovamo. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 23:11, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) === Drugi admini - glasovanje === Kandidati na druge admini sut dva, @[[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] i @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]], oni ne sut konkurenti, adminami mogut byti obadva, jestli budut poddržani, prosim za ili protiv njih takože glasovati tut (ne zabezpametajte glasovati i za Jana vgorě) [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:23, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) ==== Vipz ==== @[[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] glasovanje [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:24, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} - potrěbujemo opytnogo admina [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:26, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Nevtralno}} – ne znam dobro člověka [[Koristnik:Adiee5|Adiee5]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Adiee5|besěda]]) 10:59, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}}. Věrim jegovomu slovu o znanju interfejsa — tute znanja sut nam potrěbne. [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|besěda]]) 11:37, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Nevtralno}} [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 11:41, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}}, očevidno! Izkušeny koristnik, črěz dolge lěta byl administrator Medžuviki. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:46, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} [[Koristnik:Vikislav|Vikislav]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vikislav|besěda]]) 15:38, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 21:07, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # ... ==== Marcoorio ==== @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] glasovanje [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:24, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} - potrěbujemo motivovanogo admina [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:26, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Nevtralno}} [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 11:41, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}}. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:46, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} [[Koristnik:Vikislav|Vikislav]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vikislav|besěda]]) 15:40, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 15:47, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 21:08, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Nevtralno}} [[Koristnik:Adiee5|Adiee5]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Adiee5|besěda]]) 12:58, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) # ... == Kolikost člankov na latinici i kirilici == Dragi prijatelji! Ja myslju, že oprědělenje "Okolo 2/3 vsih člankov byli napisane latiniceju, okolo 1/3 kiriliceju" ne odgovarja enciklopedičnosti. Prědlagaju stvoriti kategoriju, katalog po tipu Spisok člankov na latinici i na kirilici. Začto? Da by točno razuměti, koliko u nas materialov jest napisano na oboh grafikah. Poka čto u nas sut tendencije k umenšenju pisanja člankov na kirilici. [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 23:10, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) :A či jest li potrěbno tuto ukazanje? Imajemo translitiraciju, zatom, na moj pogled, ne jest potrěbno ukazyvati, koliko člankov sut na kirilici/latinici. Takym tvrdženjem možemo odstrašiti tyh, kto znaje kirilicu i ne znaje latinicu (ako taki sut) abo někako inako prinesti zlu myslj, ale, očevidno, ju ne imajemo. [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|besěda]]) 11:42, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Ja jesm obratil uvagu na fakt, že v članku "Medžuslovjanska Vikipedija" jest privedena taka informacija: "Okolo 2/3 vsih člankov byli napisane latiniceju, okolo 1/3 kiriliceju", ale ne ima spiska člankov po kirilici i latinici. Zato jesm pomyslil, že jest enciklopedično ukazovati točnu informaciju [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 11:52, 26 junij 2026 (CEST). Дља статистикы буде интересно. --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|besěda]]) 12:01, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :Kako oprěděliti, latinica ili kirilica, bot/skript musi uděliti toliko tekst iz članka i sčitati latinične i kirilične bukvy? Napriměr, jestli vyše 70% teksta sut kirilične bukvy, on jest kiriličny? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 13:23, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :: А сут много чланков, кде оба писма? Вообче, по мојему мнєнју то пытанје технично. Просто, интересно, направду, кака у нас тутчас статистика. --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|besěda]]) 14:14, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Mnogo lingvističnyh člankov imajut kirilične tablicy, priměry teksta, kako Mansijsky jezyk i td. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 15:19, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Ili prosto, tekst s kiriličnymi nazvami razdělov jest kiriličnym 8-) Ako li sut razděly [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 15:22, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :Za statistiku bylo by interesno, ale ja ne myslju, že taka kategorizacija jest potrěbna. Kromě togo dodavanje i poddrživanje tyh kategorij bude mnogo raboty. Někoj čas tomu nazad jesm prosto občislil, koliko iměli jesmo člankov na kirilici i latinici na osnově zaglavij (ne včisleči mojih člankov o kiriličnyh bukvah, ktore byli napisane latiniceju). Togda to bylo okolo 1/3 kirilice i 2/3 latinice. Kako to izgledaje tutčas, ja ne znaju. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 15:56, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Jesm napravil osnovnu prověrku: v tutom momentu, 1,072 odnosno {{round|70.993377}}% nadpisov je na latinici, a 438 odnosno {{round|29.006623}}% vsih nadpisov na kirilici. Imějuči na umu različne dolžiny člankov, {{Round|88.523968}}% vsego teksta napisano je na latinici. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 16:42, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Jestvuje že algoritm, ktory čisli kolikost člankov pravilno? A ako prosto načeti označovati članky kategorijami "Članok napisany kiriliceju" / "Članok napisany latiniceju", tako takože možno stvoriti po priměru togo algoritma algoritm, ktory v kategorijah bude čisliti članky. Ili sčitati ručno, s pomočju kategorij. [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 16:44, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) == Razděljenje Krčmy == Dragi kolegi, hčemo razdvojiti [[Vikipedija:Krčma]] na několiko tematičnyh odděljenij? Za početok: Pravila i směrnice; Tehnika (ili Tehnične kvestije/pytanja); Jezyk i pravopis (ili Jezyčne kvestije/pytanja); Noviny. Tak možemo razbrěmeniti centralnu stranicu Krčmy i ulegšati slědovanje diskusij kogda-libo egzistuje potrěba diskutovati mnogo prědmetov jednočasno. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 14:23, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) : Јесм согласны. Але, по мојему мнєнју новины не трєба оддєљати од централној Крчмы. Лєпје јих видєти разом на централној. --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|besěda]]) 14:41, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :Či ne lěpje li arhivovati stare diskusije? Krčma jest velmi těžka tutčas, ale imaje byti "{{-|village pump}}", selskoju studnoju, kde obgovarjaje se vsečto [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:22, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :Dalšo pytanje, imajemo v menu "Portal občiny", čto nikuda ne vede. Imaje tam býti link do Krčmy? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:32, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Ja jesm arhivoval stare poslanja v Krčmě. Pozdněje hoču takože dodati starějše sodržanje Krčmy na Medžuviki do arhiva, ale tutčas to ješče ne jest možno. ::Čto se tyče razdvojenja krčmy, ja ne jesm uvěrjen, jest li to smyslno. Imajemo tu može 10–20 aktivnyh učestnikov i obyčne sut samo dva ili tri aktivne prědmety na měsec. Napriklad, v maju bylo samo 14 pravok, a v aprilju 4. Ako tu bude zaisto mnogo aktivnosti, togda možno bude pomysliti o razdvojenju, ale v medžučasu ja byh ostavil Krčmu taku, kaka ona jest. Očevidno budut avtomatične poslanja na anglijskom jezyku od fondacije Wikimedia, ktore po mojemu mněnju možno bude arhivovati do oddělnogo arhiva. ::A Portal občiny... jest li nam on potrěbny? Ja by na tom město sdělal link do Krčmy, ale k tomu bude potrěbny administrator. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:05, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :::👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 19:20, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Jesm mněval, tutčas jesmo oficialna Vikipedija, itak bude mnogo vyše raboty i, slědovateljno, diskusije. Kogda avtomatične, masivne poslanja budut početi, one nas budut zakopati. Brda inojezyčnyh poslanij umějut dokladati tako zvanomu '{{-|[[:en:banner blindness|banner blindness]]u}}'. Tutošnje poslanja togda budut menje primětne, čto može pobudžati deficit lokalnoj aktivnosti. Jedno rěšenje jest arhivacija, nu časom ne budemo htěti arhivovati recentne poslanja. Drugo rěšenje jest čekati, viděti i onogda rěšati. Jesm oprěděljeny za koju-nebud opciju. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 08:28, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Pozdrav, Jane, čto jestli prosto dati vněšni link na kavárnu Medžuviki prěd linkom na arhiv na početku stranice? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 09:30, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Ja ne mnju, že Portal občiny ima vesti na Krčmu, na češskoj Vikipediji to napriměr vede na [[:cs:Wikipedie:Portál Wikipedie|tutu stranicu]]. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 19:24, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :::@[[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]]: Da da, ja znaju, ale češska Vikipedija jest veliky projekt. Menše viki često ne imajut taky portal, ili samo někaky kratky tekst ili prěnapravjenje na [[Vikipedija:Čto Vikipedija ne jest]]. Nyně my imajemo prěmalo stranic za taky portal, ale može poprobujemo stvoriti nečto, li? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:55, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) ::::Ja jesm samo daval priměr. Portal občiny ne jest besěda občiny. Ale v budučnosti možemo něčto takovogo izrabotati. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 20:49, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) == Vikidane == Pozdrav. Kako toliko na Vikidane dodadut jezyčny kod <code>isv</code>, bude trěba tutu stranicu na Vikidane [[d:Q16503|dodati]]. Možno jest, že to za nas izdělajut administratori Vikidanyh, ibo ja jesm na besědě stranice kako ne prijavjeny koristnik napisal zajavjenje o dodanje (ja jesm byl v rabotě). Jednako bude poslě potrěba priložiti takože vsake članky. Česti se mogu prijeti tako ja, ale sam ja na to ne staču. Tyseč člankov jest mnogo. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 20:51, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :Nám oběčali sut, že to sdělaje robot (možlivo) [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 08:52, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Možlivo v budučnosti, kako bude naš jezyčny kod dodany na Vikidane, ale nyně ne jest možno kako by robot funkcionoval bez dodanogo koda. Itak, robot bude potrěbovati čestičnu pomoč od koristnikov, ibo ne vse bude podojdti izrabotati avtomatično. Ače, umětna inteligencija by možno mogla tako isto funkcionovati. Ale kto bude priučati umětnu inteligenciju? — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 16:20, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Administracija Viki nam to oběčaje [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:22, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::::Da, to jest možlivo. Hvala. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 16:28, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::::Ja jesm chčel se zapytati. Kako jest tuta stranica povezana s drugymi stranicami na inych jezyčnyh verzijah? To ne jest izdělano skroz Vikidane, ibo tako Vikidane ne imajut naš jezyčny kod, daže to ne jest izdělano skroz interviki, ili ja jesm to ne ugledal? — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 16:35, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::::Ja už jesm to našel. Tehničny šablon <code><nowiki>{{INTERWIKI}}</nowiki></code> iz {{š|Zaglavje krčmy}}. Kako bude naš jezyčny kod dodany na Vikidane, tuten tehničny šablon ne bude jest zapotrěbny. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 16:46, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::::::Tak 👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:56, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::::::Hvala. Tako jest, ja jesm izrabil šablon {{š|Šablon}} (kratky link {{š|Š}}), kako isto tehničny šablon dlja ostavjanja inyh šablonov. Tuten šablon bude jest potrěba praviti dlja različenja imennyh prostorov i zablokovanja linka veduči na ne egzistujuče stranice. Tutčasna verzija jest velmi prosta. Tako jest, tuten šablon tutčasno ne uměje parametry. Tako isto, to bude potrěba dodati. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 17:21, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :V vslědnyh dnah bude naš jezyčny kod <code>isv</code> dodany do Vikidanyh, kako jest viděti [[phab:T430419|tu na Fabrikatoru]]. Hvala adminam Fabrikatora. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 09:00, 29 junij 2026 (CEST) :The change has been merged and will be deployed on Wednesday during MediaWiki Train [[User:VadymTS1|'''<span style="color:#a09786;"><ruby>ヴァディム</ruby></span>''']] ([[User talk:VadymTS1|<small>besěda</small>]]) 16:33, 29 junij 2026 (CEST) ::👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:45, 29 junij 2026 (CEST) == Translations == Hi! Zdravo! Lately I have been translating special pages and namespaces. I noticed that an Interslavic Wikipedia was created (since I am from Ukraine myself) and I was very happy. So, I want to offer localization for this Wiki, all I need is a list of the necessary special pages and namespaces with their translation. If translation is still needed, then tag me under the list. [[User:VadymTS1|'''<span style="color:#a09786;"><ruby>ヴァディム</ruby></span>''']] ([[User talk:VadymTS1|<small>besěda</small>]]) 17:31, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :Hi, sorry this is already done I believe. Thank you anyway 👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 17:36, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::This about links. For example: Special:AllPages — Specialna:Vse stranice. And also translating for other non translated special pages (BlockedExternalDomains for example) [[User:VadymTS1|'''<span style="color:#a09786;"><ruby>ヴァディム</ruby></span>''']] ([[User talk:VadymTS1|<small>besěda</small>]]) 17:42, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Na tom uže někdo tuž rabotaje, ale možlivo Jan tebe odepíše [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 17:43, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :Maybe the "Special" namespace still needs translation, and the individual links to the special pages. The view name of the pages are already translated, or should be at least. But links and the namespace itself are still in English. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 18:38, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) == Kako jest slovo "pěskovišče" kategorizovano? == Ja jesm pytam, či jest slovo "pěskovišče" roda mužskoho ili srědnogo? Ja jesm ne našel tuto slovo v [https://interslavic-dictionary.com/ medžuslovjanskom slovniku], ktory ja upotrěbjaju na odgovory i ine pravky. V češskom jezyku tuto slovo jest roda srědnogo, tak samo ja mnju, že tako samo tuto slovo jest roda srědnogo tako v medžuslovjanskom. Ale ja znaju, že to ne jest vsegda pravda. Napriměr, slovo "šablon" jest roda mužskogo v medžuslovjanskom jezyku, ale to samo jest roda ženskogo v češskom jezyku. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 18:51, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :Vse imenniky na '''-o''' (poslě tvroj suglasky) i '''-e''' (poslě mekkoj suglasky) sut srědnjego roda. Slova na '''-išče''' v občem označajut město. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 20:12, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Tako jest slovo "město" roda srědnjego, da? Togda pěskovišče musi byti roda srědnjego kako město, da? Hvala. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 20:38, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :ono jest [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 20:56, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Ja jesm zabyl, odprašaju se. Tako hvala. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 21:14, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) 03r19i7op2kbvufoftq9atuzqa0vwqu 27588 27580 2026-06-29T19:08:26Z Polda18 18 /* Vikidane */ odgovorěnje 27588 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Zaglavje krčmy}} <!--- Napišite svoje soobčenje niže ---> == Link na Diskord-server na Glavnoj stranici == Na Glavnoj stranici tut: Ако вы имајете какеколи пытан​ја, проблемы, примєткы или прєдложен​ја, поставите јих в '''[[Incubator:Krčma|крчмє обчины]]''' или [https://discord.gg/nhRuYAc5Uq нашем Дискорд-серверу]. Diskord-link vede na server Safronowiec, ktory uže malo čto imaje občo s MS i vikipedijeju. Imaje li smysl jego izmeniti na aktualny MS Diskord? Ili takože dodati link na Telegram-čat? Velika hvala. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 06:45, 5 January 2026 (UTC) :@[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] – Čestno govoreči, ja ne jesm na Diskordu i ne znaju te servery. Jest li tam někaka grupa, ktora specifično zajmaje se MS Vikipedijeju? Ako ne, može bylo by lěpje dodati link k grupě na Telegramu. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 08:39, 5 January 2026 (UTC) ::Da, možno dati link na tuty razdel Diskorda, gde diskutuje se rabota na Vikipedii ::[[discord:channels/879438774323535914/1284479085871104075|• Discord | "Medžuslovjanska Wikipedija" | Medžuslovjansky • Меджусловјанскы • Interslavic]] ::či takože na telegram https://t.me/interslavic_wikipedia, ale myslim by bylo dobro prěd tym zapytati tamnogo admina ili vlastnika. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 11:13, 5 January 2026 (UTC) :::Grupa na Telegramu jest nemnožko aktivnějša, ne li? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:28, 5 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Takože jestvuje stary Diskord-server za Medžuviki: https://discord.gg/Yp5QfFCPny, ktorogo vodil Lev. Oboje dnes neaktivny. Jestvuje li potrěba iměti sobstveny Diskord-server za Vikipediju? Forum-nit ne jest mnogo primětna. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|talk]] · [[Koristnik:Vipz/isv|isv]]) 09:35, 6 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Da, tam ješče někto byvaje iz redaktorov, dodam tuty link do glavnoj stranicy. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 09:58, 6 January 2026 (UTC) == Prědustavjeno pismo == Zdrav surabotniki! Jest nužno organizovati (povtoriti) razpravu o preferovanom pismu medžuslovjanskoj Vikipedije na domenu Fundacije Vikimedija, da byhmo iměli osnovu za tehničnu rabotu ktora odnese se na naše jezyčne kody <code>isv</code>, <code>isv-Latn</code>, and <code>isv-Cyrl</code> na Fabrikatoru ({{-|phabricator.wikimedia.org}}). [https://isv.miraheze.org/wiki/Med%C5%BEuviki:Kavarnja#Vikipedija_na_med%C5%BEuslovjanskom Diskusije organizovane na sajtu Miraheze] – na Fabrikatoru oni ne uvažajut. Slědovateljno otvarjaju ovu diskusiju: ktoro pismo preferujemo i začto? – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|talk]] · [[Koristnik:Vipz/isv|isv]]) 08:58, 9 January 2026 (UTC) Hey Vipz, I'll respond in English, so that members of the Language Committee will be able to follow this conversation as well. A few months ago, I went through all articles we have, and found that about 2/3 of our articles use the Latin alphabet and 1/3 use Cyrillic. Although I am not active on social media myself, I have the impression that the situation there is similar: the majority uses Latin, but a sizeable minority uses Cyrillic. Since Latin and Cyrillic being equal is one of the main design criteria of Interslavic, the conclusion is simple: it should be possible to use both alphabets, and they should, ''as far as possible'', be served equally well. In other words, we need a bidrectional script converter. I've been looking around a bit and found ca. 20 Wikipedia editions that work with some kind of script converter: * Our own converter runs on Javascript and has three options: the source page (Lat/Cyr), the Latin transliteration and the Cyrillic translation. It has the advantage that the system remembers the preferred script of the user, apparently by means of a cookie. In mainspace articles, this converter only transliterates the text, but not the page name and not the categories. On category pages, it transliterates the titles of the articles and subcategories it contains, as well as system messages like "Тхе фолловинг 4 пагес аре ин тхис цатегоры, оут оф 4 тотал." The only established Wikipedia with a converter that works like this is [[:got:|Gothic]]. * [[:sr:|Serbian]], [[:uz:|Uzbek]], [[:ku:|Kurdish]], [[:chr:|Crimean Tatar]], [[:iu:|Inuktitut]] and [[:shi:|Tachelhit]] have PHP-based converters with the same three options (f.ex. source, Lat., Kir.). Information about the script is contained in the URL. The system does not remember one's preferred script, so when a page is opened, it is always the source text that is displayed first. This converter also converts the page title and the categories it is in. On category pages it does the opposite from our current converter: it transliterates the page title and the categories it is in, but not the titles of the pages and the subcategories it contains. * [[:sh:|Serbocroatian]], [[:tg:|Tajik]], [[:tly:|Talysh]] and [[:zgh:|Amazigh]] have PHP-based converters with two only options (for example: Latinica/Ћирилица). As I've understood, these converters are unidirectional, so that all pages must be written in the same script. For the rest, they work the same as Serbian. * The Chinese ones (zh, wuu, gan, zh-yue) seem to work like either Serbian or Serbocroatian, but since I can't read Chinese, I haven't taken any closer look at them. * [[:tt:|Tatar]] and [[:cv:|Chuvash]] have one or sometimes two buttons next to the page name. Everything is transliterated, even the menu on the left. Appears to run on JavaScript. * [[:ban:|Balinese]] has no less than five variations, but I can't quite figure out how it works. It seems like it shows some transliteration version by default, but I'm not sure about that. * [[:mni:|Meitei]] offers transliteration into Bengali script, but that works only for the categories underneath a page and the first letters on category pages. * [[:cu:|Church Slavonic]]: every page has three links for three different script variants (including Glagolitic), but they don't seem to work anymore. [[:ang:|Anglo-Saxon]] has a similar thing that actually works. * Another five projects (ug, bug, hak, bbc, gom) have multiple scripts but instead of a converter they sometimes contain multiple versions of the same article, for example [[:bug:Balanda]]. We have done that too in the beginning, but it's way too high-maintenance to be workable. I've been told that JavaScript is considered a bad idea, because it doesn't work properly in Wikipedia apps for cell phones. This means that we need to use the PHP solution, and since we need the converter to be bidirectional, our only option is the solution used for Serbian. This does, however, have a few disadvantages: # It transliterates page titles, which is not always what we want. This shouldn't be problematic though, since the page title can be manipulated with a template, for example here: [[:sr:З (слово ћирилице)]] # However, it also transliterates the names of categories, which means that Latin and Cyrillic articles are all tossed into the same category. Articles names are listed there untransliterated. This is problematic, because we must consider that not every Latin-writing person can read Cyrillic, and not every Cyrillic-writing person can read the Latin alphabet. # Even if a category full of articles written in the Latin alphabet is transliterated into Cyrillic, it does not only show them in the Latin alphabet, but also in the alphabetical order of the Latin alphabet. # A user who prefers one of the two alphabets has to change it manually for each and every page. So here's my own preferred solution, if possible: # It can work exactly like the converter on Serbian Wikipedia does, except for one thing: it should NOT transliterate category names. # Instead, we have parallel categories for Latin and Cyrillic. Every article written in the Latin alphabet is placed in Latin categories and has a redirect in Cyrillic, which is placed in the Cyrillic counterparts of these categories. Articles with titles that cannot be transliterated, like [[Microsoft]] or [[Ж]], can be placed in both categories. This is, basically, the current situation. It has the advantage that every article can be found by navigating though the categories, and that they are placed in the correct alphabetical order (which for Cyrillic is different from the Latin order). # I am aware of the fact that this solution is not perfect: a Cyrillic user who follows a Cyrillic redirect will still end up with a Latin article in Latin categories, even if he switches to Cyrillic. This cannot be helped, I'm afraid. UNLESS it would be technically possible that the categories under a Latin article link to Latin categories, and the categories under a Cyrillic article to their Cyrillic equivalents. Would such a thing be possible? # It is not a matter of life or death, but it would be nice if a user's preferred orthography could be stored in a cookie, so that he/she won't have to change the orthography manually every time. This would be a nice-to-have. There are a few other issues, too, but I'll get back to that later. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:57, 10 January 2026 (UTC) :Thank you, Jan! This is a very insightful and nuanced reply. The issue of not having a default script on multi-scipt Wikimedia projects affects editors more so than readers. As of 2026, multi-script editing is, unfortunately, nothing more than a seldom mentioned concept ([https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/03/12/supporting-languages-multiple-writing-systems/ Diff 2018 community blog article]; [[:c:File:Editing challenges on multi-script wikis (with speaker notes).pdf|Wikimania 2017 presentation]]). Some editors are less proficient or efficient with one of the scripts, and many do not know one or the other at all, and will therefore be uncomfortable editing articles in the said script. Until multi-script editing becomes a reality, having a default script is an option to be considered; whether it is a sensible sacrifice—to the benefit of one group (a majority) and detriment of the other (a minority)—is subjective, but alas. The other thing which concerns designation of a default script are fallback choices: <code>isv</code> should ''probably'' have a fallback sequence to one of the scripts, which ''could'' solve the issue of the system not recognizing <code>[https://codelookup.toolforge.org/isv isv]</code> while recognizing <code>[https://codelookup.toolforge.org/isv-Latn isv-Latn]</code> and <code>[https://codelookup.toolforge.org/isv-Cyrl isv-Cyrl]</code>. In other words, we ought to support <code>isv</code>, but it makes no sense to translate it separately from <code>isv-Latn</code> and <code>isv-Cyrl</code>, unless we intend to have an unwieldy and hideous solution to not favoring one or the other – by including them both in every localized interface, namespace, or message element. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|talk]] · [[Koristnik:Vipz/isv|isv]]) 10:07, 10 January 2026 (UTC) ::Well, I think we shouldn't be over-zealous, but on the other hand, it's been almost twenty years now since I got involved with this language, and I can assure you that the alphabet issue has been a thing almost since day one. Every possible option between Latin-only and Cyrillic-only has its ardent supporters, and even though the Latin alphabet is used more often for Interslavic than Cyrillic, it remains a fact that about 3/4 of all Slavic people use Cyrillic. So treating one of them as merely a transliterated version of the other is out of the question. But it is also true that the average Pole, Czech or Slovene cannot read Cyrillic, whereas most Russians, Ukrainians and Bulgarians know the Latin alphabet at least to some degree, which gives the Latin alphabet a slight advantage nonetheless. It's not entirely clear to me what you mean by "fallback option", but if it means that <code>isv</code> is interpreted as "<code>isv-Latn</code> unless specified otherwise", I'd be perfectly fine with that.<br />Of course, there will always be imperfections. For a person who only knows the Latin alphabet it will be difficult to correct a typo in the Cyrillic text, or even to expand it with Latin text. For now, I think we should stick to the principle that a page written in Cyrillic stays in Cyrillic, and ''tant pis'' if you can't handle Cyrillic. But honestly, I don't think that's much of a problem at the moment. Most Interslavic users can understand both alphabets, and I'm sure the problem of multi-script editing will solve itself at some point.<br />For the record, transliteration between Latin and Cyrillic is pretty straightforward. The only inconsistency is the '''њ/нј''' issue found also in Serbian, but that's a minor thing that can easily be solved. That still leaves us with a few issues addressed [[:meta:Requests for new languages/Wikipedia Interslavic#Writing system related issues|here]] by @[[Koristnik:TutČas|TutČas]]. More specifically, s/he mentions the possibility of using not only the ex-Yugoslavia method for displaying Cyrillic, but also the Russian method (''лю'' instead of ''љу''). If I understand correctly that the source code looks like [https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Editing_challenges_on_multi-script_wikis_%28with_speaker_notes%29.pdf#page=29 this], such a thing could easily be implemented. The question is: do we want that? And another thing is that some users persistently use the etymological orthography (''mųž'', ''krålj'', etc.). If the converter can be programmed in such way that <code>'ų' => 'у'</code> and <code>'у' => 'u'</code>, then that would be a nice thing to have as well. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 12:40, 10 January 2026 (UTC) == Транслитерација со Јапонского == Поздрав! Какобы толико в източнословјанскых йезыках хирагану し / катакану シ транслитерујут како си/si. В вечинству језыков (вкључајучи словјански) пишут ши/shi/ši. @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]], може измєнити то [[Kacusika Hokusaj|сде]] на "Kacušika Hokusaj" або на "Kacušika Hokusai"? Како мыслите? --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|talk]]) 20:09, 10 January 2026 (UTC) :Pozdrav, Murade, nazva ''Kacusika Hokusaj'' byla uže raněje v spisu potrěbnyh člankov, zato ja jesm to ostavil. Možno jest izdělati re-direkt na na ''Katsušika Hokusaj'' i to bude izobražati se na stranice. Tutčas, obratno, ja jesm prědělal vse japonske slova v članku na "''si''", "''dzju''", "''dzjo''" vměsto "''ši''", "''džu''", "''džo''" (Hepburnovo romaji ''shi'', ''ju'', ''jo''), i t.d. da by vsečto bylo v jednom standardu, ili možem to vratiti i ostaviti, kako bylo, s koristanjem jedino romaji transkripcije bez jej prěvoda do kirilicy. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 08:55, 12 January 2026 (UTC) Po mojemu mněnju to ne jest dobry pomysl. Nakoliko ja znaju, toj spisok potrěbnyh člankov sdělal Lev, a on vse bazoval na russkoj transkripciji. Problem jest v tom, že ta transkripcija jest osnovana na principu, že v russkom suglasky prěd '''и''' i '''е''' sut avtomatično palatalizovane. Izgovor '''シ''' i '''チ''' zaisto zvuči bolje kako poljske {{-|'''ś'''}} i {{-|'''ć'''}} neželi kako russke '''ш''' i '''ч''', ale v medžuslovjanskom to ne rabotaje tako. Sdělal jesm tabelku s někojimi problematičnymi znakami i uvidite, že daže ukrajinsky i srbsky koristajut '''ш''' i '''ч'''. Pozrite tu (poslědnji stolp jest moje prědloženje za medžuslovjansky): {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" style="text-align:center;" ! jap. !! ang. !! čes. !! rus. !! ukr. !! srb. !! isv |- | サ || sa || sa || са || са || са || sa / са |- | シ || shi || ši || си || ші || ши || ši / ши |- | シャ || sha || ša || ся || шя || ша || ša / ша |- | タ || ta || ta || та || та || та || ta / та |- | チ || chi || či || ти || чі || чи/ћи || či / чи |- | ツ || tsu || cu || цу || цу || цу || cu / цу |- | チャ || cha || ča || тя || чя || ча/ћа || ča / ча |- | ニャ || nya || nja || ня || ня || ња || nja / ња |- | ワ || wa || wa || ва || ва || ва/уа || wa / ва |- | ザ || za || za || дза || дза || за || za / за |- | ジ || ji || dži || дзи || джі || ђи || dži / джи |- | ジャ || ja || dža || дзя || джя || ђа || dža / джа |- | ダ || da || da || да || да || да || da / да |- | ヂ || ji || (dži) || (дзи) || (джі) || ђи || dži / джи |- | ヅ || zu || (zu) || (дзу) || (дзу) || зу || zu / зу |- | ヂャ || ja || (dža) || (дзя) || (джя) || (ђа) || dža / джа |- ! colspan="7" | razširjena katakana |- | ス || su || su || су || су || су || su / су |- | スィ || si || (si) || сы || (сі) || (си) || si / си |- | テ || te || te || тэ || те || те || te / те |- | ティ || ti || (ti) || ти (ты) || ті || ти || ti / ти |} {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:02, 12 January 2026 (UTC) : Одлично табло! Але по мојему мнєнју ако измєнити za / за на dza / дза (и zu / зу на dzu / дзу) тогды је было бы фонетично идеално (не по Поливанову и не по Хепберну оногдашње). --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|talk]]) 18:02, 12 January 2026 (UTC) ::Da, jesm tako(d)že suglasny [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 18:05, 12 January 2026 (UTC) == Remaining issues == Dear all, since it probably won't be long now before our Interslavic Wikipedia will finally be approved, there are still a few issues to be resolved. {{Ping|Ilja isv|LiMr|Danvintius Bookix|GlěbDyndar|Мурад 97|Panslavist|Tutčas}}, {{Ping|Medžuslovjanin|Ferpaks|Marcoorio|Aula Orion|Panslav|Orbitminis|Wojsław Brożyna}}, {{Ping|Adiee5|Plameniled|Miłosz Czaniecki|Владимєр Брєзин, сын Александров|Qiorly|Polda18}}, {{Ping|SzymonV|Vipz|Asank neo|FitikWasTaken|Machine of goodness|Snovid}} Your attention please! === Transliteration === First of all, there's the issue of transliteration, see above under [[Incubator:Krčma#Prědustavjeno pismo]]. The system used by the Serbian Wikipedia has the advantage that we can have the same article both in Latin and Cyrillic without having to resort to back-transliterations. In other words, we won't be forced to write "Džorž Buš" instead of "George Bush" in the Latin alphabet to avoid Cyrillic transliterations like "Георге Бусх". At present, transliteration is taken care of with JavaScript in [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/MediaWiki:Common.js MediaWiki:Common.js]. When we move to the system used by the Serbian Wikipedia (which IMO is the only sensible solution, see above), the same transliteration rules should be transferred to whatever system they use there, preferably with a few additions: '''bidirectional:''' {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" | a || b || c || č || d || e || ě || f || g || h || i || j || k || l || lj{{FN|*)}} || m || n || nj{{FN|*)}} || o || p || r || s || š || t || u || v || y || z || ž || ä || ö || ü |- | а || б || ц || ч || д || е || є || ф || г || х || и || ј || к || л || љ || м || н || њ || о || п || р || с || ш || т || у || в || ы || з || ж || ӓ || ӧ || ӱ |} '''unidirectional Lat &rarr; Cyr:''' {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! from | á || å || a || ć || ď || đ || ė || è || é || ę || í || ľ || ĺ || ł || ń || ň || ȯ || ò || ó || qu || ŕ || ř || ś || ť || ú ||ų || ů || w || x || ý || ź || ż |- ! to | а || а || а || ч || д || дж || е || е || е || e || и || л || л || л || н || н || о || о || о || kv || р || р || с || т || у || у || у || в || кс || ы || з || ж |} '''unidirectional Cyr &rarr; Lat:''' {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! from | ґ || ѓ || ђ || ѣ || ё || ѕ || і || ї || й || ќ || ћ || ў || џ || щ || ъ || ь || э || ю || я |- ! to | g || dž || dž || ě || jo || dz || i || ji || j || č || č || v || dž || šč || — || — || e || ju || ja |} {{FNBox|Note: {{FNZ|*)|I don't know if there is a way to distinguish between Љ (LJ) and Љ (Lj), but since fully capitalized text is rare, I guess Љ &rarr; Lj and Њ &rarr; Nj will do.}} }} === Alphabetical order === Another thing is the alphabetical ordering of articles in, for example, categories. The current situation is that Cyrillic letters absent in Russian – like Є, Њ and Ј – come before А. It is necessary that the right alphabetical order is followed, which preferably should also include letters not used in Interslavic but used in other Slavic languages, as they may appear in categories as well: '''Latin:'''<br /> <big>'''a''' á ä ą å '''b c''' ć '''č d''' ď '''e''' é è ė ę '''ě f g h i''' í '''j k l''' ł ľ ĺ '''lj m n''' ń ň '''nj o''' ò ó ȯ '''p''' q '''r''' ŕ ř '''s''' ś '''š t''' ť '''u''' ú ů ų '''v''' w x '''y''' ý '''z''' ź '''ž''' ż</big> '''Cyrillic:'''<br /> <big>'''а б в г''' ґ '''д''' ђ ѓ '''е''' ё '''є''' ѣ '''ж з''' ѕ '''и''' й і ї '''ј к л љ м н њ о п р с т''' ћ ќ '''у''' ў '''ф х ц ч''' џ '''ш''' щ '''ы''' э ю я</big> === Dates === * The standard format for dates is: <code>dd.mm.yyyy</code> * In dates, month names should always be in the genitive case. Although these genitives are defined on translatewiki.net, that doesn't seem to work in the Recent changes, Watchlist etc. === Numbers === When a number is followed by a noun, the corresponding case differs: * 1: nominative singular (1 dom) * 2–4: nominative plural (2 domy) * 0 and 5–19: genitive plural (5 domov) * all higher numbers ending with 1: nominative singular (101 dom) * all higher numbers ending with 2–4: nominative plural (102 domy) * all higher numbers ending with 0 or 5–9: genitive plural (100 domov, 105 domov) === Namespaces === {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! colspan="2" | Namespace || colspan="2" | Talk |- ! English || Interslavic || English || Interslavic |- | (main) || (glavny) || Talk || Besěda |- | User || Koristnik || User talk || Besěda koristnika |- | Wikipedia || Vikipedija || Wikipedia talk || Besěda vikipedije |- | File || Fajl || File talk || Besěda fajla |- | MediaWiki || MediaWiki || MediaWiki || Besěda MediaWiki |- | Template || Šablon || Template talk || Besěda šablona |- | Help || Pomoč || Help talk || Besěda pomoči |- | Category || Kategorija || Category talk || Besěda kategorije |- | Portal || Portal || Portal talk || Besěda portala |- | Module || Modul || Module talk || Besěda modula |- | Gadget || Gadžet || Gadget talk || Besěda gadžeta |} I hope I haven't forgotten anything! === The code ISV === * In interwiki links, the language should appear as: <code>Medžuslovjansky / меджусловјанскы</code> * The English name of the language is "Interslavic". * There still appear to be issues with the language code <code>isv</code>. In Babel boxes, for example, <code>isv-Latn</code> and <code>isv-Cyrl</code> work, but <code>isv</code> does not. * I guess using <code>isv</code> shoud have a fallback sequence to <code>isv-Latn</code>, as [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] suggested. === Transliteration once more === ''Theoretically'' it will be possible to add unidirectional solutions to additional writing systems, like Russian Cyrillic or Glagolitic. Personally, I am not in favour of such a solution though. That's pretty much all I can think of. Comments? Suggestions? Opinions? Cheers, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:51, 11 February 2026 (UTC) :Finally! That is some great news. :All the points touched here make sense to me. :I am also against additional transliteration to either Russian Cyrillic or Glagolitic. It would add more confusion IMO. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 19:07, 11 February 2026 (UTC) :jesm popravil tabelu Namespaces [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 19:09, 11 February 2026 (UTC) ::O, hvala za popravku, to je byla moja glupost! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 20:39, 11 February 2026 (UTC) :Hi Jan, :Many thanks for this communication. :My idea of selective automatic both-way transliteration is as follows.<br />Now we have a template to block transliteration for a piece of text :<pre>{{-|text not to be transliterated}}</pre> :all it does only adding HTML tag :<pre>&lt;span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"&gt;text not to be transliterated&lt;/span&gt;</pre> :that is analized by transliteration gadget that ignores the text between tag borders. This tag can be also used "manually" when use of template is not possible due to wikitext syntax (e.g. text of hyperlink etc.), so we have more or less two tools to control transliteration now. :I would propose to add one more template for selective transliteration, for example :<pre>{{LatCyr|Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа|Žan Fransua|1}}</pre> :where:<br/> :''Jean-François'' - (obligatory parameter) text in original language in Latin script (name)<br/> :''Жан-Франсуа'' - (obligatory parameter) text in cyrillic (phonetical transliteration)<br/> :''Žan Fransua'' - (optional) phonetic latin<br/> :''1'' - (optional) when this is present, the name appears first time on the article and it could be displayed with phonetic latin in parentheses (could be useful when uncommon languages for the reader are used). :This template could work same way adding HTML class tags (these need to be created for original latin, cyrillic and phonetic latin). The translit script could be modified so it sees the tags and modifies text as per current isv graphic selection setting. {| class="wikitable" |+ |Examples |- ! Parameters !! lat/cyr !! Renders as |- | <nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа|Žan-Fransua|1</nowiki> || cyr || Жан-Франсуа (Jean-François) |- | <nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа|Žan-Fransua</nowiki> || cyr || Жан-Франсуа |- | <nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа|Žan-Fransua|1</nowiki> || lat || Jean-François (Žan-Fransua) |- |<nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа</nowiki> |lat |Jean-François |- |<nowiki>Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа</nowiki> |cyr |Жан-Франсуа |- |<nowiki>Györ|Дьёр|Ďjor|1</nowiki> |lat |Györ (Ďjor) |} :Would this proposal be of interest? :It would still require somepone to program the gadget and admin rights to place it on the wiki section. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 07:21, 12 February 2026 (UTC) Yes, this certainly makes sense. The language converter can easily be embedded in the current <tt><nowiki>{{-|...}}</nowiki></tt> template. Normally the language converter would expect something like:<br /><tt><nowiki>-{ isv-Latn: Jean-François; isv-Cyrl:Жан-Франсуа }-</nowiki></tt>.<br />The remaining two fields can easily be handled in the template itself, I think. But on the other hand, the same functionality can also be achieved simply by using the same template twice: <tt><nowiki>{{-|Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа}} {{-|(izgovor: Žan-Fransua)|(fr. Jean-François)}}</nowiki></tt> If that's the case, then parameters 3 and 4 wouldn't even be necessary. One thing I'm not entirely sure about myself, is what happens when you open a page ''before'' picking an orthography. At that moment the system doesn't know whether the page is in Latin or in Cyrillic orthography. I *think* this is done by adding a third parameter: <tt><nowiki>-{ isv-Latn: Jean-François; isv-Cyrl: Жан-Франсуа; isv: Jean-François }-</nowiki></tt> Anyway, the advantage of all this is that we won't immediately have to change all pages where it is used. In many cases the template is used for expressions that shouldn't be transliterated at all, like "{{-|Microsoft}}". Those cases won't be affected by the change at all. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 11:01, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :Thank you, Jan, yes, this could be the way to go. Still need some time to understand better the way the gadget works but would like to start trying soonest. Cheers, [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 18:53, 12 February 2026 (UTC) === Script === {{-|''(added a header for clarity)''}} :So, today is a great day as I tried first time the vibe-codng with Google AI mode to modify transliteration script. :My proposal is to use 3 classes that will be added by template (or manually) to mark 3 options of text. :<pre> <span class="alphabet-isv-Latn">Jean-François</span></pre> :<pre> <span class="alphabet-isv-Cyrl">Жан-Франсуа</span></pre> :<pre><span class="alphabet-isv">Žan-Fransua</span></pre> :Depending on user alphabet setting, only one of the three will be displayed.<br/> :Herewith the code that needs to be added to the script, in the very beginning, after description remark (starting line 9). :<syntaxhighlight lang="javascript" line="1" start="9"> /** This part is added by [[Koristnik:Ilja_isv]], vibe-coded with Google AI /** Sorry code is removed since it did not work in the end </syntaxhighlight> :@[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]], may I ask you to add this code to Common.js so we could test? It takes admin rights to modify the javascript. I can send the complete modified script file if this is easier, I have a backup of original Common.js for the case of failure and the tags for testing entered in the sandbox. Thanking you in advance for help, hope it will work. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 09:56, 24 February 2026 (UTC) ::Unfortunately, being a test admin I do not have the rights to edit Common.js (I actually tried a while back, to no avail). Perhaps [[Koristnik:Iohanen]] can be of help here? Cheers, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 10:56, 24 February 2026 (UTC) :::Thank you Jan, will contact. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 11:19, 24 February 2026 (UTC) :::Jan, one more idea: we can also test changes at old Miraheze space, the gadget script is identical. Do you have admin rights there or do you know the admin? I do not even have a login. The script file there is called Gadget-alphabet.js: :::https://isv.miraheze.org/wiki/MediaWiki:Gadget-alphabet.js :::Just someone will also need to make a test page with tags to see how it works. :::Many thanks. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 11:50, 24 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Yes, I can modify the alphabet gadget on Miraheze. What exactly do you want me to do? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:21, 24 February 2026 (UTC) :::::Hvala Jane, myslím, zajutra večer budu odpovědati, prěd tym uže ne budu iměti čas. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 18:54, 24 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::I had a reply from Iohanen, hvala za kontakt, it is: ::::::https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/User_talk:Iohanen?markasread=2792850&markasreadwiki=incubatorwiki#c-Iohanen-20260224173800-Ilja_isv-20260224114000 ::::::Will follow up in 1-2 days [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 05:35, 25 February 2026 (UTC) :::::No need to do anything, thanks to Iohanen, we have now a workable and tested script. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 12:38, 26 February 2026 (UTC) :::I have modified the '''- '''template, it can have 2 parameters now. If there is only one parameter, this text will be excluded from transliteration. If there is a second parameter present, first parameter is considered Latin, second is considered Cyrilic. When we install updated gadget script, either one or the other will be displayed, depending on language setting. Default is Latin (if Lat./Cyr is a choice or no choice made yet). {| class="wikitable" |+ Kako koristati |- ! Sintaksis !! Rezultat {{-|Latn}} !! Rezultat {{-|Cyrl}} |- | <pre>{{-|macOS Sierra}}</pre>|| <pre>macOS Sierra</pre> || <pre>macOS Sierra</pre> |- | <pre>{{-|Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа}}</pre> || <pre>Jean-François</pre> || <pre>Жан-Франсуа</pre> |- | <pre>{{-|Joe Biden (Džo Bajden)|Джо Байден}}</pre> || <pre>Joe Biden (Džo Bajden)</pre> || <pre>Джо Байден</pre> |} :::As we already have a perfectly working script (great thanks to [[Koristnik:Iohanen]]), I will ask administrators to install it and we have the problem solved. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 12:45, 26 February 2026 (UTC) ::::👍 [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 12:51, 26 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Hi All, ::::Good news: the script and new templates are implemented and work. I will publish a tutorial shortest possible. Congratulations to all participants 👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 16:27, 28 February 2026 (UTC) ::::<s>Bad news: does not work in the mobile version, both Cyrillic and Latin are displayed, which was not like that during tests.</s> <s>Next point to address.</s> Done, all works now. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 16:29, 28 February 2026 (UTC) === Approval === {{-|''(moving this to a separate section to avoid cluttering)''}} Where did you get the information that Wp/isv is about to be approved? On the discussion page, the Language Committee members are ignoring it again, but as soon as someone posted about another project, it immediately received a response. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-98653-7|&#126;2026-98653-7]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-98653-7|talk]]) 21:08, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :I've been discussing the issue of the script converter with a member of the Language Committee, that's way. I know they could have approved our project already a year ago, but there's not much point in mulling over that now. I suggest we simply keep working on this wiki, approval will come by itself. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 21:37, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :: What kind of stories are you telling us? How many times has this happened? People are wasting their precious time on this instead of something more useful. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10102-52|&#126;2026-10102-52]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10102-52|talk]]) 13:57, 14 February 2026 (UTC) :::LOL, login under your real name. Why are you even here? :::If you're feeling that you are wasting your time here, you know where the door is, right? I strongly encourage you to go and do something more useful. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 14:03, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Can't say I disagree. Negativity won't get us anywhere, that's for sure. Ultimately, we'll get there, and all the work we are doing here will soon end up in a real Interslavic wikipedia anyway, so it's definitely not a waste of time. And, if I may say so, complaining is a much bigger waste of time than actually contributing. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:45, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::: Look. It's a dead project; it only has four active users. Part of that is your fault, after all, you kept telling everyone the project was about to be approved (but it never happened). And I'll disappoint you a little: activity usually declines after a domain is created. I'd advise everyone to be more accepting of criticism. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10115-37|&#126;2026-10115-37]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10115-37|talk]]) 17:58, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::Listen, brave man. If you want anyone to take your “criticism” even remotely seriously, you need to log in so we can see what your stake is and what you’ve actually contributed. Until then, you’ll simply come across as a troll or a saboteur. ::::::When we need your advice, we’ll ask for it. For now, you can tone it down and keep your advice to yourself. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 19:52, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::: Wikimedia has a [https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Universal%20Code%20of%20Conduct universal code of conduct]. I recommend you read it. I've been following this project for several years, sometimes making anonymous edits. And I have the right not to register as long as Wikimedia Foundation projects allow this option. Your requests are rejected. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10259-25|&#126;2026-10259-25]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10259-25|talk]]) 20:07, 15 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::::Too many recommendations for anonymous "editor", buddy. You're dismissed and free to go. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 21:36, 15 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::::All emotions aside, I don’t really understand your frustration about the situation or your negativity toward Jan. I’m pretty sure Jan was simply passing on to the community what he himself had been told. ::::::::I don’t think anyone involved in this project expects it to suddenly become hugely popular. For me, it’s about steady work and gradually onboarding new learners of Interslavic. ::::::::Personally, everything I write here — and everything I do in life — I do primarily for myself. I don’t expect large audiences or dramatic results. If you feel like you’ve wasted your time because you were expecting something bigger, maybe the issue isn’t the project itself but the expectations attached to it. ::::::::If exposure and visibility are what you’re looking for, there are platforms built exactly for that. Like TikTok for example. But this project has always been about consistent effort and long-term development, not instant recognition. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:31, 15 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::::And if you truly have such deep knowledge of the future and already know how everything is going to turn out, maybe you should try day trading. With that kind of foresight, you’d probably make millions — and then all the time you think you “wasted” on our small project would fade away like a bad dream. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:34, 15 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::That's right. Perhaps I've been premature with my assumptions, but they were not entirely without reason. First of all, we already met all the necessary requirements by October 2024 (five editors contributing regularly during a period of a few months + translated interface), and secondly, in January 2025 a member of the Language Committee confirmed that the project was ready for approval. Honestly, I have no idea why that still hasn't happened, and believe me, nobody feels more frustrated about this sluggishness than me. At first, I thought it was because of the label "constructed language", but given the fact that a wikipedia in Toki Pona was approved – even though it it's not even an auxiliary language and even though it wasn't even in the Incubator – that's can't really be the reason. And yes, of course I am disappointed that some active contributors haven't shown up for a long time. Neither do I understand why [[Koristnik:Wojsław Brożyna|Wojsław Brożyna]] requested Interslavic Wikipedia on Meta and started this wiki on the Incubator, since he never contributed anything of substance afterwards. Still, no matter what, the best we can do is simply carry on. Showing that we *can* do it is precisely what the Incubator is meant for. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:01, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::And anonymous, you call this a dead project, but at the same time you noted yourself that other projects with less users and less content are being approved, so apparently it's not *that* dead after all. You say that we should be more accepting of criticism, but the point of criticism is to improve something, not to frustrate it. If you have ideas about how to improve this project, we are all ears, and if you care about this project, you are more than welcome to contribute. But if you don't, then I don't quite understand why you bother making these comments at all. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:03, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::: I don't remember saying this, but I would have said the same thing. You need to clearly define your goal and determine whether it's achievable. If not, then move on to other goals. Here, it's like knocking on a closed gate. Sometimes they say something or wink, but the gate remains closed. I have ideas, but first you need to stop knocking on closed gates. It's really sad. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10286-28|&#126;2026-10286-28]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10286-28|talk]]) 11:38, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::I don't think it's like knocking on a closed gate. Look what happened with our ISO code. Our first two requests were rejected for stupid reasons and the third request took almost five years to be validated: first because they simply forgot about it, and then because it was stalled because they were reformulating their policies. It seems like they didn't quite know what do to with Interslavic, for example, whether they should qualify it as natural or a constructed language. So yes, I am kind of having a ''déjà-vu'' here. And again, I don't why it is taking them so long. The language itself shouldn't be the problem anymore, since its eligibility was established already in October 2024. My best guess is simply that the majority of the LangCom members are barely active, and that the remaining members are hesitant because of the extra work that needs to be done with regard to script conversion and the like. But ultimately ''upornost se izplati''. And anyway, it's not like we have an alternative here. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 12:37, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::: There are alternatives. In fact, with the development of AI, Wikipedia's role is gradually diminishing. Just look at the statistics: activity is declining in many editions (for example, in Russian, but the situation is no better in other Slavic editions). The situation is only good in languages ​​with a large number of native speakers (English, Spanish, French). This project will ultimately be edited by a relatively small group of enthusiasts. If the project is for enthusiasts, work can be done anywhere (on other wiki projects, etc.) whithout frustration. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10427-04|&#126;2026-10427-04]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10427-04|talk]]) 14:26, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::The relationship between Wikipedia and AI is a problem in itself, but there's not much point in speculation about the future. Besides, following your logic, we might as well close all Wikipedias except the English one. You are right about one thing: if the Interslavic Wikipedia were purely intended for enthusiasts of Interslavic, Miraheze or whatever other wikifarm might do. But that's not the point. This wiki should serve as an additional source of information for Slavic speakers. The reason we need a separate Wikipedia project is that people can find it, for example via interwiki links. As long as it is stored here or in some wikifarm, nobody will be able to find it. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:05, 16 February 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::::: This isn't quite the correct continuation of my logic: sections don't need to be closed, but activity will gradually decline. They will remain as encyclopedias, but will be preserved (AI will take information from there for itself). As for whether people will be able to find this project through interwiki, that's doubtful; interwiki is badly presented in the current Wikipedia skin. It's easy to search there if you know exactly which language you need. But it's possible that some people will still find this project through interwiki. As a source of information, people prefer to read in their native language. What you said could have been expected 10-20 years ago. If they can't find information in their language, they'll translate it from the language in which it exists (most likely, English). The quality of translation in online translators is much better now. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-10427-04|&#126;2026-10427-04]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-10427-04|talk]]) 09:09, 17 February 2026 (UTC) ::Good news. A thread "Proposed approval of Interslavic Wikipedia" has appeared on the Langcom Mailing List. I hope we get a positive response soon. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-17126-63|&#126;2026-17126-63]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-17126-63|talk]]) 20:12, 18 March 2026 (UTC) :::I'm really starting to get the impression that langcom is deliberately ignoring wp/isv. Jon Harald Søby created a thread "Proposed approval of Interslavic Wikipedia," but it received no response, either positive or negative. However, another thread appeared there and received an almost immediate response. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-18779-70|&#126;2026-18779-70]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-18779-70|talk]]) 11:19, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::: That's true. But in reality, there are plenty of such threads. Someone wants approval, no one responds, or no one responds positively, and approval is delayed. Don't count on approval soon; it will be several years away. I especially don't recommend relying on the nearly dead Langcom.--[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-18633-18|&#126;2026-18633-18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-18633-18|talk]]) 11:30, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::::Years? Is it really that bad? What's the point of writing anything here if there will never be approval? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-18861-96|&#126;2026-18861-96]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-18861-96|talk]]) 13:56, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::::: Honestly, I don't know why they're doing this. It's been clear many times that Langcom doesn't want to approve this project and will delay approval as long as possible. Sooner or later, this leads to burnout (maybe Langcom is counting on it). Note that Langcom hasn't offered any apologies or justifications, as if this is a normal situation. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-18833-94|&#126;2026-18833-94]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-18833-94|talk]]) 15:57, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::Ura! Sračky 😂 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 21:35, 26 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::Very good news! Other members of the language committee have responded, and it's safe to say that Interslavic Wikipedia is practically approved. All that's left is to leave a notification about the proposal being approved, and now all that's left is to create isv.wikipedia.org. Finally, it's isv's turn. Thank you for continuing to create articles and staying active. [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-31741-38|&#126;2026-31741-38]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-31741-38|talk]]) 03:13, 29 May 2026 (UTC) == Wiktionary == ''(moving this to a separate item to avoid cluttering)'' When we receive approval, will it automatically give us the option to create a Wiktionary for Interslavic, or do we need to apply for that separately? I already have some ideas and plans for it. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 15:45, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :Setting up a separate Wiktionary would require a separate application process on [[m:Requests for new languages|Meta]]. Approval will probably come easier if Interslavic already has its own Wikipedia, though. Theoretically, you could also start creating a Wiktionary in the Incubator, here: [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/isv Wt/isv]. Yet I am wondering: what would be the point of a Wiktionary for Interslavic? We already have our multilingual dictionary at https://interslavic-dictionary.com/, and there's the same dictionary at http://steen.free.fr/interslavic/dynamic_dictionary.html. Keeping those two in line with each other is already quite a lot of work. Wouldn't it be better to keep all our eggs in one basket, instead of having even more dictionaries around? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:42, 12 February 2026 (UTC) ::Well, in reality, I'm just experimenting. ::In theory, there is an automated or at least semi-automated way to add articles to Wiktionary straight from the dictionary database, so the labor part should not be that difficult. ::What I did is I've created a fork of the dictionary that is using the same database and did slight improvements to it's UI, so now you can compare multiple words at the same screen and you can also look up the Wiktionary article straight from the interface, just by pressing the hyperlink. Creating Interslavic Wiktionary obviously would allow me to add the links to Interslavic Wiktionary. ::Wiktionary by definition is something that anyone can edit, so: ::# People would add new words more easily (Yes, there is a problem with verifying if those words are good or not, but in general it would give more power to the community vs. now, when suggesting something to Interslavic dictionary seems more like a bureaucratic process rather than a community contribution). ::# People could modify articles about the words in Interslavic and add contexts, translations to their natural languages, usage examples, etc. (Think of https://context.reverso.net/) ::[[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:04, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::I've also revived the Slovnik Bot in Telegram and modified it a little bit, so it's also showing links to Wiktionary articles in corresponding languages. :::In theory, if people will add the use cases in Interslavic, this bot would be able to spit it out to users in Telegram. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:07, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :::The slovnik fork is available here :::https://interslavic.forum/slovnik/ :::I'm still working on it, but it's pretty much done for now. :::It allows you to compare up to 4 words on the same screen and look up the Wiktionary articles for corresponding language. :::This is just something I'm constantly using in writing texts. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:10, 12 February 2026 (UTC) ::In general, I'm just trying to integrate the existing infrastructure of Interslavic with what Wikipedia offers. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:07, 12 February 2026 (UTC) Well, I can certainly see the potential advantages of a Wiktionary. It could, for example, help in translating the dictionary into other languages. The thing is only that the official Interslavic dictionary is being worked on by a whole team of people. Errors are being corrected, new words are being added, and sometimes existing words are being replaced or simply kicked out. The problem with forked dictionaries is that sooner or later they will be obsolete. Besides, we can't have people adding stuff that hasn't been properly researched. That's why I am a bit hesitant here. But if you really want to try it, I cannot stop you, of course. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 21:50, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :This is a UI fork, mostly visual difference and additional features. It's connected to the same google document just as official dictionary. The only difference for now is that I've fixed individual declensions for some words (jejin, obědvě) (also I've committed the changes to official dictionary, it's just a matter for someone to approve the changes). :I'm not trying to create my own dictionary, but I'd like the work to go faster and I'd like to have a more participatory mechanism for the community. :Wiktionary would be a part of this mechanism. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 23:28, 13 February 2026 (UTC) ::Okay, we can of course give it a try. And like I said, I can surely see quite a few advantages of the idea. My only concern is, who is going to manage all this? Starting it in the Incubator is possible for sure, but if it's going to be a one-man show, it will probably stay there forever. Personally, I'd much rather we concentrate on Wikipedia now, which is already more than enough work. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:07, 14 February 2026 (UTC) :::I'll try to see how far I can go with it. If I fail, I fail, no biggie. I promise I will keep writing here on Wiki :) [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 00:16, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::I also do see potential in empowering people. When we know that our voice matters and we can affect something, it is in itself a very inspiring thing. I may be too naive and idealistic tho. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 00:21, 14 February 2026 (UTC) :::[[Wt/isv/Main Page]] :::I've created the Main Page and in process of importing the words from the dictionary. :::@[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]], I was thinking translating some of your materials from English to Interslavic on word formation, voting machine, etc to create Help page, can I have your permission? :::@[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]] @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] @[[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] @[[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] @[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] @[[Koristnik:Danvintius Bookix|Danvintius Bookix]] @[[Koristnik:LiMr|LiMr]] @[[Koristnik:TutČas|TutČas]] @[[Koristnik:Medžuslovjanin|Medžuslovjanin]] @[[Koristnik:Ferpaks|Ferpaks]] @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] @[[Koristnik:Aula Orion|Aula Orion]] @[[Koristnik:Panslav|Panslav]] @[[Koristnik:Orbitminis|Orbitminis]] @[[Koristnik:Wojsław Brożyna|Wojsław Brożyna]] @[[Koristnik:Adiee5|Adiee5]] @[[Koristnik:Plameniled|Plameniled]] @[[Koristnik:Miłosz Czaniecki|Miłosz Czaniecki]] @[[Koristnik:Владимєр Брєзин, сын Александров|Владимєр Брєзин, сын Александров]] @[[Koristnik:Qiorly|Qiorly]] @[[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] @[[Koristnik:SzymonV|SzymonV]] @[[Koristnik:Asank neo|Asank neo]] @[[Koristnik:FitikWasTaken|FitikWasTaken]] @[[Koristnik:Machine of goodness|Machine of goodness]] @[[Koristnik:Snovid|Snovid]] :::If anyone has any suggestions, I'd love to hear it. :::So far my plan is the followinɡː :::[[Wt/isv/Vikislovnik:Propozicija měseca#Dorabotati Vikislovnik]] [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 01:48, 12 March 2026 (UTC) ::::Hi GlěbDyndar, I can see the Wiktionary already on the incubator, and found a nice side-effect for Wikipedia incubator: when editing in Visual mode, selecting a noun in Nominative or a verb in infinitive, and pressing Ctrl-K (to insert hyperlink) it also shows possible links to the Wiktonary, so this option could be used for spell checking 😎 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 13:40, 19 March 2026 (UTC) :::::That would be awesome! Having something to check spelling against is beneficial for the wiki. Yes, there is an official Interslavic Dictionary available, but it's not really built into Wikipedia, it would be really interesting to see it imported into the Wiktionary in its full extent and interconnected with the Wikipedia for spellcheck. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|talk]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|contribs]]) 14:19, 13 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::: First of all, it's not that it takes up a lot of memory. Wiki projects use templates. A volunteer user who might want to edit Wiktionary doesn't need to know HTML and CSS. Learn to create templates first. The original wiki code, consisting almost entirely of HTML and CSS, is what we had in the past. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-29111-53|&#126;2026-29111-53]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-29111-53|talk]]) 16:03, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Да говно эти шаблоны, в эпоху ИИ от них толку мало, ебешься три года ради того, что ИИ напишет за секунду. А потом если нужно какую строчку добавить или убавить в карточке, снова нужно лезть в этот шаблон и выяснять что там к чему. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:03, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::::все новое - это хорошо забытое старое) :::::::::Шаблоны были сделаны, чтоб облегчить жизнь тем, кто не может кодить. Сейчас кодить может каждый, соответственно шаблоны летят мимо. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:10, 14 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::::: Whether it's good or bad, that's the way things are done in Wikimedia projects. So, don't blame anyone else. You can easily create your own beautiful wiki project without templates in the AI ​​era. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-29111-53|&#126;2026-29111-53]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-29111-53|talk]]) 10:25, 15 May 2026 (UTC) :::::::::::Да не переживай ты так, учитель) Разберусь, что мне делать. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 16:24, 15 May 2026 (UTC) == Sravniti vs. sravnjati vs. sravnivati == slovnik ima 'sravnjati' kak imperfect, ale iz mojego pogleda, bylo by razumněje pisati "sravnivati", ibo priblizno vse jezyky imajut dodatny slog v tutom slovu v imperfektu "sravnjati" za mene imaje smysl "uravnjati", "sdělati jednakovym", na angl. ''to level'' čto myslite? [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:20, 12 February 2026 (UTC) :Nu znaješ, "sravnjati" prosto jest regularno stvorjena nesovršena forma sovršenogo glagola "sravniti". V dolgoj historiji medžuslovjanskogo jezyka vsegda jesmo usilovali, že jezyk jest kako možno regularny. Zato ''-ati > -yvati'', a ''-iti > -jati''. Očevidno, byli by takože druge možnosti, napr. ''-ati > -avati'' iili ''-iti > -ivati''. Ale my jesmo izbrali te formy, ktore sut najbolje razprostranjene po slovjanskyh jezykah. Poněkogda te druge formy na indivualnoj osnově daže mogut byti lěpše, ale ne hočemo vvesti v jezyk veče neregularnostij, neželi sut potrěbne. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 22:01, 13 February 2026 (UTC) ::Da, Jane, ja dobro razuměm i pametam vaše pojasnjenje o logikě impf.-pf. glagolov v MS, ale čto ako li poněkogda stvorjajemo falšivyh prijateljev v ugodu regulardnosti? (rus. сравнять, čes. srovnat, pol. zrównać) ::Dodatno, regularnost v MS v tutom osobnom slučaju (iz moejgo pogleda) ide protiv naturalističnosti, ibo vse naturalne jezyky prědavajut semantiku "to be comparing" inym slovom. ::Russky срав'''ни'''вать, сопоставлять ::Bělorussky параўноўваць, зраў'''ноў'''ваць, супастаўляць ::Ukrajinsky порів'''ню'''вати, зіставляти, зрівнювати ::Poljsky porów'''ny'''wać ::Češsky srov'''ná'''vat, porov'''ná'''vat ::Slovačsky porov'''ná'''vať, zrov'''ná'''vať ::Hrvatsky srav'''nji'''vati, upoređivati ::Srbsky срав'''њи'''вати, упоређавати ::Makedonsky сравнува, споредува ::Bulgarsky срав'''ня'''вам ::"Sravnjati s zemjeju" — "Compare with Earth?" or "Level it to the ground"? [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 23:43, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :::Aha, razuměju. Da da, takom slučaju može lěpje bude ''sravnyvati'' (nesov.) i ''sravnati'' (sov.), a takože ''sravnanje'' zaměsto ''sravnjenje'' «comparison”, ne li? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 23:57, 13 February 2026 (UTC) :::Moje prědloženje": :::for the verb ''to compare: sravniti / sravnivati,'' ibo to odpovědaje logikě naturalnyh jezykov. :::for the verb ''to even, to level'' we already have ''poravniti'' (curiously, it's not ''por'''o'''vniti'', which would follow the logic you're explaining) :::[[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 00:13, 14 February 2026 (UTC) ::::''sravnjati'' možemo ostaviti, ale jedino v smyslu ''to even, to level'' [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 00:22, 14 February 2026 (UTC) == Websajt s katalogom i statistikoju == <nowiki>https://medzuslovjansky.onl/</nowiki> jesm stvoril maly websajt s vyše vizualnym kalalogom stranic i statistikoju može byti koristany kak onlajn biblioteka stvoril jego da by može byti takym obrazom uprostiti dostup obyčnyh ljudij do Viki i malost zainteresovati v napisanju člankov prošu, pišite vaši propozicije i myslji [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 17:32, 23 February 2026 (UTC) :myslju oddělno sdělati filtr za kategorij s prověrjenym pravopisom i dobry članok, da by možno bylo legko najdti teksty s dobrym MSom [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:11, 23 February 2026 (UTC) ::Da, to bylo by interesno. Myslju, že kategorija s prověrjenym pravopisom ne jest mnogo upotrěbima, ale može [[Incubator:Spisok najdolžejših stranic|tutoj spisok najdolžejših ćlankov]] jest? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 22:03, 23 February 2026 (UTC) :::Už sdělal oddělny filtr, koj polazyvaje jedino članky so zvězdoju i s prověrjenym pravopisom. Myslju, to ne byla zla ideja i ja budu probovati dodavati toj šablon, kogda čitaju članky. :::Vo vkladke statistika možno odfiltrovati članky po dolžině, ale može byti sdělati oddělnu jarku vkladku "Najdolžejše članky"? [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 22:19, 23 February 2026 (UTC) ::::Da, myslju, že to jest dobry pomysl. Mimohodom, može mogli byhmo uže dodati do dobryh člankov. Srěd mojih člankov, myslju, že napriklad [[Abhazsky alfabet]], [[Džok (pes)]] i [[Ҕ]] kvalifikujut se, ibo sut mnogo obširnějše, než jihne ekvivalenty na drugyh jezykah. Imajete li prědloženja? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 22:58, 23 February 2026 (UTC) :::::A nas budut prověrjati na odpovědnost kriterijam dobryh člankov? Ibo imajemo množstvo člankov vyše 10kb, koje libo už sut dost dobre (ale može byti ne sut take dobre, kak jihne analogy v inyh jezykah, ili prinajmenje v něktoryh), ale sut kratše, než v inyh jezykah. :::::I takože imajemo množstvo člankov menše než 10kb, ale koje takože sut mnogo dobre. :::::Večinstvo (ili vse) članky o kiriličnyh bukvah sut dobre na moj pogled, ale ne imajut trěbujemogo razměra. :::::@[[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] napisal několiko dobryh člankov, ale on prosil prověriti pravopis za njim i ja byh dodal v jegove članky malost obrazov ili medija materialov, že by jih nemnogo oživiti (imajut prěmnogo teksta bez ničego vizualnogo) :::::@[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] takože napisal dostatočno dobryh člankov [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 23:27, 23 February 2026 (UTC) ::::::Da da, jesm suglasny. Teoretično ne imajemo izrazne kriterije, toliko, že dobry članok trěbuje iměti někoju kritičnu masu. Granica 10K bajtov byla ustanovjena libovoljno, kogda na medžuviki iměli jesmo 20 člankov >10K, ale tutčas imajemo jih ok. 140. Dolgy ne avtomatično znači lěpši. Po mojemu mněnju, da by članok kvalifikoval se za uměščenje na glavnoj stranici: ::::::* jest bolje-menje kompletny o obgovarjaje vse aspekty (napr. članok o državě ne jest kompletny, ako nemaje ničego o ekonomikě, prirodě i t.d.). ::::::* imaje pravilny i prověrjeny pravopis ::::::* jest osnovany na prověrjenyh izvorah (znači, ne slěpo kopirovanyh iz drugyh viki) ::::::* ne jest toliko prěvod članka iz drugoj viki ::::::* kako možno, sodrživaje obrazky ::::::* kako možno, jest lěpši od ekvivalentah na drugyh slovjanskyh jezykah ::::::* prědmet ne jest prěmnogo niševy. ::::::Kromě togo, dobro by bylo, ako jest raznorodnost medžu člankami na glavnoj stranici. Tutčas imajemo ok. 20 dobryh člankov. Glupo bylo by, ako srěd njih byli 3 kirilične bukvy, ili 3 ukrajinski politiki. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:51, 24 February 2026 (UTC) == Dodati linky na spoločnosti v Dicord i TG na glavnoj stranici v menju == Tutčas poglednul i uviděl, že bulgarska vikipedija ima linky do spoločnostij v discord i tg na glavnoj stranici v menju, v lěvoj jegovoj česti. Može byti, my takože budemo dodati? https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F:%D0%A2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 12:29, 26 February 2026 (UTC) :Ne znaju, imaje li smysl popularizovati toj Diskord, on ne imaje ničto občo s Viki projektom, i Jan tam ne jest. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 08:16, 6 March 2026 (UTC) == Nove možnosti translliteracije - sdělano == Blagodare dobrym ljudam, pomagavšim izměniti skript, pojavili se nove možnosti transliteracije.<br/>Šablon '''-''' dostavaje novu funkciju: <br/>Tuty šablon upravjaje transliteracijeju, izključaje ju za fragment teksta (kogda koristaje se s jednym parametrom), ili pokazyvaje razny tekst za latinicu i kirilicu (variant s dvoma parametrami).<br/> {| class="wikitable" |+ Kako koristati |- ! Sintaksis !! Rezultat {{-|Latn}} !! Rezultat {{-|Cyrl}} |- | <code><nowiki>{{-|macOS Sierra}}</nowiki></code>|| <code><nowiki>macOS Sierra</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>macOS Sierra</nowiki></code> |- | <code><nowiki>{{-|Jean-François|Жан-Франсуа}}</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>Jean-François</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>Жан-Франсуа</nowiki></code> |- | <code><nowiki>{{-|Joe Biden (Džo Bajden)|Джо Байден}}</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>Joe Biden (Džo Bajden)</nowiki></code> || <code><nowiki>Джо Байден</nowiki></code> |- |<code><nowiki>«Scena v sadu {{-|Roundhay|Раундхеј}}» (1888) {{-|[[Louis Le Prince|{{-|Louis Le Prince'a}}]]|[[Louis Le Prince|Луи ле Пранса ({{-|Louis Le Prince)}}]]}} — najrannějši izvestny film v historiji.</nowiki></code> |<code><nowiki>«Scena v sadu Roundhay» (1888) Louis Le Prince'a — najrannějši izvestny film v historiji.</nowiki></code> |<code><nowiki>«Сцена в саду Раундхеј» (1888) Луи ле Пранса (Louis Le Prince) — најраннєјши известны филм в хисторији.</nowiki></code> |- |<code><nowiki>V Providen{{-|ce’|с}}u</nowiki></code> |<code><nowiki>V Providence’u</nowiki></code> |<code><nowiki>В Провиденсу</nowiki></code> |} <br /> <s>Čto ješče ne rabotaje: v mobilnoj versiji bude vsegda pokazyvati i latiničny i kiriličny varianty. Na rěšenju rabotajemo.</s> Vsečto uže rabotaje! [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 07:15, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :Odlično! Nu izvini, ale vse vrěme ne razuměju, začto jest toj drugy šablon. Takože možno jest pisati: <nowiki>{{-|Jean-François (izgovor: Žan-Fransua)|Žan-Fransua (fr. Jean-François)}}</nowiki>, i rezultat bude taky sam, ne li? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 12:39, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::Jego sdělal Iohanen za test, rěšil ostaviti 😊 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 12:43, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::vot test obohdvoh šablonov na živom članku https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 12:48, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::Mene lično dopoka nemnogo ustrašaje ta razlika medžu latiniceju i kiriliceju, ko ktoroj prihodímo. Napriklad, jesm musel v jednom slučaju sklonjati kirilicu i ne sklonjati latinicu 😢 Tako prijdemo ko dvom jezykam. Možlivo, bysmo mogli prěporučovati koristanje tutoj možnosti toliko v izključiteljnyh slučajah? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:04, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::A v kakom slučaju trěba bylo sklonjati kirilicu? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:13, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::Tut byl variant ::::v Red Hook / v Ред-Хуку, ale já jesm dopoka našel izhod: ::::v apartamentu v četvrti {-|Red Hook|Ред Хук} [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:18, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::ješče v Providence / в Провиденсу [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:24, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::::Ah, razuměju. Znaješ, medžuslovjansky ne imaje tvrde pravila odnosno sklanjanja neslovjanskyh imen i nazv. Ja byh sovětoval, da byhmo koristali apostrof: lat. {{-|Charles de Gaulle}}, kir. {{-|Шарљ де Гољ}} &rarr; rod. {{-|Charles’a de Gaulle’a}}, {{-|Шарља де Гоља}}. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:32, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::myslím, že rěšenjem jest vo Providensu / во Провиденсу, v Red-Huku / в Ред-Хуку. Ale, Lovecrafta/Лавкрафта, zato že ime [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:31, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::::Ah, razuměju. Znaješ, medžuslovjansky ne imaje tvrde pravila odnosno sklanjanja neslovjanskyh imen i nazv. Ja byh sovětoval, da byhmo koristali apostrof: lat. {{-|Charles de Gaulle}}, kir. {{-|Шарљ де Гољ}} &rarr; rod. {{-|Charles’a de Gaulle’a}}, {{-|Шарља де Гоља}}. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:35, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::nu to jest podobno russkomu jezyku, kogda koristajut se kusky latinicy [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:37, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::Točno. A tamtyh slučajah: {{-|v Providence’u, v Red Hook’u}}. Koristajuči novy možnosti, možno daže: <code><nowiki>«V Providen{{-|ce’|с}}u»</nowiki></code>: «V Providen{{-|ce’|с}}u». {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 14:40, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::::nu to uże diko jest: во Провиденс-цу? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:42, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :::::::::Vo Providence'u/ во Провиденсу izgledaje kompromisno [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:44, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::::interesno, trěba izučiti [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:52, 1 March 2026 (UTC) ::::::Gaulle на выдумки хитра (russko prislovje) ☺️ [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 14:39, 1 March 2026 (UTC) :Vsim pozdrav, ide obnovjenje skripta, transliteracija ne bude někaky čas rabotati. Prosim izviniti [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 17:47, 5 March 2026 (UTC) :Tak, vsečto jest izrěšeno, uže rabotaje i na mobilu. Mnogo děkuju adminam Vikipedije, ktore mnogo pomogli. Ura 👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 19:42, 5 March 2026 (UTC) ::Vidžu! Fantastično! Hvala vsim, ktori pomogli! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 08:20, 6 March 2026 (UTC) == Originalne <s>imena ljudij</s> i iztvorov umětnostij kako nazvy člankov == <s>Ja jesm natolkl se na toj problem, že ne věm, kako dějati lěpše... Jest članok o Johnu R. R, Tolkienu, zaglavje ktorogo jest napisano anglijskym jezykom. Trěba li takym že sposobom stvorjati i nove članky? A kako pisati vnutri članka?</s> <s>Ješče jesm ugleděl, že v poljskom jezyku imena sklanjajut se po pravilam jezyka, ale pišut se kako v originalu. Či možno li togda vnutri članka pisati, napriklad, ''... u Johna Ronalda Reuela Tolkiena...''? Ne bude li togda to mrzko izgledati v kirilici ''... у Jохна Роналда Реуела Толкиена...''? Abo trěba vnutri članka flavorizovati?..</s> P.S. Pomilujte, ja jesm slěpec, jedino tutčas uviděl jesm v vrhu to, kak to možno sdělati. Ješče jedna věč: jest članok o «Vladaru prstenjev», zaglavje ktorogo jest napisano na anglijskom jezyku («The Lord of the Rings»). Trěba li jego prěimenovati na medžuslovjansky jezyk? Myslim, že trěba, bo na vsakoj Vikipedije nazvy knig prěkladajut se na glavny jezyk Vikipedije. Cělkovito ne razuměm, kako rěšati tuto pytanje, ačekoli mně se kaže, že jego už obgovarjali, ale ja ne vidim rezultatov, pomilujte. S považenjem, [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|talk]]) 07:38, 17 April 2026 (UTC) :Da, nazvanja knig jest trěba prěkladati, TLOTR in particular ☺️ Nužno jest tuty članok prěimenovati/prěměstiti, čto ne jest trudno [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 16:21, 3 May 2026 (UTC) ::Točno, lěpje jest prěvoditi zaglavja knig, filmov i t.d., ale takože imaje byti prěnapravjenje od originalnogo zaglavja. Jesm prěimenoval TLOTR v [[Vladar prstenjev]]. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:14, 3 May 2026 (UTC) == Approval! == Great news! Interslavic Wikipedia will soon be approved! Committee member Jon Harald Søby posted the approval notice on the Talk Language Committee page! Finally! Let everyone know if anyone doesn't know yet, and let Jan know too! Victory! [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-35104-48|&#126;2026-35104-48]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-35104-48|talk]]) 18:12, 15 June 2026 (UTC) :approved! 🎉 [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-36378-17|&#126;2026-36378-17]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-36378-17|talk]]) 15:14, 23 June 2026 (UTC) : Radostno! [[Koristnik:Таёжный лес|Таёжный лес]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Таёжный лес|besěda]]) 23:48, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) == Administratorstvo == Dragi! Dnes nakonec naša Medžuslovjanska Vikipedija byla stvorjena. Blagoželaju nam vsim i imaju naděju, že naš projekt bude postojanno rasti! Ja jesm byl administrator v Inkubatoru, a takože vo vsih prědhodnyh versijah medžuslovjanskoj viki (od 2007 g.). Na žalost, administratorstvo ne bylo prěneseno avtomatično iz Inkubatora, zato trěba mně tu oficialno kandidatovati se na administratora. Jest několiko věčij, ktore tutčas trěba bude sdělati bystro. Napriklad, vy isto pametajete, že skoro vse stranice iz Medžuviki byli kopirovane ručno – bez jihnyh historij, čto jest narušenje avtorskyh prav – i zato ja hoču je stopiti s novějšimi versijami. Kromě togo, vsegda jest potrěbny někto, ktory odstranjaje spam, vandalizm i tako dalje. Prošu, glasujte poniže! Sut slědujuče opcije: {{-|<nowiki>{{Za}}, {{Protiv}}, {{Nevtralno}} i {{Primětka}}</nowiki>}}. Ne zabudite dodati svoj podpis (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>). S srdečnym pozdravom, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 23:50, 24 junij 2026 (UTC) [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 17:09, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}}: Razuměje se, Jan nas dovedl tu kde jesmo, ov projekt bez jegovogo děla ne by ni egzistoval. On zakladaje se mnogo i obhodi se s pravdivymi ambicijami. Nadějem se budemo iměti uspěšny prvy god na živoj Vikipediji! :) – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 00:19, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}} [[Koristnik:Vikislav|Vikislav]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vikislav|besěda]]) 03:01, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}} i potrěbujemo izbrati ješče 2-3 admini ili podadmini [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 06:27, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}} Jan nas dovedl tam, kamo jesmo potrěbovali, i kako najaktivnějši člen občiny si zasluži byti administratorom. --[[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]]) 09:49, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}}, očevidno. Velika hvala vsim — to jest naš obči uspěh! [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|besěda]]) 10:27, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) # {{Za}} [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 17:53, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} očevidno, Jan je tvorec medžuslovjanskogo. [[Koristnik:Adiee5|Adiee5]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Adiee5|besěda]]) 01:05, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # Разумєје се {{Za}} [[Koristnik:FitikWasTaken|FitikWasTaken]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:FitikWasTaken|besěda]]) 13:24, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} prisjedinjaju se k vsemu vyše skazanomu. [[Koristnik:Noncinque|Noncinque]]([[Besěda s koristnikom:Noncinque|besěda]]) 12:01, 26 junij 2026 (UTC+6) === Drugi admini === {{Ping|LiMr|Danvintius Bookix|GlěbDyndar|Мурад 97|Panslavist|Tutčas}}, {{Ping|Medžuslovjanin|Ferpaks|Marcoorio|Aula Orion|Panslav|Orbitminis|Wojsław Brożyna}}, {{Ping|Adiee5|Plameniled|Miłosz Czaniecki|Владимєр Брєзин, сын Александров|Qiorly|Polda18}}, {{Ping|SzymonV|Vipz|Asank neo|FitikWasTaken|Machine of goodness|Snovid}} i ostatni, kogo jesm ne vspomnil tut, prosim nehtěl by někdo se stati vtorym i tretjim adminom, da by Jan ne tegnul vsečto sam? Prosim takože vsih glasovati, hvalim voprěd. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:23, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) 09:32, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) :Ja ne věm, ako byh iměl na to dostatok časa, i ja o tom budu razvažiti. Ja dekuju za prědloženje. [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]]) 09:57, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) ::Da, dobro bylo by iměto ješče jednogo ili dvoh adminov. @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]], može li ty se kandiduješ? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 10:32, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) :::Možno, budu, ale by se htělo lěpših kandidatov. ({{-|BTW}} izčezlo "odgovoriti", to jesm ja něčto slomil?) [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:21, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) :Ja mogu prijmati vaše prizvanje do administratorstva. [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|besěda]]) 10:35, 25 junij 2026 (UTC) @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] i @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]]: Super! Togda sdělajte oddělno zaglavje, da byhmo ne komplikovali žitje administratorom na Meta. ;) {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:44, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) :Hvala @[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]], tako izdělajemo, ale htělo by ješče i někogo, kdo znaje, kako rabotaje Vikipedija lěpje, než ja ili @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] i od kogo by bylo vyše koristi. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 17:03, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) Zdrav! Ako naša občina to želaje, mogu sebe nominovati za administratora i administratora interfejsa. Primarno se interesujem rabotati na tehničnoj infrastrukturě projekta: šablony, moduly, CSS, JS/gadžety, botovanje, i t.d. Administrativne prava dobro prihodet zaradi izčrkavanja i iziskyvanja, importovanja i prěměščanja specifičnyh stranic, iz-medžu ostalogo. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 23:02, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) :@[[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]]: To bylo by odlično! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 23:05, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Jesm uže administrator (interfejsa) na srbskohrvatskoj Vikipedije i bylo by mně milo prenesti něčto znalosti odonud ovamo. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 23:11, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) === Drugi admini - glasovanje === Kandidati na druge admini sut dva, @[[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] i @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]], oni ne sut konkurenti, adminami mogut byti obadva, jestli budut poddržani, prosim za ili protiv njih takože glasovati tut (ne zabezpametajte glasovati i za Jana vgorě) [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:23, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) ==== Vipz ==== @[[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] glasovanje [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:24, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} - potrěbujemo opytnogo admina [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:26, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Nevtralno}} – ne znam dobro člověka [[Koristnik:Adiee5|Adiee5]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Adiee5|besěda]]) 10:59, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}}. Věrim jegovomu slovu o znanju interfejsa — tute znanja sut nam potrěbne. [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|besěda]]) 11:37, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Nevtralno}} [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 11:41, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}}, očevidno! Izkušeny koristnik, črěz dolge lěta byl administrator Medžuviki. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:46, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} [[Koristnik:Vikislav|Vikislav]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vikislav|besěda]]) 15:38, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 21:07, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # ... ==== Marcoorio ==== @[[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] glasovanje [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:24, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} - potrěbujemo motivovanogo admina [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 07:26, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Nevtralno}} [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 11:41, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}}. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:46, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} [[Koristnik:Vikislav|Vikislav]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vikislav|besěda]]) 15:40, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 15:47, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Za}} — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 21:08, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) # {{Nevtralno}} [[Koristnik:Adiee5|Adiee5]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Adiee5|besěda]]) 12:58, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) # ... == Kolikost člankov na latinici i kirilici == Dragi prijatelji! Ja myslju, že oprědělenje "Okolo 2/3 vsih člankov byli napisane latiniceju, okolo 1/3 kiriliceju" ne odgovarja enciklopedičnosti. Prědlagaju stvoriti kategoriju, katalog po tipu Spisok člankov na latinici i na kirilici. Začto? Da by točno razuměti, koliko u nas materialov jest napisano na oboh grafikah. Poka čto u nas sut tendencije k umenšenju pisanja člankov na kirilici. [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 23:10, 25 junij 2026 (CEST) :A či jest li potrěbno tuto ukazanje? Imajemo translitiraciju, zatom, na moj pogled, ne jest potrěbno ukazyvati, koliko člankov sut na kirilici/latinici. Takym tvrdženjem možemo odstrašiti tyh, kto znaje kirilicu i ne znaje latinicu (ako taki sut) abo někako inako prinesti zlu myslj, ale, očevidno, ju ne imajemo. [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|besěda]]) 11:42, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Ja jesm obratil uvagu na fakt, že v članku "Medžuslovjanska Vikipedija" jest privedena taka informacija: "Okolo 2/3 vsih člankov byli napisane latiniceju, okolo 1/3 kiriliceju", ale ne ima spiska člankov po kirilici i latinici. Zato jesm pomyslil, že jest enciklopedično ukazovati točnu informaciju [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 11:52, 26 junij 2026 (CEST). Дља статистикы буде интересно. --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|besěda]]) 12:01, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :Kako oprěděliti, latinica ili kirilica, bot/skript musi uděliti toliko tekst iz članka i sčitati latinične i kirilične bukvy? Napriměr, jestli vyše 70% teksta sut kirilične bukvy, on jest kiriličny? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 13:23, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :: А сут много чланков, кде оба писма? Вообче, по мојему мнєнју то пытанје технично. Просто, интересно, направду, кака у нас тутчас статистика. --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|besěda]]) 14:14, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Mnogo lingvističnyh člankov imajut kirilične tablicy, priměry teksta, kako Mansijsky jezyk i td. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 15:19, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Ili prosto, tekst s kiriličnymi nazvami razdělov jest kiriličnym 8-) Ako li sut razděly [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 15:22, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) :Za statistiku bylo by interesno, ale ja ne myslju, že taka kategorizacija jest potrěbna. Kromě togo dodavanje i poddrživanje tyh kategorij bude mnogo raboty. Někoj čas tomu nazad jesm prosto občislil, koliko iměli jesmo člankov na kirilici i latinici na osnově zaglavij (ne včisleči mojih člankov o kiriličnyh bukvah, ktore byli napisane latiniceju). Togda to bylo okolo 1/3 kirilice i 2/3 latinice. Kako to izgledaje tutčas, ja ne znaju. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 15:56, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Jesm napravil osnovnu prověrku: v tutom momentu, 1,072 odnosno {{round|70.993377}}% nadpisov je na latinici, a 438 odnosno {{round|29.006623}}% vsih nadpisov na kirilici. Imějuči na umu različne dolžiny člankov, {{Round|88.523968}}% vsego teksta napisano je na latinici. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 16:42, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Jestvuje že algoritm, ktory čisli kolikost člankov pravilno? A ako prosto načeti označovati članky kategorijami "Članok napisany kiriliceju" / "Članok napisany latiniceju", tako takože možno stvoriti po priměru togo algoritma algoritm, ktory v kategorijah bude čisliti članky. Ili sčitati ručno, s pomočju kategorij. [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|besěda]]) 16:44, 26 junij 2026 (CEST) == Razděljenje Krčmy == Dragi kolegi, hčemo razdvojiti [[Vikipedija:Krčma]] na několiko tematičnyh odděljenij? Za početok: Pravila i směrnice; Tehnika (ili Tehnične kvestije/pytanja); Jezyk i pravopis (ili Jezyčne kvestije/pytanja); Noviny. Tak možemo razbrěmeniti centralnu stranicu Krčmy i ulegšati slědovanje diskusij kogda-libo egzistuje potrěba diskutovati mnogo prědmetov jednočasno. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 14:23, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) : Јесм согласны. Але, по мојему мнєнју новины не трєба оддєљати од централној Крчмы. Лєпје јих видєти разом на централној. --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|besěda]]) 14:41, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :Či ne lěpje li arhivovati stare diskusije? Krčma jest velmi těžka tutčas, ale imaje byti "{{-|village pump}}", selskoju studnoju, kde obgovarjaje se vsečto [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:22, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :Dalšo pytanje, imajemo v menu "Portal občiny", čto nikuda ne vede. Imaje tam býti link do Krčmy? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:32, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Ja jesm arhivoval stare poslanja v Krčmě. Pozdněje hoču takože dodati starějše sodržanje Krčmy na Medžuviki do arhiva, ale tutčas to ješče ne jest možno. ::Čto se tyče razdvojenja krčmy, ja ne jesm uvěrjen, jest li to smyslno. Imajemo tu može 10–20 aktivnyh učestnikov i obyčne sut samo dva ili tri aktivne prědmety na měsec. Napriklad, v maju bylo samo 14 pravok, a v aprilju 4. Ako tu bude zaisto mnogo aktivnosti, togda možno bude pomysliti o razdvojenju, ale v medžučasu ja byh ostavil Krčmu taku, kaka ona jest. Očevidno budut avtomatične poslanja na anglijskom jezyku od fondacije Wikimedia, ktore po mojemu mněnju možno bude arhivovati do oddělnogo arhiva. ::A Portal občiny... jest li nam on potrěbny? Ja by na tom město sdělal link do Krčmy, ale k tomu bude potrěbny administrator. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:05, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :::👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 19:20, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Jesm mněval, tutčas jesmo oficialna Vikipedija, itak bude mnogo vyše raboty i, slědovateljno, diskusije. Kogda avtomatične, masivne poslanja budut početi, one nas budut zakopati. Brda inojezyčnyh poslanij umějut dokladati tako zvanomu '{{-|[[:en:banner blindness|banner blindness]]u}}'. Tutošnje poslanja togda budut menje primětne, čto može pobudžati deficit lokalnoj aktivnosti. Jedno rěšenje jest arhivacija, nu časom ne budemo htěti arhivovati recentne poslanja. Drugo rěšenje jest čekati, viděti i onogda rěšati. Jesm oprěděljeny za koju-nebud opciju. – [[Koristnik:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Vipz|besěda]]) 08:28, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Pozdrav, Jane, čto jestli prosto dati vněšni link na kavárnu Medžuviki prěd linkom na arhiv na početku stranice? [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 09:30, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Ja ne mnju, že Portal občiny ima vesti na Krčmu, na češskoj Vikipediji to napriměr vede na [[:cs:Wikipedie:Portál Wikipedie|tutu stranicu]]. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 19:24, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :::@[[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]]: Da da, ja znaju, ale češska Vikipedija jest veliky projekt. Menše viki često ne imajut taky portal, ili samo někaky kratky tekst ili prěnapravjenje na [[Vikipedija:Čto Vikipedija ne jest]]. Nyně my imajemo prěmalo stranic za taky portal, ale može poprobujemo stvoriti nečto, li? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:55, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) ::::Ja jesm samo daval priměr. Portal občiny ne jest besěda občiny. Ale v budučnosti možemo něčto takovogo izrabotati. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 20:49, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) == Vikidane == Pozdrav. Kako toliko na Vikidane dodadut jezyčny kod <code>isv</code>, bude trěba tutu stranicu na Vikidane [[d:Q16503|dodati]]. Možno jest, že to za nas izdělajut administratori Vikidanyh, ibo ja jesm na besědě stranice kako ne prijavjeny koristnik napisal zajavjenje o dodanje (ja jesm byl v rabotě). Jednako bude poslě potrěba priložiti takože vsake članky. Česti se mogu prijeti tako ja, ale sam ja na to ne staču. Tyseč člankov jest mnogo. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|prinosy]]) 20:51, 27 junij 2026 (CEST) :Nám oběčali sut, že to sdělaje robot (možlivo) [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 08:52, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Možlivo v budučnosti, kako bude naš jezyčny kod dodany na Vikidane, ale nyně ne jest možno kako by robot funkcionoval bez dodanogo koda. Itak, robot bude potrěbovati čestičnu pomoč od koristnikov, ibo ne vse bude podojdti izrabotati avtomatično. Ače, umětna inteligencija by možno mogla tako isto funkcionovati. Ale kto bude priučati umětnu inteligenciju? — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 16:20, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Administracija Viki nam to oběčaje [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:22, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::::Da, to jest možlivo. Hvala. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 16:28, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::::Ja jesm chčel se zapytati. Kako jest tuta stranica povezana s drugymi stranicami na inych jezyčnyh verzijah? To ne jest izdělano skroz Vikidane, ibo tako Vikidane ne imajut naš jezyčny kod, daže to ne jest izdělano skroz interviki, ili ja jesm to ne ugledal? — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 16:35, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::::Ja už jesm to našel. Tehničny šablon <code><nowiki>{{INTERWIKI}}</nowiki></code> iz {{š|Zaglavje krčmy}}. Kako bude naš jezyčny kod dodany na Vikidane, tuten tehničny šablon ne bude jest zapotrěbny. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 16:46, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::::::Tak 👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:56, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::::::Hvala. Tako jest, ja jesm izrabil šablon {{š|Šablon}} (kratky link {{š|Š}}), kako isto tehničny šablon dlja ostavjanja inyh šablonov. Tuten šablon bude jest potrěba praviti dlja različenja imennyh prostorov i zablokovanja linka veduči na ne egzistujuče stranice. Tutčasna verzija jest velmi prosta. Tako jest, tuten šablon tutčasno ne uměje parametry. Tako isto, to bude potrěba dodati. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 17:21, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :V vslědnyh dnah bude naš jezyčny kod <code>isv</code> dodany do Vikidanyh, kako jest viděti [[phab:T430419|tu na Fabrikatoru]]. Hvala adminam Fabrikatora. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 09:00, 29 junij 2026 (CEST) :The change has been merged and will be deployed on Wednesday during MediaWiki Train [[User:VadymTS1|'''<span style="color:#a09786;"><ruby>ヴァディム</ruby></span>''']] ([[User talk:VadymTS1|<small>besěda</small>]]) 16:33, 29 junij 2026 (CEST) ::👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 16:45, 29 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Velika hvala. Thank you. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 21:08, 29 junij 2026 (CEST) == Translations == Hi! Zdravo! Lately I have been translating special pages and namespaces. I noticed that an Interslavic Wikipedia was created (since I am from Ukraine myself) and I was very happy. So, I want to offer localization for this Wiki, all I need is a list of the necessary special pages and namespaces with their translation. If translation is still needed, then tag me under the list. [[User:VadymTS1|'''<span style="color:#a09786;"><ruby>ヴァディム</ruby></span>''']] ([[User talk:VadymTS1|<small>besěda</small>]]) 17:31, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :Hi, sorry this is already done I believe. Thank you anyway 👍 [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 17:36, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::This about links. For example: Special:AllPages — Specialna:Vse stranice. And also translating for other non translated special pages (BlockedExternalDomains for example) [[User:VadymTS1|'''<span style="color:#a09786;"><ruby>ヴァディム</ruby></span>''']] ([[User talk:VadymTS1|<small>besěda</small>]]) 17:42, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :::Na tom uže někdo tuž rabotaje, ale možlivo Jan tebe odepíše [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 17:43, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :Maybe the "Special" namespace still needs translation, and the individual links to the special pages. The view name of the pages are already translated, or should be at least. But links and the namespace itself are still in English. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 18:38, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) == Kako jest slovo "pěskovišče" kategorizovano? == Ja jesm pytam, či jest slovo "pěskovišče" roda mužskoho ili srědnogo? Ja jesm ne našel tuto slovo v [https://interslavic-dictionary.com/ medžuslovjanskom slovniku], ktory ja upotrěbjaju na odgovory i ine pravky. V češskom jezyku tuto slovo jest roda srědnogo, tak samo ja mnju, že tako samo tuto slovo jest roda srědnogo tako v medžuslovjanskom. Ale ja znaju, že to ne jest vsegda pravda. Napriměr, slovo "šablon" jest roda mužskogo v medžuslovjanskom jezyku, ale to samo jest roda ženskogo v češskom jezyku. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 18:51, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :Vse imenniky na '''-o''' (poslě tvroj suglasky) i '''-e''' (poslě mekkoj suglasky) sut srědnjego roda. Slova na '''-išče''' v občem označajut město. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 20:12, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Tako jest slovo "město" roda srědnjego, da? Togda pěskovišče musi byti roda srědnjego kako město, da? Hvala. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 20:38, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) :ono jest [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 20:56, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) ::Ja jesm zabyl, odprašaju se. Tako hvala. — [[Koristnik:Polda18|Polda18]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Polda18|besěda]] • [[Special:Contributions/Polda18|pravky]]) 21:14, 28 junij 2026 (CEST) s69r1g9eua9msw9q88biuc0rruzsu1b 0 1063 27591 7888 2026-06-29T23:01:16Z FitikWasTaken 83 /* */ Малы по­прав­кы писанја слов 27591 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka država | common_name = Izraelj | native_name = {{Jezyky|he|ישראל}} | conventional_long_name = Država Izraelj ({{Jezyky|he|מדִינַת יִשְׂרָאֵל}}) | image_flag = Flag of Israel.svg | image_coat = Emblem_of_Israel.svg | anthem = "[[Hatikva (Himn)|Hatikva]]" | capital = [[Jerusalim]] | largest_city = [[Jerusalim]] | official_languages = [[Hebrejsky jezyk|hebrejsky]] | government_type = unitarna parlamentarna republika | area_km2 = 20770 | area_rank = 148 | population_census = 9842000 | population_census_year = 2024 | population_census_rank = 96 | currency = [[Šekelj]] | currency_code = ILS | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | iso3166code = IL | coordinates = {{Coord|31|47|N|35|13|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Izraelj''', služebno '''Država Izraelj''', jest država v zapadnoj [[Azija|Aziji]]. On nahodi se na [[Blizky vozhod|Blizkom vozhodu]] na vozhodnom brěgu [[Srědzemno morje|Srědzemnogo morja]]. Israelj graniči s [[Liban]]om na sěveru, [[Sirija|Sirijeju]] na sěverovozhodu, [[Jordanija|Jordanijeju]] na vozhodu, [[Egipt]]om na jugozapadu i [[Palestina|Palestinoju]] na jugozapadu i vozhodu. Glavny i najljudny grad Izraelja jest [[Jerusalim]], ale suverenitet Izraelja nad Vozhodnym Jerusalimom ne poznaje medžunarodna spoločnost. Jerusalim, [[Telj-Aviv]] i [[Hajfa]] sut največši grady Izraelja. [[Hebrejsky jezyk|Hebrejsky]] jest oficialny jezyk, ale [[Arabsky jezyk]] imaje specialny status. Po deklaraciji nezaležnosti Israelj jest hebrejska država, ravno kako [[Mnogoetnična država|mnogoetnična]] i [[Demokracija|demokratična]] država v ktoroj zajedno so [[Hebreji|Hebrejami]] vse etnične i religiozne grupy imajut ravne prava. Izraelj imaje raznorodno naseljenje, naseljenje Izraelja jest 7 208 000 hebrejev (73,2 %), 2 080 000 [[Arabi|arabov]] (21,1 %), i 554 000 inyh ljudij (5,7 %)<ref>https://www.cbs.gov.il/he/mediarelease/pages/2023/אוכלוסיית-ישראל-בפתחה-של-שנת-2024.aspx</ref>. == Historija == V 1967 roku vslěd vitezstva Izraelja v [[Šestdnevna vojna|Šestdnevnoj vojně]] Izraelj faktično je okupoval Sektor Gaza u Egipta, i Zapadny brěg rěky Jordan u Jordanije. Izraelj takože aneksoval krajinu Sirije, Golanske vyšiny. == Iztočniky == <references /> == Vněšnje linky == {{Prěvod|en|Israel|revizija=1109356022}} {{Prěvod|ru|Израиль}} {{Državy v Aziji}} [[Kategorija:Izraelj| ]] [[Kategorija:Državy v Aziji]] {{INTERWIKI|Q801}} 8neykj1s9ume70136vgusuideeauyqy 0 1113 27543 8263 2026-06-29T12:53:51Z Minorax 40 27543 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=May 2025}} {{Kartka država | conventional_long_name = Korejska republika | common_name = Južna Koreja | native_name = <div class="center">{{Unbulleted list|{{Jezyky|ko|대한민국/大韓民國}}|{{-|{{Small|''Daehan Minguk''}}}}}}</div><!--Please do not add official regional/minority languages here; use the langbox template directly below, included specifically for that purpose--> | image_flag = Flag of South Korea.svg | other_symbol = <div style="padding:0.3em;"> [[Fajl:Seal of South Korea.svg|85px|]]</div> | other_symbol_type = [[Pečat Južnoj Koreje|Narodna pečet]]<br /> 국가 인감 (國家印鑑) | alt_flag = Centrovany {{-|taegeuk}} na bělom premokutniku s četyremi črnymi trigramami | image_coat = Emblem of South Korea.svg | alt_coat = Centrovany {{-|taegeuk}} na {{-|hibiscus syriacus}}, okruženy petju stilizovanymi listami i tasmoju | symbol_type = Gerb | national_motto = <br /> {{Jezyky|ko|"홍익인간"("弘益人間")}} {{-{{small|(''[[de facto]]'')}}}} <br />"[[Hongik Ingan]]"<br />{{Small|"Benefit broadly the human world /<br />Devotion to the Welfare of Humanity"}}<ref name="lie">{{Cite journal|url=http://www.fssp.uaic.ro/argumentum/Numarul%2010%20%282%29/Articol%20Cozmiuc.pdf|page=6|title=A New Way of Seeing Country Social Responsibility|journal=Faculty of Philosophy and Social-Political Sciences |accessdate=2014-01-16|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130925143746/http://www.fssp.uaic.ro/argumentum/Numarul%2010%20%282%29/Articol%20Cozmiuc.pdf |archivedate = 2013-09-25}}</ref> | anthem = {{Jezyky|ko|"애국가"("愛國歌")}}<br />{{-|"[[Aegukga]]"}} <br />{{Small|"Patriotična pěsnja"}}<br />[[Fajl:National anthem of South Korea, performed by the United States Navy Band.wav|center]] | image_map = Republic of Korea (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 220px | alt_map = | map_caption = Territory controlled (dark green)<br>Territory claimed but uncontrolled (light green) | capital = [[Seul]] | coordinates = {{Coord|37|33|N|126|58|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Seul]] | official_languages = [[Korejsky jezyk|korejsky]] <br /> korejsky gestovy jezyk | languages_type = Official script | languages = {{Unbulleted_list|[[Hangulj]]|[[Handža]]|[[Latinska abeceda]]}} | ethnic_groups = 95% [[Koreans|Korean]], 4% other {{Efn|No official data regarding ethnicity is collected by the South Korean government. At the end of 2015, approximately 4% of the population are foreigners.<ref>{{Cite web|title=체류 외국인 현황|url=https://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=2756|access-date=2022-07-30|website=www.index.go.kr|language=ko|archive-date=2022-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220731205956/https://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=2756|url-status=live}}</ref>}} | ethnic_groups_year = | religion = {{Ublist |item_style=white-space; |56.1% [[Irreligion|no religion]] | 27.6% [[Christianity in Korea|Christianity]]{{Efn|name = Christian|19.7% are [[Protestantism|Protestant]], and 7.9% are [[Catholic Church in South Korea|Catholic]].}} |15.5% [[Korean Buddhism]] |0.8% other }} | religion_year = 2015 | religion_ref = <ref name="Kim-Shon-Chosunilbo2016">{{Cite web|last=조선일보|date=2020-07-22|title=신자 수, 개신교 1위… "종교 없다" 56%|url=https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/12/20/2016122000155.html|access-date=2022-07-30|website=조선일보|language=ko|archive-date=2022-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710151841/https://www.chosun.com/site/data/html_dir/2016/12/20/2016122000155.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Quinn |first1=Joseph Peter |editor1-last=Demy |editor1-first=Timothy J. |editor2-last=Shaw |editor2-first=Jeffrey M. |title=Religion and Contemporary Politics: A Global Encyclopedia |date=2019 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-1-4408-3933-7 |page=365 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vt-vDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA365 |accessdate=3 June 2020 |chapter=South Korea}}</ref> | demonym = {{Hlist|[[Demographics of South Korea|South Korean]]|[[Koreans|Korean]]}} | government_type = {{Nowrap|[[Unitarna država|unitarna]] [[Prezidenska sistema|prezidentska]]<br />[[Konstitucija|konstitucionna]]al [[republika]]}} | leader_title1 = [[President of South Korea|President]] | leader_name1 = [[Choi Sang-mok]] (Acting) | leader_title2 = [[Prime Minister of South Korea|Prime Minister]] | leader_name2 = [[Choi Sang-mok]] (Acting) | leader_title3 = [[Speaker of the National Assembly of South Korea|Speaker of the National Assembly]] | leader_name3 = [[Park Byeong-seug]] | leader_title4 = [[Chief Justice of the Republic of Korea|Chief Justice]] | leader_name4 = [[Kim Myeong-soo]] | leader_title5 = [[Constitutional Court of Korea|President of the Constitutional Court]] | leader_name5 = [[Yoo Nam-seok]] | legislature = [[National Assembly (South Korea)|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = Establishment history | established_event1 = [[Gojoseon|First Kingdom]] | established_date1 = c. 7th century BC | established_event2 = {{Nowrap|[[Korean Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]]}} | established_date2 = 1 March 1919 | established_event3 = [[Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea|Provisional Government]] | established_date3 = 11 April 1919 | established_event4 = [[Victory over Japan Day|Independence]] from [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] | established_date4 = 15 August 1945 | established_event5 = [[United States Army Military Government in Korea|US administration]] of Korea south of the [[38th parallel north|38th parallel]] | established_date5 = 8 September 1945 | established_event6 = [[First Republic of South Korea|ROK established]] | established_date6 = 15 August 1948 | established_event7 = [[History of South Korea#Sixth Republic 1987-present|Current constitution]] | established_date7 = 25 February 1988 | established_event8 = [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 702|Admitted to]] the [[United Nations|UN]] | established_date8 = {{Nowrap|17 September 1991}} | area_km2 = 100363 | area_rank = 107 <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_sq_mi = 38750 | percent_water = 0.3 (301&nbsp;km²{{\}}) | population_estimate = 51709098<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://kosis.kr/nsportalStats/nsportalStats_0102Body.jsp?menuId=10 |title=Kosis 100대 지표 |access-date=2020-08-08 |archive-date=2017-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110225134/http://kosis.kr/nsportalStats/nsportalStats_0102Body.jsp?menuId=10 |url-status=live }}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2019 | population_estimate_rank = 27 | population_density_km2 = 507 | population_density_rank = 13th | GDP_PPP = $2.418 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOKR">{{Cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=76&pr.y=14&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=542&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=30 October 2019 |archive-date=23 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523054819/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=76&pr.y=14&sy=2017&ey=2021&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=542&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&grp=0&a= |url-status=live }}</ref> | GDP_PPP_year = 2020 | GDP_PPP_rank = 14 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $46,451<ref name="IMFWEOKR" /> | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 29th | GDP_nominal = $1.626 trillion<ref name="IMFWEOKR" /> | GDP_nominal_year = 2020 | GDP_nominal_rank = 12 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $31,246<ref name="IMFWEOKR" /> | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 27 | Gini = 35.7 | Gini_year = 2016 | Gini_change = decrease | Gini_ref = <ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.index.go.kr/potal/main/EachDtlPageDetail.do?idx_cd=1407|title=Distribution of income (Gini index)|encyclopedia=e-National Index|publisher=[[Statistics Korea|Korea National Statistical Office]]|location=[[Daejeon]]|accessdate=June 30, 2017}}</ref> | Gini_rank = 93 | HDI = 0.906<!-- Number only, between 0 and 1. --> | HDI_year = 2018<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year. --> | HDI_change = increase<!-- Increase/decrease/steady. --> | HDI_ref = <ref name="UNHDR">{{Cite web|url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|title=Human Development Report 2019|language=en|publisher=[[United Nations Development Programme]]|date=10 December 2019|accessdate=10 December 2019|format=PDF|archive-date=23 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200523103905/http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/2019-human-development-index-ranking|url-status=dead}}</ref> | HDI_rank = 22 | currency = [[južnokorejsky won]] (₩) | currency_code = KRW | time_zone = [[korejsky standardny čas]] | utc_offset = +9 | date_format = {{Unbulleted list|yyyy년 m월 d일|yyyy. m. d. ([[Common Era|CE]])}} | electricity = 220V–60 Hz | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in South Korea|+82]] | cctld = {{Hlist|[[.kr|.kr]]|[[.한국|.한국]]}} | today = }} '''Južna Koreja''' jest [[država]] v južnoj česti [[Koreja|Korejskogo]] [[poluostrov]]a, v [[Iztočna Azija|Iztočnoj Aziji]]. Glavny grad Južnoj Koreje jest [[Seul]]. Služebna nazva Južnoj Koreje jest '''Korejska republika''', '''대한민국''' ({{Lang|ko|Daehan Minguk}}) v Korejskom napisanju [[Hangul|''hangul'']] ili '''大韓民國''' v kitajskyh znakah [[Handža|''handža'']]. Priblizno polovina naseljenja državy žive v glavnom gradu [[Seul]]u ili v okolju grada v zoně [[Metropolija|metropolije]]. Zona metropolije Seula jest jednoju iz najnaseljenyh metropolij na světu. Něktore iztočniky mněvajut ju vtoroju najnaseljenoju po [[Tokio|Tokiu]] v [[Japonija|Japoniji]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=3_4whicharethe.pdf (application/pdf 객체)|url=http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/cityfutures/papers/webpapers/cityfuturespapers/session3_4/3_4whicharethe.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040804123321/http://www.uic.edu/cuppa/cityfutures/papers/webpapers/cityfuturespapers/session3_4/3_4whicharethe.pdf|archive-date=2004-08-04|accessdate=2010-07-09|work=uic.edu}}</ref> Onogda, Južnokorejska [[kultura]] stala znamenitoju po cělomu světu. To čestično blagodare skupinam kako {{-|[[BTS]]}}, korejskym filmam i jejnomu čudesnomu ekonomičnomu razvoju. ==Linky i referencije== {{Iztočniky}} ==Vnešnje linky== * ''Tuty članok sodrživaje prěklad iz članka {{-|«[[:simple:South_Korea|South Korea]]»}} v Vikipediji na prostom anglijskom ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Korea&action=history spis avtorov]; dozvoljeńje [[ccorg:licenses/by-sa/4.0/|{{-|CC BY-SA 4.0}}]]).'' {{Državy v Aziji}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} [[Kategorija:Koreja]] [[Kategorija:Državy v Aziji]] {{INTERWIKI|Q884}} 9h4lzgybxcr8uxdlgirzs5p6vmap7v5 0 1141 27539 8578 2026-06-29T12:52:10Z Minorax 40 27539 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fajl:グルメタウン 2015 (17086794178).jpg | thumb | right | 300px | Priklad katakany: <center> グルメタウン <br /> ''gu ru me ta u n'' <br /> «{{-|Gourmet town}}» </center>]] '''Katakana''' ({{Lang|ja|片仮名}} ili {{Lang|ja|カタカナ}}) jest jedno iz četyreh glavnyh pism upotrěbjajemyh za zapisan‍je [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskogo jezyka]], zajedno s sistemami [[hiragana]], [[kandži]] ([[Kitajsky jezyk|kitajske]] hieroglify) i [[rōmadži]] (japonska [[latinica]]). Katakana i hiragana sut sistemy [[kana]]: sistemy, v ktoryh vsaky znak prědstavjaje jedin slog, ili raděje jednu [[Mora|moru]] (jedinicu časa odpovědajuču jednomu kratkomu slogu). Slovo ''katakana'' znači «čestična kana», zatože znaky katakany sut izvedene iz složenějšej sistemy ''kandži''. Katakana harakterizuje se kratkymi, prostymi črtami i ostrymi kutami, a jest najprostějše iz japonskyh pism. Fonologične značen‍ja znakov katakany sut identične v hiraganě, ktora imaje mekše, bolje zaokrugljene formy. Sut dvě glavne sistemy oporedčen‍ja katakany: staromodny poredok ''iroha'' i čestěje upotrěbjajemy poredok ''godžu&#x0304;on'' («petdeset zvukov»). Jednakože pismo katakana ne sostoji iz 50, ale iz 48 znakov: * 5 samoglasok * 42 glavnyh slogov, sostoječih iz jednoj iz 9 suglasok i jednoj iz 5 samoglasok (tri možne kombinacije – ''ji'', ''je'', ''wu'' – ne koristajut se) * 1 suglasky (''n''), služečej kako konečny zvuk sloga (auslaut) Někoje kany istnujut v dvoh variantah: velikom i malom. Te male varianty nazyvajut se ''sutegana'' i ne prědstavjajut dodatočnu moru, ale, tako rěkuči, «sjedajut» moru prědhodnoj kany. Napriklad ヤ ''ja'', ユ ''ju'', ヨ ''jo'' imajut male varianty ャ, ュ, ョ, ktore služet za označenje palatalizacije. Napr. カヤ označaje ''kaja'' (dvě mory), ale カャ označaje ''kja'' (jedna mora). Druge sutegany koristajut se v [[Katakana#Razširjena katakana|razširjenoj katakaně]] i v někojih drugyh jezykah. Katakana takože imaje několiko funkcionalnyh i diakritičnyh znakov: * ''dakuten'': diakritičny znak v formě dvojnoj točky, ktory najčestěje označaje zvučnost, napr. カ ''ka'' → ガ ''ga'' * ''handakuten'': diakritičny znak v formě prstenja, ktory označaje vtornu alteraciju, napr. ハ ''ha'' → パ ''pa'' * ''čo&#x0304;onpu'' (ー): znak, ktory označaje prodolžen‍je prědhodnoj samoglasky (dvě mory zaměsto jednoj) * ''sokuon'' (ッ): znak, ktory označaje udvojen‍je slědujučej suglasky * znak ゝ označaje povtorjen‍je prědhodnoj kany Kromě japonskogo, katakana takože upotrěbjaje se za pisan‍je několiko [[Katakana#V drugyh jezykah|drugyh jezykov]]. == Upotrěba v japonskom jezyku == [[Fajl:Table katakana.svg | thumb | 400px | Tradicijny sposob načrtanja znakov katakany]] Vsaka pisemna sistema izpolnjaje v japonskom oprěděljenu funkciju. Znaky katakany koristajut se v slědujučih slučajah: * za slova pozajete iz drugyh jezykov (s izključen‍jem kitajskogo), napr. アイスクリーム ''aisukuri&#x0304;mu'' «sladoled» (od {{Jezyky|en|ice cream}}) * za transkripciju čudžih imen, nazv i slov, napr. アメリカ ''Amerika'' * v onomatopejah, napr. směh (ハハ ''haha''), zvuk eksplozije (ブーム ''bu&#x0304;mu''), lajan‍je psa (ワンワン ''wan wan'') i t.d. * v tečničnoj i naučnoj terminologiji, napriklad v nazvah vidov životnyh i rastlin (ヒポポタマス ''hipopotamasu'' «nilsky konj»), poněkogda takože zaměsto malo znanoj ''kandži'' * često, ačekoli ne vsegda, v nazvah japonskyh korporacij, napr. トヨタ {{-|''Toyota''}}, スズキ {{-|''Suzuki''}} * v telegramah i (v 1980-yh lětah) komputerah * za podčrknen‍je slova ili fragmenta v tekstu, podobno k upotrěbjen‍ju kursiva v evropejskyh jezykah * za označen‍je, že harakter (napr. v [[Manga|mangě]]) govori čudžim ili strannym akcentom abo na čudžem jezyku * za imitovan‍je govora robota * v někojih ženskyh imenah, glavno u starših žen == Tabela == === Osnovna katakana === Slědujuča tabela po lěvoj straně pokazyvaje osnovne znaky katakany upotrěbjajeme v japonskom jezyku (''godžu&#x0304;on''), s medžuslovjanskoju transliteracijeju i izgovorom. Po pravoj straně (''jo&#x0304;on'') nahodet se kombinacije s malymi versijami bukv '''ャ''' ''ja'', '''ュ''' ''ju'' i '''ョ''' ''jo'', označajučimi palatalizaciju. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#D4D4D4" |style="width:2em"|&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |style="width:12%"|'''a''' |style="width:12%"|'''i''' |style="width:12%"|'''u''' |style="width:12%"|'''e''' |style="width:12%"|'''o''' |style="width:0.1em"| |style="width:12%"|'''ja''' |style="width:12%"|'''ju''' |style="width:12%"|'''jo''' |- |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#A0E9A9" colspan="5"|'''Pojedinne znaky (''godžu&#x0304;on'')''' |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#E9D98E" colspan="3"|'''Dvuznaky (''jo&#x0304;on'')''' |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''∅''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ア}} </span> '''a''' <br /> {{MFA|a}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|イ}} </span> '''i''' <br /> {{MFA|i}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ウ}} </span> '''u''' <br /> {{MFA|ɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|エ}} </span> '''e''' <br /> {{MFA|e}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|オ}} </span> '''o''' <br /> {{MFA|o}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F8F9FA"| |style="background:#F8F9FA"| |style="background:#F8F9FA"| |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''k-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|カ}} </span> '''ka''' <br /> {{MFA|ka}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|キ}} </span> '''ki''' <br /> {{MFA|ki]}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ク}} </span> '''ku''' <br /> {{MFA|kɯ}}, {{MFA|kɯ̥}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ケ}} </span> '''ke''' <br /> {{MFA|ke}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|コ}} </span> '''ko''' <br /> {{MFA|ko}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|キャ}}</span> '''kja''' <br /> {{MFA|kʲa}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|キュ}}</span> '''kju''' <br /> {{MFA|kʲɯ}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|キョ}}</span> '''kjo''' <br /> {{MFA|kʲo}} |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''s-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|サ}} </span> '''sa''' <br /> {{MFA|sa}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|シ}} </span> '''ši''' <br /> {{MFA|ɕi}}, {{MFA|ɕi̥}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ス}} </span> '''su''' <br /> {{MFA|sɯ}}, {{MFA|sɯ̥}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|セ}} </span> '''se''' <br /> {{MFA|se}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ソ}} </span> '''so''' <br /> {{MFA|so}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|シャ}}</span> '''ša''' <br /> {{MFA|ɕa}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|シュ}}</span> '''šu''' <br /> {{MFA|ɕɯ}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ショ}}</span> '''šo''' <br /> {{MFA|ɕo}} |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''t-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|タ}} </span> '''ta''' <br /> {{MFA|ta}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|チ}} </span> '''či''' <br /> {{MFA|ʨi}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツ}} </span> '''cu''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦɯ}}, {{MFA|ʦɯ̥}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|テ}} </span> '''te''' <br /> {{MFA|te}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ト}} </span> '''to''' <br /> {{MFA|to}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|チャ}}</span> '''ča''' <br /> {{MFA|ʨa}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|チュ}}</span> '''ču''' <br /> {{MFA|ʨɯ}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|チョ}}</span> '''čo''' <br /> {{MFA|ʨo}} |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''n-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ナ}} </span> '''na''' <br /> {{MFA|na}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ニ}} </span> '''ni''' <br /> {{MFA|ni}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヌ}} </span> '''nu''' <br /> {{MFA|nɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ネ}} </span> '''ne''' <br /> {{MFA|ne}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ノ}} </span> '''no''' <br /> {{MFA|no}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ニャ}}</span> '''nja''' <br /> {{MFA|ɲa}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ニュ}}</span> '''nju''' <br /> {{MFA|ɲɯ}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ニョ}}</span> '''njo''' <br /> {{MFA|ɲo}} |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''h-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ハ}} </span> '''ha''' <br /> {{MFA|ha}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヒ}} </span> '''hi''' <br /> {{MFA|çi}}, {{MFA|hi}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フ}} </span> '''fu''' <br /> {{MFA|ɸɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヘ}} </span> '''he''' <br /> {{MFA|he}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ホ}} </span> '''ho''' <br /> {{MFA|ho}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ヒャ}}</span> '''hja''' <br /> {{MFA|ça}}, {{MFA|hʲa}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ヒュ}}</span> '''hju''' <br /> {{MFA|ça}}, {{MFA|hʲɯ}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ヒョ}}</span> '''hjo''' <br /> {{MFA|ço}}, {{MFA|hʲo}} |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''m-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|マ}} </span> '''ma''' <br /> {{MFA|ma}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ミ}} </span> '''mi''' <br /> {{MFA|mi}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ム}} </span> '''mu''' <br /> {{MFA|mɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|メ}} </span> '''me''' <br /> {{MFA|me}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|モ}} </span> '''mo''' <br /> {{MFA|mo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ミャ}}</span> '''mja''' <br /> {{MFA|mʲa}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ミュ}}</span> '''mju''' <br /> {{MFA|mʲɯ}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ミョ}}</span> '''mjo''' <br /> {{MFA|mʲo}} |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''j-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヤ}} </span> '''ja''' <br /> {{MFA|ja}} |style="background:#E9E9E9"|<span style="font-size:180%"> <!---{{Lang|ja|𛄠}}--->[[Fajl:Katakana obsolete yi.svg|28px]] </span>&nbsp;'''ji''' {{FN|1)}} <br /> {{MFA|ji}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ユ}} </span> '''ju''' <br /> {{MFA|jɯ}} |style="background:#E9E9E9"|<span style="font-size:180%"> <!---{{Lang|ja|𛄡}}--->[[Fajl:Katakana obsolete ye.svg|28px]] </span>&nbsp;'''je''' {{FN|1)}} <br /> {{MFA|je}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヨ}} </span> '''jo''' <br /> {{MFA|jo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F8F9FA"| |style="background:#F8F9FA"| |style="background:#F8F9FA"| |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''r-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ラ}} </span> '''ra''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾa}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|リ}} </span> '''ri''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾi}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ル}} </span> '''ru''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|レ}} </span> '''re''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾe}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ロ}} </span> '''ro''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|リャ}}</span> '''rja''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾʲa}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|リュ}}</span> '''rju''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾʲɯ}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|リョ}}</span> '''rjo''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾʲo}} |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''w-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ワ}} </span> '''wa''' <br /> {{MFA|ɰa}} |style="background:#E9E9E9"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヰ}} </span>&nbsp;'''wi''' {{FN|2)}} <br /> {{MFA|ɰi}}, {{MFA|i}} |style="background:#E9E9E9"|<span style="font-size:180%"> <!---{{Lang|ja|𛄢}}--->[[Fajl:Katakana obsolete wu.svg|28px]] </span>&nbsp;'''wu''' {{FN|1)}} <br /> {{MFA|ɰɯ}}, {{MFA|ɯ}} |style="background:#E9E9E9"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヱ}} </span>&nbsp;'''we''' {{FN|2)}} <br /> {{MFA|ɰe}}, {{MFA|e}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヲ}} </span> '''wo'''&nbsp; <br />{{MFA|ɰo}}, {{MFA|o}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F8F9FA"| |style="background:#F8F9FA"| |style="background:#F8F9FA"| |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''*''' |colspan="5"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ン}} </span> '''n''' <br /> {{MFA|ɴ}}, {{MFA|ɰ̃}}, {{MFA|n}}, {{MFA|m}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |colspan="3" style="background:#F8F9FA"| |- |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#A0E9A9" colspan="5"|'''Pojedinne znaky s diakritičnym znakom (godžu&#x0304;on s ''dakuten'' i ''handakuten'')''' |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#E9D98E" colspan="3"|'''Dvuznaky s diakritičnym znakom (jo&#x0304;on s ''dakuten'' i ''handakuten'')''' |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''g-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ガ}} </span> '''ga''' <br /> {{MFA|ga}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ギ}} </span> '''gi''' <br /> {{MFA|gi}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|グ}} </span> '''gu''' <br /> {{MFA|gɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ゲ}} </span> '''ge''' <br /> {{MFA|ge}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ゴ}} </span> '''go''' <br /> {{MFA|go}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ギャ}}</span> '''gya''' <br /> {{MFA|gʲa}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ギュ}}</span> '''gyu''' <br /> {{MFA|gʲɯ}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ギョ}}</span> '''gyo''' <br /> {{MFA|gʲo}} |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''dz-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ザ}} </span> '''dza''' <br /> {{MFA|(d)za}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ジ}} </span> '''dži''' <br /> {{MFA|(d)ʑi}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズ}} </span> '''dzu''' <br /> {{MFA|(d)zɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ゼ}} </span> '''dze''' <br /> {{MFA|(d)ze}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ゾ}} </span> '''dzo''' <br /> {{MFA|(d)zo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ジャ}}</span> '''dža''' <br /> {{MFA|(d)ʑa}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ジュ}}</span> '''džu''' <br /> {{MFA|(d)ʑɯ}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ジョ}}</span> '''džo''' <br /> {{MFA|(d)ʑo}} |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''d-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ダ}} </span> '''da''' <br /> {{MFA|da}} |style="background:#E9E9E9"|<span style="font-size:180%;"> {{Lang|ja|ヂ}} </span> '''dži''' {{FN|3)}} <br /> {{MFA|(d)ʑi}} |style="background:#E9E9E9"|<span style="font-size:180%;"> {{Lang|ja|ヅ}} </span> '''dzu''' {{FN|3)}} <br /> {{MFA|(d)zɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|デ}} </span> '''de''' <br /> {{MFA|de}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ド}} </span> '''do''' <br /> {{MFA|do}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#E9E9E9"|<span style="font-size:180%;">{{Lang|ja|ヂャ}}</span> '''dža''' {{FN|3)}} <br /> {{MFA|(d)ʑa}} |style="background:#E9E9E9"|<span style="font-size:180%;">{{Lang|ja|ヂュ}}</span> '''džu''' {{FN|3)}} <br /> {{MFA|(d)ʑɯ}} |style="background:#E9E9E9"|<span style="font-size:180%;">{{Lang|ja|ヂョ}}</span> '''džo''' {{FN|3)}} <br /> {{MFA|(d)ʑo}} |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''b-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|バ}} </span> '''ba''' <br /> {{MFA|ba}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ビ}} </span> '''bi''' <br /> {{MFA|bi}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ブ}} </span> '''bu''' <br /> {{MFA|bɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ベ}} </span> '''be''' <br /> {{MFA|be}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ボ}} </span> '''bo''' <br /> {{MFA|bo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ビャ}}</span> '''bja''' <br /> {{MFA|bʲa}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ビュ}}</span> '''bju''' <br /> {{MFA|bʲɯ}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ビョ}}</span> '''bjo''' <br /> {{MFA|bʲo}} |- style="background:#D0F9C0" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''p-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|パ}} </span> '''pa''' <br /> {{MFA|pa}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ピ}} </span> '''pi''' <br /> {{MFA|pi}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|プ}} </span> '''pu''' <br /> {{MFA|pɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ペ}} </span> '''pe''' <br /> {{MFA|pe}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ポ}} </span> '''po''' <br /> {{MFA|po}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ピャ}}</span> '''pja''' <br /> {{MFA|pʲa}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ピュ}}</span> '''pju''' <br /> {{MFA|pʲɯ}} |style="background:#F3F5AE"|<span style="font-size:180%">{{Lang|ja|ピョ}}</span> '''pjo''' <br /> {{MFA|pʲo}} |} {{FNBox|'''Primětky:''' {{FNZ|1)|Kany [[Fajl:Katakana obsolete yi.svg|14px]] ''ji'', [[Fajl:Katakana obsolete ye.svg|14px]] ''je'' i [[Fajl:Katakana obsolete wu.svg|14px]] ''wu'' (v Unikodu: 𛄠, 𛄡, 𛄢) byli stvorjene vo vtoroj polovině 19. stolětja s cěljem dovršenja tabely, ale nikogda ne byli koristane v praktikě.}} {{FNZ|2)|V sučasnom japonskom znaky ヰ i ヱ sut ustarlěle. Zaměsto njih za označenje zvukov {{MFA|wi}} i {{MFA|we}} koristajut se ウィ ''ui'' i ウェ ''ue''.}} {{FNZ|3)|Kany ヂ ''dži'' i ヅ ''dzu'' koristajut se glavno za etimologično pravopisanje v situacijah, kogda bezzvučne ekivalenty チ ''či'' and ツ ''cu'' podvrgajut se zvučnoj prěměně (''rendaku'') i izgovoret se zvučno na srědině složenogo slova, napr. ツヅク ''cudzuku''. V drugyh slučajah zaměsto togo koristajut se identično izgovarjane kany ジ ''(d)ži'' and ズ ''(d)zu''. ヂ i ヅ nikogda ne mogut nahoditi se na početku slova i v katakaně sut rědke, ibo koncept ''rendaku'' ne izstupaje v transkripcijah čudžih slov, čto jest jedin iz glavnyh cěljev katakany.}} }} === Razširjena katakana === S pomočju malyh versij peti samoglasnyh kana (ァ ''a'', ィ ''i'', ゥ ''u'', ェ ''e'', ォ ''o'') , povyših treh kana za označenje palatalizcije (ャ ''ja'', ュ ''ju'', ョ ''jo'') i jednoj kana za označenje labializacije (ヮ ''wa'') stvorjenyh bylo mnogo dvuznakov i triznakov za označenje zvukov odsutnyh v rodimyh japonskyh slovah. V občem one služet za pisanje slov pozajetyh od drugyh jezykov, inozemnyh imen i geografičnyh nazv, a takože za točnějšu transliteraciju čudžih zvukov: {{Legenda|#FFFF55|Dvuznaky, oficialno utvrdžene japonskym Ministerstvom obrazovanja, kultury, sporta, nauky i tehnologije. One koristajut se v vesdennom žitju i sut bezpečne v upotrěbě.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19910628002/k19910628002.html | title = 平成3年6月28日内閣告示第2号:外来語の表記 | publisher = Ministerstvom obrazovanja, kultury, sporta, nauky i tehnologije | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190106125953/http://www.mext.go.jp/b_menu/hakusho/nc/k19910628002/k19910628002.html | archive-date = 2019-01-06 | access-date = 2026-01-29 | language = ja}}</ref>}} {{Legenda|#FFF8A0|Potencialne kombinacije prědložene Amerikanskym nacionalnym institutom za standardy i Britanskoju institucijeju za standardy.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/ansiz3911.html | title = 米国規格(ANSI Z39.11-1972)―要約 | access-date = 2026-01-29}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.ab.cyberhome.ne.jp/~kaizu/roomazi/doc/bs4812.html | title = 英国規格(BS 4812 : 1972)―要約 | access-date = 2026-01-29}}</ref>}} {{Legenda|#F5D080|Kombinacije koristane glavno v lingvističnyh dělah za točnějše prědstavjenje izgovora. One sut nestandardizovane i neznajeme prěsěčnomu japoncu, a transkripcija i izgovor zavisi od priměnjenja.<ref>{{Cite web | first = Chirag | last = Bharadwa | title = Japanese Language and Culture. An Introduction to Katakana | url = http://www.cs.princeton.edu/~chiragb/media/japan/notes/katakana.pdf | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190319224138/https://www.cs.princeton.edu/~chiragb/media/japan/notes/katakana.pdf | archive-date = 2019-03-19 | publisher = Cornell University | date = 2016-01-11 | format = PDF | language = en}}</ref>}} {{Legenda|#E9E9E9|Kombinacije ustarěle ili krajno rědko koristane.}} {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center;" |- style="background:#D4D4D4" |style="width:2em"|&nbsp;<br />&nbsp; |style="width:12%"|'''a''' |style="width:12%"|'''i''' |style="width:12%"|'''u''' |style="width:12%"|'''e''' |style="width:12%"|'''o''' |style="width:0.1em"| |style="width:12%"|'''ja''' |style="width:12%"|'''ju''' |style="width:12%"|'''jo''' |- |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F4B070" colspan="5"|'''Pojedinne znaky s diakritičnym znakom (godžu&#x0304;on s ''dakuten'' i ''handakuten'')''' |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F4B070" colspan="3"|'''Dvuznaky s diakritičnym znakom (jo&#x0304;on s ''dakuten'' i ''handakuten'')''' |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''v-''' |style="background:#FFF8A0"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヷ}}</span> '''va''' <br /> {{MFA|va}} |style="background:#FFF8A0"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヸ}}</span> '''vi''' <br /> {{MFA|vi}} |style="background:#F5D080"|<span style="font-size:180%"> [[Fajl:Katakana obsolete wu.svg|28px]]{{Lang|ja|゛}}</span>'''vu''' <br /> {{MFA|vɯ}} |style="background:#FFF8A0"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヹ}}</span> '''ve''' <br /> {{MFA|ve}} |style="background:#FFF8A0"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヺ}}</span> '''vo''' <br /> {{MFA|vo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#E9E9E9" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''ng-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|カ゚}} </span> '''nga''' <br /> {{MFA|ŋa}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|キ゚}} </span> '''ngi''' <br /> {{MFA|ŋi}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ク゚}} </span> '''ngu''' <br /> {{MFA|ŋɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ケ゚}} </span> '''nge''' <br /> {{MFA|ŋe}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|コ゚}} </span> '''ngo''' <br /> {{MFA|ŋo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja| キ゚ャ}}</span> '''ngja''' <br /> {{MFA|ŋʲa}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja| キ゚ュ}}</span> '''ngju''' <br /> {{MFA|ŋʲɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja| キ゚ョ}}</span> '''ngjo''' <br /> {{MFA|ŋʲo}} |- style="background:#F5D080" |rowspan="2" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''l-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ラ゚}} </span> '''la''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾa}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|リ゚}} </span> '''li''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾi}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ル゚}} </span> '''lu''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|レ゚}} </span> '''le''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾe}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ロ゚}} </span> '''lo''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|リ゚ャ}}</span> '''lja''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾʲa}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|リ゚ュ}}</span> '''lju''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾʲɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|リ゚ョ}}</span> '''ljo''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾʲo}} |- style="background:#F8F9FA"| | | | |style="background:#E9E9E9"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|リ゚ェ}}</span> '''lje''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾʲe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F4B070" colspan="5"|'''Dvu- i triznaky''' |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F4B070" colspan="3"|'''Dvu- i triznaky''' |- style="background:#F8F9FA"| |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''i-''' |style="background:#F5D080"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|イァ}}</span> '''ja''' <br /> {{MFA|ja}} |style="background:#F5D080"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|イィ}}</span> '''ji''' <br /> {{MFA|ji}}, {{MFA|iː}} |style="background:#F5D080"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|イゥ}}</span> '''ju''' <br /> {{MFA|jɯ}} |style="background:#FFFF55"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|イェ}}</span> '''je''' <br /> {{MFA|je}}, {{MFA|i͜e}} |style="background:#F5D080"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|イォ}}</span> '''jo''' <br /> {{MFA|jo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#FFFF55" |rowspan="2" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''u-''' |style="background:#FFF8A0"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ウァ}}</span> '''wa''' <br /> {{MFA|ɰa}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ウィ}}</span> '''wi''' <br /> {{MFA|ɰi}} |style="background:#F5D080"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ウゥ}}</span> '''wu''' <br /> {{MFA|ɰɯ}}, {{MFA|ɯː}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ウェ}}</span> '''we''' <br /> {{MFA|ɰe}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ウォ}}</span> '''wo''' <br /> {{MFA|ɰo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F5D080"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ウャ}}</span> '''wja''' <br /> {{MFA|ɰʲa}} |style="background:#FFF8A0"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ウュ}}</span> '''wju''' <br /> {{MFA|ɰʲɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ウョ}}</span> '''wjo''' <br /> {{MFA|ɰʲo}} |- style="background:#F8F9FA" | | | |style="background:#E9E9E9" |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ウィェ}}</span> '''wje''' <br /> {{MFA|ɰʲe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#FFFF55" |rowspan="3" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''v-''' |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴァ}}</span> '''va''' <br /> {{MFA|va}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴィ}}</span> '''vi''' <br /> {{MFA|vi}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴ}}</span> '''vu''' <br /> {{MFA|vɯ}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴェ}}</span> '''ve''' <br /> {{MFA|ve}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴォ}}</span> '''vo''' <br /> {{MFA|vo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#FFF8A0"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴャ}}</span> '''vja''' <br /> {{MFA|vʲa}} |<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴュ}}</span> '''vju''' <br /> {{MFA|vʲɯ}} |style="background:#FFF8A0"|<span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴョ}}</span> '''vjo''' <br /> {{MFA|vʲo}} |- style="background:#F8F9FA" | | | |style="background:#FFF8A0"| <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴィェ}}</span> '''vje''' <br /> {{MFA|vʲe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴゥァ}}</span> '''vwa''' <br /> {{MFA|vʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴゥィ}}</span> '''vwi''' <br /> {{MFA|vʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴゥゥ}}</span> '''vwu''' <br /> {{MFA|vʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴゥェ}}</span> '''vwe''' <br /> {{MFA|vʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヴゥォ}}</span> '''vwo''' <br /> {{MFA|vʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''ki-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|キィ}}</span> '''kji''' <br /> {{MFA|kʲi}} | |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|キェ}}</span> '''kje''' <br /> {{MFA|kʲe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |rowspan="2" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''ku-''' |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|クァ}}</span> '''kwa''' <br /> {{MFA|kʷa}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|クィ}}</span> '''kwi''' {{FN|*)}} <br /> {{MFA|kʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|クゥ}}</span> '''kwu''' <br /> {{MFA|kʷɯ}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|クェ}}</span> '''kwe''' <br /> {{MFA|kʷe}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|クォ}}</span> '''kwo''' <br /> {{MFA|kʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|クヮ}}</span> '''kwa''' <br /> {{MFA|kʷa}} | | | | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''gi-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ギィ}}</span> '''gji''' <br /> {{MFA|gʲi}} | |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ギェ}}</span> '''gje''' <br /> {{MFA|gʲe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |rowspan="2" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''gu-''' |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|グァ}}</span> '''gwa''' <br /> {{MFA|gʷa}} |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|グィ}}</span> '''gwi''' {{FN|*)}} <br /> {{MFA|gʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|グゥ}}</span> '''gwu''' <br /> {{MFA|gʷɯ}} |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|グェ}}</span> '''gwe''' <br /> {{MFA|gʷe}} |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|グォ}}</span> '''gwo''' <br /> {{MFA|gʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|グヮ}}</span> '''gwa''' <br /> {{MFA|gʷa}} | | | | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''ši-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|シィ}}</span> '''ši/ši&#x0304;''' <br /> {{MFA|ɕiː}} | |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|シェ}}</span> '''še''' <br /> {{MFA|ɕe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |rowspan="2" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''su-''' |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|スァ}}</span> '''swa''' <br /> {{MFA|sʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|スィ}}</span> '''swi/si''' {{FN|**)}} <br /> {{MFA|si}}, {{MFA|sɰi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|スゥ}}</span> '''swu''' <br /> {{MFA|sʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|スェ}}</span> '''swe''' <br /> {{MFA|sʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|スォ}}</span> '''swo''' <br /> {{MFA|sʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|スャ}}</span> '''sja''' <br /> {{MFA|sʲa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|スュ}}</span> '''sju''' <br /> {{MFA|sʲɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|スョ}}</span> '''sjo''' <br /> {{MFA|sʲo}} |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|スゥァ}}</span> '''swa''' <br /> {{MFA|sʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|スゥィ}}</span> '''swi''' {{FN|**)}} <br /> {{MFA|sʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|スゥゥ}}</span> '''swu''' <br /> {{MFA|sʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|スゥェ}}</span> '''swe''' <br /> {{MFA|sʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|スゥォ}}</span> '''swo''' <br /> {{MFA|sʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''se-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|セィ}}</span> '''si''' {{FN|**)}} <br /> {{MFA|si}} | | | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''(d)ži-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ジィ}}</span> '''ži/žī''' <br /> {{MFA|ʑiː}} | |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ジェ}}</span> '''že''' <br /> {{MFA|ʑe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |rowspan="2" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''(d)zu-''' |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズァ}}</span> '''zwa''' <br /> {{MFA|zʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズィ}}</span> '''zwi/zi''' {{FN|**)}} <br /> {{MFA|zi}}, {{MFA|zɰi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズゥ}}</span> '''zwu''' <br /> {{MFA|zʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズェ}}</span> '''zwe''' <br /> {{MFA|zʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズォ}}</span> '''zwo''' <br /> {{MFA|zʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズャ}}</span> '''zja''' <br /> {{MFA|zʲa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズュ}}</span> '''zju''' <br /> {{MFA|zʲɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズョ}}</span> '''zjo''' <br /> {{MFA|zʲo}} |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズゥァ}}</span> '''zwa''' <br /> {{MFA|zʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズゥィ}}</span> '''zwi''' {{FN|**)}} <br /> {{MFA|zʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズゥゥ}}</span> '''zwu''' <br /> {{MFA|zʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズゥェ}}</span> '''zwe''' <br /> {{MFA|zʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ズゥォ}}</span> '''zwo''' <br /> {{MFA|zʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''(d)ze-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ゼィ}}</span> '''zi''' {{FN|**)}} <br /> {{MFA|zi}} | | | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''či-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|チィ}}</span> '''či/či&#x0304;''' <br /> {{MFA|ʨiː}} | |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|チェ}}</span> '''če''' <br /> {{MFA|ʨe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |rowspan="3" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''cu-''' |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツァ}}</span> '''ca''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦa}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツィ}}</span> '''ci''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツゥ}}</span> '''cu/cu&#x0304;''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦː}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツェ}}</span> '''ce''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦe}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツォ}}</span> '''co''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツャ}}</span> '''cja''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦʲa}} |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツュ}}</span> '''cju''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦʲɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツョ}}</span> '''cjo''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦʲo}} |- style="background:#F8F9FA" | | | |style="background:#E9E9E9" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツィェ}}</span> '''cje''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦʲe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツゥァ}}</span> '''cwa''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツゥィ}}</span> '''cwi''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツゥゥ}}</span> '''cwu''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツゥェ}}</span> '''cwe''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ツゥォ}}</span> '''cwo''' <br /> {{MFA|ʦʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |rowspan="2" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''te-''' |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|テァ}}</span> '''tha''' <br /> {{MFA|tʰa}}, {{MFA|ta}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ティ}}</span> '''ti''' <br /> {{MFA|ti}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|テゥ}}</span> '''thu/tu''' <br /> {{MFA|tʰɯ}}, {{MFA|tɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|テェ}}</span> '''tje''' <br /> {{MFA|tʲe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|テォ}}</span> '''tho''' <br /> {{MFA|tʰo}}, {{MFA|to}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|テャ}}</span> '''tja''' <br /> {{MFA|tʲa}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|テュ}}</span> '''tju''' <br /> {{MFA|tʲɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|テョ}}</span> '''tjo''' <br /> {{MFA|zʲɯ}} |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ティァ}}</span> '''thja/tha''' <br /> {{MFA|tʰa}}, {{MFA|ta}} | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ティゥ}}</span> '''thju/thu/tju/tu''' <br /> {{MFA|tʰɯ}}, {{MFA|tɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ティェ}}</span> '''tje''' <br /> {{MFA|tʲe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ティォ}}</span> '''thjo/tho''' <br /> {{MFA|tʰo}}, {{MFA|to}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |rowspan="2" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''to-''' |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|トァ}}</span> '''twa''' <br /> {{MFA|tʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|トィ}}</span> '''twi''' {{FN|*)}} <br /> {{MFA|tʷi}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|トゥ}}</span> '''tu''' {{FN|***)}} <br /> {{MFA|tɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|トェ}}</span> '''twe''' <br /> {{MFA|tʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|トォ}}</span> '''two''' <br /> {{MFA|tʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|トゥァ}}</span> '''twa''' <br /> {{MFA|tʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|トゥィ}}</span> '''twi''' <br /> {{MFA|tʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|トゥゥ}}</span> '''twu''' <br /> {{MFA|tʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|トゥェ }}</span> '''twe''' <br /> {{MFA|tʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|トゥォ}}</span> '''two''' <br /> {{MFA|tʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''dži-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヂィ}}</span> '''(d)ži/(d)ži&#x0304;''' <br /> {{MFA|dʑiː}}, {{MFA|ʑiː}} | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヂェ}}</span> '''(d)že''' <br /> {{MFA|dʑe}}, {{MFA|ʑe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |rowspan="3" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''dzu-''' |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅァ}}</span> '''dza/dza&#x0304;''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅィ}}</span> '''dzi/dzi&#x0304;''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅゥ}}</span> '''dzu&#x0304;''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅェ}}</span> '''dze/dze&#x0304;''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅォ}}</span> '''dzo/dzo&#x0304;''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅャ}}</span> '''dzja''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣʲa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅュ}}</span> '''dzju''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣʲɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅョ}}</span> '''dzjo''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣʲo}} |- style="background:#F8F9FA" | | | |style="background:#E9E9E9" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅィェ}}</span> '''dzje/dzje&#x0304;''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣʲe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅゥァ}}</span> '''dzwa''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅゥィ}}</span> '''dzwi''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅゥゥ}}</span> '''dzwu''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅゥェ}}</span> '''dzwe''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヅゥォ}}</span> '''dzwo''' <br /> {{MFA|ʣʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |rowspan="2" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''de-''' |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|デァ}}</span> '''dha''' <br /> {{MFA|dʰa}}, {{MFA|da}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ディ}}</span> '''di''' <br /> {{MFA|di}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|デゥ}}</span> '''dhu/du''' <br /> {{MFA|dʰɯ}}, {{MFA|dɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|デェ}}</span> '''dje''' <br /> {{MFA|dʲe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|デォ}}</span> '''dho''' <br /> {{MFA|dʰo}}, {{MFA|do}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|デャ}}</span> '''dja''' <br /> {{MFA|dʲa}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|デュ}}</span> '''dju''' <br /> {{MFA|dʲɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|デョ}}</span> '''djo''' <br /> {{MFA|dʲɯ}} |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ディァ}}</span> '''dhja/dha''' <br /> {{MFA|dʰa}}, {{MFA|da}} | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ディゥ}}</span> '''dhju/dhu/dju/du''' <br /> {{MFA|dʰɯ}}, {{MFA|dɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ディェ}}</span> '''dje''' <br /> {{MFA|dʲe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ディォ}}</span> '''dhjo/dhjo''' <br /> {{MFA|dʰo}}, {{MFA|do}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |rowspan="2" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''do-''' |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ドァ}}</span> '''dwa''' <br /> {{MFA|dʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ドィ}}</span> '''dwi''' {{FN|*)}} <br /> {{MFA|dʷi}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ドゥ}}</span> '''du''' {{FN|***)}} <br /> {{MFA|dɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ドェ}}</span> '''dwe''' <br /> {{MFA|dʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ドォ}}</span> '''dwo''' <br /> {{MFA|dʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ドゥァ}}</span> '''dwa''' <br /> {{MFA|dʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ドゥィ}}</span> '''dwi''' <br /> {{MFA|dʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ドゥゥ}}</span> '''dwu''' <br /> {{MFA|dʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ドゥェ}}</span> '''dwe''' <br /> {{MFA|dʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ドゥォ}}</span> '''dwo''' <br /> {{MFA|dʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''ni-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ニィ}}</span> '''nji''' <br /> {{MFA|ɲi}} | |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ニェ}}</span> '''nje''' <br /> {{MFA|ɲe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''nu-''' |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヌァ}}</span> '''nwa''' <br /> {{MFA|nʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヌィ}}</span> '''nwi''' {{FN|*)}} <br /> {{MFA|nʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヌゥ}}</span> '''nwu''' <br /> {{MFA|nʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヌェ}}</span> '''nwe''' <br /> {{MFA|nʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヌォ}}</span> '''nwo''' <br /> {{MFA|nʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''hi-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヒィ}}</span> '''hji''' <br /> {{MFA|hʲi}}, {{MFA|çi}} | |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヒェ}}</span> '''hje''' <br /> {{MFA|hʲe}}, {{MFA|çe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |rowspan="3" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''fu-''' |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ファ}}</span> '''fa''' <br /> {{MFA|ɸa}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フィ}}</span> '''fi''' <br /> {{MFA|ɸi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フゥ}}</span> '''fu/fu&#x0304;''' <br /> {{MFA|ɸɯː}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フェ}}</span> '''fe''' <br /> {{MFA|ɸe}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フォ}}</span> '''fo''' <br /> {{MFA|ɸo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フャ}}</span> '''fja''' <br /> {{MFA|fʲa}}, {{MFA|ɸʲa}} |style="background:#FFFF55" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フュ}}</span> '''fju''' <br /> {{MFA|fʲɯ}}, {{MFA|ɸʲɯ}} |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フョ}}</span> '''fjo''' <br /> {{MFA|ɸʲo}}, {{MFA|fʲo}} |- style="background:#F8F9FA" | | | |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フィェ}}</span> '''fje''' <br /> {{MFA|ɸʲe}},[fʲe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フゥァ}}</span> '''fwa''' <br /> {{MFA|ɸʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フゥィ}}</span> '''fwi''' <br /> {{MFA|ɸʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フゥゥ}}</span> '''fwu''' <br /> {{MFA|ɸʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フゥェ}}</span> '''fwe''' <br /> {{MFA|ɸʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|フゥォ}}</span> '''fwo''' <br /> {{MFA|ɸʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |rowspan="2" style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''ho-''' | | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ホゥ}}</span> '''hu''' <br /> {{MFA|hɯ}} | | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ホゥァ}}</span> '''hwa''' <br /> {{MFA|hʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ホゥィ}}</span> '''hwi''' <br /> {{MFA|hʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ホゥゥ}}</span> '''hwu''' <br /> {{MFA|hʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ホゥェ}}</span> '''hwe''' <br /> {{MFA|hʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ホゥォ}}</span> '''hwo''' <br /> {{MFA|hʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''bi-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ビィ}}</span> '''bji''' <br /> {{MFA|bʲi}} | |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ビェ}}</span> '''bje''' <br /> {{MFA|bʲe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''bu-''' |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ブァ}}</span> '''bwa''' <br /> {{MFA|bʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ブィ}}</span> '''bwi''' {{FN|*)}} <br /> {{MFA|bʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ブゥ}}</span> '''bwu''' <br /> {{MFA|bʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ブェ}}</span> '''bwe''' <br /> {{MFA|bʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ブォ}}</span> '''bwo''' <br /> {{MFA|bʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''pi-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ピィ}}</span> '''pji''' <br /> {{MFA|pʲi}} | |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ピェ}}</span> '''pje''' <br /> {{MFA|pʲe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''pu-''' |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|プァ}}</span> '''pwa''' <br /> {{MFA|pʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|プィ}}</span> '''pwi''' {{FN|*)}} <br /> {{MFA|pʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|プゥ}}</span> '''pwu''' <br /> {{MFA|pʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|プェ}}</span> '''pwe''' <br /> {{MFA|pʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|プォ}}</span> '''pwo''' <br /> {{MFA|pʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''mi-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ミィ}}</span> '''mji''' <br /> {{MFA|mʲi}} | |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ミェ}}</span> '''mje''' <br /> {{MFA|mʲe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''mu-''' |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ムァ}}</span> '''mwa''' <br /> {{MFA|mʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ムィ}}</span> '''mwi''' {{FN|*)}} <br /> {{MFA|mʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ムゥ}}</span> '''mwu''' <br /> {{MFA|mʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ムェ}}</span> '''mwe''' <br /> {{MFA|mʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ムォ}}</span> '''mwo''' <br /> {{MFA|mʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''ju-''' | | | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ユェ}}</span> '''je''' <br /> {{MFA|je}}, {{MFA|i͜e}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''ri-''' | |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|リィ}}</span> '''rji''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾʲi}} | |style="background:#FFF8A0" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|リェ}}</span> '''rje''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾʲe}} | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''ru-''' |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ルァ}}</span> '''rwa''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾʷa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ルィ}}</span> '''rwi''' {{FN|*)}} <br /> {{MFA|ɾʷi}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ルゥ}}</span> '''rwu''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾʷɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ルェ}}</span> '''rwe''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾʷe}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ルォ}}</span> '''rwo''' <br /> {{MFA|ɾʷo}} |style="background:#D4D4D4"| | | | |- style="background:#F8F9FA" |style="background:#D4D4D4"|'''wi-''' | | | | | |style="background:#D4D4D4"| |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヰャ}}</span> '''wja ''' <br /> {{MFA|ɰʲa}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヰュ}}</span> '''wju''' <br /> {{MFA|ɰʲɯ}} |style="background:#F5D080" | <span style="font-size:180%"> {{Lang|ja|ヰョ}}</span> '''wjo''' <br /> {{MFA|ɰʲo}} |} {{FNBox| {{FNZ|*)|Kombinacije クィ ''kwi'', グィ ''gwi'', トィ ''twi'', ドィ ''dwi'' i t.d. koristajut se m.dr. v transkripcijah [[Slovjanske jezyky|slovjanskyh jezykov]] za označenje tvrdyh suglasok prěd '''i''' ili '''y''': ''ky'', ''gy'', ''ty'', ''gy'' i t.d.}} {{FNZ|**)|Kombinacije スィ ''si/swi'' i ズィ ''zi/zwi'' istnujut, ale sut malo koristajeme, ibo izgovor ne jest oprěděljeny; スィ možno jest izgovarjati kako v slovu ''<u>si</u>nus'', ale takože kako v slovu ''<u>swi</u>ng''. Jednakože bezpečnějše varianty セィ ''si'', ゼィ ''zi'', スゥィ ''swi'' i ズゥィ ''zwi'' koristajut se značno rědže i večinstvu japoncev sut neznajeme. V praktikě za označanje ''si'' i ''zi'' najčestěje piše se シ ''ši'' i ジ ''zi''.}} {{FNZ|***)|Kombinacije トゥ ''tu'' i ドゥ ''du'' istnujut, ale često zaměnjajut se na ツ ''cu'' i ヅ ''dzu'', da by izběgti zaměšanja se ''twu'' i ''dwu''.}} }} === Ligatury i mnogosložne kany === Katakana takože sodrživaje šest ligatur i pet mnogosložnyh kana, ktore nyně sut ustarěle i rědko koristajeme: {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%; text-align:center; font-weight:bold;" |- style="background:#E9E9E9" |style="width:9%"| [[Fajl:Katakana-toiu.svg|28px]] <br /> toyu&#x0304; |style="width:9%"| [[Fajl:Katakana toki 1.svg|28px]] <br /> toki |style="width:9%"| [[Fajl:Katakana-tote.svg|28px]] <br /> tote |style="width:9%"| [[Fajl:Katakana tomo.svg|28px]] <br /> tomo |style="width:9%"| [[Fajl:Katakana domo.svg|28px]] <br /> domo |style="width:9%"| [[Fajl:Katakana-yori.svg|28px]] <br /> yori |style="width:9%"| [[Fajl:Katakana ifu.svg|28px]] <br /> ju&#x0304; |style="width:9%"| [[Fajl:Katakana digraph Koto.svg|28px]] <br /> koto |style="width:9%"| [[Fajl:Katakana shite.svg|28px]] <br /> šite |style="width:9%"| [[Fajl:Katakana toki 2.svg|28px]] <br /> toki |style="width:9%"| [[Fajl:Katakana nari.svg|28px]] <br /> nari |} == V drugyh jezykah == === Ajnusky === [[Fajl:国立アイヌ民族博物館 01.jpg | thumb | 300px | Napis v Narodnom muzeju Ajnu: vrhnji redok jest napisany na ajnuskom jezyku]] [[Ajnusky jezyk|Ajnusky]] jezyk, nyně praktično izumrly, ale raněje govorjeny na ostrovu Hokkaido, v [[Sahalin]]u i na [[Kurilske ostrovy|Kurilskyh ostrovah]], byl nepisany do vtoroj poloviny 19. stolětja. Nyně ajnusky jest jediny jezyk, ktory jest cělkovito pisany katakanoju, ačekoli japonske imena i poněkoje slova pozajete od japonskogo takože mogut byti pisane ''kandži''. Ajnusky koristaje razširjenu katakanu, ktora kromě jedinnadseti malyh versij kana, koristajemyh v japonskom, takože sodrživaje sedmnadset dodatočnyh malyh kana za označenje suglasky na koncu slova, napr. イタㇰ ''itak'' «jezyk». === Okinavsky === [[Okinavsky jezyk]], govorjeny na ostrovu [[Okinava]], jest srodny s japonskym, ale ne vzajemno razumlivy. Tradicijno okinavsky byl pisany kombinacijeju ''kandži'' i ''hiragany'', ale od 17. stolětja jegovu rolju postupno prějel japonsky, a v obdobju od 19. stolětja do 1945 g. okinavsky sovsěm prěstal istnovati kako knižny jezyk. Nyně katakana glavny služi za naučne transkripcije lokalnogo jezyka, a jednočasno poněkoji drugi iznova načeli pisati ''kandži'' i ''hiraganoju''. === Tajvansky === V lětah 1895–1945 ostrov [[Tajvan]] nahodil se pod vlastju Japonije. V tom obdobju katakana byla vvedena za pisanje [[Tajvansky jezyk|tajvanskogo jezyka]] (hokkien), a takože jezyka [[hakka]] i někojih [[Tajvanske jezyky|tajvanskyh]] (formozanskyh) jezykov. Ona iměla služiti kako fonetičny provodnik za pismo ''hanzi'' i byla koristana v slovnikah i učebnikah. Ačekoli cělj generalnogo gubernatora bylo pomaganje tajvancam v naukě japanskogo jezyka, a takože pomaganje japoncam v naukě tajvanskogo jezyka, sistema katakany byla nepraktična za jezyk, ktoroj fonologija byla mnogo bolje složena od japonskoj. Poslě konca japonskogo vladanja na Tajvanu ona bystro stala ustarěla. Tajvanska katakana koristala razne diakritične i druge znaky za označenje zvukov odsutnyh v japonskom. Napriklad, horizontalna črta nad kanoju služila za različenje medžu {{MFA|t}} i {{MFA|ts}}, a točka pod kanoju za označenje pridyhanja. Za označenje tonov koristali se specialne znaky. == Iztočniky == {{Iztočniky}} [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Pisma]] {{INTERWIKI|Q82946}} 938eazurjnbt3ck7vwsom9mldrdfa6i 0 1221 27553 9501 2026-06-29T12:56:55Z Minorax 40 27553 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Kvenja | nativename = <center>{{-|Quenya}}</center> | image = Quenya Example.png | imagesize = 200px | imagecaption = Početok kvenjskoj pesnje ''{{-|[[Namárië]]}}'' napisany [[tengvar]]om i [[Latinica|latiniceju]] | creator = * {{-|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien]]|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Джон Ронал Руел Толкин]]}} | created = okolo 1910–1973 | setting = Fiktivny svět [[Srědzemje|Srědzemja]] | script = * [[latinica]] * [[tengvar]] * [[cirth]] * [[sarati]] | iso3 = qya | linglist = qya | glotto = quen1234 | family = * [[Umětne jezyky]] ** {{-|[[Jezyki Tolkiena]]|[[Jezyki Tolkiena|Jезыкы Толкина]]}} }} '''Kvenja''', takože {{Lang|en|Quenya}} ({{-|''IPA''}} ˈkʷwɛɲja) jest [[umětny jezyk]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conley |first1=Tim |last2=Cain |first2=Stephen |title=Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33188-6}}</ref> jedin iz tyh, ktore jest iznahodil {{-|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Džon R. R. Tolkien]]|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Джон Р. Р. Толкин]]}} dlja [[Elfi|Elfov]] v jego beletristikě o [[Srědzemje|Srědzemju]]. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} počel tvoriti jezyk okolo 1910 goda i restrukturoval jego gramatiku několiko razov, dokud ona ne jest dosegla svojego konečnogo stanja.<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkiena|Толкина}}''.</ref> Slovosbor ostajal odnositelno stabilnym črez ves proces tvorjenja. On poslědovatelno měnjal ime jezyka iz ''{{-|Elfin}}'' i ''{{-|Qenya}}'' na konečno ''{{-|Quenya}}''. [[Finsky jezyk|Finsky]] byl [[Finsky vliv na Tolkiena|važnym iztočnikom inspiracije]],<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkiena|Толкина}}''.</ref> ale {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} byl takože běgly v [[Latinsky jezyk|latinskom jezyku]] i [[Staro-anglijsky jezyk|staro-anglijskom]], i znal [[Davnogrěčsky jezyk|grěčsky]], [[Velšsky jezyk|velšsky]] (glavnu inspiraciju za [[sindarin]], drugy važny {{-|Tolkienov|Толкинов}} elfsky jezyk), i takože starogermanske jezyky, osoblivo [[Gotsky jezyk|gotsky]], v času razvoja kvenji. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest razvival kompleksnu vnutrnu historiju personalij, ktore govorili jego elfskimi jezykami v jihnom vlastnom fiktivnom světu.<ref>Solopova, 2009, s. 75</ref> On promyslil takože, že jego jezyky izměnjajut se i razvivajut se s časom, kako i historične jezyky, ktore on izučal profesionalno: ne vo vakuumu, ale kako rezultat migracij i vzajemodějstv narodov, ktore sut govorili jimi. V ramkah {{-|Tolkienovoj|Толкиновоj}} legendy, kvenja jest jedin iz mnogyh [[Elfski jezyky Srědzemja|elfskih jezykov]], na ktoryh govoret bezsmrtne Elfi, nazvane ''{{LatCyr|Quendi|Квенди||1}}'' ('govoritelje') v kvenje.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 6.</ref> Kvenja prěvodi se prosto kako «jezyk» ili, v kontrastu k inym jezykam, ktore Elfi sut strěčali pozdněje v svojej dolgoj historiji, «elfsky jezyk». Poslě togo, kako [[Razděljenje Elfov|Elfi razdělili se]], kvenja voznikla kako rěč dvoh klanov «Vysokyh Elfov» ili Eldarov — [[Noldori|Noldorov]] i Vanjarov, ktore ostavili Srědzemje, da by žiti v [[Eldamar]]u («Elfovom domu»), v [[Valinor]]u, zemji bezsmrtnyh i bogopodobnyh [[Valari|Valarov]].<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 6 «O Fëanorě i Raskovanju Melkora».</ref> Iz těh dvoh skupin Elfov, večšina Noldorov jest vratila se v Srědzemje, gde jest strěčala govorečyh sindarinskym Sivyh Elfov. Noldori konečno sut prijeli sindarin i koristali kvenju prědže vsego kako ritualny ili poetičny jezyk, dokolě Vanjari, ktore sut ostali v Eldamaru, shranjali sut koristanje kvenje. Ovako, kvenjsky jezyk byl simboličnym dlja vysokogo statusa Elfov — prvorodnoj iz ras Srědzemja — iz-za jihnoj těsnoj svezi s Valinorom. V [[Druga Epoha|Drugoj Epohě]] hronologije Srědzemja [[Ljudi Srědzemja|Ljudi]] [[Numénor]]a naučili se kvenji. V [[Tretja Epoha|Tretjej Epohe]], vrěmenu sobytij «[[Vladar Prstenjev|Vladara Prstenjev]]», kvenja byla izučana kako [[drugy jezyk]] vsemi Elfami noldorskogo proizhodženja, i ona nadaljovala koristati se v govorjenoj i pisanoj formah, ale jihny [[materinsky jezyk]] byl sindarin Sivih Elfov.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', Prilog {{-|F}}: «O Elfah».</ref> Kako Noldori sut ostali v Srědzemju, jihny noldorsky dialekt kvenje takože jest postupno odšel od vanjarskogo dialekta, govorjenogo v Valinoru, podvrgajuči se zvukovnym i gramatičnym izměnam. Kvenjsky jezyk imel važnu rolju v {{-|Tolkienovom|Толкиновом}} «Vladaru Prstenjev», i takože v jego posthumno publikovanoj historiji Srědzemja «[[Silmarilion]]». Najdlžejšy tekst v kvenji, publikovany {{-|Tolkienom|Толкином}} v jego životu, jest pesnja «{{-|[[Namárië]]}}»; ine publikovane teksty ne sut dolžeje než několiko rěčenij. Po svojej smrti {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} ostavil mnogo nepublikovanyh zapisov o kvenji, i pozdněje {{-|Tolkienove|Толкинове}} učeniki sut uporedili jego zapisky i nepublikovane rukopisy dlja publikacije v žurnalah «{{-|[[Parma Eldalamberon]]}}» i «{{-|[[Vinyar Tengwar]]}}», gde takože publikovali naučnu i lingvističnu analizu jezyka.<ref>Solopova, 2009, s. 90</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} nikogda ne jest stvoril dostatočno slovosbora, da by bylo možno razgovarjati po-kvenjsky, hoti ljubitelje pišut poeziju i prozu v kvenji od 1970-yh godov. Tuto pričinilo prědpoloženja i potrěbu tvoriti nova slova, v realnosti razvivajuči svojego roda neo-kvenju. == Vněšnja historija == {{-|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien]]|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Джон Ронал Руел Толкин]]}} začel konstruovati svoj prvy elfsky jezyk okolo 1910–1911 goda, buduči v škole Kralja Edvarda v [[Birmingham]]u.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conley |first1=Tim |last2=Cain |first2=Stephen |title=Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33188-6}}</ref> Pozdněje on nazval jego ''{{-|Qenya}} '' (okolo 1915 goda), i ješče pozdněje izměnil pravopis na ''{{-|Quenya}} ''. V toj čas on byl uže znancem [[Latinsky jezyk|latinskogo jezyka]] , [[Davnogrečsky jezyk|grečskogo]], [[Špansky jezyk|španskogo]], i několika starogermanskyh jezykov, kako [[Gotsky jezyk|gotsky]], [[Staronordsky jezyk|staronordsky]], i [[Staro-anglijsky jezyk|staro-anglijsky]].<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}a''.</ref> On iznahodil něktore kriptografične kody, i dva ili tri umětne jezyky. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} zainteresoval se finskoju mitologijeju [[Kalevala|Kalevaly]], potom izučil [[Finski jezyk|finsky]], ktory on nahodil estetično zadovoljajučim iztočnikom inspiracije dlja jego Vysokoelfskogo jezyka. Mnogo lět pozdněje on napisal: «To bylo kako iznahoditi cělu vinicu, napolnjenu flašami udiviteljnogo vina roda i vkusa, kakogo nikogda prědže ne byh odvědal. To mene sovsěm opijanilo».<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}a''.</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest pisal ob ingredientah kvenji: <blockquote> Ingredienty v kvenji sut raznorodne, ale izrabotane v samokonsistentny harakter, točno ne podobny libokakomu jezyku, ktory ja znam. Finsky, s ktorym ja znajomil se, kogda prědže počel konstruovati «mitologiju», byl dominantnym vlivanjem, ale toj byl mnogo ograničeny <nowiki>[v pozdnej kvenji]</nowiki>. On pozastavaje v něktoryh harakteristikah: kako odsutnost početkovo libokakyh konsonantnyh skupin, odsutnost zvučnyh plozivov ''b, d, g'' (izvedenyh v ''mb, nd, ng, ld, rd'', ktore sut blagoraspoložene) i ljubov k koncovkam ''-inen, -ainen, -oinen'', i takože v něktoryh točkah gramatiky, kako sut padežne zakončenja ''-sse'' (početok v ili na), ''-nna'' (dviženje k, premo), i ''-llo'' (dviženje iz); prisvojiteljne zaimenniky takože sut izražene sufiksami; nema roda.<ref group=T>Iz pisma W. R. Mettjusu, datovannogo 13–15 junija 1964, publikovanogo v {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 135.</ref></blockquote> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} nikogda ne naměrjal kvenju ili kake-libo ine svoje umětne jezyky koristati vo vsakodennom životu kako [[medžunarodny pomočny jezyk]],<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 76</ref> hoti poddržival ideju [[Esperanto|esperanta]] kako pomočnogo jezyka v Evropě.<ref>{{-|Fimi, 2010}}, s. 95–99</ref> So svojeju kvenjeju {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} naslědoval dvojny estetičny cělj: «klasičnost i měnlivost».<ref group=T>Iz pisma W. R. Mettjusu, {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 135.</ref> Toj impuls byl važnoju motivacijeju dlja jego tvorjenja «mitologije». V času razvoja jezyka {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} čul, že on potrěboval govoriteljev, vključno s jihnoju vlastnoju historijeju i mitologijeju, ktore, kako on myslil, davajut jezyku jego «individualny vkus».<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', «Predslovje k vtoromu izdanju».</ref><ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 75</ref> «Vladar Prstenjev», po {{-|Tolkienu|Толкину}}, «byl prědže vsego lingvistično inspirovany i byl počety, da by dati potrěbny fon 'historije' dlja elfskyh jezykov».<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', «Predslovje k vtoromu izdanju».</ref> Toj proces, naprvo iznahodženje jezyka i potom tvorjenje pozadja dlja jego fiktivnyh govoriteljev byl opisan kako unikalny.<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. p75–76</ref> [[Dimitra Fimi]], {{-|Tolkienova|Толкинова}} učenica, utvrdžaje, že {{-|Tolkienovo|Толкиново}} iznahodženje {{-|Q|К}}en{{-|y|j}}i počalo se kako iskanje idealnogo jezyka, da by odpovědal moralnym i estetičnym cěljam tvorjenja «mitologije za Angliju».<ref>{{-|Fimi, 2010}}, s. 97</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} považal kvenju kako «jedin jezyk, ktory byl skonstruovany da by dati zaigrati mojemu vlastnomu najnormalnějšemu fonetičnomu vkusu».<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Čudovišča i kritiki'', s. 212.</ref> Od početka {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} koristal [[Komparativna filologija|komparativnu filologiju]] i [[model dreva]] kako svoje glavne orudja v umětnyh jezykah.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, pismo čitatelju, {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 61.</ref> On obyčno začinal s fonologičeskoj sistemy [[prajezyk]]a i potom prodolžal iznahodženjem dlja vsakogo [[Dočersky jezyk|dočerskogo jezyka]] trěbnoj sekvencie [[Glasova izměna|glasovyh izměn]]. === Razvoj === V svojem životu {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} eksperimentoval neustalo so svojimi umětnymi jezykami, i oni byli podvrgnuty mnogym revizijam. Kvenja imala mnogo gramatik so značnymi različjami medžu raznymi etapami svojego razvoja. V času prvogo konceptualnogo etapa ''rannjej kvenji'' od okolo 1910 do okolo 1920 goda, jezyk se nazyval ''{{-|Elfin}}'' v anglijskom i ''{{-|Eldarissa}} '' v samoj {{-|Q|К}}en{{-|y|j}}i. Dokolě jejny razvoj byl bezprěryvnym procesom, kvenja jest prošla několiko važnyh revizij v svojej gramatikě, prědže vsego v spreženju i sistemě zaimennikov. Slovosbor, jednakože, ne byl podvrgnut naglym ili krajnym izměnam. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} poněkogda měnjal značenje slova, ale on bez malogo nikogda ne izkydyval jego kogda iznahodil, i on prodolžal izlěpšati jego smysl i bezčislenno kovati nove sinonimy. Pozdněje, po publikaciji «Vladara Prstenjev» (zakončenogo okolo 1949–1950, publikovanogo v 1954–1955 godah), gramatične pravila kvenji prohodet ješče nemnogo izměn, i tuta versija byla potom klasifikovana kako ''pozdnja kvenja'' (okolo 1950–1973). Napisanje ''{{-|Qenya}}'' se loněkogda koristaje da by razlučiti ''rannju kvenju'' od pozdnejših verzij. {{-|Qenya}} odličaje se od pozdnjej kvenji zato že imaje inaku vnutrnu historiju, slovosbor i gramatične pravila, kako opisano v «{{-|Qenyaqetsa}}».<ref>«{{-|Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon by J. R. R. Tolkien}}», publikovany v {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} nomer 12.</ref> [[Dimitra Fimi]] prědpokladaje, že {{-|Qenya}}, kakova jest v «{{-|Qenyaqetsa}}», była zamysljena kako mističny jezyk, ibo leksikon sodrživaje mnogo slov s jasnymy religioznymi konotacijami.<ref>{{-|Fimi, 2010}}, s. 98</ref> V ranih 1930-yh godah {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest rěšil, že prajezyk Elfov byl [[Valarin]], jezyk bogov ili Valarov: «Jezyk Elfov proishodil v početku iz Valarov, ale oni měnjali go uže v procesu naučenija, i čtovyše, izměnjali i obogačali jego vsaky čas svojim vlastnym iznahodženjem».<ref group=T>Tolkien, 2010, {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), ss. 18–28.</ref> Okolo deseti lět pozdněje, {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} izměnil teoriju o proishodženiju elfskogo prajezyka. Vměsto naučenija od Valarov, Elfi sut stvorili izvorny jezyk '''{{-|Quenderin}}''', ktory stal se prajezykom elfskoj jezykovoj rodiny.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, {{-|«Lambion Ontale: Descent of Tongues», Tengwesta Qenderinwa 2, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (18), s. 71.</ref> Elfska jezykova sěmja sodrživaje kvenju, [[telerin]], [[sindarin]] i [[nandorin]]. Druga harakteristika kvenji, pripominajuča drěvne prirodne jezyky kako davnogrčsky, staro-anglijsky ili sanskrit, jest [[Dvojina|dvojinno]] gramatično čislo, ktore koristaje se v dodatok k jedinstvennomu i množnomu.<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 77</ref> === Publikacija lingvističnyh tekstov === Dva žurnala, {{-|''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]''}} od nomera 39 (julij 1998), i {{-|''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''}} od nomera 11 (1995), byli sut ekskluzivno posvěčeny redaktovanju i publikaciji {{-|Tolkienovoj|Толкиновоj}} masy nepublikovanyh lingvističnyh papirov.<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 90</ref> Važne gramatične teksty, aluzivno vozpominane v seriji «[[Historija Srědzemja]]» i opisane kako skoro nečitajeme ili dosta nerazumlive, byli sut publikovane v tutyh dvoh žurnalah. «Rannjaa Kvenjska gramatika», napisana {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om okolo 1925 goda, byla redaktovana i publikovana v {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} nomer 14.<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon'' (14).}}</ref> === Naučne izslědovanja === V 1992 godu, suglasno {{-|Tolkienovomu|Толкиновому}} učenjiku [[Karl F. Hostetter|Karlu F. Hostetteru]], {{-|Tolkienov|Толкинов}} učenjik {{-|Anthony Appleyard|Антони Еплjард}} jest stvorill «prvo kompleksno pokušenje ... sistematizovati kvenjsku gramatiku v světle novyh informacij, publikovanyh v 'Historiji Srědzemja', osobenno v Etimologijah».<ref>{{-|{{Cite journal |last=Hostetter |first=Carl F. |title=Tolkienian Linguistics: The First Fifty Years |journal=Tolkien Studies |volume=4 |year=2007 |pages=1–46 |doi=10.1353/tks.2007.0022}}}}</ref> V 2008 godu, kompjuterny lingvist {{-|Paul Strack|Пол Страк}} stvoril {{-|Elvish Data Model}} (skračeno «{{-|Eldamo}}») da by sostaviti leksikon — slovnik i analizu izvoja jezyka — vsih {{-|Tolkienovyh|Толкиновых}} jezykov.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack |first=Paul |title=Eldamo – An Elvish Lexicon |url=https://eldamo.org/index.html |date=11 December 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |+ Grupovanje variantov kvenji po periodam<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack |first=Paul |title=Eldamo – An Elvish Lexicon |url=https://eldamo.org/index.html |date=11 December 2022}}</ref> |- ! Rannji (1910 do 1930) !! Srědnji (do 1950) !! Pozdnji (do 1973) |- | <poem>Rannji Primitivny Elfsky jezyk Rannja Kvenja</poem> | <poem>Srědnji Primitivny Elfsky jezyk Srědnja Stara Kvenja Srědnja Kvenja Lindarin</poem> | <poem>Primitivny Elfsky jezyk Stara Kvenja Kvenja Vanjarin</poem> |} Lingvist Alexander St{{-|ai|е}}nton publikoval analizu prosodijnoj struktury kvenji v 2022 godu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stainton |first=Alexander |title=Quenya Prosodic Structure |journal=Western Papers in Linguistics |date=2022 |volume=5 |issue=1}}</ref> === Koristanje kvenji === Pokušanija ljubiteljov pisati v kvenji počali se v 1970-yh godah, kogda ves korpus publikovanogo elfskogo jezyka sodržival toliko několiko sot slov. Od togo časa koristanje elfskogo procvětalo v pesnjah i tekstah, frazah i imenah, i daže tatuažah.<ref name="companion">{{-|{{Cite book |first1=Christina |last1=Scull |last2=Hammond |first2=Wayne G. |year=2006 |title=The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide |volume=2 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |pages=476–82}}}}</ref> Ale {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} sam nikogda ne dělal svoje jezyky dostatočno polnymi dlja razgovora. V rezultatu, novo stvorjene elfske teksty vključajut prědpoloženija i poněkogda kovanje novyh slov. == Vnutrenja historija == Elfske jezyky sut [[Jezykova sěmja|semjeju]] několika srodnyh jezykov i narěčij. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest fiktivno predstavil elfsku spoločnost s [[vernakular]]nym jezykom dlja vsakodennogo koristanja, ''{{-|Tarquesta}}'', i bolje obrazovanym jezykom dlja koristanja v ceremonijah i nauki, ''{{-|Parmaquesta}}''.<ref>{{-|{{Cite journal |last=Garth |first=John |title=Quenya Phonology: Comparative Tables |journal=Tolkien Studies |volume=8 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1353/tks.2011.0013}}}}</ref> === Primitivna Kvěndija === Elfi na počatku sovměstno imali jedin jezyk, Primitivnu Kvěndiju, nazvanu ''{{-|Quenderin}}'' v kvenji. Medžu [[Eldari|Eldarami]], to jest tymi Elfami, ktore sut podjeli Veliky Pohod v [[Valinor]] i [[Eldamar]], Primitivna Kvěndija razvila se v občoeldarinsku.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, {{-|«Tengwesta Qenderinwa», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (18), s. 72.</ref> Něktori iz Eldarov sut ostali v [[Beleriand]]u i stali Sivimy Elfami; jihny jezyk razvil se v [[sindarin]]. Večšina inyh Eldarov prodolžala putoavje v Eldamar i osnovala veliky grad Tirion, gde razvili kvenju.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 6; takože «Kvenja» v anotirovanom Ukazatelju, s. 346.</ref> Starša forma kvenji, prvokratno zapisana v [[Sarati|saratah]] Rúmila, nazyva se Stara ili Drěvna Kvenja (''{{-|Yára-Quenya}}'' v kvenji). V Eldamaru, Noldori i Vanjari govorili dvoma slegka različnymi, no vzajemno razumlivymi narěčjami Tarkvesta: ''Noldorinska Kvenja'' i ''Vanjarinska Kvenja''.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. Tolkien, {{-|«Tengwesta Qenderinwa 2», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (18), s. 75.</ref> Pozdněje Noldorinska Kvenja se stala ''Izgnaněčskoju Kvenjeju'', kogda večšina Noldorskyh Elfov slědovala jih vodjitelju [[Fëanor]]u v izgnanje iz Eldamara i nazad v Srědzemje, gde sut vprvo probudili se bezsmrtne Elfi.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, {{-|«Words, Phrases and Passages», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 128.</ref> === Koristanje Elfami, Valarami i Ljudjmi === Kvenja koristala se bogopodobnymi Valarami. Elfi sut prijeli někake [[Pozajeto slovo|pozajete slova]] iz jezyka Valarov, ktory nayzval se Valarin v kvenji, hoti tyh bylo vyše vo Vanjarinskom narěčji než v Noldorskom.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 1994, «Part Four. Quendi and Eldar: Appendix D», s. 398.}}</ref> To je bylo verojetno iz-za trajno těsnyh odnošenij Vanjarskih Elfov s Valarom. Elfi Tretjego Klana, ili [[Teleri]], ktore sut dosegli Eldamara pozdněje, než Noldora i Vanjara, govorili odličnym, ale těsno srodnym jezykom, obyčno nazyvanym [[Telerin]]skym. Nektore Elfi videli jego toliko narěčjem kvenji. To ne bylo věrno s historičnogo gledišča, hoti može byti věrno s lingvističnogo.<ref>{{-|{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Dickerson |first=Matthew |title=Elves: Kindreds and Migrations |encyclopedia=J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-86511-1 |pages=152–154}}}}</ref> Buntujuči se [[Noldori]], ktore sledovali Fëanoru v Srědzemje, govorili toliko kvenjeju. Ale [[Elu Thingol]], Kralj [[Sindarove|Sindarov]] Belerianda, jest zabranil koristanje kvenji v jego carstvě, kogda uznal ob ubijstvu Telerinskyh Elfov Noldorami.<ref group=T>''Silmarilion'', gl. 15.</ref> Tym on i ograničil možnost Sindarov ulěpšati i prosvětljati svoj jezyk vlivanjami iz kvenji, i uskoril «směnšenje i duhovno obědnjenje» Noldorskoj kultury.<ref>Flieger, 2002, s. 136</ref> Noldori v toj čas byli polno ovladli sindarinskym, dokolě Sindari byli sut pomali v naučeniju se kvenji. Od [[Vtora Epoha (Elfi)|Vtoroj Epohy]] dalje, kvenja koristala se ceremonijno [[Čelověci Srědzemja|Ljudmi]] [[Numénor]]a i jihnymi potomkami v [[Gondor]]u i Arnoru dlja oficialnyh imen kraljev i kraljic; ta praktika byla obnovjena [[Aragorn]]om kogda on prěvzal koronu kako Elessar Tel{{-|c|к}}ontar.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', ''Povrat Kralja'', {{-|«Steward and the King»}}.</ref> Kvenja v Tretjej Epohě imala skoro toj isty status, kako [[Latinsky jezyk|latinsky]] v srědnjevěčnoj [[Evropa|Evropě]], i byla nazvana {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om ''{{-|Elven-latin}}''.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', Priloga F: «O Elfah».</ref> == Fonetika == {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} opisal izgovorjenje elfskih jezykov Elfami, Ljudmi i Hobbitami v različnih iztočnikah. Dokumentacija o fonetikě pozdnjej kvenji sodrživaje se v Prilogě E «Vladara Prstenjev» i v «{{-|Outline of Phonology}}», jednom iz {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ovyh tekstov, publikovanom v ''Parma Eldalamberon'' nomer 19.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), ss. 68–107.</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} osnoval izgovorjenje kvenji bolje na [[Latinsky jezyk|latinskom jezyku]] než na [[Finska fonetika|finskoj fonetikě]]. Tako, kvenje nedostavaje [[Harmonija samoglasok|harmonije samoglasok]] i [[Gradacija suglasok|gradacije suglasok]], prisutnyh v finskom, i [[udarjenje]] ne jest vsegda na prvom slogu slova. Tipičske finske elementy kako prědnje samoglasky ''{{-|ö}}'', ''{{-|ä}}'' i ''{{-|y}}'' nedostajut kvenji, ale fonetične podobnosty vključajut odsutnost aspirovanyh nezvučnyh plozivov ili razvoj slogov {{-|''ti'' > ''si''}} v obohdvoh jezykah. Kombinacija latinskoj osnovy s finskimi pravilami fonetiky dala rezultatom produkt, ktory jest podobny italijanskomu vo mnogyh odnošenjah, a toj byl {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ov omiljeny sovrěmenny romansky jezyk.<ref> ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}a'', #223.</ref> === Suglasky === Kvenjska sistema suglasok imaje 6 glavnyh měst artikulacije: [[Labialna suglaska|labialno]] (vključajuče guby), [[Dentalna suglaska|dentalno]] (vključajuče jezyk i zadnju stranu zubov), [[Alveolarna suglaska|alveolarno]], [[Palatalna suglaska|palatalno]], [[Velarna suglaska|velarno]], i [[Glotalna suglaska|glotalno]]. Čto važno, zvučne [[ploziv]]y javjajut se toliko poslě [[Nosova suglaska|nosovyh]] i [[Likvidna suglaska|likvidnyh]], to jest nema prostogo {{-|/b, d, g/}}, ale toliko skupiny {{-|/mb, nd, ld, rd, ŋg/}}, i te javjajut se toliko medžu vokalami.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 75</ref> :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Kvenjske suglasky<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), s. 88.</ref> ! ! Labijalny ! Alveolarny ! Palatalny ! Velarny ! Glotalny |- ! Nosovy | {{-|m}} || {{-|n}} || || {{-|ŋ}} || |- ! Ploziv | {{-|p b}} || {{-|t d}} || || {{-|k g}} || |- ! Frikativ | {{-|f v}} || {{-|s}} || {{-|(ç)}} || {{-|x}} || {{-|h}} |- ! Tril | || {{-|r}} || || || |- ! Poluglasky | {{-|(ʍ) w}} || || {{-|j}} || || |- ! Lateralny | || {{-|l}} || || || |} Kvenjska ortografija (koristajuči latinicu) sleduje MFA, ale koristaje {{-|⟨c⟩}} kako alternativu za {{-|⟨k⟩}}, piše se {{-|(IPA [ŋ])}}, za ktoroju ne slěduje druga velarna kako {{-|⟨ñ⟩}}, i predstavjaje suglasky {{-|(IPA [ç ʍ])}} koristanjem digrafov {{-|⟨hy hw⟩}}.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), s. 88.</ref> === Samoglasky === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right" |+ Kvenjske samoglasky<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 76</ref> ! ! Prědnje ! Zadnje |- ! Zatvorjene || {{-|i(ː)}} || {{-|u(ː)}} |- ! Poluotvorjene prědnje || {{-|eː}} || {{-|oː}} |- ! Poluotvorjene zadnje || {{-|ɛ}} || {{-|ɔ}} |- ! Otvorjene |colspan=2| a(ː) |} Kvenja imaje pet [[Samoglaska|samoglasok]] i razliku dolžiny. Kratke samoglasky sut {{-|/a, e, i, o, u/}}, a dolge pišut se s akcentom kako {{-|⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩}}. Točna kakost samoglasok ne jest znana, ale jihny izgovor jest verojetno bliže k «čistym» samoglaskam italijanskogo i španskogo, než k dvuglasnym anglijskym.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm |title=Quenya – the Ancient Tongue. Elementary Phonology |first=Helge K. |last=Fauskanger |publisher=University of Bergen}}</ref> Pozdnja Noldorinska Kvenja imaje 6 dvoglasok (kvenjsky ''{{-|ohloni}}''): {{-|/iu, eu, ai, au, oi, ui/}}. Vse oni sut [[Padajuča dvuglaska|padajuče]], s izključenjem {{-|/iu/ (IPA [ju])}} ktora jest vozdvigajuča se.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 76</ref> === Slogy i udarjenje === V kvenji, udarjenje sloga jest prědvidimo i nefonemično (to jest smysl slova nikogda ne měnjaje se zavisno od naglasa), ale jest čestečno naznačeno [[Težina sloga|težinoju sloga]]. Slova iz dvoh slogov imajut udarjenje na prvom slogu. V slovah iz trěh ili vyše slogov, udarjenje jest na prědposlědnom slogu, ako li toj jest těžky, inače na tretjem slogu od konca. Tuto pravilo naglasa jest jednakovo s [[Latinška fonologija|latinskim pravilom udarjenja]].<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), s. 88.</ref> == Gramatika == Gramatika kvenji jest [[Aglutinativny jezyk|aglutinativna]] i v osnově [[sufiks]]alna, to jest, različne slovesne čestice sjedinjajut se pridavanjem jih na konci. Ona imaje osnovne klasy slov — [[glagol]]y, [[imennik]]y i [[zaimennik]]y/oprědělitelje, [[pridavnik]]y i [[prědlog]]y. Imenniki sut sklanjane po padežu i čislu. Glagoly sut spregajeme po vrěmenu i vidu, i po suglasovanju s subjektom i objektom. V rannjej kvenji, pridavniky suglasujut se s imennikom, ktory modifikujut, po padežu i čislu, ale ne v pozdnjej kvenji, gde tuto suglasovanje utračaje se. Osnovny slovoslěd jest [[subjekt-glagol-objekt]]. Ako ne ukazano inače, priměry v tutoj sekciji odnoset se k Pozdnjoj Kvenje kako ju {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} prědstavoval poslě 1951 goda. '''[[Padež]]e kvenje sut''': * [[nominativ]] (imeniteljnik); * [[genitiv]] (roditeljnik); * [[posesiv]] (prisvojiteljny); * [[dativ]] (dateljnik); * [[akuzativ]] (viniteljnik); * [[lokativ]] (městny); * [[alativ]] (vhodno-městny); * [[ablativ]] (izhodno-městny); * [[instrumental]] (tvoriteljnik); * «elfinitiv», «zagadočny padež» — pravdopodobno, jest raznovidnostju městnika abstraktnogo vida, napodobje ''{{-|fëas}}'' «v duši». '''Čisla''' * [[Jednina]] (''jedinstveno čislo'') — označaje jedin prědmet. * [[Dvojina]] (''dvojstveno čislo'') — označaje neoddělimu paru prědmetov, napriměr «ruky». Ješče jedin harakterističny priměr — v kvenja o najlěpših prijateljah govoret ''meldu'', to jest «para prijateljev». To pokazuje, koliko oni sut blizki. * [[Množina]] (''množstveno čislo'') — označaje několiko prědmetov. * Sborno čislo (''multipleks'') — označaje neoddělimu grupu prědmetov, napriměr, «narod», ili oprěděljenu grupu prědmetov, ako koristi se s oprěděljenym artiklom. Priměry podobnyh čisel v medžuslovjanskom i anglijskom jezykah. * Jednina — «člověk; cvět»; ''{{-|person}}''. * Dvojina — «rukavy; oči»; ''{{-|sleeves}}''. * Množina — «ljudi; cvěty» (ale ne «cvětje»); ~''{{-|persons}}''. * Sborno — «narod; cvětje» (ale ne «cvěty»); ''{{-|people}}''. === Imenniky === Kvenjske imenniky mogut iměti do četyreh čisel: jedninu, obču [[Množina|množinu]] («množina 1»), čestičnu/[[Partitivna množina|partitivnu množinu]] («množina 2») i [[Dvojina|dvojinu]].<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. p78–79</ref> V pozdnej Kvenjskoj Tarkvestě množina tvori se sufiksom k subjektnoj formě imennika: za «množinu 1» sufiks jest ''{{-|-i}}'' ili ''{{-|-r}}''; za «množinu 2» sufiks jest ''{{-|-li}}''.<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «Words, Phrases and Passages», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 135.</ref> Kvenjske imenniky sklanjajut se po [[padež]]am. Parmakvestna Kvenja imaje deset [[padež]]ev.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. p79–80</ref> One vključajut četyri glavnyh padežev: [[nominativ]], [[akuzativ]], [[genitiv]] i [[Instrumentalny padež|instrumentalny]]; tri adverbialne padeže: [[Alativny padež|alativny]] (iz ktorogo [[dativ]] jest skračena forma), [[lokativ]] (takože s skračenoju formoju) i [[ablativ]]; i [[Posesivny padež|posesivny]] ili pridavnikovy padež. Akuzativ byl koriščeny toliko v Parmakvestě i byl zaměnjeny nominativom v pozdnej govorjenoj kvenji.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 80</ref> [[Imennik]]y v kvenji, voobče, dělet se na tri [[Sklonjenje (lingvistika)|sklonjenja]], ale jest mnogo izključenji, svezanyh s [[Etimologija|etimologijeju]] slov. ==== Prvo sklonjeńje ==== K prvomu sklonjenju prinaležet imenniky, končajuče se na suglasku, napriměr, «kralj» i «dom». {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;" |- ! Padež !! Jed. č. !! Dvoj. č. !! Mn. č. !! Sbor. č. |- | [[Imeniteljnik]] || ''{{-|aran}}'' || ''{{-|aranu}}'' || ''{{-|arani}}'' || ''{{-|araneli}}'' |- | [[Roditeljnik]] || ''{{-|arano}}'' || ''{{-|aranuo}}'' || ''{{-|aranion}}'' || ''{{-|aranelion}}'' |- | [[Prisvojiteljny padež|Prisvojiteljny]] || ''{{-|aranwa}}'' || ''{{-|aranuva}}'' || ''{{-|araníva}}'' || ''{{-|aranelíva}}'' |- | [[Dateljnik]] || ''{{-|aranen}}'' || ''{{-|aranuen}}'' || ''{{-|aranin}}'' || ''{{-|aranelin}}'' |- | [[Viniteljnik]] || ''{{-|aran}}'' || ''{{-|aranu}}'' || ''{{-|araní}}'' || ''{{-|aranelí}}'' |- | [[Městnik]] || ''{{-|aranessë}}'' || ''{{-|aranussë}}'' || ''{{-|aranissen}}'' || ''{{-|aranelissen}}'' |- | [[Alativ]] || ''{{-|aranenna}}'' || ''{{-|aranunna}}'' || ''{{-|araninnar}}'' || ''{{-|aranelinnar}}'' |- | [[Ablativ]] || ''{{-|aranello}}'' || ''{{-|aranullo}}'' || ''{{-|aranillor}}'' || ''{{-|aranelillon}}'' |- | [[Tvoriteljnik]] || ''{{-|arannen}}'' || ''{{-|aranunen}}'' || ''{{-|araninen}}'' || ''{{-|aranelínen}}'' |- | Abstraktno-městny || ''{{-|aranes}}'' || ''{{-|aranus}}'' || ''{{-|aranis}}'' || ''{{-|aranelis}}'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;" |- ! Padež !! Jed. č. !! Dvoj. č. !! Mn. č. !! Sbor. č. |- | [[Imeniteljnik]] || ''{{-|már}}'' || ''{{-|mardu}}'' || ''{{-|mardi}}'' || ''{{-|mardeli}}'' |- | [[Roditeljnik]] || ''{{-|mardo}}'' || ''{{-|marduo}}'' || ''{{-|mardion}}'' || ''{{-|mardelion}}'' |- | [[Prisvojiteljny padež|Prisvojiteljny]] || ''{{-|marwa}}'' || ''{{-|marduva}}'' || ''{{-|mardiva}}'' || ''{{-|mardelíva}}'' |- | [[Dateljnik]] || ''{{-|marden}}'' || ''{{-|marduen}}'' || ''{{-|mardin}}'' || ''{{-|mardelin}}'' |- | [[Viniteljnik]] || ''{{-|mar}}'' || ''{{-|mardu}}'' || ''{{-|mardí}}'' || ''{{-|mardelí}}'' |- | [[Městnik]] || ''{{-|mardessë}}'' || ''{{-|mardussë}}'' || ''{{-|mardissen}}'' || ''{{-|mardelissen}}'' |- | [[Alativ]] || ''{{-|mardenna}}'' || ''{{-|mardunna}}'' || ''{{-|mardinnar}}'' || ''{{-|mardelinnar}}'' |- | [[Ablativ]] || ''{{-|mardello}}'' || ''{{-|mardullo}}'' || ''{{-|mardillor}}'' || ''{{-|mardelillon}}'' |- | [[Tvoriteljnik]] || ''{{-|mardenen}}'' || ''{{-|mardunen}}'' || ''{{-|mardinen}}'' || ''{{-|mardelínen}}'' |- | Abstraktno-městny || ''{{-|mardes}}'' || ''{{-|mardus}}'' || ''{{-|mardis}}'' || ''{{-|mardelis}}'' |} === Pridavniky === V pozdnoj kvenji, jednotne okončenja sut ''{{-|-a, -ë, -ëa}}'', i rědka forma ''{{-|-in}}'', ktora može byti viděna kako skračena forma ''{{-|-ina}}''. Odgovarajuče množine formy sut ''{{-|-ë, -i, ië}}'', i možlivo ''{{-|-inë}}''.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 87</ref> Kvenjske pridavniky mogut svobodno koristati se kako imenniki, v tom slučaju sut takože sklanjane kako imennik: naprimer, ''{{-|vinya}}'' «novy» može byti koristovany kako ''{{-|vinyar}}'' «novinky».<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «Early Qenya Grammar», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (14), s. 77.</ref> === Prědlogy i prislovniky === V kvenji, jest mnogo podobnosti v formě medžu prědlogami i prislovnikami, ibo gramatičny padež uže prěděljaje odnošenje glagola i objekta.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 90</ref> Tako: '''''{{-|an}}''' {{-|i falmali}} = {{-|i falmali'''nna'''(r)}}'' «na mnogyh valah». Prědlog ''{{-|an}}'' jest srodny s padežnym okončenijem ''{{-|-nna}}''. === Zaimenniky === Kako so vsemi čestmi kvenjskoj gramatiky, sistema zaimennikov byla podvrgnuta mnogym revizijam v času {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ova života, i dostupny korpus ne byl sistematičnym, doklě spisok okončenij ne byl publikovany v {{-|''Vinyar Tengwar'' nr.}} 49 v 2007 godu.<ref>{{-|{{Cite web |url=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm |title=Quenya – the Ancient Tongue: Pronouns |first=Helge K. |last=Fauskanger |publisher=University of Bergen}}}}</ref> V pozdnjej kvenji, zaimenniky imajut kako odvojene ili nězavisne formy, tako i sufiksne formy.<ref group=T>{{-|«Quenya Pronominal Elements», ''Vinyar Tengwar''}}(49), s. 51.</ref> «Ja ljubju jego» (ili «ju») može byti izraženo v kvenji kako ''{{-|Melinyes}}'' ili ''{{-|Melin sé}}''.<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 15.</ref> Ako zaimennik jest subjektom rěčenja, toj prilučaje se k glagolu kako odděljeno slovo prěd glagolom ili kako sufiks poslě glagola v odpovědajučem spreženju: : ''{{-|utúvie-nye-s}}'', doslovno «nahodil-ja-to», «ja nahodil to»<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 100</ref> (sr. izkrik [[Aragorn]]a kogda on nahodil razsadu [[Bělo Drěvo Gondora|Bělogo Drěva]]<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', ''Povrat Kralja'', {{-|«Steward and the King»}}.</ref>). === Glagoly === Po {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}u, «spreženja glagolov <nowiki>[</nowiki>{{-|Q|K}}enji<nowiki>]</nowiki> sut vsegda dost pravilne»,<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «Early Qenya Grammar», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (14), s. 56.</ref> i kvenjske glagoly sut ili v «osobnoj formě» ili v «bezličnoj formě». Kvenjske glagoly negajut se koristanjem «negativnogo glagola'' {{-|ua}}-'' prěd pravilnym glagolom v formě bezličnogo vrěmena.<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 144.</ref> Pozdněkvenjske glagoly imajut takože dvojny suglasovačy morfem ''{{-|-t}}'': : ''{{-|Nai siluva'''t''' elen atta.}}'' «Neka sijajut dvě zvězdy.»<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 43.</ref> [[Svezka]] v pozdnjej kvenji jest glagol ''{{-|na-}}''. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} ukazal, čto on koristaje se toliko pri sjedinjenju pridavnikov, imennikov i zaimennikov v tvrždenjah (ili žednostah), i čto svezka ne koristaje se, kogda smysl jest jasny.<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 9.</ref> Inače svezka jest [[Nulova svezka|nulova]], čto može davati dvuznačne vrěmena bez konteksta: : ''{{-|Eldar ataformaiti}}'' može byti prěloženo kako «Elfi sut oboručni», ili «Elfi byli obouručni».<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 7.</ref> == Slovosbor == Za to, že mnogo {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ovyh zapisov o elfskih jezykah ostavaje neopublikovano, těžko jest znati koliko veliky slovosbor on sozdal. Do 2008 goda, okolo 25.000 elfskih slov bylo publikovano.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kloczko |first=Edward |title=L'Encyclopédie des Elfes |publisher=Le Pré aux Clercs |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-84228-325-4 |page=145}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;" |+ Osnovny slovosbor v kvenji i sindarinu ! Medžuslovjansky || Kvenja || Sindarin |-- | zemlja || {{-|''ambar'', ''cemen''}} || ''{{-|amar}}'', ''{{-|ceven}}'' |-- | nebo || ''{{-|menel}}'' || ''{{-|menel}}'' |-- | voda || ''{{-|nén}}'' || ''{{-|nen}}'' |-- | ogonj || ''{{-|nár}}'' || ''{{-|naur}}'' |-- | muž || ''{{-|nér'' || ''{{-|benn}}'' |-- | žena || ''{{-|nís}}'' || ''{{-|bess}}'' |-- | jesti || ''{{-|mat-}}'' || ''{{-|mad-}}'' |-- | piti || ''{{-|suc-'' || ''{{-|sog-}}'' |-- | veliky || ''{{-|alta'', ''halla}}'' || ''{{-|beleg}}'', ''{{-|daer}}'' |-- | maly || ''{{-|pitya'', ''titta}}'' || ''{{-|niben}}'', ''{{-|tithen}}'' |-- | noć || ''{{-|lóme}}'' || ''{{-|dû}}'' |-- | denj || {{-|''aurë'', ''ré''}} || ''{{-|aur}}'' |} === Vlastne imena === Vlastne imena v kvenji sut imena osob i prědmetov v Srědzemju.<ref group=T>''Silmarilion'', «Ukazatelj» (anotirovan {{-|Ch|К}}risto{{-|ph|ф}}erom {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om), ss. 313–365.</ref> : ''{{-|Estë}}'' «Odpočinok»; ''{{-|Indis}}'' «Nevěsta»; ''{{-|Melcor}}'' «On, ktory Vstaje v Moči»; ''{{-|Nessa}}'' «Mlados»; ''{{-|Varda}}'' «Vznešena»; ''{{-|Voronwë}}'' «Stalny». : ''{{-|Aicanáro}}'' «Sěrepy Ogonj»; ''{{-|Ancalimë}}'' «Najsvětlejša Gospoja»; ''{{-|Curumo}}'' «Hitry Muž»; ''{{-|Fëanáro}}'' «Duh Ognja»; ''{{-|Olórin}}'' «(?)Mečtatelj»; ''{{-|Sauron}}'' «Mrzky». : ''{{-|Ainulindalë}}'' «Muzyka Ainurov»; ''{{-|Eldamar}}'' «Dom Eldarov»; ''{{-|Helcaraxë}}'' «Čeljusti iz Lědu»; ''{{-|Ilúvatar}}'' «Otec Vsih»; ''{{-|Oron Oiolossë}}'' «Věčno Snegoběly Vrh»; ''{{-|Ondolindë}}'' «Kamenj Pesnje»; ''{{-|Turambar}}'' «Gospodar Sudbiny»; ''{{-|Valinor}}'' «Zemja Valarov»; ''{{-|Vingilot}}'' «Pěnny Cvět»; ''{{-|Yavanna}}'' «Davateljnica Plodov». === Vitanje=== Rěč, koristovana kako forma učtivogo obračanja k Elfu (mužu ili ženě) jest '''{{-|Tar}}'''. Medžu Numénoranami to je stalo «Kralj/Kraljica».<ref group=T>''Silmarilion'', «Prilog: Elementy v kvenjskih i sindarinskih imenah», ''tar-''.</ref> * ''Namárië'' jest skrecona forma kvenjskogo ''á na márië'', doslovno «budi dobry/a». To jest formula koristovana v Tarkvestě za privitanje pri strěčanju i pri razlučanju.<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 162.</ref> * Najobyčnejša formula, koristovana Noldorami dlja privitanja jednim drugogo jest ''{{-|(Hara) máriessë!}}'' «(Ostaj) v ščestju!»<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 162.</ref> * Vo «Vladaru Prstenjev», Hobbit [[Frodo Baggins]] koristoval drugy obrat dlja privitanja: ''{{-|Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo!}}'' — «Zvězda sijaje na čas strěčanja našyh putev». To byla tradična formula v vozvyšenom stilu, koristovana medžu ludmi, idučimi protivnymi putami.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 1994}}, s. 367.</ref> * Najobyčnejša formula Noldorov v pri razlučenju jest ''{{-|Áva márië!}}'' «Idi ščestljivo!», ili ''Márienna!'' «K ščestju!»<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 162.</ref> === Čisla === Suglasno {{-|[[Christofer Tolkien|Kristoferu Tolkienu]]|[[Christofer Tolkien|Кристоферу Толкину]]}}, «Eldari sut koristali dvě sistemy čisel — jednu po šestkah (ili duziny) i jednu po peterkah (ili desetkah).»<ref>{{-|''Quettar''}} (13), s. 9.</ref> To jest [[Dvanadestirečna sistema|dvanadsetirečna]] (na osnově 12) i [[Desetirečna sistema|desetirečna]] sistemy. Kvenjsko slovo dlja «deseterečnoj sistemy» jest ''{{-|maquanotië}}'' — «sčitanje rukoju».<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «HFN – The words for 'hand'», ''Vinyar Tengwar'',}} (47), s. 10.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Čisla od 1 do 12 v kvenji ! Čislo !! Kvenja !! Medžuslovjansky |- | 1 || ''{{-|min}}'' || jedin |- | 2 || ''{{-|atta}}'' || dva |- | 3 || ''{{-|neldë}}'' || tri |- | 4 || ''{{-|canta}}'' || četyri |- | 5 || ''{{-|lempë}}'' || pet |- | 6 || ''{{-|enquë}}'' || šest |- | 7 || ''{{-|otso}}'' || sedm |- | 8 || ''{{-|toldo}}'' || osm |- | 9 || ''{{-|nertë}}'' || devet |- | 10 || ''{{-|quëan}}'' || deset |- | 11 || ''{{-|minque}}'' || jedinnadset |- | 12 || ''{{-|yunquë}}'' || dvanadset |} == Sistemy pisanija == {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} večšinoju pisal svoje iznahodene jezyky koristujuči [[Latinica|latinicu]],<ref>Solopova, 2009, s. 88</ref> ale on iznahodil i [[Tolkienove pisma|svoji vlastne sistemy pisanija]] da by odpovědali vnutrennjim historijam svojih jezykov. === Elfske sistemy pisanija === [[Fajl:Quenya written in J. R. R. Tolkien's tengwar script.svg|thumb|upright|Slovo ''{{-|quenya}}'', napisano [[tengwar]]om Fëanora klasičoju metodoju]] {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} soznoval mnogo sistem pisanija dlja svojih Elfov. Najznanějša jest «[[Tengvar]] [[Fëanor]]a», ale prvy, ktory on sozdal okolo 1919 goda, byl «Tengvar Rúmila», takože nazyvany [[Sarati|saratami]]. On rěšil, čto prěde svojego izgnanstva, Noldorske Elfove prěde vsego koristovale saratami Rúmila dlja zapisyvanja Starej Kvenji. V Srědzemje, kvenja bila pisana koristanjem «elfskih run» ili [[cirth]]a, nazvanyh ''certar'' v kvenji. === Latinica === {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ov pravopis kvenji v latinici byl v osnove fonemičny, s každoju litteroju odpovědajučeju specifičnoj fonemě v jezyku.<ref>Krege, 2003, s. 36</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ov standartny pravopis za kvenju koristaje vse litery latinskogo alfabeta s izključenjem ''j'', ''k'' i ''z'', zajedno s ostrym akcentom i diaktitičnymi znakami nad samoglaskami; litery ''ñ'', ''þ'' i ''z'' javjajut se toliko v rannjej kvenji.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', Prilog E, čest I.</ref> == Korpus tekstov == Pesnja «''{{-|Namárië}}''» jest najdolžejšy tekst kvenji, nahodeči se vo «Vladaru Prstenjev», ale prvo rěčenje v kvenji jest izgovoreno Hobbitom; tojo jest pozdrav Froda Elfam: ''{{-|elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo}}''. Ine prim+ery vključajut slova [[Elendil]]a pri doseganju Srědzemja i povtorene [[Aragorn]]om pri jego koronacije: ''{{-|Et Eärello Endorenna utúlien. Sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn' Ambar-metta!}}'' «Z Velikogo Morja v Srědzemje ja prihodim. V tutom městu budu žiti ja i moji potomki do konca světa!»<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', ''Povrat Kralja'', {{-|«Steward and the King»}}.</ref> Krik [[Samvise Gamgee|Sama]] kogda on koristal flakonu Galajdrielje protivu [[Šelob]]a: '{{-|'Aiya Eärendil Elenion Ancalima!}}'' «Pozdrav Eärendilu, najsvětlejša iz zvězd!»<ref group=T>''Povrat Kralja'', gl. 1.</ref> I v ''Silmarilionu'', r+e+cenje ''{{-|Utúlie'n aurë! Aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie'n aurë!}}'' «Denj je prišedl! Pozdrav narodu Eldarov i Otcam Ljudij, denj je prišedl!», kriči Fingon prěd [[Bitva Bezčisljennyh Solz|Bitvoju Bezčisljennyh Solz]].<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 20.</ref> Inye kvenjske pesnje byli deklamovane {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om publično ale nikogda ne publikovane v jego životu sut ''{{-|Oilima Markirya}}'' («Poslednja Arka»), ''{{-|Nieninqe}}'' i ''{{-|Earendel}}'' v jego lěkciji «{{-|A Secret Vice}}», i publikovane v 1983 godu v «Čudoviščah i Kritykah». Hybny fragment pesnji «{{-|Narqelion}}», napisany v rannjej kvenji medžu novembrom 1915 i marecom 1916 godov, byl publikovany {{-|[[Humphrey Carpenter|Humphreyem Carpenterom]]|[[Humphrey Carpenter|Хамфреjем Карпентером]]}} v jego Biografiji.<ref>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (40), april 1999.</ref> == Gledite takože == * [[Elfske jezyky Srědzemja]] * {{-|[[Jezyky konstruovane Džonom R. R. Tolkienom]]|[[Jezyky konstruovane Džonom R. R. Tolkienom|Jезыки, конструоване Джоном Р. Р. Толкином]]}} * [[Sarati]] * [[Sindarin]] * [[Vladar Prstenjev]] * [[Silmarilion]] == Iztočniky == === Prvonačelne iztočniky === :Zapisi v žurnalah {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} i {{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} sodrživajut prědže nepublikovane Tolkienove teksty o jezyku, anotirovane naučnikami — to jest, oni ne sut čisto prvonačelne. <div style="column-count: 2; column-gap: 20px; font-size: 90%;"> <references group = "T"/> </div> === Sekundarne iztočniky === <div style="column-count: 2; column-gap: 20px; font-size: 90%;" class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> <references/> </div> == Literatura == * {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, Džon R. R. ''Vladar Prstenjev''. — London: Allen & Unwin, 1954–1955. * {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, Džon R. R. ''Silmarilion''. — London: Allen & Unwin, 1977. * {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, Džon R. R. ''Historija Srědzemja'' (12 tomov). — London: {{-|Unwin Hyman / HarperCollins}}, 1983–1996. * {{-|Tolkien, John R. R. Outline of Phonology // ''Parma Eldalamberon''. — 2010. — Nr. 19.}} * {{Cite book |last=Fimi |first=Dimitra |title=Tolkien, Race, and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-230-21951-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Flieger |first=Verlyn |title=Splintered Light: Logos and Languages in Tolkien's World |publisher=Kent State University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-87338-744-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Krege |first=Wolfgang |title=Elbisches Wörterbuch |publisher=Klett-Cotta |year=2003 |isbn=3-608-93185-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Pesch |first=Helmut W. |title=Elbisch. Grammatik, Schrift und Wörterbuch der Elbensprache |publisher=Bastei Lübbe |year=2003 |isbn=3-404-20476-X}} * {{Cite book |last=Solopova |first=Elizabeth |title=Languages, Myths and History |publisher=North Landing Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9816607-1-4}} == Vněšnje linky == * [https://www.elvish.org/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</span>] * [https://ardalambion.net/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Ardalambion</span>] — sajt Helgeja Fauskangerja o Tolkienovyh jezykah * [https://www.eldalamberon.com/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Parma Eldalamberon</span>] * [https://www.elvish.org/VT/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Vinyar Tengwar</span>] * [https://eldamo.org/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Eldamo</span>] — {{-|Elvish Data Model Paula Strack}} * [https://www.ambar-eldaron.com/telechargements/quenya-engl-A4.pdf Kvenjsko-anglijsky slovnik] {{Umětne jezyky}} [[Kategorija:Planove jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Umětne jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Fiktivne jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Tolkien]] [[Kategorija:Elfske jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Jezyky subjekat–glagol–objekat]] {{INTERWIKI|Q56383}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} cz9ov8qohuu32wdq3mbf3qyj8p089ki 27555 27553 2026-06-29T12:57:25Z Minorax 40 27555 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Kvenja | nativename = <center>{{-|Quenya}}</center> | image = Quenya Example.png | imagesize = 200px | imagecaption = Početok kvenjskoj pesnje ''{{-|[[Namárië]]}}'' napisany [[tengvar]]om i [[Latinica|latiniceju]] | creator = * {{-|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien]]|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Джон Ронал Руел Толкин]]}} | created = okolo 1910–1973 | setting = Fiktivny svět [[Srědzemje|Srědzemja]] | script = * [[latinica]] * [[tengvar]] * [[cirth]] * [[sarati]] | iso3 = qya | linglist = qya | glotto = quen1234 | family = * [[Umětne jezyky]] ** {{-|[[Jezyki Tolkiena]]|[[Jezyki Tolkiena|Jезыкы Толкина]]}} }} '''Kvenja''', takože {{Lang|en|Quenya}} ({{-|''IPA''}} ˈkʷwɛɲja) jest [[umětny jezyk]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conley |first1=Tim |last2=Cain |first2=Stephen |title=Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33188-6}}</ref> jedin iz tyh, ktore jest iznahodil {{-|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Džon R. R. Tolkien]]|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Джон Р. Р. Толкин]]}} dlja [[Elfi|Elfov]] v jego beletristikě o [[Srědzemje|Srědzemju]]. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} počel tvoriti jezyk okolo 1910 goda i restrukturoval jego gramatiku několiko razov, dokud ona ne jest dosegla svojego konečnogo stanja.<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkiena|Толкина}}''.</ref> Slovosbor ostajal odnositelno stabilnym črez ves proces tvorjenja. On poslědovatelno měnjal ime jezyka iz ''{{-|Elfin}}'' i ''{{-|Qenya}}'' na konečno ''{{-|Quenya}}''. [[Finsky jezyk|Finsky]] byl [[Finsky vliv na Tolkiena|važnym iztočnikom inspiracije]],<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkiena|Толкина}}''.</ref> ale {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} byl takože běgly v [[Latinsky jezyk|latinskom jezyku]] i [[Staro-anglijsky jezyk|staro-anglijskom]], i znal [[Davnogrěčsky jezyk|grěčsky]], [[Velšsky jezyk|velšsky]] (glavnu inspiraciju za [[sindarin]], drugy važny {{-|Tolkienov|Толкинов}} elfsky jezyk), i takože starogermanske jezyky, osoblivo [[Gotsky jezyk|gotsky]], v času razvoja kvenji. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest razvival kompleksnu vnutrnu historiju personalij, ktore govorili jego elfskimi jezykami v jihnom vlastnom fiktivnom světu.<ref>Solopova, 2009, s. 75</ref> On promyslil takože, že jego jezyky izměnjajut se i razvivajut se s časom, kako i historične jezyky, ktore on izučal profesionalno: ne vo vakuumu, ale kako rezultat migracij i vzajemodějstv narodov, ktore sut govorili jimi. V ramkah {{-|Tolkienovoj|Толкиновоj}} legendy, kvenja jest jedin iz mnogyh [[Elfski jezyky Srědzemja|elfskih jezykov]], na ktoryh govoret bezsmrtne Elfi, nazvane ''{{LatCyr|Quendi|Квенди||1}}'' ('govoritelje') v kvenje.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 6.</ref> Kvenja prěvodi se prosto kako «jezyk» ili, v kontrastu k inym jezykam, ktore Elfi sut strěčali pozdněje v svojej dolgoj historiji, «elfsky jezyk». Poslě togo, kako [[Razděljenje Elfov|Elfi razdělili se]], kvenja voznikla kako rěč dvoh klanov «Vysokyh Elfov» ili Eldarov — [[Noldori|Noldorov]] i Vanjarov, ktore ostavili Srědzemje, da by žiti v [[Eldamar]]u («Elfovom domu»), v [[Valinor]]u, zemji bezsmrtnyh i bogopodobnyh [[Valari|Valarov]].<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 6 «O Fëanorě i Raskovanju Melkora».</ref> Iz těh dvoh skupin Elfov, večšina Noldorov jest vratila se v Srědzemje, gde jest strěčala govorečyh sindarinskym Sivyh Elfov. Noldori konečno sut prijeli sindarin i koristali kvenju prědže vsego kako ritualny ili poetičny jezyk, dokolě Vanjari, ktore sut ostali v Eldamaru, shranjali sut koristanje kvenje. Ovako, kvenjsky jezyk byl simboličnym dlja vysokogo statusa Elfov — prvorodnoj iz ras Srědzemja — iz-za jihnoj těsnoj svezi s Valinorom. V [[Druga Epoha|Drugoj Epohě]] hronologije Srědzemja [[Ljudi Srědzemja|Ljudi]] [[Numénor]]a naučili se kvenji. V [[Tretja Epoha|Tretjej Epohe]], vrěmenu sobytij «[[Vladar Prstenjev|Vladara Prstenjev]]», kvenja byla izučana kako [[drugy jezyk]] vsemi Elfami noldorskogo proizhodženja, i ona nadaljovala koristati se v govorjenoj i pisanoj formah, ale jihny [[materinsky jezyk]] byl sindarin Sivih Elfov.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', Prilog {{-|F}}: «O Elfah».</ref> Kako Noldori sut ostali v Srědzemju, jihny noldorsky dialekt kvenje takože jest postupno odšel od vanjarskogo dialekta, govorjenogo v Valinoru, podvrgajuči se zvukovnym i gramatičnym izměnam. Kvenjsky jezyk imel važnu rolju v {{-|Tolkienovom|Толкиновом}} «Vladaru Prstenjev», i takože v jego posthumno publikovanoj historiji Srědzemja «[[Silmarilion]]». Najdlžejšy tekst v kvenji, publikovany {{-|Tolkienom|Толкином}} v jego životu, jest pesnja «{{-|[[Namárië]]}}»; ine publikovane teksty ne sut dolžeje než několiko rěčenij. Po svojej smrti {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} ostavil mnogo nepublikovanyh zapisov o kvenji, i pozdněje {{-|Tolkienove|Толкинове}} učeniki sut uporedili jego zapisky i nepublikovane rukopisy dlja publikacije v žurnalah «{{-|[[Parma Eldalamberon]]}}» i «{{-|[[Vinyar Tengwar]]}}», gde takože publikovali naučnu i lingvističnu analizu jezyka.<ref>Solopova, 2009, s. 90</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} nikogda ne jest stvoril dostatočno slovosbora, da by bylo možno razgovarjati po-kvenjsky, hoti ljubitelje pišut poeziju i prozu v kvenji od 1970-yh godov. Tuto pričinilo prědpoloženja i potrěbu tvoriti nova slova, v realnosti razvivajuči svojego roda neo-kvenju. == Vněšnja historija == {{-|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien]]|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Джон Ронал Руел Толкин]]}} začel konstruovati svoj prvy elfsky jezyk okolo 1910–1911 goda, buduči v škole Kralja Edvarda v [[Birmingham]]u.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conley |first1=Tim |last2=Cain |first2=Stephen |title=Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33188-6}}</ref> Pozdněje on nazval jego ''{{-|Qenya}} '' (okolo 1915 goda), i ješče pozdněje izměnil pravopis na ''{{-|Quenya}} ''. V toj čas on byl uže znancem [[Latinsky jezyk|latinskogo jezyka]] , [[Davnogrečsky jezyk|grečskogo]], [[Špansky jezyk|španskogo]], i několika starogermanskyh jezykov, kako [[Gotsky jezyk|gotsky]], [[Staronordsky jezyk|staronordsky]], i [[Staro-anglijsky jezyk|staro-anglijsky]].<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}a''.</ref> On iznahodil něktore kriptografične kody, i dva ili tri umětne jezyky. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} zainteresoval se finskoju mitologijeju [[Kalevala|Kalevaly]], potom izučil [[Finski jezyk|finsky]], ktory on nahodil estetično zadovoljajučim iztočnikom inspiracije dlja jego Vysokoelfskogo jezyka. Mnogo lět pozdněje on napisal: «To bylo kako iznahoditi cělu vinicu, napolnjenu flašami udiviteljnogo vina roda i vkusa, kakogo nikogda prědže ne byh odvědal. To mene sovsěm opijanilo».<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}a''.</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest pisal ob ingredientah kvenji: <blockquote> Ingredienty v kvenji sut raznorodne, ale izrabotane v samokonsistentny harakter, točno ne podobny libokakomu jezyku, ktory ja znam. Finsky, s ktorym ja znajomil se, kogda prědže počel konstruovati «mitologiju», byl dominantnym vlivanjem, ale toj byl mnogo ograničeny <nowiki>[v pozdnej kvenji]</nowiki>. On pozastavaje v něktoryh harakteristikah: kako odsutnost početkovo libokakyh konsonantnyh skupin, odsutnost zvučnyh plozivov ''b, d, g'' (izvedenyh v ''mb, nd, ng, ld, rd'', ktore sut blagoraspoložene) i ljubov k koncovkam ''-inen, -ainen, -oinen'', i takože v něktoryh točkah gramatiky, kako sut padežne zakončenja ''-sse'' (početok v ili na), ''-nna'' (dviženje k, premo), i ''-llo'' (dviženje iz); prisvojiteljne zaimenniky takože sut izražene sufiksami; nema roda.<ref group=T>Iz pisma W. R. Mettjusu, datovannogo 13–15 junija 1964, publikovanogo v {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 135.</ref></blockquote> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} nikogda ne naměrjal kvenju ili kake-libo ine svoje umětne jezyky koristati vo vsakodennom životu kako [[medžunarodny pomočny jezyk]],<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 76</ref> hoti poddržival ideju [[Esperanto|esperanta]] kako pomočnogo jezyka v Evropě.<ref>{{-|Fimi, 2010}}, s. 95–99</ref> So svojeju kvenjeju {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} naslědoval dvojny estetičny cělj: «klasičnost i měnlivost».<ref group=T>Iz pisma W. R. Mettjusu, {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 135.</ref> Toj impuls byl važnoju motivacijeju dlja jego tvorjenja «mitologije». V času razvoja jezyka {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} čul, že on potrěboval govoriteljev, vključno s jihnoju vlastnoju historijeju i mitologijeju, ktore, kako on myslil, davajut jezyku jego «individualny vkus».<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', «Predslovje k vtoromu izdanju».</ref><ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 75</ref> «Vladar Prstenjev», po {{-|Tolkienu|Толкину}}, «byl prědže vsego lingvistično inspirovany i byl počety, da by dati potrěbny fon 'historije' dlja elfskyh jezykov».<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', «Predslovje k vtoromu izdanju».</ref> Toj proces, naprvo iznahodženje jezyka i potom tvorjenje pozadja dlja jego fiktivnyh govoriteljev byl opisan kako unikalny.<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. p75–76</ref> [[Dimitra Fimi]], {{-|Tolkienova|Толкинова}} učenica, utvrdžaje, že {{-|Tolkienovo|Толкиново}} iznahodženje {{-|Q|К}}en{{-|y|j}}i počalo se kako iskanje idealnogo jezyka, da by odpovědal moralnym i estetičnym cěljam tvorjenja «mitologije za Angliju».<ref>{{-|Fimi, 2010}}, s. 97</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} považal kvenju kako «jedin jezyk, ktory byl skonstruovany da by dati zaigrati mojemu vlastnomu najnormalnějšemu fonetičnomu vkusu».<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Čudovišča i kritiki'', s. 212.</ref> Od početka {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} koristal [[Komparativna filologija|komparativnu filologiju]] i [[model dreva]] kako svoje glavne orudja v umětnyh jezykah.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, pismo čitatelju, {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 61.</ref> On obyčno začinal s fonologičeskoj sistemy [[prajezyk]]a i potom prodolžal iznahodženjem dlja vsakogo [[Dočersky jezyk|dočerskogo jezyka]] trěbnoj sekvencie [[Glasova izměna|glasovyh izměn]]. === Razvoj === V svojem životu {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} eksperimentoval neustalo so svojimi umětnymi jezykami, i oni byli podvrgnuty mnogym revizijam. Kvenja imala mnogo gramatik so značnymi različjami medžu raznymi etapami svojego razvoja. V času prvogo konceptualnogo etapa ''rannjej kvenji'' od okolo 1910 do okolo 1920 goda, jezyk se nazyval ''{{-|Elfin}}'' v anglijskom i ''{{-|Eldarissa}} '' v samoj {{-|Q|К}}en{{-|y|j}}i. Dokolě jejny razvoj byl bezprěryvnym procesom, kvenja jest prošla několiko važnyh revizij v svojej gramatikě, prědže vsego v spreženju i sistemě zaimennikov. Slovosbor, jednakože, ne byl podvrgnut naglym ili krajnym izměnam. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} poněkogda měnjal značenje slova, ale on bez malogo nikogda ne izkydyval jego kogda iznahodil, i on prodolžal izlěpšati jego smysl i bezčislenno kovati nove sinonimy. Pozdněje, po publikaciji «Vladara Prstenjev» (zakončenogo okolo 1949–1950, publikovanogo v 1954–1955 godah), gramatične pravila kvenji prohodet ješče nemnogo izměn, i tuta versija byla potom klasifikovana kako ''pozdnja kvenja'' (okolo 1950–1973). Napisanje ''{{-|Qenya}}'' se loněkogda koristaje da by razlučiti ''rannju kvenju'' od pozdnejših verzij. {{-|Qenya}} odličaje se od pozdnjej kvenji zato že imaje inaku vnutrnu historiju, slovosbor i gramatične pravila, kako opisano v «{{-|Qenyaqetsa}}».<ref>«{{-|Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon by J. R. R. Tolkien}}», publikovany v {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} nomer 12.</ref> [[Dimitra Fimi]] prědpokladaje, že {{-|Qenya}}, kakova jest v «{{-|Qenyaqetsa}}», była zamysljena kako mističny jezyk, ibo leksikon sodrživaje mnogo slov s jasnymy religioznymi konotacijami.<ref>{{-|Fimi, 2010}}, s. 98</ref> V ranih 1930-yh godah {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest rěšil, že prajezyk Elfov byl [[Valarin]], jezyk bogov ili Valarov: «Jezyk Elfov proishodil v početku iz Valarov, ale oni měnjali go uže v procesu naučenija, i čtovyše, izměnjali i obogačali jego vsaky čas svojim vlastnym iznahodženjem».<ref group=T>Tolkien, 2010, {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), ss. 18–28.</ref> Okolo deseti lět pozdněje, {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} izměnil teoriju o proishodženiju elfskogo prajezyka. Vměsto naučenija od Valarov, Elfi sut stvorili izvorny jezyk '''{{-|Quenderin}}''', ktory stal se prajezykom elfskoj jezykovoj rodiny.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, {{-|«Lambion Ontale: Descent of Tongues», Tengwesta Qenderinwa 2, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (18), s. 71.</ref> Elfska jezykova sěmja sodrživaje kvenju, [[telerin]], [[sindarin]] i [[nandorin]]. Druga harakteristika kvenji, pripominajuča drěvne prirodne jezyky kako davnogrčsky, staro-anglijsky ili sanskrit, jest [[Dvojina|dvojinno]] gramatično čislo, ktore koristaje se v dodatok k jedinstvennomu i množnomu.<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 77</ref> === Publikacija lingvističnyh tekstov === Dva žurnala, {{-|''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]''}} od nomera 39 (julij 1998), i {{-|''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''}} od nomera 11 (1995), byli sut ekskluzivno posvěčeny redaktovanju i publikaciji {{-|Tolkienovoj|Толкиновоj}} masy nepublikovanyh lingvističnyh papirov.<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 90</ref> Važne gramatične teksty, aluzivno vozpominane v seriji «[[Historija Srědzemja]]» i opisane kako skoro nečitajeme ili dosta nerazumlive, byli sut publikovane v tutyh dvoh žurnalah. «Rannjaa Kvenjska gramatika», napisana {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om okolo 1925 goda, byla redaktovana i publikovana v {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} nomer 14.<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon'' (14).}}</ref> === Naučne izslědovanja === V 1992 godu, suglasno {{-|Tolkienovomu|Толкиновому}} učenjiku [[Karl F. Hostetter|Karlu F. Hostetteru]], {{-|Tolkienov|Толкинов}} učenjik {{-|Anthony Appleyard|Антони Еплjард}} jest stvorill «prvo kompleksno pokušenje ... sistematizovati kvenjsku gramatiku v světle novyh informacij, publikovanyh v 'Historiji Srědzemja', osobenno v Etimologijah».<ref>{{-|{{Cite journal |last=Hostetter |first=Carl F. |title=Tolkienian Linguistics: The First Fifty Years |journal=Tolkien Studies |volume=4 |year=2007 |pages=1–46 |doi=10.1353/tks.2007.0022}}}}</ref> V 2008 godu, kompjuterny lingvist {{-|Paul Strack|Пол Страк}} stvoril {{-|Elvish Data Model}} (skračeno «{{-|Eldamo}}») da by sostaviti leksikon — slovnik i analizu izvoja jezyka — vsih {{-|Tolkienovyh|Толкиновых}} jezykov.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack |first=Paul |title=Eldamo – An Elvish Lexicon |url=https://eldamo.org/index.html |date=11 December 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |+ Grupovanje variantov kvenji po periodam<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack |first=Paul |title=Eldamo – An Elvish Lexicon |url=https://eldamo.org/index.html |date=11 December 2022}}</ref> |- ! Rannji (1910 do 1930) !! Srědnji (do 1950) !! Pozdnji (do 1973) |- | <poem>Rannji Primitivny Elfsky jezyk Rannja Kvenja</poem> | <poem>Srědnji Primitivny Elfsky jezyk Srědnja Stara Kvenja Srědnja Kvenja Lindarin</poem> | <poem>Primitivny Elfsky jezyk Stara Kvenja Kvenja Vanjarin</poem> |} Lingvist Alexander St{{-|ai|е}}nton publikoval analizu prosodijnoj struktury kvenji v 2022 godu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stainton |first=Alexander |title=Quenya Prosodic Structure |journal=Western Papers in Linguistics |date=2022 |volume=5 |issue=1}}</ref> === Koristanje kvenji === Pokušanija ljubiteljov pisati v kvenji počali se v 1970-yh godah, kogda ves korpus publikovanogo elfskogo jezyka sodržival toliko několiko sot slov. Od togo časa koristanje elfskogo procvětalo v pesnjah i tekstah, frazah i imenah, i daže tatuažah.<ref name="companion">{{-|{{Cite book |first1=Christina |last1=Scull |last2=Hammond |first2=Wayne G. |year=2006 |title=The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide |volume=2 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |pages=476–82}}}}</ref> Ale {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} sam nikogda ne dělal svoje jezyky dostatočno polnymi dlja razgovora. V rezultatu, novo stvorjene elfske teksty vključajut prědpoloženija i poněkogda kovanje novyh slov. == Vnutrenja historija == Elfske jezyky sut [[Jezykova sěmja|semjeju]] několika srodnyh jezykov i narěčij. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest fiktivno predstavil elfsku spoločnost s [[vernakular]]nym jezykom dlja vsakodennogo koristanja, ''{{-|Tarquesta}}'', i bolje obrazovanym jezykom dlja koristanja v ceremonijah i nauki, ''{{-|Parmaquesta}}''.<ref>{{-|{{Cite journal |last=Garth |first=John |title=Quenya Phonology: Comparative Tables |journal=Tolkien Studies |volume=8 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1353/tks.2011.0013}}}}</ref> === Primitivna Kvěndija === Elfi na počatku sovměstno imali jedin jezyk, Primitivnu Kvěndiju, nazvanu ''{{-|Quenderin}}'' v kvenji. Medžu [[Eldari|Eldarami]], to jest tymi Elfami, ktore sut podjeli Veliky Pohod v [[Valinor]] i [[Eldamar]], Primitivna Kvěndija razvila se v občoeldarinsku.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, {{-|«Tengwesta Qenderinwa», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (18), s. 72.</ref> Něktori iz Eldarov sut ostali v [[Beleriand]]u i stali Sivimy Elfami; jihny jezyk razvil se v [[sindarin]]. Večšina inyh Eldarov prodolžala putoavje v Eldamar i osnovala veliky grad Tirion, gde razvili kvenju.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 6; takože «Kvenja» v anotirovanom Ukazatelju, s. 346.</ref> Starša forma kvenji, prvokratno zapisana v [[Sarati|saratah]] Rúmila, nazyva se Stara ili Drěvna Kvenja (''{{-|Yára-Quenya}}'' v kvenji). V Eldamaru, Noldori i Vanjari govorili dvoma slegka različnymi, no vzajemno razumlivymi narěčjami Tarkvesta: ''Noldorinska Kvenja'' i ''Vanjarinska Kvenja''.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. Tolkien, {{-|«Tengwesta Qenderinwa 2», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (18), s. 75.</ref> Pozdněje Noldorinska Kvenja se stala ''Izgnaněčskoju Kvenjeju'', kogda večšina Noldorskyh Elfov slědovala jih vodjitelju [[Fëanor]]u v izgnanje iz Eldamara i nazad v Srědzemje, gde sut vprvo probudili se bezsmrtne Elfi.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, {{-|«Words, Phrases and Passages», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 128.</ref> === Koristanje Elfami, Valarami i Ljudjmi === Kvenja koristala se bogopodobnymi Valarami. Elfi sut prijeli někake [[Pozajeto slovo|pozajete slova]] iz jezyka Valarov, ktory nayzval se Valarin v kvenji, hoti tyh bylo vyše vo Vanjarinskom narěčji než v Noldorskom.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 1994, «Part Four. Quendi and Eldar: Appendix D», s. 398.}}</ref> To je bylo verojetno iz-za trajno těsnyh odnošenij Vanjarskih Elfov s Valarom. Elfi Tretjego Klana, ili [[Teleri]], ktore sut dosegli Eldamara pozdněje, než Noldora i Vanjara, govorili odličnym, ale těsno srodnym jezykom, obyčno nazyvanym [[Telerin]]skym. Nektore Elfi videli jego toliko narěčjem kvenji. To ne bylo věrno s historičnogo gledišča, hoti može byti věrno s lingvističnogo.<ref>{{-|{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Dickerson |first=Matthew |title=Elves: Kindreds and Migrations |encyclopedia=J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-86511-1 |pages=152–154}}}}</ref> Buntujuči se [[Noldori]], ktore sledovali Fëanoru v Srědzemje, govorili toliko kvenjeju. Ale [[Elu Thingol]], Kralj [[Sindarove|Sindarov]] Belerianda, jest zabranil koristanje kvenji v jego carstvě, kogda uznal ob ubijstvu Telerinskyh Elfov Noldorami.<ref group=T>''Silmarilion'', gl. 15.</ref> Tym on i ograničil možnost Sindarov ulěpšati i prosvětljati svoj jezyk vlivanjami iz kvenji, i uskoril «směnšenje i duhovno obědnjenje» Noldorskoj kultury.<ref>Flieger, 2002, s. 136</ref> Noldori v toj čas byli polno ovladli sindarinskym, dokolě Sindari byli sut pomali v naučeniju se kvenji. Od [[Vtora Epoha (Elfi)|Vtoroj Epohy]] dalje, kvenja koristala se ceremonijno [[Čelověci Srědzemja|Ljudmi]] [[Numénor]]a i jihnymi potomkami v [[Gondor]]u i Arnoru dlja oficialnyh imen kraljev i kraljic; ta praktika byla obnovjena [[Aragorn]]om kogda on prěvzal koronu kako Elessar Tel{{-|c|к}}ontar.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', ''Povrat Kralja'', {{-|«Steward and the King»}}.</ref> Kvenja v Tretjej Epohě imala skoro toj isty status, kako [[Latinsky jezyk|latinsky]] v srědnjevěčnoj [[Evropa|Evropě]], i byla nazvana {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om ''{{-|Elven-latin}}''.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', Priloga F: «O Elfah».</ref> == Fonetika == {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} opisal izgovorjenje elfskih jezykov Elfami, Ljudmi i Hobbitami v različnih iztočnikah. Dokumentacija o fonetikě pozdnjej kvenji sodrživaje se v Prilogě E «Vladara Prstenjev» i v «{{-|Outline of Phonology}}», jednom iz {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ovyh tekstov, publikovanom v ''Parma Eldalamberon'' nomer 19.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), ss. 68–107.</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} osnoval izgovorjenje kvenji bolje na [[Latinsky jezyk|latinskom jezyku]] než na [[Finska fonetika|finskoj fonetikě]]. Tako, kvenje nedostavaje [[Harmonija samoglasok|harmonije samoglasok]] i [[Gradacija suglasok|gradacije suglasok]], prisutnyh v finskom, i [[udarjenje]] ne jest vsegda na prvom slogu slova. Tipičske finske elementy kako prědnje samoglasky ''{{-|ö}}'', ''{{-|ä}}'' i ''{{-|y}}'' nedostajut kvenji, ale fonetične podobnosty vključajut odsutnost aspirovanyh nezvučnyh plozivov ili razvoj slogov {{-|''ti'' > ''si''}} v obohdvoh jezykah. Kombinacija latinskoj osnovy s finskimi pravilami fonetiky dala rezultatom produkt, ktory jest podobny italijanskomu vo mnogyh odnošenjah, a toj byl {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ov omiljeny sovrěmenny romansky jezyk.<ref> ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}a'', #223.</ref> === Suglasky === Kvenjska sistema suglasok imaje 6 glavnyh měst artikulacije: [[Labialna suglaska|labialno]] (vključajuče guby), [[Dentalna suglaska|dentalno]] (vključajuče jezyk i zadnju stranu zubov), [[Alveolarna suglaska|alveolarno]], [[Palatalna suglaska|palatalno]], [[Velarna suglaska|velarno]], i [[Glotalna suglaska|glotalno]]. Čto važno, zvučne [[ploziv]]y javjajut se toliko poslě [[Nosova suglaska|nosovyh]] i [[Likvidna suglaska|likvidnyh]], to jest nema prostogo {{-|/b, d, g/}}, ale toliko skupiny {{-|/mb, nd, ld, rd, ŋg/}}, i te javjajut se toliko medžu vokalami.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 75</ref> :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Kvenjske suglasky<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), s. 88.</ref> ! ! Labijalny ! Alveolarny ! Palatalny ! Velarny ! Glotalny |- ! Nosovy | {{-|m}} || {{-|n}} || || {{-|ŋ}} || |- ! Ploziv | {{-|p b}} || {{-|t d}} || || {{-|k g}} || |- ! Frikativ | {{-|f v}} || {{-|s}} || {{-|(ç)}} || {{-|x}} || {{-|h}} |- ! Tril | || {{-|r}} || || || |- ! Poluglasky | {{-|(ʍ) w}} || || {{-|j}} || || |- ! Lateralny | || {{-|l}} || || || |} Kvenjska ortografija (koristajuči latinicu) sleduje MFA, ale koristaje {{-|⟨c⟩}} kako alternativu za {{-|⟨k⟩}}, piše se {{-|(IPA [ŋ])}}, za ktoroju ne slěduje druga velarna kako {{-|⟨ñ⟩}}, i predstavjaje suglasky {{-|(IPA [ç ʍ])}} koristanjem digrafov {{-|⟨hy hw⟩}}.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), s. 88.</ref> === Samoglasky === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right" |+ Kvenjske samoglasky<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 76</ref> ! ! Prědnje ! Zadnje |- ! Zatvorjene || {{-|i(ː)}} || {{-|u(ː)}} |- ! Poluotvorjene prědnje || {{-|eː}} || {{-|oː}} |- ! Poluotvorjene zadnje || {{-|ɛ}} || {{-|ɔ}} |- ! Otvorjene |colspan=2| a(ː) |} Kvenja imaje pet [[Samoglaska|samoglasok]] i razliku dolžiny. Kratke samoglasky sut {{-|/a, e, i, o, u/}}, a dolge pišut se s akcentom kako {{-|⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩}}. Točna kakost samoglasok ne jest znana, ale jihny izgovor jest verojetno bliže k «čistym» samoglaskam italijanskogo i španskogo, než k dvuglasnym anglijskym.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm |title=Quenya – the Ancient Tongue. Elementary Phonology |first=Helge K. |last=Fauskanger |publisher=University of Bergen}}</ref> Pozdnja Noldorinska Kvenja imaje 6 dvoglasok (kvenjsky ''{{-|ohloni}}''): {{-|/iu, eu, ai, au, oi, ui/}}. Vse oni sut [[Padajuča dvuglaska|padajuče]], s izključenjem {{-|/iu/ (IPA [ju])}} ktora jest vozdvigajuča se.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 76</ref> === Slogy i udarjenje === V kvenji, udarjenje sloga jest prědvidimo i nefonemično (to jest smysl slova nikogda ne měnjaje se zavisno od naglasa), ale jest čestečno naznačeno [[Težina sloga|težinoju sloga]]. Slova iz dvoh slogov imajut udarjenje na prvom slogu. V slovah iz trěh ili vyše slogov, udarjenje jest na prědposlědnom slogu, ako li toj jest těžky, inače na tretjem slogu od konca. Tuto pravilo naglasa jest jednakovo s [[Latinška fonologija|latinskim pravilom udarjenja]].<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), s. 88.</ref> == Gramatika == Gramatika kvenji jest [[Aglutinativny jezyk|aglutinativna]] i v osnově [[sufiks]]alna, to jest, različne slovesne čestice sjedinjajut se pridavanjem jih na konci. Ona imaje osnovne klasy slov — [[glagol]]y, [[imennik]]y i [[zaimennik]]y/oprědělitelje, [[pridavnik]]y i [[prědlog]]y. Imenniki sut sklanjane po padežu i čislu. Glagoly sut spregajeme po vrěmenu i vidu, i po suglasovanju s subjektom i objektom. V rannjej kvenji, pridavniky suglasujut se s imennikom, ktory modifikujut, po padežu i čislu, ale ne v pozdnjej kvenji, gde tuto suglasovanje utračaje se. Osnovny slovoslěd jest [[subjekt-glagol-objekt]]. Ako ne ukazano inače, priměry v tutoj sekciji odnoset se k Pozdnjoj Kvenje kako ju {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} prědstavoval poslě 1951 goda. '''[[Padež]]e kvenje sut''': * [[nominativ]] (imeniteljnik); * [[genitiv]] (roditeljnik); * [[posesiv]] (prisvojiteljny); * [[dativ]] (dateljnik); * [[akuzativ]] (viniteljnik); * [[lokativ]] (městny); * [[alativ]] (vhodno-městny); * [[ablativ]] (izhodno-městny); * [[instrumental]] (tvoriteljnik); * «elfinitiv», «zagadočny padež» — pravdopodobno, jest raznovidnostju městnika abstraktnogo vida, napodobje ''{{-|fëas}}'' «v duši». '''Čisla''' * [[Jednina]] (''jedinstveno čislo'') — označaje jedin prědmet. * [[Dvojina]] (''dvojstveno čislo'') — označaje neoddělimu paru prědmetov, napriměr «ruky». Ješče jedin harakterističny priměr — v kvenja o najlěpših prijateljah govoret ''meldu'', to jest «para prijateljev». To pokazuje, koliko oni sut blizki. * [[Množina]] (''množstveno čislo'') — označaje několiko prědmetov. * Sborno čislo (''multipleks'') — označaje neoddělimu grupu prědmetov, napriměr, «narod», ili oprěděljenu grupu prědmetov, ako koristi se s oprěděljenym artiklom. Priměry podobnyh čisel v medžuslovjanskom i anglijskom jezykah. * Jednina — «člověk; cvět»; ''{{-|person}}''. * Dvojina — «rukavy; oči»; ''{{-|sleeves}}''. * Množina — «ljudi; cvěty» (ale ne «cvětje»); ~''{{-|persons}}''. * Sborno — «narod; cvětje» (ale ne «cvěty»); ''{{-|people}}''. === Imenniky === Kvenjske imenniky mogut iměti do četyreh čisel: jedninu, obču [[Množina|množinu]] («množina 1»), čestičnu/[[Partitivna množina|partitivnu množinu]] («množina 2») i [[Dvojina|dvojinu]].<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. p78–79</ref> V pozdnej Kvenjskoj Tarkvestě množina tvori se sufiksom k subjektnoj formě imennika: za «množinu 1» sufiks jest ''{{-|-i}}'' ili ''{{-|-r}}''; za «množinu 2» sufiks jest ''{{-|-li}}''.<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «Words, Phrases and Passages», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 135.</ref> Kvenjske imenniky sklanjajut se po [[padež]]am. Parmakvestna Kvenja imaje deset [[padež]]ev.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. p79–80</ref> One vključajut četyri glavnyh padežev: [[nominativ]], [[akuzativ]], [[genitiv]] i [[Instrumentalny padež|instrumentalny]]; tri adverbialne padeže: [[Alativny padež|alativny]] (iz ktorogo [[dativ]] jest skračena forma), [[lokativ]] (takože s skračenoju formoju) i [[ablativ]]; i [[Posesivny padež|posesivny]] ili pridavnikovy padež. Akuzativ byl koriščeny toliko v Parmakvestě i byl zaměnjeny nominativom v pozdnej govorjenoj kvenji.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 80</ref> [[Imennik]]y v kvenji, voobče, dělet se na tri [[Sklonjenje (lingvistika)|sklonjenja]], ale jest mnogo izključenji, svezanyh s [[Etimologija|etimologijeju]] slov. ==== Prvo sklonjeńje ==== K prvomu sklonjenju prinaležet imenniky, končajuče se na suglasku, napriměr, «kralj» i «dom». {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;" |- ! Padež !! Jed. č. !! Dvoj. č. !! Mn. č. !! Sbor. č. |- | [[Imeniteljnik]] || ''{{-|aran}}'' || ''{{-|aranu}}'' || ''{{-|arani}}'' || ''{{-|araneli}}'' |- | [[Roditeljnik]] || ''{{-|arano}}'' || ''{{-|aranuo}}'' || ''{{-|aranion}}'' || ''{{-|aranelion}}'' |- | [[Prisvojiteljny padež|Prisvojiteljny]] || ''{{-|aranwa}}'' || ''{{-|aranuva}}'' || ''{{-|araníva}}'' || ''{{-|aranelíva}}'' |- | [[Dateljnik]] || ''{{-|aranen}}'' || ''{{-|aranuen}}'' || ''{{-|aranin}}'' || ''{{-|aranelin}}'' |- | [[Viniteljnik]] || ''{{-|aran}}'' || ''{{-|aranu}}'' || ''{{-|araní}}'' || ''{{-|aranelí}}'' |- | [[Městnik]] || ''{{-|aranessë}}'' || ''{{-|aranussë}}'' || ''{{-|aranissen}}'' || ''{{-|aranelissen}}'' |- | [[Alativ]] || ''{{-|aranenna}}'' || ''{{-|aranunna}}'' || ''{{-|araninnar}}'' || ''{{-|aranelinnar}}'' |- | [[Ablativ]] || ''{{-|aranello}}'' || ''{{-|aranullo}}'' || ''{{-|aranillor}}'' || ''{{-|aranelillon}}'' |- | [[Tvoriteljnik]] || ''{{-|arannen}}'' || ''{{-|aranunen}}'' || ''{{-|araninen}}'' || ''{{-|aranelínen}}'' |- | Abstraktno-městny || ''{{-|aranes}}'' || ''{{-|aranus}}'' || ''{{-|aranis}}'' || ''{{-|aranelis}}'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;" |- ! Padež !! Jed. č. !! Dvoj. č. !! Mn. č. !! Sbor. č. |- | [[Imeniteljnik]] || ''{{-|már}}'' || ''{{-|mardu}}'' || ''{{-|mardi}}'' || ''{{-|mardeli}}'' |- | [[Roditeljnik]] || ''{{-|mardo}}'' || ''{{-|marduo}}'' || ''{{-|mardion}}'' || ''{{-|mardelion}}'' |- | [[Prisvojiteljny padež|Prisvojiteljny]] || ''{{-|marwa}}'' || ''{{-|marduva}}'' || ''{{-|mardiva}}'' || ''{{-|mardelíva}}'' |- | [[Dateljnik]] || ''{{-|marden}}'' || ''{{-|marduen}}'' || ''{{-|mardin}}'' || ''{{-|mardelin}}'' |- | [[Viniteljnik]] || ''{{-|mar}}'' || ''{{-|mardu}}'' || ''{{-|mardí}}'' || ''{{-|mardelí}}'' |- | [[Městnik]] || ''{{-|mardessë}}'' || ''{{-|mardussë}}'' || ''{{-|mardissen}}'' || ''{{-|mardelissen}}'' |- | [[Alativ]] || ''{{-|mardenna}}'' || ''{{-|mardunna}}'' || ''{{-|mardinnar}}'' || ''{{-|mardelinnar}}'' |- | [[Ablativ]] || ''{{-|mardello}}'' || ''{{-|mardullo}}'' || ''{{-|mardillor}}'' || ''{{-|mardelillon}}'' |- | [[Tvoriteljnik]] || ''{{-|mardenen}}'' || ''{{-|mardunen}}'' || ''{{-|mardinen}}'' || ''{{-|mardelínen}}'' |- | Abstraktno-městny || ''{{-|mardes}}'' || ''{{-|mardus}}'' || ''{{-|mardis}}'' || ''{{-|mardelis}}'' |} === Pridavniky === V pozdnoj kvenji, jednotne okončenja sut ''{{-|-a, -ë, -ëa}}'', i rědka forma ''{{-|-in}}'', ktora može byti viděna kako skračena forma ''{{-|-ina}}''. Odgovarajuče množine formy sut ''{{-|-ë, -i, ië}}'', i možlivo ''{{-|-inë}}''.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 87</ref> Kvenjske pridavniky mogut svobodno koristati se kako imenniki, v tom slučaju sut takože sklanjane kako imennik: naprimer, ''{{-|vinya}}'' «novy» može byti koristovany kako ''{{-|vinyar}}'' «novinky».<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «Early Qenya Grammar», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (14), s. 77.</ref> === Prědlogy i prislovniky === V kvenji, jest mnogo podobnosti v formě medžu prědlogami i prislovnikami, ibo gramatičny padež uže prěděljaje odnošenje glagola i objekta.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 90</ref> Tako: '''''{{-|an}}''' {{-|i falmali}} = {{-|i falmali'''nna'''(r)}}'' «na mnogyh valah». Prědlog ''{{-|an}}'' jest srodny s padežnym okončenijem ''{{-|-nna}}''. === Zaimenniky === Kako so vsemi čestmi kvenjskoj gramatiky, sistema zaimennikov byla podvrgnuta mnogym revizijam v času {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ova života, i dostupny korpus ne byl sistematičnym, doklě spisok okončenij ne byl publikovany v {{-|''Vinyar Tengwar'' nr.}} 49 v 2007 godu.<ref>{{-|{{Cite web |url=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm |title=Quenya – the Ancient Tongue: Pronouns |first=Helge K. |last=Fauskanger |publisher=University of Bergen}}}}</ref> V pozdnjej kvenji, zaimenniky imajut kako odvojene ili nězavisne formy, tako i sufiksne formy.<ref group=T>{{-|«Quenya Pronominal Elements», ''Vinyar Tengwar''}}(49), s. 51.</ref> «Ja ljubju jego» (ili «ju») može byti izraženo v kvenji kako ''{{-|Melinyes}}'' ili ''{{-|Melin sé}}''.<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 15.</ref> Ako zaimennik jest subjektom rěčenja, toj prilučaje se k glagolu kako odděljeno slovo prěd glagolom ili kako sufiks poslě glagola v odpovědajučem spreženju: : ''{{-|utúvie-nye-s}}'', doslovno «nahodil-ja-to», «ja nahodil to»<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 100</ref> (sr. izkrik [[Aragorn]]a kogda on nahodil razsadu [[Bělo Drěvo Gondora|Bělogo Drěva]]<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', ''Povrat Kralja'', {{-|«Steward and the King»}}.</ref>). === Glagoly === Po {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}u, «spreženja glagolov <nowiki>[</nowiki>{{-|Q|K}}enji<nowiki>]</nowiki> sut vsegda dost pravilne»,<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «Early Qenya Grammar», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (14), s. 56.</ref> i kvenjske glagoly sut ili v «osobnoj formě» ili v «bezličnoj formě». Kvenjske glagoly negajut se koristanjem «negativnogo glagola'' {{-|ua}}-'' prěd pravilnym glagolom v formě bezličnogo vrěmena.<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 144.</ref> Pozdněkvenjske glagoly imajut takože dvojny suglasovačy morfem ''{{-|-t}}'': : ''{{-|Nai siluva'''t''' elen atta.}}'' «Neka sijajut dvě zvězdy.»<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 43.</ref> [[Svezka]] v pozdnjej kvenji jest glagol ''{{-|na-}}''. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} ukazal, čto on koristaje se toliko pri sjedinjenju pridavnikov, imennikov i zaimennikov v tvrždenjah (ili žednostah), i čto svezka ne koristaje se, kogda smysl jest jasny.<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 9.</ref> Inače svezka jest [[Nulova svezka|nulova]], čto može davati dvuznačne vrěmena bez konteksta: : ''{{-|Eldar ataformaiti}}'' može byti prěloženo kako «Elfi sut oboručni», ili «Elfi byli obouručni».<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 7.</ref> == Slovosbor == Za to, že mnogo {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ovyh zapisov o elfskih jezykah ostavaje neopublikovano, těžko jest znati koliko veliky slovosbor on sozdal. Do 2008 goda, okolo 25.000 elfskih slov bylo publikovano.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kloczko |first=Edward |title=L'Encyclopédie des Elfes |publisher=Le Pré aux Clercs |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-84228-325-4 |page=145}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;" |+ Osnovny slovosbor v kvenji i sindarinu ! Medžuslovjansky || Kvenja || Sindarin |-- | zemlja || {{-|''ambar'', ''cemen''}} || ''{{-|amar}}'', ''{{-|ceven}}'' |-- | nebo || ''{{-|menel}}'' || ''{{-|menel}}'' |-- | voda || ''{{-|nén}}'' || ''{{-|nen}}'' |-- | ogonj || ''{{-|nár}}'' || ''{{-|naur}}'' |-- | muž || ''{{-|nér}}'' || ''{{-|benn}}'' |-- | žena || ''{{-|nís}}'' || ''{{-|bess}}'' |-- | jesti || ''{{-|mat-}}'' || ''{{-|mad-}}'' |-- | piti || ''{{-|suc-}}'' || ''{{-|sog-}}'' |-- | veliky || ''{{-|alta'', ''halla}}'' || ''{{-|beleg}}'', ''{{-|daer}}'' |-- | maly || ''{{-|pitya'', ''titta}}'' || ''{{-|niben}}'', ''{{-|tithen}}'' |-- | noć || ''{{-|lóme}}'' || ''{{-|dû}}'' |-- | denj || {{-|''aurë'', ''ré''}} || ''{{-|aur}}'' |} === Vlastne imena === Vlastne imena v kvenji sut imena osob i prědmetov v Srědzemju.<ref group=T>''Silmarilion'', «Ukazatelj» (anotirovan {{-|Ch|К}}risto{{-|ph|ф}}erom {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om), ss. 313–365.</ref> : ''{{-|Estë}}'' «Odpočinok»; ''{{-|Indis}}'' «Nevěsta»; ''{{-|Melcor}}'' «On, ktory Vstaje v Moči»; ''{{-|Nessa}}'' «Mlados»; ''{{-|Varda}}'' «Vznešena»; ''{{-|Voronwë}}'' «Stalny». : ''{{-|Aicanáro}}'' «Sěrepy Ogonj»; ''{{-|Ancalimë}}'' «Najsvětlejša Gospoja»; ''{{-|Curumo}}'' «Hitry Muž»; ''{{-|Fëanáro}}'' «Duh Ognja»; ''{{-|Olórin}}'' «(?)Mečtatelj»; ''{{-|Sauron}}'' «Mrzky». : ''{{-|Ainulindalë}}'' «Muzyka Ainurov»; ''{{-|Eldamar}}'' «Dom Eldarov»; ''{{-|Helcaraxë}}'' «Čeljusti iz Lědu»; ''{{-|Ilúvatar}}'' «Otec Vsih»; ''{{-|Oron Oiolossë}}'' «Věčno Snegoběly Vrh»; ''{{-|Ondolindë}}'' «Kamenj Pesnje»; ''{{-|Turambar}}'' «Gospodar Sudbiny»; ''{{-|Valinor}}'' «Zemja Valarov»; ''{{-|Vingilot}}'' «Pěnny Cvět»; ''{{-|Yavanna}}'' «Davateljnica Plodov». === Vitanje=== Rěč, koristovana kako forma učtivogo obračanja k Elfu (mužu ili ženě) jest '''{{-|Tar}}'''. Medžu Numénoranami to je stalo «Kralj/Kraljica».<ref group=T>''Silmarilion'', «Prilog: Elementy v kvenjskih i sindarinskih imenah», ''tar-''.</ref> * ''Namárië'' jest skrecona forma kvenjskogo ''á na márië'', doslovno «budi dobry/a». To jest formula koristovana v Tarkvestě za privitanje pri strěčanju i pri razlučanju.<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 162.</ref> * Najobyčnejša formula, koristovana Noldorami dlja privitanja jednim drugogo jest ''{{-|(Hara) máriessë!}}'' «(Ostaj) v ščestju!»<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 162.</ref> * Vo «Vladaru Prstenjev», Hobbit [[Frodo Baggins]] koristoval drugy obrat dlja privitanja: ''{{-|Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo!}}'' — «Zvězda sijaje na čas strěčanja našyh putev». To byla tradična formula v vozvyšenom stilu, koristovana medžu ludmi, idučimi protivnymi putami.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 1994}}, s. 367.</ref> * Najobyčnejša formula Noldorov v pri razlučenju jest ''{{-|Áva márië!}}'' «Idi ščestljivo!», ili ''Márienna!'' «K ščestju!»<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 162.</ref> === Čisla === Suglasno {{-|[[Christofer Tolkien|Kristoferu Tolkienu]]|[[Christofer Tolkien|Кристоферу Толкину]]}}, «Eldari sut koristali dvě sistemy čisel — jednu po šestkah (ili duziny) i jednu po peterkah (ili desetkah).»<ref>{{-|''Quettar''}} (13), s. 9.</ref> To jest [[Dvanadestirečna sistema|dvanadsetirečna]] (na osnově 12) i [[Desetirečna sistema|desetirečna]] sistemy. Kvenjsko slovo dlja «deseterečnoj sistemy» jest ''{{-|maquanotië}}'' — «sčitanje rukoju».<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «HFN – The words for 'hand'», ''Vinyar Tengwar'',}} (47), s. 10.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Čisla od 1 do 12 v kvenji ! Čislo !! Kvenja !! Medžuslovjansky |- | 1 || ''{{-|min}}'' || jedin |- | 2 || ''{{-|atta}}'' || dva |- | 3 || ''{{-|neldë}}'' || tri |- | 4 || ''{{-|canta}}'' || četyri |- | 5 || ''{{-|lempë}}'' || pet |- | 6 || ''{{-|enquë}}'' || šest |- | 7 || ''{{-|otso}}'' || sedm |- | 8 || ''{{-|toldo}}'' || osm |- | 9 || ''{{-|nertë}}'' || devet |- | 10 || ''{{-|quëan}}'' || deset |- | 11 || ''{{-|minque}}'' || jedinnadset |- | 12 || ''{{-|yunquë}}'' || dvanadset |} == Sistemy pisanija == {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} večšinoju pisal svoje iznahodene jezyky koristujuči [[Latinica|latinicu]],<ref>Solopova, 2009, s. 88</ref> ale on iznahodil i [[Tolkienove pisma|svoji vlastne sistemy pisanija]] da by odpovědali vnutrennjim historijam svojih jezykov. === Elfske sistemy pisanija === [[Fajl:Quenya written in J. R. R. Tolkien's tengwar script.svg|thumb|upright|Slovo ''{{-|quenya}}'', napisano [[tengwar]]om Fëanora klasičoju metodoju]] {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} soznoval mnogo sistem pisanija dlja svojih Elfov. Najznanějša jest «[[Tengvar]] [[Fëanor]]a», ale prvy, ktory on sozdal okolo 1919 goda, byl «Tengvar Rúmila», takože nazyvany [[Sarati|saratami]]. On rěšil, čto prěde svojego izgnanstva, Noldorske Elfove prěde vsego koristovale saratami Rúmila dlja zapisyvanja Starej Kvenji. V Srědzemje, kvenja bila pisana koristanjem «elfskih run» ili [[cirth]]a, nazvanyh ''certar'' v kvenji. === Latinica === {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ov pravopis kvenji v latinici byl v osnove fonemičny, s každoju litteroju odpovědajučeju specifičnoj fonemě v jezyku.<ref>Krege, 2003, s. 36</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ov standartny pravopis za kvenju koristaje vse litery latinskogo alfabeta s izključenjem ''j'', ''k'' i ''z'', zajedno s ostrym akcentom i diaktitičnymi znakami nad samoglaskami; litery ''ñ'', ''þ'' i ''z'' javjajut se toliko v rannjej kvenji.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', Prilog E, čest I.</ref> == Korpus tekstov == Pesnja «''{{-|Namárië}}''» jest najdolžejšy tekst kvenji, nahodeči se vo «Vladaru Prstenjev», ale prvo rěčenje v kvenji jest izgovoreno Hobbitom; tojo jest pozdrav Froda Elfam: ''{{-|elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo}}''. Ine prim+ery vključajut slova [[Elendil]]a pri doseganju Srědzemja i povtorene [[Aragorn]]om pri jego koronacije: ''{{-|Et Eärello Endorenna utúlien. Sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn' Ambar-metta!}}'' «Z Velikogo Morja v Srědzemje ja prihodim. V tutom městu budu žiti ja i moji potomki do konca světa!»<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', ''Povrat Kralja'', {{-|«Steward and the King»}}.</ref> Krik [[Samvise Gamgee|Sama]] kogda on koristal flakonu Galajdrielje protivu [[Šelob]]a: '{{-|'Aiya Eärendil Elenion Ancalima!}}'' «Pozdrav Eärendilu, najsvětlejša iz zvězd!»<ref group=T>''Povrat Kralja'', gl. 1.</ref> I v ''Silmarilionu'', r+e+cenje ''{{-|Utúlie'n aurë! Aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie'n aurë!}}'' «Denj je prišedl! Pozdrav narodu Eldarov i Otcam Ljudij, denj je prišedl!», kriči Fingon prěd [[Bitva Bezčisljennyh Solz|Bitvoju Bezčisljennyh Solz]].<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 20.</ref> Inye kvenjske pesnje byli deklamovane {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om publično ale nikogda ne publikovane v jego životu sut ''{{-|Oilima Markirya}}'' («Poslednja Arka»), ''{{-|Nieninqe}}'' i ''{{-|Earendel}}'' v jego lěkciji «{{-|A Secret Vice}}», i publikovane v 1983 godu v «Čudoviščah i Kritykah». Hybny fragment pesnji «{{-|Narqelion}}», napisany v rannjej kvenji medžu novembrom 1915 i marecom 1916 godov, byl publikovany {{-|[[Humphrey Carpenter|Humphreyem Carpenterom]]|[[Humphrey Carpenter|Хамфреjем Карпентером]]}} v jego Biografiji.<ref>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (40), april 1999.</ref> == Gledite takože == * [[Elfske jezyky Srědzemja]] * {{-|[[Jezyky konstruovane Džonom R. R. Tolkienom]]|[[Jezyky konstruovane Džonom R. R. Tolkienom|Jезыки, конструоване Джоном Р. Р. Толкином]]}} * [[Sarati]] * [[Sindarin]] * [[Vladar Prstenjev]] * [[Silmarilion]] == Iztočniky == === Prvonačelne iztočniky === :Zapisi v žurnalah {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} i {{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} sodrživajut prědže nepublikovane Tolkienove teksty o jezyku, anotirovane naučnikami — to jest, oni ne sut čisto prvonačelne. <div style="column-count: 2; column-gap: 20px; font-size: 90%;"> <references group = "T"/> </div> === Sekundarne iztočniky === <div style="column-count: 2; column-gap: 20px; font-size: 90%;" class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> <references/> </div> == Literatura == * {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, Džon R. R. ''Vladar Prstenjev''. — London: Allen & Unwin, 1954–1955. * {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, Džon R. R. ''Silmarilion''. — London: Allen & Unwin, 1977. * {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, Džon R. R. ''Historija Srědzemja'' (12 tomov). — London: {{-|Unwin Hyman / HarperCollins}}, 1983–1996. * {{-|Tolkien, John R. R. Outline of Phonology // ''Parma Eldalamberon''. — 2010. — Nr. 19.}} * {{Cite book |last=Fimi |first=Dimitra |title=Tolkien, Race, and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-230-21951-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Flieger |first=Verlyn |title=Splintered Light: Logos and Languages in Tolkien's World |publisher=Kent State University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-87338-744-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Krege |first=Wolfgang |title=Elbisches Wörterbuch |publisher=Klett-Cotta |year=2003 |isbn=3-608-93185-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Pesch |first=Helmut W. |title=Elbisch. Grammatik, Schrift und Wörterbuch der Elbensprache |publisher=Bastei Lübbe |year=2003 |isbn=3-404-20476-X}} * {{Cite book |last=Solopova |first=Elizabeth |title=Languages, Myths and History |publisher=North Landing Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9816607-1-4}} == Vněšnje linky == * [https://www.elvish.org/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</span>] * [https://ardalambion.net/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Ardalambion</span>] — sajt Helgeja Fauskangerja o Tolkienovyh jezykah * [https://www.eldalamberon.com/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Parma Eldalamberon</span>] * [https://www.elvish.org/VT/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Vinyar Tengwar</span>] * [https://eldamo.org/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Eldamo</span>] — {{-|Elvish Data Model Paula Strack}} * [https://www.ambar-eldaron.com/telechargements/quenya-engl-A4.pdf Kvenjsko-anglijsky slovnik] {{Umětne jezyky}} [[Kategorija:Planove jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Umětne jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Fiktivne jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Tolkien]] [[Kategorija:Elfske jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Jezyky subjekat–glagol–objekat]] {{INTERWIKI|Q56383}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} goq7zzwp6lubetqjl334cdpepbch9y0 27556 27555 2026-06-29T12:57:28Z Minorax 40 27556 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Kvenja | nativename = <center>{{-|Quenya}}</center> | image = Quenya Example.png | imagesize = 200px | imagecaption = Početok kvenjskoj pesnje ''{{-|[[Namárië]]}}'' napisany [[tengvar]]om i [[Latinica|latiniceju]] | creator = * {{-|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien]]|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Джон Ронал Руел Толкин]]}} | created = okolo 1910–1973 | setting = Fiktivny svět [[Srědzemje|Srědzemja]] | script = * [[latinica]] * [[tengvar]] * [[cirth]] * [[sarati]] | iso3 = qya | linglist = qya | glotto = quen1234 | family = * [[Umětne jezyky]] ** {{-|[[Jezyki Tolkiena]]|[[Jezyki Tolkiena|Jезыкы Толкина]]}} }} '''Kvenja''', takože {{Lang|en|Quenya}} ({{-|''IPA''}} ˈkʷwɛɲja) jest [[umětny jezyk]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conley |first1=Tim |last2=Cain |first2=Stephen |title=Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33188-6}}</ref> jedin iz tyh, ktore jest iznahodil {{-|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Džon R. R. Tolkien]]|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Джон Р. Р. Толкин]]}} dlja [[Elfi|Elfov]] v jego beletristikě o [[Srědzemje|Srědzemju]]. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} počel tvoriti jezyk okolo 1910 goda i restrukturoval jego gramatiku několiko razov, dokud ona ne jest dosegla svojego konečnogo stanja.<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkiena|Толкина}}''.</ref> Slovosbor ostajal odnositelno stabilnym črez ves proces tvorjenja. On poslědovatelno měnjal ime jezyka iz ''{{-|Elfin}}'' i ''{{-|Qenya}}'' na konečno ''{{-|Quenya}}''. [[Finsky jezyk|Finsky]] byl [[Finsky vliv na Tolkiena|važnym iztočnikom inspiracije]],<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkiena|Толкина}}''.</ref> ale {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} byl takože běgly v [[Latinsky jezyk|latinskom jezyku]] i [[Staro-anglijsky jezyk|staro-anglijskom]], i znal [[Davnogrěčsky jezyk|grěčsky]], [[Velšsky jezyk|velšsky]] (glavnu inspiraciju za [[sindarin]], drugy važny {{-|Tolkienov|Толкинов}} elfsky jezyk), i takože starogermanske jezyky, osoblivo [[Gotsky jezyk|gotsky]], v času razvoja kvenji. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest razvival kompleksnu vnutrnu historiju personalij, ktore govorili jego elfskimi jezykami v jihnom vlastnom fiktivnom světu.<ref>Solopova, 2009, s. 75</ref> On promyslil takože, že jego jezyky izměnjajut se i razvivajut se s časom, kako i historične jezyky, ktore on izučal profesionalno: ne vo vakuumu, ale kako rezultat migracij i vzajemodějstv narodov, ktore sut govorili jimi. V ramkah {{-|Tolkienovoj|Толкиновоj}} legendy, kvenja jest jedin iz mnogyh [[Elfski jezyky Srědzemja|elfskih jezykov]], na ktoryh govoret bezsmrtne Elfi, nazvane ''{{LatCyr|Quendi|Квенди||1}}'' ('govoritelje') v kvenje.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 6.</ref> Kvenja prěvodi se prosto kako «jezyk» ili, v kontrastu k inym jezykam, ktore Elfi sut strěčali pozdněje v svojej dolgoj historiji, «elfsky jezyk». Poslě togo, kako [[Razděljenje Elfov|Elfi razdělili se]], kvenja voznikla kako rěč dvoh klanov «Vysokyh Elfov» ili Eldarov — [[Noldori|Noldorov]] i Vanjarov, ktore ostavili Srědzemje, da by žiti v [[Eldamar]]u («Elfovom domu»), v [[Valinor]]u, zemji bezsmrtnyh i bogopodobnyh [[Valari|Valarov]].<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 6 «O Fëanorě i Raskovanju Melkora».</ref> Iz těh dvoh skupin Elfov, večšina Noldorov jest vratila se v Srědzemje, gde jest strěčala govorečyh sindarinskym Sivyh Elfov. Noldori konečno sut prijeli sindarin i koristali kvenju prědže vsego kako ritualny ili poetičny jezyk, dokolě Vanjari, ktore sut ostali v Eldamaru, shranjali sut koristanje kvenje. Ovako, kvenjsky jezyk byl simboličnym dlja vysokogo statusa Elfov — prvorodnoj iz ras Srědzemja — iz-za jihnoj těsnoj svezi s Valinorom. V [[Druga Epoha|Drugoj Epohě]] hronologije Srědzemja [[Ljudi Srědzemja|Ljudi]] [[Numénor]]a naučili se kvenji. V [[Tretja Epoha|Tretjej Epohe]], vrěmenu sobytij «[[Vladar Prstenjev|Vladara Prstenjev]]», kvenja byla izučana kako [[drugy jezyk]] vsemi Elfami noldorskogo proizhodženja, i ona nadaljovala koristati se v govorjenoj i pisanoj formah, ale jihny [[materinsky jezyk]] byl sindarin Sivih Elfov.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', Prilog {{-|F}}: «O Elfah».</ref> Kako Noldori sut ostali v Srědzemju, jihny noldorsky dialekt kvenje takože jest postupno odšel od vanjarskogo dialekta, govorjenogo v Valinoru, podvrgajuči se zvukovnym i gramatičnym izměnam. Kvenjsky jezyk imel važnu rolju v {{-|Tolkienovom|Толкиновом}} «Vladaru Prstenjev», i takože v jego posthumno publikovanoj historiji Srědzemja «[[Silmarilion]]». Najdlžejšy tekst v kvenji, publikovany {{-|Tolkienom|Толкином}} v jego životu, jest pesnja «{{-|[[Namárië]]}}»; ine publikovane teksty ne sut dolžeje než několiko rěčenij. Po svojej smrti {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} ostavil mnogo nepublikovanyh zapisov o kvenji, i pozdněje {{-|Tolkienove|Толкинове}} učeniki sut uporedili jego zapisky i nepublikovane rukopisy dlja publikacije v žurnalah «{{-|[[Parma Eldalamberon]]}}» i «{{-|[[Vinyar Tengwar]]}}», gde takože publikovali naučnu i lingvističnu analizu jezyka.<ref>Solopova, 2009, s. 90</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} nikogda ne jest stvoril dostatočno slovosbora, da by bylo možno razgovarjati po-kvenjsky, hoti ljubitelje pišut poeziju i prozu v kvenji od 1970-yh godov. Tuto pričinilo prědpoloženja i potrěbu tvoriti nova slova, v realnosti razvivajuči svojego roda neo-kvenju. == Vněšnja historija == {{-|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien]]|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Джон Ронал Руел Толкин]]}} začel konstruovati svoj prvy elfsky jezyk okolo 1910–1911 goda, buduči v škole Kralja Edvarda v [[Birmingham]]u.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conley |first1=Tim |last2=Cain |first2=Stephen |title=Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33188-6}}</ref> Pozdněje on nazval jego ''{{-|Qenya}} '' (okolo 1915 goda), i ješče pozdněje izměnil pravopis na ''{{-|Quenya}} ''. V toj čas on byl uže znancem [[Latinsky jezyk|latinskogo jezyka]] , [[Davnogrečsky jezyk|grečskogo]], [[Špansky jezyk|španskogo]], i několika starogermanskyh jezykov, kako [[Gotsky jezyk|gotsky]], [[Staronordsky jezyk|staronordsky]], i [[Staro-anglijsky jezyk|staro-anglijsky]].<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}a''.</ref> On iznahodil něktore kriptografične kody, i dva ili tri umětne jezyky. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} zainteresoval se finskoju mitologijeju [[Kalevala|Kalevaly]], potom izučil [[Finski jezyk|finsky]], ktory on nahodil estetično zadovoljajučim iztočnikom inspiracije dlja jego Vysokoelfskogo jezyka. Mnogo lět pozdněje on napisal: «To bylo kako iznahoditi cělu vinicu, napolnjenu flašami udiviteljnogo vina roda i vkusa, kakogo nikogda prědže ne byh odvědal. To mene sovsěm opijanilo».<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}a''.</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest pisal ob ingredientah kvenji: <blockquote> Ingredienty v kvenji sut raznorodne, ale izrabotane v samokonsistentny harakter, točno ne podobny libokakomu jezyku, ktory ja znam. Finsky, s ktorym ja znajomil se, kogda prědže počel konstruovati «mitologiju», byl dominantnym vlivanjem, ale toj byl mnogo ograničeny <nowiki>[v pozdnej kvenji]</nowiki>. On pozastavaje v něktoryh harakteristikah: kako odsutnost početkovo libokakyh konsonantnyh skupin, odsutnost zvučnyh plozivov ''b, d, g'' (izvedenyh v ''mb, nd, ng, ld, rd'', ktore sut blagoraspoložene) i ljubov k koncovkam ''-inen, -ainen, -oinen'', i takože v něktoryh točkah gramatiky, kako sut padežne zakončenja ''-sse'' (početok v ili na), ''-nna'' (dviženje k, premo), i ''-llo'' (dviženje iz); prisvojiteljne zaimenniky takože sut izražene sufiksami; nema roda.<ref group=T>Iz pisma W. R. Mettjusu, datovannogo 13–15 junija 1964, publikovanogo v {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 135.</ref></blockquote> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} nikogda ne naměrjal kvenju ili kake-libo ine svoje umětne jezyky koristati vo vsakodennom životu kako [[medžunarodny pomočny jezyk]],<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 76</ref> hoti poddržival ideju [[Esperanto|esperanta]] kako pomočnogo jezyka v Evropě.<ref>{{-|Fimi, 2010}}, s. 95–99</ref> So svojeju kvenjeju {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} naslědoval dvojny estetičny cělj: «klasičnost i měnlivost».<ref group=T>Iz pisma W. R. Mettjusu, {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 135.</ref> Toj impuls byl važnoju motivacijeju dlja jego tvorjenja «mitologije». V času razvoja jezyka {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} čul, že on potrěboval govoriteljev, vključno s jihnoju vlastnoju historijeju i mitologijeju, ktore, kako on myslil, davajut jezyku jego «individualny vkus».<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', «Predslovje k vtoromu izdanju».</ref><ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 75</ref> «Vladar Prstenjev», po {{-|Tolkienu|Толкину}}, «byl prědže vsego lingvistično inspirovany i byl počety, da by dati potrěbny fon 'historije' dlja elfskyh jezykov».<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', «Predslovje k vtoromu izdanju».</ref> Toj proces, naprvo iznahodženje jezyka i potom tvorjenje pozadja dlja jego fiktivnyh govoriteljev byl opisan kako unikalny.<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. p75–76</ref> [[Dimitra Fimi]], {{-|Tolkienova|Толкинова}} učenica, utvrdžaje, že {{-|Tolkienovo|Толкиново}} iznahodženje {{-|Q|К}}en{{-|y|j}}i počalo se kako iskanje idealnogo jezyka, da by odpovědal moralnym i estetičnym cěljam tvorjenja «mitologije za Angliju».<ref>{{-|Fimi, 2010}}, s. 97</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} považal kvenju kako «jedin jezyk, ktory byl skonstruovany da by dati zaigrati mojemu vlastnomu najnormalnějšemu fonetičnomu vkusu».<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Čudovišča i kritiki'', s. 212.</ref> Od početka {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} koristal [[Komparativna filologija|komparativnu filologiju]] i [[model dreva]] kako svoje glavne orudja v umětnyh jezykah.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, pismo čitatelju, {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 61.</ref> On obyčno začinal s fonologičeskoj sistemy [[prajezyk]]a i potom prodolžal iznahodženjem dlja vsakogo [[Dočersky jezyk|dočerskogo jezyka]] trěbnoj sekvencie [[Glasova izměna|glasovyh izměn]]. === Razvoj === V svojem životu {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} eksperimentoval neustalo so svojimi umětnymi jezykami, i oni byli podvrgnuty mnogym revizijam. Kvenja imala mnogo gramatik so značnymi različjami medžu raznymi etapami svojego razvoja. V času prvogo konceptualnogo etapa ''rannjej kvenji'' od okolo 1910 do okolo 1920 goda, jezyk se nazyval ''{{-|Elfin}}'' v anglijskom i ''{{-|Eldarissa}} '' v samoj {{-|Q|К}}en{{-|y|j}}i. Dokolě jejny razvoj byl bezprěryvnym procesom, kvenja jest prošla několiko važnyh revizij v svojej gramatikě, prědže vsego v spreženju i sistemě zaimennikov. Slovosbor, jednakože, ne byl podvrgnut naglym ili krajnym izměnam. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} poněkogda měnjal značenje slova, ale on bez malogo nikogda ne izkydyval jego kogda iznahodil, i on prodolžal izlěpšati jego smysl i bezčislenno kovati nove sinonimy. Pozdněje, po publikaciji «Vladara Prstenjev» (zakončenogo okolo 1949–1950, publikovanogo v 1954–1955 godah), gramatične pravila kvenji prohodet ješče nemnogo izměn, i tuta versija byla potom klasifikovana kako ''pozdnja kvenja'' (okolo 1950–1973). Napisanje ''{{-|Qenya}}'' se loněkogda koristaje da by razlučiti ''rannju kvenju'' od pozdnejših verzij. {{-|Qenya}} odličaje se od pozdnjej kvenji zato že imaje inaku vnutrnu historiju, slovosbor i gramatične pravila, kako opisano v «{{-|Qenyaqetsa}}».<ref>«{{-|Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon by J. R. R. Tolkien}}», publikovany v {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} nomer 12.</ref> [[Dimitra Fimi]] prědpokladaje, že {{-|Qenya}}, kakova jest v «{{-|Qenyaqetsa}}», była zamysljena kako mističny jezyk, ibo leksikon sodrživaje mnogo slov s jasnymy religioznymi konotacijami.<ref>{{-|Fimi, 2010}}, s. 98</ref> V ranih 1930-yh godah {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest rěšil, že prajezyk Elfov byl [[Valarin]], jezyk bogov ili Valarov: «Jezyk Elfov proishodil v početku iz Valarov, ale oni měnjali go uže v procesu naučenija, i čtovyše, izměnjali i obogačali jego vsaky čas svojim vlastnym iznahodženjem».<ref group=T>Tolkien, 2010, {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), ss. 18–28.</ref> Okolo deseti lět pozdněje, {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} izměnil teoriju o proishodženiju elfskogo prajezyka. Vměsto naučenija od Valarov, Elfi sut stvorili izvorny jezyk '''{{-|Quenderin}}''', ktory stal se prajezykom elfskoj jezykovoj rodiny.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, {{-|«Lambion Ontale: Descent of Tongues», Tengwesta Qenderinwa 2, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (18), s. 71.</ref> Elfska jezykova sěmja sodrživaje kvenju, [[telerin]], [[sindarin]] i [[nandorin]]. Druga harakteristika kvenji, pripominajuča drěvne prirodne jezyky kako davnogrčsky, staro-anglijsky ili sanskrit, jest [[Dvojina|dvojinno]] gramatično čislo, ktore koristaje se v dodatok k jedinstvennomu i množnomu.<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 77</ref> === Publikacija lingvističnyh tekstov === Dva žurnala, {{-|''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]''}} od nomera 39 (julij 1998), i {{-|''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''}} od nomera 11 (1995), byli sut ekskluzivno posvěčeny redaktovanju i publikaciji {{-|Tolkienovoj|Толкиновоj}} masy nepublikovanyh lingvističnyh papirov.<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 90</ref> Važne gramatične teksty, aluzivno vozpominane v seriji «[[Historija Srědzemja]]» i opisane kako skoro nečitajeme ili dosta nerazumlive, byli sut publikovane v tutyh dvoh žurnalah. «Rannjaa Kvenjska gramatika», napisana {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om okolo 1925 goda, byla redaktovana i publikovana v {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} nomer 14.<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon'' (14).}}</ref> === Naučne izslědovanja === V 1992 godu, suglasno {{-|Tolkienovomu|Толкиновому}} učenjiku [[Karl F. Hostetter|Karlu F. Hostetteru]], {{-|Tolkienov|Толкинов}} učenjik {{-|Anthony Appleyard|Антони Еплjард}} jest stvorill «prvo kompleksno pokušenje ... sistematizovati kvenjsku gramatiku v světle novyh informacij, publikovanyh v 'Historiji Srědzemja', osobenno v Etimologijah».<ref>{{-|{{Cite journal |last=Hostetter |first=Carl F. |title=Tolkienian Linguistics: The First Fifty Years |journal=Tolkien Studies |volume=4 |year=2007 |pages=1–46 |doi=10.1353/tks.2007.0022}}}}</ref> V 2008 godu, kompjuterny lingvist {{-|Paul Strack|Пол Страк}} stvoril {{-|Elvish Data Model}} (skračeno «{{-|Eldamo}}») da by sostaviti leksikon — slovnik i analizu izvoja jezyka — vsih {{-|Tolkienovyh|Толкиновых}} jezykov.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack |first=Paul |title=Eldamo – An Elvish Lexicon |url=https://eldamo.org/index.html |date=11 December 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |+ Grupovanje variantov kvenji po periodam<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack |first=Paul |title=Eldamo – An Elvish Lexicon |url=https://eldamo.org/index.html |date=11 December 2022}}</ref> |- ! Rannji (1910 do 1930) !! Srědnji (do 1950) !! Pozdnji (do 1973) |- | <poem>Rannji Primitivny Elfsky jezyk Rannja Kvenja</poem> | <poem>Srědnji Primitivny Elfsky jezyk Srědnja Stara Kvenja Srědnja Kvenja Lindarin</poem> | <poem>Primitivny Elfsky jezyk Stara Kvenja Kvenja Vanjarin</poem> |} Lingvist Alexander St{{-|ai|е}}nton publikoval analizu prosodijnoj struktury kvenji v 2022 godu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stainton |first=Alexander |title=Quenya Prosodic Structure |journal=Western Papers in Linguistics |date=2022 |volume=5 |issue=1}}</ref> === Koristanje kvenji === Pokušanija ljubiteljov pisati v kvenji počali se v 1970-yh godah, kogda ves korpus publikovanogo elfskogo jezyka sodržival toliko několiko sot slov. Od togo časa koristanje elfskogo procvětalo v pesnjah i tekstah, frazah i imenah, i daže tatuažah.<ref name="companion">{{-|{{Cite book |first1=Christina |last1=Scull |last2=Hammond |first2=Wayne G. |year=2006 |title=The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide |volume=2 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |pages=476–82}}}}</ref> Ale {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} sam nikogda ne dělal svoje jezyky dostatočno polnymi dlja razgovora. V rezultatu, novo stvorjene elfske teksty vključajut prědpoloženija i poněkogda kovanje novyh slov. == Vnutrenja historija == Elfske jezyky sut [[Jezykova sěmja|semjeju]] několika srodnyh jezykov i narěčij. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest fiktivno predstavil elfsku spoločnost s [[vernakular]]nym jezykom dlja vsakodennogo koristanja, ''{{-|Tarquesta}}'', i bolje obrazovanym jezykom dlja koristanja v ceremonijah i nauki, ''{{-|Parmaquesta}}''.<ref>{{-|{{Cite journal |last=Garth |first=John |title=Quenya Phonology: Comparative Tables |journal=Tolkien Studies |volume=8 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1353/tks.2011.0013}}}}</ref> === Primitivna Kvěndija === Elfi na počatku sovměstno imali jedin jezyk, Primitivnu Kvěndiju, nazvanu ''{{-|Quenderin}}'' v kvenji. Medžu [[Eldari|Eldarami]], to jest tymi Elfami, ktore sut podjeli Veliky Pohod v [[Valinor]] i [[Eldamar]], Primitivna Kvěndija razvila se v občoeldarinsku.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, {{-|«Tengwesta Qenderinwa», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (18), s. 72.</ref> Něktori iz Eldarov sut ostali v [[Beleriand]]u i stali Sivimy Elfami; jihny jezyk razvil se v [[sindarin]]. Večšina inyh Eldarov prodolžala putoavje v Eldamar i osnovala veliky grad Tirion, gde razvili kvenju.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 6; takože «Kvenja» v anotirovanom Ukazatelju, s. 346.</ref> Starša forma kvenji, prvokratno zapisana v [[Sarati|saratah]] Rúmila, nazyva se Stara ili Drěvna Kvenja (''{{-|Yára-Quenya}}'' v kvenji). V Eldamaru, Noldori i Vanjari govorili dvoma slegka različnymi, no vzajemno razumlivymi narěčjami Tarkvesta: ''Noldorinska Kvenja'' i ''Vanjarinska Kvenja''.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. Tolkien, {{-|«Tengwesta Qenderinwa 2», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (18), s. 75.</ref> Pozdněje Noldorinska Kvenja se stala ''Izgnaněčskoju Kvenjeju'', kogda večšina Noldorskyh Elfov slědovala jih vodjitelju [[Fëanor]]u v izgnanje iz Eldamara i nazad v Srědzemje, gde sut vprvo probudili se bezsmrtne Elfi.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, {{-|«Words, Phrases and Passages», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 128.</ref> === Koristanje Elfami, Valarami i Ljudjmi === Kvenja koristala se bogopodobnymi Valarami. Elfi sut prijeli někake [[Pozajeto slovo|pozajete slova]] iz jezyka Valarov, ktory nayzval se Valarin v kvenji, hoti tyh bylo vyše vo Vanjarinskom narěčji než v Noldorskom.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 1994, «Part Four. Quendi and Eldar: Appendix D», s. 398.}}</ref> To je bylo verojetno iz-za trajno těsnyh odnošenij Vanjarskih Elfov s Valarom. Elfi Tretjego Klana, ili [[Teleri]], ktore sut dosegli Eldamara pozdněje, než Noldora i Vanjara, govorili odličnym, ale těsno srodnym jezykom, obyčno nazyvanym [[Telerin]]skym. Nektore Elfi videli jego toliko narěčjem kvenji. To ne bylo věrno s historičnogo gledišča, hoti može byti věrno s lingvističnogo.<ref>{{-|{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Dickerson |first=Matthew |title=Elves: Kindreds and Migrations |encyclopedia=J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-86511-1 |pages=152–154}}}}</ref> Buntujuči se [[Noldori]], ktore sledovali Fëanoru v Srědzemje, govorili toliko kvenjeju. Ale [[Elu Thingol]], Kralj [[Sindarove|Sindarov]] Belerianda, jest zabranil koristanje kvenji v jego carstvě, kogda uznal ob ubijstvu Telerinskyh Elfov Noldorami.<ref group=T>''Silmarilion'', gl. 15.</ref> Tym on i ograničil možnost Sindarov ulěpšati i prosvětljati svoj jezyk vlivanjami iz kvenji, i uskoril «směnšenje i duhovno obědnjenje» Noldorskoj kultury.<ref>Flieger, 2002, s. 136</ref> Noldori v toj čas byli polno ovladli sindarinskym, dokolě Sindari byli sut pomali v naučeniju se kvenji. Od [[Vtora Epoha (Elfi)|Vtoroj Epohy]] dalje, kvenja koristala se ceremonijno [[Čelověci Srědzemja|Ljudmi]] [[Numénor]]a i jihnymi potomkami v [[Gondor]]u i Arnoru dlja oficialnyh imen kraljev i kraljic; ta praktika byla obnovjena [[Aragorn]]om kogda on prěvzal koronu kako Elessar Tel{{-|c|к}}ontar.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', ''Povrat Kralja'', {{-|«Steward and the King»}}.</ref> Kvenja v Tretjej Epohě imala skoro toj isty status, kako [[Latinsky jezyk|latinsky]] v srědnjevěčnoj [[Evropa|Evropě]], i byla nazvana {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om ''{{-|Elven-latin}}''.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', Priloga F: «O Elfah».</ref> == Fonetika == {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} opisal izgovorjenje elfskih jezykov Elfami, Ljudmi i Hobbitami v različnih iztočnikah. Dokumentacija o fonetikě pozdnjej kvenji sodrživaje se v Prilogě E «Vladara Prstenjev» i v «{{-|Outline of Phonology}}», jednom iz {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ovyh tekstov, publikovanom v ''Parma Eldalamberon'' nomer 19.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), ss. 68–107.</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} osnoval izgovorjenje kvenji bolje na [[Latinsky jezyk|latinskom jezyku]] než na [[Finska fonetika|finskoj fonetikě]]. Tako, kvenje nedostavaje [[Harmonija samoglasok|harmonije samoglasok]] i [[Gradacija suglasok|gradacije suglasok]], prisutnyh v finskom, i [[udarjenje]] ne jest vsegda na prvom slogu slova. Tipičske finske elementy kako prědnje samoglasky ''{{-|ö}}'', ''{{-|ä}}'' i ''{{-|y}}'' nedostajut kvenji, ale fonetične podobnosty vključajut odsutnost aspirovanyh nezvučnyh plozivov ili razvoj slogov {{-|''ti'' > ''si''}} v obohdvoh jezykah. Kombinacija latinskoj osnovy s finskimi pravilami fonetiky dala rezultatom produkt, ktory jest podobny italijanskomu vo mnogyh odnošenjah, a toj byl {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ov omiljeny sovrěmenny romansky jezyk.<ref> ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}a'', #223.</ref> === Suglasky === Kvenjska sistema suglasok imaje 6 glavnyh měst artikulacije: [[Labialna suglaska|labialno]] (vključajuče guby), [[Dentalna suglaska|dentalno]] (vključajuče jezyk i zadnju stranu zubov), [[Alveolarna suglaska|alveolarno]], [[Palatalna suglaska|palatalno]], [[Velarna suglaska|velarno]], i [[Glotalna suglaska|glotalno]]. Čto važno, zvučne [[ploziv]]y javjajut se toliko poslě [[Nosova suglaska|nosovyh]] i [[Likvidna suglaska|likvidnyh]], to jest nema prostogo {{-|/b, d, g/}}, ale toliko skupiny {{-|/mb, nd, ld, rd, ŋg/}}, i te javjajut se toliko medžu vokalami.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 75</ref> :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Kvenjske suglasky<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), s. 88.</ref> ! ! Labijalny ! Alveolarny ! Palatalny ! Velarny ! Glotalny |- ! Nosovy | {{-|m}} || {{-|n}} || || {{-|ŋ}} || |- ! Ploziv | {{-|p b}} || {{-|t d}} || || {{-|k g}} || |- ! Frikativ | {{-|f v}} || {{-|s}} || {{-|(ç)}} || {{-|x}} || {{-|h}} |- ! Tril | || {{-|r}} || || || |- ! Poluglasky | {{-|(ʍ) w}} || || {{-|j}} || || |- ! Lateralny | || {{-|l}} || || || |} Kvenjska ortografija (koristajuči latinicu) sleduje MFA, ale koristaje {{-|⟨c⟩}} kako alternativu za {{-|⟨k⟩}}, piše se {{-|(IPA [ŋ])}}, za ktoroju ne slěduje druga velarna kako {{-|⟨ñ⟩}}, i predstavjaje suglasky {{-|(IPA [ç ʍ])}} koristanjem digrafov {{-|⟨hy hw⟩}}.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), s. 88.</ref> === Samoglasky === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right" |+ Kvenjske samoglasky<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 76</ref> ! ! Prědnje ! Zadnje |- ! Zatvorjene || {{-|i(ː)}} || {{-|u(ː)}} |- ! Poluotvorjene prědnje || {{-|eː}} || {{-|oː}} |- ! Poluotvorjene zadnje || {{-|ɛ}} || {{-|ɔ}} |- ! Otvorjene |colspan=2| a(ː) |} Kvenja imaje pet [[Samoglaska|samoglasok]] i razliku dolžiny. Kratke samoglasky sut {{-|/a, e, i, o, u/}}, a dolge pišut se s akcentom kako {{-|⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩}}. Točna kakost samoglasok ne jest znana, ale jihny izgovor jest verojetno bliže k «čistym» samoglaskam italijanskogo i španskogo, než k dvuglasnym anglijskym.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm |title=Quenya – the Ancient Tongue. Elementary Phonology |first=Helge K. |last=Fauskanger |publisher=University of Bergen}}</ref> Pozdnja Noldorinska Kvenja imaje 6 dvoglasok (kvenjsky ''{{-|ohloni}}''): {{-|/iu, eu, ai, au, oi, ui/}}. Vse oni sut [[Padajuča dvuglaska|padajuče]], s izključenjem {{-|/iu/ (IPA [ju])}} ktora jest vozdvigajuča se.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 76</ref> === Slogy i udarjenje === V kvenji, udarjenje sloga jest prědvidimo i nefonemično (to jest smysl slova nikogda ne měnjaje se zavisno od naglasa), ale jest čestečno naznačeno [[Težina sloga|težinoju sloga]]. Slova iz dvoh slogov imajut udarjenje na prvom slogu. V slovah iz trěh ili vyše slogov, udarjenje jest na prědposlědnom slogu, ako li toj jest těžky, inače na tretjem slogu od konca. Tuto pravilo naglasa jest jednakovo s [[Latinška fonologija|latinskim pravilom udarjenja]].<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), s. 88.</ref> == Gramatika == Gramatika kvenji jest [[Aglutinativny jezyk|aglutinativna]] i v osnově [[sufiks]]alna, to jest, različne slovesne čestice sjedinjajut se pridavanjem jih na konci. Ona imaje osnovne klasy slov — [[glagol]]y, [[imennik]]y i [[zaimennik]]y/oprědělitelje, [[pridavnik]]y i [[prědlog]]y. Imenniki sut sklanjane po padežu i čislu. Glagoly sut spregajeme po vrěmenu i vidu, i po suglasovanju s subjektom i objektom. V rannjej kvenji, pridavniky suglasujut se s imennikom, ktory modifikujut, po padežu i čislu, ale ne v pozdnjej kvenji, gde tuto suglasovanje utračaje se. Osnovny slovoslěd jest [[subjekt-glagol-objekt]]. Ako ne ukazano inače, priměry v tutoj sekciji odnoset se k Pozdnjoj Kvenje kako ju {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} prědstavoval poslě 1951 goda. '''[[Padež]]e kvenje sut''': * [[nominativ]] (imeniteljnik); * [[genitiv]] (roditeljnik); * [[posesiv]] (prisvojiteljny); * [[dativ]] (dateljnik); * [[akuzativ]] (viniteljnik); * [[lokativ]] (městny); * [[alativ]] (vhodno-městny); * [[ablativ]] (izhodno-městny); * [[instrumental]] (tvoriteljnik); * «elfinitiv», «zagadočny padež» — pravdopodobno, jest raznovidnostju městnika abstraktnogo vida, napodobje ''{{-|fëas}}'' «v duši». '''Čisla''' * [[Jednina]] (''jedinstveno čislo'') — označaje jedin prědmet. * [[Dvojina]] (''dvojstveno čislo'') — označaje neoddělimu paru prědmetov, napriměr «ruky». Ješče jedin harakterističny priměr — v kvenja o najlěpših prijateljah govoret ''meldu'', to jest «para prijateljev». To pokazuje, koliko oni sut blizki. * [[Množina]] (''množstveno čislo'') — označaje několiko prědmetov. * Sborno čislo (''multipleks'') — označaje neoddělimu grupu prědmetov, napriměr, «narod», ili oprěděljenu grupu prědmetov, ako koristi se s oprěděljenym artiklom. Priměry podobnyh čisel v medžuslovjanskom i anglijskom jezykah. * Jednina — «člověk; cvět»; ''{{-|person}}''. * Dvojina — «rukavy; oči»; ''{{-|sleeves}}''. * Množina — «ljudi; cvěty» (ale ne «cvětje»); ~''{{-|persons}}''. * Sborno — «narod; cvětje» (ale ne «cvěty»); ''{{-|people}}''. === Imenniky === Kvenjske imenniky mogut iměti do četyreh čisel: jedninu, obču [[Množina|množinu]] («množina 1»), čestičnu/[[Partitivna množina|partitivnu množinu]] («množina 2») i [[Dvojina|dvojinu]].<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. p78–79</ref> V pozdnej Kvenjskoj Tarkvestě množina tvori se sufiksom k subjektnoj formě imennika: za «množinu 1» sufiks jest ''{{-|-i}}'' ili ''{{-|-r}}''; za «množinu 2» sufiks jest ''{{-|-li}}''.<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «Words, Phrases and Passages», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 135.</ref> Kvenjske imenniky sklanjajut se po [[padež]]am. Parmakvestna Kvenja imaje deset [[padež]]ev.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. p79–80</ref> One vključajut četyri glavnyh padežev: [[nominativ]], [[akuzativ]], [[genitiv]] i [[Instrumentalny padež|instrumentalny]]; tri adverbialne padeže: [[Alativny padež|alativny]] (iz ktorogo [[dativ]] jest skračena forma), [[lokativ]] (takože s skračenoju formoju) i [[ablativ]]; i [[Posesivny padež|posesivny]] ili pridavnikovy padež. Akuzativ byl koriščeny toliko v Parmakvestě i byl zaměnjeny nominativom v pozdnej govorjenoj kvenji.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 80</ref> [[Imennik]]y v kvenji, voobče, dělet se na tri [[Sklonjenje (lingvistika)|sklonjenja]], ale jest mnogo izključenji, svezanyh s [[Etimologija|etimologijeju]] slov. ==== Prvo sklonjeńje ==== K prvomu sklonjenju prinaležet imenniky, končajuče se na suglasku, napriměr, «kralj» i «dom». {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;" |- ! Padež !! Jed. č. !! Dvoj. č. !! Mn. č. !! Sbor. č. |- | [[Imeniteljnik]] || ''{{-|aran}}'' || ''{{-|aranu}}'' || ''{{-|arani}}'' || ''{{-|araneli}}'' |- | [[Roditeljnik]] || ''{{-|arano}}'' || ''{{-|aranuo}}'' || ''{{-|aranion}}'' || ''{{-|aranelion}}'' |- | [[Prisvojiteljny padež|Prisvojiteljny]] || ''{{-|aranwa}}'' || ''{{-|aranuva}}'' || ''{{-|araníva}}'' || ''{{-|aranelíva}}'' |- | [[Dateljnik]] || ''{{-|aranen}}'' || ''{{-|aranuen}}'' || ''{{-|aranin}}'' || ''{{-|aranelin}}'' |- | [[Viniteljnik]] || ''{{-|aran}}'' || ''{{-|aranu}}'' || ''{{-|araní}}'' || ''{{-|aranelí}}'' |- | [[Městnik]] || ''{{-|aranessë}}'' || ''{{-|aranussë}}'' || ''{{-|aranissen}}'' || ''{{-|aranelissen}}'' |- | [[Alativ]] || ''{{-|aranenna}}'' || ''{{-|aranunna}}'' || ''{{-|araninnar}}'' || ''{{-|aranelinnar}}'' |- | [[Ablativ]] || ''{{-|aranello}}'' || ''{{-|aranullo}}'' || ''{{-|aranillor}}'' || ''{{-|aranelillon}}'' |- | [[Tvoriteljnik]] || ''{{-|arannen}}'' || ''{{-|aranunen}}'' || ''{{-|araninen}}'' || ''{{-|aranelínen}}'' |- | Abstraktno-městny || ''{{-|aranes}}'' || ''{{-|aranus}}'' || ''{{-|aranis}}'' || ''{{-|aranelis}}'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;" |- ! Padež !! Jed. č. !! Dvoj. č. !! Mn. č. !! Sbor. č. |- | [[Imeniteljnik]] || ''{{-|már}}'' || ''{{-|mardu}}'' || ''{{-|mardi}}'' || ''{{-|mardeli}}'' |- | [[Roditeljnik]] || ''{{-|mardo}}'' || ''{{-|marduo}}'' || ''{{-|mardion}}'' || ''{{-|mardelion}}'' |- | [[Prisvojiteljny padež|Prisvojiteljny]] || ''{{-|marwa}}'' || ''{{-|marduva}}'' || ''{{-|mardiva}}'' || ''{{-|mardelíva}}'' |- | [[Dateljnik]] || ''{{-|marden}}'' || ''{{-|marduen}}'' || ''{{-|mardin}}'' || ''{{-|mardelin}}'' |- | [[Viniteljnik]] || ''{{-|mar}}'' || ''{{-|mardu}}'' || ''{{-|mardí}}'' || ''{{-|mardelí}}'' |- | [[Městnik]] || ''{{-|mardessë}}'' || ''{{-|mardussë}}'' || ''{{-|mardissen}}'' || ''{{-|mardelissen}}'' |- | [[Alativ]] || ''{{-|mardenna}}'' || ''{{-|mardunna}}'' || ''{{-|mardinnar}}'' || ''{{-|mardelinnar}}'' |- | [[Ablativ]] || ''{{-|mardello}}'' || ''{{-|mardullo}}'' || ''{{-|mardillor}}'' || ''{{-|mardelillon}}'' |- | [[Tvoriteljnik]] || ''{{-|mardenen}}'' || ''{{-|mardunen}}'' || ''{{-|mardinen}}'' || ''{{-|mardelínen}}'' |- | Abstraktno-městny || ''{{-|mardes}}'' || ''{{-|mardus}}'' || ''{{-|mardis}}'' || ''{{-|mardelis}}'' |} === Pridavniky === V pozdnoj kvenji, jednotne okončenja sut ''{{-|-a, -ë, -ëa}}'', i rědka forma ''{{-|-in}}'', ktora može byti viděna kako skračena forma ''{{-|-ina}}''. Odgovarajuče množine formy sut ''{{-|-ë, -i, ië}}'', i možlivo ''{{-|-inë}}''.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 87</ref> Kvenjske pridavniky mogut svobodno koristati se kako imenniki, v tom slučaju sut takože sklanjane kako imennik: naprimer, ''{{-|vinya}}'' «novy» može byti koristovany kako ''{{-|vinyar}}'' «novinky».<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «Early Qenya Grammar», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (14), s. 77.</ref> === Prědlogy i prislovniky === V kvenji, jest mnogo podobnosti v formě medžu prědlogami i prislovnikami, ibo gramatičny padež uže prěděljaje odnošenje glagola i objekta.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 90</ref> Tako: '''''{{-|an}}''' {{-|i falmali}} = {{-|i falmali'''nna'''(r)}}'' «na mnogyh valah». Prědlog ''{{-|an}}'' jest srodny s padežnym okončenijem ''{{-|-nna}}''. === Zaimenniky === Kako so vsemi čestmi kvenjskoj gramatiky, sistema zaimennikov byla podvrgnuta mnogym revizijam v času {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ova života, i dostupny korpus ne byl sistematičnym, doklě spisok okončenij ne byl publikovany v {{-|''Vinyar Tengwar'' nr.}} 49 v 2007 godu.<ref>{{-|{{Cite web |url=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm |title=Quenya – the Ancient Tongue: Pronouns |first=Helge K. |last=Fauskanger |publisher=University of Bergen}}}}</ref> V pozdnjej kvenji, zaimenniky imajut kako odvojene ili nězavisne formy, tako i sufiksne formy.<ref group=T>{{-|«Quenya Pronominal Elements», ''Vinyar Tengwar''}}(49), s. 51.</ref> «Ja ljubju jego» (ili «ju») može byti izraženo v kvenji kako ''{{-|Melinyes}}'' ili ''{{-|Melin sé}}''.<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 15.</ref> Ako zaimennik jest subjektom rěčenja, toj prilučaje se k glagolu kako odděljeno slovo prěd glagolom ili kako sufiks poslě glagola v odpovědajučem spreženju: : ''{{-|utúvie-nye-s}}'', doslovno «nahodil-ja-to», «ja nahodil to»<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 100</ref> (sr. izkrik [[Aragorn]]a kogda on nahodil razsadu [[Bělo Drěvo Gondora|Bělogo Drěva]]<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', ''Povrat Kralja'', {{-|«Steward and the King»}}.</ref>). === Glagoly === Po {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}u, «spreženja glagolov <nowiki>[</nowiki>{{-|Q|K}}enji<nowiki>]</nowiki> sut vsegda dost pravilne»,<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «Early Qenya Grammar», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (14), s. 56.</ref> i kvenjske glagoly sut ili v «osobnoj formě» ili v «bezličnoj formě». Kvenjske glagoly negajut se koristanjem «negativnogo glagola'' {{-|ua}}-'' prěd pravilnym glagolom v formě bezličnogo vrěmena.<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 144.</ref> Pozdněkvenjske glagoly imajut takože dvojny suglasovačy morfem ''{{-|-t}}'': : ''{{-|Nai siluva'''t''' elen atta.}}'' «Neka sijajut dvě zvězdy.»<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 43.</ref> [[Svezka]] v pozdnjej kvenji jest glagol ''{{-|na-}}''. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} ukazal, čto on koristaje se toliko pri sjedinjenju pridavnikov, imennikov i zaimennikov v tvrždenjah (ili žednostah), i čto svezka ne koristaje se, kogda smysl jest jasny.<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 9.</ref> Inače svezka jest [[Nulova svezka|nulova]], čto može davati dvuznačne vrěmena bez konteksta: : ''{{-|Eldar ataformaiti}}'' može byti prěloženo kako «Elfi sut oboručni», ili «Elfi byli obouručni».<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 7.</ref> == Slovosbor == Za to, že mnogo {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ovyh zapisov o elfskih jezykah ostavaje neopublikovano, těžko jest znati koliko veliky slovosbor on sozdal. Do 2008 goda, okolo 25.000 elfskih slov bylo publikovano.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kloczko |first=Edward |title=L'Encyclopédie des Elfes |publisher=Le Pré aux Clercs |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-84228-325-4 |page=145}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;" |+ Osnovny slovosbor v kvenji i sindarinu ! Medžuslovjansky || Kvenja || Sindarin |-- | zemlja || {{-|''ambar'', ''cemen''}} || ''{{-|amar}}'', ''{{-|ceven}}'' |-- | nebo || ''{{-|menel}}'' || ''{{-|menel}}'' |-- | voda || ''{{-|nén}}'' || ''{{-|nen}}'' |-- | ogonj || ''{{-|nár}}'' || ''{{-|naur}}'' |-- | muž || ''{{-|nér'' || ''{{-|benn}}'' |-- | žena || ''{{-|nís}}'' || ''{{-|bess}}'' |-- | jesti || ''{{-|mat-}}'' || ''{{-|mad-}}'' |-- | piti || ''{{-|suc-'' || ''{{-|sog-}}'' |-- | veliky || ''{{-|alta'', ''halla}}'' || ''{{-|beleg}}'', ''{{-|daer}}'' |-- | maly || ''{{-|pitya'', ''titta}}'' || ''{{-|niben}}'', ''{{-|tithen}}'' |-- | noć || ''{{-|lóme}}'' || ''{{-|dû}}'' |-- | denj || {{-|''aurë'', ''ré''}} || ''{{-|aur}}'' |} === Vlastne imena === Vlastne imena v kvenji sut imena osob i prědmetov v Srědzemju.<ref group=T>''Silmarilion'', «Ukazatelj» (anotirovan {{-|Ch|К}}risto{{-|ph|ф}}erom {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om), ss. 313–365.</ref> : ''{{-|Estë}}'' «Odpočinok»; ''{{-|Indis}}'' «Nevěsta»; ''{{-|Melcor}}'' «On, ktory Vstaje v Moči»; ''{{-|Nessa}}'' «Mlados»; ''{{-|Varda}}'' «Vznešena»; ''{{-|Voronwë}}'' «Stalny». : ''{{-|Aicanáro}}'' «Sěrepy Ogonj»; ''{{-|Ancalimë}}'' «Najsvětlejša Gospoja»; ''{{-|Curumo}}'' «Hitry Muž»; ''{{-|Fëanáro}}'' «Duh Ognja»; ''{{-|Olórin}}'' «(?)Mečtatelj»; ''{{-|Sauron}}'' «Mrzky». : ''{{-|Ainulindalë}}'' «Muzyka Ainurov»; ''{{-|Eldamar}}'' «Dom Eldarov»; ''{{-|Helcaraxë}}'' «Čeljusti iz Lědu»; ''{{-|Ilúvatar}}'' «Otec Vsih»; ''{{-|Oron Oiolossë}}'' «Věčno Snegoběly Vrh»; ''{{-|Ondolindë}}'' «Kamenj Pesnje»; ''{{-|Turambar}}'' «Gospodar Sudbiny»; ''{{-|Valinor}}'' «Zemja Valarov»; ''{{-|Vingilot}}'' «Pěnny Cvět»; ''{{-|Yavanna}}'' «Davateljnica Plodov». === Vitanje=== Rěč, koristovana kako forma učtivogo obračanja k Elfu (mužu ili ženě) jest '''{{-|Tar}}'''. Medžu Numénoranami to je stalo «Kralj/Kraljica».<ref group=T>''Silmarilion'', «Prilog: Elementy v kvenjskih i sindarinskih imenah», ''tar-''.</ref> * ''Namárië'' jest skrecona forma kvenjskogo ''á na márië'', doslovno «budi dobry/a». To jest formula koristovana v Tarkvestě za privitanje pri strěčanju i pri razlučanju.<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 162.</ref> * Najobyčnejša formula, koristovana Noldorami dlja privitanja jednim drugogo jest ''{{-|(Hara) máriessë!}}'' «(Ostaj) v ščestju!»<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 162.</ref> * Vo «Vladaru Prstenjev», Hobbit [[Frodo Baggins]] koristoval drugy obrat dlja privitanja: ''{{-|Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo!}}'' — «Zvězda sijaje na čas strěčanja našyh putev». To byla tradična formula v vozvyšenom stilu, koristovana medžu ludmi, idučimi protivnymi putami.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 1994}}, s. 367.</ref> * Najobyčnejša formula Noldorov v pri razlučenju jest ''{{-|Áva márië!}}'' «Idi ščestljivo!», ili ''Márienna!'' «K ščestju!»<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 162.</ref> === Čisla === Suglasno {{-|[[Christofer Tolkien|Kristoferu Tolkienu]]|[[Christofer Tolkien|Кристоферу Толкину]]}}, «Eldari sut koristali dvě sistemy čisel — jednu po šestkah (ili duziny) i jednu po peterkah (ili desetkah).»<ref>{{-|''Quettar''}} (13), s. 9.</ref> To jest [[Dvanadestirečna sistema|dvanadsetirečna]] (na osnově 12) i [[Desetirečna sistema|desetirečna]] sistemy. Kvenjsko slovo dlja «deseterečnoj sistemy» jest ''{{-|maquanotië}}'' — «sčitanje rukoju».<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «HFN – The words for 'hand'», ''Vinyar Tengwar'',}} (47), s. 10.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Čisla od 1 do 12 v kvenji ! Čislo !! Kvenja !! Medžuslovjansky |- | 1 || ''{{-|min}}'' || jedin |- | 2 || ''{{-|atta}}'' || dva |- | 3 || ''{{-|neldë}}'' || tri |- | 4 || ''{{-|canta}}'' || četyri |- | 5 || ''{{-|lempë}}'' || pet |- | 6 || ''{{-|enquë}}'' || šest |- | 7 || ''{{-|otso}}'' || sedm |- | 8 || ''{{-|toldo}}'' || osm |- | 9 || ''{{-|nertë}}'' || devet |- | 10 || ''{{-|quëan}}'' || deset |- | 11 || ''{{-|minque}}'' || jedinnadset |- | 12 || ''{{-|yunquë}}'' || dvanadset |} == Sistemy pisanija == {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} večšinoju pisal svoje iznahodene jezyky koristujuči [[Latinica|latinicu]],<ref>Solopova, 2009, s. 88</ref> ale on iznahodil i [[Tolkienove pisma|svoji vlastne sistemy pisanija]] da by odpovědali vnutrennjim historijam svojih jezykov. === Elfske sistemy pisanija === [[Fajl:Quenya written in J. R. R. Tolkien's tengwar script.svg|thumb|upright|Slovo ''{{-|quenya}}'', napisano [[tengwar]]om Fëanora klasičoju metodoju]] {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} soznoval mnogo sistem pisanija dlja svojih Elfov. Najznanějša jest «[[Tengvar]] [[Fëanor]]a», ale prvy, ktory on sozdal okolo 1919 goda, byl «Tengvar Rúmila», takože nazyvany [[Sarati|saratami]]. On rěšil, čto prěde svojego izgnanstva, Noldorske Elfove prěde vsego koristovale saratami Rúmila dlja zapisyvanja Starej Kvenji. V Srědzemje, kvenja bila pisana koristanjem «elfskih run» ili [[cirth]]a, nazvanyh ''certar'' v kvenji. === Latinica === {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ov pravopis kvenji v latinici byl v osnove fonemičny, s každoju litteroju odpovědajučeju specifičnoj fonemě v jezyku.<ref>Krege, 2003, s. 36</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ov standartny pravopis za kvenju koristaje vse litery latinskogo alfabeta s izključenjem ''j'', ''k'' i ''z'', zajedno s ostrym akcentom i diaktitičnymi znakami nad samoglaskami; litery ''ñ'', ''þ'' i ''z'' javjajut se toliko v rannjej kvenji.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', Prilog E, čest I.</ref> == Korpus tekstov == Pesnja «''{{-|Namárië}}''» jest najdolžejšy tekst kvenji, nahodeči se vo «Vladaru Prstenjev», ale prvo rěčenje v kvenji jest izgovoreno Hobbitom; tojo jest pozdrav Froda Elfam: ''{{-|elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo}}''. Ine prim+ery vključajut slova [[Elendil]]a pri doseganju Srědzemja i povtorene [[Aragorn]]om pri jego koronacije: ''{{-|Et Eärello Endorenna utúlien. Sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn' Ambar-metta!}}'' «Z Velikogo Morja v Srědzemje ja prihodim. V tutom městu budu žiti ja i moji potomki do konca světa!»<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', ''Povrat Kralja'', {{-|«Steward and the King»}}.</ref> Krik [[Samvise Gamgee|Sama]] kogda on koristal flakonu Galajdrielje protivu [[Šelob]]a: '{{-|'Aiya Eärendil Elenion Ancalima!}}'' «Pozdrav Eärendilu, najsvětlejša iz zvězd!»<ref group=T>''Povrat Kralja'', gl. 1.</ref> I v ''Silmarilionu'', r+e+cenje ''{{-|Utúlie'n aurë! Aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie'n aurë!}}'' «Denj je prišedl! Pozdrav narodu Eldarov i Otcam Ljudij, denj je prišedl!», kriči Fingon prěd [[Bitva Bezčisljennyh Solz|Bitvoju Bezčisljennyh Solz]].<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 20.</ref> Inye kvenjske pesnje byli deklamovane {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om publično ale nikogda ne publikovane v jego životu sut ''{{-|Oilima Markirya}}'' («Poslednja Arka»), ''{{-|Nieninqe}}'' i ''{{-|Earendel}}'' v jego lěkciji «{{-|A Secret Vice}}», i publikovane v 1983 godu v «Čudoviščah i Kritykah». Hybny fragment pesnji «{{-|Narqelion}}», napisany v rannjej kvenji medžu novembrom 1915 i marecom 1916 godov, byl publikovany {{-|[[Humphrey Carpenter|Humphreyem Carpenterom]]|[[Humphrey Carpenter|Хамфреjем Карпентером]]}} v jego Biografiji.<ref>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (40), april 1999.</ref> == Gledite takože == * [[Elfske jezyky Srědzemja]] * {{-|[[Jezyky konstruovane Džonom R. R. Tolkienom]]|[[Jezyky konstruovane Džonom R. R. Tolkienom|Jезыки, конструоване Джоном Р. Р. Толкином]]}} * [[Sarati]] * [[Sindarin]] * [[Vladar Prstenjev]] * [[Silmarilion]] == Iztočniky == === Prvonačelne iztočniky === :Zapisi v žurnalah {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} i {{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} sodrživajut prědže nepublikovane Tolkienove teksty o jezyku, anotirovane naučnikami — to jest, oni ne sut čisto prvonačelne. <div style="column-count: 2; column-gap: 20px; font-size: 90%;"> <references group = "T"/> </div> === Sekundarne iztočniky === <div style="column-count: 2; column-gap: 20px; font-size: 90%;" class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> <references/> </div> == Literatura == * {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, Džon R. R. ''Vladar Prstenjev''. — London: Allen & Unwin, 1954–1955. * {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, Džon R. R. ''Silmarilion''. — London: Allen & Unwin, 1977. * {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, Džon R. R. ''Historija Srědzemja'' (12 tomov). — London: {{-|Unwin Hyman / HarperCollins}}, 1983–1996. * {{-|Tolkien, John R. R. Outline of Phonology // ''Parma Eldalamberon''. — 2010. — Nr. 19.}} * {{Cite book |last=Fimi |first=Dimitra |title=Tolkien, Race, and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-230-21951-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Flieger |first=Verlyn |title=Splintered Light: Logos and Languages in Tolkien's World |publisher=Kent State University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-87338-744-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Krege |first=Wolfgang |title=Elbisches Wörterbuch |publisher=Klett-Cotta |year=2003 |isbn=3-608-93185-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Pesch |first=Helmut W. |title=Elbisch. Grammatik, Schrift und Wörterbuch der Elbensprache |publisher=Bastei Lübbe |year=2003 |isbn=3-404-20476-X}} * {{Cite book |last=Solopova |first=Elizabeth |title=Languages, Myths and History |publisher=North Landing Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9816607-1-4}} == Vněšnje linky == * [https://www.elvish.org/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</span>] * [https://ardalambion.net/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Ardalambion</span>] — sajt Helgeja Fauskangerja o Tolkienovyh jezykah * [https://www.eldalamberon.com/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Parma Eldalamberon</span>] * [https://www.elvish.org/VT/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Vinyar Tengwar</span>] * [https://eldamo.org/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Eldamo</span>] — {{-|Elvish Data Model Paula Strack}} * [https://www.ambar-eldaron.com/telechargements/quenya-engl-A4.pdf Kvenjsko-anglijsky slovnik] {{Umětne jezyky}} [[Kategorija:Planove jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Umětne jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Fiktivne jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Tolkien]] [[Kategorija:Elfske jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Jezyky subjekat–glagol–objekat]] {{INTERWIKI|Q56383}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} cz9ov8qohuu32wdq3mbf3qyj8p089ki 27557 27556 2026-06-29T12:57:39Z Minorax 40 27557 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Kvenja | nativename = <div class="center">{{-|Quenya}}</div> | image = Quenya Example.png | imagesize = 200px | imagecaption = Početok kvenjskoj pesnje ''{{-|[[Namárië]]}}'' napisany [[tengvar]]om i [[Latinica|latiniceju]] | creator = * {{-|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien]]|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Джон Ронал Руел Толкин]]}} | created = okolo 1910–1973 | setting = Fiktivny svět [[Srědzemje|Srědzemja]] | script = * [[latinica]] * [[tengvar]] * [[cirth]] * [[sarati]] | iso3 = qya | linglist = qya | glotto = quen1234 | family = * [[Umětne jezyky]] ** {{-|[[Jezyki Tolkiena]]|[[Jezyki Tolkiena|Jезыкы Толкина]]}} }} '''Kvenja''', takože {{Lang|en|Quenya}} ({{-|''IPA''}} ˈkʷwɛɲja) jest [[umětny jezyk]],<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conley |first1=Tim |last2=Cain |first2=Stephen |title=Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33188-6}}</ref> jedin iz tyh, ktore jest iznahodil {{-|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Džon R. R. Tolkien]]|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Джон Р. Р. Толкин]]}} dlja [[Elfi|Elfov]] v jego beletristikě o [[Srědzemje|Srědzemju]]. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} počel tvoriti jezyk okolo 1910 goda i restrukturoval jego gramatiku několiko razov, dokud ona ne jest dosegla svojego konečnogo stanja.<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkiena|Толкина}}''.</ref> Slovosbor ostajal odnositelno stabilnym črez ves proces tvorjenja. On poslědovatelno měnjal ime jezyka iz ''{{-|Elfin}}'' i ''{{-|Qenya}}'' na konečno ''{{-|Quenya}}''. [[Finsky jezyk|Finsky]] byl [[Finsky vliv na Tolkiena|važnym iztočnikom inspiracije]],<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkiena|Толкина}}''.</ref> ale {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} byl takože běgly v [[Latinsky jezyk|latinskom jezyku]] i [[Staro-anglijsky jezyk|staro-anglijskom]], i znal [[Davnogrěčsky jezyk|grěčsky]], [[Velšsky jezyk|velšsky]] (glavnu inspiraciju za [[sindarin]], drugy važny {{-|Tolkienov|Толкинов}} elfsky jezyk), i takože starogermanske jezyky, osoblivo [[Gotsky jezyk|gotsky]], v času razvoja kvenji. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest razvival kompleksnu vnutrnu historiju personalij, ktore govorili jego elfskimi jezykami v jihnom vlastnom fiktivnom světu.<ref>Solopova, 2009, s. 75</ref> On promyslil takože, že jego jezyky izměnjajut se i razvivajut se s časom, kako i historične jezyky, ktore on izučal profesionalno: ne vo vakuumu, ale kako rezultat migracij i vzajemodějstv narodov, ktore sut govorili jimi. V ramkah {{-|Tolkienovoj|Толкиновоj}} legendy, kvenja jest jedin iz mnogyh [[Elfski jezyky Srědzemja|elfskih jezykov]], na ktoryh govoret bezsmrtne Elfi, nazvane ''{{LatCyr|Quendi|Квенди||1}}'' ('govoritelje') v kvenje.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 6.</ref> Kvenja prěvodi se prosto kako «jezyk» ili, v kontrastu k inym jezykam, ktore Elfi sut strěčali pozdněje v svojej dolgoj historiji, «elfsky jezyk». Poslě togo, kako [[Razděljenje Elfov|Elfi razdělili se]], kvenja voznikla kako rěč dvoh klanov «Vysokyh Elfov» ili Eldarov — [[Noldori|Noldorov]] i Vanjarov, ktore ostavili Srědzemje, da by žiti v [[Eldamar]]u («Elfovom domu»), v [[Valinor]]u, zemji bezsmrtnyh i bogopodobnyh [[Valari|Valarov]].<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 6 «O Fëanorě i Raskovanju Melkora».</ref> Iz těh dvoh skupin Elfov, večšina Noldorov jest vratila se v Srědzemje, gde jest strěčala govorečyh sindarinskym Sivyh Elfov. Noldori konečno sut prijeli sindarin i koristali kvenju prědže vsego kako ritualny ili poetičny jezyk, dokolě Vanjari, ktore sut ostali v Eldamaru, shranjali sut koristanje kvenje. Ovako, kvenjsky jezyk byl simboličnym dlja vysokogo statusa Elfov — prvorodnoj iz ras Srědzemja — iz-za jihnoj těsnoj svezi s Valinorom. V [[Druga Epoha|Drugoj Epohě]] hronologije Srědzemja [[Ljudi Srědzemja|Ljudi]] [[Numénor]]a naučili se kvenji. V [[Tretja Epoha|Tretjej Epohe]], vrěmenu sobytij «[[Vladar Prstenjev|Vladara Prstenjev]]», kvenja byla izučana kako [[drugy jezyk]] vsemi Elfami noldorskogo proizhodženja, i ona nadaljovala koristati se v govorjenoj i pisanoj formah, ale jihny [[materinsky jezyk]] byl sindarin Sivih Elfov.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', Prilog {{-|F}}: «O Elfah».</ref> Kako Noldori sut ostali v Srědzemju, jihny noldorsky dialekt kvenje takože jest postupno odšel od vanjarskogo dialekta, govorjenogo v Valinoru, podvrgajuči se zvukovnym i gramatičnym izměnam. Kvenjsky jezyk imel važnu rolju v {{-|Tolkienovom|Толкиновом}} «Vladaru Prstenjev», i takože v jego posthumno publikovanoj historiji Srědzemja «[[Silmarilion]]». Najdlžejšy tekst v kvenji, publikovany {{-|Tolkienom|Толкином}} v jego životu, jest pesnja «{{-|[[Namárië]]}}»; ine publikovane teksty ne sut dolžeje než několiko rěčenij. Po svojej smrti {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} ostavil mnogo nepublikovanyh zapisov o kvenji, i pozdněje {{-|Tolkienove|Толкинове}} učeniki sut uporedili jego zapisky i nepublikovane rukopisy dlja publikacije v žurnalah «{{-|[[Parma Eldalamberon]]}}» i «{{-|[[Vinyar Tengwar]]}}», gde takože publikovali naučnu i lingvističnu analizu jezyka.<ref>Solopova, 2009, s. 90</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} nikogda ne jest stvoril dostatočno slovosbora, da by bylo možno razgovarjati po-kvenjsky, hoti ljubitelje pišut poeziju i prozu v kvenji od 1970-yh godov. Tuto pričinilo prědpoloženja i potrěbu tvoriti nova slova, v realnosti razvivajuči svojego roda neo-kvenju. == Vněšnja historija == {{-|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien]]|[[Džon Ronal Ruel Tolkien|Джон Ронал Руел Толкин]]}} začel konstruovati svoj prvy elfsky jezyk okolo 1910–1911 goda, buduči v škole Kralja Edvarda v [[Birmingham]]u.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Conley |first1=Tim |last2=Cain |first2=Stephen |title=Encyclopedia of Fictional and Fantastic Languages |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2006 |isbn=978-0-313-33188-6}}</ref> Pozdněje on nazval jego ''{{-|Qenya}} '' (okolo 1915 goda), i ješče pozdněje izměnil pravopis na ''{{-|Quenya}} ''. V toj čas on byl uže znancem [[Latinsky jezyk|latinskogo jezyka]] , [[Davnogrečsky jezyk|grečskogo]], [[Špansky jezyk|španskogo]], i několika starogermanskyh jezykov, kako [[Gotsky jezyk|gotsky]], [[Staronordsky jezyk|staronordsky]], i [[Staro-anglijsky jezyk|staro-anglijsky]].<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}a''.</ref> On iznahodil něktore kriptografične kody, i dva ili tri umětne jezyky. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} zainteresoval se finskoju mitologijeju [[Kalevala|Kalevaly]], potom izučil [[Finski jezyk|finsky]], ktory on nahodil estetično zadovoljajučim iztočnikom inspiracije dlja jego Vysokoelfskogo jezyka. Mnogo lět pozdněje on napisal: «To bylo kako iznahoditi cělu vinicu, napolnjenu flašami udiviteljnogo vina roda i vkusa, kakogo nikogda prědže ne byh odvědal. To mene sovsěm opijanilo».<ref group=T>Pismo #163, ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}a''.</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest pisal ob ingredientah kvenji: <blockquote> Ingredienty v kvenji sut raznorodne, ale izrabotane v samokonsistentny harakter, točno ne podobny libokakomu jezyku, ktory ja znam. Finsky, s ktorym ja znajomil se, kogda prědže počel konstruovati «mitologiju», byl dominantnym vlivanjem, ale toj byl mnogo ograničeny <nowiki>[v pozdnej kvenji]</nowiki>. On pozastavaje v něktoryh harakteristikah: kako odsutnost početkovo libokakyh konsonantnyh skupin, odsutnost zvučnyh plozivov ''b, d, g'' (izvedenyh v ''mb, nd, ng, ld, rd'', ktore sut blagoraspoložene) i ljubov k koncovkam ''-inen, -ainen, -oinen'', i takože v něktoryh točkah gramatiky, kako sut padežne zakončenja ''-sse'' (početok v ili na), ''-nna'' (dviženje k, premo), i ''-llo'' (dviženje iz); prisvojiteljne zaimenniky takože sut izražene sufiksami; nema roda.<ref group=T>Iz pisma W. R. Mettjusu, datovannogo 13–15 junija 1964, publikovanogo v {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 135.</ref></blockquote> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} nikogda ne naměrjal kvenju ili kake-libo ine svoje umětne jezyky koristati vo vsakodennom životu kako [[medžunarodny pomočny jezyk]],<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 76</ref> hoti poddržival ideju [[Esperanto|esperanta]] kako pomočnogo jezyka v Evropě.<ref>{{-|Fimi, 2010}}, s. 95–99</ref> So svojeju kvenjeju {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} naslědoval dvojny estetičny cělj: «klasičnost i měnlivost».<ref group=T>Iz pisma W. R. Mettjusu, {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 135.</ref> Toj impuls byl važnoju motivacijeju dlja jego tvorjenja «mitologije». V času razvoja jezyka {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} čul, že on potrěboval govoriteljev, vključno s jihnoju vlastnoju historijeju i mitologijeju, ktore, kako on myslil, davajut jezyku jego «individualny vkus».<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', «Predslovje k vtoromu izdanju».</ref><ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 75</ref> «Vladar Prstenjev», po {{-|Tolkienu|Толкину}}, «byl prědže vsego lingvistično inspirovany i byl počety, da by dati potrěbny fon 'historije' dlja elfskyh jezykov».<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', «Predslovje k vtoromu izdanju».</ref> Toj proces, naprvo iznahodženje jezyka i potom tvorjenje pozadja dlja jego fiktivnyh govoriteljev byl opisan kako unikalny.<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. p75–76</ref> [[Dimitra Fimi]], {{-|Tolkienova|Толкинова}} učenica, utvrdžaje, že {{-|Tolkienovo|Толкиново}} iznahodženje {{-|Q|К}}en{{-|y|j}}i počalo se kako iskanje idealnogo jezyka, da by odpovědal moralnym i estetičnym cěljam tvorjenja «mitologije za Angliju».<ref>{{-|Fimi, 2010}}, s. 97</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} považal kvenju kako «jedin jezyk, ktory byl skonstruovany da by dati zaigrati mojemu vlastnomu najnormalnějšemu fonetičnomu vkusu».<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Čudovišča i kritiki'', s. 212.</ref> Od početka {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} koristal [[Komparativna filologija|komparativnu filologiju]] i [[model dreva]] kako svoje glavne orudja v umětnyh jezykah.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, pismo čitatelju, {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 61.</ref> On obyčno začinal s fonologičeskoj sistemy [[prajezyk]]a i potom prodolžal iznahodženjem dlja vsakogo [[Dočersky jezyk|dočerskogo jezyka]] trěbnoj sekvencie [[Glasova izměna|glasovyh izměn]]. === Razvoj === V svojem životu {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} eksperimentoval neustalo so svojimi umětnymi jezykami, i oni byli podvrgnuty mnogym revizijam. Kvenja imala mnogo gramatik so značnymi različjami medžu raznymi etapami svojego razvoja. V času prvogo konceptualnogo etapa ''rannjej kvenji'' od okolo 1910 do okolo 1920 goda, jezyk se nazyval ''{{-|Elfin}}'' v anglijskom i ''{{-|Eldarissa}} '' v samoj {{-|Q|К}}en{{-|y|j}}i. Dokolě jejny razvoj byl bezprěryvnym procesom, kvenja jest prošla několiko važnyh revizij v svojej gramatikě, prědže vsego v spreženju i sistemě zaimennikov. Slovosbor, jednakože, ne byl podvrgnut naglym ili krajnym izměnam. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} poněkogda měnjal značenje slova, ale on bez malogo nikogda ne izkydyval jego kogda iznahodil, i on prodolžal izlěpšati jego smysl i bezčislenno kovati nove sinonimy. Pozdněje, po publikaciji «Vladara Prstenjev» (zakončenogo okolo 1949–1950, publikovanogo v 1954–1955 godah), gramatične pravila kvenji prohodet ješče nemnogo izměn, i tuta versija byla potom klasifikovana kako ''pozdnja kvenja'' (okolo 1950–1973). Napisanje ''{{-|Qenya}}'' se loněkogda koristaje da by razlučiti ''rannju kvenju'' od pozdnejših verzij. {{-|Qenya}} odličaje se od pozdnjej kvenji zato že imaje inaku vnutrnu historiju, slovosbor i gramatične pravila, kako opisano v «{{-|Qenyaqetsa}}».<ref>«{{-|Qenyaqetsa: The Qenya Phonology and Lexicon by J. R. R. Tolkien}}», publikovany v {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} nomer 12.</ref> [[Dimitra Fimi]] prědpokladaje, že {{-|Qenya}}, kakova jest v «{{-|Qenyaqetsa}}», była zamysljena kako mističny jezyk, ibo leksikon sodrživaje mnogo slov s jasnymy religioznymi konotacijami.<ref>{{-|Fimi, 2010}}, s. 98</ref> V ranih 1930-yh godah {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest rěšil, že prajezyk Elfov byl [[Valarin]], jezyk bogov ili Valarov: «Jezyk Elfov proishodil v početku iz Valarov, ale oni měnjali go uže v procesu naučenija, i čtovyše, izměnjali i obogačali jego vsaky čas svojim vlastnym iznahodženjem».<ref group=T>Tolkien, 2010, {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), ss. 18–28.</ref> Okolo deseti lět pozdněje, {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} izměnil teoriju o proishodženiju elfskogo prajezyka. Vměsto naučenija od Valarov, Elfi sut stvorili izvorny jezyk '''{{-|Quenderin}}''', ktory stal se prajezykom elfskoj jezykovoj rodiny.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, {{-|«Lambion Ontale: Descent of Tongues», Tengwesta Qenderinwa 2, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (18), s. 71.</ref> Elfska jezykova sěmja sodrživaje kvenju, [[telerin]], [[sindarin]] i [[nandorin]]. Druga harakteristika kvenji, pripominajuča drěvne prirodne jezyky kako davnogrčsky, staro-anglijsky ili sanskrit, jest [[Dvojina|dvojinno]] gramatično čislo, ktore koristaje se v dodatok k jedinstvennomu i množnomu.<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 77</ref> === Publikacija lingvističnyh tekstov === Dva žurnala, {{-|''[[Vinyar Tengwar]]''}} od nomera 39 (julij 1998), i {{-|''[[Parma Eldalamberon]]''}} od nomera 11 (1995), byli sut ekskluzivno posvěčeny redaktovanju i publikaciji {{-|Tolkienovoj|Толкиновоj}} masy nepublikovanyh lingvističnyh papirov.<ref>{{-|Solopova, 2009}}, s. 90</ref> Važne gramatične teksty, aluzivno vozpominane v seriji «[[Historija Srědzemja]]» i opisane kako skoro nečitajeme ili dosta nerazumlive, byli sut publikovane v tutyh dvoh žurnalah. «Rannjaa Kvenjska gramatika», napisana {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om okolo 1925 goda, byla redaktovana i publikovana v {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} nomer 14.<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon'' (14).}}</ref> === Naučne izslědovanja === V 1992 godu, suglasno {{-|Tolkienovomu|Толкиновому}} učenjiku [[Karl F. Hostetter|Karlu F. Hostetteru]], {{-|Tolkienov|Толкинов}} učenjik {{-|Anthony Appleyard|Антони Еплjард}} jest stvorill «prvo kompleksno pokušenje ... sistematizovati kvenjsku gramatiku v světle novyh informacij, publikovanyh v 'Historiji Srědzemja', osobenno v Etimologijah».<ref>{{-|{{Cite journal |last=Hostetter |first=Carl F. |title=Tolkienian Linguistics: The First Fifty Years |journal=Tolkien Studies |volume=4 |year=2007 |pages=1–46 |doi=10.1353/tks.2007.0022}}}}</ref> V 2008 godu, kompjuterny lingvist {{-|Paul Strack|Пол Страк}} stvoril {{-|Elvish Data Model}} (skračeno «{{-|Eldamo}}») da by sostaviti leksikon — slovnik i analizu izvoja jezyka — vsih {{-|Tolkienovyh|Толкиновых}} jezykov.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack |first=Paul |title=Eldamo – An Elvish Lexicon |url=https://eldamo.org/index.html |date=11 December 2022}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;" |+ Grupovanje variantov kvenji po periodam<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strack |first=Paul |title=Eldamo – An Elvish Lexicon |url=https://eldamo.org/index.html |date=11 December 2022}}</ref> |- ! Rannji (1910 do 1930) !! Srědnji (do 1950) !! Pozdnji (do 1973) |- | <poem>Rannji Primitivny Elfsky jezyk Rannja Kvenja</poem> | <poem>Srědnji Primitivny Elfsky jezyk Srědnja Stara Kvenja Srědnja Kvenja Lindarin</poem> | <poem>Primitivny Elfsky jezyk Stara Kvenja Kvenja Vanjarin</poem> |} Lingvist Alexander St{{-|ai|е}}nton publikoval analizu prosodijnoj struktury kvenji v 2022 godu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stainton |first=Alexander |title=Quenya Prosodic Structure |journal=Western Papers in Linguistics |date=2022 |volume=5 |issue=1}}</ref> === Koristanje kvenji === Pokušanija ljubiteljov pisati v kvenji počali se v 1970-yh godah, kogda ves korpus publikovanogo elfskogo jezyka sodržival toliko několiko sot slov. Od togo časa koristanje elfskogo procvětalo v pesnjah i tekstah, frazah i imenah, i daže tatuažah.<ref name="companion">{{-|{{Cite book |first1=Christina |last1=Scull |last2=Hammond |first2=Wayne G. |year=2006 |title=The J. R. R. Tolkien Companion and Guide |volume=2 |publisher=Houghton Mifflin |pages=476–82}}}}</ref> Ale {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} sam nikogda ne dělal svoje jezyky dostatočno polnymi dlja razgovora. V rezultatu, novo stvorjene elfske teksty vključajut prědpoloženija i poněkogda kovanje novyh slov. == Vnutrenja historija == Elfske jezyky sut [[Jezykova sěmja|semjeju]] několika srodnyh jezykov i narěčij. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} jest fiktivno predstavil elfsku spoločnost s [[vernakular]]nym jezykom dlja vsakodennogo koristanja, ''{{-|Tarquesta}}'', i bolje obrazovanym jezykom dlja koristanja v ceremonijah i nauki, ''{{-|Parmaquesta}}''.<ref>{{-|{{Cite journal |last=Garth |first=John |title=Quenya Phonology: Comparative Tables |journal=Tolkien Studies |volume=8 |issue=1 |year=2011 |pages=107–114 |doi=10.1353/tks.2011.0013}}}}</ref> === Primitivna Kvěndija === Elfi na počatku sovměstno imali jedin jezyk, Primitivnu Kvěndiju, nazvanu ''{{-|Quenderin}}'' v kvenji. Medžu [[Eldari|Eldarami]], to jest tymi Elfami, ktore sut podjeli Veliky Pohod v [[Valinor]] i [[Eldamar]], Primitivna Kvěndija razvila se v občoeldarinsku.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, {{-|«Tengwesta Qenderinwa», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (18), s. 72.</ref> Něktori iz Eldarov sut ostali v [[Beleriand]]u i stali Sivimy Elfami; jihny jezyk razvil se v [[sindarin]]. Večšina inyh Eldarov prodolžala putoavje v Eldamar i osnovala veliky grad Tirion, gde razvili kvenju.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 6; takože «Kvenja» v anotirovanom Ukazatelju, s. 346.</ref> Starša forma kvenji, prvokratno zapisana v [[Sarati|saratah]] Rúmila, nazyva se Stara ili Drěvna Kvenja (''{{-|Yára-Quenya}}'' v kvenji). V Eldamaru, Noldori i Vanjari govorili dvoma slegka različnymi, no vzajemno razumlivymi narěčjami Tarkvesta: ''Noldorinska Kvenja'' i ''Vanjarinska Kvenja''.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. Tolkien, {{-|«Tengwesta Qenderinwa 2», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (18), s. 75.</ref> Pozdněje Noldorinska Kvenja se stala ''Izgnaněčskoju Kvenjeju'', kogda večšina Noldorskyh Elfov slědovala jih vodjitelju [[Fëanor]]u v izgnanje iz Eldamara i nazad v Srědzemje, gde sut vprvo probudili se bezsmrtne Elfi.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, {{-|«Words, Phrases and Passages», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 128.</ref> === Koristanje Elfami, Valarami i Ljudjmi === Kvenja koristala se bogopodobnymi Valarami. Elfi sut prijeli někake [[Pozajeto slovo|pozajete slova]] iz jezyka Valarov, ktory nayzval se Valarin v kvenji, hoti tyh bylo vyše vo Vanjarinskom narěčji než v Noldorskom.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 1994, «Part Four. Quendi and Eldar: Appendix D», s. 398.}}</ref> To je bylo verojetno iz-za trajno těsnyh odnošenij Vanjarskih Elfov s Valarom. Elfi Tretjego Klana, ili [[Teleri]], ktore sut dosegli Eldamara pozdněje, než Noldora i Vanjara, govorili odličnym, ale těsno srodnym jezykom, obyčno nazyvanym [[Telerin]]skym. Nektore Elfi videli jego toliko narěčjem kvenji. To ne bylo věrno s historičnogo gledišča, hoti može byti věrno s lingvističnogo.<ref>{{-|{{Cite encyclopedia |last=Dickerson |first=Matthew |title=Elves: Kindreds and Migrations |encyclopedia=J. R. R. Tolkien Encyclopedia |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-86511-1 |pages=152–154}}}}</ref> Buntujuči se [[Noldori]], ktore sledovali Fëanoru v Srědzemje, govorili toliko kvenjeju. Ale [[Elu Thingol]], Kralj [[Sindarove|Sindarov]] Belerianda, jest zabranil koristanje kvenji v jego carstvě, kogda uznal ob ubijstvu Telerinskyh Elfov Noldorami.<ref group=T>''Silmarilion'', gl. 15.</ref> Tym on i ograničil možnost Sindarov ulěpšati i prosvětljati svoj jezyk vlivanjami iz kvenji, i uskoril «směnšenje i duhovno obědnjenje» Noldorskoj kultury.<ref>Flieger, 2002, s. 136</ref> Noldori v toj čas byli polno ovladli sindarinskym, dokolě Sindari byli sut pomali v naučeniju se kvenji. Od [[Vtora Epoha (Elfi)|Vtoroj Epohy]] dalje, kvenja koristala se ceremonijno [[Čelověci Srědzemja|Ljudmi]] [[Numénor]]a i jihnymi potomkami v [[Gondor]]u i Arnoru dlja oficialnyh imen kraljev i kraljic; ta praktika byla obnovjena [[Aragorn]]om kogda on prěvzal koronu kako Elessar Tel{{-|c|к}}ontar.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', ''Povrat Kralja'', {{-|«Steward and the King»}}.</ref> Kvenja v Tretjej Epohě imala skoro toj isty status, kako [[Latinsky jezyk|latinsky]] v srědnjevěčnoj [[Evropa|Evropě]], i byla nazvana {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om ''{{-|Elven-latin}}''.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', Priloga F: «O Elfah».</ref> == Fonetika == {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} opisal izgovorjenje elfskih jezykov Elfami, Ljudmi i Hobbitami v različnih iztočnikah. Dokumentacija o fonetikě pozdnjej kvenji sodrživaje se v Prilogě E «Vladara Prstenjev» i v «{{-|Outline of Phonology}}», jednom iz {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ovyh tekstov, publikovanom v ''Parma Eldalamberon'' nomer 19.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), ss. 68–107.</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} osnoval izgovorjenje kvenji bolje na [[Latinsky jezyk|latinskom jezyku]] než na [[Finska fonetika|finskoj fonetikě]]. Tako, kvenje nedostavaje [[Harmonija samoglasok|harmonije samoglasok]] i [[Gradacija suglasok|gradacije suglasok]], prisutnyh v finskom, i [[udarjenje]] ne jest vsegda na prvom slogu slova. Tipičske finske elementy kako prědnje samoglasky ''{{-|ö}}'', ''{{-|ä}}'' i ''{{-|y}}'' nedostajut kvenji, ale fonetične podobnosty vključajut odsutnost aspirovanyh nezvučnyh plozivov ili razvoj slogov {{-|''ti'' > ''si''}} v obohdvoh jezykah. Kombinacija latinskoj osnovy s finskimi pravilami fonetiky dala rezultatom produkt, ktory jest podobny italijanskomu vo mnogyh odnošenjah, a toj byl {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ov omiljeny sovrěmenny romansky jezyk.<ref> ''Pisma Džona R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}a'', #223.</ref> === Suglasky === Kvenjska sistema suglasok imaje 6 glavnyh měst artikulacije: [[Labialna suglaska|labialno]] (vključajuče guby), [[Dentalna suglaska|dentalno]] (vključajuče jezyk i zadnju stranu zubov), [[Alveolarna suglaska|alveolarno]], [[Palatalna suglaska|palatalno]], [[Velarna suglaska|velarno]], i [[Glotalna suglaska|glotalno]]. Čto važno, zvučne [[ploziv]]y javjajut se toliko poslě [[Nosova suglaska|nosovyh]] i [[Likvidna suglaska|likvidnyh]], to jest nema prostogo {{-|/b, d, g/}}, ale toliko skupiny {{-|/mb, nd, ld, rd, ŋg/}}, i te javjajut se toliko medžu vokalami.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 75</ref> :{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Kvenjske suglasky<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), s. 88.</ref> ! ! Labijalny ! Alveolarny ! Palatalny ! Velarny ! Glotalny |- ! Nosovy | {{-|m}} || {{-|n}} || || {{-|ŋ}} || |- ! Ploziv | {{-|p b}} || {{-|t d}} || || {{-|k g}} || |- ! Frikativ | {{-|f v}} || {{-|s}} || {{-|(ç)}} || {{-|x}} || {{-|h}} |- ! Tril | || {{-|r}} || || || |- ! Poluglasky | {{-|(ʍ) w}} || || {{-|j}} || || |- ! Lateralny | || {{-|l}} || || || |} Kvenjska ortografija (koristajuči latinicu) sleduje MFA, ale koristaje {{-|⟨c⟩}} kako alternativu za {{-|⟨k⟩}}, piše se {{-|(IPA [ŋ])}}, za ktoroju ne slěduje druga velarna kako {{-|⟨ñ⟩}}, i predstavjaje suglasky {{-|(IPA [ç ʍ])}} koristanjem digrafov {{-|⟨hy hw⟩}}.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), s. 88.</ref> === Samoglasky === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right" |+ Kvenjske samoglasky<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 76</ref> ! ! Prědnje ! Zadnje |- ! Zatvorjene || {{-|i(ː)}} || {{-|u(ː)}} |- ! Poluotvorjene prědnje || {{-|eː}} || {{-|oː}} |- ! Poluotvorjene zadnje || {{-|ɛ}} || {{-|ɔ}} |- ! Otvorjene |colspan=2| a(ː) |} Kvenja imaje pet [[Samoglaska|samoglasok]] i razliku dolžiny. Kratke samoglasky sut {{-|/a, e, i, o, u/}}, a dolge pišut se s akcentom kako {{-|⟨á, é, í, ó, ú⟩}}. Točna kakost samoglasok ne jest znana, ale jihny izgovor jest verojetno bliže k «čistym» samoglaskam italijanskogo i španskogo, než k dvuglasnym anglijskym.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm |title=Quenya – the Ancient Tongue. Elementary Phonology |first=Helge K. |last=Fauskanger |publisher=University of Bergen}}</ref> Pozdnja Noldorinska Kvenja imaje 6 dvoglasok (kvenjsky ''{{-|ohloni}}''): {{-|/iu, eu, ai, au, oi, ui/}}. Vse oni sut [[Padajuča dvuglaska|padajuče]], s izključenjem {{-|/iu/ (IPA [ju])}} ktora jest vozdvigajuča se.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 76</ref> === Slogy i udarjenje === V kvenji, udarjenje sloga jest prědvidimo i nefonemično (to jest smysl slova nikogda ne měnjaje se zavisno od naglasa), ale jest čestečno naznačeno [[Težina sloga|težinoju sloga]]. Slova iz dvoh slogov imajut udarjenje na prvom slogu. V slovah iz trěh ili vyše slogov, udarjenje jest na prědposlědnom slogu, ako li toj jest těžky, inače na tretjem slogu od konca. Tuto pravilo naglasa jest jednakovo s [[Latinška fonologija|latinskim pravilom udarjenja]].<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 2010, ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (19), s. 88.</ref> == Gramatika == Gramatika kvenji jest [[Aglutinativny jezyk|aglutinativna]] i v osnově [[sufiks]]alna, to jest, različne slovesne čestice sjedinjajut se pridavanjem jih na konci. Ona imaje osnovne klasy slov — [[glagol]]y, [[imennik]]y i [[zaimennik]]y/oprědělitelje, [[pridavnik]]y i [[prědlog]]y. Imenniki sut sklanjane po padežu i čislu. Glagoly sut spregajeme po vrěmenu i vidu, i po suglasovanju s subjektom i objektom. V rannjej kvenji, pridavniky suglasujut se s imennikom, ktory modifikujut, po padežu i čislu, ale ne v pozdnjej kvenji, gde tuto suglasovanje utračaje se. Osnovny slovoslěd jest [[subjekt-glagol-objekt]]. Ako ne ukazano inače, priměry v tutoj sekciji odnoset se k Pozdnjoj Kvenje kako ju {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} prědstavoval poslě 1951 goda. '''[[Padež]]e kvenje sut''': * [[nominativ]] (imeniteljnik); * [[genitiv]] (roditeljnik); * [[posesiv]] (prisvojiteljny); * [[dativ]] (dateljnik); * [[akuzativ]] (viniteljnik); * [[lokativ]] (městny); * [[alativ]] (vhodno-městny); * [[ablativ]] (izhodno-městny); * [[instrumental]] (tvoriteljnik); * «elfinitiv», «zagadočny padež» — pravdopodobno, jest raznovidnostju městnika abstraktnogo vida, napodobje ''{{-|fëas}}'' «v duši». '''Čisla''' * [[Jednina]] (''jedinstveno čislo'') — označaje jedin prědmet. * [[Dvojina]] (''dvojstveno čislo'') — označaje neoddělimu paru prědmetov, napriměr «ruky». Ješče jedin harakterističny priměr — v kvenja o najlěpših prijateljah govoret ''meldu'', to jest «para prijateljev». To pokazuje, koliko oni sut blizki. * [[Množina]] (''množstveno čislo'') — označaje několiko prědmetov. * Sborno čislo (''multipleks'') — označaje neoddělimu grupu prědmetov, napriměr, «narod», ili oprěděljenu grupu prědmetov, ako koristi se s oprěděljenym artiklom. Priměry podobnyh čisel v medžuslovjanskom i anglijskom jezykah. * Jednina — «člověk; cvět»; ''{{-|person}}''. * Dvojina — «rukavy; oči»; ''{{-|sleeves}}''. * Množina — «ljudi; cvěty» (ale ne «cvětje»); ~''{{-|persons}}''. * Sborno — «narod; cvětje» (ale ne «cvěty»); ''{{-|people}}''. === Imenniky === Kvenjske imenniky mogut iměti do četyreh čisel: jedninu, obču [[Množina|množinu]] («množina 1»), čestičnu/[[Partitivna množina|partitivnu množinu]] («množina 2») i [[Dvojina|dvojinu]].<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. p78–79</ref> V pozdnej Kvenjskoj Tarkvestě množina tvori se sufiksom k subjektnoj formě imennika: za «množinu 1» sufiks jest ''{{-|-i}}'' ili ''{{-|-r}}''; za «množinu 2» sufiks jest ''{{-|-li}}''.<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «Words, Phrases and Passages», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 135.</ref> Kvenjske imenniky sklanjajut se po [[padež]]am. Parmakvestna Kvenja imaje deset [[padež]]ev.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. p79–80</ref> One vključajut četyri glavnyh padežev: [[nominativ]], [[akuzativ]], [[genitiv]] i [[Instrumentalny padež|instrumentalny]]; tri adverbialne padeže: [[Alativny padež|alativny]] (iz ktorogo [[dativ]] jest skračena forma), [[lokativ]] (takože s skračenoju formoju) i [[ablativ]]; i [[Posesivny padež|posesivny]] ili pridavnikovy padež. Akuzativ byl koriščeny toliko v Parmakvestě i byl zaměnjeny nominativom v pozdnej govorjenoj kvenji.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 80</ref> [[Imennik]]y v kvenji, voobče, dělet se na tri [[Sklonjenje (lingvistika)|sklonjenja]], ale jest mnogo izključenji, svezanyh s [[Etimologija|etimologijeju]] slov. ==== Prvo sklonjeńje ==== K prvomu sklonjenju prinaležet imenniky, končajuče se na suglasku, napriměr, «kralj» i «dom». {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;" |- ! Padež !! Jed. č. !! Dvoj. č. !! Mn. č. !! Sbor. č. |- | [[Imeniteljnik]] || ''{{-|aran}}'' || ''{{-|aranu}}'' || ''{{-|arani}}'' || ''{{-|araneli}}'' |- | [[Roditeljnik]] || ''{{-|arano}}'' || ''{{-|aranuo}}'' || ''{{-|aranion}}'' || ''{{-|aranelion}}'' |- | [[Prisvojiteljny padež|Prisvojiteljny]] || ''{{-|aranwa}}'' || ''{{-|aranuva}}'' || ''{{-|araníva}}'' || ''{{-|aranelíva}}'' |- | [[Dateljnik]] || ''{{-|aranen}}'' || ''{{-|aranuen}}'' || ''{{-|aranin}}'' || ''{{-|aranelin}}'' |- | [[Viniteljnik]] || ''{{-|aran}}'' || ''{{-|aranu}}'' || ''{{-|araní}}'' || ''{{-|aranelí}}'' |- | [[Městnik]] || ''{{-|aranessë}}'' || ''{{-|aranussë}}'' || ''{{-|aranissen}}'' || ''{{-|aranelissen}}'' |- | [[Alativ]] || ''{{-|aranenna}}'' || ''{{-|aranunna}}'' || ''{{-|araninnar}}'' || ''{{-|aranelinnar}}'' |- | [[Ablativ]] || ''{{-|aranello}}'' || ''{{-|aranullo}}'' || ''{{-|aranillor}}'' || ''{{-|aranelillon}}'' |- | [[Tvoriteljnik]] || ''{{-|arannen}}'' || ''{{-|aranunen}}'' || ''{{-|araninen}}'' || ''{{-|aranelínen}}'' |- | Abstraktno-městny || ''{{-|aranes}}'' || ''{{-|aranus}}'' || ''{{-|aranis}}'' || ''{{-|aranelis}}'' |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;" |- ! Padež !! Jed. č. !! Dvoj. č. !! Mn. č. !! Sbor. č. |- | [[Imeniteljnik]] || ''{{-|már}}'' || ''{{-|mardu}}'' || ''{{-|mardi}}'' || ''{{-|mardeli}}'' |- | [[Roditeljnik]] || ''{{-|mardo}}'' || ''{{-|marduo}}'' || ''{{-|mardion}}'' || ''{{-|mardelion}}'' |- | [[Prisvojiteljny padež|Prisvojiteljny]] || ''{{-|marwa}}'' || ''{{-|marduva}}'' || ''{{-|mardiva}}'' || ''{{-|mardelíva}}'' |- | [[Dateljnik]] || ''{{-|marden}}'' || ''{{-|marduen}}'' || ''{{-|mardin}}'' || ''{{-|mardelin}}'' |- | [[Viniteljnik]] || ''{{-|mar}}'' || ''{{-|mardu}}'' || ''{{-|mardí}}'' || ''{{-|mardelí}}'' |- | [[Městnik]] || ''{{-|mardessë}}'' || ''{{-|mardussë}}'' || ''{{-|mardissen}}'' || ''{{-|mardelissen}}'' |- | [[Alativ]] || ''{{-|mardenna}}'' || ''{{-|mardunna}}'' || ''{{-|mardinnar}}'' || ''{{-|mardelinnar}}'' |- | [[Ablativ]] || ''{{-|mardello}}'' || ''{{-|mardullo}}'' || ''{{-|mardillor}}'' || ''{{-|mardelillon}}'' |- | [[Tvoriteljnik]] || ''{{-|mardenen}}'' || ''{{-|mardunen}}'' || ''{{-|mardinen}}'' || ''{{-|mardelínen}}'' |- | Abstraktno-městny || ''{{-|mardes}}'' || ''{{-|mardus}}'' || ''{{-|mardis}}'' || ''{{-|mardelis}}'' |} === Pridavniky === V pozdnoj kvenji, jednotne okončenja sut ''{{-|-a, -ë, -ëa}}'', i rědka forma ''{{-|-in}}'', ktora može byti viděna kako skračena forma ''{{-|-ina}}''. Odgovarajuče množine formy sut ''{{-|-ë, -i, ië}}'', i možlivo ''{{-|-inë}}''.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 87</ref> Kvenjske pridavniky mogut svobodno koristati se kako imenniki, v tom slučaju sut takože sklanjane kako imennik: naprimer, ''{{-|vinya}}'' «novy» može byti koristovany kako ''{{-|vinyar}}'' «novinky».<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «Early Qenya Grammar», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (14), s. 77.</ref> === Prědlogy i prislovniky === V kvenji, jest mnogo podobnosti v formě medžu prědlogami i prislovnikami, ibo gramatičny padež uže prěděljaje odnošenje glagola i objekta.<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 90</ref> Tako: '''''{{-|an}}''' {{-|i falmali}} = {{-|i falmali'''nna'''(r)}}'' «na mnogyh valah». Prědlog ''{{-|an}}'' jest srodny s padežnym okončenijem ''{{-|-nna}}''. === Zaimenniky === Kako so vsemi čestmi kvenjskoj gramatiky, sistema zaimennikov byla podvrgnuta mnogym revizijam v času {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ova života, i dostupny korpus ne byl sistematičnym, doklě spisok okončenij ne byl publikovany v {{-|''Vinyar Tengwar'' nr.}} 49 v 2007 godu.<ref>{{-|{{Cite web |url=http://folk.uib.no/hnohf/quenya.htm |title=Quenya – the Ancient Tongue: Pronouns |first=Helge K. |last=Fauskanger |publisher=University of Bergen}}}}</ref> V pozdnjej kvenji, zaimenniky imajut kako odvojene ili nězavisne formy, tako i sufiksne formy.<ref group=T>{{-|«Quenya Pronominal Elements», ''Vinyar Tengwar''}}(49), s. 51.</ref> «Ja ljubju jego» (ili «ju») može byti izraženo v kvenji kako ''{{-|Melinyes}}'' ili ''{{-|Melin sé}}''.<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 15.</ref> Ako zaimennik jest subjektom rěčenja, toj prilučaje se k glagolu kako odděljeno slovo prěd glagolom ili kako sufiks poslě glagola v odpovědajučem spreženju: : ''{{-|utúvie-nye-s}}'', doslovno «nahodil-ja-to», «ja nahodil to»<ref>Pesch, 2003, s. 100</ref> (sr. izkrik [[Aragorn]]a kogda on nahodil razsadu [[Bělo Drěvo Gondora|Bělogo Drěva]]<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', ''Povrat Kralja'', {{-|«Steward and the King»}}.</ref>). === Glagoly === Po {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}u, «spreženja glagolov <nowiki>[</nowiki>{{-|Q|K}}enji<nowiki>]</nowiki> sut vsegda dost pravilne»,<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «Early Qenya Grammar», ''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (14), s. 56.</ref> i kvenjske glagoly sut ili v «osobnoj formě» ili v «bezličnoj formě». Kvenjske glagoly negajut se koristanjem «negativnogo glagola'' {{-|ua}}-'' prěd pravilnym glagolom v formě bezličnogo vrěmena.<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 144.</ref> Pozdněkvenjske glagoly imajut takože dvojny suglasovačy morfem ''{{-|-t}}'': : ''{{-|Nai siluva'''t''' elen atta.}}'' «Neka sijajut dvě zvězdy.»<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 43.</ref> [[Svezka]] v pozdnjej kvenji jest glagol ''{{-|na-}}''. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} ukazal, čto on koristaje se toliko pri sjedinjenju pridavnikov, imennikov i zaimennikov v tvrždenjah (ili žednostah), i čto svezka ne koristaje se, kogda smysl jest jasny.<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 9.</ref> Inače svezka jest [[Nulova svezka|nulova]], čto može davati dvuznačne vrěmena bez konteksta: : ''{{-|Eldar ataformaiti}}'' može byti prěloženo kako «Elfi sut oboručni», ili «Elfi byli obouručni».<ref group=T>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (49), s. 7.</ref> == Slovosbor == Za to, že mnogo {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ovyh zapisov o elfskih jezykah ostavaje neopublikovano, těžko jest znati koliko veliky slovosbor on sozdal. Do 2008 goda, okolo 25.000 elfskih slov bylo publikovano.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kloczko |first=Edward |title=L'Encyclopédie des Elfes |publisher=Le Pré aux Clercs |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-84228-325-4 |page=145}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; float:right;" |+ Osnovny slovosbor v kvenji i sindarinu ! Medžuslovjansky || Kvenja || Sindarin |-- | zemlja || {{-|''ambar'', ''cemen''}} || ''{{-|amar}}'', ''{{-|ceven}}'' |-- | nebo || ''{{-|menel}}'' || ''{{-|menel}}'' |-- | voda || ''{{-|nén}}'' || ''{{-|nen}}'' |-- | ogonj || ''{{-|nár}}'' || ''{{-|naur}}'' |-- | muž || ''{{-|nér'' || ''{{-|benn}}'' |-- | žena || ''{{-|nís}}'' || ''{{-|bess}}'' |-- | jesti || ''{{-|mat-}}'' || ''{{-|mad-}}'' |-- | piti || ''{{-|suc-'' || ''{{-|sog-}}'' |-- | veliky || ''{{-|alta'', ''halla}}'' || ''{{-|beleg}}'', ''{{-|daer}}'' |-- | maly || ''{{-|pitya'', ''titta}}'' || ''{{-|niben}}'', ''{{-|tithen}}'' |-- | noć || ''{{-|lóme}}'' || ''{{-|dû}}'' |-- | denj || {{-|''aurë'', ''ré''}} || ''{{-|aur}}'' |} === Vlastne imena === Vlastne imena v kvenji sut imena osob i prědmetov v Srědzemju.<ref group=T>''Silmarilion'', «Ukazatelj» (anotirovan {{-|Ch|К}}risto{{-|ph|ф}}erom {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om), ss. 313–365.</ref> : ''{{-|Estë}}'' «Odpočinok»; ''{{-|Indis}}'' «Nevěsta»; ''{{-|Melcor}}'' «On, ktory Vstaje v Moči»; ''{{-|Nessa}}'' «Mlados»; ''{{-|Varda}}'' «Vznešena»; ''{{-|Voronwë}}'' «Stalny». : ''{{-|Aicanáro}}'' «Sěrepy Ogonj»; ''{{-|Ancalimë}}'' «Najsvětlejša Gospoja»; ''{{-|Curumo}}'' «Hitry Muž»; ''{{-|Fëanáro}}'' «Duh Ognja»; ''{{-|Olórin}}'' «(?)Mečtatelj»; ''{{-|Sauron}}'' «Mrzky». : ''{{-|Ainulindalë}}'' «Muzyka Ainurov»; ''{{-|Eldamar}}'' «Dom Eldarov»; ''{{-|Helcaraxë}}'' «Čeljusti iz Lědu»; ''{{-|Ilúvatar}}'' «Otec Vsih»; ''{{-|Oron Oiolossë}}'' «Věčno Snegoběly Vrh»; ''{{-|Ondolindë}}'' «Kamenj Pesnje»; ''{{-|Turambar}}'' «Gospodar Sudbiny»; ''{{-|Valinor}}'' «Zemja Valarov»; ''{{-|Vingilot}}'' «Pěnny Cvět»; ''{{-|Yavanna}}'' «Davateljnica Plodov». === Vitanje=== Rěč, koristovana kako forma učtivogo obračanja k Elfu (mužu ili ženě) jest '''{{-|Tar}}'''. Medžu Numénoranami to je stalo «Kralj/Kraljica».<ref group=T>''Silmarilion'', «Prilog: Elementy v kvenjskih i sindarinskih imenah», ''tar-''.</ref> * ''Namárië'' jest skrecona forma kvenjskogo ''á na márië'', doslovno «budi dobry/a». To jest formula koristovana v Tarkvestě za privitanje pri strěčanju i pri razlučanju.<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 162.</ref> * Najobyčnejša formula, koristovana Noldorami dlja privitanja jednim drugogo jest ''{{-|(Hara) máriessë!}}'' «(Ostaj) v ščestju!»<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 162.</ref> * Vo «Vladaru Prstenjev», Hobbit [[Frodo Baggins]] koristoval drugy obrat dlja privitanja: ''{{-|Elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo!}}'' — «Zvězda sijaje na čas strěčanja našyh putev». To byla tradična formula v vozvyšenom stilu, koristovana medžu ludmi, idučimi protivnymi putami.<ref group=T>{{-|Tolkien, 1994}}, s. 367.</ref> * Najobyčnejša formula Noldorov v pri razlučenju jest ''{{-|Áva márië!}}'' «Idi ščestljivo!», ili ''Márienna!'' «K ščestju!»<ref group=T>{{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} (17), s. 162.</ref> === Čisla === Suglasno {{-|[[Christofer Tolkien|Kristoferu Tolkienu]]|[[Christofer Tolkien|Кристоферу Толкину]]}}, «Eldari sut koristali dvě sistemy čisel — jednu po šestkah (ili duziny) i jednu po peterkah (ili desetkah).»<ref>{{-|''Quettar''}} (13), s. 9.</ref> To jest [[Dvanadestirečna sistema|dvanadsetirečna]] (na osnově 12) i [[Desetirečna sistema|desetirečna]] sistemy. Kvenjsko slovo dlja «deseterečnoj sistemy» jest ''{{-|maquanotië}}'' — «sčitanje rukoju».<ref group=T>{{-|John R. R. Tolkien, «HFN – The words for 'hand'», ''Vinyar Tengwar'',}} (47), s. 10.</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+ Čisla od 1 do 12 v kvenji ! Čislo !! Kvenja !! Medžuslovjansky |- | 1 || ''{{-|min}}'' || jedin |- | 2 || ''{{-|atta}}'' || dva |- | 3 || ''{{-|neldë}}'' || tri |- | 4 || ''{{-|canta}}'' || četyri |- | 5 || ''{{-|lempë}}'' || pet |- | 6 || ''{{-|enquë}}'' || šest |- | 7 || ''{{-|otso}}'' || sedm |- | 8 || ''{{-|toldo}}'' || osm |- | 9 || ''{{-|nertë}}'' || devet |- | 10 || ''{{-|quëan}}'' || deset |- | 11 || ''{{-|minque}}'' || jedinnadset |- | 12 || ''{{-|yunquë}}'' || dvanadset |} == Sistemy pisanija == {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} večšinoju pisal svoje iznahodene jezyky koristujuči [[Latinica|latinicu]],<ref>Solopova, 2009, s. 88</ref> ale on iznahodil i [[Tolkienove pisma|svoji vlastne sistemy pisanija]] da by odpovědali vnutrennjim historijam svojih jezykov. === Elfske sistemy pisanija === [[Fajl:Quenya written in J. R. R. Tolkien's tengwar script.svg|thumb|upright|Slovo ''{{-|quenya}}'', napisano [[tengwar]]om Fëanora klasičoju metodoju]] {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}} soznoval mnogo sistem pisanija dlja svojih Elfov. Najznanějša jest «[[Tengvar]] [[Fëanor]]a», ale prvy, ktory on sozdal okolo 1919 goda, byl «Tengvar Rúmila», takože nazyvany [[Sarati|saratami]]. On rěšil, čto prěde svojego izgnanstva, Noldorske Elfove prěde vsego koristovale saratami Rúmila dlja zapisyvanja Starej Kvenji. V Srědzemje, kvenja bila pisana koristanjem «elfskih run» ili [[cirth]]a, nazvanyh ''certar'' v kvenji. === Latinica === {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ov pravopis kvenji v latinici byl v osnove fonemičny, s každoju litteroju odpovědajučeju specifičnoj fonemě v jezyku.<ref>Krege, 2003, s. 36</ref> {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}ov standartny pravopis za kvenju koristaje vse litery latinskogo alfabeta s izključenjem ''j'', ''k'' i ''z'', zajedno s ostrym akcentom i diaktitičnymi znakami nad samoglaskami; litery ''ñ'', ''þ'' i ''z'' javjajut se toliko v rannjej kvenji.<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', Prilog E, čest I.</ref> == Korpus tekstov == Pesnja «''{{-|Namárië}}''» jest najdolžejšy tekst kvenji, nahodeči se vo «Vladaru Prstenjev», ale prvo rěčenje v kvenji jest izgovoreno Hobbitom; tojo jest pozdrav Froda Elfam: ''{{-|elen síla lúmenn' omentielvo}}''. Ine prim+ery vključajut slova [[Elendil]]a pri doseganju Srědzemja i povtorene [[Aragorn]]om pri jego koronacije: ''{{-|Et Eärello Endorenna utúlien. Sinomë maruvan ar Hildinyar tenn' Ambar-metta!}}'' «Z Velikogo Morja v Srědzemje ja prihodim. V tutom městu budu žiti ja i moji potomki do konca světa!»<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Vladar Prstenjev'', ''Povrat Kralja'', {{-|«Steward and the King»}}.</ref> Krik [[Samvise Gamgee|Sama]] kogda on koristal flakonu Galajdrielje protivu [[Šelob]]a: '{{-|'Aiya Eärendil Elenion Ancalima!}}'' «Pozdrav Eärendilu, najsvětlejša iz zvězd!»<ref group=T>''Povrat Kralja'', gl. 1.</ref> I v ''Silmarilionu'', r+e+cenje ''{{-|Utúlie'n aurë! Aiya Eldalië ar Atanatári, utúlie'n aurë!}}'' «Denj je prišedl! Pozdrav narodu Eldarov i Otcam Ljudij, denj je prišedl!», kriči Fingon prěd [[Bitva Bezčisljennyh Solz|Bitvoju Bezčisljennyh Solz]].<ref group=T>Džon R. R. {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, ''Silmarilion'', gl. 20.</ref> Inye kvenjske pesnje byli deklamovane {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}om publično ale nikogda ne publikovane v jego životu sut ''{{-|Oilima Markirya}}'' («Poslednja Arka»), ''{{-|Nieninqe}}'' i ''{{-|Earendel}}'' v jego lěkciji «{{-|A Secret Vice}}», i publikovane v 1983 godu v «Čudoviščah i Kritykah». Hybny fragment pesnji «{{-|Narqelion}}», napisany v rannjej kvenji medžu novembrom 1915 i marecom 1916 godov, byl publikovany {{-|[[Humphrey Carpenter|Humphreyem Carpenterom]]|[[Humphrey Carpenter|Хамфреjем Карпентером]]}} v jego Biografiji.<ref>{{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} (40), april 1999.</ref> == Gledite takože == * [[Elfske jezyky Srědzemja]] * {{-|[[Jezyky konstruovane Džonom R. R. Tolkienom]]|[[Jezyky konstruovane Džonom R. R. Tolkienom|Jезыки, конструоване Джоном Р. Р. Толкином]]}} * [[Sarati]] * [[Sindarin]] * [[Vladar Prstenjev]] * [[Silmarilion]] == Iztočniky == === Prvonačelne iztočniky === :Zapisi v žurnalah {{-|''Parma Eldalamberon''}} i {{-|''Vinyar Tengwar''}} sodrživajut prědže nepublikovane Tolkienove teksty o jezyku, anotirovane naučnikami — to jest, oni ne sut čisto prvonačelne. <div style="column-count: 2; column-gap: 20px; font-size: 90%;"> <references group = "T"/> </div> === Sekundarne iztočniky === <div style="column-count: 2; column-gap: 20px; font-size: 90%;" class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> <references/> </div> == Literatura == * {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, Džon R. R. ''Vladar Prstenjev''. — London: Allen & Unwin, 1954–1955. * {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, Džon R. R. ''Silmarilion''. — London: Allen & Unwin, 1977. * {{-|Tolkien|Толкин}}, Džon R. R. ''Historija Srědzemja'' (12 tomov). — London: {{-|Unwin Hyman / HarperCollins}}, 1983–1996. * {{-|Tolkien, John R. R. Outline of Phonology // ''Parma Eldalamberon''. — 2010. — Nr. 19.}} * {{Cite book |last=Fimi |first=Dimitra |title=Tolkien, Race, and Cultural History: From Fairies to Hobbits |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-230-21951-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Flieger |first=Verlyn |title=Splintered Light: Logos and Languages in Tolkien's World |publisher=Kent State University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-87338-744-9}} * {{Cite book |last=Krege |first=Wolfgang |title=Elbisches Wörterbuch |publisher=Klett-Cotta |year=2003 |isbn=3-608-93185-6}} * {{Cite book |last=Pesch |first=Helmut W. |title=Elbisch. Grammatik, Schrift und Wörterbuch der Elbensprache |publisher=Bastei Lübbe |year=2003 |isbn=3-404-20476-X}} * {{Cite book |last=Solopova |first=Elizabeth |title=Languages, Myths and History |publisher=North Landing Books |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-9816607-1-4}} == Vněšnje linky == * [https://www.elvish.org/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">The Elvish Linguistic Fellowship</span>] * [https://ardalambion.net/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Ardalambion</span>] — sajt Helgeja Fauskangerja o Tolkienovyh jezykah * [https://www.eldalamberon.com/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Parma Eldalamberon</span>] * [https://www.elvish.org/VT/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Vinyar Tengwar</span>] * [https://eldamo.org/ <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Eldamo</span>] — {{-|Elvish Data Model Paula Strack}} * [https://www.ambar-eldaron.com/telechargements/quenya-engl-A4.pdf Kvenjsko-anglijsky slovnik] {{Umětne jezyky}} [[Kategorija:Planove jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Umětne jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Fiktivne jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Tolkien]] [[Kategorija:Elfske jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Jezyky subjekat–glagol–objekat]] {{INTERWIKI|Q56383}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} pok3c00owdq83iuc6tp3m4a5crlgjkt 0 1355 27534 11325 2026-06-29T12:49:18Z Minorax 40 27534 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" style="width:260px; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; padding:5px; font-size:90%; line-height:1.5em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#90ee90; text-align:center; font-size:125%; padding:0.2em;" | {{-|''Mitragyna speciosa''}} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Fajl:Mitragyna speciosa111.JPG|frameless]]<br /><small>Listy i cvěty {{-|''M. speciosa''}}</small> |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#90ee90; text-align:center;" | Status shranjenja |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Fajl:Status iucn3.1 LC.svg|200px]]<br />[[Least Concern|Najmenje ogrožena]] <small>{{-|(IUCN 3.1)}}</small><ref>[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/192376330/192376332 ''"Mitragyna speciosa".''] ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. '''2021''' e.T192376330A192376332. IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International. 2021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T192376330A192376332.en. Retrieved 6 March 2022.''</ref> |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#90ee90; text-align:center;" | Naučna klasifikacija |- | style="width:40%;" | Carstvo: | {{-|[[Plantae]]}} |- | Klada: | {{-|[[Tracheophytes]]}} |- | Klada: | {{-|[[Angiosperms]]}} |- | Klada: | {{-|[[Eudicots]]}} |- | Klada: | {{-|[[Asterids]]}} |- | Red: | {{-|[[Gentianales]]}} |- | Sěmejstvo: | {{-|[[Rubiaceae]]}} |- | Rod: | {{-|[[Mitragyna]]}} |- | Vid: | {{-|'''''M. speciosa'''''}} |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#90ee90; text-align:center;" | Binominalno ime |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{-|'''Mitragyna speciosa'''}}<br /><small>{{-|(Korth.) Havil.}}</small> |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#90ee90; text-align:center;" | Sinonimy<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-128805 <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''"Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. is an accepted name".''</span>] <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2013-12-26.''</span></ref> |- | colspan="2" style="font-style:italic; padding-left:1em;" | * <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Nauclea korthalsii Steud. nom. inval.</span> * <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Nauclea luzoniensis Blanco</span> *<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> Nauclea speciosa (Korth.) Miq.</span> * <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Stephegyne speciosa Korth.</span> |} '''''{{-|Mitragyna speciosa}}''''' jest tropična věčnozelena rastlina sěmejstva ''Rubiaceae'', urodžena v južnoiztočnoj [[Azija|Aziji]]<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/192376330/192376332 | title = Mitragyna speciosa | website = Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref>. Ona jest domorodna rastlina v [[Kambodža|Kambodži]], [[Tajland]]u, [[Indonezija|Indoneziji]], [[Malajzija|Malajziji]], [[Mjanma|Mjanmě]] i [[Papua Nova Gvineja|Papua Novoj Gvineji]],<ref name=":0">{{-|Rech MA, Donahey E, Cappiello Dziedzic JM, et al. (February 2015). [[doi:10.1002/phar.1522|"New drugs of abuse".]] Pharmacotherapy. '''35''' (2): 189–97. doi:10.1002/phar.1522. <nowiki>PMID 25471045</nowiki>. S2CID 206358469.}}</ref> kde jejne temno-zelene, blěskavite listy, znane kak '''kratom''', sut upotrěbjene v travolěčiteljstvu od prinajmenje 19-go stolětja<ref>{{-|Hassan Z, Muzaimi M, Navaratnam V, et al. (2013). "From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: Physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. '''37''' (2): 138–151. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012. ISSN 0149-7634. <nowiki>PMID 23206666</nowiki>. S2CID 8463133.}}</ref>. Tradicijno jih upotrěbjajut žuvanjem, dymjenjem ili kak čaj<ref>{{-|Advokat CD, Comaty JE, Julien RM (2019). ''Julien's Primer of Drug Action: a comprehensive guide to the actions, uses, and side effects of psychoactive drugs'' (14th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 570. ISBN <bdi>978-1-319-20054-1</bdi>.}}</ref>. Kratom imaje opiojdnopodobne svojstva i něktore stimulujuče efekty<ref name=":1">{{-|Gottlieb S (6 February 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180206201508/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm595622.htm "Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on the agency's scientific evidence on the presence of opioid compounds in kratom, underscoring its potential for abuse"]. FDA.gov. US Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{-|Cinosi E, Martinotti G, Simonato P, et al. (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4657101 "Following 'the Roots' of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): The Evolution of an Enhancer from a Traditional Use to Increase Work and Productivity in Southeast Asia to a Recreational Psychoactive Drug in Western Countries".] BioMed Research International. 2015: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2015/968786. PMC 4657101. <nowiki>PMID 26640804</nowiki>.}}</ref>. Efektivnost i bezpečnost kratoma sut nejasne<ref>White CM (2018). "Pharmacologic and clinical assessment of kratom". Am J Health Syst Pharm (Review). '''75''' (5): 261–267. doi:10.2146/ajhp161035. <nowiki>PMID 29255059</nowiki>.</ref>. V 2019, amerikanska {{-|FDA}} ({{Jezyky|en|Food and Drug Administration}}) objavila, že ne jestvujut dokazy bezopasnosti ili efektivnosti kratoma za lěčenje kakyh-libo hvorob<ref>{{-|[https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-and-kratom "FDA and kratom"]. US Food and Drug Administration. 3 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.}}</ref>. Kratomom posluživajut se za lěčenje hroničnogo bolja, za lěčenje simptomov abstinencije od opiojdov ili v rekreacijnyh cěljah<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{-|Warner ML, Kaufman NC, Grundmann O (2016). "The pharmacology and toxicology of kratom: from traditional herb to drug of abuse". Int. J. Legal Med. (Review). 130 (1): 127–38. doi:10.1007/s00414-015-1279-y. <nowiki>PMID 26511390</nowiki>. S2CID 2009878.}}</ref>. Tutčasno prohodet studiovanja jegovyh možlivyh antipsihotičnyh i antidepresantnyh svojstv<ref>{{-|Johnson LE, Balyan L, Magdalany A, et al. (2020-06-29). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7309668 "The Potential for Kratom as an Antidepressant and Antipsychotic"]. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 93 (2): 283–289. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 7309668. <nowiki>PMID 32607089</nowiki>.}}''</ref><ref>{{-|Taylor Levine M, Gao J, Satyanarayanan SK, et al. (2020). "S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe), cannabidiol (CBD), and kratom in psychiatric disorders: Clinical and mechanistic considerations". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 85: 152–161. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.013. ISSN 1090-2139. <nowiki>PMID 31301401</nowiki>. S2CID 195848995.}}</ref>. Kratom sodrživaje vyše petdeseti alkalojdov, osnovno sodržanje prihodi se na mitraginin i 7-hidroksimitraginin, koje dějut kak čestične agonisty μ-opiojdnyh receptorov so složenymi, specifičnymi za oddělnyh receptorov efektami i dodatnymi vzajemodějstvami v različnyh nevronnyh putah. Suglasno povědanjam koristnikov, spotrěbjenje kratoma v različnyh dozah<ref name=":2" /> izzyva povyšenje dbateljnosti, tělesnoj energije, govorlivosti, sociabelnosti, sedacije, izměnam v emocionalnom nastroju i oblegčenju bolja. Dějstvo kratoma obyčno počinaje se po 5-10 minutam i prodolžaje se od 2 do 5 časin<ref name=":0" />. Razprostranjene bočne efekty vključajut utratu apetita, erektilnu disfunkciju, zapor, mlost<ref name=":4">{{-|Corkery JM, Streete P, Claridge H, Goodair C, Papanti D, Orsolini L, Schifano F, Sikka K, Körber S, Hendricks A (2019). "Characteristics of deaths associated with kratom use". J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford) (Review). 33 (9): 1102–1123. doi:10.1177/0269881119862530. hdl:2299/21622. <nowiki>PMID 31429622</nowiki>. S2CID 201095094.}}</ref>. Vyše težke bočne efekty mogut vključati gnetenje dyhanja (respiratornu depresiju), napadok, psihozu<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{-|[https://web.archive.org/web/20160611063419/http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/kratom.pdf ''"Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth)"''] ''(PDF). usdoj.gov. Drug Enforcement Administration, US Department of Justice. January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2016.}}</ref><ref>Marx, John, Walls, Ron, Hockberger, Robert (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uggC0i_jXAsC&pg=RA2022 "Chapter 156: Hallucinogens"]. Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice (8th ed.). London: Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2015–23. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4557-4987-4</nowiki>.}}</ref>, uskorjeno srdcebitje i povyšenje arterialnogo pritiska, problemy so snom i hepoporanjenja (škoda pečenji, jetram)<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{-|Schimmel J, Dart RC (February 2020). "Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Liver Injury: A Comprehensive Review". Drugs. 80 (3): 263–283. doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01242-6. <nowiki>PMID 31919755</nowiki>. S2CID 210088143.}}</ref><ref>{{-|[https://web.archive.org/web/20141116072813/http://www.livertox.nih.gov/Kratom.htm "Kratom"]. livertox.nih.gov. National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 3 April 2020.}}</ref><ref>{{-|Anwar M, Law R, Schier J (2016-01-01). [[doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6529a4|"Notes from the Field: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Exposures Reported to Poison Centers – United States, 2010–2015"]]. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 65 (29): 748–49. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6529a4. ISSN 0149-2195. <nowiki>PMID 27466822</nowiki>.}}</ref>. Pri regularnom spotrěbjenju je rizik razvoja zavisnosti<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />ː prěstavanje spotrěbjenja može izzyvati simptomy odvykanja. Seriozna toksičnost je redka i obyčno projavjaje se pri vysokyh dozah ili pri spotrěbjenju kratoma s inymi substancijami<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />. Nevelika kolikost smrteljnyh slučajev byla najčestěje vsego svezana so směšanjem kratoma s inymi substancijami.<ref name=":4" /> Po stanju na 2018 rok, kratom je kontrolujema substancija v šestnadseti državah<ref name=":1" />. Něktore državy, kak sut Indonezija i Tajland, nedavno prišli do regulovanogo legalnogo proizvodstva v lěčebnyh cěljah. == Spis literatury == {{Iztočniky}} == Vněšnje linky == * ''Tutoj članok imaje prěvod iz članka «[[:en:Mitragyna_speciosa|{{-|Mitragyna speciosa}}]]» v Vikipediji na'' ''anglijskom jezyku ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitragyna_speciosa&action=history spis avtorov]; dozvoljeńje [[ccorg:licenses/by-sa/4.0/|{{-|CC BY-SA 4.0}}]]).'' {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} [[Kategorija:Rastliny]] [[Kategorija:Medicina]] [[Kategorija:Narkotiky]] [[Kategorija:Растлины]] [[Kategorija:Медицина]] [[Kategorija:Наркотикы]] {{INTERWIKI|Q139698}} hg2tqmmjjvxq0k8xr35cqt7ceviazud 27535 27534 2026-06-29T12:49:46Z Minorax 40 27535 wikitext text/x-wiki {| align="right" style="width:260px; margin-left:1em; margin-bottom:1em; border:1px solid #a2a9b1; background:#f8f9fa; padding:5px; font-size:90%; line-height:1.5em;" |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#90ee90; text-align:center; font-size:125%; padding:0.2em;" | {{-|''Mitragyna speciosa''}} |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Fajl:Mitragyna speciosa111.JPG|frameless]]<br /><small>Listy i cvěty {{-|''M. speciosa''}}</small> |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#90ee90; text-align:center;" | Status shranjenja |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | [[Fajl:Status iucn3.1 LC.svg|200px]]<br />[[Least Concern|Najmenje ogrožena]] <small>{{-|(IUCN 3.1)}}</small><ref>[https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/192376330/192376332 ''"Mitragyna speciosa".''] ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. '''2021''' e.T192376330A192376332. IUCN SSC Global Tree Specialist Group & Botanic Gardens Conservation International. 2021. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T192376330A192376332.en. Retrieved 6 March 2022.''</ref> |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#90ee90; text-align:center;" | Naučna klasifikacija |- | style="width:40%;" | Carstvo: | {{-|[[Plantae]]}} |- | Klada: | {{-|[[Tracheophytes]]}} |- | Klada: | {{-|[[Angiosperms]]}} |- | Klada: | {{-|[[Eudicots]]}} |- | Klada: | {{-|[[Asterids]]}} |- | Red: | {{-|[[Gentianales]]}} |- | Sěmejstvo: | {{-|[[Rubiaceae]]}} |- | Rod: | {{-|[[Mitragyna]]}} |- | Vid: | {{-|'''''M. speciosa'''''}} |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#90ee90; text-align:center;" | Binominalno ime |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | {{-|'''Mitragyna speciosa'''}}<br /><small>{{-|(Korth.) Havil.}}</small> |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#90ee90; text-align:center;" | Sinonimy<ref>[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl/record/kew-128805 <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''"Mitragyna speciosa (Korth.) Havil. is an accepted name".''</span>] <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2013-12-26.''</span></ref> |- | colspan="2" style="font-style:italic; padding-left:1em;" | * <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Nauclea korthalsii Steud. nom. inval.</span> * <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Nauclea luzoniensis Blanco</span> *<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> Nauclea speciosa (Korth.) Miq.</span> * <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Stephegyne speciosa Korth.</span> |} '''''{{-|Mitragyna speciosa}}''''' jest tropična věčnozelena rastlina sěmejstva ''Rubiaceae'', urodžena v južnoiztočnoj [[Azija|Aziji]]<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/192376330/192376332 | title = Mitragyna speciosa | website = Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture}}</ref>. Ona jest domorodna rastlina v [[Kambodža|Kambodži]], [[Tajland]]u, [[Indonezija|Indoneziji]], [[Malajzija|Malajziji]], [[Mjanma|Mjanmě]] i [[Papua Nova Gvineja|Papua Novoj Gvineji]],<ref name=":0">{{-|Rech MA, Donahey E, Cappiello Dziedzic JM, et al. (February 2015). [[doi:10.1002/phar.1522|"New drugs of abuse".]] Pharmacotherapy. '''35''' (2): 189–97. doi:10.1002/phar.1522. <nowiki>PMID 25471045</nowiki>. S2CID 206358469.}}</ref> kde jejne temno-zelene, blěskavite listy, znane kak '''kratom''', sut upotrěbjene v travolěčiteljstvu od prinajmenje 19-go stolětja<ref>{{-|Hassan Z, Muzaimi M, Navaratnam V, et al. (2013). "From Kratom to mitragynine and its derivatives: Physiological and behavioural effects related to use, abuse, and addiction". Neurosci Biobehav Rev. '''37''' (2): 138–151. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2012.11.012. ISSN 0149-7634. <nowiki>PMID 23206666</nowiki>. S2CID 8463133.}}</ref>. Tradicijno jih upotrěbjajut žuvanjem, dymjenjem ili kak čaj<ref>{{-|Advokat CD, Comaty JE, Julien RM (2019). ''Julien's Primer of Drug Action: a comprehensive guide to the actions, uses, and side effects of psychoactive drugs'' (14th ed.). New York: Worth Publishers. p. 570. ISBN <bdi>978-1-319-20054-1</bdi>.}}</ref>. Kratom imaje opiojdnopodobne svojstva i něktore stimulujuče efekty<ref name=":1">{{-|Gottlieb S (6 February 2018). [https://web.archive.org/web/20180206201508/https://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm595622.htm "Statement from FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, M.D., on the agency's scientific evidence on the presence of opioid compounds in kratom, underscoring its potential for abuse"]. FDA.gov. US Food and Drug Administration. Archived from the original on February 6, 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{-|Cinosi E, Martinotti G, Simonato P, et al. (2015). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4657101 "Following 'the Roots' of Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa): The Evolution of an Enhancer from a Traditional Use to Increase Work and Productivity in Southeast Asia to a Recreational Psychoactive Drug in Western Countries".] BioMed Research International. 2015: 1–11. doi:10.1155/2015/968786. PMC 4657101. <nowiki>PMID 26640804</nowiki>.}}</ref>. Efektivnost i bezpečnost kratoma sut nejasne<ref>White CM (2018). "Pharmacologic and clinical assessment of kratom". Am J Health Syst Pharm (Review). '''75''' (5): 261–267. doi:10.2146/ajhp161035. <nowiki>PMID 29255059</nowiki>.</ref>. V 2019, amerikanska {{-|FDA}} ({{Jezyky|en|Food and Drug Administration}}) objavila, že ne jestvujut dokazy bezopasnosti ili efektivnosti kratoma za lěčenje kakyh-libo hvorob<ref>{{-|[https://www.fda.gov/news-events/public-health-focus/fda-and-kratom "FDA and kratom"]. US Food and Drug Administration. 3 April 2019. Retrieved 8 August 2019.}}</ref>. Kratomom posluživajut se za lěčenje hroničnogo bolja, za lěčenje simptomov abstinencije od opiojdov ili v rekreacijnyh cěljah<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2">{{-|Warner ML, Kaufman NC, Grundmann O (2016). "The pharmacology and toxicology of kratom: from traditional herb to drug of abuse". Int. J. Legal Med. (Review). 130 (1): 127–38. doi:10.1007/s00414-015-1279-y. <nowiki>PMID 26511390</nowiki>. S2CID 2009878.}}</ref>. Tutčasno prohodet studiovanja jegovyh možlivyh antipsihotičnyh i antidepresantnyh svojstv<ref>{{-|Johnson LE, Balyan L, Magdalany A, et al. (2020-06-29). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7309668 "The Potential for Kratom as an Antidepressant and Antipsychotic"]. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine. 93 (2): 283–289. ISSN 0044-0086. PMC 7309668. <nowiki>PMID 32607089</nowiki>.}}</ref><ref>{{-|Taylor Levine M, Gao J, Satyanarayanan SK, et al. (2020). "S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe), cannabidiol (CBD), and kratom in psychiatric disorders: Clinical and mechanistic considerations". Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 85: 152–161. doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.07.013. ISSN 1090-2139. <nowiki>PMID 31301401</nowiki>. S2CID 195848995.}}</ref>. Kratom sodrživaje vyše petdeseti alkalojdov, osnovno sodržanje prihodi se na mitraginin i 7-hidroksimitraginin, koje dějut kak čestične agonisty μ-opiojdnyh receptorov so složenymi, specifičnymi za oddělnyh receptorov efektami i dodatnymi vzajemodějstvami v različnyh nevronnyh putah. Suglasno povědanjam koristnikov, spotrěbjenje kratoma v različnyh dozah<ref name=":2" /> izzyva povyšenje dbateljnosti, tělesnoj energije, govorlivosti, sociabelnosti, sedacije, izměnam v emocionalnom nastroju i oblegčenju bolja. Dějstvo kratoma obyčno počinaje se po 5-10 minutam i prodolžaje se od 2 do 5 časin<ref name=":0" />. Razprostranjene bočne efekty vključajut utratu apetita, erektilnu disfunkciju, zapor, mlost<ref name=":4">{{-|Corkery JM, Streete P, Claridge H, Goodair C, Papanti D, Orsolini L, Schifano F, Sikka K, Körber S, Hendricks A (2019). "Characteristics of deaths associated with kratom use". J. Psychopharmacol. (Oxford) (Review). 33 (9): 1102–1123. doi:10.1177/0269881119862530. hdl:2299/21622. <nowiki>PMID 31429622</nowiki>. S2CID 201095094.}}</ref>. Vyše težke bočne efekty mogut vključati gnetenje dyhanja (respiratornu depresiju), napadok, psihozu<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{-|[https://web.archive.org/web/20160611063419/http://www.deadiversion.usdoj.gov/drug_chem_info/kratom.pdf ''"Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa Korth)"''] ''(PDF). usdoj.gov. Drug Enforcement Administration, US Department of Justice. January 2013. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 June 2016.''}}</ref><ref>Marx, John, Walls, Ron, Hockberger, Robert (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uggC0i_jXAsC&pg=RA2022 "Chapter 156: Hallucinogens"]. Rosen's emergency medicine: concepts and clinical practice (8th ed.). London: Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 2015–23. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4557-4987-4</nowiki>.}}</ref>, uskorjeno srdcebitje i povyšenje arterialnogo pritiska, problemy so snom i hepoporanjenja (škoda pečenji, jetram)<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{-|Schimmel J, Dart RC (February 2020). "Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Liver Injury: A Comprehensive Review". Drugs. 80 (3): 263–283. doi:10.1007/s40265-019-01242-6. <nowiki>PMID 31919755</nowiki>. S2CID 210088143.}}</ref><ref>{{-|[https://web.archive.org/web/20141116072813/http://www.livertox.nih.gov/Kratom.htm "Kratom"]. livertox.nih.gov. National Library of Medicine, US National Institutes of Health. 3 April 2020.}}</ref><ref>{{-|Anwar M, Law R, Schier J (2016-01-01). [[doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6529a4|"Notes from the Field: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) Exposures Reported to Poison Centers – United States, 2010–2015"]]. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report. 65 (29): 748–49. doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm6529a4. ISSN 0149-2195. <nowiki>PMID 27466822</nowiki>.}}</ref>. Pri regularnom spotrěbjenju je rizik razvoja zavisnosti<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":2" />ː prěstavanje spotrěbjenja može izzyvati simptomy odvykanja. Seriozna toksičnost je redka i obyčno projavjaje se pri vysokyh dozah ili pri spotrěbjenju kratoma s inymi substancijami<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":2" />. Nevelika kolikost smrteljnyh slučajev byla najčestěje vsego svezana so směšanjem kratoma s inymi substancijami.<ref name=":4" /> Po stanju na 2018 rok, kratom je kontrolujema substancija v šestnadseti državah<ref name=":1" />. Něktore državy, kak sut Indonezija i Tajland, nedavno prišli do regulovanogo legalnogo proizvodstva v lěčebnyh cěljah. == Spis literatury == {{Iztočniky}} == Vněšnje linky == * ''Tutoj članok imaje prěvod iz članka «[[:en:Mitragyna_speciosa|{{-|Mitragyna speciosa}}]]» v Vikipediji na'' ''anglijskom jezyku ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitragyna_speciosa&action=history spis avtorov]; dozvoljeńje [[ccorg:licenses/by-sa/4.0/|{{-|CC BY-SA 4.0}}]]).'' {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} [[Kategorija:Rastliny]] [[Kategorija:Medicina]] [[Kategorija:Narkotiky]] [[Kategorija:Растлины]] [[Kategorija:Медицина]] [[Kategorija:Наркотикы]] {{INTERWIKI|Q139698}} pip4421ecbeiui68kopjh7jt2xvyrvm 0 1400 27592 11696 2026-06-29T23:09:19Z Adiee5 21 lěpši sposob pisanja slova "Vendémiaire" 27592 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fajl:Jacques-Louis David - The Emperor Napoleon in His Study at the Tuileries - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|Portret Napoleona {{-|I}}, cěsara Francuzov, sdělano ot Žaka-Luisa Davida (1812)]] '''Napoleon Bonapart''' ({{Jezyky|it|Napoleone Buonaparte}}, urodženy 15 avgusta 1769 v [[Ajačo]] na [[Korsika|Korsikě]], umrl 5 maja 1821 v Longvud ({{Jezyky|en|Longwood}}) na [[Ostrov Svetoj Eleny|Ostrovu Sv. Eleny]]) – [[Francija|francuzsky]] vojin i politik [[italija]]nskogo proizhodženja, glava državy – izprva Prvoj Francuzskoj Republiky, kako Prvy Konsul v lětah 1799-1804, pozdněje glava Prvoj Francuzskoj Imperije kako [[Vladari Francije|cěsar Francuzov]] '''Napoleon {{-|I}}''' v lětah 1804-1814. [[Knežstvo Elba|Knez Elby]] v lětah 1814-1815 i iznova cěsar Francuzov v godu 1815. Prezident Italijanskoj Republiky (1802–1805), a nastupno kralj Kraljevstva Italije (1805–1814); protektor Renskogo Sveza (1806–1813), tomu takože realny načelnik Varšavskogo Knežstva. == Životopis == === Proizhodženje i lěta školy === [[Fajl:Coat of arms of Buonaparte.svg|thumb|left|Gerb roda ''{{-|Buonaparte}}'']] [[Fajl:Corsica Ajaccio Rue Sainte-Charles Maison Napoleon.jpg|thumb|left|{{-|[[Maison Bonaparte]] (''Casa Buonaparte'')}} v [[Ajačo]] – rodinny dom i město narodženja Cěsara]] [[Fajl:Henri Félix Emmanuel Philippoteaux - Portrait of Napoleon Bonaparte.jpg|thumb|left|Napoleon kako poručnik]] Urodil se kako '''Napoleone Buonaparte''' v Ajačo na Korsikě v dvorjanskoj rodině proizhodženja italijanskogo. Syn Karla Marije Buonaparte i jego ženy Leticije. Iměl četyreh bratov: Žozefa, Ludvika, Luciena i Žeroma, i tri sestry: Karolinu Bonapart, Paulinu Bonapart i Elizu Bonapart. 21 julija 1771 goda byl [[Krest|okreščeny]] kako [[Katolicizm|katolik]], v katedralě Ajačo. Napoleon načel osparjati svoju věru v věku 13 lět. Biografi opisyvali go kako [[Deizm|deista]]<ref>{{-|Ellis, Geoffrey (1997a). "Religion according to Napoleon". In Aston, Nigel (ed.). Religious change in Europe, 1650-1914: essays for John McManners. Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 0-1982-0596-1. s. 236, s. 239-241.}}</ref>. Buonaparti žili v svojem rodinnom domu, zvanom {{-|[[Maison Bonaparte]]}}. V januaru 1779 byl zapisany do duhovnogo seminarija v Oten, kde tri měsece učil se [[Francuzsky jezyk|francuzskogo jezyka]]. Rektor seminarija, svečennik Šardon ({{Jezyky|fr|Chardon}}) govoril, da on byl seriozny i zamysljeny. Ne naučil se jednako korektnogo izgovora francuzskogo i govoril s [[Korsikansky jezyk|korsikanskym]] akcentom. Hvala protekciji gubernatora Korsiky, 23 aprilja 1779 goda byl prijety v školu vojennu v Brien-le-Šato ({{Jezyky|fr|Brienne-le-Château}}){{Odn|Dumas|2001|s=2}}. Byl jedin iz petdeseti kraljevskyh stipendistov – posrěd sta deseti učenikov. Naučane prědmety to medžu inymi matematika, latinsky, francuzsky, němečsky, historija, geografija, fizika, postavjanje fortifikacij, oruženje, sabljevanje, tanec i muzika. Tam dostal reputaciju samotnika, ktory preferoval nauku od kompanije kolegov ktori byli na lěpšem položenju. Jego omiljenym zajetjem bylo čitanje knig. Često byval v bibliotekě i studioval raboty [[Polibij]]a, [[Plutarh]]a, [[Flavij Arian|Flavija Ariana]] i Kvintusa Rufusa<ref>{{Citation |author = {{-|Andrew Roberts}} |section = Korsika |title = Napoleon Veliki, s. 12 |year = 2014}}</ref>. Od 1784 prodolžal nauku v ''Lekol Militer'' ({{Jezyky|fr|l’École Militaire}}) v [[Pariž]]u. Po zakončenju nauky v 1786 so zvanjem [[podporučnik]]a byl priděljeny do služby v [[Artilerija|artileriji]]. Po smrti otca, v věku 16 lět zajel se bratom [[Ludvik Bonapart|Ludvikom]], ktory od tutogo momenta žil s njim v raznych kazarnah i učil se od njego. === Početky bojnoj kariery === Poslě početka [[Francuzska revolucija|francuzskoj revolucije]] Bonapart ne poddržal ju směsta. Javil se do korsikanskyh povstancev [[Paskuale Paoli|Paoli]], ale prěšel na francuzsku stranu, ibo odkazali mu prijetja. V aprilju 1791 byl avansovany na [[poručnik]]a. Kogda Paoli v maju 1793 sdělal antifrancuzsko vozstanje, rodině Bonapartov trěba bylo izběgati iz ostrova. ==== Obsada Tulona ==== {{Osnovny članok|Obsada Tulona (1793)}} V juliju 1793, Bonapart opublikoval pro-republikansky pamflet o titulu ''Večerja v Boker'' ({{Jezyky|fr|Le souper de Beaucaire}}), hvala ktoromu dostal podpor [[Ogjusten Robespjer|Ogjustena Robespjera]], mladšego brata lidera Revolucije, [[Maksimilian Robespjer|Maksimiliana Robespjera]]. S pomočju svojego korsikanskogo druga, [[Antuan Kristof Saličeti|Antuana Kristofa Saličeti]], Bonapart stal kapitanom artilerije sil revolucijnyh v tečenju obsady Tulona{{Odn|Dwyer|2008|s=132}}. Zaadaptoval plan postavjenja artilerije na gorkě nedaleko grada daby dosegnuti pribrěžje grada i daby prinuditi do odvrata Angličanov, ktori branili grad iz morja. Ataka iz toj pozicije umožnila zahvat grada, ale podčas napada, Napoleona poranili v nogu. Hvala tomu uspěhu byl imenovany brigadnym generalom, kogda iměl jedino 24 lět. Za to, da byl priměčeny [[Komitet Publičnogo Spasenja|Komitetom Publičnogo Spasenja]], byl priděljeny v vojska artilerijske v [[Prva antifrancuzska koalicija#Napoleon v Italiji|Armiji Italije]]{{Odn|McLynn|1998|s=76}}. Napoleon, čekajuči na potvrdženje svojih udělov iz Armije Italije, provodil inspekcije nadmorskyh fortifikacij nedaleko [[Marselj]]a. Izrabotal takože plany ataky na [[Kraljevstvo Sardinije]], kako čest francuzskogo odzyva na dějanja Prvoj Koalicije. Ogjusten Robespjer i Saličeti byli gotovi izslušati propozicij svěžo imenovanogo generala{{Odn|Chandler|1973|s=30}}. Francuzska armija provedla plan Napoleona v {{Link-interwiki|Bitva pod Saordžo|tekst=bitvě pod Saordžo|Q=Q117370635}} v aprilju 1794, zajmajuča teritorije Kraljevstva Sardinije v [[Piemont]]u, na višině gorskogo grada [[Ormea]]. S toj pozicije Armija Francuzska iduča na zapad okružila Armiju sardinsko-avstrijsku položenu vokrug [[Saorž]]. Po toj kampaniji, Ogjusten Robespjer poslal generala Bonaparte s diplomatičnoju misijeju k [[Republika Genuvy|Genuvě]] daby razvědati zamysly Republiky odnosno Francije<ref>{{Cite book |last = Gueniffey |first = Patrice |author-link = |title = Bonaparte: 1769–1802 |publisher = Harvard UP |place = |year = 2015 |pages = 137–159 |isbn =}}</ref>. === 13 Vandemier === Po upadku [[Jakobinci|jakobincev]], s ktorymi byl svezany, objavil se dočasno<!--trěba potvrditi razumlivost tutogo slova--> v vezenju, a potom črěz několikonadset měsecev byl bez priděla<!--Dobro by bylo lêpše slovo, gledite poljsky original-->. Doprva lider [[Direktorij]]a [[Pol Barras]], ktory pametal Napoleona iz časov obsady Tulona, naznačil go na zajetje rukovodstva nad odredami ktori branili Republiku v času rojalistskogo vozstanja [[13 Vandemier]] (5 oktobra 1795). Pozvolilo to Napoleonu iznova ukazati svoju efektivnost, s pomočju upotrěbjanja v bojah uličnyh artylerij. Po toj akciji byl imenovany kako voditelj vojsk vnutrnyh i divizijny general. 9 marca 1796, imajuči 27 lět, osvatil se s [[Vdovstvo|ovdověloju]] aristokratkoju [[Žozefina de Boarne|Žozefinoju de Boarne]], ktora po smrti svojego muža byla ljubovniceju Barrasa i několiko inyh vplyvnyh politikov. On togda izměnil rodnu nazvu, črěz darovanje jej francuzsko pravopisanje i izgovor. Několiko dnev po svatbě s Žozefinoju, Napoleon zajel rukovodstvo nad vojskami francuzskymi, ktore vojevali z [[Avstrija|Avstrijcami]] na teritoriji sěvernoj [[Italija|Italije]] i ljudi spekulovali, da stalo se tako hvala znajemym Žozefiny. === Kampanije v Italiji i Egiptu === [[Fajl:WKossak029.jpg|thumb|[[Vojtěh Kossak]], ''Napoleon v Egiptu'']] [[Fajl:Francois-Louis-Joseph Watteau 001.jpg|thumb|[[François-Louis-Joseph Watteau]], ''Bitva pod piramidami'']] {{Osnovny članok|Pohod Napoleona na Egipt}} V lětah 1796–1797 Napoleon pobědil militarno v Italiji, nadigral Austrijcev i [[Kraljevtvo Sardinije|Sardiniju]] i naložil jim [[Kampo-formijsky mir]] v 1797 godu. Pod jego prikazami služili [[Legiony Poljske v Italiji|Legiony Poljske]] rukovodžene od generala [[Jan Henryk Dombrovsky|Jana Henryka Dombrovskogo]]. <!--da? tako pisati Dąbrowski?--> V 1797 godu dalje trvala vojna [[Francija|Francije]] s [[Kraljevstvo Velikoj Britanije|Monarhijeju Britanskoju]], poslědnjeju državoju {{-|I}} koalicije antifrancuzskoj, zavezanoj v 1793 godu protiv revoluciji vo Franciji. Daby prinuditi Veliku Britaniju do zakončenja vojny, Napoleon Bonapart prědložil podbitje [[Indija|Indije]] – perly [[Britanska imperija|Korony Britanskoj]] <!--Ima smysl "Korona britanska" v jezykah inyh od poljskogo?-->. Za toj cělj Napoleon napadl na [[Egipt]], ktory iměl byti budučeju bazoju za napad na Indiju. Egipsky pohod odigral se v maju 1798. Učestvovali v njem 38 tyseči morjeplavateljij i vojinov a takože 175 učenyh i artistov, ktori iměli raziskyvati kulturu i historiju Egipta. Jih zaslugoju bylo ponovno odkrytje historije drěvnego Egipta dlja Evropy. Po uspěhah, kakymi byli zajetja [[Malta|Malty]] i [[Dolny Egipt|Dolnogo Egipta]] s [[Aleksandrija|Aleksandrijeju]], v bitvah pod [[Bitva pod Abukirom (1799)|Abukirom]] i pod [[Bitva pod piramidami|piramidami]], vojska ekspedicijne strěčali same neuspěhy: * užasny klimat, * bolěznje tropične, * uniščenje francuzskoj floty admirala Brujego 2 avgusta od eskadrona anglijskyh korabov admirala [[Horatio Nelson|Nelsona]] u ustja [[Nil]]a, * vozstanje ljudi v [[Kair]]u, * vměšanje se vojsk [[Osmanska imperija|turečskyh]], * zajetje Malty Angličanami. Konečno Francuzi byli prinudženi od sil turečsko-anglijskyh do kapitulacije v 1801 godu. == Tvorčestvo == * ''Pismo k Matteu Buttafuoku'' (izdano 1791, prvo voznovjenje 1821, ponovno izdanje 1908) * ''{{Link-interwiki |Večerja v Boker|Q=Q3227353}}'' (izdano dvukratno v 1793, voznovjenje v 1821, ponovno izdanje 1908) * ''Klisson i Eugenia'' (prěklad poljsky [[Jacek Kovalsky]]) * ''Maska proroka'' (izdano v 1908) * ''Projekt konstitucije sveza {{-|Calotte}}'' * ''O ljubvi slavy i ljubvi otčiny'' * ''O Korsikě'' (izd. 1908) * ''Dialog o ljubvi'' (izv. 1908) * ''Ljubov k Polskě'' (izd. 1908) * ''Kampanija v Egiptu i Siriji'' * ''Traktat za Lionsku Akademiju'' * ''Oprovrgnutje „Obrany hristijanstva” Rustana'' * ''Monarhija ili republika'' (nedokončeno, izdano 1908) * ''Italijanska Kampanija'' == Iztočniky == <references/> <!--Članok s dedikacijeju za mojego druga Łukasza. Počivaj v miru [*]--> {{Prěvod|pl|Napoleon Bonaparte}} [[Kategorija:Francuzi]] [[Kategorija:Politiki]] [[Kategorija:Vojaki]] dsrvchrtzk8cszrmycapox4ocxtvozi 0 1476 27544 12243 2026-06-29T12:53:54Z Minorax 40 27544 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka država | conventional_long_name = Država Palestina | common_name = Palestina | native_name = <div class="center">{{Jezyky|ar|دولة فلسطين}}<br />{{-|''{{Small|Dawlat Filasṭīn}}''}}</div> | image_flag = Flag of Palestine.svg | image_coat = Coat of arms of Palestine.svg | symbol_width = 70px | national_anthem = {{Jezyky|ar|{{Big|"فدائي"}}}}<br />"[[Fida'i]]"<ref>{{Cite web|title=Palestine |access-date=8 June 2014 |website=nationalanthems.info |url=http://www.nationalanthems.info/ps.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140331034257/http://www.nationalanthems.info/ps.htm |archive-date=31 March 2014 |format=includes audio |url-status=live}}</ref><br />"Vojovnik Fedajin"<br />[[Fajl:Anthem of Palestine.ogg]] | image_map = State of Palestine (orthographic projection).svg | map_width = 220px | map_caption = [[w:Palestinian territories|Territory claimed by Palestine]] (green).<br />Claimed territory annexed by Israel (light green). | capital = {{Unbulleted list |item1_style=margin-bottom:2px;|[[Jerusalem]] ([[w:Status of Jerusalem|ograničeno poznanje]]) |[[Ramallah]] }} | status = [[w:United Nations General Assembly observers|Država-observovatel OSN]] [[w:Israeli occupation of Palestine|pod Izraeljskoju okupacijeju]]<br />[[w:International recognition of the State of Palestine|poznana 147 členami OSN]] | largest_city = [[Rafah]]<ref>{{Cite web|url= https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/140699#:~:text=ActionAid%3A%20Conditions%20in%20Rafah%20at,over%20one%20million%20displaced%20people | title= ActionAid: Conditions in Rafah at breaking point, with over one million displaced people |work=wafa agency}}</ref> | official_languages = [[Arabsky jezyk|arabsky]] | religion = {{Ublist | 98% [[Islam]] ([[State religion|official]]) | 2% other }} | demonym = [[Palestincy|Palestinsky]] | government_type = Unitarna [[poloprezidentska republika]]<ref name=declaration1988>{{Cite web|title=Declaration of Independence (1988) (UN Doc) |date=18 November 1988 |access-date=8 June 2014 |website=State of Palestine Permanent Observer Mission to the United Nations |url=http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12353 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140608203237/http://www.un.int/wcm/content/site/palestine/cache/offonce/pid/12353 |archive-date=8 June 2014 |url-status=dead |publisher=United Nations }}</ref><!-- Articles in Wikipedia may not be used as citations; I have cited the published document --> | area_km2 = 6,020<ref name="UN Stats-2012">{{Cite book |chapter-url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012/Table03.pdf |chapter=Table 3, Population by sex, annual rate of population increase, surface area and density |title=Demographic Yearbook |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm |date=2012 |publisher=[[United Nations Statistics Division]] |access-date=28 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171015114145/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2012.htm |archive-date=15 October 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref> <!-- Area should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_rank = 163 <!-- Area rank should match [[List of countries and dependencies by area]] --> | area_footnote = | population_estimate = 5,483,450<ref name="census">{{Cite web| url=https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/statisticsIndicatorsTables.aspx?lang=en&table_id=676| title=Estimated Population in the Palestine Mid-Year by Governorate,1997-2026| publisher=Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics| access-date=7 December 2022| archive-date=7 December 2022| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221207112233/https://www.pcbs.gov.ps/statisticsIndicatorsTables.aspx?lang=en&table_id=676| url-status=live}}</ref> | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 121 | currency = {{Unbulleted list |Egiptsky funt ({{-|[[ISO 4217|EGP]]}}) |[[Izraeljsky novy šekel]]j {{-|(ILS)}} |[[Jordansky dinar]] {{-|(JOD)}} |{{-|(''[[de facto]]'')}}<ref>{{-|According to [https://web.archive.org/web/20161001065601/http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Peace%2BProcess/Guide%2Bto%2Bthe%2BPeace%2BProcess/Gaza-Jericho%2BAgreement%2BAnnex%2BIV%2B-%2BEconomic%2BProtoco.htm Article 4 of the 1994 Paris Protocol], the State of Palestine has no official currency. The Protocol allows the Palestinian Authority to adopt multiple currencies. In the [[West Bank]], the Israeli new sheqel and Jordanian dinar are widely accepted, while in the [[Gaza Strip]] the Israeli new sheqel and Egyptian pound are widely accepted.}}</ref>}} | time_zone = Palestinsky standardny čas | utc_offset = +2 | utc_offset_DST = +3 | time_zone_DST = [[Palestinsky lětny čas]] }} [[Fajl:West Bank and Gaza Strip location map.svg|thumb|left|Palestinske teritorije]] <!--{{Multiple image | align = right | direction = horizontal | image1 = West Bank and Gaza Strip location map.svg | caption1 = Palestinian Governorates (official) | image2 = Zones A and B in the occupied palestinian territories.svg | caption2 = Palestinian controlled areas }}--> '''Palestina''', oficialno '''Država Palestina''' – je država v Zapadnoj Aziji, poznana 147 iz 193 členov Organizacije Sjedinjenyh Narodov (OSN). Ona sostoji iz okupovanogo [[Izraelj]]em Zapadnogo Brěga, vklučajuči Iztočny [[Jerusalim]], i Pojas Gaza, sborno znajeme kako okupovane palestinske teritorije, v veče širokom geografičnom i historičnom regionu Palestiny. Palestina razděljaje večšu čest svojih granic s Izraeljem, a takože graniči s [[Jordanijeju]] na iztoku i [[Egipt]]om na jugo-zapadu. Obča plošča jejinyh territorij sostavjaje 6020 kvadratnyh kilometrov, a jej naseljenje prěvyšaje pet milionov člověk. Jej proglašenoju stoliceju jest Jerusalim, medžutym Ramalah služi kako administrativny centr. Grad Gaza byl največšim gradom prěd evakuacijeju v 2023 godu vslěd vojennoj invazije Izraelja.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://english.wafa.ps/Pages/Details/140699#:~:text=ActionAid%3A%20Conditions%20in%20Rafah%20at,over%20one%20million%20displaced%20people| title = ActionAid: Conditions in Rafah at breaking point, with over one million displaced people| publisher = WAFA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.npr.org/2024/05/24/g-s1-741/rafah-gaza-israel-hamas-war| title = Nearly 1 million Palestinians are fleeing Rafah and northern Gaza| publisher = NPR| date = 24 May 2024}}</ref> Položeny na kontinentalnom razputje, region Palestiny nahodil se pod vladoju ražličnyh imperij i prěžil različne demografične izměny s drěvnosti do modernoj doby. Buduči mostom medžu Azijeju i Afrikoju, on byl městom, kde prohodili armije Nila i Mesopotamije, a takože trgovci iz Sěvernoj Afriky, Indije i Kitaja. Region jest znajemy za jego religiozno značenje. Prodolžajuči se izraeljsko-palestinsky konflikt vozhodi k vozvyšenju zionistskogo dviženja, poddržanogo [[Objedinjeno Kraljevstvo|Objedinjenym Kraljevstom]] v času [[Prva světova vojna|Prvoj Světovoj vojny.]] V hodu vojny Velika Britanja okupovala Palestinu od Osmanskoj Imperije, kde ona stvorila Podmandatnu Palestinu pod patronizacijeju Ligy Narodov. Vozrastša jevrejska imigracija privedla k medžuobčinnomu konfliktu medžu jevrejami i palestinskymi arabami, ktory prěrastl v gradžansku vojnu v 1947 godu, poslě togo, kak prědloženy Organizacijeju Sjedinjenyh Narodov razděl byl odvrgnut palestincami. Palesinska vojna 1948 goda izznačila se prinudženym prěseljenjem večinstva arabskogo naseljenja, i, poslědovateljno stvorenjem [[Izraelj]]a. Tute sobytja palestinci imenujut ''Nakba'' («katastrofa» na arabskom jezyku). V Šestidnevnoj vojne 1967 goda Izraelj okupoval Zapadny Brěg i Pojas Gaza, ktore prěd tym udrživali se Jordanijeju i Egiptom odpovědalno. Organizacija osvobodženja Palestiny (OOP) proglasila nezavisnost v 1988 godu. V 1993 godu OOP podpisala suglašenja v Oslo s Izraeljem, stvorivši ograničeno upravjenje OOP na Zapadnom Brěgu i Pojasu Gaza srědstom Palestinskoj administracije (PA). Izraelj izšedl iz Gazy v 2005 godu, ale tuta teritorija do tutogo momenta mni se nahodečeju se pod kontroloju vojennoju okupacijeju i blokuje se Izraeljem. V 2007 godu vnutrene raznoglasja medžu političnymi frakcijami privedli k zahvatu Gazy dviženjem Hamas. S togo momenta Zapadny Brěg čestično upravjaje se PA vo glavě s Fatah, onogda kak Gaza ostavaje pod kontroloju Hamas. Izraelj sbudoval velike poseljenja na okupovanom Zapadnom Brěgu i v iztočnom Jerusalimu s 1967 goda, v ktoryh tutčasno proživaje veče 670 000 izraeljskyh poseljencev, čto jest nezakonno suglasno s medžunarodnym pravom. Poslě napadenja vooruženyh skupin pod vodstvom Hamas v oktobru 2023 goda na Izraelj, poslědovala vojna v Gaze, ktora privedla k masovym izniščenjam i humanitarnoj krizě po vsemu Pojasu Gaza, vklučajuči prěměščenje bez malogo vsego jego naseljenja. Suglasno danym specialnogo komiteta OSN, Amnesty International i inyh eksperov i pravohraniteljnyh organizacij, [[Izraelj]] sovršil genocid protiv palestinskogo naroda v času jegovo trvajučego vtrgnutja i bombardovanja Pojasa Gaza.<ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2024/12/amnesty-international-concludes-israel-is-committing-genocide-against-palestinians-in-gaza/ | title = Amnesty International concludes Israel is committing genocide against Palestinians in Gaza| publisher = Amnesty International | date = 5 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://www.hrw.org/news/2024/12/19/israels-crime-extermination-acts-genocide-gaza |title = Israel's Crime of Extermination, Acts of Genocide in Gaza | publisher = Human Rights Watch | date = 19 December 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url = https://press.un.org/en/2024/gapal1473.doc.htm | title = 'It Is Important to Call a Genocide a Genocide', Consider Suspending Israel's Credential as UN Member State, Experts Tell Palestinian Rights Committee | publisher = United Nations | date = 31 October 2024}}</ref> Něktore iz problemov Palestiny vključajut neefektivnu vladu, izraeljsku okupaciju, blokadu, ograničenja na prěměščenja, izraeljske poseljenja i nasilje so strany poseljencev, a takože obču nezadovoljenu situaciju s bezpečnostju. Oficalny jezyk državy jest [[arabsky jezyk]]. Medžutym kak večinstvo palestincev sut muslimani, hristianstvo takože jest prisutno. ==Linky i referencije== {{Iztočniky}} ==Vnešnje linky== * ''Tuty članok sodrživaje prěklad iz članka {{-|«[[:en:Palestine|Palestine»]]}} v Vikipediji na anglijskom ([https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Palestine&action=history spis avtorov]; dozvoljeńje {{-|[[ccorg:licenses/by-sa/4.0/|CC BY-SA 4.0]]).''}} {{Državy v Aziji}} [[Kategorija:Državy v Aziji]] {{INTERWIKI|Q219060}} 2c8j6hm6ta90rhyozxfl1hgp9x39dx2 0 1860 27551 15530 2026-06-29T12:55:45Z Minorax 40 27551 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Těšinjsko slezsko | dialect = da |states = Poljska ([[Slezsko vojvodstvo]], [[Okrug Cieszyn|Těšin]] i [[Okrug Bielsko|B{{-|iel|ељ}}sko]]), Čehija ([[Okrug Frydek-Mistek|Fr{{-|y|и}}dek-Mistek]] i [[Okrug Karvina |Karvina]]) |region = [[Těšinjsky Slezk]] | nativename = <center>{{Lang|pl|po naszymu, cieszyńsko rzecz}}</center> | pronunciation = | region = | ethnicity = [[slezci]] ([[Těšinske vlahi|vlahi]], [[Slezske gurali|gurali]]) | speakers = | family = * [[Indoevropejske jezyky]] ** [[Baltoslovjanske jezyky]] *** [[Slovajnske jezyky]] **** [[Zapadnoslovjanske jezyky|Zapadnoslovjanske]] ***** [[Lehitske jezyky|Lehitske]]<ref name="ethnologue">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.com/language/szl |title=Ethnologue report for language code: <code>szl</code> |work=Ethnologue. Languages of the World }}</ref> ****** [[Slezsky jezyk|Slezsky]] | isoexception = dialect | linglist = | lingua = | ietf = | image = [[Fajl:Gwary śląskie wg Zaręby.png|thumb|Narěčja slezske podle Alfreda Zaręby, těšinjsko jest (7) na jugu]] | imagealt = | imagecaption = | map = [[Fajl:Gwary śląskie wg Zaręby.png|thumb|Narěčja slezske podle Alfreda Zaręby, těšinjsko jest (7) na jugu]] | mapcaption = Narěčja slezske podle Alfreda Zaręby, těšinjsko jest (7) na jugu }} [[Fajl:Requiescat ponaszymu.JPG|thumb|250px|Nadpis v těšinjskom narěčju na grobišču v [[Tržytěž]]u]] '''Těšinjsko narěčje''' ({{-|ciesz. '''''po naszymu''''', ''cieszyńsko rzecz''}}<ref>{{Cite web |url = http://web.archive.org/web/20230212225735/https://cieszyn.budzet-obywatelski.org/projekt/15927 | title = Murale po cieszyńsku| access-date = 2023-02-12 |publisher = Budżet Obywatelski Cieszyn 2023 |language = pl}}</ref>, v češskoj literaturě takože {{Lang|cs|slezskopolská nářečí}} – jedin iz slezskyh dialektov, vključenyh do [[Slezske dialekty|slezskyh nerečij]] ili do slezskoj grupy [[Dialekty češskogo jezyka|dialektov češskogo jezyka]], zajedno s [[Lašske narěčja|lašskim]] narěčjem. Harakterizuje se velikymi češskymi, neměčskymi vplyvami, i takože vlašskymi i slovačskymi. Koristaje se po oboh stranah [[Poljsko-cešska granica|poljsko-češskoj granicy]]. Poljske i češske jezykoznalci sporet odnosno klasifikacije narěčja: poljaki uvažajut jego za čest dialekta slezskogo poljskogo jezyka, čehi ukazyvajut jego podobnost do govorov [[Wp/isvLašske narěčja|lašskyh]] i [[Hanacke narěčja|moravskyh]]. Na [[Zaolžie|Zaolžju]] jest koristano glavno (ale ne jedino) [[Poljsko naseljenje v Čehiji|poljskym]] naseljenjem i nahodi se pod silnym vplyvom [[Češsky jezyk|češskogo jezyka]]. Na poljskoj straně granicy jest podvrženo silnomu vplyvu [[Poljsky jezyk|standardnogo poljskogo jezyka]]. Pisateljami, tvorečimi v těšinjskom narěčju sut byli: {{-|[[Aniela Kupiec]]|[[Aniela Kupiec|Anjela Kupěc]]}}, {{-|[[Emilia Michalska]]|[[Emilia Michalska|Emilija Mihaljska]]}}, {{-|[[Władysław Młynek]]|[[Władysław Młynek|Vladislav Mlynek]]}}, {{-|[[Mieczysław Peterek]]|[[Mieczysław Peterek|Měčyslav Peterek]]}}, {{-|[[Karol Piegza]]|[[Karol Piegza|Karol Pěgza]]}}, {{-|[[Jerzy Rucki]]|[[Ježy Rucky]]}}, {{-|[[Maria Szturc]]|[[Maria Szturc|Marija Šturc]]}} i {{-|[[Adam Wawrosz]]|[[Adam Wawrosz|Adam Vavroš]]}}{{Odn|{{-|Raszka}}|2005}}<ref>{{Cite web |author = Wojciech Grajewski |title = Czytómy po naszymu |date = 2013-09-22 |access-date = 2023-02-12 |publisher = Książnica Cieszyńska |url = https://kc-cieszyn.pl/czytomy-po-naszymu/ |archive-url = https://archive.ph/YG0Vp |archive-date = 2023-02-12}}</ref>. == Pohodženje == Narěčje těšinjskogo Slezka, podolg poljskyh jezykoznalcov, izevoluovalo iz [[Staropoljsky jezyk|staropoljskogo jezyka]], shranivši do našyh časov mnogo čestij staropoljskogo jezyka, takyh kako [[slovnik]] i [[sintaksis]]. Veliky vplyv na formovanje tutogo narěčja iměli i imajut takože jezyky češsky, němečsky, standardny poljsky, a od nedavna takože slovačsky jezyk. Podolg češskyh jezykoznalcov, těšinjsko narěčje jest rodstvenno glavno s lašskymi i moravskymi dialektami i imaje vysšo podobanje češskomu jezyku než standardnomu poljskomu. == Oblast uživanja== [[Fajl:Czech_dialects.PNG|thumb|Karta dialektov češskogo jezyka:<br /> 1a – [[dialekt iztočnočešsky]], <br/>1{{-|b}} – [[dialekt srědnočešsky]], <br/>1{{-|c}} – [[dialekt zapadnočešsky]],<br/> 1{{-|d}} – [[dialekt češsko-moravsky]])<br />2 – [[dialekt hanacky]]<br />3 – [[dialekt moravsko-slovacky]]<br /> 4{{-|a}} – [[Lašsky dialekt|dialekt lašski]], <br/>4{{-|b}} – dialekt prěhodny poljsko-češsky)<br />5 – dialekty směšane (byvale německojezyčne teritorije)]] Těšinjsko narěčje jest uživano po obohdvoh stranah rěky [[Olza (rěka)|Olzy]], kako po češskoj, tako i po poljskoj. Na Zaolžju koristaje se prěd vsim poljskym naseljenjem. Koristaje se glavno v selah i malyh gradah. V gradah najčesteje koristaje se standardny poljsky jezyk. Těšinjsky dialekt jest vyše popularny na češskoj straně zatože těšinjsko narěčje jest bliže poljskomu jezyku, blagodare čemu dohodi glavno k fonetičnoj integraciji s poljskym jezykom. V Těšinjskom Slezku izraženje '''{{-|''po naszymu''}}''' ({{Jezyky|pl|„po naszemu”}}) odnosi se obyčno k těšinjskomu variantu slezskogo dialekta, čto jest svezano ne toliko razlikoju v rěči, osoblivo v sravnjenju s [[Gliwice|glivickymi]] dialektami sěvernoj česti [[Vrhny Slezk|Vrhnogo Slezka]], ale i mnogostolětoju kulturnoju razlikoju od jego ostaloj česti. == Jezykove črty == Na pozadju inyh [[Dialekty poljskgo jezyka|dialektov poljskogo]] těšinjsko narěčje odličaje se naslědujučimi črtami: * Uzko izgovorjenje samoglasky {{Lang|pl|ę}} v každoj poziciji. * Odsutstvo "[[Mazurzenie|mazurenja]]". * Harakteristična koncovka prvogo lica jedinstvennogo čisla {{Lang|pl|-ym}}, np. {{Lang|pl|vinšujym}}, {{Lang|pl|ńesym}}, ale ne vsegda (np. v {{-|''[[Wisła (miasto)|Wiśle]]''}} strečaje se koncovka -''e''). Od [[Dialekty češskogo jezyka|dialektov češskogo]] odličajut těšinjsko narěčje take tipične poljske ([[Lehicke jezyky|lehicke]]) črty, kako: * Grupy {{Lang|pl|TroT}} i {{Lang|pl|TłoT}} vměsto češskyh {{Lang|pl|TraT}} i {{Lang|pl|TlaT}}, np. {{Lang|pl|vrota}}, {{Lang|pl|błoto}} vměsto češskyh {{Lang|cs|vrata}}, {{Lang|cs|bláto}}.{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=99}} * [[Lehicky prěhod]] {{Lang|cs|ě}} > {{Lang|pl|’a}} i poljsky prěhod {{Lang|cs|e}} > {{Lang|pl|’o}}, np. {{Lang|pl|kf́at}}, {{Lang|pl|śostra}} vměsto češskyh {{Lang|cs|květ}} i {{Lang|cs|sestra}}.{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=99}} * Relikty nosovok, np. {{Lang|pl|pińundze}}, {{Lang|pl|ḿynso}} vměsto češskyh {{Lang|cs|peníze}}, {{Lang|pl|maso}},{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=99}} hoti v okolicach [[Bogumin]]a jest došlo do cělkovoj denazalizacje i na městu velikopoljskyh {{Lang|pl|ą}} i {{Lang|pl|ę}} sut, odpovědno, {{Lang|pl|o}} i {{Lang|pl|a}}.{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=100}} * Shranjenje {{Lang|pl|g}}, np. {{Lang|pl|gura}}, {{Lang|pl|noga}} vměsto češskyh {{Lang|cs|hora}}, {{Lang|cs|noha}}.{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=99}} * [[Palatalizacija|Smekčanje]] suglasnyh pri {{Lang|pl|e}}, np. {{Lang|pl|ḿetła}}, {{Lang|pl|śedlok}}, {{Lang|pl|źeli}}.{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=99}} Red javjenij svezyvaje těšinjsko narěčje s [[Lašske narěčja češskogo jezyka|lašskymi dialektami]], i takože s poljskymi dialektami, osoblivo s [[Slezsky dialekt|dialektom slezskym]], odličajuči jego pri tom od ostalyh češskyh narěčij: * Izčeznenje [[kolikost]]i.{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=99}} * Shranjenje razliky {{Lang|pl|i}} - {{Lang|pl|y}} i takože {{Lang|pl|l}} - {{Lang|pl|ł}} ({{Lang|pl|u̯}}), a takože odsutnost [[diftong]]izacije {{Lang|pl|ú}}.{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=99}} * Shranjenje grupy {{Lang|cs|šč}}, np. {{Lang|cs|ešče}}, {{Lang|cs|ščípať}}.{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=99}} * Roditeljnik množnogo čisla na -{{Lang|pl|uv}}.{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=99}} * Zaimennik {{Lang|pl|kaj}} ‘kudy’, np. {{Lang|pl|kaj idźeš?}}.{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=99}} Na jugoiztoku Těšinjskogo Slezka jest takože razprostranjeny [[jablonkovsky dialekt]], ktorz se odličaje harakterističnym [[Jabłonkowanie|jablonkowanje]]m, tj. směšivanjem redov {{Lang|pl|ś, ź, ć, dź}} i {{Lang|pl|sz, ż, cz, dż}}.{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=100}}. Koristaje se on v tako nazyvanoj {{-|''Trójwsi beskidzkiej''}} (trojkě beskydskyh sel), tj. v [[Istebna|Istebně]], [[Koniaków|Konijakovu]] i [[Jaworzynka (wieś)|Jaworžynkě]]. Ostal v njej do dnes [[Staropoljsky jezyk|staropoljsky]] frikativny izgovor {{-|„rz”}}. W [[Karvina|Karvině]] i okolju {{Lang|pl|ł}} izgovorjaje kako velarizovany Bočny suglasny (tako naz. ''{{-|ł}} scenično''), tj. kako [{{-|ɫ}}] sravnjenju s [{{-|w}}] na ostaloj teritorije dialekta.{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=100}} Tam že shranil se izgovor {{Lang|pl|sv}} vměsto {{Lang|pl|sf}}, np. {{Lang|pl|svuj}}.{{Odn|{{-|Kosek}}|s=100}} Harakterno jest takože koristanje takyh izrazov o malyh děvčinkah v srědnom rodu: {{Lang|pl|Ofijka poszło do szkoły}}, i daže sami děvčinky tak govoret o sebe: {{Lang|pl|jo stukło zdrzadło}}. == Priklad teksta == [[Otče naš (hristijanska molitba)|''Otče naš'']] "po našemu" v sravnjenju s poljskym i češskym. {| class="wikitable" style="margin-bottom: 10px;" ! {{-|po naszymu}} ! poljsky ! češsky |- | align="left" style="width:20%" valign="top" | <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> :Ojcze nasz, kjery żeś je w niebje, :bóndź pośwjyncóne mjano Twoji. :Przyńdź królestwo Twoje, :bóndź wola Twoja, :jako w niebje, tak też na źymji. :Chlyb nasz każdodźienny dej nóm dźiśej. :A odpuść nóm nasze winy, :jako my odpuszczómy naszym winńikum. :A nie wodź nas na pokuszeni, :ale zbow nas od złego. :Amen.</div> | style="width:20%" align="left" valign="top" | <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> :Ojcze nasz, który jesteś w niebie, :święć się imię Twoje, :przyjdź królestwo Twoje, :bądź wola Twoja :jako w niebie tak i na ziemi. :Chleba naszego powszedniego daj nam dzisiaj. :I odpuść nam nasze winy, :jak i my odpuszczamy naszym winowajcom. :I nie wódź nas na pokuszenie, :ale nas zbaw ode Złego. :Amen.</div> | style="width:20%" align="left" valign="top" | <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> :Otče náš, jenž jsi na nebesích, :posvěť se jméno Tvé :Přijď království Tvé. :Buď vůle Tvá, :jako v nebi, tak i na zemi. :Chléb náš vezdejší dej nám dnes. :A odpusť nám naše viny, :jako i my odpouštíme naším viníkům :a neuveď nás v pokušení, :ale zbav nás od zlého. :Amen.</div> |} == Mural {{-|"Po naszymu"}} == W 2023 roku, na vozvyšenju obytnogo doma v Těšinu, ul. Barte{{-|cz|č}}ka 23 (kvartal {{-|"Bobrek Wschód"}}) pojevil se mural s nazvanjem {{-|"Po naszymu"}}, skladajuči se iz 70 slov, prinaležečyh k těšinjskomu narěčju<ref>{{Cite AV media|author = Telewizja Polska S.A |title = Po naszymu. Mural poświęcony gwarze cieszyńskiej |access-date = 2023-08-13 |publisher = katowice.tvp.pl |url = https://katowice.tvp.pl/71219614/po-naszymu-mural-poswiecony-gwarze-cieszynskiej |language = pl}}</ref>. Sut to imenniky i glagoly, kako: {{-|stróm, kapsa, cesta, pusa, gańba, zwyrtula, skibeczka, fulać, wajco, utopiec, trula, szmatłać, sztróm, rzić, przekludzać, przikopa, babuć, blinkier, bożatko, cukle, ćmok, dekiel, drzistać, forszt, fukar, gajdy, torka, ujec, uwarzić, hyc, wartko, zico, zola, zwyrtać, zyngruba, żymła, bolok, biglować, brzidok, bylekaj, ździorbo, curig, cykocz, durch, dziwy, firanga, fórt, galan, gizd, glyndzić, góńka, grzib, hoczek, insza, izba, jakla, kabot, koło, kludzić, kreplik, kulok, kurzić, dymfoki, ujechuje, ućpać, tropić, śniegulok, sztympel, rzazać, piznąć, nónść.}}<ref>{{Cite web |title = Cieszynioki swoja godka majom… na muralu. To część projektu „Murale po cieszyńsku” |access-date = 2023-08-13 |publisher = Ślązag.pl |url = https://www.slazag.pl/cieszynioki-swoja-godka-majom-na-muralu-beda-kolejne-nawiazujace-do-dziedzictwa-kulturowego-slaska-cieszynskiego |language = pl-PL}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title = Taki mural tylko w Cieszynie |access-date = 2023-08-13 |publisher = OX.pl |url = https://wiadomosci.ox.pl/taki-mural-tylko-w-cieszynie,82580 |language = pl}}</ref> Mural {{-|"Po naszymu"}} jest jednym iz četyreh muralov, ktore byli izbrane do realizacije v ramkah Gradžanskogo Budžeta Těšina na rok 2023.<ref>{{Cite web|title = Murale po cieszyńsku |access-date = 2023-08-13 |publisher = cieszyn.budzet-obywatelski.org |url = https://cieszyn.budzet-obywatelski.org/index.php/projekt/15927 |language = pl}}</ref> ==Linky i referencije== {{Iztočniky}} == Bibliografija == <div style="font-size:85%;"> # {{Cite book|author=Zaremba A.|title=Szkice z dialektologii śląskiej|place=Katowice|year=1988|pages=49–50}} # {{Cite book|author=Loriš J.|title=Rozbor podřečí hornoostravského ve Slezsku|place=Praga|year=1899|language=cs}} # {{Cite web|url=https://is.muni.cz/th/s6pz6/Zaolzie_w_historii_mowie_i_kulturze1.pdf|publisher=Ústav Slavistiky Filozofické Fakulty Masarykovy Univerzity|first=Roman|last= Raszka|title=Zaolzie w historii, mowie i kulturze, Bakalářská práce|year=2005}} # {{Cite web |url = http://hdl.handle.net/11222.digilib/131109 |title = Česká nářečí |last = Kosek |first = Pavel |language = cs |access-date = 2023-09-15}} </div> == Vnješnje linky == * {{Cite web | url = https://gwaracieszynska.pl/ | title = Strona w gwarze | publisher = gwaracieszynska.pl | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210511192425/https://gwaracieszynska.pl/ | archive-date = 2021-05-11}} {{Prěvod|pl|Gwara cieszyńska}} {{Prěvod|id|Dialek Silesia Cieszyn}} {{Slovjanske jezyky}} [[Kategorija:Jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Poljske narěcja]] [[Kategorija:Poljska]] [[Kategorija:Slezk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q201214}} dy0xewnv1a7158h9jnqlr3ob1di1u9h 0 1921 27549 16501 2026-06-29T12:55:32Z Minorax 40 27549 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fajl:Flying boat.png|thumb|Koncept letajučej lodi Frančeska Lana de Terсi, ok. 1670 lěta]] '''Vakuumny dirižabl''', ili '''vakuumny balon''' jest hipotetična [[vozduholod]], ktora jest [[vakuum]]ovana vměsto zapolnjenja jej s gazom legšim vozduha kako [[vodorod]] ili [[helij]]. Ona mogla by iměti maximalnu možnu [[Vozdvižna sila|vozdvižnu silu]] na izměščeny objem. Razlika [[pritisk]]ov črez stěnku balona prědstavijaje glavny inženerny problem, čto projevilo se v otsutstvu praktičnyh priměnjenij. ==Historija== Vakuumny [[balon]], takože zvany {{-|"FLanar"}} (kombinacija F. Lana i [[Portugalsky jezyk|portugalskogo]] slova {{Lang|pt|flanar}}, čto označaje putovanje),<ref name=shikhovtsev16>{{Cite web | url=http://mir.k156.ru/aeroplan/de_bausset_aeroplane-03-1.html#a03-1-2016 |title=Возможен ли Ланолёт? | author=E. Шиховцев | date=2016 | access-date=2016-06-19 |language=ru }}</ref> byl jest vprvo prědloženy italijanskym svěčenikom [[Jezuity|jezuitom]] Frančeskom Lana de Terci <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">([[Francesco Lana de Terzi]])</span> v lětu 1670.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Francesco Lana-Terzi, S.J. (1631–1687); The Father of Aeronautics |url=http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/lana.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210424104423/http://www.faculty.fairfield.edu/jmac/sj/scientists/lana.htm |archive-date=24 April 2021 |access-date=13 November 2009}}</ref> Medžu 1886 i 1900 lětami Artur De Bose <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">([[Arthur De Bausset]])</span> jest naprazdno staral se sbirati groše na postavjenje svojej vozduholodi na principu "vakuumnoj truby", i pomimo ranjej podpory [[Kongres SŠA|Kongresom SŠA]], obyčajna publika byla jest skeptična. Historik Ilinojsa Howard Skejmhorn {{-|(Howard Scamehorn)}} soobčal, že Oktav Šanut <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">([[Octave Chanute]])</span> i Albert Cam <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">([[Albert Francis Zahm]])</span> sut "publično osudili i matematično dokazali zabludnost vakuumnogo principa", jednakože, avtor ne ukazyvaje iztočnik.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scamehorn|first=Howard Lee|title=Balloons to Jets: A Century of Aeronautics in Illinois, 1855–1955|year=2000|pages=13–14|publisher=SIU Press|isbn=978-0-8093-2336-4}}</ref> De Bose jest publikoval knigu o svojej konstrukcije<ref name="De Bausset 1887">{{Cite book | last1 = De Bausset | first1 = Arthur | title = Aerial Navigation | publisher = Fergus Printing Co. | year = 1887 | location = Chicago | url = https://archive.org/details/aerialnavigatio00chicgoog | access-date = 2010-12-01}}</ref> i jest prědložil akcije {{Lang|en|Transcontinental Aerial Navigation Company of Chicago}} na $150,000.<ref>{{Cite journal | title = Aerial Navigation | journal = New York Times | date = February 14, 1887| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1887/02/14/103137015.pdf | access-date = 2010-12-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | title = To Navigate the Air | journal = New York Times | date = February 19, 1887| url = https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1886/02/19/103097161.pdf | access-date = 2010-12-01}}</ref> Jego patentovo zajavjenje bylo v koncu odvrgnuto na osnovanju že ono jest bylo "čisto teoretično, vseobčo osnovano na kalkulacijah, i nikako na probah ili demonstracijah."<ref>{{Cite book | last1 = Mitchell (Commissioner) | title = Decisions of the Commissioner of Patents for the Year 1890 | publisher = US Government Printing Office | year = 1891 | page = 46 | quote = 50 O. G., 1766}}</ref> ===Zabluda dvojnyh stěnok=== V lětu 1921, Lavanda Armstrong jest izjavila kompozitnu strukturu stěnky s vakuumnoju kameroju, "okruženoju vtoroju kovertoju, izdělanoju tako, da by shranjati vozduh pod pritiskom, stěnky koverty by byli odděljeny jedna drugoj i svezany zajedno", sodržajuči [[Sotova struktura|sotovu strukturu]].<ref>{{Cite patent | number=1390745 |status=patent | inventor= Lavanda M Armstrong | country=US | title = Aircraft of the lighter-than-air type | pubdate=Sep 13, 1921 |assign1=Lavanda M Armstrong }}</ref> V lětu 1983 David Noel obsudžaje izkoristanje [[Geodezičny mnogostrannik|geodezičnoj sfery]], pokrytoju plastikovoju povlakoju i "dvojny balon, sodrživajuči pritlačeny vozduh medžu skorlupami i vakuum v centru".<ref>{{Cite journal | pages=262–266 | journal=Correspondence, Speculations in Science and Technology | volume=6 | issue=3 | date=1983 | title=Lighter than Air Craft Using Vacuum | author=David Noel | url=http://aoi.com.au/Originals/VacuumBalloon.pdf}}</ref> V 1982–1985 lětah Emmanuel Bliamptis jest rabotal na istočnikah energije i koristanju "naduhajemyh [[Razporka|razpornyh]] koljc".<ref>{{Cite patent | number=4534525 |status=patent | inventor= Emmanuel Bliamptis | country=US | title = Evacuated balloon for solar energy collection | pubdate=Aug 13, 1985 |assign1=Emmanuel Bliamptis }}</ref> Jednakože, dvojnostěnna konstrukcija, kako prědložena Armstrong, Noelom i Bliamptisom, ne byla by plavajučeju vo vozduhu. Da by izběgnuti kolapsa, vozduh medžu stěnkami musi iměti minimalny pritisk (i naslědno, takože i gustotu) proporciaonalno podělu cělogo objema, zajetogo vakuumnoju sekcijeju, čto unemožnjaje da by srědna gustota letala byla nizšeju, něž gustota okolnogo vozduha. ===21. stolětje=== V lětah 2004–2007, da by rěšati problem odnošenja krěposti k težině, Ahmeteli i Gavrilin obratili se k izboru četyrěh materialov, konkretno [[berilij]] {{-|I220H}} (99% elementa), keramika na osnově [[Karbid bora|karbida bora]], [[diamant]]ovy [[vuglerod]], i [[aluminij]]evo stopjenje 5056 {{-|(94.8% Al, 5% Mg, 0.12% Mn, 0.12%Cr)}}, v dvojnom sloju sotovoj struktury.<ref name="Akhmeteli">{{Cite patent | number=2007001053 |status=application | inventor=AM Akhmeteli, AV Gavrilin | country=US | title =US Patent Application 11/517915. Layered shell vacuum balloons| pubdate=Feb 23, 2006 |pridate=2004-05-13 |assign1=Andrey M Akhmeteli and Andrey V Gavrilin | url=http://akhmeteli.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/08/vacuum_balloons_cip.pdf}}</ref> V lětu 2021 oni sut razširili svoje izslědovanje i sut provědli "analizu metodoju konečnyh elementov za demonstraciju, že smečkanje može byti odvračeno", s fokusom na "skorlupě s vněšnym radiusom {{-|R}} > 2.11 m, sodržajučej dvě povlaky iz karbida bora tolste 4.23 × 10⁻⁵ {{-|R}} každa, ktore sut nadežno prilěpjene k aluminijevomu sotovomu jedru tolstomu 3.52 × 10⁻³ {{-|R}}".<ref>{{Cite journal | author=Akhmeteli, A.; Gavrilin, A.V. | title=Vacuum Balloon–A 350-Year-Old Dream. | journal=Eng | date=2021 |volume= 2 | issue=4 | pages= 480–491 | url=https://www.mdpi.com/2673-4117/2/4/30/pdf | doi=10.3390/eng2040030| doi-access=free | arxiv=1903.05171 }}</ref> Prinajmenje vo dvoh člankah (r. 2010 i 2016) obgovarjaje se koristanje [[grafen]]a kako vněsnej membrany.<ref name=shikhovtsev16/><ref>{{Cite journal| last1 = Zornes|first1= David|year=2010|journal=SAE International|doi=10.4271/2010-01-1784|title=Vacua Buoyancy Is Provided by a Vacuum Bag Comprising a Vacuum Membrane Film Wrapped Around a Three-Dimensional (3D) Frame to Displace Air, on Which 3D Graphene "Floats" a First Stack of Two-Dimensional Planar Sheets of Six-Member Carbon Atoms Within the Same 3D Space as a Second Stack of Graphene Oriented at a 90-Degree Angle|series=SAE Technical Paper Series|volume=1}}</ref> ==Princip raboty== [[Vozduholod]] rabotaje na principu [[Vozduhoplavanje|vozduhoplavanja]] suglasno zakonu [[Arhimedes|Arhimeda]]. Za vozduholod srědoju plavanja jest vozduh, na razliku od tradičnoj lodi, gde srědoju jestvuje voda. Gustota vozduha pri standardnoj temperaturě jest 1.28 g/l, tako 1 [[litr]] izmeščenogo vozduha imaje dostatočnu silu da by vznesti 1.28 g. Vozduholodi koristajut měšek da by izměstiti veliky objem vozduha; měšek obyčno napolnjajut legkym gazom kako [[helij]] ili [[vodorod]]. Obča nosnost, proizvodima vozduholodju jest ravna težině jeju izměščenogo vozduha minus težina materialov, upotrěbjenyh pri jej postavjenju, vključno gaza, ktorym jest zapolnjeny měšek. U vakuumnoj vozduholodi vozdvigajuči gaz jest zaměnjeny srědoju, blizkoju k vakuumu. Zato že vakuum ne imaje masu, gustota takogo tělesa bude blizko 0.00 g/l, čto teoretično by dozvolilo izkoristati cěly vozdvigajuči potencial izměščenogo vozduha, i každy litr vakuuma by vozdvigal 1.28 g. Po [[Molarny objem|molarnomu objemu]] masa 1 litra helija (pri pritisku 1 atmosfery) bude 0.178 g. Jesti se koristaje helij vměsto vakuuma, vozdvigajuča sposobnost každogo litra snižaje se o 0.178 g, i efektivna vozdvigajuča sposobnost bude na 13.90625% menje. Jednolitrovy objem vodoroda imaje masu 0.090 g, čto snižaje effektivno vozdviženje o 7.03125%. Glavnym problemom koncepta vakuumnoj vozduholodi jest to, že pri okolo-vakuumu v měšku vněšnji [[atmosferny pritisk]] ne jest kompensovany nikakym vnutrnym pritiskom. Taky ogromny disbalans sil privěde k kolapsu měška, krome slučaja, kogda on jest ekstremalno krěpky (u obyčajnoj vozduholodi sila jest uravnovažena pritiskom napolnjaučego gaza i tuto ne jest obvezno uslovje). Tak, jestvuje trudnost konstruovanja měška s dodatnoju krěpkostju da by odpirati se krajno vysokoj ravnodějnoj silě bez povyšenja težkosti struktury natoliko, že vysša vozdvigajuča sposobnost vakuuma se anuluje.<ref name=shikhovtsev16/><ref name="Akhmeteli"/> ==Ograničenja materialov== ===Krěpkost na stiskanje=== Iz analizy Ahmeteli i Gavrilina:<ref name="Akhmeteli"/> Obča sila, dějuča na polusferičny měšek s radiusom <math>R</math> vněšnjim pritiskom <math>P</math> jest <math>\pi R^2 P</math>. Poneže sila na každoj polusferě musi se uravnovažiti podolg ekvatora, v prědpokladu, že <math>h<<R</math>, gde <math>h</math> jest tolstost skorlupy, stiskajuče napruženje (<math>\sigma</math>) bude: :<math>\sigma = \pi R^2 P / 2 \pi R h = R P / 2 h</math> Nevtralna plavatelnost stavaje se, kogda měšek imaje jednaku masu kako izměščeny vozduh, čto slučaje se kogda <math>h/R = \rho_a/(3 \rho_s)</math>, gde <math>\rho_a</math> jest gustota vozduha, a <math>\rho_s</math> jest gustota skorlupy, v předpokladu, že ona jest jednorodna. Podstavjenje do uravnjenja napruženja davaje :<math>\sigma = (3/2)(\rho_s/\rho_a)P</math>. Za [[aluminij]] i [[Zemja|zemne]] uslovja Ahmeteli i Gavrilin ocěnivajut napruženje kako <math>3.2\cdot 10^8</math> Pa, jednogo poredka veličiny, kako krěpkost na stiskanje aluminijevyh stopjenij. ===Směčkanje=== Ahmeteli i Gavrilin označajut, jednako, že kalkulacija stiskajučego napruženja ne učityvaje směčkanje, i koristajuči formulu {{-|R. Zoelli}} , kritičny směckajuči pritisk sfery jest :<math>P_{cr} = \frac{2Eh^2}{\sqrt{3(1-\mu^2)}}\frac{1}{R^2}</math>, gde <math>E</math> jest [[modul elastičnosti]], i <math>\mu</math> jest [[odnošenje Puasona]] skorlupy. Podstavjenje vyšeidučego uravnjenja davaje potrěbno uslovje za možnu skorlupu měška vozduholodi: :<math>E/\rho_s^2 = \frac{9P_{cr}\sqrt{3(1-\mu^2)}}{2\rho_a^2}</math>. Tuto uslovje jest priblizno <math>4.5\cdot10^5 \mathrm{kg}^{-1} \mathrm{m}^5 \mathrm{s}^{-2}</math>. Ahmeteli i Gavrilin tvrdet, že tuto ne jest možno dosegnuti daže pri koristanju diamanta (<math>E/\rho_s^2 \approx 1\cdot 10^5</math>), i prědkladajut opustiti prědpoklad, že skorlupa jest homogennym materialom, čto umožnjaje vyše legke i negybke struktury (napr. [[Sotova struktura|sotovu strukturu]]).<ref name="Akhmeteli"/> ==Atmosferne ograničenja== Vakuumny dirižabl musi prinajmene plavati (zakon Arhimeda) i protivjati se vněšnomu pritisku (zakon krěpkosti, zavisno na konstrukcije, kako vyše ukazana formula R. Zoelli za sferu). Tute dva uslovija mogu byti prěpisany kako neravnost, gde kompleks několkoh fiyičnyh konstant, svezanyh s materialom vozduholodi musi byti menšim, než kompleks atmosfernyh parametrov. Tako, za sferu (pusta sfera i, v menšej měrě, cilindr sut praktično jedine konstrukcije, za koje zakony krěpkosti sut znajeme) ovo bude <math>k_{\rm L} < \sqrt{1-\frac{P_{\rm int}}{P}}\cdot L_{\rm a}</math>, gde <math>P_{\rm int}</math> jest pritisk vnutri sfery, a <math>k_{\rm L}</math> («koeficient Lana») i <math>L_{\rm a}</math> («atmosferno odnošenje Lana») sut:<ref name=shikhovtsev16/> :<math>k_{\rm L} = 2.79\cdot \frac{\rho_s}{\rho_{\rm atm}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{P_{\rm atm}}{E}} \cdot (1-\mu^2)^{0.25}</math> (ili, kogda <math>\mu</math> ne jest znajemo, <math>k_{\rm L} \approx 2.71\cdot \frac{\rho_s}{\rho_{\rm atm}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{P_{\rm atm}}{E}}</math> s pogrěškoju poredka 3% ili mene); :<math>L_{\rm a} = \frac{\rho_a}{\rho_{\rm atm}} \cdot \sqrt{\frac{P_{\rm atm}}{P}}</math> (ili, jestli <math>\rho_a</math> ne jest znajema, <math>L_{\rm a} = 10 \cdot \sqrt{\frac{P_{\rm atm}}{P}} \cdot \frac{M_a}{T_a}</math>), gde <math>P_{\rm atm} = 101325 \;\rm{Pa}</math> i <math>\rho_{\rm atm} = 1.22</math> <math>\rm{kg/m^3}</math> sut pritisk i gustota standardnoj atmosfery Zemje na uravnju okeana, <math>M_a</math> i <math>T_a</math> sut molarna masa (kg/kmol) i temperatura (K) atmosfery v oblasti vozduhoplavanja. Iz vseh znajemyh [[Planeta|planet]] i měsecov [[Solnečna sistema|Solnečnoj sistemy]] toliko [[atmosfera Venery]] imaje <math>L_{\rm a}</math> dost veliko, da by prěvozojdti <math>k_{\rm L}</math> za take materialy, kako kompozity (vo vyšinah priblizno pod 15&nbsp;km) i grafen (vo vyšinah priblizno pod 40&nbsp;km).<ref name="shikhovtsev16" /> Obadva materialy mogut prěžiti v atmosferě Venery. Uravnjenje za <math>L_{\rm a}</math> pokazyvaje, čto [[Planeta|egzoplanety]] s gustoju, hladnoju i vysokomolekularnoju (tipa <math>\rm{CO}_2</math>, <math>\rm O_2</math>, <math>\rm N_2</math>) atmosferoju mogud byti prigodne za vakuumne vozduholodi, no tuto sut rědke tipy atmosfery. ==V fantastikě== V romanu Edgara Burouza <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">([[Edgar Rice Burroughs]])</span> Tarzan i Zemsko jedro [[Tarzan]] putuje na <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[[Pellucidar]]</span> na vakuumnom dirižablu, skostruovanom iz izmyšljenogo materiala Harbenita. V <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''Passarola Rising''</span> avtor <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> [[Azhar Abidi]]</span> prědstavjaje, čto by se moglo slučiti, jestli by <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[[Bartolomeu de Gusmão]]</span> izbudoval vakuumnu vozduholod i letal jej. Vozduholodi so sferičnym tělesom, koristajuče [[efekt Magnusa]] i sdělane iz karbajna <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">(carbyne)</span> ili podobnogo svrhtvrdogo materiala sut posvěčeny v romanu Nila Stivensona <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">([[Neal Stephenson]])</span> Diamantova doba <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">(''[[The Diamond Age]]'')</span>. V romanah <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''Maelstrom''</span><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.rifters.com/real/MAELSTROM.htm|title=Maelstrom by Peter Watts|first=Peter|last=Watts|website=Rifters.com}}</ref> i <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''Behemoth:B-Max''</span>, avtor [[Peter Watts (avtor)|Peter Watts]] opisyvaje različne letajuči orudja, kako "botolety" <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">([[botfly]])</span> i "liftery" ktore koristajut "vakuumne lopatky" ktore jih nesut vo vzduhu. V <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''[[Feersum Endjinn]]''</span>, avtor<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[[Iain M. Banks]]</span>, vakuumny balon jest izkoristany personažem Baskuljem (Bascule) v jego missiji spasanja Ergatesa. Vakuumne dirižable (vozduholodi) sut takože spomněne kako važna inženerna črta utopičnoj civilizaciji kosmičnyh putovatjeljev <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[[The Culture]]</span> v romanu Banksa <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''[[Look to Windward]]''</span><!-- At the end of Chapter 4, Scorched Ground, dialogue between Zleper and 947 Praf. -->, i ogromny vakuumny dirižabl <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''Equatorial 353''</span> jest městom dějstva v poslědnom romanu o <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Culture, ''[[The Hydrogen Sonata]]''</span>. == Gledaj takože == * [[Aerostat]] == Čitati dalje == * {{Cite book|author=Alfred Hildebrandt|title=Airships Past and Present: Together with Chapters on the Use of Balloons in Connection with Meteorology, Photography and the Carrier Pigeon|url=https://archive.org/details/airshipspastpres00hild|year=1908|publisher=D. Van Nostrand Company|pages=[https://archive.org/details/airshipspastpres00hild/page/16 16]–}} * {{Cite journal|last1=Collins|first1=Paul|title=The rise and fall of the metal airship|journal=New Scientist|volume=201|issue=2690|year=2009|pages=44–45|issn=0262-4079|doi=10.1016/S0262-4079(09)60106-8|bibcode = 2009NewSc.201...44C }} * {{Cite book|author=Timothy Ferris|title=Life Beyond Earth|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=glddjc6mLIMC&pg=PA130|year=2000|publisher=Simon and Schuster|isbn=978-0-684-84937-9|pages=130–}} <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * [http://ddata.over-blog.com/xxxyyy/0/31/89/29/Fusion-105/F105.2.pdf Le defi de Cyrano; un ballon gonfle avec du vide : Fabrice David] </div> ==Linky i referencije== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> ==Vnešnje linky== {{Prěvod|en|Vacuum airship}} [[Kategorija:Fizika]] [[Kategorija:Tehnologija]] [[Kategorija:Prěvoz]] [[Kategorija:Vozduholod]] {{INTERWIKI|Q4102679}} miyitucqte5tcw6oiju80hdkg64gj37 0 1934 27545 16648 2026-06-29T12:53:55Z Minorax 40 27545 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=May 2025}} {{Kartka država | conventional_long_name = Socialistična Republika Vietnam | common_name = Vietnam | native_name = <div class="center">{{Jezyky|vi|Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam}}</div> | image_flag = Flag of Vietnam.svg | image_coat = Emblem of Vietnam.svg | symbol_type = Gerb | national_motto = {{Lang|vi|[[:vi:Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc|Độc lập – Tự do – Hạnh phúc]]}} | englishmotto = "Independence – Freedom – Happiness" | national_anthem = {{Jezyky|vi|[[Tiến Quân Ca]]}}<br />{{Small|("Marš armije")}}<br>[[Fajl:National Anthem of Vietnam.ogg]] | image_map = Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg | map_caption = {{Map caption |location_color=green |region=[[ASEAN]] |region_color=dark grey |legend=Location Vietnam ASEAN.svg}} | capital = [[Hanoj]] | coordinates = {{Coord|21|2|N|105|51|E|type:city}} | largest_city = [[Ho Ši Min]] | languages_type = | languages = | languages2_type = | languages2 = | ethnic_groups = {{Vunblist | 85.7% [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]]{{#tag:ref|Also called Kinh people.{{Sfn|Communist Party of Vietnam|2004}}|group="n"}} | {{Collapsible list | title= {{Small|[[List of ethnic groups in Vietnam|53 minorities]]}}| 1.9% [[Tay people|Tay]] | 1.8% [[Tai peoples|Tai]] | 1.5% [[Muong people|Mường]] | 1.5% [[Khmer Krom|Khmer]] | 1.2% [[Hmong people|Hmong]] | 1.1% [[Nùng people|Nùng]] | 5.3% Others}}}} | religion = {{Ublist |item_style=white-space:nowrap; |73.2% [[Vietnamese folk religion|Folk]] or [[Irreligion|Irreligious]] |12.2% [[Buddhism]] |8.3% [[Christianity]] |4.8% [[Caodaism]] |1.4% [[Hòa Hảo|Hoahaoism]] |0.1% Other religions{{Sfn|Bielefeldt|2014}} }} | demonym = [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] | government_type = | leader_title1 = [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam|Party General Secretary]] | leader_name1 = [[Tô Lâm]] | leader_title2 = [[President of Vietnam|President]] | leader_name2 = [[Lương Cường]] | leader_title3 = [[Vice President of Vietnam|Vice-President]] | leader_name3 = [[Võ Thị Ánh Xuân]] | leader_title4 = [[Prime Minister of Vietnam|Prime Minister]] | leader_name4 = [[Phạm Minh Chính]] | leader_title5 = [[Chairman of the National Assembly of Vietnam|Chairman of National Assembly]] | leader_name5 = [[Trần Thanh Mẫn]] | legislature = [[National Assembly of Vietnam|National Assembly]] | sovereignty_type = [[History of Vietnam|Formation]] | sovereignty_note = | established_event1 = [[National Day (Vietnam)|Independence declared]] from France | established_date1 = 2 September 1945 | established_event2 = [[Geneva Conference (1954)|Geneva Accords]] | established_date2 = 21 July 1954 | established_event3 = [[Reunification Day|Reunification]] | established_date3 = 2 July 1976{{Sfn|Jeffries|2007|p=4}} | area_km2 = 331690 | area_rank = 65 | area_sq_mi = 128,066 | percent_water = 6.38 | population_estimate = 97,468,029 | population_estimate_year = 2021 | population_estimate_rank = 15 | population_density_km2 = 276.03 | population_density_sq_mi = | population_density_rank = 46 | GDP_PPP = $769.928 billion{{Sfn|International Monetary Fund}} | GDP_PPP_year = 2019 | GDP_PPP_rank = 35 | GDP_PPP_per_capita = $8,063{{Sfn|International Monetary Fund}} | GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 128 | GDP_nominal = $260.301 billion{{Sfn|International Monetary Fund}} | GDP_nominal_year = 2019 | GDP_nominal_rank = 47 | GDP_nominal_per_capita = $2,726{{Sfn|International Monetary Fund}} | GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 129th | Gini = 37.6<!--number only--> | Gini_year = 2014 | Gini_change = | Gini_ref = {{Sfn|World Bank|2016a}} | Gini_rank = | HDI = 0.694<!--number only--> | HDI_year = 2017<!-- Please use the year to which the data refers, not the publication year--> | HDI_change = increase<!--increase/decrease/steady--> | HDI_ref = {{Sfn|Human Development Report|2018|p=23}} | HDI_rank = 115th | currency = [[Vietnamsky dong|dong]] (₫) | currency_code = VND | time_zone = [[Time in Vietnam|Vietnamsky standardny čas]] | utc_offset = +7 | date_format = dd/mm/yyyy | drives_on = right | calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Vietnam|+84]] | cctld = [[.vn|.vn]] }} '''Socialistična republika Vietnam''' ({{Jezyky|vi|Cộng hòa Xã hội chủ nghĩa Việt Nam}}) jest država v Jugoiztočnoj Aziji. Susědne državy sut [[Kambodža]], [[Kitaj]] i [[Laos]]. Glavnym gradom jest Hanoj, najnaseljenym gradom jest grad Ho Ši Min. Vo Vietnamu živut priblizno 99 497 680 ljudij.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Vietnam Population 1950-2023|url=https://www.macrotrends.net/countries/VNM/vietnam/population|access-date=2023-08-18|website=www.macrotrends.net}}</ref> Vietnam byl objedinjenym komunističnoju vladoju. V 1986 g. vlada jest započela ekonomične i politične izměny, ktore sut dozvolili Vietnamu stati čestju světovoj ekonomiky.<ref name="BBC2004">{{Cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/3752682.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Vietnam's new-look economy | date=18 October 2004| accessdate=2015-11-21}}</ref> Od 2000 g. rast ekonomiky Vietnama stal jest jednym iz najvysših vo světu<ref name="BBC2004"/> i ko 2011 godu on iměl najvysši globalny indeks generatora rastu od 11 "glavnyh" ekonomik.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Weisenthal|first= Joe |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/willem-buiter-3g-countries-2011-2?slop=1 |title=3G Countries |publisher=[[Business Insider]] |date=2011-02-22 |accessdate=2011-08-06}}</ref> Administrativno Vietnam jest poděljen na 28 provincij i 6 gradov centralnogo podčinjenja ([[Hanoj]], [[Ho Ši Min]], [[Da Nang]], [[Kan Tho]], [[Hajfong]] i [[Hue]]).<ref>{{Cite web|date=2025-06-12 |title=Quốc hội thông qua Nghị quyết về việc sắp xếp đơn vị hành chính cấp tỉnh, từ ngày 12/6, cả nước còn 34 tỉnh, thành phố |url=https://quochoi.vn/tintuc/Pages/tin-hoat-dong-cua-quoc-hoi.aspx?ItemID=94522 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250612070723/https://quochoi.vn/tintuc/Pages/tin-hoat-dong-cua-quoc-hoi.aspx?ItemID=94522 |archive-date=2025-06-12 |access-date=2025-06-12 |website=quochoi.vn |language=vi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=06 thành phố trực thuộc Trung ương của Việt Nam từ 01/01/2025 |url=https://thuvienphapluat.vn/chinh-sach-phap-luat-moi/vn/ho-tro-phap-luat/chinh-sach-moi/76038/06-thanh-pho-truc-thuoc-trung-uong-cua-viet-nam-tu-01-01-2025 |date=2024-12-02 |website=thuvienphapluat.vn |language=vi}}</ref> ==Linky i referencije== {{Iztočniky}} ==Vnešnje linky== * ''Tuty članok sodrživaje prěklad iz članka {{-|«[[:simple:Vietnam|Vietnam]]»}} v Vikipediji na prostom anglijskom ([https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam&action=history spis avtorov]; dozvoljeńje [[ccorg:licenses/by-sa/4.0/|{{-|CC BY-SA 4.0}}]]).'' {{Državy v Aziji}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} [[Kategorija:Vietnam| ]] [[Kategorija:Državy v Aziji]] {{INTERWIKI|Q881}} 1taaskyc85cnqb36wzgxtelr8dpp4ti 0 1944 27573 26997 2026-06-29T14:07:01Z Ilja isv 10 27573 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} '''Víktor Róbertovič Coj''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Робертович Цой}}; rodžen je 21 junja 1962 v gradu [[Leningrad]] — poginul 15 avgusta 1990 leta na 35 kilometru trasy R-126 [[Sloka]]-[[Talsi]] [[Tukumsky rajon|Tukumskogo rajona]] [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijskoj SSR]]) byl [[Sovětsky sojuz|sovětsky]] [[Rok (muzyka)|rok]]-muzikant, avtor i pěvak pěsnej [[Korjo-saram|korejsko]]-[[Rusi|ruskogo]] proizhodženja. [[Fajl:Kino1986leningrad (cropped).jpg|thumb]] Tvoritelj i lider muzikalnoj grupy "Kino" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Кино"}}), ktora ranje imala nazvu "Garin i Giperboloidy" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Гарин и Гиперболоиды"}}). Jest jedin iz najvlivnyh i znanyh sovětskyh rok-muzykantov. Jegova grupa "Kino" razpustila se poslě jegovoj smrti. Jegova grupa "Kino" porodila fenomen "kinomaniju" i dostatočno dolgo vrěme jest popularna. On takože je byl akterom v filmah. Najznany film, v ktorom on byl, — film [[Rašid Nugmanov|Rašida Nugmanova]] "[[Igla (film)|Igla]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Игла"}}) v rolji Móro, poslě ktorogo sovětsky žurnal "[[Sovětsky ekran (žurnal)|Sovětsky ekran]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Советский экран"}}) narěkl Coja najlěpšim akterom 1989 leta<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nashe.ru/news/kak-snimali-iglu-i-kak-viktor-tsoj-stal-luchshim-akterom-strany | title = Как снимали «Иглу» и как Виктор Цой стал лучшим актером страны | website = НАШЕ РАДИО, nashe.ru}}</ref>. 15 avgusta 1990 leta Viktor Coj poginul v avtomobilnoj avarije na 35-om kilometru trasy R-126 Sloka-Talsi Tukumskogo rajona Latvijskoj SSR. Pogreben je na [[Bogoslovskoje grobišče|Bogoslovskom grobišču]] v [[Sankt-Peterburg|Sankt-Peterburgu]]. == Iztočniky == <references /> {{INTERWIKI|Q487125}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coj, Viktor}} [[Kategorija:Rosijski muzikanti]] lsf1lyvg9uvah2uo0q7azcg34m5d5kj 27574 27573 2026-06-29T14:07:33Z Ilja isv 10 27574 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} '''Víktor Róbertovič Coj''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Робертович Цой}}; rodžen je 21 junja 1962 v gradu [[Leningrad]] — poginul 15 avgusta 1990 leta na 35 kilometru trasy R-126 [[Sloka]]-[[Talsi]] [[Tukumsky rajon|Tukumskogo rajona]] [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijskoj SSR]]) byl [[Sovětsky sojuz|sovětsky]] [[Rok (muzyka)|rok]]-muzikant, avtor i pěvak pěsnej [[Korjo-saram|korejsko]]-[[Rusi|ruskogo]] proizhodženja. [[Fajl:Kino1986leningrad (cropped).jpg|thumb|left]] Tvoritelj i lider muzikalnoj grupy "Kino" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Кино"}}), ktora ranje imala nazvu "Garin i Giperboloidy" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Гарин и Гиперболоиды"}}). Jest jedin iz najvlivnyh i znanyh sovětskyh rok-muzykantov. Jegova grupa "Kino" razpustila se poslě jegovoj smrti. Jegova grupa "Kino" porodila fenomen "kinomaniju" i dostatočno dolgo vrěme jest popularna. On takože je byl akterom v filmah. Najznany film, v ktorom on byl, — film [[Rašid Nugmanov|Rašida Nugmanova]] "[[Igla (film)|Igla]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Игла"}}) v rolji Móro, poslě ktorogo sovětsky žurnal "[[Sovětsky ekran (žurnal)|Sovětsky ekran]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Советский экран"}}) narěkl Coja najlěpšim akterom 1989 leta<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nashe.ru/news/kak-snimali-iglu-i-kak-viktor-tsoj-stal-luchshim-akterom-strany | title = Как снимали «Иглу» и как Виктор Цой стал лучшим актером страны | website = НАШЕ РАДИО, nashe.ru}}</ref>. 15 avgusta 1990 leta Viktor Coj poginul v avtomobilnoj avarije na 35-om kilometru trasy R-126 Sloka-Talsi Tukumskogo rajona Latvijskoj SSR. Pogreben je na [[Bogoslovskoje grobišče|Bogoslovskom grobišču]] v [[Sankt-Peterburg|Sankt-Peterburgu]]. == Iztočniky == <references /> {{INTERWIKI|Q487125}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coj, Viktor}} [[Kategorija:Rosijski muzikanti]] m79opkea8n6erd7sldhm1sge4y2n1wq 27575 27574 2026-06-29T14:08:33Z Ilja isv 10 27575 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} '''Víktor Róbertovič Coj''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Робертович Цой}}; rodžen je 21 junja 1962 v gradu [[Leningrad]] — poginul 15 avgusta 1990 leta na 35 kilometru trasy R-126 [[Sloka]]-[[Talsi]] [[Tukumsky rajon|Tukumskogo rajona]] [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijskoj SSR]]) byl [[Sovětsky sojuz|sovětsky]] [[Rok (muzyka)|rok]]-muzikant, avtor i pěvak pěsnej [[Korjo-saram|korejsko]]-[[Rusi|ruskogo]] proizhodženja. <!--[[Fajl:Kino1986leningrad (cropped).jpg|thumb|left]]--> Tvoritelj i lider muzikalnoj grupy "Kino" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Кино"}}), ktora ranje imala nazvu "Garin i Giperboloidy" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Гарин и Гиперболоиды"}}). Jest jedin iz najvlivnyh i znanyh sovětskyh rok-muzykantov. Jegova grupa "Kino" razpustila se poslě jegovoj smrti. Jegova grupa "Kino" porodila fenomen "kinomaniju" i dostatočno dolgo vrěme jest popularna. On takože je byl akterom v filmah. Najznany film, v ktorom on byl, — film [[Rašid Nugmanov|Rašida Nugmanova]] "[[Igla (film)|Igla]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Игла"}}) v rolji Móro, poslě ktorogo sovětsky žurnal "[[Sovětsky ekran (žurnal)|Sovětsky ekran]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Советский экран"}}) narěkl Coja najlěpšim akterom 1989 leta<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nashe.ru/news/kak-snimali-iglu-i-kak-viktor-tsoj-stal-luchshim-akterom-strany | title = Как снимали «Иглу» и как Виктор Цой стал лучшим актером страны | website = НАШЕ РАДИО, nashe.ru}}</ref>. 15 avgusta 1990 leta Viktor Coj poginul v avtomobilnoj avarije na 35-om kilometru trasy R-126 Sloka-Talsi Tukumskogo rajona Latvijskoj SSR. Pogreben je na [[Bogoslovskoje grobišče|Bogoslovskom grobišču]] v [[Sankt-Peterburg|Sankt-Peterburgu]]. == Iztočniky == <references /> {{INTERWIKI|Q487125}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coj, Viktor}} [[Kategorija:Rosijski muzikanti]] 1pu5stxtsssnqbceylbhzl0ssj11p3o 27576 27575 2026-06-29T14:09:36Z Ilja isv 10 27576 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} '''Víktor Róbertovič Coj''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Робертович Цой}}; rodžen je 21 junja 1962 v gradu [[Leningrad]] — poginul 15 avgusta 1990 leta na 35 kilometru trasy R-126 [[Sloka]]-[[Talsi]] [[Tukumsky rajon|Tukumskogo rajona]] [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijskoj SSR]]) byl [[Sovětsky sojuz|sovětsky]] [[Rok (muzyka)|rok]]-muzikant, avtor i pěvak pěsnej [[Korjo-saram|korejsko]]-[[Rusi|ruskogo]] proizhodženja. <!--[[Fajl:Kino1986leningrad (cropped).jpg|thumb|left]]--> Tvoritelj i lider muzikalnoj grupy "Kino" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Кино"}}), ktora ranje imala nazvu "Garin i Giperboloidy" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Гарин и Гиперболоиды"}}). Jest jedin iz najvlivnyh i znanyh sovětskyh rok-muzykantov. Jegova grupa "Kino" razpustila se poslě jegovoj smrti. Jegova grupa "Kino" porodila fenomen "kinomaniju" i dostatočno dolgo vrěme jest popularna. On takože je byl akterom v filmah. Najznany film, v ktorom on byl, — film [[Rašid Nugmanov|Rašida Nugmanova]] "[[Igla (film)|Igla]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Игла"}}) v rolji Móro, poslě ktorogo sovětsky žurnal "[[Sovětsky ekran (žurnal)|Sovětsky ekran]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Советский экран"}}) narěkl Coja najlěpšim akterom 1989 leta<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nashe.ru/news/kak-snimali-iglu-i-kak-viktor-tsoj-stal-luchshim-akterom-strany | title = Как снимали «Иглу» и как Виктор Цой стал лучшим актером страны | website = НАШЕ РАДИО, nashe.ru}}</ref>. 15 avgusta 1990 leta Viktor Coj pogynul v avtomobilnoj avariji na 35-om kilometru trasy R-126 Sloka-Talsi Tukumskogo rajona Latvijskoj SSR. Pogreben je na [[Bogoslovskoje grobišče|Bogoslovskom grobišču]] v [[Sankt-Peterburg|Sankt-Peterburgu]]. == Iztočniky == <references /> {{INTERWIKI|Q487125}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coj, Viktor}} [[Kategorija:Rosijski muzikanti]] 6jeuwapsg1dmyhf8hc7hzmt1ryrovcj 27577 27576 2026-06-29T14:18:06Z Ilja isv 10 27577 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} '''Víktor Róbertovič Coj''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Робертович Цой}}; rodžen je 21 junja 1962 v gradu [[Leningrad]] — poginul 15 avgusta 1990 leta na 35 kilometru trasy R-126 [[Sloka]]-[[Talsi]] [[Tukumsky rajon|Tukumskogo rajona]] [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijskoj SSR]]) byl [[Sovětsky sojuz|sovětsky]] [[Rok (muzyka)|rok]]-muzikant, avtor i pěvak pěsnej [[Korjo-saram|korejsko]]-[[Rusi|ruskogo]] proizhodženja. <!--[[Fajl:Kino1986leningrad (cropped).jpg|thumb|left]]--> Tvoritelj i lider muzikalnoj grupy "Kino" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Кино"}}), ktora ranje imala nazvu "Garin i Giperboloidy" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Гарин и Гиперболоиды"}}). Jest jedin iz najvlivnyh i znanyh sovětskyh rok-muzykantov. Jegova grupa "Kino" razpustila se poslě jegovoj smrti. Jegova grupa "Kino" porodila fenomen "kinomaniju" i dostatočno dolgo vrěme jest popularna. On takože je byl akterom v filmah. Najznany film, v ktorom on byl, — film [[Rašid Nugmanov|Rašida Nugmanova]] "[[Igla (film)|Igla]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Игла"}}) v rolji Móro, poslě ktorogo sovětsky žurnal "[[Sovětsky ekran (žurnal)|Sovětsky ekran]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Советский экран"}}) narěkl Coja najlěpšim akterom 1989 leta<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nashe.ru/news/kak-snimali-iglu-i-kak-viktor-tsoj-stal-luchshim-akterom-strany | title = Как снимали «Иглу» и как Виктор Цой стал лучшим актером страны | website = НАШЕ РАДИО, nashe.ru}}</ref>. 15 avgusta 1990 leta Viktor Coj pogynul v avtomobilnoj avariji na 35-om kilometru trasy R-126 Sloka-Talsi Tukumskogo rajona Latvijskoj SSR. Pogreben je na [[Bogoslovskoje grobišče|Bogoslovskom grobišču]] v [[Sankt-Peterburg|Sankt-Peterburgu]]. == Iztočniky == <references /> {{INTERWIKI|Q487125}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coj, Viktor}} [[Kategorija:Rosijski muzikanti]] cpaanckc7c7kmb10pqmbyf9rss1gris 27578 27577 2026-06-29T14:19:04Z Ilja isv 10 27578 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} '''Víktor Róbertovič Coj''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Робертович Цой}}; rodžen je 21 junja 1962 v gradu [[Leningrad]] — poginul 15 avgusta 1990 leta na 35 kilometru trasy R-126 [[Sloka]]-[[Talsi]] [[Tukumsky rajon|Tukumskogo rajona]] [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijskoj SSR]]) byl [[Sovětsky sojuz|sovětsky]] [[Rok (muzyka)|rok]]-muzikant, avtor i pěvak pěsnej [[Korjo-saram|korejsko]]-[[Rusi|russkogo]] proizhodženja. <!--[[Fajl:Kino1986leningrad (cropped).jpg|thumb|left]]--> Tvoritelj i lider muzikalnoj grupy "Kino" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Кино"}}), ktora ranje imala nazvu "Garin i Giperboloidy" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Гарин и Гиперболоиды"}}). Jest jedin iz najvlivnyh i znanyh sovětskyh rok-muzykantov. Jegova grupa "Kino" razpustila se poslě jegovoj smrti. Jegova grupa "Kino" porodila fenomen "kinomaniju" i dostatočno dolgo vrěme jest popularna. On takože je byl akterom v filmah. Najznany film, v ktorom on byl, — film [[Rašid Nugmanov|Rašida Nugmanova]] "[[Igla (film)|Igla]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Игла"}}) v rolji Móro, poslě ktorogo sovětsky žurnal "[[Sovětsky ekran (žurnal)|Sovětsky ekran]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Советский экран"}}) narěkl Coja najlěpšim akterom 1989 leta<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nashe.ru/news/kak-snimali-iglu-i-kak-viktor-tsoj-stal-luchshim-akterom-strany | title = Как снимали «Иглу» и как Виктор Цой стал лучшим актером страны | website = НАШЕ РАДИО, nashe.ru}}</ref>. 15 avgusta 1990 leta Viktor Coj pogynul v avtomobilnoj avariji na 35-om kilometru trasy R-126 Sloka-Talsi Tukumskogo rajona Latvijskoj SSR. Pogreben je na [[Bogoslovskoje grobišče|Bogoslovskom grobišču]] v [[Sankt-Peterburg|Sankt-Peterburgu]]. == Iztočniky == <references /> {{INTERWIKI|Q487125}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coj, Viktor}} [[Kategorija:Rosijski muzikanti]] iek74v9nxvjaqe9ly2rc3mfdawq32yr 27581 27578 2026-06-29T14:48:48Z Ilja isv 10 27581 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} '''Víktor Róbertovič Coj''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Робертович Цой}}; rodžen je 21 junja 1962 v gradu [[Leningrad]] — poginul 15 avgusta 1990 leta na 35 kilometru trasy R-126 [[Sloka]]-[[Talsi]] [[Tukumsky rajon|Tukumskogo rajona]] [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijskoj SSR]]) byl [[Sovětsky sojuz|sovětsky]] [[Rok (muzyka)|rok]]-muzikant, avtor i pěvak pěsnej [[Korjo-saram|korejsko]]-[[Rusi|russkogo]] proizhodženja. <!--[[Fajl:Kino1986leningrad (cropped).jpg|thumb|left]]--> Tvoritelj i lider muzikalnoj grupy "Kino" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Кино"}}), ktora ranje imala nazvu "Garin i Giperboloidy" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Гарин и Гиперболоиды"}}). Jest jedin iz najvlivnyh i znanyh sovětskyh rok-muzykantov. Jegova grupa "Kino" razpustila se poslě jegovoj smrti. Jegova grupa "Kino" porodila fenomen "kinomaniju" i dostatočno dolgo vrěme jest popularna. On takože je byl akterom v filmah. Najznany film, v ktorom on byl, — film [[Rašid Nugmanov|Rašida Nugmanova]] "[[Igla (film)|Igla]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Игла"}}) v rolji Móro, poslě ktorogo sovětsky žurnal "[[Sovětsky ekran (žurnal)|Sovětsky ekran]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Советский экран"}}) narěkl Coja najlěpšim akterom 1989 leta<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nashe.ru/news/kak-snimali-iglu-i-kak-viktor-tsoj-stal-luchshim-akterom-strany | title = Как снимали «Иглу» и как Виктор Цой стал лучшим актером страны | website = НАШЕ РАДИО, nashe.ru}}</ref>. 15 avgusta 1990 leta Viktor Coj pogynul v avtomobilnoj avariji na 35-om kilometru trasy R-126 Sloka-Talsi Tukumskogo rajona Latvijskoj SSR. Pogreben je na [[Bogoslovskoje grobišče|Bogoslovskom grobišču]] v [[Sankt-Peterburg|Sankt-Peterburgu]]. == Iztočniky == <references /> {{INTERWIKI|Q487125}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coj, Viktor}} [[Kategorija:Rosijski muzikanti]] 3lw65r5fk4d4ickr5fxch13m74hth1s 27585 27581 2026-06-29T16:42:45Z Ilja isv 10 /* */ 27585 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} '''Viktor Robertovič Coj''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Робертович Цой}}; rodžen je 21 junja 1962 v gradu [[Leningrad]] — poginul 15 avgusta 1990 leta na 35 kilometru trasy R-126 [[Sloka]]-[[Talsi]] [[Tukumsky rajon|Tukumskogo rajona]] [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijskoj SSR]]) byl [[Sovětsky sojuz|sovětsky]] [[Rok (muzyka)|rok]]-muzikant, avtor i pěvak pěsnej [[Korjo-saram|korejsko]]-[[Rusi|russkogo]] proizhodženja. <!--[[Fajl:Kino1986leningrad (cropped).jpg|thumb|left]]--> Tvoritelj i lider muzikalnoj grupy "Kino" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Кино"}}), ktora ranje imala nazvu "Garin i Giperboloidy" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Гарин и Гиперболоиды"}}). Jest jedin iz najvlivnyh i znanyh sovětskyh rok-muzykantov. Jegova grupa "Kino" razpustila se poslě jegovoj smrti. Jegova grupa "Kino" porodila fenomen "kinomaniju" i dostatočno dolgo vrěme jest popularna. On takože je byl akterom v filmah. Najznany film, v ktorom on byl, — film [[Rašid Nugmanov|Rašida Nugmanova]] "[[Igla (film)|Igla]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Игла"}}) v rolji Móro, poslě ktorogo sovětsky žurnal "[[Sovětsky ekran (žurnal)|Sovětsky ekran]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Советский экран"}}) narěkl Coja najlěpšim akterom 1989 leta<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nashe.ru/news/kak-snimali-iglu-i-kak-viktor-tsoj-stal-luchshim-akterom-strany | title = Как снимали «Иглу» и как Виктор Цой стал лучшим актером страны | website = НАШЕ РАДИО, nashe.ru}}</ref>. 15 avgusta 1990 leta Viktor Coj pogynul v avtomobilnoj avariji na 35-om kilometru trasy R-126 Sloka-Talsi Tukumskogo rajona Latvijskoj SSR. Pogreben je na [[Bogoslovskoje grobišče|Bogoslovskom grobišču]] v [[Sankt-Peterburg|Sankt-Peterburgu]]. == Iztočniky == <references /> {{INTERWIKI|Q487125}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coj, Viktor}} [[Kategorija:Rosijski muzikanti]] 42o44m4bnnlvya4j8dx79gbga1qmz9j 27586 27585 2026-06-29T16:43:34Z Ilja isv 10 /* */ 27586 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} '''Viktor Robertovič Coj''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Робертович Цой}}; rodžen je 21 junja 1962 v gradu [[Leningrad]] — poginul 15 avgusta 1990 leta na 35 kilometru trasy R-126 [[Sloka]]-[[Talsi]] [[Tukumsky rajon|Tukumskogo rajona]] [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijskoj SSR]]) byl [[Sovětsky sojuz|sovětsky]] [[Rok (muzyka)|rok]]-muzikant, avtor i pěvec pěsnej [[Korjo-saram|korejsko]]-[[Rusi|russkogo]] proizhodženja. <!--[[Fajl:Kino1986leningrad (cropped).jpg|thumb|left]]--> Tvoritelj i lider muzikalnoj grupy "Kino" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Кино"}}), ktora ranje imala nazvu "Garin i Giperboloidy" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Гарин и Гиперболоиды"}}). Jest jedin iz najvlivnyh i znanyh sovětskyh rok-muzykantov. Jegova grupa "Kino" razpustila se poslě jegovoj smrti. Jegova grupa "Kino" porodila fenomen "kinomaniju" i dostatočno dolgo vrěme jest popularna. On takože je byl akterom v filmah. Najznany film, v ktorom on byl, — film [[Rašid Nugmanov|Rašida Nugmanova]] "[[Igla (film)|Igla]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Игла"}}) v rolji Móro, poslě ktorogo sovětsky žurnal "[[Sovětsky ekran (žurnal)|Sovětsky ekran]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Советский экран"}}) narěkl Coja najlěpšim akterom 1989 leta<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nashe.ru/news/kak-snimali-iglu-i-kak-viktor-tsoj-stal-luchshim-akterom-strany | title = Как снимали «Иглу» и как Виктор Цой стал лучшим актером страны | website = НАШЕ РАДИО, nashe.ru}}</ref>. 15 avgusta 1990 leta Viktor Coj pogynul v avtomobilnoj avariji na 35-om kilometru trasy R-126 Sloka-Talsi Tukumskogo rajona Latvijskoj SSR. Pogreben je na [[Bogoslovskoje grobišče|Bogoslovskom grobišču]] v [[Sankt-Peterburg|Sankt-Peterburgu]]. == Iztočniky == <references /> {{INTERWIKI|Q487125}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coj, Viktor}} [[Kategorija:Rosijski muzikanti]] f9u881fsj10ds0e33u76guybnkaxcmp 27587 27586 2026-06-29T16:44:20Z Ilja isv 10 /* */ 27587 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} '''Viktor Robertovič Coj''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Робертович Цой}}; rodžen je 21 junja 1962 v gradu [[Leningrad]] — poginul 15 avgusta 1990 leta na 35 kilometru trasy R-126 [[Sloka]]-[[Talsi]] [[Tukumsky rajon|Tukumskogo rajona]] [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijskoj SSR]]) byl [[Sovětsky sojuz|sovětsky]] [[Rok (muzyka)|rok]]-muzikant, avtor i pěvec pěsnej, [[Korjo-saram|korejsko]]-[[Rusi|russkogo]] proizhodženja. <!--[[Fajl:Kino1986leningrad (cropped).jpg|thumb|left]]--> Tvoritelj i lider muzikalnoj grupy "Kino" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Кино"}}), ktora ranje imala nazvu "Garin i Giperboloidy" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Гарин и Гиперболоиды"}}). Jest jedin iz najvlivnyh i znanyh sovětskyh rok-muzykantov. Jegova grupa "Kino" razpustila se poslě jegovoj smrti. Jegova grupa "Kino" porodila fenomen "kinomaniju" i dostatočno dolgo vrěme jest popularna. On takože je byl akterom v filmah. Najznany film, v ktorom on byl, — film [[Rašid Nugmanov|Rašida Nugmanova]] "[[Igla (film)|Igla]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Игла"}}) v rolji Móro, poslě ktorogo sovětsky žurnal "[[Sovětsky ekran (žurnal)|Sovětsky ekran]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Советский экран"}}) narěkl Coja najlěpšim akterom 1989 leta<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nashe.ru/news/kak-snimali-iglu-i-kak-viktor-tsoj-stal-luchshim-akterom-strany | title = Как снимали «Иглу» и как Виктор Цой стал лучшим актером страны | website = НАШЕ РАДИО, nashe.ru}}</ref>. 15 avgusta 1990 leta Viktor Coj pogynul v avtomobilnoj avariji na 35-om kilometru trasy R-126 Sloka-Talsi Tukumskogo rajona Latvijskoj SSR. Pogreben je na [[Bogoslovskoje grobišče|Bogoslovskom grobišču]] v [[Sankt-Peterburg|Sankt-Peterburgu]]. == Iztočniky == <references /> {{INTERWIKI|Q487125}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coj, Viktor}} [[Kategorija:Rosijski muzikanti]] 3pdur8kd4c3jjvjxoe3n45oo4p3s6nz 27589 27587 2026-06-29T19:39:16Z Ilja isv 10 /* */ 27589 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} '''Viktor Robertovič Coj''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Робертович Цой}}; rodžen je 21 junja 1962 v gradu [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]] — pogynul 15 avgusta 1990 leta na 35 kilometru trasy R-126 [[Sloka]]-[[Talsi]] [[Tukumsky rajon|Tukumskogo rajona]] [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijskoj SSR]]) byl [[Sovětsky sojuz|sovětsky]] [[Rok (muzyka)|rok]]-muzikant, avtor i pěvec pěsnej, [[Korjo-saram|korejsko]]-[[Rusi|russkogo]] proizhodženja. <!--[[Fajl:Kino1986leningrad (cropped).jpg|thumb|left]]--> Tvoritelj i lider muzikalnoj grupy "Kino" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Кино"}}), ktora ranje imala nazvu "Garin i Giperboloidy" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Гарин и Гиперболоиды"}}). Jest jedin iz najvlivnyh i znanyh sovětskyh rok-muzykantov. Jegova grupa "Kino" razpustila se poslě jegovoj smrti. Jegova grupa "Kino" porodila fenomen "kinomaniju" i dostatočno dolgo vrěme jest popularna. On takože je byl akterom v filmah. Najznany film, v ktorom on byl, — film [[Rašid Nugmanov|Rašida Nugmanova]] "[[Igla (film)|Igla]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Игла"}}) v rolji Móro, poslě ktorogo sovětsky žurnal "[[Sovětsky ekran (žurnal)|Sovětsky ekran]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Советский экран"}}) narěkl Coja najlěpšim akterom 1989 leta<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nashe.ru/news/kak-snimali-iglu-i-kak-viktor-tsoj-stal-luchshim-akterom-strany | title = Как снимали «Иглу» и как Виктор Цой стал лучшим актером страны | website = НАШЕ РАДИО, nashe.ru}}</ref>. 15 avgusta 1990 leta Viktor Coj pogynul v avtomobilnoj avariji na 35-om kilometru trasy R-126 Sloka-Talsi Tukumskogo rajona Latvijskoj SSR. Pogreben je na [[Bogoslovskoje grobišče|Bogoslovskom grobišču]] v [[Sankt-Peterburg|Sankt-Peterburgu]]. == Iztočniky == <references /> {{INTERWIKI|Q487125}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coj, Viktor}} [[Kategorija:Rosijski muzikanti]] 757eqh62gqrt4nrg7nvtu7pbsmtetkv 27590 27589 2026-06-29T19:40:57Z Ilja isv 10 /* */ 27590 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} '''Viktor Robertovič Coj''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Робертович Цой}}; rodžen je 21 junja 1962 v gradu [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]] — pogynul 15 avgusta 1990 leta na 35 kilometru trasy R-126 [[Sloka]]-[[Talsi]] [[Tukumsky rajon|Tukumskogo rajona]] [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijskoj SSR]]) byl [[Sovětsky sojuz|sovětsky]] [[Rok (muzyka)|rok]]-muzikant, avtor i pěvec pěsnej, [[Korjo-saram|korejsko]]-[[Rusi|russkogo]] proizhodženja. <!--[[Fajl:Kino1986leningrad (cropped).jpg|thumb|left]]--> Tvoritelj i lider muzikalnoj grupy "Kino" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Кино"}}), ktora ranje imala nazvu "Garin i Giperboloidy". Jest jedin iz najvlivnyh i znanyh sovětskyh rok-muzykantov. Jegova grupa "Kino" razpustila se poslě jegovoj smrti. Jegova grupa "Kino" porodila fenomen "kinomaniju" i dostatočno dolgo vrěme jest popularna. On takože je byl akterom v filmah. Najznany film, v ktorom on byl, — film [[Rašid Nugmanov|Rašida Nugmanova]] "[[Igla (film)|Igla]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Игла"}}) v rolji Móro, poslě ktorogo sovětsky žurnal "[[Sovětsky ekran (žurnal)|Sovětsky ekran]]" ({{Jezyky|ru|"Советский экран"}}) narěkl Coja najlěpšim akterom 1989 leta<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.nashe.ru/news/kak-snimali-iglu-i-kak-viktor-tsoj-stal-luchshim-akterom-strany | title = Как снимали «Иглу» и как Виктор Цой стал лучшим актером страны | website = НАШЕ РАДИО, nashe.ru}}</ref>. 15 avgusta 1990 leta Viktor Coj pogynul v avtomobilnoj avariji na 35-om kilometru trasy R-126 Sloka-Talsi Tukumskogo rajona Latvijskoj SSR. Pogreben je na [[Bogoslovskoje grobišče|Bogoslovskom grobišču]] v [[Sankt-Peterburg|Sankt-Peterburgu]]. == Iztočniky == <references /> {{INTERWIKI|Q487125}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Coj, Viktor}} [[Kategorija:Rosijski muzikanti]] phv8mzamjuqwqc2ntdivhug83h9pmvw 0 2293 27583 18741 2026-06-29T14:54:35Z Ilja isv 10 /* Мистицисм */ 27583 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Бог''' (гр. θεός, јв. אֵל) је трансцендентна бытност прєступајуча људско сразумєње и посєдајуча наднатуралне можливости творче. Јествујут различне интерпретације односече к: * натурє Бога (Бог поза свєтом или пантеизм) * Бог како особа или бытност безособова * проблем јестества зла (теодицеа) * јего релација с чловјеком (Бог активны в житју људи или деизм) * Бог како филозофични концепт или реална сила == Дебата о јестествє Бога == Од тысецев лєт трваје активна дебата на тему егзистовања Бога. == Религија == Од свитања дєјов људи чули потрєбу обрачања се к выжшым бытностјам с просбами о охрану, достаток и добробыт. Различне системы вєры еволуовалы во различне интерпретације јестества Бога во их културных контекстах. === Мистицизм === Во поискывању вышных стањ свєдомости и пробом добывања тајемнеј вєды о натурє свєта много људи вєрјучих во религије жртвовало се различным ритуалом и писању филозофичних трактатов. ==== Неоплатонизм ==== ==== Мегалосхемос ==== ==== Кабалла ==== == Наука == Јествујут научне разискывања дотыкајуче тем свезаных с активностју мозгу и клиничној смртју. Много јавєњ видєных како религијне дивы је скептично видєных чрез научников из разгледу на то, что дивы из дефиницији не сут јавєњами, кторе можно свободно одтварјати або провоковати. == Жрло == * https://filozofuj.eu/jacek-wojtysiak-natura-boga/ * https://www.kabbalah.info/rus/ [[Kategorija:Религија]] {{INTERWIKI|Q190}} ccperfhabicevcwoabbkr8zwi1sg2nk 0 2589 27546 19802 2026-06-29T12:53:59Z Minorax 40 27546 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=May 2025}} {{Kartka država | common_name = Индија | native_name = <div class="center">{{Jezyky|hi|भारत गणराज्य}} • {{Jezyky|en|India}}</div> | conventional_long_name = Република Индија | image_flag = Flag of India.svg | image_coat = Emblem of India.svg | national_anthem = Джанаганамана (душа народа) | capital = Њу Дели | largest_city = Mimbai | official_languages = [[hindi]] • [[Anglijsky jezyk|anglijsky]] | government_type = federalna parlamentska republika | area_km2 = 3287263 | area_footnote = | area_rank = 7 | population_estimate = 1428627663 | population_estimate_year = 2023 | population_estimate_rank = 1 | currency = [[индијскы рупи]] | currency_code = INR | utc_offset = &nbsp;+5:30 | iso3166code = IN | coordinates = {{Coord|28|36|50|N|77|12|30|E|type:city_region:IN}} }} '''Индија''' јест држава в Јужној Азији. Она јест седма најбољша држава по територији, с јулија 2023 года најбољша по насељенју,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Soutik |date=1 May 2023 |title=Most populous nation: Should India rejoice or panic? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-65322706 |access-date=3 May 2023 |website=[[BBC News]] |publisher=[[British Broadcasting Corporation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.un.org/development/desa/pd/sites/www.un.org.development.desa.pd/files/wpp2022_summary_of_results.pdf |title=World Population Prospects 2022: Summary of Results |publisher=United Nations Department of Social and Economic Affairs |year=2022 |location=New York |pages=i}}</ref> и с года 1947 најљудна демокрација.<ref name="stein-arnold">{{Citation |last=Stein |first=Burton |title=A History of India |year=2012 |editor-last=Arnold |editor-first=David |series=The Blackwell History of the World Series |edition=2 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |quote=One of these is the idea of India as 'the world's largest democracy', but a democracy forged less by the creation of representative institutions and expanding electorate under British rule than by the endeavours of India's founding fathers – Gandhi, Nehru, Patel and Ambedkar – and the labours of the Constituent Assembly between 1946 and 1949, embodied in the Indian constitution of 1950. This democratic order, reinforced by the regular holding of nationwide elections and polling for the state assemblies, has, it can be argued, consistently underpinned a fundamentally democratic state structure – despite the anomaly of the Emergency and the apparent durability of the Gandhi-Nehru dynasty. |author-link=Burton Stein |editor-link=David Arnold (historian)}}</ref> == Източникы == {{Iztočniky}} {{Državy v Aziji}} [[Kategorija:Индија| ]] [[Kategorija:Државы в Азији]] {{INTERWIKI|Q668}} a5mktdgtq3qdooa2m4n1anhgrxq91p7 2 2830 27507 27506 2026-06-29T12:04:24Z Ilja isv 10 27507 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka muzikalny instrument |name=Suka |names= |image=[[File:Suka bilgorajska.jpg]] |classification=[[Strunny instrument]] ([[Smyček (muzika)|smyčkovy]]) |range= |related= *'''[[Semějstvo gusljev]]''' ([[skripka]], [[violončelo]]) *Sěmejstvo [[Viol]] (vključaje [[kontrabas]]) |musicians= |builders= |articles= * [[Semějstvo gusljev|Semějstvo muzykalnyh instrumentov gusljev]] }} {{Kartka protokol | name = {{-|NearLink}} | image = NearLink Logo.png | caption = Logotip {{-|NearLink}} | developer = {{-|NearLink Alliance}} | industry = [[Mrěža ličnogo dostupa|Mrěže ličnogo dostupa]] | introdate = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|11|04}} | connector = | hardware = [[smartfon]]y<br />[[Personalny kompjuter|personalne kompjutery]]<br />[[Audio aparat|audio aparaty]]<br />[[Vbudovana sistema|vbudovane sistemy]]<br />[[Internet věčij]]<br />[[Internet vozov]] | range = | website = {{-|http://www.sparklink.org.cn/}} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} bzvav85n0pjzefiiu0lbfkh8uxkrzop 27508 27507 2026-06-29T12:05:12Z Ilja isv 10 27508 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka muzikalny instrument |name=Suka |names= |image=<center>[[File:Suka bilgorajska.jpg]]</center> |classification=[[Strunny instrument]] ([[Smyček (muzika)|smyčkovy]]) |range= |related= *'''[[Semějstvo gusljev]]''' ([[skripka]], [[violončelo]]) *Sěmejstvo [[Viol]] (vključaje [[kontrabas]]) |musicians= |builders= |articles= * [[Semějstvo gusljev|Semějstvo muzykalnyh instrumentov gusljev]] }} {{Kartka protokol | name = {{-|NearLink}} | image = NearLink Logo.png | caption = Logotip {{-|NearLink}} | developer = {{-|NearLink Alliance}} | industry = [[Mrěža ličnogo dostupa|Mrěže ličnogo dostupa]] | introdate = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|11|04}} | connector = | hardware = [[smartfon]]y<br />[[Personalny kompjuter|personalne kompjutery]]<br />[[Audio aparat|audio aparaty]]<br />[[Vbudovana sistema|vbudovane sistemy]]<br />[[Internet věčij]]<br />[[Internet vozov]] | range = | website = {{-|http://www.sparklink.org.cn/}} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} lj7enm9t86c31prms7s4gtn44o98tby 27509 27508 2026-06-29T12:06:05Z Ilja isv 10 27509 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka muzikalny instrument |name=Suka |names= |image=[[File:Suka bilgorajska.jpg|center|250px]] |classification=[[Strunny instrument]] ([[Smyček (muzika)|smyčkovy]]) |range= |related= *'''[[Semějstvo gusljev]]''' ([[skripka]], [[violončelo]]) *Sěmejstvo [[Viol]] (vključaje [[kontrabas]]) |musicians= |builders= |articles= * [[Semějstvo gusljev|Semějstvo muzykalnyh instrumentov gusljev]] }} {{Kartka protokol | name = {{-|NearLink}} | image = NearLink Logo.png | caption = Logotip {{-|NearLink}} | developer = {{-|NearLink Alliance}} | industry = [[Mrěža ličnogo dostupa|Mrěže ličnogo dostupa]] | introdate = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|11|04}} | connector = | hardware = [[smartfon]]y<br />[[Personalny kompjuter|personalne kompjutery]]<br />[[Audio aparat|audio aparaty]]<br />[[Vbudovana sistema|vbudovane sistemy]]<br />[[Internet věčij]]<br />[[Internet vozov]] | range = | website = {{-|http://www.sparklink.org.cn/}} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 2xn01mqxmqfnmghfn2x5dsxphpjcz4b 27510 27509 2026-06-29T12:06:25Z Ilja isv 10 27510 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka muzikalny instrument |name=Suka |names= |image=[[File:Suka bilgorajska.jpg|center|270px]] |classification=[[Strunny instrument]] ([[Smyček (muzika)|smyčkovy]]) |range= |related= *'''[[Semějstvo gusljev]]''' ([[skripka]], [[violončelo]]) *Sěmejstvo [[Viol]] (vključaje [[kontrabas]]) |musicians= |builders= |articles= * [[Semějstvo gusljev|Semějstvo muzykalnyh instrumentov gusljev]] }} {{Kartka protokol | name = {{-|NearLink}} | image = NearLink Logo.png | caption = Logotip {{-|NearLink}} | developer = {{-|NearLink Alliance}} | industry = [[Mrěža ličnogo dostupa|Mrěže ličnogo dostupa]] | introdate = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|11|04}} | connector = | hardware = [[smartfon]]y<br />[[Personalny kompjuter|personalne kompjutery]]<br />[[Audio aparat|audio aparaty]]<br />[[Vbudovana sistema|vbudovane sistemy]]<br />[[Internet věčij]]<br />[[Internet vozov]] | range = | website = {{-|http://www.sparklink.org.cn/}} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} g135cesgdmx4cc2rpmglq25qhyz2fit 27511 27510 2026-06-29T12:07:21Z Ilja isv 10 27511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka muzikalny instrument |name=Suka |names= |image=[[File:Suka bilgorajska.jpg|center|270px]] |classification=[[Strunny instrument]] ([[Smyček (muzika)|smyčkovy]]) |range= |related= *'''[[Semějstvo guslje]]''' ([[skripka]], [[violončelo]]) *Sěmejstvo [[Viol]] (vključaje [[kontrabas]]) |musicians= |builders= |articles= * [[Semějstvo guslje|Semějstvo muzykalnyh instrumentov guslje]] }} {{Kartka protokol | name = {{-|NearLink}} | image = NearLink Logo.png | caption = Logotip {{-|NearLink}} | developer = {{-|NearLink Alliance}} | industry = [[Mrěža ličnogo dostupa|Mrěže ličnogo dostupa]] | introdate = {{start date and age|df=yes|2022|11|04}} | connector = | hardware = [[smartfon]]y<br />[[Personalny kompjuter|personalne kompjutery]]<br />[[Audio aparat|audio aparaty]]<br />[[Vbudovana sistema|vbudovane sistemy]]<br />[[Internet věčij]]<br />[[Internet vozov]] | range = | website = {{-|http://www.sparklink.org.cn/}} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} bjvrco6mqc3wtby14vwmepahm2u1izu 27538 27511 2026-06-29T12:51:46Z Ilja isv 10 27538 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Tsoi | native_name = {{small|Виктор Цой}} | image = Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg | alt = | caption = Viktor Tsoi in 1986 | birth_name = Viktor Robertovich Tsoi | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvian SSR]], Soviet Union | death_cause = Car crash | resting_place = Bogoslovskoye Cemetery, Saint Petersburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * composer * actor }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Marianna Tsoi|1985<!--Omission per template instructions-->}} }} | children = 1 | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * guitar * bass guitar }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[gothic rock]] * [[punk rock]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * AnTrop * [[Melodiya]] }} | associated_acts = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (band)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergey Kuryokhin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 8ms923wm3kcmfbt4chdohtpkejf5o8m 27541 27538 2026-06-29T12:53:01Z Ilja isv 10 27541 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = {{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}} | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|Viktor Tsoi in 1986]] | alt = | caption = Viktor Tsoi in 1986 | birth_name = Viktor Robertovich Tsoi | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvian SSR]], Soviet Union | death_cause = Car crash | resting_place = Bogoslovskoye Cemetery, Saint Petersburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * composer * actor }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Marianna Tsoi|1985<!--Omission per template instructions-->}} }} | children = 1 | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * guitar * bass guitar }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[gothic rock]] * [[punk rock]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * AnTrop * [[Melodiya]] }} | associated_acts = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (band)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergey Kuryokhin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} m6oo3ybbkg10mq0gp4jn0jcx1kzrnar 27542 27541 2026-06-29T12:53:45Z Ilja isv 10 27542 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|Viktor Tsoi in 1986]] | alt = | caption = Viktor Tsoi in 1986 | birth_name = Viktor Robertovich Tsoi | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvian SSR]], Soviet Union | death_cause = Car crash | resting_place = Bogoslovskoye Cemetery, Saint Petersburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * composer * actor }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Marianna Tsoi|1985<!--Omission per template instructions-->}} }} | children = 1 | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * guitar * bass guitar }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[gothic rock]] * [[punk rock]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * AnTrop * [[Melodiya]] }} | associated_acts = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (band)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergey Kuryokhin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} c61y6m3oiybk8kdx6n6vn9qrch836cc 27550 27542 2026-06-29T12:55:40Z Ilja isv 10 27550 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovich Tsoi | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvian SSR]], Soviet Union | death_cause = Car crash | resting_place = Bogoslovskoye Cemetery, Saint Petersburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * composer * actor }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Marianna Tsoi|1985<!--Omission per template instructions-->}} }} | children = 1 | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * guitar * bass guitar }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[gothic rock]] * [[punk rock]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * AnTrop * [[Melodiya]] }} | associated_acts = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (band)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergey Kuryokhin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 2vcq31ch51huxhjh0k5c1tegrklzti9 27554 27550 2026-06-29T12:57:09Z Ilja isv 10 27554 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Russian SFSR]], [[Soviet Union]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvian SSR]], Soviet Union | death_cause = Car crash | resting_place = Bogoslovskoye Cemetery, Saint Petersburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * composer * actor }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Marianna Tsoi|1985<!--Omission per template instructions-->}} }} | children = 1 | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * guitar * bass guitar }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[gothic rock]] * [[punk rock]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * AnTrop * [[Melodiya]] }} | associated_acts = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (band)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergey Kuryokhin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 6h1ujxjwti4pbte91wqkien1l2i4257 27558 27554 2026-06-29T12:58:59Z Ilja isv 10 27558 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic|Latvian SSR]], Soviet Union | death_cause = Car crash | resting_place = Bogoslovskoye Cemetery, Saint Petersburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * Singer * songwriter * composer * actor }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Marianna Tsoi|1985<!--Omission per template instructions-->}} }} | children = 1 | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * guitar * bass guitar }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[gothic rock]] * [[punk rock]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * AnTrop * [[Melodiya]] }} | associated_acts = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (band)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergey Kuryokhin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} d73dh8rcpfzmj7lnbv06b4u2pkr88df 27560 27558 2026-06-29T13:05:00Z Ilja isv 10 27560 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje Grobišče, Sankt=Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Marianna Tsoi|1985<!--Omission per template instructions-->}} }} | children = 1 | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * guitar * bass guitar }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[gothic rock]] * [[punk rock]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * AnTrop * [[Melodiya]] }} | associated_acts = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (band)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergey Kuryokhin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} ndn8f0blxuerr7wjmam0n0hj4x6fw3k 27561 27560 2026-06-29T13:07:50Z Ilja isv 10 27561 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Marriage|Marianna Tsoi|1985<!--Omission per template instructions-->}} }} | children = 1 | module = {{Infobox musical artist|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * guitar * bass guitar }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[gothic rock]] * [[punk rock]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * AnTrop * [[Melodiya]] }} | associated_acts = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (band)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergey Kuryokhin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 8n8xwesuk38noj5e8z29zzcozvaj5ty 27562 27561 2026-06-29T13:10:18Z Ilja isv 10 27562 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * {{Supružstvo|Marianna Tsoi|1985<!--Omission per template instructions-->}} }} | children = 1 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * guitar * bass guitar }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[gothic rock]] * [[punk rock]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * AnTrop * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | associated_acts = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (band)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergey Kuryokhin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 58c093wiewgqsx7aexpo6q6r34xx40r 27566 27562 2026-06-29T13:53:30Z Ilja isv 10 27566 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, 1985 }} | children = 1 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * guitar * bass guitar }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[gothic rock]] * [[punk rock]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * AnTrop * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | associated_acts = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (band)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergey Kuryokhin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} jvia5a6dwsnluj63fkfn157l9sx51to 27567 27566 2026-06-29T13:56:26Z Ilja isv 10 27567 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = 1 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * guitar * bass guitar }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[gothic rock]] * [[punk rock]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * AnTrop * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | associated_acts = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (band)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergey Kuryokhin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 4yjyiz8daux3yx9bircylj43iqinwrn 27568 27567 2026-06-29T13:57:37Z Ilja isv 10 27568 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * Vocals * guitar * bass guitar }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk]] * [[New wave music|new wave]] * [[gothic rock]] * [[punk rock]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * AnTrop * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | associated_acts = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (band)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergey Kuryokhin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} li7krnj2za56p6zjr6l0sysictcqw0u 27569 27568 2026-06-29T14:01:41Z Ilja isv 10 27569 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | associated_acts = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} qlxukwst7i006lmrezgsql12r8ph8xt 27570 27569 2026-06-29T14:04:11Z Ilja isv 10 27570 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | member = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} cjc1neazbf6ctsl2daz69hakj9ywvwx 27571 27570 2026-06-29T14:05:07Z Ilja isv 10 27571 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomaticheskie udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} c6w2hymaj45qbmswjpslekkpzml0xqg 27572 27571 2026-06-29T14:05:51Z Ilja isv 10 27572 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Category:Wp/isv]] [[Category:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} debb9ifo135y4ck37yokeladyarox3g 27596 27572 2026-06-30T06:20:18Z Ilja isv 10 27596 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{tlit|ja|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{tlit|ja|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{tlit|ja|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{tlit|ja|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{tlit|ja|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{tlit|ja|On}} reading ! {{tlit|ja|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|零}} / {{wikt-lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{tlit|ja|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{tlit|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|九}} | {{tlit|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{wikt-lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{tlit|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{tlit|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{tlit|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{tlit|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{tlit|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{tlit|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{tlit|ja|yon}} (4) and {{tlit|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{tlit|ja|shi}} and {{tlit|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{tlit|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{tlit|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{tlit|ja|ichi}} (1), {{tlit|ja|shi}} or {{tlit|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{tlit|ja|shi}} and {{tlit|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{tlit|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{tlit|ja|shi}} and {{tlit|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{tlit|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{tlit|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{tlit|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{tlit|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{tlit|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{tlit|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{tlit|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{tlit|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo krt||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo krt||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{tlit|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{tlit|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo krt||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{tlit|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo krt||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo krt||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo krt||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo krt||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo krt||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{tlit|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{tlit|ja|roku}} "six" and {{tlit|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{tlit|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{tlit|ja|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|sanbyaku}} | {{tlit|ja|yonhyaku}} | {{tlit|ja|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|roppyaku}} | {{tlit|ja|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|happyaku}} | {{tlit|ja|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|sen, issen}} | {{tlit|ja|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|sanzen}} | {{tlit|ja|yonsen}} | {{tlit|ja|gosen}} | {{tlit|ja|rokusen}} | {{tlit|ja|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|hassen}} | {{tlit|ja|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|itchō}} | {{tlit|ja|nichō}} | {{tlit|ja|sanchō}} | {{tlit|ja|yonchō}} | {{tlit|ja|gochō}} | {{tlit|ja|rokuchō}} | {{tlit|ja|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|hatchō}} | {{tlit|ja|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|jutchō}}* | {{tlit|ja|hyakuchō}} | {{tlit|ja|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|ikkei}} | {{tlit|ja|nikei}} | {{tlit|ja|sankei}} | {{tlit|ja|yonkei}} | {{tlit|ja|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|rokkei}} | {{tlit|ja|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|hakkei}} | {{tlit|ja|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{tlit|ja|hyakkei}}** | {{tlit|ja|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{tlit|ja|-jū}} to {{tlit|ja|-jutchō}} or {{tlit|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{tlit|ja|-ku}} to {{tlit|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{tlit|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{tlit|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{tlit|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{tlit|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{tlit|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{tlit|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced '''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni'', with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{IPA|[ɡoː jóɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɾókɯ {{pipe}} ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced ''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go'' {{IPA|[ɲiçjakɯ́ {{pipe}} ɡodʑɯ́ː {{pipe}} ɲíː teɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɡóː {{pipe}} ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo||ずつ|-zutsu}}, as in {{Nihongo3|one person at a time, one person each|一人ずつ|hitori-zutsu}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{wikt-lang|ja|万}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|億}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|兆}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|京}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|垓}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{wikt-lang|ja|秭}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|穣}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|溝}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|澗}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|正}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|載}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|極}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|那由他}}, {{wikt-lang|ja|那由多}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{tlit|ja|man}} |{{tlit|ja|oku}} |{{tlit|ja|chō}} |{{tlit|ja|kei}} |{{tlit|ja|gai}} |{{tlit|ja|jo}}, {{tlit|ja|shi}} |{{tlit|ja|jō}} |{{tlit|ja|kō}} |{{tlit|ja|kan}} |{{tlit|ja|sei}} |{{tlit|ja|sai}} |{{tlit|ja|goku}} |{{tlit|ja|gōgasha}} |{{tlit|ja|asōgi}} |{{tlit|ja|nayuta}} |{{tlit|ja|fukashigi}} |{{tlit|ja|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo krt||万|man}}. The current edition of the {{tlit|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo krt||恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{tlit|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo krt|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo krt|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo krt||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{tlit|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo krt||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo krt||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{tlit|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo krt|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo krt|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo krt||九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo krt||二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo||飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo||飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{tlit|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{tlit|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{tlit|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{tlit|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{wikt-lang|ja|分}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|厘}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|毛}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|糸}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|忽}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|微}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|繊}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|沙}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|塵}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{tlit|ja|bu}} |{{tlit|ja|rin}} |{{tlit|ja|mō}} |{{tlit|ja|shi}} |{{tlit|ja|kotsu}} |{{tlit|ja|bi}} |{{tlit|ja|sen}} |{{tlit|ja|sha}} |{{tlit|ja|jin}} |{{tlit|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{tlit|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{tlit|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{tlit|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{wikt-lang|ja|割}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|分}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|厘}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|毛}} |{{wikt-lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{tlit|ja|wari}} |{{tlit|ja|bu}} |{{tlit|ja|rin}} |{{tlit|ja|mō}} |{{tlit|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{tlit|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{tlit|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{tlit|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{tlit|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{tlit|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{tlit|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{tlit|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{tlit|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{tlit|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{tlit|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{tlit|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{tlit|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{tlit|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{tlit|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{tlit|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{tlit|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{tlit|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{tlit|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{tlit|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{tlit|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{tlit|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{tlit|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{tlit|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{tlit|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{tlit|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{tlit|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{tlit|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{tlit|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{tlit|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{tlit|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{tlit|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{tlit|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{tlit|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{tlit|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{tlit|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{tlit|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{tlit|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{tlit|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{tlit|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{tlit|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{tlit|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{tlit|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{tlit|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{tlit|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{tlit|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{tlit|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{tlit|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{tlit|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{tlit|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{tlit|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{tlit|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{tlit|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{tlit|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{tlit|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{tlit|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} i8yp6uvj8qpnfuushu4r5ic3oznchgz 27600 27596 2026-06-30T06:35:48Z Ilja isv 10 27600 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|ja|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|ja|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|ja|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|ja|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|ja|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|ja|On}} reading ! {{lang|ja|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|ja|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo krt||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo krt||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo krt||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo krt||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo krt||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo krt||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo krt||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo krt||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|ja|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|ja|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|ja|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} | {{lang|ja|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|happyaku}} | {{lang|ja|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|sen, issen}} | {{lang|ja|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|sanzen}} | {{lang|ja|yonsen}} | {{lang|ja|gosen}} | {{lang|ja|rokusen}} | {{lang|ja|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|hassen}} | {{lang|ja|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|itchō}} | {{lang|ja|nichō}} | {{lang|ja|sanchō}} | {{lang|ja|yonchō}} | {{lang|ja|gochō}} | {{lang|ja|rokuchō}} | {{lang|ja|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|hatchō}} | {{lang|ja|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|jutchō}}* | {{lang|ja|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|ja|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|ikkei}} | {{lang|ja|nikei}} | {{lang|ja|sankei}} | {{lang|ja|yonkei}} | {{lang|ja|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|rokkei}} | {{lang|ja|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|hakkei}} | {{lang|ja|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|ja|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced '''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni'', with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{IPA|[ɡoː jóɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɾókɯ {{pipe}} ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced ''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go'' {{IPA|[ɲiçjakɯ́ {{pipe}} ɡodʑɯ́ː {{pipe}} ɲíː teɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɡóː {{pipe}} ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo||ずつ|-zutsu}}, as in {{Nihongo3|one person at a time, one person each|一人ずつ|hitori-zutsu}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|man}} |{{lang|ja|oku}} |{{lang|ja|chō}} |{{lang|ja|kei}} |{{lang|ja|gai}} |{{lang|ja|jo}}, {{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|jō}} |{{lang|ja|kō}} |{{lang|ja|kan}} |{{lang|ja|sei}} |{{lang|ja|sai}} |{{lang|ja|goku}} |{{lang|ja|gōgasha}} |{{lang|ja|asōgi}} |{{lang|ja|nayuta}} |{{lang|ja|fukashigi}} |{{lang|ja|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo krt||万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo krt||恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo krt|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo krt|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo krt||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo krt||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo krt||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo krt|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo krt|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo krt||九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo krt||二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo||飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo||飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 9bm533a4k0su5nr9fqpcoo5ask8ldug 27601 27600 2026-06-30T06:37:46Z Ilja isv 10 /* Numbering in Japanese */ 27601 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|ja|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|ja|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|ja|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|ja|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|ja|On}} reading ! {{lang|ja|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|ja|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo krt||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo krt||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo krt||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo krt||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo krt||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo krt||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo krt||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo krt||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|ja|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|ja|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|ja|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} | {{lang|ja|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|happyaku}} | {{lang|ja|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|sen, issen}} | {{lang|ja|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|sanzen}} | {{lang|ja|yonsen}} | {{lang|ja|gosen}} | {{lang|ja|rokusen}} | {{lang|ja|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|hassen}} | {{lang|ja|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|itchō}} | {{lang|ja|nichō}} | {{lang|ja|sanchō}} | {{lang|ja|yonchō}} | {{lang|ja|gochō}} | {{lang|ja|rokuchō}} | {{lang|ja|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|hatchō}} | {{lang|ja|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|jutchō}}* | {{lang|ja|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|ja|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|ikkei}} | {{lang|ja|nikei}} | {{lang|ja|sankei}} | {{lang|ja|yonkei}} | {{lang|ja|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|rokkei}} | {{lang|ja|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|hakkei}} | {{lang|ja|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|ja|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|ja|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced '''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni'', with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{IPA|[ɡoː jóɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɾókɯ {{pipe}} ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced ''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go'' {{IPA|[ɲiçjakɯ́ {{pipe}} ɡodʑɯ́ː {{pipe}} ɲíː teɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɡóː {{pipe}} ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo||ずつ|-zutsu}}, as in {{Nihongo3|one person at a time, one person each|一人ずつ|hitori-zutsu}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|man}} |{{lang|ja|oku}} |{{lang|ja|chō}} |{{lang|ja|kei}} |{{lang|ja|gai}} |{{lang|ja|jo}}, {{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|jō}} |{{lang|ja|kō}} |{{lang|ja|kan}} |{{lang|ja|sei}} |{{lang|ja|sai}} |{{lang|ja|goku}} |{{lang|ja|gōgasha}} |{{lang|ja|asōgi}} |{{lang|ja|nayuta}} |{{lang|ja|fukashigi}} |{{lang|ja|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo krt||万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo krt||恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo krt|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo krt|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo krt||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo krt||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo krt||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo krt|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo krt|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo krt||九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo krt||二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo||飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo||飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} rqa9qx9vh44cuzoyy9a5le4thp6jlu0 27602 27601 2026-06-30T06:40:23Z Ilja isv 10 /* Numbering in Japanese */ 27602 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|ja|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|ja|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|ja|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo krt||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo krt||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo krt||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo krt||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo krt||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo krt||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo krt||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo krt||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo krt||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". lang{| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced '''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni'', with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{IPA|[ɡoː jóɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɾókɯ {{pipe}} ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced ''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go'' {{IPA|[ɲiçjakɯ́ {{pipe}} ɡodʑɯ́ː {{pipe}} ɲíː teɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɡóː {{pipe}} ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo||ずつ|-zutsu}}, as in {{Nihongo3|one person at a time, one person each|一人ずつ|hitori-zutsu}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|man}} |{{lang|ja|oku}} |{{lang|ja|chō}} |{{lang|ja|kei}} |{{lang|ja|gai}} |{{lang|ja|jo}}, {{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|jō}} |{{lang|ja|kō}} |{{lang|ja|kan}} |{{lang|ja|sei}} |{{lang|ja|sai}} |{{lang|ja|goku}} |{{lang|ja|gōgasha}} |{{lang|ja|asōgi}} |{{lang|ja|nayuta}} |{{lang|ja|fukashigi}} |{{lang|ja|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo krt||万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo krt||恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo krt|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo krt|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo krt||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo krt||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo krt||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo krt|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo krt|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo krt||九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo krt||二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo||飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo||飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 4jgoi86406hip72zfgwan0n27d9l33y 27603 27602 2026-06-30T06:46:30Z Ilja isv 10 27603 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". lang{| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced '''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni'', with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{IPA|[ɡoː jóɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɾókɯ {{pipe}} ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced ''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go'' {{IPA|[ɲiçjakɯ́ {{pipe}} ɡodʑɯ́ː {{pipe}} ɲíː teɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɡóː {{pipe}} ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo||ずつ|-zutsu}}, as in {{Nihongo3|one person at a time, one person each|一人ずつ|hitori-zutsu}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|man}} |{{lang|ja|oku}} |{{lang|ja|chō}} |{{lang|ja|kei}} |{{lang|ja|gai}} |{{lang|ja|jo}}, {{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|jō}} |{{lang|ja|kō}} |{{lang|ja|kan}} |{{lang|ja|sei}} |{{lang|ja|sai}} |{{lang|ja|goku}} |{{lang|ja|gōgasha}} |{{lang|ja|asōgi}} |{{lang|ja|nayuta}} |{{lang|ja|fukashigi}} |{{lang|ja|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo krt||万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo krt||恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo krt|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo krt|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo krt||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo krt||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo krt||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo krt|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo krt|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo krt||九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo krt||二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo||飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo||飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} dgi6uwe91g18hw81v4e0wl9c0qjipug 27604 27603 2026-06-30T06:48:01Z Ilja isv 10 27604 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced '''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni'', with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{IPA|[ɡoː jóɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɾókɯ {{pipe}} ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced ''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go'' {{IPA|[ɲiçjakɯ́ {{pipe}} ɡodʑɯ́ː {{pipe}} ɲíː teɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɡóː {{pipe}} ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo||ずつ|-zutsu}}, as in {{Nihongo3|one person at a time, one person each|一人ずつ|hitori-zutsu}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|man}} |{{lang|ja|oku}} |{{lang|ja|chō}} |{{lang|ja|kei}} |{{lang|ja|gai}} |{{lang|ja|jo}}, {{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|jō}} |{{lang|ja|kō}} |{{lang|ja|kan}} |{{lang|ja|sei}} |{{lang|ja|sai}} |{{lang|ja|goku}} |{{lang|ja|gōgasha}} |{{lang|ja|asōgi}} |{{lang|ja|nayuta}} |{{lang|ja|fukashigi}} |{{lang|ja|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo krt||万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo krt||恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo krt|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo krt|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo krt||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo krt||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo krt||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo krt|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo krt|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo krt||九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo krt||二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo||飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo||飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 00u00t7iqgdm0giu6zf9sg6wq1esswu 27606 27604 2026-06-30T07:08:05Z Ilja isv 10 /* Other types of numerals */ 27606 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced '''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni'', with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{IPA|[ɡoː jóɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɾókɯ {{pipe}} ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced ''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go'' {{IPA|[ɲiçjakɯ́ {{pipe}} ɡodʑɯ́ː {{pipe}} ɲíː teɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɡóː {{pipe}} ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|''-zutsu''|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|''hitori-zutsu''|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|man}} |{{lang|ja|oku}} |{{lang|ja|chō}} |{{lang|ja|kei}} |{{lang|ja|gai}} |{{lang|ja|jo}}, {{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|jō}} |{{lang|ja|kō}} |{{lang|ja|kan}} |{{lang|ja|sei}} |{{lang|ja|sai}} |{{lang|ja|goku}} |{{lang|ja|gōgasha}} |{{lang|ja|asōgi}} |{{lang|ja|nayuta}} |{{lang|ja|fukashigi}} |{{lang|ja|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo krt||万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo krt||恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo krt|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo krt|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo krt||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo krt||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo krt||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo krt|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo krt|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo krt||九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo krt||二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo||飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo||飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 4fuenhc490wbpi15r9imjijn3yppawu 27607 27606 2026-06-30T07:08:45Z Ilja isv 10 /* Other types of numerals */ 27607 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced '''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni'', with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{IPA|[ɡoː jóɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɾókɯ {{pipe}} ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced ''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go'' {{IPA|[ɲiçjakɯ́ {{pipe}} ɡodʑɯ́ː {{pipe}} ɲíː teɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɡóː {{pipe}} ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|man}} |{{lang|ja|oku}} |{{lang|ja|chō}} |{{lang|ja|kei}} |{{lang|ja|gai}} |{{lang|ja|jo}}, {{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|jō}} |{{lang|ja|kō}} |{{lang|ja|kan}} |{{lang|ja|sei}} |{{lang|ja|sai}} |{{lang|ja|goku}} |{{lang|ja|gōgasha}} |{{lang|ja|asōgi}} |{{lang|ja|nayuta}} |{{lang|ja|fukashigi}} |{{lang|ja|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo krt||万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo krt||恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo krt|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo krt|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo krt||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo krt||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo krt||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo krt|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo krt|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo krt||九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo krt||二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo||飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo||飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} kgadeu1fu1iuks4b70204zn5d6kvnvq 27608 27607 2026-06-30T07:10:37Z Ilja isv 10 /* Large numbers */ 27608 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced '''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni'', with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{IPA|[ɡoː jóɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɾókɯ {{pipe}} ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced ''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go'' {{IPA|[ɲiçjakɯ́ {{pipe}} ɡodʑɯ́ː {{pipe}} ɲíː teɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɡóː {{pipe}} ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo krt||万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo krt||恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo krt|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo krt|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo krt||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo krt||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo krt||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo krt|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo krt|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo krt||九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo krt||二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo||飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo||飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} mzb0m3sz9y6q3yzvmuisf7wenbnbqm3 27609 27608 2026-06-30T07:13:46Z Ilja isv 10 /* Strings of digits and decimal numbers */ 27609 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced '''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni'', with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced ''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go'' {{IPA|[ɲiçjakɯ́ {{pipe}} ɡodʑɯ́ː {{pipe}} ɲíː teɴ {{pipe}} ɲiː ɡóː {{pipe}} ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo krt||万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo krt||恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo krt|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo krt|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo krt||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo krt||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo krt||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo krt|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo krt|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo krt||九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo krt||二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo||飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo||飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} fg3xieupw4oyoa6gvfwfdunttjk5k6q 27610 27609 2026-06-30T07:15:27Z Ilja isv 10 /* Strings of digits and decimal numbers */ 27610 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo krt||万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo krt||恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo krt|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo krt|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo krt||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo krt||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo krt||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo krt|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo krt|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo krt||一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo krt||九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo krt||二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo||飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo||飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} hbmu70rjwfip7fz5ljua94ny8aevzf9 27611 27610 2026-06-30T07:17:32Z Ilja isv 10 /* Large numbers */ 27611 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo krt||万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo krt||恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo||一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo||九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo||二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo||飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo||飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 5au674txkjf0gda6jnm33x1fwpxovvl 27612 27611 2026-06-30T07:19:06Z Ilja isv 10 /* Large numbers */ 27612 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo krt|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo||一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo||九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo||二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo||飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo||飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 6mim0fpa0hwjb6due6ysdln2191en9d 27613 27612 2026-06-30T07:20:48Z Ilja isv 10 /* Large numbers */ 27613 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo||塵劫記|[[Jinkōki]]}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} jqwukq2ho2mw7ssg9myxui9ydr74il3 27614 27613 2026-06-30T07:21:18Z Ilja isv 10 /* Large numbers */ 27614 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|[[Jinkōki]]|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} li1btlxkrbil47q11k7f73fln8gb1ud 27615 27614 2026-06-30T07:21:48Z Ilja isv 10 /* Large numbers */ 27615 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo krt||五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo krt||九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo krt||一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo krt||打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} tm0ws1s762xtusiam8x1nxzicuhz3m1 27616 27615 2026-06-30T07:23:04Z Ilja isv 10 /* Decimal fractions */ 27616 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo|五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |{{lang|ja|kotsu}} |{{lang|ja|bi}} |{{lang|ja|sen}} |{{lang|ja|sha}} |{{lang|ja|jin}} |{{lang|ja|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|ja|wari}} |{{lang|ja|bu}} |{{lang|ja|rin}} |{{lang|ja|mō}} |{{lang|ja|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 62gg7tpafo7pyymmx8ie6zyeuysd0mf 27617 27616 2026-06-30T07:24:23Z Ilja isv 10 /* Decimal fractions */ 27617 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo|五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|jen|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|kotsu}} |{{lang|en|bi}} |{{lang|en|sen}} |{{lang|en|sha}} |{{lang|en|jin}} |{{lang|en|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|ja|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|wari}} |{{lang|en|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} fihs6jriazyyxwxlpxpaso2o6q3l82l 27618 27617 2026-06-30T07:26:01Z Ilja isv 10 /* Decimal fractions */ 27618 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo|五分五分の勝負|gobugobu no shōbu|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|jen|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|kotsu}} |{{lang|en|bi}} |{{lang|en|sen}} |{{lang|en|sha}} |{{lang|en|jin}} |{{lang|en|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|en|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|wari}} |{{lang|en|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 03kg89c9t4y2srn37xnbqpqrmp9op96 27619 27618 2026-06-30T07:33:22Z Ilja isv 10 /* Decimal fractions */ 27619 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as {{Nihongo|五分五分の勝負|{{-|''gobugobu no shōbu''}}|'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|jen|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|kotsu}} |{{lang|en|bi}} |{{lang|en|sen}} |{{lang|en|sha}} |{{lang|en|jin}} |{{lang|en|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|en|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|wari}} |{{lang|en|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} hj753v5jeer00mzohoa4wto4bw18izp 27620 27619 2026-06-30T07:34:14Z Ilja isv 10 /* Decimal fractions */ 27620 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as 五分五分の勝負 ({{-|''gobugobu no shōbu''}}, 'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|ja|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|jen|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|kotsu}} |{{lang|en|bi}} |{{lang|en|sen}} |{{lang|en|sha}} |{{lang|en|jin}} |{{lang|en|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|en|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|wari}} |{{lang|en|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} jpdtxe3t94drj1labn146cfhlgrgc9a 27621 27620 2026-06-30T07:34:42Z Ilja isv 10 /* Decimal fractions */ 27621 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} The {{nihongo|'''Japanese numerals'''|数詞|sūshi}} are [[Numeral (linguistics)|numerals]] that are used in [[Japanese language|Japanese]]. In writing, they are the same as the [[Chinese numerals]], and large numbers follow the Chinese style of grouping by 10,000. Two pronunciations are used: the [[on'yomi|Sino-Japanese]] ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) readings of the [[Chinese characters]] and the Japanese {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (native words, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}} readings). ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as 五分五分の勝負 ({{-|''gobugobu no shōbu''}}, 'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|en|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|jen|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|kotsu}} |{{lang|en|bi}} |{{lang|en|sen}} |{{lang|en|sha}} |{{lang|en|jin}} |{{lang|en|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|en|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|wari}} |{{lang|en|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 4ruh0cqhy7rfefcb2wfilzgrem3ud6k 27622 27621 2026-06-30T08:15:31Z Ilja isv 10 /* */ 27622 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: [[on'yomi|Sino-Japonsko]] čitanje ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Numbering in Japanese== There are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as 五分五分の勝負 ({{-|''gobugobu no shōbu''}}, 'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|en|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|jen|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|kotsu}} |{{lang|en|bi}} |{{lang|en|sen}} |{{lang|en|sha}} |{{lang|en|jin}} |{{lang|en|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|en|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|wari}} |{{lang|en|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} b4u6v1ayihataca4dfu4106znuwggxq 27623 27622 2026-06-30T08:20:43Z Ilja isv 10 /* Čisla v japonskom jezyku */ 27623 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: [[on'yomi|Sino-Japonsko]] čitanje ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Suť dva podoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku, arabskymi ciframi are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as 五分五分の勝負 ({{-|''gobugobu no shōbu''}}, 'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|en|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|jen|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|kotsu}} |{{lang|en|bi}} |{{lang|en|sen}} |{{lang|en|sha}} |{{lang|en|jin}} |{{lang|en|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|en|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|wari}} |{{lang|en|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} cc4zr1tt997495wpwaqx86wyrqwaiar 27624 27623 2026-06-30T08:21:31Z Ilja isv 10 /* Čisla v japonskom jezyku */ 27624 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: [[on'yomi|Sino-Japonsko]] čitanje ({{lang|en|on'yomi}}) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku, arabskymi ciframi are two ways of writing the numbers in Japanese: in [[Arabic numerals]] (1, 2, 3) or in [[Chinese numerals]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). The Arabic numerals are more often used in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|horizontal writing]], and the Chinese numerals are more common in [[Horizontal and vertical writing in East Asian scripts|vertical writing]]. Most numbers have [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as 五分五分の勝負 ({{-|''gobugobu no shōbu''}}, 'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|en|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|jen|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|kotsu}} |{{lang|en|bi}} |{{lang|en|sen}} |{{lang|en|sha}} |{{lang|en|jin}} |{{lang|en|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|en|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|wari}} |{{lang|en|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} bnqwzznrv3etkso2b2cgalf6iv22ido 27625 27624 2026-06-30T09:05:33Z Ilja isv 10 27625 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-Japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi]]{{lang|en|on'yomi}}) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku: [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske čisla sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as 五分五分の勝負 ({{-|''gobugobu no shōbu''}}, 'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|en|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|jen|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|kotsu}} |{{lang|en|bi}} |{{lang|en|sen}} |{{lang|en|sha}} |{{lang|en|jin}} |{{lang|en|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|en|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|wari}} |{{lang|en|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} qs7o8fbqtsldnds5no56zm4wey8yazq 27626 27625 2026-06-30T09:06:24Z Ilja isv 10 27626 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-Japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku: [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske čisla sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja [[kanji#Readings|two readings]], one derived from Chinese used for [[cardinal numeral|cardinal numbers]] ([[on'yomi|{{lang|en|On}} reading]]) and a native Japanese reading ([[kun'yomi|{{lang|en|Kun}} reading]]) used somewhat less formally for numbers up to 10. In some cases (listed below) the Japanese reading is generally preferred for all uses. Archaic readings are marked with †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Number ! Character ! {{lang|en|On}} reading ! {{lang|en|Kun}} reading<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Preferred reading |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[loanword]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as 五分五分の勝負 ({{-|''gobugobu no shōbu''}}, 'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|en|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|jen|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|kotsu}} |{{lang|en|bi}} |{{lang|en|sen}} |{{lang|en|sha}} |{{lang|en|jin}} |{{lang|en|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|en|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|wari}} |{{lang|en|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} j36b73u64hxczgt6xwaff5ifsln5c9j 27627 27626 2026-06-30T09:29:15Z Ilja isv 10 /* Čisla v japonskom jezyku */ 27627 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-Japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku: [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske čisla sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Archaične čtanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading {{Nihongo krt||〇|maru|which means "round" or "circle"}} is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as 五分五分の勝負 ({{-|''gobugobu no shōbu''}}, 'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|en|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|jen|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|kotsu}} |{{lang|en|bi}} |{{lang|en|sen}} |{{lang|en|sha}} |{{lang|en|jin}} |{{lang|en|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|en|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|wari}} |{{lang|en|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} mxvzl9jwgtdqjn63k5sbw90xft6hag6 27628 27627 2026-06-30T09:32:36Z Ilja isv 10 /* Čisla v japonskom jezyku */ 27628 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-Japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku: [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske čisla sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Archaične čtanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading 〇 (''maru''), which means "round" or "circle" is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as 五分五分の勝負 ({{-|''gobugobu no shōbu''}}, 'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|en|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|jen|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|kotsu}} |{{lang|en|bi}} |{{lang|en|sen}} |{{lang|en|sha}} |{{lang|en|jin}} |{{lang|en|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|en|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|wari}} |{{lang|en|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 37r7zaup1dablndlspbwimfx18yjh85 27634 27628 2026-06-30T09:45:20Z Ilja isv 10 27634 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-Japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku: [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske čisla sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Archaične čtanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|en|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> The special reading 〇 (''maru''), which means "round" or "circle" is also found. It may be optionally used when reading individual digits of a number one after another, instead of as a full number. A popular example is the [[109 (department store)|famous 109 store]] in [[Shibuya|Shibuya, Tokyo]] which is read as {{lang|ja|ichi-maru-kyū}} (Kanji: {{lang|ja|一〇九}}). (It can also be read as 'ten-nine'—pronounced {{lang|ja|tō-kyū}}—which is a pun on the name of the Tokyo department store which owns the building.) This usage of {{lang|ja|maru}} for numerical 0 is similar to reading numeral 0 in English as ''oh''. However, as a number, it is only written as 0 or {{nihongo||零|rei}}. Additionally, two and five are pronounced with a long vowel in phone numbers (i.e. {{lang|ja|にい}} {{lang|ja|nī}} and {{lang|ja|ごお}} {{lang|ja|gō}}). Numbers after {{lang|ja|kei}} are rarely used. They are presented here nonetheless. As noted above, {{lang|ja|yon}} (4) and {{lang|ja|nana}} (7) are preferred to {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}}. It is purported that this is because {{lang|ja|shi}} is also the reading of the word {{nihongo||死|death}}, which makes it an unlucky reading (see [[tetraphobia]]); while {{lang|ja|shichi}} may sound too similar to {{lang|ja|ichi}} (1), {{lang|ja|shi}} or {{lang|ja|hachi}} (8). However, in quite a number of established words and phrases, {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} are preferred; additionally, when counting (as in "{{lang|ja|ichi, ni, san, shi,...}}"), {{lang|ja|shi}} and {{lang|ja|shichi}} may be preferred. The number 9 is also considered unlucky; when pronounced {{lang|ja|ku}}, it is a homophone for {{nihongo||苦|suffering}}. The number 13 is sometimes considered unlucky, though this is a carryover from [[triskaidekaphobia|Western tradition]]. In contrast, 7 and sometimes 8 are considered lucky in Japanese.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://lingualift.com/blog/lucky-unlucky-numbers-japan/|title=The number of death: Lucky and unlucky numbers in Japan|website=The Science of Language Self-Study {{!}} LinguaLift Blog|access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> In modern Japanese, cardinal numbers except 4 and 7 are generally given the {{lang|ja|on}} readings. Alternate readings are used in month names, day-of-month names, and fixed phrases; for instance, April, July, and September are called {{lang|ja|'''shi'''-gatsu}} (4th month), {{lang|ja|'''shichi'''-gatsu}} (7th month), and {{lang|ja|'''ku'''-gatsu}} (9th month) respectively (for further detail see [[Japanese counter word#Exceptions]]). The {{lang|ja|on}} readings are also used when shouting out headcounts (e.g. {{lang|ja|ichi-ni-san-shi}}). Larger numbers are made by combining these elements: *Tens from 20 to 90 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-jū}}" as in {{Nihongo||二十|ni-jū}} to {{Nihongo||九十|kyū-jū}}. *Hundreds from 200 to 900 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-hyaku}}". *Thousands from 2000 to 9000 are "(digit){{lang|ja|-sen}}". Starting at a {{Nihongo|myriad|万}}, numbers begin with {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} if no digit would otherwise precede. That is, 100 is just {{Nihongo||百|hyaku}}, and 1000 is just {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, but 10000 is {{Nihongo||一万|ichiman}}, not just *{{lang|ja|man}}. (This differs from Chinese, where numbers begin with {{lang|zh|一}} if no digit would otherwise precede starting at 100.) And, if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} directly precedes the name of powers of [[myriad]], {{Nihongo krt||一|ichi}} is normally attached before {{Nihongo||千|sen}}, which yields {{Nihongo||一千|issen}}. That is, 10,000,000 (parsed as 1000,0000) is normally read as {{Nihongo krt||一千万|issenman}}. But if {{Nihongo||千|sen}} does ''not'' directly precede the name of powers of myriad, attaching {{Nihongo||一|ichi}} is optional. That is, 15,000,000 (1500,0000) is read as {{Nihongo||千五百万|sengohyakuman}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百万|issengohyakuman}}, just as 1500 is read as {{Nihongo||千五百|sengohyaku}} or {{Nihongo||一千五百|issengohyaku}}. There are some phonetic modifications to larger numbers involving [[Consonant voicing and devoicing|voicing]] or [[gemination]] of certain consonants, as typically occurs in Japanese (i.e. {{lang|ja|[[rendaku]]}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|roku}} "six" and {{lang|ja|hyaku}} "hundred" yield {{lang|ja|roppyaku}} "six hundred". {| class="wikitable" ! × !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9 !! 10 !! 100 !! 1000 |- | align="right" | 100 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyaku, ippyaku}} | {{lang|en|nihyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanbyaku}} | {{lang|en|yonhyaku}} | {{lang|en|gohyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|roppyaku}} | {{lang|en|nanahyaku}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|happyaku}} | {{lang|en|kyūhyaku}} |— |— |— |- | align="right" | 1,000 | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sen, issen}} | {{lang|en|nisen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|sanzen}} | {{lang|en|yonsen}} | {{lang|en|gosen}} | {{lang|en|rokusen}} | {{lang|en|nanasen}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hassen}} | {{lang|en|kyūsen}} | — | — | — |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|12}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|itchō}} | {{lang|en|nichō}} | {{lang|en|sanchō}} | {{lang|en|yonchō}} | {{lang|en|gochō}} | {{lang|en|rokuchō}} | {{lang|en|nanachō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hatchō}} | {{lang|en|kyūchō}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jutchō}}* | {{lang|en|hyakuchō}} | {{lang|en|issenchō}} |- | align="right" | 10{{sup|16}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|ikkei}} | {{lang|en|nikei}} | {{lang|en|sankei}} | {{lang|en|yonkei}} | {{lang|en|gokei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|rokkei}} | {{lang|en|nanakei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hakkei}} | {{lang|en|kyūkei}} | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|jukkei}}* | style="background: yellow" | {{lang|en|hyakkei}}** | {{lang|en|issenkei}} |} <nowiki>*</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 10. Change ending {{lang|ja|-jū}} to {{lang|ja|-jutchō}} or {{lang|ja|-jukkei}}.<br /> <nowiki>**</nowiki> This also applies to multiples of 100. Change ending {{lang|ja|-ku}} to {{lang|ja|-kkei}}. In numbers above 10, elements are combined from largest to smallest, and zeros are implied. Japanese numerals are multiplicative additive rather than positional; to write the number 20 you get the character for {{Nihongo|two|二}} and then the character for {{Nihongo|ten|十}} to get two tens or {{Nihongo|twenty|二十}}. {| class="wikitable" ! Number !! Character !! Reading !Basic Meaning |- | align="right" | 11 || {{lang|ja|十一}} || {{lang|ja|jū ichi}} |Ten and One |- | align="right" | 17 || {{lang|ja|十七}} || {{lang|ja|jū nana, jū shichi}} |Ten and Seven |- | align="right" | 151 || {{lang|ja|百五十一}} || {{lang|ja|hyaku go-jū ichi}} |Hundred, Five Tens and One |- | align="right" | 302 || {{lang|ja|三百二}} || {{lang|ja|san-byaku ni}} |Three Hundreds and Two |- | align="right" | 469 || {{lang|ja|四百六十九}} || {{lang|ja|yon-hyaku roku-jū kyū}} |Four Hundreds, Six Tens and Nine |- | align="right" | 2025 || {{lang|ja|二千二十五}} || {{lang|ja|ni-sen ni-jū go}} |Two Thousands, Two Tens and Five |} ===Strings of digits and decimal numbers=== The above digits from 1 to 9 are used primarily in isolation. Strings of digits make use of slightly different readings, with lengthened vowels, for 2 (''nī'') and 5 (''gō''), and less frequently, 4 (''shī'') and 9 (''kū''). This is because when digits are enumerated, if possible, they must be so in groups of two, each of which must consist of exactly four [[On (Japanese_prosody)|mora]]e, which necessitates the lengthening of normally unimoraic digits such as ''ni'', ''go'', ''shi'' and ''ku''.<ref name=nhk-2005-2>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082124/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20250601_1.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|lang=ja|script-title=ja:語の読み方（語形）について数字の読み方～小数の読み方～|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Yamashita|first=Yōko|last2=Fujii|first2=Madoka|date=28 February 2025|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250622082259/https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|url=https://www.nhk.or.jp/bunken/research/kotoba/20180501_4.html|archive-date=22 June 2025|date=1 May 2018|lang=ja|script-title=ja:数詞の発音とアクセント|work=NHK Bunken|publisher=NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute|last=Sakurai|first=Shigeharu|last2=Akinaga|first2=Kazue|access-date=23 September 2025|url-status=live}}</ref> For example, such string as '''5'''4'''2'''62 is pronounced {{-|'''''gō'''-yon '''nī'''-roku ni''}}, with the first two groups being quadrimoraic. The [[Japanese pitch accent|accent]] is placed on the penultimate mora of each group if possible, hence {{-|[ɡoː jóɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɾókɯ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲí]}}.<ref name=hirayama-1961>{{cite book|lang=ja|script-title=ja:全国アクセント辞典|first=Teruo|last=Hirayama|publisher=Tōkyōdō|date=25 December 1961|p=897}}</ref> This rule also applies to the last digit of the integer part and all the digits of the decimal part of a decimal number.<ref name=nhk-2005-2/><ref name=hirayama-1961/> For example, such decimal number as 25'''2'''.'''25'''5 is pronounced {{-|''nihyaku gojū '''nī'''-ten '''nī-gō''' go''}} {{-|[ɲiçjakɯ́ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡodʑɯ́ː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲíː teɴ <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɲiː ɡóː <nowiki>|</nowiki> ɡó]}}, with ''ten'' meaning "point". ===Other types of numerals=== For [[Ordinal numeral|ordinal numbers]], see [[Japanese counter word#Ordinal numbers]]. [[Distributive numeral|Distributive numbers]] are formed regularly from a cardinal number, a counter word, and the suffix {{Nihongo|{{-|''-zutsu''}}|ずつ|}}, as in {{Nihongo|{{-|''hitori-zutsu''}}|一人ずつ|one person at a time, one person each}}. == Powers of 10 == === Large numbers === Following Chinese tradition, large numbers are created by grouping digits into [[myriad]]s (every 10,000) rather than the Western thousands (1,000): <div class="overflowbugx" style="overflow-x:auto;"> {| class="wikitable" !align="left"|Rank |10{{sup|4}} |10{{sup|8}} |10{{sup|12}} |10{{sup|16}} |10{{sup|20}} |10{{sup|24}} |10{{sup|28}} |10{{sup|32}} |10{{sup|36}} |10{{sup|40}} |10{{sup|44}} |10{{sup|48}} |10{{sup|52}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|56}})}}</small> |10{{sup|56}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|64}})}}</small> |10{{sup|60}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|72}})}}</small> |10{{sup|64}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|80}})}}</small> |10{{sup|68}} <br /><small>{{nowrap|(or 10{{sup|88}})}}</small> |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|万}} |{{lang|ja|億}} |{{lang|ja|兆}} |{{lang|ja|京}} |{{lang|ja|垓}} |{{lang|ja|𥝱}}, {{lang|ja|秭}} |{{lang|ja|穣}} |{{lang|ja|溝}} |{{lang|ja|澗}} |{{lang|ja|正}} |{{lang|ja|載}} |{{lang|ja|極}} |{{lang|ja|恒河沙}} |{{lang|ja|阿僧祇}} |{{lang|ja|那由他}}, {{lang|ja|那由多}} |{{lang|ja|不可思議}} |{{lang|ja|無量大数}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|man}} |{{lang|en|oku}} |{{lang|en|chō}} |{{lang|en|kei}} |{{lang|en|gai}} |{{lang|en|jo}}, {{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|jō}} |{{lang|en|kō}} |{{lang|en|kan}} |{{lang|en|sei}} |{{lang|en|sai}} |{{lang|en|goku}} |{{lang|en|gōgasha}} |{{lang|en|asōgi}} |{{lang|en|nayuta}} |{{lang|en|fukashigi}} |{{lang|en|muryōtaisū}} |}</div> Variation is due to the {{Nihongo|{{-|[[Jinkōki]]}}|塵劫記|}}, Japan's oldest mathematics text. The initial edition was published in 1627 and had many errors, most of which were fixed in the 1631 edition. In 1634, there was yet another edition which again changed a few values. The above variation is due to inconsistencies in the latter two editions. There are different characters for 10{{sup|24}} (of which {{lang|ja|秭}} is in Chinese today), and after 10{{sup|48}} they differ in whether they continue increasing by a factor of 10{{sup|4}} or switch to 10{{sup|8}}. (If by a factor of 10{{sup|8}}, the intervening factors of 10{{sup|4}} are produced with {{Nihongo|万|man}}. The current edition of the {{lang|ja|Jinkōki}}, the 11th, follows a factor of 10{{sup|4}} throughout, though some people still use the values from the 8th edition even today.) The first three numbers with multisyllabic names and variation in assigned values ultimately derive from India, though they did not have defined values there. {{Nihongo|恒河沙|gōgasha}} was originally used in Buddhist scripture for an indefinitely large quantity; it derives from the [[Sanskrit]] {{lang|sa|गङ्गा}} {{lang|sa|gangā}} '[[Ganges]]' (which conveniently includes the character {{Nihongo|'river'|河|ka}}) and {{Nihongo|'sand'|沙|sha}}, referring to the innumerable sands of the Ganges River. {{Nihongo||阿僧祇|asōgi}}, from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|असंख्येय}} {{lang|sa|asaṃkhyeya}} 'uncountable/innumerable', with the negative prefix {{Nihongo||阿|a}}, and {{Nihongo||那由他|nayuta}} is from Sanskrit {{lang|sa|नयुत/नयुतः}} {{lang|sa|nayuta(ḥ)}}. After that, the numbers are Buddhist terms translated into or coined in Chinese and later assigned numerical values: {{Nihongo|'unimaginable'|不可思議|fukashigi}} and {{Nihongo|'immeasurably large number'|無量大数|muryōtaisū}}. Examples: ''(spacing by groups of four digits is given only for clarity of explanation)'' *1 0000 : {{Nihongo|一万|ichi-man}} *983 6703 : {{Nihongo|九百八十三万 六千七百三|kyū-hyaku hachi-jū san-man, roku-sen nana-hyaku san}} *20 3652 1801 : {{Nihongo|二十億 三千六百五十二万 千八百一|ni-jū oku, san-zen rop-pyaku go-jū ni-man, sen hap-pyaku ichi}} However, numbers written in Arabic numerals are separated by commas every three digits following English-speaking convention. If Arabic numbers and kanji are used in combination, Western orders of magnitude may be used for numbers smaller than 10,000 (e.g. {{lang|ja|2,500万}} for 25,000,000). In Japanese, when long numbers are written out in kanji, zeros are omitted for all powers of ten. Hence 4002 is {{lang|ja|四千二}} (in contrast, Chinese requires the use of {{lang|zh|零}} wherever a zero appears, e.g. {{lang|zh|四千零二}} for 4002). However, when reading out a statement of accounts, for example, the skipped digit or digits are sometimes indicated by {{Nihongo|飛び|tobi}} or {{Nihongo|飛んで|tonde}}): e.g. {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tobi''' ni}} or {{lang|ja|yon-sen '''tonde''' ni}} instead of the normal {{lang|ja|yon-sen ni}}. === Decimal fractions === Japanese has two systems of numerals for decimal fractions. They are no longer in general use, but are still used in some instances such as batting and fielding averages of baseball players, winning percentages for sports teams, and in some idiomatic phrases such as 五分五分の勝負 ({{-|''gobugobu no shōbu''}}, 'fifty-fifty chance'}}, and when representing a rate or discount. The {{lang|en|bu}} fractions are also used when talking about fevers—for example {{Nihongo|九度二分|kudonibu}} for 9 and two parts—referring to the temperature 39.2°C. One system is as follows: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |10{{sup|−6}} |10{{sup|−7}} |10{{sup|−8}} |10{{sup|−9}} |10{{sup|−10}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |{{lang|ja|忽}} |{{lang|ja|微}} |{{lang|ja|繊}} |{{lang|ja|沙}} |{{lang|ja|塵}} |{{lang|ja|埃}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|jen|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |{{lang|en|kotsu}} |{{lang|en|bi}} |{{lang|en|sen}} |{{lang|en|sha}} |{{lang|en|jin}} |{{lang|en|ai}} |} This is the system used with the traditional [[Japanese units of measurement]]. Several of the names are used "as is" to represent a fraction of a [[cun (unit)|{{lang|en|sun}}]]. The other system of representing these decimal fractions of rate or discount uses a system "shifted down" with a {{lang|ja|bu}} becoming a "one hundredth" and so on, and the unit for "tenth" becoming {{lang|ja|wari}}: {| class="wikitable" !align=left|Rank |10{{sup|−1}} |10{{sup|−2}} |10{{sup|−3}} |10{{sup|−4}} |10{{sup|−5}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Character |{{lang|ja|割}} |{{lang|ja|分}} |{{lang|ja|厘}} |{{lang|ja|毛}} |{{lang|ja|糸}} |- align="center" !align="left"|Reading |{{lang|en|wari}} |{{lang|en|bu}} |{{lang|en|rin}} |{{lang|en|mō}} |{{lang|en|shi}} |} This is often used with prices. For example: *{{Nihongo|一割五分引き|ichi-wari go-bu biki}}: 15% discount *{{Nihongo|打率三割八分九厘|daritsu san-wari hachi-bu kyū-rin}}: batting average .389 With the exception of {{lang|ja|wari}}, these are rarely seen in modern usage. Decimal fractions are typically written with either kanji numerals (vertically) or Arabic numerals (horizontally), preceded by a decimal point, and are read as successive digits, as in Western convention. Note that, in written form, they can be combined with either the traditional system of expressing numerals (42.195 kilometers: {{lang|ja|四十二・一九五 キロメートル}}), in which powers of ten are written, or with the place value system, which uses zero (50.04 percent: {{lang|ja|五〇・〇四 パーセント.}}) In both cases, however, the reading follows the traditional system ({{lang|ja|yon-jū ni-ten ichi-kyū go kiromētoru}} for 42.195 kilometers; {{lang|ja|go ju-tten rei-yon pāsento}} for 50.04 percent.) == Formal numbers == [[File:Shoe Boxes (743286602).jpg|thumb|{{lang|ja|[[Getabako]]}}]] As with Chinese numerals, there exists in Japanese a separate set of kanji for numerals called {{Nihongo||大字|'''daiji'''}} used in legal and financial documents to prevent unscrupulous individuals from adding a stroke or two, turning a one into a two or a three. The formal numbers are identical to the [[Chinese financial numerals|Chinese formal numbers]] except for minor stroke variations. Today, the numbers for one, two, three, and ten are written only in their formal form in legal documents (the numbers 4 to 9 as well as 100, 1000 and 10000 are written identically to the common ones, cf. table below).<ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:大正十一年大蔵省令第四十三号 (会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ノ数字及記載事項ノ訂正ニ関スル件) |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023833/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/T11/T11F03401000043.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第一条: 会計法規ニ基ク出納計算ニ関スル諸書類帳簿ニ記載スル金額其ノ他ノ数量ニシテ「一」、「二」、「三」、「十」、「廿」、「卅」ノ数字ハ「壱」、「弐」、「参」、「拾」、「弐拾」、「参拾」ノ字体ヲ用ユヘシ但横書ヲ為ストキハ「アラビア」数字ヲ用ユルコトヲ得』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:戸籍法施行規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023839/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S22/S22F00501000094.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:「第三十一条 2: 年月日を記載するには、壱、弐、参、拾の文字を用いなければならない。」}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:小切手振出等事務取扱規程 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226023849/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S26/S26F03401000020.html |archive-date=2012-02-26 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『附則 (昭和四〇年四月一日大蔵省令第二〇号) 2: 小切手の券面金額は、当分の間、所定の金額記載欄に、漢数字により表示することができる。この場合においては、「一」、「二」、「三」及び「十」の字体は、それぞれ「壱」、「弐」、「参」及び「拾」の漢字を用い、かつ、所定の金額記載欄の上方余白に当該金額記載欄に記載の金額と同額をアラビア数字で副記しなければならない。』}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |script-title=ja:商業登記規則 |url=http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202084605/http://law.e-gov.go.jp/htmldata/S39/S39F03201000023.html |archive-date=2009-02-02 |url-status=dead |lang=ja |script-quote=ja:『第四十八条 2: 金銭その他の物の数量、年月日及び番号を記載するには、「壱、弐、参、拾」の文字を用いなければならない。ただし、横書きをするときは、アラビヤ数字を用いることができる。』}}</ref> These numbers' common forms can be changed to a higher value by adding strokes (1 and 2 were explained above, while 3 can be changed to 5, and 10 to 1000). In some cases, the digit 1 is explicitly written like {{lang|ja|壱百壱拾}} for 110, as opposed to {{lang|ja|百十}} in common writing. Formal numbers: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" | Number ! rowspan="2" | Common ! colspan="2" | Formal |- ! In use !! Obsolete |- | align="right" | 1 || {{lang|ja|一}} || {{lang|ja|壱}} || {{lang|ja|壹}} |- | align="right" | 2 || {{lang|ja|二}} || {{lang|ja|弐}} || {{lang|ja|貳}} |- | align="right" | 3 || {{lang|ja|三}} || {{lang|ja|参}} || {{lang|ja|參}} |- | align="right" | 4 || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|四}} || {{lang|ja|肆}} |- | align="right" | 5 || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|五}} || {{lang|ja|伍}} |- | align="right" | 6 || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|六}} || {{lang|ja|陸}} |- | align="right" | 7 || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|七}} || {{lang|ja|柒}}, {{lang|ja|漆}} |- | align="right" | 8 || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|八}} || {{lang|ja|捌}} |- | align="right" | 9 || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|九}} || {{lang|ja|玖}} |- | align="right" | 10 || {{lang|ja|十}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} || {{lang|ja|拾}} |- | align="right" | 100 || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|百}} || {{lang|ja|佰}} |- | align="right" | 1000 || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|千}} || {{lang|ja|阡}}, {{lang|ja|仟}} |- | align="right" | 10000 || {{lang|ja|万}} || {{lang|ja|万}}, {{lang|ja|萬}} || {{lang|ja|萬}} |} The four current [[banknotes of the Japanese yen]], 1000-yen, 2000-yen, 5000-yen, and 10000-yen, have formal numbers {{lang|ja|千}}, {{lang|ja|弐千}}, {{lang|ja|五千}}, and {{lang|ja|壱万}}, respectively. ==Old Japanese== [[Old Japanese]] shares some vocabulary with later periods, but there are also unique number terms over 10 which are not used any more, aside from being parts of specific [[lexeme]]s. Notes: * The transcription is based on the [[phoneme]] and is not [[phonetics|phonetic]]. See [[Old Japanese]] for further information. * See {{lang|ja|[[Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai]]}} for information on subscript notation. <!--NOTE: Please do NOT change /h/ to /p/. The transcription is phonemic, not phonetic. While it must have been [p] at some time in the past, during the Old Japanese period it was [ɸ]. --> {| class="wikitable" ! Number ! Reading ! Examples ! Notes |- | align="right" | 1 | [[wiktionary:一#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|一日}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂pi₁}} (1 day), {{lang|ojp|一年}} {{lang|ojp|pi₁to₂to₂se}} (1 year) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 2 | [[wiktionary:二#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|futa}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二夜}} {{lang|ojp|futayo₂}} (2 nights) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 3 | [[wiktionary:三#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mi₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 4 | [[wiktionary:四#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|yo₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|四人}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂tari}} (4 people) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 5 | [[wiktionary:五#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|itu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五年}} {{lang|ojp|ituto₂se}} (5 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 6 | [[wiktionary:六#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|mu}}]] | {{lang|ojp|六爪}} {{lang|ojp|mutuma}} (6 claws) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 7 | [[wiktionary:七#Noun|{{lang|ojp|nana}}]] | {{lang|ojp|七瀬}} {{lang|ojp|nanase}} (many rapids) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 8 | [[wiktionary:八#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ya}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八雲}} {{lang|ojp|yakumo₁}} (many clouds) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 9 | [[wiktionary:九#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂}}]] | {{lang|ojp|九柱}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂pasira}} (9 nobles / gods) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|to₂}}]] / [[wiktionary:十#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|to₂wo}}]] | {{lang|ojp|十日}} {{lang|ojp|to₂woka}} (10 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 10 | [[wiktionary:十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|so₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|三十}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁so₁}} (30), {{lang|ojp|四十}} {{lang|ojp|yo₂so₁}} (40), {{lang|ojp|六十}} {{lang|ojp|muso₁}} (60), {{lang|ojp|八十}} {{lang|ojp|yaso₁}} (80) | Found only in compound words; not used alone. |- | align="right" | 20 | [[wiktionary:二十#Noun|{{lang|ojp|pata}}]] | {{lang|ojp|二十}} {{lang|ojp|patati}} (20), {{lang|ojp|二十人}} {{lang|ojp|patatari}} (20 people), {{lang|ojp|二十年}} {{lang|ojp|patato₂se}} (20 years) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 50 | [[wiktionary:五十|{{lang|ojp|i}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五十日}} {{lang|ojp|ika}} (50 days) | &nbsp; |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 2|{{lang|ojp|po}}]] | {{lang|ojp|五百}} {{lang|ojp|ipo}} (500), {{lang|ojp|五百年}} {{lang|ojp|ipoto₂se}} (500 years), {{lang|ojp|五百夜}} {{lang|ojp|ipoyo₂}} (500 nights), {{lang|ojp|八百}} {{lang|ojp|yapo}} (800), {{lang|ojp|三百}} {{lang|ojp|mi₁po}} (300), {{lang|ojp|六百}} {{lang|ojp|mupo}} (600), {{lang|ojp|九百}} {{lang|ojp|ko₂ko₂no₂po}} (900) | Used for multiple hundreds in compound numerals. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 100 | [[wiktionary:百#Noun 3|{{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁}}]] | {{lang|ojp|百日}} {{lang|ojp|mo₁mo₁ka}} (many days) | Used for non-multiple hundred and for the number "100" by itself. Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 1000 | [[wiktionary:千#Noun|{{lang|ojp|ti}}]] | {{lang|ojp|千年}} {{lang|ojp|tito₂se}} (1000 years, many years) | Often used to mean many. |- | align="right" | 10000 | [[wiktionary:万#Noun|{{lang|ojp|yo₂ro₂du}}]] | {{lang|ojp|八百万}} {{lang|ojp|yapoyo₂ro₂du}} (8000000, myriad) | Often used to mean many. |} ==Hand counting== {{see also|Finger-counting#Asia}} Japanese uses separate systems for counting for oneself and for displaying numbers to others, which both proceed up to ten. For counting, one begins with the palm open, then counts up to five by curling up (folding down) the fingers, starting from the thumb – thus one has just the thumb down (and others extended), while four has only the little finger extended, and five has a fist. One then counts up to ten by proceeding in the reverse order, extending the fingers, starting at the little finger – thus six is the same as four, seven the same as three, and so forth, with ten ending with the palm open. While this introduces ambiguity, it is not used to present to others, so this is generally not a problem. When displaying for others, one starts with the hand closed, and extends fingers, starting with the index, going to the little finger, then ending with the thumb, as in the United States. For numbers above five, one uses an open hand (indicating five) and places the appropriate number of fingers from the other hand against the palm (palms facing each other) – so six has the index finger against the palm, and so forth.<ref>[http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm Counting on one's fingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120143955/http://japanese.about.com/library/weekly/aa112198.htm |date=2013-01-20 }}, About.com, Japanese Language, Namiko Abe</ref> To display ten, one presents both hands open and palm outwards. == Digits in written words == Since the adoption of [[Arabic numerals]], it has become more and more common for numbers to be written using them. Counters and ordinal numbers are typically written in Arabic numbers, such as {{nihongo krt|three people|3人|san-nin}}, {{nihongo krt|July, "seventh-month"|7月|shichigatsu}}, {{nihongo krt|age 20|20歳|hatachi}}, etc., although {{lang|ja|三人}}, {{lang|ja|七月}} and {{lang|ja|二十歳}} are also acceptable to write (albeit less common). However, numbers that are part of lexemes are typically written in kanji. For example, the term {{nihongo3|'vegetable stand / grocer'|八百屋|yaoya}} translates into "800 store" and uses the Old Japanese pronunciation for 800, {{lang|ojp|ya(h)o}}. The notorious Japanese organized crime syndicate, the [[yakuza]], can be written {{lang|ja|八九三}} (or 893), a hand in {{lang|ja|[[Oicho-Kabu|oicho-kabu]]}} that is worth 0 points, indicating that yakuza are "worthless persons" or "gambling persons".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.sljfaq.org/afaq/yakuza.html |title=What is the origin of yakuza? |website=www.sljfaq.org |access-date=2016-03-24}}</ref> ==See also== *[[Chinese numerals]] *[[Decimal separator]] *[[Japanese counter word]] *[[Japanese people]] *[[Japanese wordplay#Numeric substitution|Japanese wordplay § Numeric substitution]] == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} {{in lang|ja}} * [http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html Ancient Japanese number system] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |date=2018-08-29 }} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 8pakk4t3o7idga2prjbnonbdbl2a93u 0 3083 27559 21480 2026-06-29T13:00:11Z Ilja isv 10 /* Хисторија */ 27559 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka država | common_name = Rosija | native_name = {{Jezyky|ru|Россия}} | conventional_long_name = Росија, Росијска федерација ({{Jezyky|ru|Россия|ru|Российская Федерация}}) | image_flag = Flag of Russia.svg | image_coat = Coat of Arms of the Russian Federation.svg | national_anthem = [[државны химн Росије]] | capital = [[Москва]] | largest_city = [[Москва]] | official_languages = [[Русскы језык|русскы]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.constitution.ru/en/10003000-04.htm|title=The Constitution of the Russian Federation — Chapter 3. The Federal Structure, Article 68|work=constitution.ru|access-date=2015-04-22}}</ref> | government_type = федерална полпрезидентска република | area_km2 = 17098246 | area_footnote = <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/publications/pocketbook/files/world-stats-pocketbook-2016.pdf#page=182 |title=World Statistics Pocketbook 2016 edition |publisher=United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs. Statistics Division |access-date=2018-04-24}}</ref> | area_rank = 1 | population_estimate = 146748590 | population_estimate_year = 2021, с [[Крым]]ом | population_estimate_rank = 9 | currency = [[росијскы рубљ]] | currency_code = RUB | utc_offset = +2 do +12 | iso3166code = RU | coordinates = {{Coord|55|45|N|37|37|E|display=inline,title}} }} '''Росија''', служебно такоже '''Росијска федерација''', јест држава в Возходној Европє и Сєверној Азији. Највечша држава в свєту по површинє, ктора зајмаје 17 милионов км² или выше осмины насељеных оземеј [[Земја|Земји]]. Росија имаје 11 часовых зон и граничи с 16 суверенными државами, что јест највечше число в свєту. Она имаје насељенје в 146,2 милионов људиј и јест најљудна држава в [[Европа|Европє]] и 9 најљудна држава в свєту. Главны и највечши град Росије јест [[Москва]]. Множинство људиј сут [[руси]], најљудны народ срєд [[Словјани|словјанскых]] и европејскых. Државны језык јест [[Русскы језык|русскы]]. В 2014 году Росија окуповала и анексовала вечинство полуострова [[Крым]], кторы јест меджународно познаны како чест [[Украјина|Украјины]], что стало почетком [[Росијско-украјинска војна|росијско-украјинској војны]]. В 2022 году Росија, в часу [[Росијскы напад в Украјину|својего напада в Украјину]], објавила об анексији јешче 4 регионов [[Украјина|Украјины]], кторе тутчас не контролује полно. == Назва == Назва «Росија» произходи од гречского {{Jezyky|el|Ρωσία}}, назвы [[Кыјевска Рус|Руси]], и јест сходно с [[Бєлорус]]ју. == Хисторија == Хисторија државы починаје се с хисторијеју возходных словјанов, ктори објавили се како узнавајема група меджу 3 и 8 столєтјами. В 9. столєтју викинги основали прву возходнословјанску државу [[Кыјевска Рус|Кыјевску Рус]] с главным градом в [[Кыјев]]у. В 988 року Кыјевска Рус пријела [[православје]] из Бизантијској империје, что почело бизантијскы влив на словјанску културу, кторы характеризовал дрєвневозходнословјанску и русску културу в слєдно тысечлєтје. Рус прєжила разпад в 13. столєтју, але в 15 столєтју возходне земја Руси објединило Велико кнежство Московско, кторо стало претендовати на ине возходнословјанске земје. К 18. столєтју тута држава силно разширила се чрєз завојеванја оземеј, анексије и колонизацију и стала Росијскоју империјеју, третјеју највечшеју државоју в хисторији. Послє повстаниј в Росије в 1917 року была основаноју Росијска совєтска федерална социалистична република, водитељи кторој потом основали [[Совєтскы Сојуз|Совєтскы сојуз]], прву комунистичну једнопартијну државу в свєту. Совєтскы сојуз имал рєшајучу рољу в побєдє Сојузников в Другој свєтовој војнє и стал суперсилоју и противником иној суперсилы, [[США]], послє војны. В совєтску еру в Росији случили се понєкторе из најважных технологичных досегнениј 20. столєтја, таке како изпуск првого чловєчского спутника Земји и изпуск првого чловєка в космос. Послє разпада Совєтского сојуза в 1991 року Росијска СФСР стала Росијскоју федерацијеју. Вслєд конституцијној кризы 1993 рока в Росији адаптовали нову конституцију, и она остала федералноју полупрезидентскоју републикоју. С 2000 рока политичны строј Росије прєважаје [[Владимир Путин]], владу кторого винет за авторитаризм, многе нарушенја прав чловєка и корупцију. В 2014 году, послє повстанја в Украјинє, Росија окуповала и [[Анексија Крыма Росијеју|анексовала Крым]] в марцу 2014 рока, а послє почела подпирати сепаратистов в [[Војна в Донбасу|војнє в Донбасу]], что стало почетком [[Росијско-украјинска војна|росијско-украјинској војны]]. В февруару 2022 года Росија ескаловала свој спор с Украјиноју и почела [[Росијско вломјенје в Украјину|вломјенје на все оземја Украјины]]. Росијско вломјенје стало највечшеју војноју в Европє с часа Другој свєтовој војны и сустрєтило широкы меджународны осуд. В септембру 2022 года Росија официално анексовала јешче 4 регионов Украјины — Донечску, Луганску, Херсонску и Запорожску области, але јих оземја она контролује неполно. == Земјепис == Росија имаје поземне границе с 14 државами, что јест највечше число в свєту: она граничи с [[Норвегија|Норвегијеју]], [[Финландија|Финландијеју]], [[Естонија|Естонијеју]], [[Латвија|Латвијеју]] и [[Литва|Литвоју]] на сєверозападу, [[Бєлорус]]ју и [[Украјина|Украјиноју]] на југозападу, [[Грузија|Грузијеју]], [[Азербајджан]]ом, [[Казахстан]]ом на југу и [[Китај]]ем, [[Монголија|Монголијеју]] и [[Сєверна Кореја|Сєверноју Корејеју]] на југоизтоку. Такоже Росија граничи с 2 честично познаными државами ([[Абхазија]] и [[Јужна Осетија]]) и граничи једино по морју с [[Јапонија|Јапонијеју]] и [[США]]. == Демографија == В сумє Росија имаје 12 градов с насељенјем вече, неж милион: [[Москва]], [[Санкт-Петербург]], [[Новосибирск]], [[Јекатеринбург]], [[Нижны Новгород]], [[Казањ]], [[Самара]], [[Омск]], [[Чељабинск]], [[Ростов-на-Дону]], [[Уфа]], [[Волгоград]]. == Административно дєљенје == [[Fajl:Map of federal subjects of Russia (2022), disputed Crimea and Donbass.svg|thumb|Карта крајин Росије, вкључајучи спорне анексоване јеју оземје в [[Украјина|Украјинє]].]] Росија официално дєли се на 89 крајин, вкључајучи 24 републикы, 9 крајев, 48 областиј, 3 града федералного значенја, 1 автономну област и 4 автономных округа. Оземје 2 републик (Донечска и Луганска народне републикы) и 2 области (Херсонска и Запорожска) были честично окупованы в часу [[Росијскы напад в Украјину|росијского напада в Украјину]] и сут не контролујеме Росијеју полно, а јих оземје сут меджународно познане како чест [[Украјина|Украјины]]. Оземје Републикы Крыма и града Севастопољ были окуповане и анексоване Росијеју в 2014 году и сут контролујеме Росијеју, але оне сут такоже меджународно познане како чест Украјины. === Републикы === {{Div col | content = # [[Адыгеја]] # [[Република Алтај]] # [[Башкортостан]] # [[Бурјатија]] # [[Дагестан]] # [[Донечска народна република]] (јуридично чест Украјины) # [[Ингушетија]] # [[Кабардино-Балкарија]] # [[Калмыкија]] # [[Карачајево-Черкесија]] # [[Карелија]] # [[Република Коми]] # [[Република Крым]] (јуридично чест Украјины) # [[Луганска народна република]] (јуридично чест Украјины) # [[Мариј-Ел]] # [[Мордовија]] # [[Република Саха]] # [[Сєверна Осетија]] (неофициално — Осетија, Аланија) # [[Татарстан]] # [[Тыва]] # [[Удмуртија]] (главны град — [[Ижевск]]) # [[Хакасија]] # [[Чечња]] # [[Чувашија]] }} === Краја === # [[Алтайскы крај]] # [[Забайкаљскы крај]] # [[Камчатскы крај]] (неофициално — Камчатка) # [[Краснодарскы крај]] (неофициално — Кубањ) # [[Краснојарскы крај]] # [[Пермскы крај]] # [[Приморскы крај]] (неофициално — Приморје) # [[Ставропољскы крај]] (неофициално — Ставропољје) # [[Хабаровскы крај]] === Области === {{Div col | content = # [[Амурска област]] # [[Архангељска област]] # [[Астраханска област]] # [[Белгородска област]] # [[Брјанска област]] # [[Владимирска област]] # [[Волгоградска област]] # [[Вологодска област]] # [[Воронежска област]] # [[Запорожска област]] (јуридично чест Украјины) # [[Ивановска област]] # [[Иркутска област]] # [[Калининградска област]] ([[Калининград]]) # [[Калужска област]] # [[Кемеровска област]] # [[Кировска област]] # [[Костромска област]] # [[Курганска област]] # [[Курска област]] # [[Ленинградска област]] # [[Липечска област]] # [[Магаданска област]] # [[Московска област]] # [[Мурманска област]] # [[Нижегородска област]] # [[Новгородска област]] # [[Новосибирска област]] # [[Омска област]] # [[Оренбургска област]] # [[Орловска област]] # [[Пензенска област]] # [[Псковска област]] # [[Ростовска област]] # [[Рјазанска област]] # [[Самарска област]] # [[Саратовска област]] # [[Сахалинска област]] # [[Свердловска област]] # [[Смоленска област]] # [[Тамбовска област]] # [[Тверска област]] # [[Томска област]] # [[Тульска област]] # [[Туменска област]] # [[Улјановска област]] # [[Херсонска област]] (јуридично чест Украјины) # [[Чељабинска област]] # [[Јарославска област]] }} 1 автономна област: [[Јеврејска автономна област]]. === Грады федералного значенја === # [[Москва]] # [[Санкт-Петербург]] # [[Севастопољ]] (јуридично чест Украјины) === Автономне округы === # [[Ненечскы автономны округ]] (чест Архангељској области) # [[Ханты-Мансијскы автономны округ]] (чест Туменској области) # [[Чукотскы автономны округ]] (бывша чест Магаданској области) # [[Јамало-Ненечскы автономны округ]] (чест Туменској области) == Политика == === Војенне силы === [[Оружне силы Росије]] складајут се из Поземных војск (армије), Војенно-морској флоты (флоты) и Воздушно-космичных сил (воздушных сил). == Източникы == <references /> == Внєшње линкы == {{Prěvod|en|Russia|revizija=1032943179}} {{Državy v Evropě}} {{Državy v Aziji}} [[Kategorija:Росија| ]] [[Kategorija:Државы в Европє]] [[Kategorija:Државы в Азији]] {{INTERWIKI|Q159}} pk7vjsryfzz7mfvwq8m2jf2fdk42pie 0 3402 27584 22588 2026-06-29T14:58:55Z Ilja isv 10 27584 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fajl:Flag of the Soviet Red Army.svg|thumb|Неофициална застава чрвеној армије. Армија Совєтского Сојуза никогда не имєла официалну заставу.]] '''Работническо-сељанска Чрвена армија''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Рабоче-крестьянская Красная армия}}), кратко знајема ако '''Чрвена армија''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Красная армия}}), была армија и војенна авиација [[Росијска Советска Федеративна Социалистическа Република|Росијској Совєтској Федеративној Социалистичској Републикы]] и, за 1922 годом, [[Совєтскы Сојуз|Совєтского Сојуза]]. Большевики створили армију за Росијску граджанску војну, абы бојевати против [[Бєла армија|Бєлој армији]], ктора бојевала за цєсара. В 1946 году, чрвена армија и војенны флот стали главноју основоју армије Совєтского Сојуза. Чрвена армија была много важна в Другој свєтовој војнє за победу против [[Нацистична Нємција|нацистичној Нємцији]]. На возходном фронту Чрвена армија бојевала против около 80% нємечској армије подчас војны.<ref>{{Cite news|first=Norman|last=Davies|title=How we didn't win the war … but the Russians did|language=en|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/how-we-didnt-win-the-war-but-the-russians-did-dkzspjfmzg5|date=2006-11-05|access-date=2021-04-21|publisher=The Sunday Times|issn=0140-0460}}</ref> == Конфликты == === Русска граджанска војна === Русска граджанска војна ({{Jezyky|ru|Гражданская война в России}}) была граджанска војна в Россији од 1917 года до 1923 года. Тута војна имала три периоды. # Октобр 1917 - новембр 1918, од Большевичској револуције до конца [[Прва свєтова војна|Првој свєтовој војны]]. # Јануар 1919 - новембр 1919, Бєла армија починала идти впрєд и поразила Чрвену армију на всих фронтах. [[Лев Троцкы]] реформовал своју армију и атаковал Бєлу армију. Коло Новембра војини Бєлој армије были пополно измучени и Чрвена армија захватила Ростов-на-Дону. # 1919 - 1923 === Зимова војна === Зимова војна ({{Jezyky|ru|Зимняя война|fi|talvisota}}) была војна меджу Совєтскым Сојузом и [[Финландија|Финландијеју]] од 30. новембра 1939 до 13. марца 1940. Војну почел Совєтскы Сојуз својим нападом на Финладнију за три мєсеце до почетка Другој свєтовој војны - и закончила се по [[Московскы мирны договор|Московскому мирному договору]]. Чрвена армија имєла в три разы выше војинов, неж Финландија, в 30 разов выше самолетов и в 100 разов выше танков, але не имала успєх в војнє, тому же војини не имєли мотивацију и армија имала много неизкушеных офицеров. === Друга свєтова војна === Друга свєтова војна (в Россији такоже знајема како Велика Отечствена војна, {{Jezyky|ru|Великая Отечественная война}}) была највечша војна за Чрвену армију. Совєтскы Сојуз изгубил близ 9 милионов војинов и близ 20 милионов људиј, јестли такоже числити мирных људиј. == Източникы == <references /> == Внєшње линкы == {{Prěvod|en|Red Army}} [[Kategorija:Совєтскы Сојуз]] [[Kategorija:Војско]] {{INTERWIKI|Q251395}} numc9ng52kj9xkvpet0y0rmcz1yogjn 0 4526 27594 27203 2026-06-30T05:44:19Z Ilja isv 10 Ilja isv prěimenoval stranicu [[Rok (muzyka)]] na [[Rok (muzika)]]: Pogrěška v nazvě 27203 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rok''' ({{Jezyky|en|Rock}}) — jest žanr-trend popularnoj muziky, ktory vozniknul od [[Rock and roll|rok-n-rola]]. Često muziciruje se s pomočju prěusiljenyh [[Elektrogitara|elektrogitar]], [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitar]] i barabannyh-bubnovyh stancij. Toj žanr označaje harakteristične za rok-n-rol ritmične počutja, ktore svezane sut s oprěděljenymi formami hoda-dviženja kako ''roll'', ''twist'', ''swing'', ''{{-|shake|шеjк}}''. Rok-muzika imaje mnogo podtipov: tancevalny originalny rok-n-rol, pop-rok, brit-pop, det-metal, alternativny rok, art-rok, gotik-rok, indastrial-rok, indi-rok, kantri-rok, nojz-rok, pank-rok, postpank, psihodeličny rok, raga-rok, soft-rok, fank-rok, folk-rok, hard-rok, eksperimentalny rok, metal. Iztočnik-proizhodženje rok-muziky ide od [[Bljuz|bljuza]] ({{Jezyky|en|Blues}}, "smutok"). Osnovne města rodženja rok-muziky sut [[Sjedinjene štaty Ameriky|Sjedinjene Štaty Ameriky]] i Zapadna [[Evropa]]. {{INTERWIKI|qid=Q11399}} [[Kategorija:Muzika]] 4h2elr2iuoi3u3tg996hdoqtvb9igs5 0 4539 27513 27494 2026-06-29T12:09:39Z Ilja isv 10 27513 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka muzikalny instrument |name=Suka |names= |image=[[File:Suka bilgorajska.jpg|center|270px]] |classification=[[Strunny instrument]] ([[Smyček (muzika)|smyčkovy]]) |range= |related= *'''[[Semějstvo guslje]]''' ([[skripka]], [[violončelo]]) *Sěmejstvo [[Viol]] (vključaje [[kontrabas]]) |musicians= |builders= |articles= * [[Semějstvo guslje|Semějstvo muzykalnyh instrumentov guslje]] }} '''Сука''' ili '''Сука билгорајска''' ({{Jezyky|pl|Suka biłgorajska}}) јест струнно-смычковы, хисторичны пољскы музикалны инструмент. Тутчас сут јего реконструоване версије, кторыми такоже играјут.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.songlines.co.uk/features/suka-musical-instrument-guide-with-maria-pomianowska | title = Suka. Musical Instrument Guide (with Maria Pomianowska) | first = Simon | last = Broughton}}</ref> == Хисторија == Вєројетно, же находност смычковых инструментов иде из Централној Азији. Они сут были разпрострањане по Евразије приблизно в {{-|X}} веку. В Пољскє једин вид местных гусљев је был иззначен в 1545 году.<ref name="Britannica">{{Cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/stringed-instrument/The-violin-family#ref95471 |title=The violin family |work= |publisher=[[Britannika Ensiklopediyası]] Online |date= |accessdate=2025-03-20 |archive-date=2024-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417114942/https://www.britannica.com/art/stringed-instrument/The-violin-family#ref95471 |url-status=live }}</ref> Сут нєколико археологичных находок смычковых инструментов в Пољскє. Вкључно гусљев {{-|XI}} в. из Опољa, пет струнных инструментов {{-|XII}} в., најденых в году 1948 в Гдањску, и струнны инструмент, најдены в году 1985 в Полоцку, именујеме сут Полоцкыми гусљами.<ref name=Dahlig>{{cite book | author = Ewa Dahlig | title = Ludowe instrumenty skrzypcowe w Polsce | publisher = Instytut Sztuki Polskiej Akademii Nauk | place = Warszawa | date = 2001 | isbn = 83-85938-54-0}}</ref> Прва референција на тутој инструмент је појавила се в року 1888 в чланку хисторика и диалектолога Јана Карловича ({{-|Jan Karłowicz}}) в вєстнику {{-|Wisła}} об изставє народных музыкалных инструментов ктора је прошла оногды. Онде сука је была описана како некористаны дрєвны селскы инструмент. Такоже је была давана информација же јеј находност иде из града Коцудзы (ранєје село {{-|Kocudza}} в Билгорају). Оригинална сука не је дошла до наших дњев. Мнєвајут, же послєдным чловєком, видєвшим оригиналны инструмент је был обыватељ Коцудзы Марцин Гилас.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sukabilgorajska.pl/suka-bilgorajska/ |title=SUKA. Historia |access-date=2025-03-14 |archive-date=2024-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241004060258/https://www.sukabilgorajska.pl/suka-bilgorajska/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Сут были различне покушања jеj реконструованја. Наприклад је был једин опыт Збигнева Бутрына ({{-|Zbigniew Butryn}}) из града Јанов Љубелски и другы Андреја Кучовского ({{-|Andrzej Kuczkowski}}) из Варшавы. Они оба изкористали акварељны образ сукы, кторы је нарысовал Војцех Герсон ({{-|Wojciech Gerson}}) в року 1895.<ref name="MP">Maria Pomianowska, Zespół polski, "Oj chmielu... Stare pieśni i tańce polskie", Agencja Artystyczna MTJ, Warszawa 1996.</ref> == Източникы == {{Iztočniky}} {{INTERWIKI|qid=Q2670517}} [[Kategorija:Музикални инструменты]] {{INTERWIKI|Q2670517}} 9ay1kxywycndjn0gw6t9z3ss19l6efx 0 4575 27582 27442 2026-06-29T14:52:43Z Ilja isv 10 27582 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=June 2026}} [[Fajl:Vinča culture locator map.svg|thumb|Položenje Vinčanskoj kultury v kartě sovrěmennoj Evropy.]] '''Vinčanska kultura''' je mladoneolitična i ranoeneolitična kultura v [[Evropa|Evropě]], ktora je razcvětala medžu prvymi věkami 5. tysečlětja prěd novoju eroju i prvymi věkami 4. tysečlětja prěd novoju eroju. Vinčanska kultura obsegaje česti nastupnyh dnešnjih držav: [[Srbija|Srbije]], [[Rumunija|Rumunije]], [[Makedonija|Makedonije]], i [[Bosnija i Hercegovina|Bosnije]]. Jedna harakteristika toj kultury jest jejna [[metalurgija]], imenno upotrěbjenje [[měd]]e za prvy raz v Evropě. [[Kategorija:Arheologija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q831336}} cxwnignmsmmef1dfmj47cplg3qt2dtp 4 4578 27547 27293 2026-06-29T12:54:35Z Minorax 40 27547 wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ {{Zaglavje krčmy}} == Novy šablon == Ja sozdal tut šablon, aby udaliti te glupih vandali s lošimi slovami i memami, ktore o vše ne znajut medžuslovjanskogo. Ja myslju, že to je dobra ideja. Tut je šablon: <center> {| style="border:1px solid black; background:#ffcccc; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em;" |+ ! [[Fajl:OOjs UI icon trash.svg|frameless|57x57px]] !! '''<big><u>Tuta stranica jest prědložena za neposrědnje odstranjenje</u></big>{{#if:|<br />iz slědujučej pričiny: ''{{{1}}}''|.}} V blizkom času jedin iz [[Incubator:Administratori|administratorov]] Vikipedije prověri tuto prědloženje.<br />Ako vy ne jeste suglasni s odstranjenjem, <u>ne udalite tutoj šablon</u>, ale <u>izkažite svoje mněnje na [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|besědnoj stranici]]</u>. |}</center> Pozdrav, [[Koristnik:Orbitminis|Orbitminis]] 08:18, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :I taž taj šablon je v radu. [[Koristnik:Orbitminis|Orbitminis]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Orbitminis|talk]]) 08:43, 14 May 2025 (UTC) * Pozdrav. Da, to je dobra ideja, ale trěba izpaviti pogrešky v tekstu. --[[Koristnik:Danvintius Bookix|Danvintius Bookix]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Danvintius Bookix|talk]]) 19:36, 14 May 2025 (UTC) Zaisto dobra ideja. Jesm izpravil tekst i izgled šablona, a takože dodal jesm možnost dodanja argumentacije, napr. <code><nowiki>{{Odstraniti|Toj članok ne može tu byti}}</nowiki></code> davaje: <div align="center"> {| style="border:1px solid black; background:#ffcccc; padding-left:1em; padding-right:1em; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em;" |+ ! [[Fajl:OOjs UI icon trash.svg|frameless|57x57px]] !! '''<big><u>Tuta stranica jest prědložena za neposrědnje odstranjenje</u></big>{{#if:Toj članok ne može tu byti|<br />iz slědujučej pričiny: ''Toj članok ne može tu byti''|.}} V blizkom času jedin iz [[Incubator:Administratori|administratorov]] Vikipedije prověri tuto prědloženje.<br />Ako vy ne jeste suglasni s odstranjenjem, <u>ne udalite tutoj šablon</u>, ale <u>izkažite svoje mněnje na [[{{TALKPAGENAME}}|besědnoj stranici]]</u>. |} </div> S pozdravom, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 23:50, 14 May 2025 (UTC) :Hvala! [[Koristnik:Orbitminis|Orbitminis]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Orbitminis|talk]]) 06:04, 15 May 2025 (UTC) == Dobre članky, ili članky s zvězdoju – prědloženje == Dragi! Kako vy može jeste uviděli, na tutoj Vikipediji imajemo sedm člankov, ktore ješče na Medžuviki byli označene kako ''[[:Template:Glavna/Dobry članok|«dobre članky»]]''. Suglasno opisu: «Dobrym člankam jest potrěbno imati dobry medžuslovjansky pravopis, dovoljny opis prědmeta zapisa i veliku veličinu (od 9–10 KB)». Vsaky denj jedin iz njih jest na našej [[Glavna stranica|Glavnoj stranici]]. Ja jesm dodal te članky v kategoriju ''[[:Category:Članky s zvězdoju|Članky s zvězdoju]]'', zatože dobrost jest subjektivna. Očevidno mogut byti na glavnoj stranici kako «Članok s zvědzoju», «Članok dnja», «Dobry članok» ili něčto drugo. Vo vsakom slučaju, v medžučasu my uže imajemo [[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan/Zapisnik|'''60 člankov''']] večših neželi 10 KB. Zato prědlagaju dodati slědujuče članky v grupy naših najlěpših i najobširnějših člankov, takože da by bylo trohu veče variacije na glavnoj stranici: * [[Agregatno stanje]] * [[Alkibiad]] * [[Јанка Купала]] * [[Kompleksno čislo]] * [[Kritij]] – ako članok jest gotovy * [[Latinizacija ukrajinskogo jezyka]] * [[Levko Revuckyj]] * [[Maks Štirner]] * [[Medžuslovjansky jezyk]] * [[Mojsej]] * [[Perikl]] * [[Solnce]] * [[Ukrajinska azbuka]] * [[Ukrajinsky jezyk]] * [[Ukrajinska latinica]] * [[Volodymyr Vynnyčenko]] Čto vy myslite? Očevidno, ako vy imajete prědloženja, vpišite je tu! S pozdravom, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 21:58, 21 May 2025 (UTC) :Pozdrav, Jane! To je dobra i potrěbna novacija. Točno paru dnev nazad my govorili v Telegramu o tom, že bylo by dobro izznačati članky, ktore sut napisane dobrym medžuslovjanskym i byli prověrjeny spoločnostju, že by čitatelji mogli znati, kde jest dobry pravopis i jezyk, a kde ne jest. :V svezju s tym, že imajemo množstvo kratkyh člankov, ale napisanyh dobrym MS, možemo dodati «Dobry članok» za člankov s dobrym pravopisom i veličinoju, i oddělno dodati «Dobry MS pravopis», kogda članok imaje dobry MS pravopis, ale ješče jest kratok. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 02:08, 22 May 2025 (UTC) ::Nu, to jest myslj. Toliko... teoretično vsaky članok imaje byti napisany dobrym MS, ne li? Čto možno bylo by sdělati, napriklad dodati znak [[Fajl:Check-blue.svg|20px]] ili [[Fajl:Green check.svg|20px]] ili něčto podobnogo nad člankami, ktore imajut prověrjeny pravopis. S tym sut toliko dva male problemy. Prvo, kto bude to dělati? A drugo, čto bude, ako někto izměni něčto v članku? Ibo togda trěba bude ponovno prověriti. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:44, 22 May 2025 (UTC) :::Hah, da, imaete pravdu, Jan. V idealnom světu každy članok povinen byti napisan dobrym MS, ale vy lěpje mene znajete vsu specifiku tutogo jezyka... Mnogi ljudi tut pišut, že by praktikovati MS (ja jesm jedin iz njih) i neizběžno dělajut pogrěšky. :::Odpovědajuči na dva malyh problema: :::1) Budemo to dělati silami spoločnosti. Každu sedmicu organizujemo zajednu lekciju i čitajemo članky na glas v discord ili v telegram. Ne mogu rěkti, že vsegda, ale dostatočno često imajemo prědstavnikov vsih jezykovyh grup slovjanskyh jezykov. Pomimo togo, ja čitaju nove članky tut, vy čitajete nove članky tut, ješče ini ljudi čitajut članky. S tekučim tempom napisanja, to možno organizovati. :::2) Možemo staviti ✓ i pisati odkogda byl prověrjen članok. Napriměr: ✓ versija od 23 maja 2025 byla prověrjena spoločnostju i imaje dobry pravopis. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 03:07, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::::Pozdrav, Glěbe, to by imělo sens, kako jest zelený šablon "tuty članok jest v začetku" s datom. Možlivo takože izdělati někaky maly podpis, kto korektoval ili diskutoval članok, napr. alt-tekst "obsudženo na glasovoj besědě v Telegramu 25 Maja 2025". I iztvoriti kategoriju prověrenyh člankov, da by take články legko nahoditi. [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 09:05, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :::::Jesm uže sdělal taku kategoriju kako eksperiment: [[:Category:Članky s prověrjenym pravopisom|Članky s prověrjenym pravopisom]]. Priklad jednoj takoj prověrjenoj stranice jest [[Proletariji vsih krajev, sjedinite se!|tu]]. Ja ne znaju, trěba li ješče dodati ime člověka, kto prověril. Ale ideja, že ljudi na Diskordu budut prověrjati članky, jest mnogo dobro. Imaju naděju, že pri okaziji budut tu veče ljudij pisati, ibo někoji iz naših aktivnějših koristnikov od několikyh měsecev uže ne javet se. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 10:02, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::''Visu zemju proletārieši, savienojieties! 👍'' [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 13:52, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::Budemo probovati oživiti interes k viki. V diskordu my to už dělajemo každu sedmicu, to jest aktivny proekt, ne teoretičny. ::::::šablon trěba popraviti, pri navodženju myšju na ✓ piše: ''Medžuslovjansky pravopis byl prověrjeny v 24 '''May''' 2025 g.'' [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 15:55, 24 May 2025 (UTC) :::::::Da da, ja znaju, ale toj problem avtomatično bude razrěšeny s prěhodom na vlastny domen. Prinajměnje, imaju taku naděju. ;) Ale vsekako trěba ješče porabotati nad šablonom, ibo tutčas on vsegda bude davati dnešnji denj. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 17:20, 24 May 2025 (UTC) ::::::::mogu pomogti s šablonon [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 17:31, 24 May 2025 (UTC) == Tyseč člankov! == Od včera imajemo tu 1000 člankov na medžuslovjanskom (ne včisljajuči prěnapravjenja). Tysečny članok byl [[Irak]] našego koristnika @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]]. Blagodarju vam i nehaj medžuslovjanska sila bude s vami! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 13:09, 30 May 2025 (UTC) :To je velmi dobra novost, budemo imati i 2000 i 3000 i navet 10000. Ja věrju, že MS jest dobra věč i někogda bude eksponencialny rast. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 05:32, 3 June 2025 (UTC) == Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel == [[Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel|Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel - Wp/isv - Wikimedia Incubator]] (wiki id [[wikidata:Q9235|Q9235]]) Prosim izměniti i prěnapraviti na "Georg Wilhelm Fridrih Hegel" Hvala ljepa! [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 11:35, 15 August 2025 (UTC) :Zdravo Ilja! Nu, često govoreči ne jesm cělkovito ubědžen, že tako trěba sdělati. Po mojemu mněnju to ne izgledaje dobro, kogda imena v latinici izgledajut kako transliterovana kirilica. Imaju naděju, že kogda uže bude transfer na vlastnu domenu, najdemo někaky sposob, že v latinici izobražaje se originalna versija, a v kirilici transliterovana versija. Ale za to bude nam potrěbna pomoč od někogo, ktory lěpje razuměje cělu programaturu. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:38, 15 August 2025 (UTC) ::Pozdrav, Jane, ne jesm rebel i budu akceptovati vsečyo, na čto jesmo spoločno priišli [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 19:47, 15 August 2025 (UTC) :::Za několiko dnjev budu v Polskě, može porazgovorimo o tutoj kvestiji v Mihalom i Robertom. Ibo imaješ pravdu, že trěba něčto rěšiti. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 20:09, 15 August 2025 (UTC) ::::Doibro, hčete k Vam se tam privězem? 😌 Imaju moižlivost [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 04:00, 19 August 2025 (UTC) :::::Bylo by super! To bude v petok v Poznanju: https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=1989442251868960. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 07:54, 19 August 2025 (UTC) ::::::Ale 17 časin v pětok ne jest za mně velmi dobro, zato že rabotaju, i put avtom jest 6 časin od Pragi, budem to ješče rešati. Čto se tyče hitroj transliteraciji, ja jesm viděl v anglojezyčnyh šablonah koristanje inogo spellinga v zavisnosti na izbranoj lokalizaciji. Mogu to lěpje izslědovati, to by rabotalo i v inkubatoru [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 17:38, 19 August 2025 (UTC) :::::::Ah, ne znal jesm, že jesi iz Pragy! Može byti, že drugi ljudi takože prijedut iz Pragy? Jesi s njimi v kontaktu? :::::::A čto se tyče transliteraciji: ja imaju v vidu něčto takogo: https://sr.wikipedia.org/sr/Корисник:IJzeren_Jan/песак. Poprobuj, čto bude, ako izměniš alfabet. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 21:23, 19 August 2025 (UTC) == Pytanje o temnoj temě == Pozdrav vsim! Ja ljubim koristati temnu temu, ale ugleděl, že glavna stranica v njej izgledaje nečitajemoju. Jesm rěšil uznati, kako to sdělati, i uznal (podgleděl, kak to je iztvorjeno na ukrajinskoj viki). Trěba jedino v šablonu [[Šablon:Glavna/!krabka/styles.css|Template:Glavna/!krabka/styles.css - Wikimedia Incubator]] izpraviti <code>background: #f6f6f6</code> na <code>background: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)</code>. I togda temna tema, kak i světla, bude dobro čitajemoju. Ja le jedino prosim [[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|Jan'a]] o tom, da by on mně dozvolil sdělati to izpravjenje v kodu. [[Koristnik:Marcoorio|Marcoorio]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Marcoorio|talk]]) 08:29, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :Zdravo! Očevidno, ako vy znajete kako to sdělati, ja ne imaju s tym problem. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 08:31, 20 August 2025 (UTC) :Hvala, Marcoorio! Dobro rabotaje tutčas. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 15:36, 20 August 2025 (UTC) == Zdrav! == Zdravo všim, ja probujem pisati na medžuslovjanskom, jeli imatě možnost, možete li ispraviti članki, kotorje ja prekladam s drugich vik? Sejčas trěba mně pomoč s člankom o hinduizmu. Silno hče, aby Wikipedija na medžuslovjanskom jeziku iz inkubatora prešla u normalno stanje. [[Koristnik:Panslavist|Panslavist]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Panslavist|talk]]) 14:35, 25 August 2025 (UTC) :Zdravo! Očevidno, s prijemnostju. I ne bezpokojite se, ako dělajete grěšky. Vsaky člověk, ktory uči se, dělaje grěšky na početku. Hvala za članok! S pozdravom, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 15:49, 25 August 2025 (UTC) == Medžuslovjanska Vikipedija prigodna (eligible) == Pohvaly! Dnes jezykovy komitet priznal Medžuslovjansku Vikipediju prigodnoju! To označa, že skoro my budemo imati polnopravnu Vikipediju na medžuslovjanskom! [[Koristnik:Medžuslovjanin|Medžuslovjanin]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Medžuslovjanin|talk]]) 06:28, 31 October 2024 (UTC) : Похвалы! --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|talk]]) 12:39, 31 October 2024 (UTC) ::Da, ja nikogda ne srazuměl točno, čto to znači: «{{-|eligible}}». Izbirajemy? :) Nu, vo vsakom slučaju to jest jedin krok vprěd. Tutčas znajemo, že naš projekt kvalifikuje se pod uslovjem, že bude stala aktivnost i sodržanje jest v poredku. Imajmo naděju, že za několiko měsecev naša vikipedija uže bude iměti vlastny sajt! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 22:48, 2 November 2024 (UTC) :::Ja jesm nemnogo pogledal različne projekty v Inkubatorě i zauvažil, že medžuslovjanska Vikipedija jest jedna iz najaktivnejših projektov tut. Dakle, myslju, že isv.wikipedia.org skoro bude stvorjena. [[Koristnik:Medžuslovjanin|Medžuslovjanin]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Medžuslovjanin|talk]]) 15:50, 15 November 2024 (UTC) ::::Da da, tym bolje, že LangCom ožil. V poslědnje sedmice mnogo projektov bylo odobrjenyh. Ja myslju, že v dekembru možemo poprositi. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:17, 16 November 2024 (UTC) :::::Uže dekember, može sejčas možno poprositi? Ili ješče rano? [[Koristnik:Medžuslovjanin|Medžuslovjanin]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Medžuslovjanin|talk]]) 07:05, 11 December 2024 (UTC) ::::It seems that people initially thought that Wikipedia would be created soon, became disappointed and left, and that is why the activity decreased. [[Special:Contributions/85.249.164.56|85.249.164.56]] 12:44, 23 April 2025 (UTC) :::::That's a pity, because it's not like working here is pointless: sooner or later, everything here will be transferred to https://isv/wikipedia.org anyway. But you're probably right, and I would like this thing to have happened a bit earlier, too. Unfortunately, requests to the LangCom usually remained unanswered, so we'll just have to be patient. In the meantime, I'd encourage everyone to just continue working here. I'll write a message to the LangCom, too, asking them to speed things up a little. Cheers, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:54, 23 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::I learned that LangCom has a different attitude towards constructed languages, that creating a Wikipedia for them is more difficult than for natural languages. But it's good that you wrote them a message, I hope it will be clear soon. [[Special:Contributions/85.249.161.197|85.249.161.197]] 15:34, 25 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::: If so, that's not a reason to ignore it, they need to explain what's wrong. It looks like they don't want to approve of it. Jestli tak, to ne jest pričina dlja ignorovnja, trěba objasniti, čto ne jest tak. Izjavjaje se, kakoby oni ne htjat odobrjati. --[[Koristnik:Danvintius Bookix|Danvintius Bookix]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Danvintius Bookix|talk]]) 16:49, 25 April 2025 (UTC) ::::::::Apparently you are right, they do not want to approve. It has been almost a year since isv wiki is active, but nothing [[Special:Contributions/85.249.160.110|85.249.160.110]] 21:36, 25 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::: Interesting. I was under the impression that the reason is that [https://codelookup.toolforge.org/isv two of the requirements are yet to be met]. --[[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|talk]]) 14:10, 26 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::: See [https://codelookup.toolforge.org/isv-latn isv-latn] and [https://codelookup.toolforge.org/isv-cyrl isv-cyrl]. --[[Special:Contributions/176.99.213.247|176.99.213.247]] 15:50, 26 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::Oh. [[Koristnik:Мурад 97|Мурад 97]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Мурад 97|talk]]) 19:26, 26 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::Maybe the problem is that the participants manually transferred all the articles to the incubator without stories and everything else? I just don't know what else to think. Constructed languages ​​were approved calmly, but here they don't want it. [[Special:Contributions/85.249.174.216|85.249.174.216]] 19:57, 26 June 2025 (UTC) :::::::::::I don't think this is a matter of unwillingness, although it cannot be denied that Interslavic often tends to end up ''medžu mlatom i nakovaljnjeju'', because it's not really a conlang, but not really a natlang either. I'd rather suspect they simple haven't been paying attention. That's why I have made a formal request now: https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee#Approval_of_Interslavic_Wikipedia. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 22:54, 28 June 2025 (UTC) ::::::::::::Hvala, budemo očekyvati odpověd👍 [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 23:54, 28 June 2025 (UTC) * Well, the language committee is ignoring it. This most likely means that the project will never be approved. I would advise everyone not to waste their time on a pointless project. --[[Special:Contributions/176.99.210.113|176.99.210.113]] 17:14, 28 July 2025 (UTC) *:I agree it's strange that they persistently choose to ignore all our messages. Strange and rude. And it is particularly sad that people are getting frustrated and stop editing. But let's not exaggerate: working in the Incubator isn't so bad. Everything here works fine and we can simple carry on. Ultimately, they will either have to approve this project, or they will have to come up with a very good reason not to. Tomorrow, I'll write something again, and if that won't work either, I'll start addressing members individually. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 00:38, 29 July 2025 (UTC) *::It's a little bit funny how Interslavic is always mentioned as a constructed language. I don't expect the langcom to know everything about the language they are supposed to approve of disapprove, but hey, at least they could do a little research on the topic... Maybe we should point out the fact that MS can be understood by more than 300m people already? Unlike Esperanto, which you still have to learn in order to fully understand. *::I mean, that's pretty important, isn't it? Maybe we should start calling it semi-constructed instead? Just focus on the advantages that we have and try to convey the idea of immense potential due to the base of passive understanding that we have. *::MS wiki is more alive than a few dozen of other natural languages with millions of native speakers, too. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 16:14, 29 July 2025 (UTC) *:::@[[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]], you know, I don't think Interslavic being qualified as a constructed language is really the problem here. That issue was already solved in October, when Langcom decided Interslavic is eligible. Eligibility means that the language has a valid ISO 639 code, that it is sufficiently unique, that it has enough fluent users to form a viable community of editors, and (in the case of constructed languages) that it is reasonably widespread and not some kind of joke. Once that has been established, there are three more conditions for approval: there must be an active test project; the main parts of the user interface must have been translated; and it must be verified by some external authority that the language used in the wiki is indeed the language it claims to be.<br />That said, I really have no idea why the Language Committee is so sluggish when it comes to our project. Perhaps it just because there is too much here to verify, or it might have something to do with Interslavic using two different alphabets, I dunno. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 20:24, 29 July 2025 (UTC) *::::I guess I wasn't really trying to add anything to the subject, but was rather emotional about it. Whether Interslavic will be added to the main wiki or not, doesn't really make that much difference for me personally. I do enjoy writing in Interslavic and thinking in Interslavic, the platform itself doesn't matter that much. But I have to admit, I have a small hope that having IS on main wiki will bring some more attention to the project and more writers and creators will appear here. In the end, Interslavic has probably the most potential out of all the constructed or semi-constructed languages there are. And I really enjoy reading reading stuff written by the people whose native language is not that intelligible for me. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 03:54, 30 July 2025 (UTC) *:Well, if they don't want to approve, why don't they just write about it? Why should people suffer in an eternal wait for their answer? [[Special:Contributions/176.15.196.242|176.15.196.242]] 16:57, 29 July 2025 (UTC) *::Aren't you exaggerating at bit? I mean, suffer? Of course, I'd much prefer that we get our own domain as soon as possible, too, but it's not like working in the Incubator is so very different from working in a separate wiki. As long as it takes, I'd say let's just carry on here and show them what we are capable of! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 20:07, 29 July 2025 (UTC) *::: The Language committee is half-dead, consists of 3.5 people in reality. That's why they don't want to deal with the Interslavic language, which they don't understand and despise. Their system of decision-making and working with the community is terrible. Perhaps it's worth thinking about another option for hosting the Interslavic encyclopedia. And yes, working in the incubator and in a separate wiki is very different. Those who left understood this perfectly well. --[[Special:Contributions/176.99.210.113|176.99.210.113]] 20:15, 29 July 2025 (UTC) *::::I don't see why anyone should despise Interslavic. There are, unfortunately, people who despise constructed languages in general, that's true. But since the Langcom has already approved Wikipedias in Lingua Franca Nova and Kotava in recent years – both languages with only a handful of users, existing solely on the Internet – and even seems willing to approve a Wikipedia in Toki Pona, why should Interslavic be so much of a problem? {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 20:34, 29 July 2025 (UTC) Anyway, I've just posted a [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talk:Language_committee#Interslavic_Wikipedia,_third_request new request]. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 16:32, 30 July 2025 (UTC) :Let's GO, Jane!📣 [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 00:16, 31 July 2025 (UTC) :What's new? Was the approval discussion successful? [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-27870-13|&#126;2025-27870-13]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2025-27870-13|talk]]) 08:02, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :: There was no discussion. --[[Special:Contributions/&#126;2025-27633-03|&#126;2025-27633-03]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2025-27633-03|talk]]) 19:11, 6 October 2025 (UTC) :::Apparently there was.[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3ALanguage_committee&diff=29200205&oldid=29200203] I haven't seen anything on the LangCom mailing list, but they also have other channels. I just asked for an update. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 20:10, 6 October 2025 (UTC) == Reasoning behind the odd choice of numerals == ''When added to other numbers, the number 1 has only one universal form jedna'' ''in all cases and the subject remains in the plural genitive.'' ''example: '''dvadesetjedna ljudij (N)''''' _{(I imagine there is a typo here, should be ''ljudi'' - Glěb)}''''', dvadesetjedna ljudij (G), dvadesetjedna''''' '''''ljudij (D), dvadesetjedna žen (G), ...''''' This is an extract from the 2023 Vojtěch Merunka's manual on Interslavic. I'm just curious, why was a choice in favor of one universal form made? The only Slavic language that somewhat has it is Slovenian, but even there it's a little bit different: '''''enaintrideset žena, enaintrideset mož.''''' If you would indulge me, I'd appreciate your thoughts. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 04:40, 19 November 2025 (UTC) @[[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] Aaaah, numbers have always been troublesome. Practically all Slavic languages handle things differently. But Vojta's choice here is strange in my opinion, for two reasons: using "jedna" for all genders happens only in Czech and Slovene, and writing "dvadesetjedin" as one word happens only in Slovak and Slovene (and Slovene turns them around indeed, like German does). Kroatian, Macedonian and Bulgarian add "i" (dvadeset i jedin). As for the gender of "1", Czech and Slovene use the feminine form for all genders, Polish and Slovak the masculine form for all genders, in all other languages it matches the gender of the noun. In addition, in Polish, Czech, Slovak, Slovene and Bulgarian the noun is plural (but Bulgarian uses the brojna forma for masculine nouns), in the remaining languages it is singular. The corresponding verb is plural only in Macedonian and Bulgarian: {| class="wikitable" ! !! 21 !! 22 !! 25 |- ! RU | dvadeset jedna črna ryba plyva<br />dvadeset jedin črny konj plyva | dvadeset dvě črne ryby plyvajut<br />dvadeset dva črni konji plyvajut | dvadeset pet črnyh ryb plyvajut<br />dvadeset pet črnyh konjev plyvajut |- ! BE | dvadeset jedna črna ryba plyva<br />dvadeset jedin črny konj plyva | dvadeset dvě črne ryby plyvajut<br />dvadeset dva črni konji plyvajut | dvadeset pet črnyh ryb plyvajut<br />dvadeset pet črnyh konjev plyvajut |- ! UK | dvadeset jedna črna ryba plyva<br />dvadeset jedin črny konj plyva | dvadeset dvě črne ryby plyvajut<br />dvadeset dva črni konji plyvajut | dvadeset pet črnyh ryb plyvajut<br />dvadeset pet črnyh konjev plyvajut |- ! PL | dvadeset jeden črnyh ryb plyva<br />dvadeset jedin črnyh konjev plyva | dvadeset dvě črne ryby plyvajut<br />dvadeset dva črni konji plyvajut | dvadeset pet črnyh ryb plyvajut<br />dvadeset pet črnyh konjev plyvajut |- ! CZ | dvadeset jedna črnyh ryb plyva<br />dvadeset jedna črnyh konjev plyva | dvadeset dva črnyh ryb plyva<br />dvadeset dva črnyh konjev plyva | dvadeset pet črnyh ryb plyva<br />dvadeset pet črnyh konjev plyva |- ! SK | dvadesetjedin črnyh ryb plyva<br />dvadesetjedin črnyh konjev plyva | dvadesetdva črnyh ryb plyva<br />dvadesetdva črnyh konjev plyva | dvadesetpet črnyh ryb plyva<br />dvadesetpet črnyh konjev plyva |- ! SL | jednaidvadeset črnyh ryb plyva<br />jednaidvadeset črnyh konj plyva | dvaidvadeset črnyh ryb plyva<br />dvaidvadeset črnyh konjev plyva | petidvadeset črnyh ryb plyva<br />petidvadeset črnyh konjev plyva |- ! HR | dvadeset i jedna črna ryba plyva<br />dvadeset i jedin črny konj plyva | dvadeset i dvě črne ryby plyvajut<br />dvadeset i dva črna konja plyvajut | dvadeset i pet črnyh ryba plyva<br />dvadeset i pet črnyh konja plyva |- ! SR | dvadeset jedna črna ryba plyva<br />dvadeset jedin črny konj plyva | dvadeset dvě črne ryby plyvajut<br />dvadeset dva črna konja plyvajut | dvadeset pet črnyh ryba plyva<br />dvadeset pet črnyh konja plyva |- ! MK | dvadeset i jedna črna ryba plyvajut<br />dvadeset i jedin črny konj plyvajut | dvadeset i dvě črne ryby plyvajut<br />dvadeset i dva črni konji plyvajut | dvadeset i pet črne ryby plyvajut<br />dvadeset i pet črni konji plyvajut |- ! BG | dvadeset i jedna črne ryby plyvajut<br />dvadeset i jedin črni konja plyvajut | dvadeset i dvě črne ryby plyvajut<br />dvadeset i dva črni konja plyvajut | dvadeset i pet črne ryby plyvajut<br />dvadeset i pet črni konja plyvajut |} So, if we follow the majority the conclusion for Interslavic should be: '''dvadeset jedna črna ryba plyva''' (f.), '''dvadeset jedin črny konj plyva''' (m.). For 22 things are a bit simpler, although even here not all languages handle it the same way. The word "dva/dvě" is inflected for gender, the noun is nominative plural and the verb is plural as well: '''dvadeset dvě črne ryby plyvajut''' (f.), '''dvadeset dva črni konji plyvajut''' (m.). Same goes for 23 and 24. In the case of 25, the noun is genitive plural and the verb is plural, too: '''dvadeset pet črnyh ryb plyvajut''' (f.), '''dvadeset pet črnyh konjev plyvajut''' (m.). In other words, the system in Interslavic is simple: 21–29 are formed just like 1–9, only with the addition of "dvadeset". And that was just the nominative. For other cases things get a lot more complicated. Some languages inflect "dvadeset", other languages don't. My recommendation would be to go for the simplest natural solution, which means: leave "dvadeset" untouched, inflect "dva" i "pet", and let the noun match the case of the numeral. Not that I would consider inflecting "dvadeset" an error, though. Like this: {| class="wikitable" ! !! 21 !! 22 !! 25 |- ! Nom./Acc. | dvadeset jedin črny konj | dvadeset dva črni konji | dvadeset pet črnyh konjev |- ! Gen. | dvadeset jednogo črnogo konja | dvadeset dvoh črnyh konjev | dvadeset peti črnyh konjev |- ! Dat. | dvadeset jednomu črnomu konju | dvadeset dvom črnym konjam | dvadeset peti črnym konjam |- ! Instr. | dvadeset jednym črnym konjem | dvadeset dvoma črnymi konjami | dvadeset petju črnymi konjami |} Does that help? Cheers, {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 12:06, 20 November 2025 (UTC) :That's amazing, thank you for such a detailed answer. I would think that Vojtěch decided to go with a more simplistic option. I guess when it comes to a semi-synthetic language such as ISV, it's always a choice on the continuum of simplicity-naturality. :Just FYI, Russian, as well as all the southern Slavic languages, I imagine, is also using singular genitive case for masculine nouns of the 2-4 forms. That's why I'm always making this mistake in ISV 😁. (Which is also skewing the majority rule a little bit lol) :двадцать два черных коня :Три черных коня :четыре коня :пять коней :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eRB45a3gCb4 :) [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 18:14, 20 November 2025 (UTC) ::Yeah, some languages tend to go really funny when it comes to numbers. It's quite crazy when you think of it: you mean plural, but you write genitive singular for the noun and genitive plural for the adjective, and if that's not enough, it also depends on gender. Well, Polish isn't any better. For example, for male persons it suddenly puts the number in the genitive instead of the nominative. But in Interslavic we always try to keep it as simple and regular as possible, but without oversimplifying things. Hence 1: nom.sg., 2–4: nom.pl., 5-9 and 0: gen.pl. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 10:45, 21 November 2025 (UTC) :::😁 that is truly crazy, I have my own explanation to this, which is not necessarily correct, but it seems logical to me. :::2-4 forms are perceived as ''dvě-četyri jedinicy'' (of something, for example, ''dva konja = dvě jedinicy konja'', etc.), in that case it makes sense why, for example it's ''dvě ryby. Ryby'' in that case is also singular genitive, but the forms for singular genitive and plural nominative coincide for feminine gender and differ for masculine. :::Anyhow, thanks again. I'm not asking this out of prazdnogo interesa, but because I need it for something I'm doing. [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 01:57, 22 November 2025 (UTC) == Za vašu informaciju == Informuju, že na besědnoj stranici Jezyčnogo komiteta jesm napisal [[:meta:Talk:Language committee#Approval of Interslavic Wikipedia (fourth request)|četvrto podanje]] za odobrjenje našej medžuslovjanskoj Vikipedije. V avgustu tekučego goda jedin člen komiteta napisal, že diskusija o njej byla započeta, ale poslě četyreh měsecev ješče nemaje nikakogo rezultata toj diskusije, ačekoli v medžučasu razne druge, menje aktivne projekty uže byli odobrjene. Imaju naděju, že nakonec i naš projekt bude odobrjeny i prěneseny na vlastnu domenu! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 17:01, 28 December 2025 (UTC) :Заправду было бы добро разумети, что ест причиною такого долго опоздненья. Не до конца ест ясно, чи они просто не имают часа, желанья или можности сбирати се и дискутовати о том, или мы есмо повинни сделати некаку работу, абы демонстровати им, же езык наш ест пригодны за "диссеминацию знанья". Да и генерально имети выше прозрачности тутого процеса было бы добро. :Едночасно с тым, ачеколи и не хчу указывати на ине проекты прстом, але интересно было бы знати, как допомагают разпространенью знанья ине проекты, кторе уж сут были одобрене... [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 17:47, 28 December 2025 (UTC) ::Čestno govoreči, ja ne myslju, že my dělajemo něčto nedobro. Aktivnost jest. Surabotniki sut. Sodržanje jest. Ja podozrěvaju, že naš jezyk i naš projekt jih prosto malo interesujut. Jest mnogo ljudij, za ktoryh etiketka «umětny jezyk» stači, da by uznali, že to jest něčto neserioznogo, glupy hobi někakoj bandy blaznov. Ne govorju, že akurat oni myslet tako, ale vsekto može viděti, že jihny podhod k nam ne jest velmi gorlivy. Kromě togo, imaju vpečatljenje, že večinstvo členov toj komisije sut abo sovsim neaktivni, abo v najlěpšem slučaju poluaktivni. ::A čto se tyče tyh tako nazyvajemyh «ďiskusij», nakoliko ja vidžu, v občem one sostojet samo iz pytanja jednogo člena «jest li tu někto protiv odobrjenju projekta X» i odgovorov dvoh ili maksimalno treh členov, že ne sut protivni. Ja znaju, že takože imajut privatny e-poštny spis za razgovory o ljudah, ale kromě togo, cěla rabota komisije oficialno jest prozračna. Nu, ale možemo filozovati o tom, čemu oni nas postojanno ignorujut, ale to nikomu ne pomože, takto trěba nam prosti čekati, čto bude. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 18:57, 28 December 2025 (UTC) :::Na žalost, jesm viděl mnogo takyh ljudij navet posrěd tyh, ktori sut vysoko postavjeni v sistemě edukacije. :::I ne znal jesm, že jihna aktivnost najglavno publična i vsečto možemo viděti v portalu wikimedia. Už ne znam, jesm li tomu rady, ibo ne izgleda to kak pracovito muravišče. :::Filozovati ne pomože, ale htělo by se znati, či možemo něčto sdělati, aby uskoriti tutoj proces. Nu, jestli ne možemo, budemo čekati. :::Hvala za uporstvo, Jane! [[Koristnik:GlěbDyndar|GlěbDyndar]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:GlěbDyndar|talk]]) 20:21, 28 December 2025 (UTC) :Velika hvala, Jane, da ne zabezpamětavajete pingovati Komitet, myslím, že jednogo dnja oni se budut vzdavati, bo naša inkubatorna wiki uže jest velmi kvalitna i interesna i jest večša, než mnogo oficialnyh wiki. Za nas, kako redaktorov, jest vážno prodolžati dělati krasny zajimlivy kontent, to bude velmi pomočno vo vseh slučajah. Hvala i ščestny Novy God! [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|talk]]) 08:10, 29 December 2025 (UTC) ::Imajete pravdu, @[[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]], jesm sovsim suglasen! Trěba rabotati dalje i vse bude dobro. Vam i vsim ostalym takože želaju ščestnogo Novogo Goda! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 21:16, 29 December 2025 (UTC) :::Uže jesm v kontaktu s jednym iz členov komisije. Vse izgledaje dobro, ale trěba bude ješče razrěšiti několiko tehničnyh děl svezanyh s transliteracijeju. Povrnu se k tomu, ale v medžučasu želaju vam ješče raz ščestlivogo goda 2026 – očevidno s istinnoju medžuslovjanskoju vikipedijeju! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:59, 1 January 2026 (UTC) ::::Pravda? To je mnogo dobra vest! Budemo nadejati se, že v tutom godu uže bude vlastna Vikipedija. Vam takogo že ščestlivogo Novogo Goda 2026! [[Special:Contributions/&#126;2026-20946|&#126;2026-20946]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:&#126;2026-20946|talk]]) 01:06, 2 January 2026 (UTC) 7eokl0qqwzdnl6l8t0h0opgtlpouk69 0 4582 27516 27496 2026-06-29T12:41:37Z Ilja isv 10 /* Najuspěšnějše filmy po světu */ 27516 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|'''Tollywood'''|'''Толивуд''' ({{Jezyky|en|Tollywood}})}} jest kinematografičny promysl na jezyku [[telugu]], ktory jest aktivny v [[Indija|Indijskyh]] štatah [[Andra Pradeš]] i [[Telangana]]. Nazva proizhodi od amerikanskogo kinematografičnogo promysla [[Hollywood|{{-|Hollywood|Холивуд}}]] i največšego indijskogo kinematografičnogo promysla [[Bollywood|{{-|Bollywood|Боливуд}}]], pri čem bukva '''T''' prědstavjaje jezyku telugu. == Promysl i budžet == [[Fajl:Bhakta_Prahlada.jpg|thumb|Jedna scena iz filma ''Bhakta Prahlada'' (1932)]] Od 1909 goda Raghupathi Venkajah zajmal se produkovanjem kratkyh filmov, a v svezi s tym putoval do različnyh regionov [[Azija|Azije]], da by promoval svoje děla. V 1921 g. on produkoval [[němy film]] ''Bhishma Pratigna''. V 1932 g. nastupil ''Bhakta Prahlada'', prvy polnometražny film govorjeny na jezyku telugu. Prvy veliky uspěh {{-|Tollywooda|Толивуда}} jednakože byl film ''Lavakusa'' (1934). ''Pathala Bhairavi'' (1951), ''Malliswari'' (1951), ''Devadasu'' (1953), ''{{-|Mayabazar|Мајабазар}}'' (1957), ''Nartanasala'' (1963), ''{{-|Maro Charitra|Маро Чаритра}}'' (1978), ''{{-|Maa Bhoomi|Ма Бхуми}}'' (1979), ''Sankarabharanam'' (1980), ''Sagara Sangamam'' (1983) i ''Siva'' (1989) včisljajut se do 100 najlěpših indijskyh filmov vsih časov od {{-|CNN-IBN}}. ''{{-|Baahubali: The Beginning}}'' (2015) – prvy indijsky film, v ktorom byl koristany specialno stvorjeny [[Umětne jezyky|umětny jezyk]] (''kiliki'') – byl nominovany na ''{{-|Saturn Award}}'' za «najlěpši [[Fantastika|fantastičny]] film». Vtora čest, ''{{-|Baahubali 2: The Conclusion}}'' (2017), ako jediny indijsky film dostal ''{{-|Saturn Award}}'' za «najlěpši medžunarodny film». Kinematografičny promysl na jezyku telugu prěvažno nahodi se v gradu [[Hajderabad]]. Vsakogodišnje tvoret se okolo 200 do 250 filmov. Na jedin film trati se srědnje okolo 50 milionov indijskyh rupi, na popularne filmy izdavaje se od jednogo do treh miliardov, a na največše filmy od treh do šesti miliardov. == Najuspěšnějše filmy po světu == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;" !Pozicija !Film !God !Režiser !Studio !Dohod |- |1 |''{{-|Baahubali 2: The Conclusion}}'' |2017 |{{-|S. S. Rajamouli}} |{{-|Arka Media Works}} |{{-|Rs.}} 1810 [[kror]] |- |2 |''{{-|Baahubali: The Beginning}}'' |2015 |{{-|S. S. Rajamouli}} |{{-|Arka Media Works}} |{{-|Rs.}} 650 kror |- |- |3 |''{{-|Saaho|Сахо}}'' |2019 |{{-|Sujeeth}} |{{-|UV Creations}} |{{-|Rs.}} 433 kror |- |4 |{{-|''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo''}} |2020 |{{-|Trivikram Srinivas}} |{{-|Haarika & Hassine Creations}} |{{-|Rs.}} 262 kror |- |5 |''{{-|Sarileru Neekevaru|Сарилеру Никевару}}'' |2020 |{{-|Anil Ravipudi}} |{{-|AK Entertainments}} |{{-|Rs.}} 260 kror |- |6 |''{{-|Sye Raa Narasimha|Сје Ра Нарасимха}}'' |2019 |{{-|Surender Reddy}} |{{-|Konidela Production Company}} |{{-|Rs.}} 240.6 kror |- |7 |{{-|''Rangasthalam''}} |2018 |{{-|Sukumar}} |{{-|Mythri Movie Makers}} |{{-|Rs.}} 216 kror |- |8 |{{-|''Bharat Ane Nenu''}} |2018 |{{-|Koratala Siva}} |{{-|DVV Entertainments}} |{{-|Rs.}} 187.6-225 kror |- |9 |{{-|''Attarintiki Daredi''}} |2013 |{{-|Trivikram Srinivas}} |{{-|Sri Venkateswara Creations, Reliance Entertainment}} |{{-|Rs.}} 187 kror |- |10 |''{{-|Maharshi|Махарши}}'' |2019 |{{-|Vamsi Paidipally}} |{{-|Sri Venkateswara Creations<br /><br />Vyjayanthi Movies<br /><br />PVP Cinema}} |{{-|Rs.}} 168.2-200 kror |- |} [[Kategorija:Kinematografija]] [[Kategorija:Indija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q779935}} iko564non22qcgn0s6hc35qb3v164fq 27521 27516 2026-06-29T12:47:19Z Ilja isv 10 /* Najuspěšnějše filmy po světu */ 27521 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|'''Tollywood'''|'''Толивуд''' ({{Jezyky|en|Tollywood}})}} jest kinematografičny promysl na jezyku [[telugu]], ktory jest aktivny v [[Indija|Indijskyh]] štatah [[Andra Pradeš]] i [[Telangana]]. Nazva proizhodi od amerikanskogo kinematografičnogo promysla [[Hollywood|{{-|Hollywood|Холивуд}}]] i največšego indijskogo kinematografičnogo promysla [[Bollywood|{{-|Bollywood|Боливуд}}]], pri čem bukva '''T''' prědstavjaje jezyku telugu. == Promysl i budžet == [[Fajl:Bhakta_Prahlada.jpg|thumb|Jedna scena iz filma ''Bhakta Prahlada'' (1932)]] Od 1909 goda Raghupathi Venkajah zajmal se produkovanjem kratkyh filmov, a v svezi s tym putoval do različnyh regionov [[Azija|Azije]], da by promoval svoje děla. V 1921 g. on produkoval [[němy film]] ''Bhishma Pratigna''. V 1932 g. nastupil ''Bhakta Prahlada'', prvy polnometražny film govorjeny na jezyku telugu. Prvy veliky uspěh {{-|Tollywooda|Толивуда}} jednakože byl film ''Lavakusa'' (1934). ''Pathala Bhairavi'' (1951), ''Malliswari'' (1951), ''Devadasu'' (1953), ''{{-|Mayabazar|Мајабазар}}'' (1957), ''Nartanasala'' (1963), ''{{-|Maro Charitra|Маро Чаритра}}'' (1978), ''{{-|Maa Bhoomi|Ма Бхуми}}'' (1979), ''Sankarabharanam'' (1980), ''Sagara Sangamam'' (1983) i ''Siva'' (1989) včisljajut se do 100 najlěpših indijskyh filmov vsih časov od {{-|CNN-IBN}}. ''{{-|Baahubali: The Beginning}}'' (2015) – prvy indijsky film, v ktorom byl koristany specialno stvorjeny [[Umětne jezyky|umětny jezyk]] (''kiliki'') – byl nominovany na ''{{-|Saturn Award}}'' za «najlěpši [[Fantastika|fantastičny]] film». Vtora čest, ''{{-|Baahubali 2: The Conclusion}}'' (2017), ako jediny indijsky film dostal ''{{-|Saturn Award}}'' za «najlěpši medžunarodny film». Kinematografičny promysl na jezyku telugu prěvažno nahodi se v gradu [[Hajderabad]]. Vsakogodišnje tvoret se okolo 200 do 250 filmov. Na jedin film trati se srědnje okolo 50 milionov indijskyh rupi, na popularne filmy izdavaje se od jednogo do treh miliardov, a na največše filmy od treh do šesti miliardov. == Najuspěšnějše filmy po světu == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;" !Pozicija !Film !God !Režiser !Studio !Dohod |- |1 |''{{-|Baahubali 2: The Conclusion}}'' |2017 |{{-|S. S. Rajamouli|С. С. Раджамули}} |{{-|Arka Media Works}} |{{-|Rs.}} 1810 [[kror]] |- |2 |''{{-|Baahubali: The Beginning}}'' |2015 |{{-|S. S. Rajamouli|С. С. Раджамули}} |{{-|Arka Media Works}} |{{-|Rs.}} 650 kror |- |- |3 |''{{-|Saaho|Сахо}}'' |2019 |{{-|Sujeeth|Суджитх}} |{{-|UV Creations}} |{{-|Rs.}} 433 kror |- |4 |{{-|''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo''}} |2020 |Trivikram Srinivas |{{-|Haarika & Hassine Creations}} |{{-|Rs.}} 262 kror |- |5 |''{{-|Sarileru Neekevaru|Сарилеру Никевару}}'' |2020 |Anil Ravipudi |{{-|AK Entertainments}} |{{-|Rs.}} 260 kror |- |6 |''{{-|Sye Raa Narasimha|Сје Ра Нарасимха}}'' |2019 |Surender {{-|Reddy|Redi}} |{{-|Konidela Production Company}} |{{-|Rs.}} 240.6 kror |- |7 |''Rangasthalam'' |2018 |Sukumar |{{-|Mythri Movie Makers}} |{{-|Rs.}} 216 kror |- |8 |''Bharat Ane Nenu'' |2018 |Koratala Siva |{{-|DVV Entertainments}} |{{-|Rs.}} 187.6-225 kror |- |9 |''Attarintiki Daredi'' |2013 |Trivikram Srinivas |{{-|Sri Venkateswara Creations, Reliance Entertainment}} |{{-|Rs.}} 187 kror |- |10 |''{{-|Maharshi|Махарши}}'' |2019 |{{-|Vamsi Paidipally}} |{{-|Sri Venkateswara Creations<br /><br />Vyjayanthi Movies<br /><br />PVP Cinema}} |{{-|Rs.}} 168.2-200 kror |- |} [[Kategorija:Kinematografija]] [[Kategorija:Indija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q779935}} qdaitpob4n8vhz2a4r6evo59w116lh4 27524 27521 2026-06-29T12:47:43Z Ilja isv 10 /* Najuspěšnějše filmy po světu */ 27524 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|'''Tollywood'''|'''Толивуд''' ({{Jezyky|en|Tollywood}})}} jest kinematografičny promysl na jezyku [[telugu]], ktory jest aktivny v [[Indija|Indijskyh]] štatah [[Andra Pradeš]] i [[Telangana]]. Nazva proizhodi od amerikanskogo kinematografičnogo promysla [[Hollywood|{{-|Hollywood|Холивуд}}]] i največšego indijskogo kinematografičnogo promysla [[Bollywood|{{-|Bollywood|Боливуд}}]], pri čem bukva '''T''' prědstavjaje jezyku telugu. == Promysl i budžet == [[Fajl:Bhakta_Prahlada.jpg|thumb|Jedna scena iz filma ''Bhakta Prahlada'' (1932)]] Od 1909 goda Raghupathi Venkajah zajmal se produkovanjem kratkyh filmov, a v svezi s tym putoval do različnyh regionov [[Azija|Azije]], da by promoval svoje děla. V 1921 g. on produkoval [[němy film]] ''Bhishma Pratigna''. V 1932 g. nastupil ''Bhakta Prahlada'', prvy polnometražny film govorjeny na jezyku telugu. Prvy veliky uspěh {{-|Tollywooda|Толивуда}} jednakože byl film ''Lavakusa'' (1934). ''Pathala Bhairavi'' (1951), ''Malliswari'' (1951), ''Devadasu'' (1953), ''{{-|Mayabazar|Мајабазар}}'' (1957), ''Nartanasala'' (1963), ''{{-|Maro Charitra|Маро Чаритра}}'' (1978), ''{{-|Maa Bhoomi|Ма Бхуми}}'' (1979), ''Sankarabharanam'' (1980), ''Sagara Sangamam'' (1983) i ''Siva'' (1989) včisljajut se do 100 najlěpših indijskyh filmov vsih časov od {{-|CNN-IBN}}. ''{{-|Baahubali: The Beginning}}'' (2015) – prvy indijsky film, v ktorom byl koristany specialno stvorjeny [[Umětne jezyky|umětny jezyk]] (''kiliki'') – byl nominovany na ''{{-|Saturn Award}}'' za «najlěpši [[Fantastika|fantastičny]] film». Vtora čest, ''{{-|Baahubali 2: The Conclusion}}'' (2017), ako jediny indijsky film dostal ''{{-|Saturn Award}}'' za «najlěpši medžunarodny film». Kinematografičny promysl na jezyku telugu prěvažno nahodi se v gradu [[Hajderabad]]. Vsakogodišnje tvoret se okolo 200 do 250 filmov. Na jedin film trati se srědnje okolo 50 milionov indijskyh rupi, na popularne filmy izdavaje se od jednogo do treh miliardov, a na največše filmy od treh do šesti miliardov. == Najuspěšnějše filmy po světu == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;" !Pozicija !Film !God !Režiser !Studio !Dohod |- |1 |''{{-|Baahubali 2: The Conclusion}}'' |2017 |{{-|S. S. Rajamouli|С. С. Раджамули}} |{{-|Arka Media Works}} |{{-|Rs.}} 1810 [[kror]] |- |2 |''{{-|Baahubali: The Beginning}}'' |2015 |{{-|S. S. Rajamouli|С. С. Раджамули}} |{{-|Arka Media Works}} |{{-|Rs.}} 650 kror |- |- |3 |''{{-|Saaho|Сахо}}'' |2019 |{{-|Sujeeth|Суджитх}} |{{-|UV Creations}} |{{-|Rs.}} 433 kror |- |4 |{{-|''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo''}} |2020 |Trivikram Srinivas |{{-|Haarika & Hassine Creations}} |{{-|Rs.}} 262 kror |- |5 |''{{-|Sarileru Neekevaru|Сарилеру Никевару}}'' |2020 |Anil Ravipudi |{{-|AK Entertainments}} |{{-|Rs.}} 260 kror |- |6 |''{{-|Sye Raa Narasimha|Сје Ра Нарасимха}}'' |2019 |Surender {{-|Reddy|Реди}} |{{-|Konidela Production Company}} |{{-|Rs.}} 240.6 kror |- |7 |''Rangasthalam'' |2018 |Sukumar |{{-|Mythri Movie Makers}} |{{-|Rs.}} 216 kror |- |8 |''Bharat Ane Nenu'' |2018 |Koratala Siva |{{-|DVV Entertainments}} |{{-|Rs.}} 187.6-225 kror |- |9 |''Attarintiki Daredi'' |2013 |Trivikram Srinivas |{{-|Sri Venkateswara Creations, Reliance Entertainment}} |{{-|Rs.}} 187 kror |- |10 |''{{-|Maharshi|Махарши}}'' |2019 |{{-|Vamsi Paidipally}} |{{-|Sri Venkateswara Creations<br /><br />Vyjayanthi Movies<br /><br />PVP Cinema}} |{{-|Rs.}} 168.2-200 kror |- |} [[Kategorija:Kinematografija]] [[Kategorija:Indija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q779935}} ed7ayiaxgup077uiqnm34qjcc4ezuzy 27533 27524 2026-06-29T12:48:48Z Ilja isv 10 /* Najuspěšnějše filmy po světu */ 27533 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|'''Tollywood'''|'''Толивуд''' ({{Jezyky|en|Tollywood}})}} jest kinematografičny promysl na jezyku [[telugu]], ktory jest aktivny v [[Indija|Indijskyh]] štatah [[Andra Pradeš]] i [[Telangana]]. Nazva proizhodi od amerikanskogo kinematografičnogo promysla [[Hollywood|{{-|Hollywood|Холивуд}}]] i največšego indijskogo kinematografičnogo promysla [[Bollywood|{{-|Bollywood|Боливуд}}]], pri čem bukva '''T''' prědstavjaje jezyku telugu. == Promysl i budžet == [[Fajl:Bhakta_Prahlada.jpg|thumb|Jedna scena iz filma ''Bhakta Prahlada'' (1932)]] Od 1909 goda Raghupathi Venkajah zajmal se produkovanjem kratkyh filmov, a v svezi s tym putoval do različnyh regionov [[Azija|Azije]], da by promoval svoje děla. V 1921 g. on produkoval [[němy film]] ''Bhishma Pratigna''. V 1932 g. nastupil ''Bhakta Prahlada'', prvy polnometražny film govorjeny na jezyku telugu. Prvy veliky uspěh {{-|Tollywooda|Толивуда}} jednakože byl film ''Lavakusa'' (1934). ''Pathala Bhairavi'' (1951), ''Malliswari'' (1951), ''Devadasu'' (1953), ''{{-|Mayabazar|Мајабазар}}'' (1957), ''Nartanasala'' (1963), ''{{-|Maro Charitra|Маро Чаритра}}'' (1978), ''{{-|Maa Bhoomi|Ма Бхуми}}'' (1979), ''Sankarabharanam'' (1980), ''Sagara Sangamam'' (1983) i ''Siva'' (1989) včisljajut se do 100 najlěpših indijskyh filmov vsih časov od {{-|CNN-IBN}}. ''{{-|Baahubali: The Beginning}}'' (2015) – prvy indijsky film, v ktorom byl koristany specialno stvorjeny [[Umětne jezyky|umětny jezyk]] (''kiliki'') – byl nominovany na ''{{-|Saturn Award}}'' za «najlěpši [[Fantastika|fantastičny]] film». Vtora čest, ''{{-|Baahubali 2: The Conclusion}}'' (2017), ako jediny indijsky film dostal ''{{-|Saturn Award}}'' za «najlěpši medžunarodny film». Kinematografičny promysl na jezyku telugu prěvažno nahodi se v gradu [[Hajderabad]]. Vsakogodišnje tvoret se okolo 200 do 250 filmov. Na jedin film trati se srědnje okolo 50 milionov indijskyh rupi, na popularne filmy izdavaje se od jednogo do treh miliardov, a na največše filmy od treh do šesti miliardov. == Najuspěšnějše filmy po světu == {| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto; margin:auto;" !Pozicija !Film !God !Režiser !Studio !Dohod |- |1 |''{{-|Baahubali 2: The Conclusion}}'' |2017 |{{-|S. S. Rajamouli|С. С. Раджамули}} |{{-|Arka Media Works}} |{{-|Rs.}} 1810 [[kror]] |- |2 |''{{-|Baahubali: The Beginning}}'' |2015 |{{-|S. S. Rajamouli|С. С. Раджамули}} |{{-|Arka Media Works}} |{{-|Rs.}} 650 kror |- |- |3 |''{{-|Saaho|Сахо}}'' |2019 |{{-|Sujeeth|Суджитх}} |{{-|UV Creations}} |{{-|Rs.}} 433 kror |- |4 |{{-|''Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo''}} |2020 |Trivikram Srinivas |{{-|Haarika & Hassine Creations}} |{{-|Rs.}} 262 kror |- |5 |''{{-|Sarileru Neekevaru|Сарилеру Никевару}}'' |2020 |Anil Ravipudi |{{-|AK Entertainments}} |{{-|Rs.}} 260 kror |- |6 |''{{-|Sye Raa Narasimha|Сје Ра Нарасимха}}'' |2019 |Surender {{-|Reddy|Реди}} |{{-|Konidela Production Company}} |{{-|Rs.}} 240.6 kror |- |7 |''Rangasthalam'' |2018 |Sukumar |{{-|Mythri Movie Makers}} |{{-|Rs.}} 216 kror |- |8 |''Bharat Ane Nenu'' |2018 |Koratala Siva |{{-|DVV Entertainments}} |{{-|Rs.}} 187.6-225 kror |- |9 |''Attarintiki Daredi'' |2013 |Trivikram Srinivas |{{-|Sri Venkateswara Creations, Reliance Entertainment}} |{{-|Rs.}} 187 kror |- |10 |''{{-|Maharshi|Махарши}}'' |2019 |Vamsi {{-|Paidipally|Паjдипали}} |{{-|Sri Venkateswara Creations<br /><br />Vyjayanthi Movies<br /><br />PVP Cinema}} |{{-|Rs.}} 168.2-200 kror |- |} [[Kategorija:Kinematografija]] [[Kategorija:Indija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q779935}} thltfpbxt3konxj79revq6mxads1wve 2 4598 27540 27392 2026-06-29T12:52:22Z Minorax 40 27540 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #ececec; background-color: #fcfcfc; padding: 1.5rem; margin: 1.5rem 5rem; display: flex; gap: 1.5rem;"> <div style="flex-grow: 0;">[[Fajl:Sandbox yellow icon.svg|100px|Ikona pěskovišča|link=]]</div> <div style="flex-grow: 1;"> <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 1.5rem;">'''Pěskovišče {{{1|{{{čislo}}}}}} jest vakantno.'''</div> <div style="text-align: justify;"> Tuto pěskovišče jest vakantno, možno jest jej upotrěbiti na daljši {{{2|{{{typ|članok}}}}}}. Prosimo, ne izčrknite tuto stranicu bez privoljenja vlastnika, tako že [[Koristnik:Polda18|koristnika Polda18]]. </div> </div> </div> shtpbbyo88c91vtxzr2b3b5gq6cnjyj 10 4628 27512 27500 2026-06-29T12:08:35Z Ilja isv 10 27512 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka | datastyle = text-align: left | title = {{{name|<includeonly>{{PAGENAMEBASE}}</includeonly>}}} | headerstyle = background:{{Kartka instrument/Kolor|{{{background|}}} }};color:inherit; | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{image_size|}}}|sizedefault=250x250px|alt={{{alt|}}}|class={{{image_class|}}}}} | imageclass = {{{imageclass|}}} | caption = {{{caption|{{{image_capt|}}}}}} | header1 = {{Kartka instrument/Klasifikacija|{{{background|}}} }} | label2 = Druge nazvy | data2 = {{{names|}}} | label3 = [[Klasifikacija muzikalnyh instrumentov|Klasifikacija]] | data3 = {{#if:{{{classification|}}}|<span></span> {{{classification}}} }} | label4 = [[Hornbostel–Sachs|Klasifikacija Hornbostela–{{-|Sachs|Закс}}a]] | data4 = {{{hornbostel_sachs|}}}{{#if:{{{hornbostel_sachs_desc|}}}|<br />({{{hornbostel_sachs_desc}}})}} | label5 = Izmyslitelj{{pluralize from text|{{{inventors|}}}|likely=(e)|plural=e}} | data5 = {{{inventors|}}} | label6 = Izrabotnik | data6 = {{{developed|}}} | label7 = {{#if:{{{timbre|}}}|[[Tembr]]}} | data7 = {{#if:{{{timbre|}}}|{{{timbre|}}}}} | label8 = {{#if:{{{volume|}}}|[[Glasnost]]}} | data8 = {{#if:{{{volume|}}}|{{{volume|}}}}} | label9 = {{#if:{{{attack|}}}|[[ADSR koverta|Vozvyšenje]]}} | data9 = {{#if:{{{attack|}}}|{{{attack|}}}}} | label10 = {{#if:{{{decay|}}}|[[ADSR koverta|Spad]]}} | data10 = {{#if:{{{decay|}}}|{{{decay|}}}}} | header11 = {{#if:{{{range|}}}|[[Diapazon (muzika)|Diapazon]]}} | data12 = {{#if:{{{range|}}}|<span></span> {{{range}}} {{#if:{{{pitch|}}}|{{{pitch}}}}} }} | header13 = {{#if:{{{related|}}}|[[Musikalny instrument|Rodstvene instrumenty]]}} | data14 = {{#if:{{{related|}}}|<span></span> {{{related}}} }} | header15 = {{#if:{{{musicians|}}}|Muzikanti}} | data16 = {{#if:{{{musicians|}}}|<span></span> {{{musicians}}} }} | header17 = {{#if:{{{composers|}}}|Kompozitori}} | data18 = {{#if:{{{composers|}}}|<span></span> {{{composers}}} }} | header19 = {{#if:{{{builders|}}}|Majstori}} | data20 = {{#if:{{{builders|}}}|<span></span> {{{builders}}} }} | header21 = {{#if:{{{sound sample|}}}|Vzor zvučanja}} | data22 = {{#if:{{{sound sample|}}}|<span></span> {{{sound sample}}} }} | header23 = {{#if:{{{articles|}}}|Vyše informacije}} | data24 = {{#if:{{{articles|}}}|<span></span> {{{articles}}} }} |data25 = {{{module|}}} }}{{#invoke:Prověrka neznajemyh parametrov|check|unknown={{main other|[[Kategorija:Stranky s šablonom Kartka muzikalny instrument s neznajemymi parametrami|_VALUE_{{PAGENAME}}]]}}|preview=Stranka s šablonom [[Šablon:Kartka muzikalny instrument]] s neznajemym parametrom "_VALUE_"| showblankpositional=1 | name | image | image_size | alt | caption | image_capt | image_class | background | names | classification | hornbostel_sachs | hornbostel_sachs_desc | inventors | developed | timbre | volume | attack | decay | range | pitch | related | musicians | composers | sound sample | builders | articles | module}}<noinclude> {{Dokumentacija}}<!-- Please add interwikis to the /doc page, not here --> </noinclude> 0aoeha7yy9sqx7d116hnqzxgfvwit6o 10 4630 27514 2026-06-29T12:15:54Z Ilja isv 10 Stvorjena nova stranica s tekstom: «<div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"><nowiki>{{Kartka muzikalny instrument| name | image | image_size | alt | caption | image_capt | image_class | background | names | classification | hornbostel_sachs | hornbostel_sachs_desc | inventors | developed | timbre | volume | attack | decay | range | pitch | related | musicians | composers | sound sample | builders | articles | module}}</nowiki></div>» 27514 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"><nowiki>{{Kartka muzikalny instrument| name | image | image_size | alt | caption | image_capt | image_class | background | names | classification | hornbostel_sachs | hornbostel_sachs_desc | inventors | developed | timbre | volume | attack | decay | range | pitch | related | musicians | composers | sound sample | builders | articles | module}}</nowiki></div> p71p868r6imdctqxkve3b06f9i4q4p7 27515 27514 2026-06-29T12:16:09Z Ilja isv 10 27515 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"><nowiki>{{Kartka muzikalny instrument | name | image | image_size | alt | caption | image_capt | image_class | background | names | classification | hornbostel_sachs | hornbostel_sachs_desc | inventors | developed | timbre | volume | attack | decay | range | pitch | related | musicians | composers | sound sample | builders | articles | module}}</nowiki></div> 1zrr3jc6wl7cgmpybovwhc5evymni9l 10 4631 27563 2026-06-29T13:36:43Z Ilja isv 10 Stvorjena nova stranica s tekstom: «{{Kartka | child = {{lc:{{{embed}}}}} | bodyclass = vcard plainlist | title = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|'''Muzikalna kariera'''}} | decat = yes <!-- remove from template:infobox tracking categories --> | abovestyle = background-color: {{Kartka muzikant/color}}; font-size: 125%; | above = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes||{{#if:{{{Name|{{{name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|<div class="honorific-pre...» 27563 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka | child = {{lc:{{{embed}}}}} | bodyclass = vcard plainlist | title = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|'''Muzikalna kariera'''}} | decat = yes <!-- remove from template:infobox tracking categories --> | abovestyle = background-color: {{Kartka muzikant/color}}; font-size: 125%; | above = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes||{{#if:{{{Name|{{{name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}|{{#if:{{{honorific_prefix|}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 78%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific_prefix|}}}</div>}}<div class="{{Kartka muzikant/hCard class|{{{Background|{{{background|}}}}}}}}">{{{Name|{{{name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|<div class="nickname" lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}">}}{{{native_name}}}{{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|</div>}}}}{{#if:{{{honorific_suffix|}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 78%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific_suffix|}}}</div>}} |{{BASEPAGENAME}}}}}} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{Img|{{{image|}}}}}}|size={{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{Landscape|{{{landscape|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{Img_size|{{{image_size}}}}}}}}|300|{{{Img_size|{{{image_size}}}}}}}}}}x200px|{{{Img_size|{{{image_size|}}}}}}}}|sizedefault=frameless|upright={{{Img_upright|{{{image_upright|1}}}}}}|title={{{Img_alt|{{{alt|{{{Img_capt|{{{caption|}}}}}}}}}}}}|alt={{{Img_alt|{{{alt|}}}}}}|suppressplaceholder=yes}} | caption = {{{Img_capt|{{{caption|}}}}}} | headerstyle = background-color: &#35;b0c4de | header1 = {{#if:{{{Img|{{{image|}}}}}}|Background information}} | class3 = nickname | label3 = Rodno ime | data3 = {{{Birth_name|{{{birth_name|}}}}}} | class4 = nickname | label4 = {{Nowrap|Znajemy kako}} | data4 = {{{Alias|{{{alias|}}}}}} | label5 = Rodil(-a) se | data5 = {{br separated entries|{{{birth_date|}}}|{{{birth_place|}}}}} | label6 = Město rodženja | data6 = {{{Origin|{{{origin|}}}}}} | label7 = Umrl(-a) | data7 = {{br separated entries|{{{death_date|}}}|{{{death_place|}}}}} | label8 = Žanry | data8 = {{#ifexist:Template:Kartka muzikant/genre/{{FULLPAGENAME}}|{{Kartka muzikant/žanr/{{FULLPAGENAME}}}}|{{{Genre|{{{genre|}}}}}}}} | class9 = role | label9 = Rod dějatelnosti | data9 = {{#if:{{{Occupations|{{{occupations|}}}}}}|{{{Occupations|{{{occupations|}}}}}}|{{{Occupation|{{{occupation|}}}}}}}} | class10 = note | label10 = Instrumenty | data10 = {{{Instrument|{{{instrument|{{{instruments|}}}}}}}}} | label11 = Aktivne lěta | data11 = {{{Years_active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}} | label12 = Lejbly | data12 = {{{Label|{{{label|}}}}}} | label13 = Učestnik | data13 = {{{current_member_of|}}} | label14 = Byvši učestnik | data14 = {{{past_member_of|}}} | label15 = Odvětvy | data15 = {{{spinoffs|}}} | label16 = Odvětva od | data16 = {{{spinoff_of|}}} | label17 = <span class="nowrap">Suprug(a)</span> | data17 = {{{spouse|{{{spouses|}}}}}} | label18 = <span class="nowrap">Partner(ka)</span> | data18 = {{{partner|{{{partners|}}}}}} | header19 = {{#if:{{{Current_members|{{{current_members|}}}}}}|<nowiki />}} | label20 = Učestniki | data20 = {{{Current_members|{{{current_members|}}}}}} | header21 = {{#if:{{{Past_members|{{{past_members|{{{Former_members|{{{former_members|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<nowiki />}} | label22 = Byvši(-e) učestnik(i) | data22 = {{{Past_members|{{{past_members|{{{Former_members|{{{former_members|}}}}}}}}}}}} | label23 = Vebsajt | data23 = {{{website|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}} | data60 = {{{module|}}} | data61 = {{{module2|}}} | data62 = {{{module3|}}} }}<noinclude> {{Dokumentacija}} <!--Please add this template's categories to the /doc subpage, not here - thanks!--> </noinclude> 30k1wfa8oj7y9hrapy24mc70x8o704t 10 4632 27564 2026-06-29T13:38:10Z Ilja isv 10 Stvorjena nova stranica s tekstom: «<div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"><nowiki>{{Kartka muzikantcurrent_member_of | embed | honorific_prefix | Name | name | honorific_suffix | Img | image | Landscape | landscape | Img_size | image_size | image_upright | Img_upright | Img_alt | alt | Img_capt | caption | native_name | native_name_lang | Birth_name | birth_name | Alias | alias | birth_date | birth_place | Origin | origin | death_date | death_place | Genre | genre | Occupations | occu...» 27564 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"><nowiki>{{Kartka muzikantcurrent_member_of | embed | honorific_prefix | Name | name | honorific_suffix | Img | image | Landscape | landscape | Img_size | image_size | image_upright | Img_upright | Img_alt | alt | Img_capt | caption | native_name | native_name_lang | Birth_name | birth_name | Alias | alias | birth_date | birth_place | Origin | origin | death_date | death_place | Genre | genre | Occupations | occupations | Occupation | occupation | Instrument | instrument | instruments | Years_active | years_active | yearsactive | Label | label | website | URL | url | Current_members | current_members | Past_members | past_members | past_member_of | Former_members | former_members | spinoff_of | spinoffs | module | module2 | module3 | Background | background | Associated_acts | associated_acts | spouse | spouses | partner | partners}}</nowiki></div> 01raa37tzaafwss4gmydw3xvpjha2n5 27565 27564 2026-06-29T13:38:31Z Ilja isv 10 27565 wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"><nowiki>{{Kartka muzikant | current_member_of | embed | honorific_prefix | Name | name | honorific_suffix | Img | image | Landscape | landscape | Img_size | image_size | image_upright | Img_upright | Img_alt | alt | Img_capt | caption | native_name | native_name_lang | Birth_name | birth_name | Alias | alias | birth_date | birth_place | Origin | origin | death_date | death_place | Genre | genre | Occupations | occupations | Occupation | occupation | Instrument | instrument | instruments | Years_active | years_active | yearsactive | Label | label | website | URL | url | Current_members | current_members | Past_members | past_members | past_member_of | Former_members | former_members | spinoff_of | spinoffs | module | module2 | module3 | Background | background | Associated_acts | associated_acts | spouse | spouses | partner | partners}}</nowiki></div> j9coxbedwrwmbfepq6a48086ljb970f 0 4633 27595 2026-06-30T05:44:19Z Ilja isv 10 Ilja isv prěimenoval stranicu [[Rok (muzyka)]] na [[Rok (muzika)]]: Pogrěška v nazvě 27595 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Rok (muzika)]] 72dws0pnl9r5nrx5hrnpuf6w6q9c3xm 10 4634 27597 2026-06-30T06:27:47Z Ilja isv 10 Stvorjena nova stranica s tekstom: «<includeonly>{{{1|}}} ({{{2|}}}, {{#if: {{{3|}}} | {{{3|}}} }}) </includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokumentacija}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude>» 27597 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{1|}}} ({{{2|}}}, {{#if: {{{3|}}} | {{{3|}}} }}) </includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokumentacija}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> hro7oa1spu7kvcd92hl8dowdb5sbuts 27598 27597 2026-06-30T06:28:46Z Ilja isv 10 27598 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{1|}}} ({{{2|}}}, {{#if: {{{3|}}} | {{-|{{{3|}}} }} }}) </includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokumentacija}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> sz4ruwqb2k5y0ksf8qm69177267ih03 27599 27598 2026-06-30T06:29:29Z Ilja isv 10 27599 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{1|}}} ({{{2|}}}, {{#if: {{{3|}}} | {{-|''{{{3|}}}'' }} }}) </includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokumentacija}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> pax1juuvu4fy5yn85nx6myxlc9n93qb 27642 27599 2026-06-30T11:55:05Z Ilja isv 10 27642 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{1|}}} ({{{2|}}} {{#if: {{{3|}}} |, {{-|''{{{3|}}}'' }} }}) </includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokumentacija}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> p45dyzdf2pa3mmzk23obrkfw0dpec2a 27643 27642 2026-06-30T11:55:38Z Ilja isv 10 27643 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{{1|}}} ({{{2|}}}{{#if: {{{3|}}} |, {{-|''{{{3|}}}'' }} }}) </includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokumentacija}} <!-- Add categories to the /doc subpage and interwikis to Wikidata. --> </noinclude> cz1ed4eovenjhyini11ca4o2xoy0cpw 10 4635 27605 2026-06-30T07:00:45Z Ilja isv 10 Stvorjena nova stranica s tekstom: «<includeonly>^{{{1}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokumentacija}} <!-- Add cats and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude>» 27605 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>^{{{1}}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokumentacija}} <!-- Add cats and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --> </noinclude> lp70icjfrvda9vv353h8vq06r15d5rp 0 4636 27629 2026-06-30T09:41:02Z Ilja isv 10 Stvorjena nova stranica s tekstom: «{{-|''Under construction''}} {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-Japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|Wago|yam...» 27629 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|''Under construction''}} {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-Japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku: [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske čisla sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Archaične čtanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} (na japonskom jezyku) * {{Cite web |url= http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html | title = Ancient Japanese number system| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |archive-date=2018-08-29}} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} 16954fff5wi3q4k79i6gdcsgmr0i5b4 27630 27629 2026-06-30T09:42:04Z Ilja isv 10 /* Čisla v japonskom jezyku */ 27630 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|''Under construction''}} {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-Japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku, [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske čisla sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Archaične čtanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} (na japonskom jezyku) * {{Cite web |url= http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html | title = Ancient Japanese number system| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |archive-date=2018-08-29}} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} qxv1i4mbfm7jfvq9vgcjx5ixicb1lj0 27631 27630 2026-06-30T09:42:48Z Ilja isv 10 27631 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|''Under construction''}} [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem tradičnyh čislovnikov.]] {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-Japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku, [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske čisla sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Archaične čtanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} (na japonskom jezyku) * {{Cite web |url= http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html | title = Ancient Japanese number system| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |archive-date=2018-08-29}} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} 3cyutmfybm9djodjiialigff89mzsxp 27632 27631 2026-06-30T09:43:51Z Ilja isv 10 27632 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|''Under construction''}} [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem tradicijnyh čislovnikov.]] {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-Japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku, [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske čisla sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Archaične čtanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|ja|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} (na japonskom jezyku) * {{Cite web |url= http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html | title = Ancient Japanese number system| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |archive-date=2018-08-29}} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} drw1kbk5mhadmrac1xi4cyttzh1a15p 27633 27632 2026-06-30T09:45:02Z Ilja isv 10 /* Čisla v japonskom jezyku */ 27633 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|''Under construction''}} [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem tradicijnyh čislovnikov.]] {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], I velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-Japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku, [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske čisla sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Archaične čtanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|en|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} (na japonskom jezyku) * {{Cite web |url= http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html | title = Ancient Japanese number system| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |archive-date=2018-08-29}} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} 05mi4etix4rykd9kmqvgd939v2l9t0u 27635 27633 2026-06-30T09:45:55Z Ilja isv 10 27635 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|''Under construction''}} [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem tradicijnyh čislovnikov.]] {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], a velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-Japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku, [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske čisla sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Archaične čtanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|en|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} (na japonskom jezyku) * {{Cite web |url= http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html | title = Ancient Japanese number system| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |archive-date=2018-08-29}} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} 2hrajd0yo98nrzt2e6z59yrfctjdhb5 27636 27635 2026-06-30T09:46:26Z Ilja isv 10 27636 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|''Under construction''}} [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem tradicijnyh čislovnikov.]] {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], a velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i Japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku, [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske čisla sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Archaične čtanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|en|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} (na japonskom jezyku) * {{Cite web |url= http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html | title = Ancient Japanese number system| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |archive-date=2018-08-29}} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} 9uffzgwcofzpa13bhpm8hgoi57fu5cv 27637 27636 2026-06-30T09:47:03Z Ilja isv 10 27637 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|''Under construction''}} [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem tradicijnyh čislovnikov.]] {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], a velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku, [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske cifry sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Archaične čtanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|en|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} (na japonskom jezyku) * {{Cite web |url= http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html | title = Ancient Japanese number system| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |archive-date=2018-08-29}} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} mvdg671e4gj6l34013t9kdrn9lvc96o 27638 27637 2026-06-30T09:47:35Z Ilja isv 10 /* Čisla v japonskom jezyku */ 27638 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|''Under construction''}} [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem tradicijnyh čislovnikov.]] {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], a velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: Sino-japonsko čitanje ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}) [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]]. ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku, [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske cifry sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Arhaične čtanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|en|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} (na japonskom jezyku) * {{Cite web |url= http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html | title = Ancient Japanese number system| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |archive-date=2018-08-29}} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} o8vpw7kpiztbqnzf9ck3bguk2a7x3nr 27639 27638 2026-06-30T10:02:19Z Ilja isv 10 /* */ 27639 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|''Under construction''}} [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem tradicijnyh čislovnikov.]] {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], a velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: sino-japonsko čitanje [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]] ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}). ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku, [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske cifry sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Arhaične čtanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|en|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} (na japonskom jezyku) * {{Cite web |url= http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html | title = Ancient Japanese number system| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |archive-date=2018-08-29}} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} kdhvwm6qnuy7z2xrg69anjy4m8bjy8f 27640 27639 2026-06-30T10:02:59Z Ilja isv 10 /* Čisla v japonskom jezyku */ 27640 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|''Under construction''}} [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem tradicijnyh čislovnikov.]] {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], a velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: sino-japonsko čitanje [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]] ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}). ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla na japonskom jezyku, [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske cifry sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Arhaične čitanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|en|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} (na japonskom jezyku) * {{Cite web |url= http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html | title = Ancient Japanese number system| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |archive-date=2018-08-29}} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} 8gkrqzknvquqyx36eyqiarsg4uu2mqz 27641 27640 2026-06-30T11:13:57Z Ilja isv 10 /* Čisla v japonskom jezyku */ 27641 wikitext text/x-wiki {{-|''Under construction''}} [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem tradicijnyh čislovnikov.]] {{nihongo|'''Japonske čislovniky'''|数詞|sūshi}} sut [[Čislovnik (lingvistika)|čislovniky]], koristane v [[Japonsky jezyk|japonskom jezyku]]. V pismennosti oni sut jednake s [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]], a velike čisla slědujut kitajskomu stilju s grupovanjem po 10,000. Koristajut se dva izgovory: sino-japonsko čitanje [[Kitajske hieroglify|kitajskyh hieroglifov]] ([[On'yomi|{{lang|en|on'yomi}}]]) i japonsko čitanje {{lang|en|[[Wago|yamato kotoba]]}} (rodne slova, {{lang|en|[[kun'yomi]]}}). ==Čisla v japonskom jezyku== Sut dva sposoby, kako pisati čisla v japonskom jezyku, [[Arabske cifry|arabskymi ciframi]] (1, 2, 3) ili [[Kitajske čislovniky|kitajskymi čislovnikami]] ({{lang|zh|一}}, {{lang|zh|二}}, {{lang|zh|三}}). Arabske cifry sut vyše često koristane pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|horizontalnom pisanju]], a kitajske čisla sut vyše obyčajne pri [[Horizontalno i vertikalno pisanje v Iztočno aziatskoj pismennosti|vertikalnom pisanju]]. Věčšinstvo čisel imaje dva čitanja, kako i večšinstvo [[Kanji|kandži]], to, ktoro jest izvedeno od kitajskogo čitanja, koristaje se za redne čislovniky ([[on'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|On}}]] ) a rodno japonsko čitanje ([[kun'yomi|čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}]]) koristaje se nemnogo menje formalno za čisla do 10. V něktoryh slučajah (privedenyh dole), jsponsko čitanje obyčno jest preferovano za vse izkoristanja. Arhaične čitanja sut označene †. {| class="wikitable nounderlines" ! Čislo ! Znak ! Čitanje {{lang|en|On}} ! Čitanje {{lang|en|Kun}}<ref>{{cite book |script-title=ja:スーパー大辞林 |trans-title=Super [[Daijirin]] |language=ja |publisher=[[Sanseidō]] }}</ref> ! Prědnostno čitanje |- | align="right" | [[0]] | {{lang|ja|零}} / {{lang|ja|〇}}{{sup|*}} | {{Nihongo||れい|rei}} | {{Nihongo||まる|maru}} | {{Nihongo||ゼロ|zero}} ([[Pozajetje (lingvistika)|pozajetje]], {{lang|en|[[Loanwords in Japanese|gairaigo]]}}) |- | align="right" | [[1]] | {{lang|ja|一}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} | {{Nihongo||ひと・つ|hito(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||いち|ichi}} |- | align="right" | [[2]] | {{lang|ja|二}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} | {{Nihongo||ふた・つ|futa(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||に|ni}} |- | align="right" | [[3]] | {{lang|ja|三}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} | {{Nihongo||みっ・つ|mit(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||さん|san}} |- | align="right" | [[4]] | {{lang|ja|四}} | {{Nihongo||し|shi}} | {{lang|en|yon}}, {{Nihongo||よん、よっ・つ|yot(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||よん|yon}} |- | align="right" | [[5]] | {{lang|ja|五}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} | {{Nihongo||いつ・つ|itsu(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ご|go}} |- | align="right" | [[6]] | {{lang|ja|六}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} | {{Nihongo||むっ・つ|mut(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||ろく|roku}} |- | align="right" | [[7]] | {{lang|ja|七}} | {{Nihongo||しち|shichi}} | {{Nihongo||なな・つ|nana(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||なな|nana}} |- | align="right" | [[8]] | {{lang|ja|八}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} | {{Nihongo||やっ・つ|yat(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||はち|hachi}} |- | align="right" | [[9]] | {{lang|ja|九}} | {{lang|ja|ku}}, {{Nihongo||く, きゅう|kyū}} | {{Nihongo||ここの・つ|kokono(tsu)}} | {{Nihongo||きゅう|kyū}} |- | align="right" | [[10]] | {{lang|ja|十}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} | {{Nihongo||とお|tō}} | {{Nihongo||じゅう|jū}} |- | align="right" | [[20 (number)|20]] | {{lang|ja|二十}} | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} | {{Nihongo||はた|hata}}† | {{Nihongo||にじゅう|ni-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[30 (number)|30]] | {{lang|ja|三十}} | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} | {{Nihongo||みそ|miso}}† | {{Nihongo||さんじゅう|san-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[40 (number)|40]] | {{lang|ja|四十}} | {{Nihongo||しじゅう|shi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||よそ|yoso}}† | {{Nihongo||よんじゅう|yon-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[50 (number)|50]] | {{lang|ja|五十}} | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} | {{Nihongo||いそ|iso}}† | {{Nihongo||ごじゅう|go-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[60 (number)|60]] | {{lang|ja|六十}} | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||むそ|muso}}† | {{Nihongo||ろくじゅう|roku-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[70 (number)|70]] | {{lang|ja|七十}} | {{Nihongo||しちじゅう|shichi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ななそ|nanaso}}† | {{Nihongo||ななじゅう|nana-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[80 (number)|80]] | {{lang|ja|八十}} | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} | {{Nihongo||やそ|yaso}}† | {{Nihongo||はちじゅう|hachi-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[90 (number)|90]] | {{lang|ja|九十}} | {{Nihongo||くじゅう|ku-jū}} | {{Nihongo||ここのそ|kokonoso}}† | {{Nihongo||きゅうじゅう|kyū-jū}} |- | align="right" | [[100]] | {{lang|ja|百}} | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||もも|momo}}† | {{Nihongo||ひゃく|hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[500 (number)|500]] | {{lang|ja|五百}} | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} | {{Nihongo||いお|io}}† | {{Nihongo||ごひゃく|go-hyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[800 (number)|800]] | {{lang|ja|八百}} | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} | {{Nihongo||やお|yao}}† | {{Nihongo||はっぴゃく|hap-pyaku}} |- | align="right" | [[1000 (number)|1,000]] | {{lang|ja|千}} | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} | {{Nihongo||ち|chi}}† | {{Nihongo||せん|sen}} |- | align="right" | [[10,000]] | {{lang|ja|万}} | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} | {{Nihongo||よろず|yorozu}}† | {{Nihongo||まん|man}} |- | align="right" | [[100,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|億}} | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |— | {{Nihongo||おく|oku}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)#1012|1,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|兆}} | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |— | {{Nihongo||ちょう|chō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|京}} | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |— | {{Nihongo||けい|kei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|100,000,000,000,000,000,000]] | {{lang|ja|垓}} | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |— | {{Nihongo||がい|gai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁴]] | {{lang|ja|𥝱}} | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょ|jo}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10²⁸]] | {{lang|ja|穣}} | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |— | {{Nihongo||じょう|jō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³²]] | {{lang|ja|溝}} | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |— | {{Nihongo||こう|kō}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10³⁶]] | {{lang|ja|澗}} | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |— | {{Nihongo||かん|kan}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁰]] | {{lang|ja|正}} | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |— | {{Nihongo||せい|sei}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁴]] | {{lang|ja|載}} | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |— | {{Nihongo||さい|sai}} |- | align="right" | [[Orders of magnitude (numbers)|10⁴⁸]] | {{lang|ja|極}} | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |— | {{Nihongo||ごく|goku}} |} == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} ==External links== <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> * {{lang|ja|[http://www.moroo.com/uzokusou/misc/suumei/suumei.html 大数の名前について]}} (na japonskom jezyku) * {{Cite web |url= http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html | title = Ancient Japanese number system| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180829030749/http://www.sf.airnet.ne.jp/~ts/language/number/ancient_japanese.html |archive-date=2018-08-29}} * [http://www.solosequenosenada.com/gramatica/japanese/Learn_Japanese_Numbers.php English exercises for learning Japanese numerals] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090324035049/http://www.learnjapanesewordsandphrases.com/learnjapanesenumbers.html Audio to learn the pronunciation for Japanese numbers] * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/kanjinumbers.cgi Convert kanji numerals to arabic numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) * [http://www.sljfaq.org/cgi/numbers.cgi Convert arabic numerals to kanji numerals] (sci.lang.Japan FAQ page) </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese numerals|}} [[Kategorija:Čisla]] [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Čislovniky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q1337084}} 3a2clhg29q8zdojwvs5eb0jhrllskqe