Vikipedija isvwiki https://isv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Media Special Besěda Koristnik Besěda s koristnikom Vikipedija Besěda Vikipedije Fajl Besěda o fajlu MediaWiki Besěda o MediaWiki Šablon Besěda o šablonu Pomoč Besěda o pomoči Kategorija Besěda o kategoriji TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 10 108 28304 423 2026-07-07T19:09:18Z Ilja isv 10 /* */ 28304 wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly> <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{#invoke:Citation/CS1|citation |CitationClass=book }}</div></includeonly><noinclude> {{Dokumentacija}} [[Kategorija:Šablony:Iztočniky]] </noinclude> sl7vydu5t6hofdp1schtzurm88v5ywy 10 109 28286 427 2026-07-07T15:01:25Z Ilja isv 10 28286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica dokumentacije}} <templatedata> { "description": "Tuty šablon formatuje citatu knigy s pomoču uvedenoj bobliografičnoj informacije (kako avtor ili nazva) i takože imaje različne moZnosti formatovanja.", "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": "URL onlajn lokacije, kde može byti najdeny tekst publikacije. Trěbuje shemu tipa \"http://...\" ili shemu v zavislosti na drugom protokolu \"//...\"", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "example": "https://books.google.com/books?id=..." }, "title": { "label": "Nazva", "description": "Nazva knigy; pokazyvaje se kursivom", "type": "string", "required": true }, "last": { "label": "Prězime", "description": "Rodna nazva avtora; ne koristajte wikilink, ale 'author-link'; v prisutnosti mnogyh avtorov možet imeti sufiksom nomer za dodavanje dalših avtorov", "aliases": [ "last1", "author", "author1", "author1-last", "author-last", "surname1", "author-last1", "subject1", "surname", "author-last", "subject" ], "suggested": true, "type": "string" }, "first": { "label": "First name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "given", "author-first", "first1", "given1", "author-first1", "author1-first" ], "suggested": true, "type": "string" }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "author2", "surname2", "author-last2", "author2-last", "subject2" ], "type": "string" }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "given2", "author-first2", "author2-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3' instead.", "aliases": [ "author3", "surname3", "author-last3", "author3-last", "subject3" ], "type": "string" }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given3", "author-first3", "author3-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4' instead.", "aliases": [ "author4", "surname4", "author-last4", "author4-last", "subject4" ], "type": "string" }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given4", "author-first4", "author4-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5' instead.", "aliases": [ "author5", "surname5", "author-last5", "author5-last", "subject5" ], "type": "string" }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given5", "author-first5", "author5-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6' instead.", "aliases": [ "author6", "surname6", "author-last6", "author6-last", "subject6" ], "type": "string" }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given6", "author-first6", "author6-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7' instead.", "aliases": [ "author7", "surname7", "author-last7", "author7-last", "subject7" ], "type": "string" }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given7", "author-first7", "author7-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8' instead.", "aliases": [ "author8", "surname8", "author-last8", "author8-last", "subject8" ], "type": "string" }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given8", "author-first8", "author8-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9' instead. If nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and 'et al.' will show in place of the last author.", "aliases": [ "author9", "surname9", "author-last9", "author9-last", "subject9" ], "type": "string" }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given9", "author-first9", "author9-first" ], "type": "string" }, "date": { "label": "Date", "description": "Full date of the source; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "aliases": [ ] }, "work": { "label": "Work", "description": "Name of the work in which the cited book text is found", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "journal", "website", "newspaper", "magazine", "encyclopedia", "encyclopaedia", "dictionary" ] }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; displays after title", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "institution" ], "example": "[[HarperCollins]]" }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "ISBN", "ISBN13", "isbn13" ] }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor", "editor-surname", "editor-last1", "editor-surname1", "editor1", "editor1-last", "editor1-surname" ] }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor-given", "editor-first1", "editor-given1", "editor1-first", "editor1-given" ] }, "editor-link": { "label": "Link for editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editorlink", "editor-link1", "editor1-link", "editorlink1", "editor1link" ] }, "editor-mask": { "label": "Editor mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask", "editormask1", "editor1-mask", "editor-mask1", "editor1mask" ] }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "description": "When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed by ' ed.'", "type": "string" }, "series": { "label": "Series identifier", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal", "aliases": [ "version" ], "type": "string" }, "volume": { "label": "Volume", "description": "For one publication published in several volumes", "type": "string" }, "location": { "label": "Location of publication", "description": "Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place", "aliases": [ "place" ], "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "aliases": [ ], "type": "string" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "The number of a single page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "p" ] }, "pages": { "label": "Page(s) cited", "description": "A range of pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "pp" ], "example": "5–11" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "string" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "string" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "chapter": { "label": "Chapter", "description": "The chapter heading of the source; may be wikilinked or with 'chapter-url' but not both. For the contribution alias, see contributor-last", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "contribution", "entry", "article", "section" ] }, "trans-chapter": { "label": "Translated chapter", "description": "An English language chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "medium" ] }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ASIN" ] }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "string" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "string" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; 6 digits", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line" }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "DOI" ] }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ISSN" ] }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "string" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "JSTOR" ] }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "LCCN" ] }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "MR" ] }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OCLC" ] }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier; do not include \"OL\" at beginning of identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OL" ] }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OSTI" ] }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "string" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "PMID" ] }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "string" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "string" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "string" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ID" ] }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "quotation" ] }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates", "type": "string" }, "mode": { "label": "Mode", "description": "Sets separator and terminal punctuation to the style named in the assigned value; allowable values are: 'cs1' or 'cs2'", "type": "string" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'", "type": "string", "default": "." }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask", "authormask1", "author1-mask", "author-mask1", "author1mask" ] }, "author-mask2": { "label": "Author mask 2", "description": "Replaces the name of the second author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask2", "author2-mask", "author2mask" ] }, "author-mask3": { "label": "Author mask 3", "description": "Replaces the name of the third author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask3", "author3-mask", "author3mask" ] }, "author-mask4": { "label": "Author mask 4", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask4", "author4-mask", "author4mask" ] }, "author-mask5": { "label": "Author mask 5", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask5", "author5-mask", "author5mask" ] }, "author-mask6": { "label": "Author mask 6", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask6", "author6-mask", "author6mask" ] }, "author-mask7": { "label": "Author mask 7", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask7", "author7-mask", "author7mask" ] }, "author-mask8": { "label": "Author mask 8", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask8", "author8-mask", "author8mask" ] }, "author-mask9": { "label": "Author mask 9", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask9", "author9-mask", "author9mask" ] }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used", "type": "number", "aliases": [ ] }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link", "subject-link", "subject-link1", "subject1-link" ] }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link", "subject-link2", "subject2-link" ] }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link", "subject-link3", "subject3-link" ] }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link", "subject-link4", "subject4-link" ] }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link", "subject-link5", "subject5-link" ] }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link", "subject-link6", "subject6-link" ] }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link", "subject-link7", "subject7-link" ] }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link", "subject-link8", "subject8-link" ] }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link", "subject-link9", "subject9-link" ] }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "orig-year": { "label": "Original year", "description": "Original year of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "editor-last2": { "label": "Last name of second editor", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname2", "editor2", "editor2-last", "editor2-surname" ] }, "editor-first2": { "label": "First name of second editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given2", "editor2-first", "editor2-given" ] }, "editor-link2": { "label": "Link for second editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor2-link", "editorlink2", "editor2link" ] }, "editor-mask2": { "label": "Mask for second editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the second editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask2", "editor2-mask", "editor2mask" ] }, "editor-last3": { "label": "Last name of third editor", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname3", "editor3", "editor3-last", "editor3-surname" ] }, "editor-first3": { "label": "First name of third editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given3", "editor3-first", "editor3-given" ] }, "editor-link3": { "label": "Link for third editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor3-link", "editorlink3", "editor3link" ] }, "editor-mask3": { "label": "Mask for third editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the third editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask3", "editor3-mask", "editor3mask" ] }, "editor-last4": { "label": "Last name of fourth editor", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname4", "editor4", "editor4-last", "editor4-surname" ] }, "editor-first4": { "label": "First name of fourth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given4", "editor4-first", "editor4-given" ] }, "editor-link4": { "label": "Link for fourth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor4-link", "editorlink4", "editor4link" ] }, "editor-mask4": { "label": "Mask for fourth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask4", "editor4-mask", "editor4mask" ] }, "editor-last5": { "label": "Last name of fifth editor", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname5", "editor5", "editor5-last", "editor5-surname" ] }, "editor-first5": { "label": "First name of fifth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given5", "editor5-first", "editor5-given" ] }, "editor-link5": { "label": "Link for fifth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor5-link", "editorlink5", "editor5link" ] }, "editor-mask5": { "label": "Mask for fifth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask5", "editor5-mask", "editor5mask" ] }, "editor-last6": { "label": "Last name of sixth editor", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname6", "editor6", "editor6-last", "editor6-surname" ] }, "editor-first6": { "label": "First name of sixth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given6", "editor6-first", "editor6-given" ] }, "editor-link6": { "label": "Link for sixth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor6-link", "editorlink6", "editor6link" ] }, "editor-mask6": { "label": "Mask for sixth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask6", "editor6-mask", "editor6mask" ] }, "editor-last7": { "label": "Last name of seventh editor", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname7", "editor7", "editor7-last", "editor7-surname" ] }, "editor-first7": { "label": "First name of seventh editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given7", "editor7-first", "editor7-given" ] }, "editor-link7": { "label": "Link for seventh editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor7-link", "editorlink7", "editor7link" ] }, "editor-mask7": { "label": "Mask for seventh editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask7", "editor7-mask", "editor7mask" ] }, "editor-last8": { "label": "Last name of eighth editor", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname8", "editor8", "editor8-last", "editor8-surname" ] }, "editor-first8": { "label": "First name of eighth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given8", "editor8-first", "editor8-given" ] }, "editor-link8": { "label": "Link for eighth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor8-link", "editorlink8", "editor8link" ] }, "editor-mask8": { "label": "Mask for eighth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask8", "editor8-mask", "editor8mask" ] }, "editor-last9": { "label": "Last name of ninth editor", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname9", "editor9", "editor9-last", "editor9-surname" ] }, "editor-first9": { "label": "First name of ninth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given9", "editor9-first", "editor9-given" ] }, "editor-link9": { "label": "Link for ninth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor9-link", "editorlink9", "editor9link" ] }, "editor-mask9": { "label": "Mask for ninth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask9", "editor9-mask", "editor9mask" ] }, "chapter-url": { "label": "Chapter URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the chapter can be found", "aliases": [ "contribution-url", "section-url" ], "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archivedate'", "type": "string" }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.", "example": "'dead' or 'live'", "type": "string", "default": "dead" }, "lay-url": { "label": "Lay URL", "description": "URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source", "aliases": [ ], "type": "string" }, "lay-source": { "label": "Lay source", "description": "Name of the source of the lay URL; displays in italics, preceded by an en dash", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "lay-date": { "label": "Lay date", "description": "Date of the summary; displays in parentheses", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the author list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "via": { "description": "Aggregate or database provider, when different from the Publisher. Typically used for Ebooks.", "example": "Open Edition, JSTOR ", "type": "string" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string" }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "Jstor access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "ismn": { "aliases": [ "ISMN" ], "label": "ISMN", "description": "International Standard Music Number; Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional.", "type": "string", "example": "979-0-9016791-7-7" }, "eissn": { "aliases": [ "EISSN" ], "label": "EISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space.", "example": "2009-0048", "type": "string" }, "translator-last": { "label": "Translator last name", "description": "The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator", "translator-last1", "translator1", "translator1-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first": { "label": "Translator first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator1-first", "translator-first1" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-link": { "label": "Translator link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator-link1", "translator1-link" ] }, "translator-last2": { "label": "Translator last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2", "translator2-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first2": { "label": "Translator first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last3": { "label": "Translator last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3", "translator3-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first3": { "label": "Translator first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last4": { "label": "Translator last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4", "translator4-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first4": { "label": "Translator first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last5": { "label": "Translator last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5", "translator5-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first5": { "label": "Translator first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last6": { "label": "Translator last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6", "translator6-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first6": { "label": "Translator first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last7": { "label": "Translator last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7", "translator7-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first7": { "label": "Translator first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last8": { "label": "Translator last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8", "translator8-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first8": { "label": "Translator first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last9": { "label": "Translator last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9", "translator9-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first9": { "label": "Translator first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-link2": { "label": "Translator link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator2-link" ] }, "translator-link3": { "label": "Translator link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator3-link" ] }, "translator-link4": { "label": "Translator link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator4-link" ] }, "translator-link5": { "label": "Translator link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator5-link" ] }, "translator-link6": { "label": "Translator link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator6-link" ] }, "translator-link7": { "label": "Translator link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator7-link" ] }, "translator-link8": { "label": "Translator link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator8-link" ] }, "translator-link9": { "label": "Translator link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator9-link" ] }, "vauthors": { "label": "Vancouver style author list", "description": "If using Vancouver style, comma separated list of author names; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "string" }, "issue": { "label": "Issue", "description": "Issue number. This parameter is not supported by and should generally not be used with cite book. Consider that a different cite template may be more appropriate, such as cite magazine or cite journal. See Help:Citation_Style_1#Pages.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "number" ] }, "display-editors": { "aliases": [ ], "label": "Display Editors", "description": "Controls the number of editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of editors, set display-editors to the desired number. For example, |display-editors=2 will display only the first two editors in a citation. By default, all editors are displayed. |display-editors=etal displays all editors in the list followed by et al.", "type": "string" }, "authors": { "label": "Authors list", "description": "List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, \"lastn\" to \"firstn\" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "people", "host" ] }, "veditors": { "label": "Vancouver style editor list", "description": "Comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "string" }, "chapter-format": { "aliases": [ "contribution-format", "section-format" ], "label": "Format of Chapter URL", "type": "string", "description": "Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified.", "example": "PDF, DOC, or XLS" }, "agency": { "label": "Agency", "description": "Unusual in cite book. Use if an agency is needed in addition to publisher, etc.", "type": "string" }, "title-link": { "aliases": [ ], "label": "Title link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "collaboration": { "label": "Collaboration", "description": "Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors which list one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends 'et al.' to author name-list.", "type": "string" }, "script-chapter": { "label": "Script Chapter", "description": "Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc); follows transliteration defined in chapter. Should be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script", "example": "ja:東京タワー", "type": "string" }, "department": { "label": "Department", "description": "Unusual in cite book." }, "hdl": { "aliases": [ "HDL" ], "label": " Handle System identifier", "description": "Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet", "type": "string" }, "archive-format": { "label": "Archive Format", "description": "Format of the Archive", "type": "string" }, "df": { "label": "Date format", "description": "Sets rendered dates to the specified format", "type": "string" } }, "maps": { "citoid": { "edition": "edition", "title": "title", "bookTitle": "title", "publicationTitle": "title", "url": "url", "publisher": "publisher", "date": "date", "place": "location", "ISSN": [ "issn" ], "ISBN": [ "isbn" ], "oclc": "oclc", "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "pages": "pages", "volume": "volume", "series": "series", "DOI": "doi", "language": "language", "translator": [ [ "translator-first", "translator-last" ], [ "translator-first2", "translator-last2" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first4", "translator-last4" ], [ "translator-first5", "translator-last5" ], [ "translator-first6", "translator-last6" ], [ "translator-first7", "translator-last7" ], [ "translator-first8", "translator-last8" ], [ "translator-first9", "translator-last9" ] ], "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor-first2", "editor-last2" ], [ "editor-first3", "editor-last3" ], [ "editor-first4", "editor-last4" ], [ "editor-first5", "editor-last5" ], [ "editor-first6", "editor-last6" ], [ "editor-first7", "editor-last7" ], [ "editor-first8", "editor-last8" ], [ "editor-first9", "editor-last9" ] ] } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "url", "title", "title-link", "vauthors", "last2", "first2", "last3", "first3", "last4", "first4", "last5", "first5", "last6", "first6", "last7", "first7", "last8", "first8", "last9", "first9", "collaboration", "date", "work", "publisher", "others", "year", "isbn", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor-mask", "veditors", "edition", "series", "volume", "location", "publication-place", "publication-date", "page", "pages", "at", "language", "translator-last", "translator-first", "script-title", "trans-title", "chapter", "script-chapter", "trans-chapter", "type", "format", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "eissn", "hdl", "ismn", "issn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "quote", "ref", "mode", "postscript", "author-mask", "author-mask2", "author-mask3", "author-mask4", "author-mask5", "author-mask6", "author-mask7", "author-mask8", "author-mask9", "display-authors", "author-link", "author-link2", "author-link3", "author-link4", "author-link5", "author-link6", "author-link7", "author-link8", "author-link9", "access-date", "orig-year", "editor-last2", "editor-first2", "editor-link2", "editor-mask2", "editor-last3", "editor-first3", "editor-link3", "editor-mask3", "editor-last4", "editor-first4", "editor-link4", "editor-mask4", "editor-last5", "editor-first5", "editor-link5", "editor-mask5", "editor-last6", "editor-first6", "editor-link6", "editor-mask6", "editor-last7", "editor-first7", "editor-link7", "editor-mask7", "editor-last8", "editor-first8", "editor-link8", "editor-mask8", "editor-last9", "editor-first9", "editor-link9", "editor-mask9", "display-editors", "translator-last2", "translator-first2", "translator-last3", "translator-first3", "translator-last4", "translator-first4", "translator-last5", "translator-first5", "translator-last6", "translator-first6", "translator-last7", "translator-first7", "translator-last8", "translator-first8", "translator-last9", "translator-first9", "translator-link", "translator-link2", "translator-link3", "translator-link4", "translator-link5", "translator-link6", "translator-link7", "translator-link8", "translator-link9", "chapter-url", "chapter-format", "doi-broken-date", "url-access", "archive-url", "archive-format", "archive-date", "url-status", "lay-url", "lay-source", "lay-date", "name-list-style", "via", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access", "issue", "authors", "agency", "department", "df" ], "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == Upotrěba == {{Začetok šablona}} <includeonly> {{INTERWIKI|Q92570}} </includeonly> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Iztočniky]] d1jk4xfpzp2v8w6gqktc37kzit1puio 28287 28286 2026-07-07T15:36:00Z Ilja isv 10 /* */ 28287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica dokumentacije}} <templatedata> { "description": "Tuty šablon formatuje citatu knigy s pomoču uvedenoj bobliografičnoj informacije (kako avtor ili nazva) i takože imaje različne možnosti formatovanja.", "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": "URL onlajn lokacije, kde može byti najdeny tekst publikacije. Trěbuje shemu tipa \"https://...\" ili shemu v zavislosti na drugom protokolu \"//...\"", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "example": "https://books.google.com/books?id=..." }, "title": { "label": "Nazva", "description": "Nazva knigy; pokazyvaje se kursivom", "type": "string", "required": true }, "last": { "label": "Prězime", "description": "Rodna nazva avtora; ne koristajte 'wikilink', ale 'author-link'; v prisutnosti mnogyh avtorov možet imeti sufiksom nomer za dodavanje dalših avtorov", "aliases": [ "last1", "author", "author1", "author1-last", "author-last", "surname1", "author-last1", "subject1", "surname", "author-last", "subject" ], "suggested": true, "type": "string" }, "first": { "label": "Ime", "description": "Ime ili rodno ime, srědnje imena, otčestva ili iniciály avtora; ne koristajte 'wikilink', ale 'author-link'; v prisutnosti mnogyh avtorov možet imeti sufiksom nomer za dodavanje dalših avtorov" , "aliases": [ "given", "author-first", "first1", "given1", "author-first1", "author1-first" ], "suggested": true, "type": "string" }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "author2", "surname2", "author-last2", "author2-last", "subject2" ], "type": "string" }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "given2", "author-first2", "author2-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3' instead.", "aliases": [ "author3", "surname3", "author-last3", "author3-last", "subject3" ], "type": "string" }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given3", "author-first3", "author3-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4' instead.", "aliases": [ "author4", "surname4", "author-last4", "author4-last", "subject4" ], "type": "string" }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given4", "author-first4", "author4-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5' instead.", "aliases": [ "author5", "surname5", "author-last5", "author5-last", "subject5" ], "type": "string" }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given5", "author-first5", "author5-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6' instead.", "aliases": [ "author6", "surname6", "author-last6", "author6-last", "subject6" ], "type": "string" }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given6", "author-first6", "author6-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7' instead.", "aliases": [ "author7", "surname7", "author-last7", "author7-last", "subject7" ], "type": "string" }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given7", "author-first7", "author7-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8' instead.", "aliases": [ "author8", "surname8", "author-last8", "author8-last", "subject8" ], "type": "string" }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given8", "author-first8", "author8-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9' instead. If nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and 'et al.' will show in place of the last author.", "aliases": [ "author9", "surname9", "author-last9", "author9-last", "subject9" ], "type": "string" }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given9", "author-first9", "author9-first" ], "type": "string" }, "date": { "label": "Date", "description": "Full date of the source; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "aliases": [ ] }, "work": { "label": "Work", "description": "Name of the work in which the cited book text is found", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "journal", "website", "newspaper", "magazine", "encyclopedia", "encyclopaedia", "dictionary" ] }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; displays after title", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "institution" ], "example": "[[HarperCollins]]" }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "ISBN", "ISBN13", "isbn13" ] }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor", "editor-surname", "editor-last1", "editor-surname1", "editor1", "editor1-last", "editor1-surname" ] }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor-given", "editor-first1", "editor-given1", "editor1-first", "editor1-given" ] }, "editor-link": { "label": "Link for editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editorlink", "editor-link1", "editor1-link", "editorlink1", "editor1link" ] }, "editor-mask": { "label": "Editor mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask", "editormask1", "editor1-mask", "editor-mask1", "editor1mask" ] }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "description": "When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed by ' ed.'", "type": "string" }, "series": { "label": "Series identifier", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal", "aliases": [ "version" ], "type": "string" }, "volume": { "label": "Volume", "description": "For one publication published in several volumes", "type": "string" }, "location": { "label": "Location of publication", "description": "Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place", "aliases": [ "place" ], "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "aliases": [ ], "type": "string" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "The number of a single page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "p" ] }, "pages": { "label": "Page(s) cited", "description": "A range of pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "pp" ], "example": "5–11" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "string" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "string" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "chapter": { "label": "Chapter", "description": "The chapter heading of the source; may be wikilinked or with 'chapter-url' but not both. For the contribution alias, see contributor-last", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "contribution", "entry", "article", "section" ] }, "trans-chapter": { "label": "Translated chapter", "description": "An English language chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "medium" ] }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ASIN" ] }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "string" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "string" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; 6 digits", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line" }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "DOI" ] }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ISSN" ] }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "string" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "JSTOR" ] }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "LCCN" ] }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "MR" ] }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OCLC" ] }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier; do not include \"OL\" at beginning of identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OL" ] }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OSTI" ] }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "string" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "PMID" ] }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "string" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "string" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "string" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ID" ] }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "quotation" ] }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates", "type": "string" }, "mode": { "label": "Mode", "description": "Sets separator and terminal punctuation to the style named in the assigned value; allowable values are: 'cs1' or 'cs2'", "type": "string" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'", "type": "string", "default": "." }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask", "authormask1", "author1-mask", "author-mask1", "author1mask" ] }, "author-mask2": { "label": "Author mask 2", "description": "Replaces the name of the second author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask2", "author2-mask", "author2mask" ] }, "author-mask3": { "label": "Author mask 3", "description": "Replaces the name of the third author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask3", "author3-mask", "author3mask" ] }, "author-mask4": { "label": "Author mask 4", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask4", "author4-mask", "author4mask" ] }, "author-mask5": { "label": "Author mask 5", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask5", "author5-mask", "author5mask" ] }, "author-mask6": { "label": "Author mask 6", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask6", "author6-mask", "author6mask" ] }, "author-mask7": { "label": "Author mask 7", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask7", "author7-mask", "author7mask" ] }, "author-mask8": { "label": "Author mask 8", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask8", "author8-mask", "author8mask" ] }, "author-mask9": { "label": "Author mask 9", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask9", "author9-mask", "author9mask" ] }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used", "type": "number", "aliases": [ ] }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link", "subject-link", "subject-link1", "subject1-link" ] }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link", "subject-link2", "subject2-link" ] }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link", "subject-link3", "subject3-link" ] }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link", "subject-link4", "subject4-link" ] }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link", "subject-link5", "subject5-link" ] }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link", "subject-link6", "subject6-link" ] }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link", "subject-link7", "subject7-link" ] }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link", "subject-link8", "subject8-link" ] }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link", "subject-link9", "subject9-link" ] }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "orig-year": { "label": "Original year", "description": "Original year of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "editor-last2": { "label": "Last name of second editor", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname2", "editor2", "editor2-last", "editor2-surname" ] }, "editor-first2": { "label": "First name of second editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given2", "editor2-first", "editor2-given" ] }, "editor-link2": { "label": "Link for second editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor2-link", "editorlink2", "editor2link" ] }, "editor-mask2": { "label": "Mask for second editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the second editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask2", "editor2-mask", "editor2mask" ] }, "editor-last3": { "label": "Last name of third editor", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname3", "editor3", "editor3-last", "editor3-surname" ] }, "editor-first3": { "label": "First name of third editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given3", "editor3-first", "editor3-given" ] }, "editor-link3": { "label": "Link for third editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor3-link", "editorlink3", "editor3link" ] }, "editor-mask3": { "label": "Mask for third editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the third editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask3", "editor3-mask", "editor3mask" ] }, "editor-last4": { "label": "Last name of fourth editor", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname4", "editor4", "editor4-last", "editor4-surname" ] }, "editor-first4": { "label": "First name of fourth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given4", "editor4-first", "editor4-given" ] }, "editor-link4": { "label": "Link for fourth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor4-link", "editorlink4", "editor4link" ] }, "editor-mask4": { "label": "Mask for fourth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask4", "editor4-mask", "editor4mask" ] }, "editor-last5": { "label": "Last name of fifth editor", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname5", "editor5", "editor5-last", "editor5-surname" ] }, "editor-first5": { "label": "First name of fifth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given5", "editor5-first", "editor5-given" ] }, "editor-link5": { "label": "Link for fifth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor5-link", "editorlink5", "editor5link" ] }, "editor-mask5": { "label": "Mask for fifth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask5", "editor5-mask", "editor5mask" ] }, "editor-last6": { "label": "Last name of sixth editor", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname6", "editor6", "editor6-last", "editor6-surname" ] }, "editor-first6": { "label": "First name of sixth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given6", "editor6-first", "editor6-given" ] }, "editor-link6": { "label": "Link for sixth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor6-link", "editorlink6", "editor6link" ] }, "editor-mask6": { "label": "Mask for sixth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask6", "editor6-mask", "editor6mask" ] }, "editor-last7": { "label": "Last name of seventh editor", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname7", "editor7", "editor7-last", "editor7-surname" ] }, "editor-first7": { "label": "First name of seventh editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given7", "editor7-first", "editor7-given" ] }, "editor-link7": { "label": "Link for seventh editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor7-link", "editorlink7", "editor7link" ] }, "editor-mask7": { "label": "Mask for seventh editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask7", "editor7-mask", "editor7mask" ] }, "editor-last8": { "label": "Last name of eighth editor", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname8", "editor8", "editor8-last", "editor8-surname" ] }, "editor-first8": { "label": "First name of eighth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given8", "editor8-first", "editor8-given" ] }, "editor-link8": { "label": "Link for eighth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor8-link", "editorlink8", "editor8link" ] }, "editor-mask8": { "label": "Mask for eighth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask8", "editor8-mask", "editor8mask" ] }, "editor-last9": { "label": "Last name of ninth editor", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname9", "editor9", "editor9-last", "editor9-surname" ] }, "editor-first9": { "label": "First name of ninth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given9", "editor9-first", "editor9-given" ] }, "editor-link9": { "label": "Link for ninth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor9-link", "editorlink9", "editor9link" ] }, "editor-mask9": { "label": "Mask for ninth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask9", "editor9-mask", "editor9mask" ] }, "chapter-url": { "label": "Chapter URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the chapter can be found", "aliases": [ "contribution-url", "section-url" ], "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archivedate'", "type": "string" }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.", "example": "'dead' or 'live'", "type": "string", "default": "dead" }, "lay-url": { "label": "Lay URL", "description": "URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source", "aliases": [ ], "type": "string" }, "lay-source": { "label": "Lay source", "description": "Name of the source of the lay URL; displays in italics, preceded by an en dash", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "lay-date": { "label": "Lay date", "description": "Date of the summary; displays in parentheses", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the author list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "via": { "description": "Aggregate or database provider, when different from the Publisher. Typically used for Ebooks.", "example": "Open Edition, JSTOR ", "type": "string" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string" }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "Jstor access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "ismn": { "aliases": [ "ISMN" ], "label": "ISMN", "description": "International Standard Music Number; Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional.", "type": "string", "example": "979-0-9016791-7-7" }, "eissn": { "aliases": [ "EISSN" ], "label": "EISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space.", "example": "2009-0048", "type": "string" }, "translator-last": { "label": "Translator last name", "description": "The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator", "translator-last1", "translator1", "translator1-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first": { "label": "Translator first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator1-first", "translator-first1" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-link": { "label": "Translator link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator-link1", "translator1-link" ] }, "translator-last2": { "label": "Translator last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2", "translator2-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first2": { "label": "Translator first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last3": { "label": "Translator last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3", "translator3-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first3": { "label": "Translator first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last4": { "label": "Translator last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4", "translator4-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first4": { "label": "Translator first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last5": { "label": "Translator last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5", "translator5-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first5": { "label": "Translator first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last6": { "label": "Translator last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6", "translator6-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first6": { "label": "Translator first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last7": { "label": "Translator last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7", "translator7-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first7": { "label": "Translator first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last8": { "label": "Translator last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8", "translator8-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first8": { "label": "Translator first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last9": { "label": "Translator last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9", "translator9-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first9": { "label": "Translator first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-link2": { "label": "Translator link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator2-link" ] }, "translator-link3": { "label": "Translator link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator3-link" ] }, "translator-link4": { "label": "Translator link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator4-link" ] }, "translator-link5": { "label": "Translator link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator5-link" ] }, "translator-link6": { "label": "Translator link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator6-link" ] }, "translator-link7": { "label": "Translator link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator7-link" ] }, "translator-link8": { "label": "Translator link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator8-link" ] }, "translator-link9": { "label": "Translator link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator9-link" ] }, "vauthors": { "label": "Vancouver style author list", "description": "If using Vancouver style, comma separated list of author names; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "string" }, "issue": { "label": "Issue", "description": "Issue number. This parameter is not supported by and should generally not be used with cite book. Consider that a different cite template may be more appropriate, such as cite magazine or cite journal. See Help:Citation_Style_1#Pages.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "number" ] }, "display-editors": { "aliases": [ ], "label": "Display Editors", "description": "Controls the number of editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of editors, set display-editors to the desired number. For example, |display-editors=2 will display only the first two editors in a citation. By default, all editors are displayed. |display-editors=etal displays all editors in the list followed by et al.", "type": "string" }, "authors": { "label": "Authors list", "description": "List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, \"lastn\" to \"firstn\" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "people", "host" ] }, "veditors": { "label": "Vancouver style editor list", "description": "Comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "string" }, "chapter-format": { "aliases": [ "contribution-format", "section-format" ], "label": "Format of Chapter URL", "type": "string", "description": "Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified.", "example": "PDF, DOC, or XLS" }, "agency": { "label": "Agency", "description": "Unusual in cite book. Use if an agency is needed in addition to publisher, etc.", "type": "string" }, "title-link": { "aliases": [ ], "label": "Title link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "collaboration": { "label": "Collaboration", "description": "Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors which list one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends 'et al.' to author name-list.", "type": "string" }, "script-chapter": { "label": "Script Chapter", "description": "Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc); follows transliteration defined in chapter. Should be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script", "example": "ja:東京タワー", "type": "string" }, "department": { "label": "Department", "description": "Unusual in cite book." }, "hdl": { "aliases": [ "HDL" ], "label": " Handle System identifier", "description": "Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet", "type": "string" }, "archive-format": { "label": "Archive Format", "description": "Format of the Archive", "type": "string" }, "df": { "label": "Date format", "description": "Sets rendered dates to the specified format", "type": "string" } }, "maps": { "citoid": { "edition": "edition", "title": "title", "bookTitle": "title", "publicationTitle": "title", "url": "url", "publisher": "publisher", "date": "date", "place": "location", "ISSN": [ "issn" ], "ISBN": [ "isbn" ], "oclc": "oclc", "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "pages": "pages", "volume": "volume", "series": "series", "DOI": "doi", "language": "language", "translator": [ [ "translator-first", "translator-last" ], [ "translator-first2", "translator-last2" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first4", "translator-last4" ], [ "translator-first5", "translator-last5" ], [ "translator-first6", "translator-last6" ], [ "translator-first7", "translator-last7" ], [ "translator-first8", "translator-last8" ], [ "translator-first9", "translator-last9" ] ], "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor-first2", "editor-last2" ], [ "editor-first3", "editor-last3" ], [ "editor-first4", "editor-last4" ], [ "editor-first5", "editor-last5" ], [ "editor-first6", "editor-last6" ], [ "editor-first7", "editor-last7" ], [ "editor-first8", "editor-last8" ], [ "editor-first9", "editor-last9" ] ] } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "url", "title", "title-link", "vauthors", "last2", "first2", "last3", "first3", "last4", "first4", "last5", "first5", "last6", "first6", "last7", "first7", "last8", "first8", "last9", "first9", "collaboration", "date", "work", "publisher", "others", "year", "isbn", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor-mask", "veditors", "edition", "series", "volume", "location", "publication-place", "publication-date", "page", "pages", "at", "language", "translator-last", "translator-first", "script-title", "trans-title", "chapter", "script-chapter", "trans-chapter", "type", "format", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "eissn", "hdl", "ismn", "issn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "quote", "ref", "mode", "postscript", "author-mask", "author-mask2", "author-mask3", "author-mask4", "author-mask5", "author-mask6", "author-mask7", "author-mask8", "author-mask9", "display-authors", "author-link", "author-link2", "author-link3", "author-link4", "author-link5", "author-link6", "author-link7", "author-link8", "author-link9", "access-date", "orig-year", "editor-last2", "editor-first2", "editor-link2", "editor-mask2", "editor-last3", "editor-first3", "editor-link3", "editor-mask3", "editor-last4", "editor-first4", "editor-link4", "editor-mask4", "editor-last5", "editor-first5", "editor-link5", "editor-mask5", "editor-last6", "editor-first6", "editor-link6", "editor-mask6", "editor-last7", "editor-first7", "editor-link7", "editor-mask7", "editor-last8", "editor-first8", "editor-link8", "editor-mask8", "editor-last9", "editor-first9", "editor-link9", "editor-mask9", "display-editors", "translator-last2", "translator-first2", "translator-last3", "translator-first3", "translator-last4", "translator-first4", "translator-last5", "translator-first5", "translator-last6", "translator-first6", "translator-last7", "translator-first7", "translator-last8", "translator-first8", "translator-last9", "translator-first9", "translator-link", "translator-link2", "translator-link3", "translator-link4", "translator-link5", "translator-link6", "translator-link7", "translator-link8", "translator-link9", "chapter-url", "chapter-format", "doi-broken-date", "url-access", "archive-url", "archive-format", "archive-date", "url-status", "lay-url", "lay-source", "lay-date", "name-list-style", "via", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access", "issue", "authors", "agency", "department", "df" ], "format": "inline" } </templatedata> == Upotrěba == {{Začetok šablona}} <includeonly> {{INTERWIKI|Q92570}} </includeonly> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Iztočniky]] i7x5ikpd5ib1qmkwjg0k1hgqrhy0phx 28302 28287 2026-07-07T19:05:19Z Ilja isv 10 28302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica dokumentacije}} <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> <templatedata> { "description": "Tuty šablon formatuje citatu knigy s pomoču uvedenoj bobliografičnoj informacije (kako avtor ili nazva) i takože imaje različne možnosti formatovanja.", "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": "URL onlajn lokacije, kde može byti najdeny tekst publikacije. Trěbuje shemu tipa \"https://...\" ili shemu v zavislosti na drugom protokolu \"//...\"", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "example": "https://books.google.com/books?id=..." }, "title": { "label": "Nazva", "description": "Nazva knigy; pokazyvaje se kursivom", "type": "string", "required": true }, "last": { "label": "Prězime", "description": "Rodna nazva avtora; ne koristajte 'wikilink', ale 'author-link'; v prisutnosti mnogyh avtorov možet imeti sufiksom nomer za dodavanje dalših avtorov", "aliases": [ "last1", "author", "author1", "author1-last", "author-last", "surname1", "author-last1", "subject1", "surname", "author-last", "subject" ], "suggested": true, "type": "string" }, "first": { "label": "Ime", "description": "Ime ili rodno ime, srědnje imena, otčestva ili iniciály avtora; ne koristajte 'wikilink', ale 'author-link'; v prisutnosti mnogyh avtorov možet imeti sufiksom nomer za dodavanje dalših avtorov" , "aliases": [ "given", "author-first", "first1", "given1", "author-first1", "author1-first" ], "suggested": true, "type": "string" }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "author2", "surname2", "author-last2", "author2-last", "subject2" ], "type": "string" }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "given2", "author-first2", "author2-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3' instead.", "aliases": [ "author3", "surname3", "author-last3", "author3-last", "subject3" ], "type": "string" }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given3", "author-first3", "author3-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4' instead.", "aliases": [ "author4", "surname4", "author-last4", "author4-last", "subject4" ], "type": "string" }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given4", "author-first4", "author4-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5' instead.", "aliases": [ "author5", "surname5", "author-last5", "author5-last", "subject5" ], "type": "string" }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given5", "author-first5", "author5-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6' instead.", "aliases": [ "author6", "surname6", "author-last6", "author6-last", "subject6" ], "type": "string" }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given6", "author-first6", "author6-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7' instead.", "aliases": [ "author7", "surname7", "author-last7", "author7-last", "subject7" ], "type": "string" }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given7", "author-first7", "author7-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8' instead.", "aliases": [ "author8", "surname8", "author-last8", "author8-last", "subject8" ], "type": "string" }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given8", "author-first8", "author8-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9' instead. If nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and 'et al.' will show in place of the last author.", "aliases": [ "author9", "surname9", "author-last9", "author9-last", "subject9" ], "type": "string" }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given9", "author-first9", "author9-first" ], "type": "string" }, "date": { "label": "Date", "description": "Full date of the source; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "aliases": [ ] }, "work": { "label": "Work", "description": "Name of the work in which the cited book text is found", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "journal", "website", "newspaper", "magazine", "encyclopedia", "encyclopaedia", "dictionary" ] }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; displays after title", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "institution" ], "example": "[[HarperCollins]]" }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "ISBN", "ISBN13", "isbn13" ] }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor", "editor-surname", "editor-last1", "editor-surname1", "editor1", "editor1-last", "editor1-surname" ] }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor-given", "editor-first1", "editor-given1", "editor1-first", "editor1-given" ] }, "editor-link": { "label": "Link for editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editorlink", "editor-link1", "editor1-link", "editorlink1", "editor1link" ] }, "editor-mask": { "label": "Editor mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask", "editormask1", "editor1-mask", "editor-mask1", "editor1mask" ] }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "description": "When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed by ' ed.'", "type": "string" }, "series": { "label": "Series identifier", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal", "aliases": [ "version" ], "type": "string" }, "volume": { "label": "Volume", "description": "For one publication published in several volumes", "type": "string" }, "location": { "label": "Location of publication", "description": "Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place", "aliases": [ "place" ], "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "aliases": [ ], "type": "string" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "The number of a single page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "p" ] }, "pages": { "label": "Page(s) cited", "description": "A range of pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "pp" ], "example": "5–11" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "string" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "string" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "chapter": { "label": "Chapter", "description": "The chapter heading of the source; may be wikilinked or with 'chapter-url' but not both. For the contribution alias, see contributor-last", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "contribution", "entry", "article", "section" ] }, "trans-chapter": { "label": "Translated chapter", "description": "An English language chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "medium" ] }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ASIN" ] }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "string" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "string" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; 6 digits", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line" }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "DOI" ] }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ISSN" ] }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "string" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "JSTOR" ] }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "LCCN" ] }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "MR" ] }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OCLC" ] }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier; do not include \"OL\" at beginning of identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OL" ] }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OSTI" ] }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "string" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "PMID" ] }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "string" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "string" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "string" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ID" ] }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "quotation" ] }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates", "type": "string" }, "mode": { "label": "Mode", "description": "Sets separator and terminal punctuation to the style named in the assigned value; allowable values are: 'cs1' or 'cs2'", "type": "string" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'", "type": "string", "default": "." }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask", "authormask1", "author1-mask", "author-mask1", "author1mask" ] }, "author-mask2": { "label": "Author mask 2", "description": "Replaces the name of the second author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask2", "author2-mask", "author2mask" ] }, "author-mask3": { "label": "Author mask 3", "description": "Replaces the name of the third author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask3", "author3-mask", "author3mask" ] }, "author-mask4": { "label": "Author mask 4", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask4", "author4-mask", "author4mask" ] }, "author-mask5": { "label": "Author mask 5", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask5", "author5-mask", "author5mask" ] }, "author-mask6": { "label": "Author mask 6", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask6", "author6-mask", "author6mask" ] }, "author-mask7": { "label": "Author mask 7", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask7", "author7-mask", "author7mask" ] }, "author-mask8": { "label": "Author mask 8", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask8", "author8-mask", "author8mask" ] }, "author-mask9": { "label": "Author mask 9", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask9", "author9-mask", "author9mask" ] }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used", "type": "number", "aliases": [ ] }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link", "subject-link", "subject-link1", "subject1-link" ] }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link", "subject-link2", "subject2-link" ] }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link", "subject-link3", "subject3-link" ] }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link", "subject-link4", "subject4-link" ] }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link", "subject-link5", "subject5-link" ] }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link", "subject-link6", "subject6-link" ] }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link", "subject-link7", "subject7-link" ] }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link", "subject-link8", "subject8-link" ] }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link", "subject-link9", "subject9-link" ] }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "orig-year": { "label": "Original year", "description": "Original year of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "editor-last2": { "label": "Last name of second editor", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname2", "editor2", "editor2-last", "editor2-surname" ] }, "editor-first2": { "label": "First name of second editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given2", "editor2-first", "editor2-given" ] }, "editor-link2": { "label": "Link for second editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor2-link", "editorlink2", "editor2link" ] }, "editor-mask2": { "label": "Mask for second editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the second editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask2", "editor2-mask", "editor2mask" ] }, "editor-last3": { "label": "Last name of third editor", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname3", "editor3", "editor3-last", "editor3-surname" ] }, "editor-first3": { "label": "First name of third editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given3", "editor3-first", "editor3-given" ] }, "editor-link3": { "label": "Link for third editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor3-link", "editorlink3", "editor3link" ] }, "editor-mask3": { "label": "Mask for third editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the third editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask3", "editor3-mask", "editor3mask" ] }, "editor-last4": { "label": "Last name of fourth editor", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname4", "editor4", "editor4-last", "editor4-surname" ] }, "editor-first4": { "label": "First name of fourth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given4", "editor4-first", "editor4-given" ] }, "editor-link4": { "label": "Link for fourth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor4-link", "editorlink4", "editor4link" ] }, "editor-mask4": { "label": "Mask for fourth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask4", "editor4-mask", "editor4mask" ] }, "editor-last5": { "label": "Last name of fifth editor", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname5", "editor5", "editor5-last", "editor5-surname" ] }, "editor-first5": { "label": "First name of fifth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given5", "editor5-first", "editor5-given" ] }, "editor-link5": { "label": "Link for fifth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor5-link", "editorlink5", "editor5link" ] }, "editor-mask5": { "label": "Mask for fifth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask5", "editor5-mask", "editor5mask" ] }, "editor-last6": { "label": "Last name of sixth editor", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname6", "editor6", "editor6-last", "editor6-surname" ] }, "editor-first6": { "label": "First name of sixth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given6", "editor6-first", "editor6-given" ] }, "editor-link6": { "label": "Link for sixth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor6-link", "editorlink6", "editor6link" ] }, "editor-mask6": { "label": "Mask for sixth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask6", "editor6-mask", "editor6mask" ] }, "editor-last7": { "label": "Last name of seventh editor", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname7", "editor7", "editor7-last", "editor7-surname" ] }, "editor-first7": { "label": "First name of seventh editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given7", "editor7-first", "editor7-given" ] }, "editor-link7": { "label": "Link for seventh editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor7-link", "editorlink7", "editor7link" ] }, "editor-mask7": { "label": "Mask for seventh editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask7", "editor7-mask", "editor7mask" ] }, "editor-last8": { "label": "Last name of eighth editor", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname8", "editor8", "editor8-last", "editor8-surname" ] }, "editor-first8": { "label": "First name of eighth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given8", "editor8-first", "editor8-given" ] }, "editor-link8": { "label": "Link for eighth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor8-link", "editorlink8", "editor8link" ] }, "editor-mask8": { "label": "Mask for eighth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask8", "editor8-mask", "editor8mask" ] }, "editor-last9": { "label": "Last name of ninth editor", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname9", "editor9", "editor9-last", "editor9-surname" ] }, "editor-first9": { "label": "First name of ninth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given9", "editor9-first", "editor9-given" ] }, "editor-link9": { "label": "Link for ninth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor9-link", "editorlink9", "editor9link" ] }, "editor-mask9": { "label": "Mask for ninth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask9", "editor9-mask", "editor9mask" ] }, "chapter-url": { "label": "Chapter URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the chapter can be found", "aliases": [ "contribution-url", "section-url" ], "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archivedate'", "type": "string" }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.", "example": "'dead' or 'live'", "type": "string", "default": "dead" }, "lay-url": { "label": "Lay URL", "description": "URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source", "aliases": [ ], "type": "string" }, "lay-source": { "label": "Lay source", "description": "Name of the source of the lay URL; displays in italics, preceded by an en dash", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "lay-date": { "label": "Lay date", "description": "Date of the summary; displays in parentheses", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the author list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "via": { "description": "Aggregate or database provider, when different from the Publisher. Typically used for Ebooks.", "example": "Open Edition, JSTOR ", "type": "string" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string" }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "Jstor access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "ismn": { "aliases": [ "ISMN" ], "label": "ISMN", "description": "International Standard Music Number; Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional.", "type": "string", "example": "979-0-9016791-7-7" }, "eissn": { "aliases": [ "EISSN" ], "label": "EISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space.", "example": "2009-0048", "type": "string" }, "translator-last": { "label": "Translator last name", "description": "The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator", "translator-last1", "translator1", "translator1-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first": { "label": "Translator first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator1-first", "translator-first1" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-link": { "label": "Translator link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator-link1", "translator1-link" ] }, "translator-last2": { "label": "Translator last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2", "translator2-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first2": { "label": "Translator first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last3": { "label": "Translator last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3", "translator3-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first3": { "label": "Translator first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last4": { "label": "Translator last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4", "translator4-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first4": { "label": "Translator first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last5": { "label": "Translator last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5", "translator5-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first5": { "label": "Translator first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last6": { "label": "Translator last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6", "translator6-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first6": { "label": "Translator first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last7": { "label": "Translator last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7", "translator7-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first7": { "label": "Translator first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last8": { "label": "Translator last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8", "translator8-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first8": { "label": "Translator first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last9": { "label": "Translator last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9", "translator9-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first9": { "label": "Translator first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-link2": { "label": "Translator link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator2-link" ] }, "translator-link3": { "label": "Translator link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator3-link" ] }, "translator-link4": { "label": "Translator link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator4-link" ] }, "translator-link5": { "label": "Translator link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator5-link" ] }, "translator-link6": { "label": "Translator link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator6-link" ] }, "translator-link7": { "label": "Translator link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator7-link" ] }, "translator-link8": { "label": "Translator link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator8-link" ] }, "translator-link9": { "label": "Translator link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator9-link" ] }, "vauthors": { "label": "Vancouver style author list", "description": "If using Vancouver style, comma separated list of author names; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "string" }, "issue": { "label": "Issue", "description": "Issue number. This parameter is not supported by and should generally not be used with cite book. Consider that a different cite template may be more appropriate, such as cite magazine or cite journal. See Help:Citation_Style_1#Pages.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "number" ] }, "display-editors": { "aliases": [ ], "label": "Display Editors", "description": "Controls the number of editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of editors, set display-editors to the desired number. For example, |display-editors=2 will display only the first two editors in a citation. By default, all editors are displayed. |display-editors=etal displays all editors in the list followed by et al.", "type": "string" }, "authors": { "label": "Authors list", "description": "List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, \"lastn\" to \"firstn\" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "people", "host" ] }, "veditors": { "label": "Vancouver style editor list", "description": "Comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "string" }, "chapter-format": { "aliases": [ "contribution-format", "section-format" ], "label": "Format of Chapter URL", "type": "string", "description": "Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified.", "example": "PDF, DOC, or XLS" }, "agency": { "label": "Agency", "description": "Unusual in cite book. Use if an agency is needed in addition to publisher, etc.", "type": "string" }, "title-link": { "aliases": [ ], "label": "Title link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "collaboration": { "label": "Collaboration", "description": "Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors which list one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends 'et al.' to author name-list.", "type": "string" }, "script-chapter": { "label": "Script Chapter", "description": "Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc); follows transliteration defined in chapter. Should be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script", "example": "ja:東京タワー", "type": "string" }, "department": { "label": "Department", "description": "Unusual in cite book." }, "hdl": { "aliases": [ "HDL" ], "label": " Handle System identifier", "description": "Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet", "type": "string" }, "archive-format": { "label": "Archive Format", "description": "Format of the Archive", "type": "string" }, "df": { "label": "Date format", "description": "Sets rendered dates to the specified format", "type": "string" } }, "maps": { "citoid": { "edition": "edition", "title": "title", "bookTitle": "title", "publicationTitle": "title", "url": "url", "publisher": "publisher", "date": "date", "place": "location", "ISSN": [ "issn" ], "ISBN": [ "isbn" ], "oclc": "oclc", "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "pages": "pages", "volume": "volume", "series": "series", "DOI": "doi", "language": "language", "translator": [ [ "translator-first", "translator-last" ], [ "translator-first2", "translator-last2" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first4", "translator-last4" ], [ "translator-first5", "translator-last5" ], [ "translator-first6", "translator-last6" ], [ "translator-first7", "translator-last7" ], [ "translator-first8", "translator-last8" ], [ "translator-first9", "translator-last9" ] ], "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor-first2", "editor-last2" ], [ "editor-first3", "editor-last3" ], [ "editor-first4", "editor-last4" ], [ "editor-first5", "editor-last5" ], [ "editor-first6", "editor-last6" ], [ "editor-first7", "editor-last7" ], [ "editor-first8", "editor-last8" ], [ "editor-first9", "editor-last9" ] ] } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "url", "title", "title-link", "vauthors", "last2", "first2", "last3", "first3", "last4", "first4", "last5", "first5", "last6", "first6", "last7", "first7", "last8", "first8", "last9", "first9", "collaboration", "date", "work", "publisher", "others", "year", "isbn", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor-mask", "veditors", "edition", "series", "volume", "location", "publication-place", "publication-date", "page", "pages", "at", "language", "translator-last", "translator-first", "script-title", "trans-title", "chapter", "script-chapter", "trans-chapter", "type", "format", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "eissn", "hdl", "ismn", "issn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "quote", "ref", "mode", "postscript", "author-mask", "author-mask2", "author-mask3", "author-mask4", "author-mask5", "author-mask6", "author-mask7", "author-mask8", "author-mask9", "display-authors", "author-link", "author-link2", "author-link3", "author-link4", "author-link5", "author-link6", "author-link7", "author-link8", "author-link9", "access-date", "orig-year", "editor-last2", "editor-first2", "editor-link2", "editor-mask2", "editor-last3", "editor-first3", "editor-link3", "editor-mask3", "editor-last4", "editor-first4", "editor-link4", "editor-mask4", "editor-last5", "editor-first5", "editor-link5", "editor-mask5", "editor-last6", "editor-first6", "editor-link6", "editor-mask6", "editor-last7", "editor-first7", "editor-link7", "editor-mask7", "editor-last8", "editor-first8", "editor-link8", "editor-mask8", "editor-last9", "editor-first9", "editor-link9", "editor-mask9", "display-editors", "translator-last2", "translator-first2", "translator-last3", "translator-first3", "translator-last4", "translator-first4", "translator-last5", "translator-first5", "translator-last6", "translator-first6", "translator-last7", "translator-first7", "translator-last8", "translator-first8", "translator-last9", "translator-first9", "translator-link", "translator-link2", "translator-link3", "translator-link4", "translator-link5", "translator-link6", "translator-link7", "translator-link8", "translator-link9", "chapter-url", "chapter-format", "doi-broken-date", "url-access", "archive-url", "archive-format", "archive-date", "url-status", "lay-url", "lay-source", "lay-date", "name-list-style", "via", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access", "issue", "authors", "agency", "department", "df" ], "format": "inline" } </templatedata> </div> == Upotrěba == {{Začetok šablona}} <includeonly> {{INTERWIKI|Q92570}} </includeonly> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Iztočniky]] 1k1ifxidnmfv3fsqb7lwty7sadzn5e8 28303 28302 2026-07-07T19:08:05Z Ilja isv 10 28303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica dokumentacije}} <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> <templatedata> { "description": "Tuty šablon formatuje citatu knigy s pomoču uvedenoj bobliografičnoj informacije (kako avtor ili nazva) i takože imaje različne možnosti formatovanja.", "params": { "url": { "label": "URL", "description": "URL onlajn lokacije, kde može byti najdeny tekst publikacije. Trěbuje shemu tipa \"https://...\" ili shemu v zavislosti na drugom protokolu \"//...\"", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "example": "https://books.google.com/books?id=..." }, "title": { "label": "Nazva", "description": "Nazva knigy; pokazyvaje se kursivom", "type": "string", "required": true }, "last": { "label": "Prězime", "description": "Rodna nazva avtora; ne koristajte 'wikilink' ale 'author-link'; v prisutnosti mnogyh avtorov može imeti sufiksom nomer za dodavanje mnogyh avtorov", "aliases": [ "last1", "author", "author1", "author1-last", "author-last", "surname1", "author-last1", "subject1", "surname", "author-last", "subject" ], "suggested": true, "type": "string" }, "first": { "label": "Ime", "description": "Ime ili rodno ime, srědnje imena, otčestva, matčestva ili iniciály avtora; ne koristajte 'wikilink', ale 'author-link'; v prisutnosti mnogyh avtorov može imeti sufiksom nomer, za dodavanje dalših avtorov" , "aliases": [ "given", "author-first", "first1", "given1", "author-first1", "author1-first" ], "suggested": true, "type": "string" }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "author2", "surname2", "author-last2", "author2-last", "subject2" ], "type": "string" }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "given2", "author-first2", "author2-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3' instead.", "aliases": [ "author3", "surname3", "author-last3", "author3-last", "subject3" ], "type": "string" }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given3", "author-first3", "author3-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4' instead.", "aliases": [ "author4", "surname4", "author-last4", "author4-last", "subject4" ], "type": "string" }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given4", "author-first4", "author4-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5' instead.", "aliases": [ "author5", "surname5", "author-last5", "author5-last", "subject5" ], "type": "string" }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given5", "author-first5", "author5-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6' instead.", "aliases": [ "author6", "surname6", "author-last6", "author6-last", "subject6" ], "type": "string" }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given6", "author-first6", "author6-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7' instead.", "aliases": [ "author7", "surname7", "author-last7", "author7-last", "subject7" ], "type": "string" }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given7", "author-first7", "author7-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8' instead.", "aliases": [ "author8", "surname8", "author-last8", "author8-last", "subject8" ], "type": "string" }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given8", "author-first8", "author8-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9' instead. If nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and 'et al.' will show in place of the last author.", "aliases": [ "author9", "surname9", "author-last9", "author9-last", "subject9" ], "type": "string" }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given9", "author-first9", "author9-first" ], "type": "string" }, "date": { "label": "Date", "description": "Full date of the source; do not wikilink", "type": "date", "aliases": [ ] }, "work": { "label": "Work", "description": "Name of the work in which the cited book text is found", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "journal", "website", "newspaper", "magazine", "encyclopedia", "encyclopaedia", "dictionary" ] }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; displays after title", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "institution" ], "example": "[[HarperCollins]]" }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "ISBN", "ISBN13", "isbn13" ] }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor", "editor-surname", "editor-last1", "editor-surname1", "editor1", "editor1-last", "editor1-surname" ] }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor-given", "editor-first1", "editor-given1", "editor1-first", "editor1-given" ] }, "editor-link": { "label": "Link for editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editorlink", "editor-link1", "editor1-link", "editorlink1", "editor1link" ] }, "editor-mask": { "label": "Editor mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask", "editormask1", "editor1-mask", "editor-mask1", "editor1mask" ] }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "description": "When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed by ' ed.'", "type": "string" }, "series": { "label": "Series identifier", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal", "aliases": [ "version" ], "type": "string" }, "volume": { "label": "Volume", "description": "For one publication published in several volumes", "type": "string" }, "location": { "label": "Location of publication", "description": "Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place", "aliases": [ "place" ], "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "aliases": [ ], "type": "string" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "The number of a single page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "p" ] }, "pages": { "label": "Page(s) cited", "description": "A range of pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "pp" ], "example": "5–11" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "string" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "string" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "chapter": { "label": "Chapter", "description": "The chapter heading of the source; may be wikilinked or with 'chapter-url' but not both. For the contribution alias, see contributor-last", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "contribution", "entry", "article", "section" ] }, "trans-chapter": { "label": "Translated chapter", "description": "An English language chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "medium" ] }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ASIN" ] }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "string" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "string" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; 6 digits", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line" }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "DOI" ] }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ISSN" ] }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "string" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "JSTOR" ] }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "LCCN" ] }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "MR" ] }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OCLC" ] }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier; do not include \"OL\" at beginning of identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OL" ] }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OSTI" ] }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "string" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "PMID" ] }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "string" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "string" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "string" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ID" ] }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "quotation" ] }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates", "type": "string" }, "mode": { "label": "Mode", "description": "Sets separator and terminal punctuation to the style named in the assigned value; allowable values are: 'cs1' or 'cs2'", "type": "string" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'", "type": "string", "default": "." }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask", "authormask1", "author1-mask", "author-mask1", "author1mask" ] }, "author-mask2": { "label": "Author mask 2", "description": "Replaces the name of the second author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask2", "author2-mask", "author2mask" ] }, "author-mask3": { "label": "Author mask 3", "description": "Replaces the name of the third author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask3", "author3-mask", "author3mask" ] }, "author-mask4": { "label": "Author mask 4", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask4", "author4-mask", "author4mask" ] }, "author-mask5": { "label": "Author mask 5", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask5", "author5-mask", "author5mask" ] }, "author-mask6": { "label": "Author mask 6", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask6", "author6-mask", "author6mask" ] }, "author-mask7": { "label": "Author mask 7", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask7", "author7-mask", "author7mask" ] }, "author-mask8": { "label": "Author mask 8", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask8", "author8-mask", "author8mask" ] }, "author-mask9": { "label": "Author mask 9", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask9", "author9-mask", "author9mask" ] }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used", "type": "number", "aliases": [ ] }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link", "subject-link", "subject-link1", "subject1-link" ] }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link", "subject-link2", "subject2-link" ] }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link", "subject-link3", "subject3-link" ] }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link", "subject-link4", "subject4-link" ] }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link", "subject-link5", "subject5-link" ] }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link", "subject-link6", "subject6-link" ] }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link", "subject-link7", "subject7-link" ] }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link", "subject-link8", "subject8-link" ] }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link", "subject-link9", "subject9-link" ] }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "orig-year": { "label": "Original year", "description": "Original year of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "editor-last2": { "label": "Last name of second editor", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname2", "editor2", "editor2-last", "editor2-surname" ] }, "editor-first2": { "label": "First name of second editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given2", "editor2-first", "editor2-given" ] }, "editor-link2": { "label": "Link for second editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor2-link", "editorlink2", "editor2link" ] }, "editor-mask2": { "label": "Mask for second editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the second editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask2", "editor2-mask", "editor2mask" ] }, "editor-last3": { "label": "Last name of third editor", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname3", "editor3", "editor3-last", "editor3-surname" ] }, "editor-first3": { "label": "First name of third editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given3", "editor3-first", "editor3-given" ] }, "editor-link3": { "label": "Link for third editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor3-link", "editorlink3", "editor3link" ] }, "editor-mask3": { "label": "Mask for third editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the third editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask3", "editor3-mask", "editor3mask" ] }, "editor-last4": { "label": "Last name of fourth editor", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname4", "editor4", "editor4-last", "editor4-surname" ] }, "editor-first4": { "label": "First name of fourth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given4", "editor4-first", "editor4-given" ] }, "editor-link4": { "label": "Link for fourth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor4-link", "editorlink4", "editor4link" ] }, "editor-mask4": { "label": "Mask for fourth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask4", "editor4-mask", "editor4mask" ] }, "editor-last5": { "label": "Last name of fifth editor", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname5", "editor5", "editor5-last", "editor5-surname" ] }, "editor-first5": { "label": "First name of fifth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given5", "editor5-first", "editor5-given" ] }, "editor-link5": { "label": "Link for fifth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor5-link", "editorlink5", "editor5link" ] }, "editor-mask5": { "label": "Mask for fifth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask5", "editor5-mask", "editor5mask" ] }, "editor-last6": { "label": "Last name of sixth editor", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname6", "editor6", "editor6-last", "editor6-surname" ] }, "editor-first6": { "label": "First name of sixth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given6", "editor6-first", "editor6-given" ] }, "editor-link6": { "label": "Link for sixth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor6-link", "editorlink6", "editor6link" ] }, "editor-mask6": { "label": "Mask for sixth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask6", "editor6-mask", "editor6mask" ] }, "editor-last7": { "label": "Last name of seventh editor", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname7", "editor7", "editor7-last", "editor7-surname" ] }, "editor-first7": { "label": "First name of seventh editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given7", "editor7-first", "editor7-given" ] }, "editor-link7": { "label": "Link for seventh editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor7-link", "editorlink7", "editor7link" ] }, "editor-mask7": { "label": "Mask for seventh editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask7", "editor7-mask", "editor7mask" ] }, "editor-last8": { "label": "Last name of eighth editor", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname8", "editor8", "editor8-last", "editor8-surname" ] }, "editor-first8": { "label": "First name of eighth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given8", "editor8-first", "editor8-given" ] }, "editor-link8": { "label": "Link for eighth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor8-link", "editorlink8", "editor8link" ] }, "editor-mask8": { "label": "Mask for eighth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask8", "editor8-mask", "editor8mask" ] }, "editor-last9": { "label": "Last name of ninth editor", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname9", "editor9", "editor9-last", "editor9-surname" ] }, "editor-first9": { "label": "First name of ninth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given9", "editor9-first", "editor9-given" ] }, "editor-link9": { "label": "Link for ninth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor9-link", "editorlink9", "editor9link" ] }, "editor-mask9": { "label": "Mask for ninth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask9", "editor9-mask", "editor9mask" ] }, "chapter-url": { "label": "Chapter URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the chapter can be found", "aliases": [ "contribution-url", "section-url" ], "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archivedate'", "type": "string" }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.", "example": "'dead' or 'live'", "type": "string", "default": "dead" }, "lay-url": { "label": "Lay URL", "description": "URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source", "aliases": [ ], "type": "string" }, "lay-source": { "label": "Lay source", "description": "Name of the source of the lay URL; displays in italics, preceded by an en dash", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "lay-date": { "label": "Lay date", "description": "Date of the summary; displays in parentheses", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the author list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ ] }, "via": { "description": "Aggregate or database provider, when different from the Publisher. Typically used for Ebooks.", "example": "Open Edition, JSTOR ", "type": "string" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string" }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "Jstor access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "ismn": { "aliases": [ "ISMN" ], "label": "ISMN", "description": "International Standard Music Number; Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional.", "type": "string", "example": "979-0-9016791-7-7" }, "eissn": { "aliases": [ "EISSN" ], "label": "EISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space.", "example": "2009-0048", "type": "string" }, "translator-last": { "label": "Translator last name", "description": "The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator", "translator-last1", "translator1", "translator1-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first": { "label": "Translator first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator1-first", "translator-first1" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-link": { "label": "Translator link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator-link1", "translator1-link" ] }, "translator-last2": { "label": "Translator last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2", "translator2-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first2": { "label": "Translator first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last3": { "label": "Translator last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3", "translator3-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first3": { "label": "Translator first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last4": { "label": "Translator last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4", "translator4-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first4": { "label": "Translator first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last5": { "label": "Translator last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5", "translator5-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first5": { "label": "Translator first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last6": { "label": "Translator last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6", "translator6-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first6": { "label": "Translator first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last7": { "label": "Translator last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7", "translator7-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first7": { "label": "Translator first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last8": { "label": "Translator last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8", "translator8-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first8": { "label": "Translator first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last9": { "label": "Translator last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9", "translator9-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first9": { "label": "Translator first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-link2": { "label": "Translator link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator2-link" ] }, "translator-link3": { "label": "Translator link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator3-link" ] }, "translator-link4": { "label": "Translator link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator4-link" ] }, "translator-link5": { "label": "Translator link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator5-link" ] }, "translator-link6": { "label": "Translator link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator6-link" ] }, "translator-link7": { "label": "Translator link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator7-link" ] }, "translator-link8": { "label": "Translator link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator8-link" ] }, "translator-link9": { "label": "Translator link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator9-link" ] }, "vauthors": { "label": "Vancouver style author list", "description": "If using Vancouver style, comma separated list of author names; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "string" }, "issue": { "label": "Issue", "description": "Issue number. This parameter is not supported by and should generally not be used with cite book. Consider that a different cite template may be more appropriate, such as cite magazine or cite journal. See Help:Citation_Style_1#Pages.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "number" ] }, "display-editors": { "aliases": [ ], "label": "Display Editors", "description": "Controls the number of editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of editors, set display-editors to the desired number. For example, |display-editors=2 will display only the first two editors in a citation. By default, all editors are displayed. |display-editors=etal displays all editors in the list followed by et al.", "type": "string" }, "authors": { "label": "Authors list", "description": "List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, \"lastn\" to \"firstn\" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "people", "host" ] }, "veditors": { "label": "Vancouver style editor list", "description": "Comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "string" }, "chapter-format": { "aliases": [ "contribution-format", "section-format" ], "label": "Format of Chapter URL", "type": "string", "description": "Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified.", "example": "PDF, DOC, or XLS" }, "agency": { "label": "Agency", "description": "Unusual in cite book. Use if an agency is needed in addition to publisher, etc.", "type": "string" }, "title-link": { "aliases": [ ], "label": "Title link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "collaboration": { "label": "Collaboration", "description": "Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors which list one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends 'et al.' to author name-list.", "type": "string" }, "script-chapter": { "label": "Script Chapter", "description": "Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc); follows transliteration defined in chapter. Should be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script", "example": "ja:東京タワー", "type": "string" }, "department": { "label": "Department", "description": "Unusual in cite book." }, "hdl": { "aliases": [ "HDL" ], "label": " Handle System identifier", "description": "Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet", "type": "string" }, "archive-format": { "label": "Archive Format", "description": "Format of the Archive", "type": "string" }, "df": { "label": "Date format", "description": "Sets rendered dates to the specified format", "type": "string" } }, "maps": { "citoid": { "edition": "edition", "title": "title", "bookTitle": "title", "publicationTitle": "title", "url": "url", "publisher": "publisher", "date": "date", "place": "location", "ISSN": [ "issn" ], "ISBN": [ "isbn" ], "oclc": "oclc", "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "pages": "pages", "volume": "volume", "series": "series", "DOI": "doi", "language": "language", "translator": [ [ "translator-first", "translator-last" ], [ "translator-first2", "translator-last2" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first4", "translator-last4" ], [ "translator-first5", "translator-last5" ], [ "translator-first6", "translator-last6" ], [ "translator-first7", "translator-last7" ], [ "translator-first8", "translator-last8" ], [ "translator-first9", "translator-last9" ] ], "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor-first2", "editor-last2" ], [ "editor-first3", "editor-last3" ], [ "editor-first4", "editor-last4" ], [ "editor-first5", "editor-last5" ], [ "editor-first6", "editor-last6" ], [ "editor-first7", "editor-last7" ], [ "editor-first8", "editor-last8" ], [ "editor-first9", "editor-last9" ] ] } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "url", "title", "title-link", "vauthors", "last2", "first2", "last3", "first3", "last4", "first4", "last5", "first5", "last6", "first6", "last7", "first7", "last8", "first8", "last9", "first9", "collaboration", "date", "work", "publisher", "others", "year", "isbn", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor-mask", "veditors", "edition", "series", "volume", "location", "publication-place", "publication-date", "page", "pages", "at", "language", "translator-last", "translator-first", "script-title", "trans-title", "chapter", "script-chapter", "trans-chapter", "type", "format", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "eissn", "hdl", "ismn", "issn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "quote", "ref", "mode", "postscript", "author-mask", "author-mask2", "author-mask3", "author-mask4", "author-mask5", "author-mask6", "author-mask7", "author-mask8", "author-mask9", "display-authors", "author-link", "author-link2", "author-link3", "author-link4", "author-link5", "author-link6", "author-link7", "author-link8", "author-link9", "access-date", "orig-year", "editor-last2", "editor-first2", "editor-link2", "editor-mask2", "editor-last3", "editor-first3", "editor-link3", "editor-mask3", "editor-last4", "editor-first4", "editor-link4", "editor-mask4", "editor-last5", "editor-first5", "editor-link5", "editor-mask5", "editor-last6", "editor-first6", "editor-link6", "editor-mask6", "editor-last7", "editor-first7", "editor-link7", "editor-mask7", "editor-last8", "editor-first8", "editor-link8", "editor-mask8", "editor-last9", "editor-first9", "editor-link9", "editor-mask9", "display-editors", "translator-last2", "translator-first2", "translator-last3", "translator-first3", "translator-last4", "translator-first4", "translator-last5", "translator-first5", "translator-last6", "translator-first6", "translator-last7", "translator-first7", "translator-last8", "translator-first8", "translator-last9", "translator-first9", "translator-link", "translator-link2", "translator-link3", "translator-link4", "translator-link5", "translator-link6", "translator-link7", "translator-link8", "translator-link9", "chapter-url", "chapter-format", "doi-broken-date", "url-access", "archive-url", "archive-format", "archive-date", "url-status", "lay-url", "lay-source", "lay-date", "name-list-style", "via", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access", "issue", "authors", "agency", "department", "df" ], "format": "inline" } </templatedata> </div> == Upotrěba == {{Začetok šablona}} <includeonly> {{INTERWIKI|Q92570}} </includeonly> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Iztočniky]] o4731r2alpsg8nnq2zegcrv4bq5jdno 28316 28303 2026-07-08T06:47:38Z Ilja isv 10 28316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica dokumentacije}} <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> <templatedata> { "description": "Tuty šablon formatuje citatu knigy s pomoču uvedenoj bobliografičnoj informacije (kako avtor ili nazva) i takože imaje različne možnosti formatovanja.", "params": { "url": { "label": "Link", "description": "URL onlajn lokacije, kde može byti najdeny tekst publikacije. Trěbuje shemu tipa \"https://...\" ili shemu v zavislosti na drugom protokolu \"//...\"", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "example": "https://books.google.com/books?id=..." }, "title": { "label": "Nazva", "description": "Nazva knigy; pokazyvaje se kursivom", "type": "string", "required": true }, "last": { "label": "Prězime", "description": "Rodna nazva avtora; ne koristajte 'wikilink' ale 'author-link'; ako il jest mnogo avtorov, može imeti sufiksom nomer za dodavanje ostatnyh avtorov", "aliases": [ "last1", "author", "author1", "author1-last", "author-last", "surname1", "author-last1", "subject1", "surname", "subject" ], "suggested": true, "type": "string", "example": "Lovecraft, Rešetnikov, Mazowiecki" }, "first": { "label": "Ime", "description": "Ime ili rodno ime, srědnje imena, otčestva, matčestva ili inicialy avtora; ne koristajte 'wikilink', ale 'author-link'; ako li jest mnogo avtorov, može imeti sufiksom nomer", "aliases": [ "given", "author-first", "first1", "given1", "author-first1", "author1-first" ], "suggested": true, "type": "string", "example": "H.P., Ladislav, Ljudmila Jermolajevna, Garry, Jr." }, "last2": { "label": "Last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "author2", "surname2", "author-last2", "author2-last", "subject2" ], "type": "string" }, "first2": { "label": "First name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link2' instead; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "aliases": [ "given2", "author-first2", "author2-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last3": { "label": "Last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link3' instead.", "aliases": [ "author3", "surname3", "author-last3", "author3-last", "subject3" ], "type": "string" }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given3", "author-first3", "author3-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last4": { "label": "Last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link4' instead.", "aliases": [ "author4", "surname4", "author-last4", "author4-last", "subject4" ], "type": "string" }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given4", "author-first4", "author4-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last5": { "label": "Last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link5' instead.", "aliases": [ "author5", "surname5", "author-last5", "author5-last", "subject5" ], "type": "string" }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given5", "author-first5", "author5-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last6": { "label": "Last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link6' instead.", "aliases": [ "author6", "surname6", "author-last6", "author6-last", "subject6" ], "type": "string" }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given6", "author-first6", "author6-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last7": { "label": "Last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link7' instead.", "aliases": [ "author7", "surname7", "author-last7", "author7-last", "subject7" ], "type": "string" }, "first7": { "label": "First name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given7", "author-first7", "author7-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last8": { "label": "Last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link8' instead.", "aliases": [ "author8", "surname8", "author-last8", "author8-last", "subject8" ], "type": "string" }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given8", "author-first8", "author8-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last9": { "label": "Last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth author; don't wikilink, use 'author-link9' instead. If nine authors are defined, then only eight will show and 'et al.' will show in place of the last author.", "aliases": [ "author9", "surname9", "author-last9", "author9-last", "subject9" ], "type": "string" }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given9", "author-first9", "author9-first" ], "type": "string" }, "date": { "label": "Date", "description": "Full date of the source; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "work": { "label": "Work", "description": "Name of the work in which the cited book text is found", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "journal", "website", "newspaper", "magazine", "encyclopedia", "encyclopaedia", "dictionary" ] }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; displays after title", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "institution" ], "example": "[[HarperCollins]]" }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "ISBN", "ISBN13", "isbn13" ] }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor", "editor-surname", "editor-last1", "editor-surname1", "editor1", "editor1-last", "editor1-surname" ] }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor-given", "editor-first1", "editor-given1", "editor1-first", "editor1-given" ] }, "editor-link": { "label": "Link for editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editorlink", "editor-link1", "editor1-link", "editorlink1", "editor1link" ] }, "editor-mask": { "label": "Editor mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask", "editormask1", "editor1-mask", "editor-mask1", "editor1mask" ] }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "description": "When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed by ' ed.'", "type": "string" }, "series": { "label": "Series identifier", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal", "aliases": [ "version" ], "type": "string" }, "volume": { "label": "Volume", "description": "For one publication published in several volumes", "type": "string" }, "location": { "label": "Location of publication", "description": "Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place", "aliases": [ "place" ], "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "type": "string" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "The number of a single page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "p" ] }, "pages": { "label": "Page(s) cited", "description": "A range of pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "pp" ], "example": "5–11" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "string" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates", "type": "string" }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "string" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string" }, "chapter": { "label": "Chapter", "description": "The chapter heading of the source; may be wikilinked or with 'chapter-url' but not both. For the contribution alias, see contributor-last", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "contribution", "entry", "article", "section" ] }, "trans-chapter": { "label": "Translated chapter", "description": "An English language chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string" }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "medium" ] }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ASIN" ] }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "string" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "string" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; 6 digits", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line" }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "DOI" ] }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ISSN" ] }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "string" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "JSTOR" ] }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "LCCN" ] }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "MR" ] }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OCLC" ] }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier; do not include \"OL\" at beginning of identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OL" ] }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OSTI" ] }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "string" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "PMID" ] }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "string" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "string" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "string" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ID" ] }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "quotation" ] }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates", "type": "string" }, "mode": { "label": "Mode", "description": "Sets separator and terminal punctuation to the style named in the assigned value; allowable values are: 'cs1' or 'cs2'", "type": "string" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'", "type": "string", "default": "." }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask", "authormask1", "author1-mask", "author-mask1", "author1mask" ] }, "author-mask2": { "label": "Author mask 2", "description": "Replaces the name of the second author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask2", "author2-mask", "author2mask" ] }, "author-mask3": { "label": "Author mask 3", "description": "Replaces the name of the third author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask3", "author3-mask", "author3mask" ] }, "author-mask4": { "label": "Author mask 4", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask4", "author4-mask", "author4mask" ] }, "author-mask5": { "label": "Author mask 5", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask5", "author5-mask", "author5mask" ] }, "author-mask6": { "label": "Author mask 6", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask6", "author6-mask", "author6mask" ] }, "author-mask7": { "label": "Author mask 7", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask7", "author7-mask", "author7mask" ] }, "author-mask8": { "label": "Author mask 8", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask8", "author8-mask", "author8mask" ] }, "author-mask9": { "label": "Author mask 9", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask9", "author9-mask", "author9mask" ] }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used", "type": "number" }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link", "subject-link", "subject-link1", "subject1-link" ] }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link", "subject-link2", "subject2-link" ] }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link", "subject-link3", "subject3-link" ] }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link", "subject-link4", "subject4-link" ] }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link", "subject-link5", "subject5-link" ] }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link", "subject-link6", "subject6-link" ] }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link", "subject-link7", "subject7-link" ] }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link", "subject-link8", "subject8-link" ] }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link", "subject-link9", "subject9-link" ] }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "orig-year": { "label": "Original year", "description": "Original year of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "editor-last2": { "label": "Last name of second editor", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname2", "editor2", "editor2-last", "editor2-surname" ] }, "editor-first2": { "label": "First name of second editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given2", "editor2-first", "editor2-given" ] }, "editor-link2": { "label": "Link for second editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor2-link", "editorlink2", "editor2link" ] }, "editor-mask2": { "label": "Mask for second editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the second editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask2", "editor2-mask", "editor2mask" ] }, "editor-last3": { "label": "Last name of third editor", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname3", "editor3", "editor3-last", "editor3-surname" ] }, "editor-first3": { "label": "First name of third editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given3", "editor3-first", "editor3-given" ] }, "editor-link3": { "label": "Link for third editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor3-link", "editorlink3", "editor3link" ] }, "editor-mask3": { "label": "Mask for third editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the third editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask3", "editor3-mask", "editor3mask" ] }, "editor-last4": { "label": "Last name of fourth editor", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname4", "editor4", "editor4-last", "editor4-surname" ] }, "editor-first4": { "label": "First name of fourth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given4", "editor4-first", "editor4-given" ] }, "editor-link4": { "label": "Link for fourth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor4-link", "editorlink4", "editor4link" ] }, "editor-mask4": { "label": "Mask for fourth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask4", "editor4-mask", "editor4mask" ] }, "editor-last5": { "label": "Last name of fifth editor", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname5", "editor5", "editor5-last", "editor5-surname" ] }, "editor-first5": { "label": "First name of fifth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given5", "editor5-first", "editor5-given" ] }, "editor-link5": { "label": "Link for fifth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor5-link", "editorlink5", "editor5link" ] }, "editor-mask5": { "label": "Mask for fifth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask5", "editor5-mask", "editor5mask" ] }, "editor-last6": { "label": "Last name of sixth editor", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname6", "editor6", "editor6-last", "editor6-surname" ] }, "editor-first6": { "label": "First name of sixth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given6", "editor6-first", "editor6-given" ] }, "editor-link6": { "label": "Link for sixth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor6-link", "editorlink6", "editor6link" ] }, "editor-mask6": { "label": "Mask for sixth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask6", "editor6-mask", "editor6mask" ] }, "editor-last7": { "label": "Last name of seventh editor", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname7", "editor7", "editor7-last", "editor7-surname" ] }, "editor-first7": { "label": "First name of seventh editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given7", "editor7-first", "editor7-given" ] }, "editor-link7": { "label": "Link for seventh editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor7-link", "editorlink7", "editor7link" ] }, "editor-mask7": { "label": "Mask for seventh editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask7", "editor7-mask", "editor7mask" ] }, "editor-last8": { "label": "Last name of eighth editor", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname8", "editor8", "editor8-last", "editor8-surname" ] }, "editor-first8": { "label": "First name of eighth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given8", "editor8-first", "editor8-given" ] }, "editor-link8": { "label": "Link for eighth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor8-link", "editorlink8", "editor8link" ] }, "editor-mask8": { "label": "Mask for eighth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask8", "editor8-mask", "editor8mask" ] }, "editor-last9": { "label": "Last name of ninth editor", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname9", "editor9", "editor9-last", "editor9-surname" ] }, "editor-first9": { "label": "First name of ninth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given9", "editor9-first", "editor9-given" ] }, "editor-link9": { "label": "Link for ninth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor9-link", "editorlink9", "editor9link" ] }, "editor-mask9": { "label": "Mask for ninth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask9", "editor9-mask", "editor9mask" ] }, "chapter-url": { "label": "Chapter URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the chapter can be found", "aliases": [ "contribution-url", "section-url" ], "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "string" }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archivedate'", "type": "string" }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.", "example": "'dead' or 'live'", "type": "string", "default": "dead" }, "lay-url": { "label": "Lay URL", "description": "URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source", "type": "string" }, "lay-source": { "label": "Lay source", "description": "Name of the source of the lay URL; displays in italics, preceded by an en dash", "type": "string" }, "lay-date": { "label": "Lay date", "description": "Date of the summary; displays in parentheses", "type": "string" }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the author list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string" }, "via": { "description": "Aggregate or database provider, when different from the Publisher. Typically used for Ebooks.", "example": "Open Edition, JSTOR ", "type": "string" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string" }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "Jstor access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "ismn": { "aliases": [ "ISMN" ], "label": "ISMN", "description": "International Standard Music Number; Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional.", "type": "string", "example": "979-0-9016791-7-7" }, "eissn": { "aliases": [ "EISSN" ], "label": "EISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space.", "example": "2009-0048", "type": "string" }, "translator-last": { "label": "Translator last name", "description": "The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator", "translator-last1", "translator1", "translator1-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first": { "label": "Translator first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator1-first", "translator-first1" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-link": { "label": "Translator link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator-link1", "translator1-link" ] }, "translator-last2": { "label": "Translator last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2", "translator2-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first2": { "label": "Translator first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last3": { "label": "Translator last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3", "translator3-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first3": { "label": "Translator first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last4": { "label": "Translator last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4", "translator4-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first4": { "label": "Translator first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last5": { "label": "Translator last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5", "translator5-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first5": { "label": "Translator first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last6": { "label": "Translator last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6", "translator6-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first6": { "label": "Translator first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last7": { "label": "Translator last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7", "translator7-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first7": { "label": "Translator first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last8": { "label": "Translator last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8", "translator8-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first8": { "label": "Translator first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last9": { "label": "Translator last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9", "translator9-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first9": { "label": "Translator first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-link2": { "label": "Translator link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator2-link" ] }, "translator-link3": { "label": "Translator link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator3-link" ] }, "translator-link4": { "label": "Translator link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator4-link" ] }, "translator-link5": { "label": "Translator link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator5-link" ] }, "translator-link6": { "label": "Translator link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator6-link" ] }, "translator-link7": { "label": "Translator link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator7-link" ] }, "translator-link8": { "label": "Translator link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator8-link" ] }, "translator-link9": { "label": "Translator link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator9-link" ] }, "vauthors": { "label": "Vancouver style author list", "description": "If using Vancouver style, comma separated list of author names; enclose corporate or institutional author names in doubled parentheses", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "string" }, "issue": { "label": "Issue", "description": "Issue number. This parameter is not supported by and should generally not be used with cite book. Consider that a different cite template may be more appropriate, such as cite magazine or cite journal. See Help:Citation_Style_1#Pages.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "number" ] }, "display-editors": { "label": "Display Editors", "description": "Controls the number of editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of editors, set display-editors to the desired number. For example, |display-editors=2 will display only the first two editors in a citation. By default, all editors are displayed. |display-editors=etal displays all editors in the list followed by et al.", "type": "string" }, "authors": { "label": "Authors list", "description": "List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, \"lastn\" to \"firstn\" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "people", "host" ] }, "veditors": { "label": "Vancouver style editor list", "description": "Comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "string" }, "chapter-format": { "aliases": [ "contribution-format", "section-format" ], "label": "Format of Chapter URL", "type": "string", "description": "Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified.", "example": "PDF, DOC, or XLS" }, "agency": { "label": "Agency", "description": "Unusual in cite book. Use if an agency is needed in addition to publisher, etc.", "type": "string" }, "title-link": { "label": "Title link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.", "type": "wiki-page-name" }, "collaboration": { "label": "Collaboration", "description": "Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors which list one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends 'et al.' to author name-list.", "type": "string" }, "script-chapter": { "label": "Script Chapter", "description": "Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc); follows transliteration defined in chapter. Should be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script", "example": "ja:東京タワー", "type": "string" }, "department": { "label": "Department", "description": "Unusual in cite book." }, "hdl": { "aliases": [ "HDL" ], "label": " Handle System identifier", "description": "Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet", "type": "string" }, "archive-format": { "label": "Archive Format", "description": "Format of the Archive", "type": "string" }, "df": { "label": "Date format", "description": "Sets rendered dates to the specified format", "type": "string" } }, "maps": { "citoid": { "edition": "edition", "title": "title", "bookTitle": "title", "publicationTitle": "title", "url": "url", "publisher": "publisher", "date": "date", "place": "location", "ISSN": [ "issn" ], "ISBN": [ "isbn" ], "oclc": "oclc", "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "pages": "pages", "volume": "volume", "series": "series", "DOI": "doi", "language": "language", "translator": [ [ "translator-first", "translator-last" ], [ "translator-first2", "translator-last2" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first4", "translator-last4" ], [ "translator-first5", "translator-last5" ], [ "translator-first6", "translator-last6" ], [ "translator-first7", "translator-last7" ], [ "translator-first8", "translator-last8" ], [ "translator-first9", "translator-last9" ] ], "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor-first2", "editor-last2" ], [ "editor-first3", "editor-last3" ], [ "editor-first4", "editor-last4" ], [ "editor-first5", "editor-last5" ], [ "editor-first6", "editor-last6" ], [ "editor-first7", "editor-last7" ], [ "editor-first8", "editor-last8" ], [ "editor-first9", "editor-last9" ] ] } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "url", "title", "title-link", "vauthors", "last2", "first2", "last3", "first3", "last4", "first4", "last5", "first5", "last6", "first6", "last7", "first7", "last8", "first8", "last9", "first9", "collaboration", "date", "work", "publisher", "others", "year", "isbn", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor-mask", "veditors", "edition", "series", "volume", "location", "publication-place", "publication-date", "page", "pages", "at", "language", "translator-last", "translator-first", "script-title", "trans-title", "chapter", "script-chapter", "trans-chapter", "type", "format", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "eissn", "hdl", "ismn", "issn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "quote", "ref", "mode", "postscript", "author-mask", "author-mask2", "author-mask3", "author-mask4", "author-mask5", "author-mask6", "author-mask7", "author-mask8", "author-mask9", "display-authors", "author-link", "author-link2", "author-link3", "author-link4", "author-link5", "author-link6", "author-link7", "author-link8", "author-link9", "access-date", "orig-year", "editor-last2", "editor-first2", "editor-link2", "editor-mask2", "editor-last3", "editor-first3", "editor-link3", "editor-mask3", "editor-last4", "editor-first4", "editor-link4", "editor-mask4", "editor-last5", "editor-first5", "editor-link5", "editor-mask5", "editor-last6", "editor-first6", "editor-link6", "editor-mask6", "editor-last7", "editor-first7", "editor-link7", "editor-mask7", "editor-last8", "editor-first8", "editor-link8", "editor-mask8", "editor-last9", "editor-first9", "editor-link9", "editor-mask9", "display-editors", "translator-last2", "translator-first2", "translator-last3", "translator-first3", "translator-last4", "translator-first4", "translator-last5", "translator-first5", "translator-last6", "translator-first6", "translator-last7", "translator-first7", "translator-last8", "translator-first8", "translator-last9", "translator-first9", "translator-link", "translator-link2", "translator-link3", "translator-link4", "translator-link5", "translator-link6", "translator-link7", "translator-link8", "translator-link9", "chapter-url", "chapter-format", "doi-broken-date", "url-access", "archive-url", "archive-format", "archive-date", "url-status", "lay-url", "lay-source", "lay-date", "name-list-style", "via", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access", "issue", "authors", "agency", "department", "df" ], "format": "inline" } </templatedata> </div> == Upotrěba == {{Začetok šablona}} <includeonly> {{INTERWIKI|Q92570}} </includeonly> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Iztočniky]] ll1rblf1tiambkyccf7aqjo1i3dt4fa 28317 28316 2026-07-08T07:04:46Z Ilja isv 10 28317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica dokumentacije}} <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> <templatedata> { "description": "Tuty šablon formatuje citatu knigy s pomoču uvedenoj bobliografičnoj informacije (kako avtor ili nazva) i takože imaje različne možnosti formatovanja.", "params": { "url": { "label": "Link", "description": "URL onlajn lokacije, kde može byti najdeny tekst publikacije. Trěbuje shemu tipa \"https://...\" ili shemu v zavislosti na drugom protokolu \"//...\"", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "URL" ], "example": "https://books.google.com/books?id=..." }, "title": { "label": "Nazva", "description": "Nazva knigy; pokazyvaje se kursivom", "type": "string", "required": true }, "last": { "label": "Prězime", "description": "Rodna nazva avtora; ne koristajte 'wikilink' ale 'author-link'; ako il jest mnogo avtorov, može imeti sufiksom nomer za dodavanje ostatnyh avtorov", "aliases": [ "last1", "author", "author1", "author1-last", "author-last", "surname1", "author-last1", "subject1", "surname", "subject" ], "suggested": true, "type": "string" }, "first": { "label": "Ime", "description": "Ime ili rodno ime, srědnje imena, otčestva, matčestva ili inicialy avtora; ne koristajte 'wikilink', ale 'author-link'; ako li jest mnogo avtorov, može imeti sufiksom nomer", "aliases": [ "given", "author-first", "first1", "given1", "author-first1", "author1-first" ], "suggested": true, "type": "string" }, "last2": { "label": "Pězime 2", "description": "Rodna nazva vtorogo avtora; ne koristajte wikilink, koristajte parametr 'author-link2'", "aliases": [ "author2", "surname2", "author-last2", "author2-last", "subject2" ], "type": "string" }, "first2": { "label": "Ime 2", "description": "Ime ili rodno ime, srědnje imena, otčestva, matčestva ili inicialy vtorogo avtora; ne koristajte 'wikilink', ale parametr 'author-link2'", "aliases": [ "given2", "author-first2", "author2-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last3": { "label": "Prězime 3", "description": "Rodna nazva tretjego avtora; ne koristajte wikilink, koristajte parametr 'author-link3'", "aliases": [ "author3", "surname3", "author-last3", "author3-last", "subject3" ], "type": "string" }, "first3": { "label": "First name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given3", "author-first3", "author3-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last4": { "label": "Prězime 4", "description": "Rodna nazva četvrtogo avtora; ne koristajte wikilink, koristajte parametr 'author-link4'", "aliases": [ "author4", "surname4", "author-last4", "author4-last", "subject4" ], "type": "string" }, "first4": { "label": "First name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given4", "author-first4", "author4-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last5": { "label": "Prězime 5", "description": "Rodna nazva petogo avtora; ne koristajte wikilink, koristajte parametr 'author-link5'", "aliases": [ "author5", "surname5", "author-last5", "author5-last", "subject5" ], "type": "string" }, "first5": { "label": "First name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given5", "author-first5", "author5-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last6": { "label": "Prězime 6", "description": "Rodna nazva šestogo avtora; ne koristajte wikilink, koristajte parametr 'author-link6'", "aliases": [ "author6", "surname6", "author-last6", "author6-last", "subject6" ], "type": "string" }, "first6": { "label": "First name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given6", "author-first6", "author6-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last7": { "label": "Prězime 7", "description": "Rodna nazva sedmogo avtora; ne koristajte wikilink, koristajte parametr 'author-link7'", "aliases": [ "author7", "surname7", "author-last7", "author7-last", "subject7" ], "type": "string" }, "first7": { "label": "Ime 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given7", "author-first7", "author7-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last8": { "label": "Prězime 8", "description": "Rodna nazva osmogo avtora; ne koristajte wikilink, koristajte parametr 'author-link8'", "aliases": [ "author8", "surname8", "author-last8", "author8-last", "subject8" ], "type": "string" }, "first8": { "label": "First name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given8", "author-first8", "author8-first" ], "type": "string" }, "last9": { "label": "Prězime 9", "description": "Rodna nazva devetogo avtora; ne koristajte wikilink, koristajte parametr 'author-link9'. Ako li oprědjeljeno devet avtorov, jedino osm bude pokazano i 'et al.' bude uvedeno za poslědnogo avtora.", "aliases": [ "author9", "surname9", "author-last9", "author9-last", "subject9" ], "type": "string" }, "first9": { "label": "First name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth author; don't wikilink.", "aliases": [ "given9", "author-first9", "author9-first" ], "type": "string" }, "date": { "label": "Date", "description": "Full date of the source; do not wikilink", "type": "date" }, "work": { "label": "Work", "description": "Name of the work in which the cited book text is found", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "journal", "website", "newspaper", "magazine", "encyclopedia", "encyclopaedia", "dictionary" ] }, "publisher": { "label": "Publisher", "description": "Name of the publisher; displays after title", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "institution" ], "example": "[[HarperCollins]]" }, "others": { "label": "Others", "description": "Used to record other contributions to the work, such as 'Illustrated by John Smith' or 'Translated by John Smith'", "type": "string" }, "year": { "label": "Year of publication", "description": "Year of the source being referenced; use 'date' instead, if month and day are also known", "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "isbn": { "label": "ISBN", "description": "International Standard Book Number; use the 13-digit ISBN where possible", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "ISBN", "ISBN13", "isbn13" ] }, "editor-last": { "label": "Editor last name", "description": "The surname of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor", "editor-surname", "editor-last1", "editor-surname1", "editor1", "editor1-last", "editor1-surname" ] }, "editor-first": { "label": "Editor first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional editors", "aliases": [ "editor-given", "editor-first1", "editor-given1", "editor1-first", "editor1-given" ] }, "editor-link": { "label": "Link for editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editorlink", "editor-link1", "editor1-link", "editorlink1", "editor1link" ] }, "editor-mask": { "label": "Editor mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask", "editormask1", "editor1-mask", "editor-mask1", "editor1mask" ] }, "edition": { "label": "Edition", "description": "When the publication has more than one edition; for example: '2nd', 'Revised' etc.; suffixed by ' ed.'", "type": "string" }, "series": { "label": "Series identifier", "description": "Series identifier when the source is part of a series, such as a book series or a journal", "aliases": [ "version" ], "type": "string" }, "volume": { "label": "Volume", "description": "For one publication published in several volumes", "type": "string" }, "location": { "label": "Location of publication", "description": "Geographical place of publication; usually not wikilinked; omit when the publication name includes place", "aliases": [ "place" ], "type": "string", "suggested": true }, "publication-place": { "label": "Place of publication", "description": "Publication place shows after title; if 'place' or 'location' are also given, they are displayed before the title prefixed with 'written at'", "type": "string" }, "publication-date": { "label": "Publication date", "description": "Date of publication when different from the date the work was written; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "page": { "label": "Page", "description": "The number of a single page in the source that supports the content; displays after 'p.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "p" ] }, "pages": { "label": "Page(s) cited", "description": "A range of pages in the source that support the content (not an indication of the number of pages in the source); displays after 'pp.'; use either page= or pages=, but not both", "type": "string", "suggested": true, "aliases": [ "pp" ], "example": "5–11" }, "at": { "label": "At", "description": "May be used instead of 'page' or 'pages' where a page number is inappropriate or insufficient", "type": "string" }, "language": { "label": "Language", "description": "The language in which the source is written, if not English; use the full language name; do not use icons or templates", "type": "string" }, "script-title": { "label": "Script title", "description": "For titles in languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Bengali, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc). Prefix with two-character ISO639-1 language code followed by a colon. For Japanese use: |script-title=ja:...", "type": "string" }, "trans-title": { "label": "Translated title", "description": "An English language title, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string" }, "chapter": { "label": "Chapter", "description": "The chapter heading of the source; may be wikilinked or with 'chapter-url' but not both. For the contribution alias, see contributor-last", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "contribution", "entry", "article", "section" ] }, "trans-chapter": { "label": "Translated chapter", "description": "An English language chapter heading, if the source cited is in a foreign language; 'language' is recommended", "type": "string" }, "type": { "label": "Type", "description": "Additional information about the media type of the source; format in sentence case", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "medium" ] }, "format": { "label": "Format", "description": "Format of the work referred to by 'url'; examples: PDF, DOC, XLS; do not specify HTML", "type": "string" }, "asin": { "label": "ASIN", "description": "Amazon Standard Identification Number; 10 characters", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ASIN" ] }, "asin-tld": { "label": "ASIN TLD", "description": "ASIN top-level domain for Amazon sites other than the US", "type": "string" }, "bibcode": { "label": "Bibcode", "description": "Bibliographic Reference Code (REFCODE); 19 characters", "type": "string" }, "biorxiv": { "label": "biorXiv", "description": "biorXiv identifier; 6 digits", "type": "line" }, "citeseerx": { "label": "CiteSeerX", "description": "CiteSeerX identifier; found after the 'doi=' query parameter", "type": "line" }, "doi": { "label": "DOI", "description": "Digital Object Identifier; begins with '10.'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "DOI" ] }, "issn": { "label": "ISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number; 8 characters; may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ISSN" ] }, "jfm": { "label": "jfm code", "description": "Jahrbuch über die Fortschritte der Mathematik classification code", "type": "string" }, "jstor": { "label": "JSTOR", "description": "JSTOR identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "JSTOR" ] }, "lccn": { "label": "LCCN", "description": "Library of Congress Control Number", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "LCCN" ] }, "mr": { "label": "MR", "description": "Mathematical Reviews identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "MR" ] }, "oclc": { "label": "OCLC", "description": "Online Computer Library Center number", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OCLC" ] }, "ol": { "label": "OL", "description": "Open Library identifier; do not include \"OL\" at beginning of identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OL" ] }, "osti": { "label": "OSTI", "description": "Office of Scientific and Technical Information identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "OSTI" ] }, "pmc": { "label": "PMC", "description": "PubMed Center article number", "type": "string" }, "pmid": { "label": "PMID", "description": "PubMed Unique Identifier", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "PMID" ] }, "rfc": { "label": "RFC", "description": "Request for Comments number", "type": "string" }, "ssrn": { "label": "SSRN", "description": "Social Science Research Network", "type": "string" }, "zbl": { "label": "Zbl", "description": "Zentralblatt MATH journal identifier", "type": "string" }, "id": { "label": "id", "description": "A unique identifier used where none of the specialized ones are applicable", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "ID" ] }, "quote": { "label": "Quote", "description": "Relevant text quoted from the source; displays last, enclosed in quotes; needs to include terminating punctuation", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "quotation" ] }, "ref": { "label": "Ref", "description": "An anchor identifier; can be made the target of wikilinks to full references; special value 'harv' generates an anchor suitable for the harv and sfn templates", "type": "string" }, "mode": { "label": "Mode", "description": "Sets separator and terminal punctuation to the style named in the assigned value; allowable values are: 'cs1' or 'cs2'", "type": "string" }, "postscript": { "label": "Postscript", "description": "The closing punctuation for the citation; ignored if 'quote' is defined; to suppress use reserved keyword 'none'", "type": "string", "default": "." }, "author-mask": { "label": "Author mask", "description": "Replaces the name of the first author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask", "authormask1", "author1-mask", "author-mask1", "author1mask" ] }, "author-mask2": { "label": "Author mask 2", "description": "Replaces the name of the second author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask2", "author2-mask", "author2mask" ] }, "author-mask3": { "label": "Author mask 3", "description": "Replaces the name of the third author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask3", "author3-mask", "author3mask" ] }, "author-mask4": { "label": "Author mask 4", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask4", "author4-mask", "author4mask" ] }, "author-mask5": { "label": "Author mask 5", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask5", "author5-mask", "author5mask" ] }, "author-mask6": { "label": "Author mask 6", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask6", "author6-mask", "author6mask" ] }, "author-mask7": { "label": "Author mask 7", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask7", "author7-mask", "author7mask" ] }, "author-mask8": { "label": "Author mask 8", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask8", "author8-mask", "author8mask" ] }, "author-mask9": { "label": "Author mask 9", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth author with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing author separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "authormask9", "author9-mask", "author9mask" ] }, "display-authors": { "label": "Display authors", "description": "number of authors to display before 'et al.' is used", "type": "number" }, "author-link": { "label": "Author link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author-link1", "author1-link", "subject-link", "subject-link1", "subject1-link" ] }, "author-link2": { "label": "Author link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second author; can suffix with a numeral to add additional authors", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author2-link", "subject-link2", "subject2-link" ] }, "author-link3": { "label": "Author link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author3-link", "subject-link3", "subject3-link" ] }, "author-link4": { "label": "Author link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author4-link", "subject-link4", "subject4-link" ] }, "author-link5": { "label": "Author link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author5-link", "subject-link5", "subject5-link" ] }, "author-link6": { "label": "Author link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author6-link", "subject-link6", "subject6-link" ] }, "author-link7": { "label": "Author link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author7-link", "subject-link7", "subject7-link" ] }, "author-link8": { "label": "Author link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author8-link", "subject-link8", "subject8-link" ] }, "author-link9": { "label": "Author link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth author.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "author9-link", "subject-link9", "subject9-link" ] }, "access-date": { "label": "URL access date", "description": "The full date when the original URL was accessed; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "orig-year": { "label": "Original year", "description": "Original year of publication; provide specifics", "type": "string" }, "editor-last2": { "label": "Last name of second editor", "description": "The surname of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname2", "editor2", "editor2-last", "editor2-surname" ] }, "editor-first2": { "label": "First name of second editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor2-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given2", "editor2-first", "editor2-given" ] }, "editor-link2": { "label": "Link for second editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor2-link", "editorlink2", "editor2link" ] }, "editor-mask2": { "label": "Mask for second editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the second editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask2", "editor2-mask", "editor2mask" ] }, "editor-last3": { "label": "Last name of third editor", "description": "The surname of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname3", "editor3", "editor3-last", "editor3-surname" ] }, "editor-first3": { "label": "First name of third editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor3-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given3", "editor3-first", "editor3-given" ] }, "editor-link3": { "label": "Link for third editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor3-link", "editorlink3", "editor3link" ] }, "editor-mask3": { "label": "Mask for third editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the third editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask3", "editor3-mask", "editor3mask" ] }, "editor-last4": { "label": "Last name of fourth editor", "description": "The surname of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname4", "editor4", "editor4-last", "editor4-surname" ] }, "editor-first4": { "label": "First name of fourth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor4-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given4", "editor4-first", "editor4-given" ] }, "editor-link4": { "label": "Link for fourth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor4-link", "editorlink4", "editor4link" ] }, "editor-mask4": { "label": "Mask for fourth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the fourth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask4", "editor4-mask", "editor4mask" ] }, "editor-last5": { "label": "Last name of fifth editor", "description": "The surname of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname5", "editor5", "editor5-last", "editor5-surname" ] }, "editor-first5": { "label": "First name of fifth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor5-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given5", "editor5-first", "editor5-given" ] }, "editor-link5": { "label": "Link for fifth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor5-link", "editorlink5", "editor5link" ] }, "editor-mask5": { "label": "Mask for fifth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the fifth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask5", "editor5-mask", "editor5mask" ] }, "editor-last6": { "label": "Last name of sixth editor", "description": "The surname of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname6", "editor6", "editor6-last", "editor6-surname" ] }, "editor-first6": { "label": "First name of sixth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor6-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given6", "editor6-first", "editor6-given" ] }, "editor-link6": { "label": "Link for sixth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor6-link", "editorlink6", "editor6link" ] }, "editor-mask6": { "label": "Mask for sixth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the sixth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask6", "editor6-mask", "editor6mask" ] }, "editor-last7": { "label": "Last name of seventh editor", "description": "The surname of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname7", "editor7", "editor7-last", "editor7-surname" ] }, "editor-first7": { "label": "First name of seventh editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor7-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given7", "editor7-first", "editor7-given" ] }, "editor-link7": { "label": "Link for seventh editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor7-link", "editorlink7", "editor7link" ] }, "editor-mask7": { "label": "Mask for seventh editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the seventh editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask7", "editor7-mask", "editor7mask" ] }, "editor-last8": { "label": "Last name of eighth editor", "description": "The surname of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname8", "editor8", "editor8-last", "editor8-surname" ] }, "editor-first8": { "label": "First name of eighth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor8-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given8", "editor8-first", "editor8-given" ] }, "editor-link8": { "label": "Link for eighth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor8-link", "editorlink8", "editor8link" ] }, "editor-mask8": { "label": "Mask for eighth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the eighth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask8", "editor8-mask", "editor8mask" ] }, "editor-last9": { "label": "Last name of ninth editor", "description": "The surname of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-surname9", "editor9", "editor9-last", "editor9-surname" ] }, "editor-first9": { "label": "First name of ninth editor", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth editor; don't wikilink, use 'editor9-link'", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editor-given9", "editor9-first", "editor9-given" ] }, "editor-link9": { "label": "Link for ninth editor", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth editor", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "editor9-link", "editorlink9", "editor9link" ] }, "editor-mask9": { "label": "Mask for ninth editor", "description": "Replaces the name of the ninth editor with em dashes or text; set to a numeric value 'n' to set the dash 'n' em spaces wide; set to a text value to display the text without a trailing editor separator; for example, 'with' instead", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "editormask9", "editor9-mask", "editor9mask" ] }, "chapter-url": { "label": "Chapter URL", "description": "The URL of the online location where the text of the chapter can be found", "aliases": [ "contribution-url", "section-url" ], "type": "string" }, "doi-broken-date": { "label": "DOI broken date", "description": "The date that the DOI was determined to be broken", "type": "string" }, "archive-url": { "label": "Archive URL", "description": "The URL of an archived copy of a web page, if or in case the URL becomes unavailable; requires 'archivedate'", "type": "string" }, "archive-date": { "label": "Archive date", "description": "Date when the original URL was archived; do not wikilink", "type": "string" }, "url-status": { "label": "URL status", "description": "If set to 'live', the title display is adjusted; useful for when the URL is archived preemptively but still live. Set to \"dead\" or 'usurped' for broken links. Entering 'unfit' or 'usurped' makes the original link not appear at all.", "example": "'dead' or 'live'", "type": "string", "default": "dead" }, "lay-url": { "label": "Lay URL", "description": "URL link to a non-technical summary or review of the source", "type": "string" }, "lay-source": { "label": "Lay source", "description": "Name of the source of the lay URL; displays in italics, preceded by an en dash", "type": "string" }, "lay-date": { "label": "Lay date", "description": "Date of the summary; displays in parentheses", "type": "string" }, "name-list-style": { "label": "Name list style", "description": "Set to 'amp' or 'and' to change the separator between the last two names of the author list to ' & ' or ' and ', respectively. Set to 'vanc' to display name lists in Vancouver style.", "type": "string" }, "via": { "description": "Aggregate or database provider, when different from the Publisher. Typically used for Ebooks.", "example": "Open Edition, JSTOR ", "type": "string" }, "url-access": { "label": "URL access level", "description": "Classification of the access restrictions on the URL ('registration', 'subscription' or 'limited')", "type": "string" }, "bibcode-access": { "label": "Bibcode access level", "description": "If the full text is available from ADS via this Bibcode, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "doi-access": { "label": "DOI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the DOI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "hdl-access": { "label": "HDL access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read via the HDL, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "jstor-access": { "label": "Jstor access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on Jstor, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "ol-access": { "label": "OpenLibrary access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OpenLibrary, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "osti-access": { "label": "OSTI access level", "description": "If the full text is free to read on OSTI, type 'free'.", "type": "string" }, "ismn": { "aliases": [ "ISMN" ], "label": "ISMN", "description": "International Standard Music Number; Use the ISMN actually printed on or in the work. Hyphens or spaces in the ISMN are optional.", "type": "string", "example": "979-0-9016791-7-7" }, "eissn": { "aliases": [ "EISSN" ], "label": "EISSN", "description": "International Standard Serial Number for the electronic media of a serial publication; eight characters may be split into two groups of four using a hyphen, but not an en dash or a space.", "example": "2009-0048", "type": "string" }, "translator-last": { "label": "Translator last name", "description": "The surname of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator", "translator-last1", "translator1", "translator1-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first": { "label": "Translator first name", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "aliases": [ "translator1-first", "translator-first1" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-link": { "label": "Translator link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the translator; can suffix with a numeral to add additional translators.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator-link1", "translator1-link" ] }, "translator-last2": { "label": "Translator last name 2", "description": "The surname of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2", "translator2-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first2": { "label": "Translator first name 2", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the second translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator2-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last3": { "label": "Translator last name 3", "description": "The surname of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3", "translator3-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first3": { "label": "Translator first name 3", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the third translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator3-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last4": { "label": "Translator last name 4", "description": "The surname of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4", "translator4-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first4": { "label": "Translator first name 4", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fourth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator4-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last5": { "label": "Translator last name 5", "description": "The surname of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5", "translator5-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first5": { "label": "Translator first name 5", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the fifth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator5-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last6": { "label": "Translator last name 6", "description": "The surname of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6", "translator6-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first6": { "label": "Translator first name 6", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the sixth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator6-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last7": { "label": "Translator last name 7", "description": "The surname of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7", "translator7-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first7": { "label": "Translator first name 7", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the seventh translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator7-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last8": { "label": "Translator last name 8", "description": "The surname of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8", "translator8-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first8": { "label": "Translator first name 8", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the eighth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator8-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-last9": { "label": "Translator last name 9", "description": "The surname of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9", "translator9-last" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-first9": { "label": "Translator first name 9", "description": "Given or first name, middle names, or initials of the ninth translator; don't wikilink, use 'translator-link'.", "aliases": [ "translator9-first" ], "type": "string" }, "translator-link2": { "label": "Translator link 2", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the second translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator2-link" ] }, "translator-link3": { "label": "Translator link 3", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the third translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator3-link" ] }, "translator-link4": { "label": "Translator link 4", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fourth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator4-link" ] }, "translator-link5": { "label": "Translator link 5", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the fifth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator5-link" ] }, "translator-link6": { "label": "Translator link 6", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the sixth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator6-link" ] }, "translator-link7": { "label": "Translator link 7", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the seventh translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator7-link" ] }, "translator-link8": { "label": "Translator link 8", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the eighth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator8-link" ] }, "translator-link9": { "label": "Translator link 9", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the ninth translator.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "aliases": [ "translator9-link" ] }, "vauthors": { "label": "Spisok avtorov na stilj Vancouver", "description": "Jestli koristaje se stilj Vancouver, razděljeny zapetoju spis imen avtorov; jestli avtorom jest organizacija, ona ukazyvaje se v dvojnyh zatvorkah", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "string" }, "issue": { "label": "Issue", "description": "Issue number. This parameter is not supported by and should generally not be used with cite book. Consider that a different cite template may be more appropriate, such as cite magazine or cite journal. See Help:Citation_Style_1#Pages.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "number" ] }, "display-editors": { "label": "Display Editors", "description": "Controls the number of editor names that are displayed when a citation is published. To change the displayed number of editors, set display-editors to the desired number. For example, |display-editors=2 will display only the first two editors in a citation. By default, all editors are displayed. |display-editors=etal displays all editors in the list followed by et al.", "type": "string" }, "authors": { "label": "Authors list", "description": "List of authors as a free form list. Use of this parameter is discouraged, \"lastn\" to \"firstn\" are preferable. Warning: do not use if last or any of its aliases are used.", "type": "string", "aliases": [ "people", "host" ] }, "veditors": { "label": "Vancouver style editor list", "description": "Comma separated list of editor names in Vancouver style; enclose corporate or institutional names in doubled parentheses", "example": "Smythe JB, ((Megabux Corporation))", "type": "string" }, "chapter-format": { "aliases": [ "contribution-format", "section-format" ], "label": "Format of Chapter URL", "type": "string", "description": "Format of the work referred to by chapter-url; displayed in parentheses after chapter. HTML is implied and should not be specified.", "example": "PDF, DOC, or XLS" }, "agency": { "label": "Agency", "description": "Unusual in cite book. Use if an agency is needed in addition to publisher, etc.", "type": "string" }, "title-link": { "label": "Title link", "description": "Title of existing Wikipedia article about the source named in title – do not use a web address; do not wikilink.", "type": "wiki-page-name", "example": "Jedinsvenny i jego veličenstvo (kniga)" }, "collaboration": { "label": "Collaboration", "description": "Name of a group of authors or collaborators; requires author, last, or vauthors which list one or more primary authors; follows author name-list; appends 'et al.' to author name-list.", "type": "string" }, "script-chapter": { "label": "Script Chapter", "description": "Chapter heading for languages that do not use a Latin-based alphabet (Arabic, Chinese, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, Japanese, Korean, Vietnamese, etc); follows transliteration defined in chapter. Should be prefixed with an ISO 639-1 two-character code to help browsers properly display the script", "example": "ja:東京タワー", "type": "string" }, "department": { "label": "Department", "description": "Unusual in cite book." }, "hdl": { "aliases": [ "HDL" ], "label": " Handle System identifier", "description": "Handle System identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet", "type": "string" }, "archive-format": { "label": "Archive Format", "description": "Format of the Archive", "type": "string" }, "df": { "label": "Date format", "description": "Sets rendered dates to the specified format", "type": "string" } }, "maps": { "citoid": { "edition": "edition", "title": "title", "bookTitle": "title", "publicationTitle": "title", "url": "url", "publisher": "publisher", "date": "date", "place": "location", "ISSN": [ "issn" ], "ISBN": [ "isbn" ], "oclc": "oclc", "PMCID": "pmc", "PMID": "pmid", "pages": "pages", "volume": "volume", "series": "series", "DOI": "doi", "language": "language", "translator": [ [ "translator-first", "translator-last" ], [ "translator-first2", "translator-last2" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first3", "translator-last3" ], [ "translator-first4", "translator-last4" ], [ "translator-first5", "translator-last5" ], [ "translator-first6", "translator-last6" ], [ "translator-first7", "translator-last7" ], [ "translator-first8", "translator-last8" ], [ "translator-first9", "translator-last9" ] ], "contributor": "others", "author": [ [ "first", "last" ], [ "first2", "last2" ], [ "first3", "last3" ], [ "first4", "last4" ], [ "first5", "last5" ], [ "first6", "last6" ], [ "first7", "last7" ], [ "first8", "last8" ], [ "first9", "last9" ] ], "editor": [ [ "editor-first", "editor-last" ], [ "editor-first2", "editor-last2" ], [ "editor-first3", "editor-last3" ], [ "editor-first4", "editor-last4" ], [ "editor-first5", "editor-last5" ], [ "editor-first6", "editor-last6" ], [ "editor-first7", "editor-last7" ], [ "editor-first8", "editor-last8" ], [ "editor-first9", "editor-last9" ] ] } }, "paramOrder": [ "last", "first", "url", "title", "title-link", "vauthors", "last2", "first2", "last3", "first3", "last4", "first4", "last5", "first5", "last6", "first6", "last7", "first7", "last8", "first8", "last9", "first9", "collaboration", "date", "work", "publisher", "others", "year", "isbn", "editor-last", "editor-first", "editor-link", "editor-mask", "veditors", "edition", "series", "volume", "location", "publication-place", "publication-date", "page", "pages", "at", "language", "translator-last", "translator-first", "script-title", "trans-title", "chapter", "script-chapter", "trans-chapter", "type", "format", "asin", "asin-tld", "bibcode", "biorxiv", "citeseerx", "doi", "eissn", "hdl", "ismn", "issn", "jfm", "jstor", "lccn", "mr", "oclc", "ol", "osti", "pmc", "pmid", "rfc", "ssrn", "zbl", "id", "quote", "ref", "mode", "postscript", "author-mask", "author-mask2", "author-mask3", "author-mask4", "author-mask5", "author-mask6", "author-mask7", "author-mask8", "author-mask9", "display-authors", "author-link", "author-link2", "author-link3", "author-link4", "author-link5", "author-link6", "author-link7", "author-link8", "author-link9", "access-date", "orig-year", "editor-last2", "editor-first2", "editor-link2", "editor-mask2", "editor-last3", "editor-first3", "editor-link3", "editor-mask3", "editor-last4", "editor-first4", "editor-link4", "editor-mask4", "editor-last5", "editor-first5", "editor-link5", "editor-mask5", "editor-last6", "editor-first6", "editor-link6", "editor-mask6", "editor-last7", "editor-first7", "editor-link7", "editor-mask7", "editor-last8", "editor-first8", "editor-link8", "editor-mask8", "editor-last9", "editor-first9", "editor-link9", "editor-mask9", "display-editors", "translator-last2", "translator-first2", "translator-last3", "translator-first3", "translator-last4", "translator-first4", "translator-last5", "translator-first5", "translator-last6", "translator-first6", "translator-last7", "translator-first7", "translator-last8", "translator-first8", "translator-last9", "translator-first9", "translator-link", "translator-link2", "translator-link3", "translator-link4", "translator-link5", "translator-link6", "translator-link7", "translator-link8", "translator-link9", "chapter-url", "chapter-format", "doi-broken-date", "url-access", "archive-url", "archive-format", "archive-date", "url-status", "lay-url", "lay-source", "lay-date", "name-list-style", "via", "bibcode-access", "doi-access", "hdl-access", "jstor-access", "ol-access", "osti-access", "issue", "authors", "agency", "department", "df" ], "format": "inline" } </templatedata> </div> == Upotrěba == {{Začetok šablona}} <includeonly> {{INTERWIKI|Q92570}} </includeonly> [[Kategorija:Šablony:Iztočniky]] msi9opc32biet8je4amptf9ikz31m57 10 272 28328 28258 2026-07-08T08:23:35Z Ilja isv 10 28328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka | autoheaders = 1 | name = Kartka jezyk | above = {{#if: {{{dialect|}}} | Narěčje | Jezyk }} | title = {{#if: {{{name|}}}{{{ime|}}}{{{nazva}}} | {{{name|{{{ime|{{{nazva|}}}}}}}}} | {{PAGENAMEBASE}} }} | subheader1 = {{{nativename|{{{samonazvanje|}}}}}} | image1 = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|{{{map|}}}}}}|upright={{#if:{{{imagescale|}}}|{{{imagescale|}}}}}|alt={{{imagealt|{{{mapalt|}}}}}}|title={{{imagecaption|{{{mapcaption|}}}}}}}} | header1 = Obča informacija | label2 = {{#if: {{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}} | Stvorjeny | Nacionalny jezyk }} | data2 = {{#if: {{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}} | {{{creator|}}} | {{{states|{{{state|{{{region|{{{državy|}}}}}}}}}}}} }} | label3 = {{#if: {{{era|}}} | Era stvorjenja | Data stvorjenja}} | data3 = {{{era| {{{created|}}} }}} | label6 = Narodnost | data6 = {{{ethnicity|}}} | autolink6 = 1 | label7 = {{#if: {{{extinct|}}} | [[Izumrěly jezyk|Izumrěl]] | {{#if: {{{creator|{{{speakers_label|}}}}}} | {{{speakers_label|Koristniki}}} | Govoritelji }} }} | data7 = {{#if: {{{extinct|}}} | {{{extinct}}} | {{{signers|{{{speakers|{{{govoritelji|{{{nositelji|}}}}}}}}}}}} {{#if: {{{signers|}}}{{{speakers|}}}{{{govoritelji|}}}{{{nositelji|}}} | {{#if: {{{date|}}}{{{data|}}} | ({{{date|{{{data}}}}}}){{{ref|}}} }} }} }} | label8 = [[Oživleńje jezykov|Oživleńje]] | data8 = {{{revived|}}}{{#if: {{{revived|}}} | [[Kategorija:Oživleńje jezykov]] }} | label9 = Standardy | data9 = {{{standards|}}} | label10 = [[Pismo]] | data10 = {{{script|{{{pismo|}}}}}} | autolink10 = 1 <!-- Služebny status --> | header11 = Služebny status | label12 = Služebny jezyk | data12 = {{{nation| {{{official|{{{oficialny|{{{služebny|}}}}}}}}} }}} | autolink12 = 1 | label13 = Poznanny jezyk menšinstv | data13 = {{{minority|}}} | autolink13 = 1 | label14 = Jezyčna organizacija | data14 = {{{agency|{{{organizacija|}}}}}} <!-- Jezyčna rodina --> | header15 = {{#if: {{{creator|}}}{{{setting|}}} | Celj | [[Jezyčna rodina]] }} | data16 = {{{family|{{{rodina|{{{klasifikacija|}}}}}}}}} | class16 = noplainlist | autolink16 = 1 | header17 = Jezyčne kody | label18 = <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">{{#if:{{{iso1|}}}|[[ISO 639-1]]}}</span> | data18 = <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">{{#if:{{{iso1|}}}|<code>{{{iso1}}}</code>}}</span> | label19 = <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">{{#if:{{{iso2|}}}|[[ISO 639-2]]}}</span> | data19 = <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">{{#if:{{{iso2|}}}|<code>{{{iso2}}}</code>}}</span> | label20 = <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|[[ISO 639-3]]}}</span> | data20 = <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">{{#if:{{{iso3|}}}|<code>[https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/{{{iso3}}} {{{iso3}}}]</code>}}</span> | label21 = <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">{{#if:{{{ietf|}}}|[[IETF]]}}</span> | data21 = <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">{{#if:{{{ietf|}}}|<code>{{{ietf}}}</code>}}</span> }}<noinclude> {{Dokumentacija}} </noinclude> s5rpphieis70opb5pzy7k4thkmnm9dl 10 273 28332 1480 2026-07-08T08:32:41Z Ilja isv 10 28332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Stranica dokumentacije}} <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> Šablon dlja kartok jezykov, vključajuči umětne i narěčja. Jest osnovany na [[:w:Template:Infobox language]], ale menši čislo parametrov, da by jego bylo prošče čitati. == Upotrěba == {{Začetok šablona}} == Parametry == <templatedata> { "params": { "dialect": { "label": "Narěčje", "description": "Jestli prědmet članka narěčje", "example": "da", "type": "string", "autovalue": "Jezyk" }, "name": { "label": "Nazva", "description": "Kratka nazva na medžuslovjanskom jezyku", "example": "Poljsky", "type": "string", "autovalue": "{{subst:PAGENAMEBASE}}" }, "nativename": { "label": "Nazva na samom jezyku", "example": "{{jezyky|pl|polski|pl|polszczyzna}}", "type": "string", "autovalue": "" }, "image": { "aliases": [ "map" ], "label": "Obraz ili karta", "example": "Map of Polish language.svg", "type": "wiki-file-name" }, "imagealt": { "aliases": [ "mapalt" ], "label": "Alternativny tekst obraza ili karty", "type": "string" }, "imagecaption": { "aliases": [ "mapcaption" ], "label": "Podpis obraza ili karty", "example": "Poljsky na kartě Evropy, temnosinjim ozemja s boljšestju govoriteljej poljskogo.", "type": "unbalanced-wikitext" }, "creator": { "label": "Stvoritelji jezyka", "description": "Toliko dlja umětnyh jezykov", "type": "unbalanced-wikitext" }, "states": { "aliases": [ "state", "region" ], "label": "Ozemja koristańja jezyka", "example": "[[Poljska]], [[Němcija]], [[Čehija]], [[Slovakija]], [[Vugrija]], [[Litva]], [[Latvija]], [[Ukrajina]] i [[Bělorus]]", "type": "string" }, "era": { "label": "Era koristańja jezyk", "description": "Toliko dlja mrtvyh jezykov", "type": "string" }, "created": { "label": "Data stvorjeńja jezyka", "description": "Toliko dlja umětnyh jezykov", "type": "string" }, "ethnicity": { "label": "Narodnost", "example": "poljaki", "type": "unbalanced-wikitext" }, "extinct": { "label": "Izumrěl", "description": "Toliko dlja mrtvyh jezykov", "type": "unbalanced-wikitext" }, "speakers_label": { "label": "Tip koristnikov", "description": "Obyčajno: Koristniki, Govoritelji", "type": "string" }, "speakers": { "aliases": [ "signers" ], "label": "Čislo govoriteljej/koristnikov", "example": "45 milionov", "type": "unbalanced-wikitext" }, "date": { "label": "Data dlja čisla koristnikov", "type": "string" }, "ref": { "label": "Iztočnik dlja čisla koristnikov", "type": "unbalanced-wikitext" }, "revived": { "label": "Data oživleńja", "description": "Toliko dlja oživlenyh jezykov", "type": "string" }, "standards": { "label": "Standardy", "type": "unbalanced-wikitext" }, "script": { "label": "Pismennost", "example": "latinica", "type": "unbalanced-wikitext" }, "minority": { "label": "Državy, v ktoryh jezyk jest poznanny jezyk menšinstv", "example": "\n* [[Čehija]]\n* [[Vugrija]]\n* [[Litva]]\n* [[Slovakija]]\n* [[Ukrajina]]", "type": "unbalanced-wikitext" }, "agency": { "label": "Jezykova organizacija", "example": "Poljsky jezykovy sovět", "type": "string" }, "family": { "label": "Jezykova rodina ili celj jezyka", "description": "Dlja umětnyh: celj jezyka", "example": "\n* [[Indoevropejske jezyky]]\n** [[Baltoslovjanske jezyky]]\n*** [[Slovjanske jezyky]]\n**** [[Zapadnoslovjanske jezyky]]\n***** [[Lehitske jezyky]]", "type": "unbalanced-wikitext" }, "official": { "aliases": [ "nation" ], "label": "Državy, v ktoryh jezyk jest služebny", "example": "\n* [[Poljska]]\n* [[Evropejsky sojuz]]", "type": "unbalanced-wikitext" } }, "description": "Kartka dlja jezykov", "format": "block", "paramOrder": [ "dialect", "name", "nativename", "image", "imagealt", "imagecaption", "creator", "states", "era", "created", "ethnicity", "extinct", "speakers", "speakers_label", "date", "ref", "revived", "standards", "script", "official", "minority", "agency", "family" ] } </templatedata> </div> 7thjnpq8s2jaek1fk26nrwcao8t9sg1 0 574 28292 27064 2026-07-07T17:41:57Z IJzeren Jan 9 B > C 28292 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fajl:2014 Suchum, Państwowy Zespół Folkowy Pieśni i Tańca Republiki Abchazji (01).jpg | thumb | 300px | Tablica s tekstom na abhazskom jezyku: «Državny zasluženy ansambl narodnoj pěsnje i tanca Abhazije»]] '''Abhazsky alfabet''' ({{Jezyky|ab|Аԥсуа алфавит}}) jest [[alfabet]], ktory služi za pisan‌je [[Abhazsky jezyk|abhazskogo jezyka]]. Dnešnjego dnja, abhazsky jezyk piše se vlastnoju, dost specifičnoju versijeju [[Kirilica|kiriličnogo alfabeta]], ktora harakterizuje se odnositeljno vysokoju kolikostju dvuznakov i bukv odsutnyh v drugyh jezykah. Jednakože v tečen‌ju svojego jestvovan‌ja abhazsky prošel različne etapy, s raznymi [[Pismo|pismami]] i nejednokratnymi reformami. Množstvo tyh izměn, često s političnoju motivacijeju, nesumněno imělo neblagoprijatny vliv na funkcionovan‌je literaturnogo jezyka.<ref>{{-|Chirikba}}, str. 15.</ref> == Historija == === Prěd 19. stolětjem === Kromě někojih oddělnyh netočnyh zapisov, abhazsky jezyk byl nepisany prěd 19. stolětjem. Gramotno naseljen‌je [[Abhazija|Abhazije]] koristalo za pisan‌je druge jezyky: do 9. stolětja [[Grečsky jezyk|grečsky]], a pozdněje [[Gruzinsky jezyk|gruzinsky]], v rědkyh slučajah (glavno v 18. stolětju) takože [[Turečsky jezyk|turečsky]], ačekoli daže v periodu turečskogo vladan‌ja v Abhaziji gruzinsky dalje služil literaturnym jezykom, a turečsky jezyk ne našel zamětno razprostranjen‌je.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 27–28.</ref> Najranše znane zapisy abhazskogo jezyka byli sdělane v 17. stolětju, kogda turečsky putovatelj Evlija Čelebi ({{Jezyky|tr|Evliya Çelebi, اوليا چلبى‎}}) zapisal 40 abhazskyh slov i fraz na osmanskom variantu [[Arabsko pismo|arabskogo pisma]] v svojej monumentalnoj «Knigě putešestvij» ({{Jezyky|tr|Seyahatname}}) iz 1641 g. Tym ne menje, arabsko pismo nikogda ne prijelo se kako osnova za pisan‌je abhazskogo jezyka, v protivnosti k [[Adygejsky jezyk|adygejskomu]] i [[Abazinsky jezyk|abazinskomu]] jezykam. Pozdněje, v 18. stolětju i na početku 19. stolětja, němečsko-rosijski učeni-putovatelji Johann Gjuldenštedt, G. Rozen, Peter Pallas i Julius Klaprot takože zapisali spisy abhazskyh slov.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 34.</ref> === Period kirilice (1862–1926) === [[Fajl:Abkhaz alphabet 1862.png | thumb | 300px | Alfabet Uslara (1862)]] [[Fajl:Abkhazian alphabet in Gulia and Machavariani 1892 02.jpg | thumb | 300px | Alfabet Gulia i Mačavariani (1892)]] [[Fajl:Chochua Abkhazskaya azbuka 1909.jpg | thumb | 300px | Bukvar Čočua (1909)]] Od 1810 g. Abhazija byla okupovana [[Rosija|Rosijskoju imperijeju]] i sovsěm včlenjena jeju v 1864 g. V svezi s tym [[russky jezyk]] takože načel igrati rolju, a zajedno s njim takože [[kirilica]]. Prva izvěstna proba zapisan‌ja abhazskyh slov i fraz na kiriličnom alfabetu jest tako nazyvajemy {{Lang|ru|Словарь Абазинской}} («Abazinsky slovnik»), sostavjeny v 1827 g. russkym oficerom-dekabristom Vladimirom Pavlovičem Romanovom. Tutoj slovnik, ktory sodrživaje okolo 2 tys. slov i četyri stranic s frazami, napisane [[Russka azbuka|russkym alfabetom]], byl najdeny odnositeljno nedavno v bibliotekě v [[Tbilisi]] i prvy raz publikovany v 2014 g. Ačekoli slovnik nazyvaje se «[[Abazinsky jezyk|abazinskym]]», slova, ktore sodrživaje, sut abhazske.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://disk.yandex.ru/i/DEn2BX813MLN4p | first = А.Ч. | last = Абазов | title = Абазинской Словарь | chapter = Кавказ в исследованиях декабристов: о неизвестной рукописи «Абазинского словаря» (Словаря абхазского языка и других черкесских наречий) В.П. Романова | year = 2016 | pages = 4–5 | language = ru}}</ref> Otcem abhazskogo alfabeta jednakože uvažaje se ne Romanov, ale rosijsky general-major i kavkazověd [[Pjotr Uslar|Pjotr Karlovič Uslar]] (1816–1875), ktory – pravdopodobno ne znajuči o slovniku Romanova – za svoju monografiju «Abhazsky jezyk» iz 1861–1862 lět stvoril prvy abhazsky alfabet, sostoječi iz 55 bukv.<ref name="Uslar">Uslar (1862).</ref> Na osnovu Uslar vzel kiriličny alfabet, stvorjeny finsko-rosijskym učenym Andersom Sjögrenom za [[osetinsky jezyk]], zaměnjajuči i dopolnjajuči go bukvami izmysljenymi jim samym ('''[[ҩ]]''', '''[[ꚅ]]''', '''[[ӡ]]''', [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tse with long left leg.svg|20x14px|link=Ц s dolgoju lěvoju nogoju]], '''[[ꚏ]]''', '''[[ꚗ]]''', '''[[ҽ]]''') ili pozajetymi iz [[Grečsky alfabet|grečskogo]] ('''[[ꚃ]]''', '''[[ꚍ]]'''), [[Latinica|latinskogo]] ('''[[һ]]''', '''[[ꚕ]]''', {{-|'''[[Ј (kirilica)|ј]]'''}}, '''[[Ԛ (kirilica)|ԛ]]'''), [[Srbska azbuka|srbskogo]] ('''{{-|[[ђ]]}}''') i [[Gruzinsko pismo|gruzinskogo]] ([[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil.svg|20x15px|link=Cil (kirilica)]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil with bar.svg|20x15px|link=Prěčrknuto cil]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Char.svg|20x15px|link=Čar (kirilica)]]) alfabetov, poněkojimi s diakritičnymi znakami – brevisom (˘), sedilju (¸) i vertikalnoju črtkoju (х̍).<ref>Čirikba (2019), str. 3.</ref><ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 40–43.</ref> Uslarova gramatika, izdana litografičnym sposobom v 1862 g., byla prva čest cěloj serije opisov bezpisemnyh [[Kavkazske jezyky|jezykov Kavkaza]]. Na osnově Uslarovogo děla povstali slědujuče izdan‌ja, ktore sodrživali varianty jegovoj azbuky: * Rosijsky general Ivan Aleksejevič Bartolomej (1813–1870) publikoval v 1865 g. «Abhazsky bukvar» ({{Jezyky|ru|Абхазскій букварь}}), knigu s 188 stranicami, v ktoroj prikladne teksty sut napisane v treh jezykah: na abhazskom, russkom i gruzinskom, pri čem vse abhazske bukvy i slova sut napisane rukopisnymi bukvami, a russke i gruzinske pečatnymi.<ref>Bartolomej (1865).</ref> Bukvy v tutym izdan‌ju sut identične Uslarovym, s izključen‌jem odsutnosti treh bukv označajuče zvuky harakteristične [[Bzybsky dialekt abhazskogo jezyka|bzybskomu dialektu]] ('''[[ҫ]]''', [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tse with long left leg.svg|20x14px|link=Ц s dolgoju lěvoju nogoju]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil with bar.svg|20x15px]]). Mimohodom, tutoj bukvar ne dostal praktično priměnjen‌je iz pričiny onogdašnjej odsutnosti abhazskyh škol i učiteljskyh kadrov.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 48–49.</ref> * Ukrajinsky pedagog Myhajlo Romualdovyč Zavadskyj (1848–1926) publikoval v 1887 g. pečatnu versiju monografije Uslara. On izměnil někoje prvopočetne Uslarove bukvy na druge, inspirovane versijeju osetinskoj ortografije Vsevoloda Millera, argumentujuči, že te rukopisne bukvy «značno uveličajut cěnu izdan‌ja, bez vsekakoj prědnosti za děla», i že «Uslar, nakoliko nam izvěstno, ne govori o neobhodimosti shranjen‌ja prijetyh jim načrtanij, a samo izražaje želan‌je udržati čislo znakov, čto my v točnosti i jesmo izpolnili».<ref>Uslar (1887), str. VIII–IX.</ref> Takym sposobom on izměnil sedilje v bukvah {{Calibri|'''[[г̧]]''', '''[[к̧]]''', '''[[п̧]]''', '''[[т̧]]'''}} na zapete (komy) {{Calibri|('''[[г̓]]''', '''[[к̓]]''', '''[[п̓]]''', '''[[т̓]]''')}}, a gruzinske bukvy [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil.svg|20x15px|link=Cil (kirilica)]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil with bar.svg|20x15px|link=Prěčrknuto cil]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Char.svg|20x15px|link=Čar (kirilica)]] na {{Calibri|'''[[ц̓]]''', '''[[ꚑ]]''', '''[[ч̓]]'''}}, takože vvodeči bukvy {{Calibri|'''[[ꚉ]]''', '''[[џ]]''', '''[[ꚇ]]''', '''[[ꚇ̆]]''', '''[[ц̍]]'''}} zaměsto {{Calibri|'''[[ӡ]]''', '''[[ђ]]''', '''[[ҽ]]''', '''[[ҽ̆]]'''}}, [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tse with long left leg.svg|20x14px|link=Ц s dolgoju lěvoju nogoju]]. Iz vvedenyh Zavadskym bukv samo bukvy '''[[ҩ]]''', '''[[ꚁ]]''' i '''[[ꚃ]]''' byli koristane takože v pozdnějših versijah abhazskogo alfabeta, vključajuči sučasny alfabet.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 44–45.</ref> * Gruzinsky krajevid Konstantin Davidovič Mačavariani (1857–1926?) i jegov učenik Dmitrij Iosifovič Gulia (1874–1960) publikovali v 1892 g. vtory bukvar pod zaglavjem «Abhazska azbuka. Glavnějše molitvy i zapovědi na abhazskom i crkovnoslovjanskom jezykah» ({{Jezyky|ru|Абхазская азбука. Главнѣйшія молитвы и заповѣди на абхазскомъ и церковно-славянскомъ языкахъ}}).<ref name="MG">Gulia i Mačavariani (1892)</ref> Jihny alfabet jest mnogo shodny Uslarovomu i imaje 51 bukvu; odsutne sut Uslarove bukvy (prědstavjajuče bzybske glasky) '''[[ҫ]]''', '''{{Calibri|[[х̍]]}}''', [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tse with long left leg.svg|20x14px|link=Ц s dolgoju lěvoju nogoju]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil with bar.svg|20x15px|link=Prěčrknuto cil]]. Gruzinske bukvy [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil.svg|20x15px|link=Cil (kirilica)]] i [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Char.svg|20x15px|link=Čar (kirilica)]] zaměnili na {{Calibri|'''[[ҵ]]''' i '''[[ꚓ]]'''}}, vzete iz Sjögrenovogo alfabeta, a '''{{-|[[ђ]]}}''' na '''[[џ]]''', vzeto iz alfabeta Zavadskogo.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 52.</ref> Kromě togo, rukopisne formy Uslarovyh bukv s sediljami {{Calibri|'''[[г̧]]''', '''[[к̧]]''', '''[[п̧]]''', '''[[т̧]]'''}} izgledajut identično, ale v pečatnoj formě imajut haky: '''[[ҕ]]''', '''[[ӄ]]''', '''[[ҧ]]''', '''[[ꚋ]]'''. * V 1906 g. byl izdany slědujuči bukvar, bez ukazanogo avtora. Prve 25 stranic sut sovsěm identične bukvaru Mačavariani i Gulia, ale dalje sodrživaje proste teksty do nauky zaměsto religioznyh tekstov.<ref>''Абхазская азбука'' (1906).</ref> * Abhazsky pedagog i pozdnějši prezident Abhazskoj ASSR Andrej Maksimovič Čočua (1879–1965) publikoval četvrty i najuspěšnějši bukvar v 1909 g. Vtoro, dopolnjeno izdan‌je nastupilo v 1914 g., a tretje v 1924 g., s dopolnjen‌jem v 1925 g.; pozdnějše izdan‌ja uže koristali latinsky alfabet.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://apsnyteka.org/1647-chochua_a_bukvar_1909-1931_abh.html | title = А. М. Ҷоҷуа / А. М. Чочуа. Аԥсуа Анбан / Абхазская азбука (букварь) | website = Apsnyteka.org | access-date = 2025-12-07}}</ref> Jegov kiriličny alfabet odličal se od alfabeta Gulia i Mačavariani tym, že Čočua odstranil bukvy {{Calibri|'''[[ꚅ̆]]'''}} i {{-|'''[[Ј (kirilica)|ј]]'''}}, a dodal bukvy s brevisom ({{Calibri|'''[[г̆]]''', '''[[ҕ̆]]''', '''[[ӂ]]''', '''[[џ̆]]''', '''[[к̆]]''', '''[[ӄ̆]]''', '''[[ԛ̆]]''', '''[[х̆]]'''}}) za označen‌je smekčen‌ja, kde Uslar i drugi ješče pisali {{-|'''гј'''}} i t.d.<ref>Čočua (1909).</ref> * Od konca 19. stolětja v Suhumi funkcionoval tako nazyvajemy Abhazsky prěvoditeljsky komitet, ktory zajmal se prěvodžen‌jem Biblije i drugoj religioznoj literatury na abhazsky, posluživajuči se modifikovanym variantom Uslarovogo alfabeta, identičnym alfabetu Čočua, ale ješče sodrživajuči bukvu {{Calibri|'''[[ꚅ̆]]'''}}.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 53.</ref> * V 1906 g. abhazsky historik i aktivist Semjon Mihajlovič Ašhacava (1886–1943) iztvoril alfabet sostoječi iz 77 bukv i prědstavjajuči vse fonemy bzybskogo dialekta.<ref name="Ašhacava">Bgažba (1964), str. 16–17.</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://apsnyteka.org/4211-Ashkhatsava_Izbrannye_trudy_2021.html | title = С. М. Ашхацава. Избранные труды | website = Apsnyteka.org | access-date = 2025-12-08 | language = ru}}</ref> Ašhacava byl rukovoditelj bzybskogo komiteta Družstva razprostranjen‌ja prosvěty srěd Abhazov, ktory v 1913–1914 lětah prislal Nikolaju Marru okolo 100 abhazskyh skazok napisanyh na tom alfabetu, ale kromě togo nikogda ne došlo k praktičnomu priměnjen‌ju.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 56.</ref> Čto se tyče form, tutoj alfabet odličaje se od alfabetu Prěvoditeljskogo komiteta tym, že koristaje nižnje črtky zaměsto hakov ('''[[ӷ]]''', '''[[қ]]''', '''[[ԥ]]''', '''[[ҭ]]'''), i bukvy '''[[ц́]]''' i '''[[ч́]]''' zaměsto '''[[ҵ]]''' i '''[[ꚓ]]'''. Kromě togo, on sodrživaje dodatočne samoglasky {{Calibri|'''[[ӑ]]''', '''[[і̆]]''', '''[[ў]]''', '''[[ӳ]]''', '''[[а̄]]''' i '''[[о̄]]'''}}, a takože pozajetu od grečskogo alfabeta bukvu '''[[χ]]'''. Nakonec, palatalizacija jest označena točkoju zaměsto brevisom (napr. {{Calibri|'''[[г̇]]''', '''[[ӷ̇]]''', '''[[џ̇]]'''}}, ...), a labializacija prstenjem (napr. {{Calibri|'''[[ꚅ̊]]''', '''[[з̊]]''', '''[[к̊]]'''}}, ...).<ref>Marr (1938), str. 158–163.</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=180px caption="«Otci-založitelji» abhazskogo alfabeta"> Uslar-engraving-with-caption.jpg | [[Pjotr Uslar|Pjotr Karlovič Uslar]]<br />(1816–1875) Bartolomey_Ivan_Alexeyevich.jpg | Ivan Aleksejevič Bartolomej<br />(1813–1870) Завадский М. Р (cropped).jpg | Myhajlo Romualdovyč Zavadskyj<br />(1848–1926) Stamp of Abkhazia - 2003 - Colnect 1007799 - Konstantin Machavariani 1853-1927.jpeg | Konstantin Davidovič Mačavariani<br />(1857–1926?) Abkhazia 10 apsar Ag 2009 Gulia b.jpg | Dmitrij Iosifovič Gulia<br />(1874–1960) Marr.jpg | Nikolaj Jakovlevič Marr<br />(1864/1865<ref name="kalendar" />–1934) </gallery> === Period latinice (1926–1938) === [[Fajl:Marr - Abkhaz Analytic Alphabet - 1926 - page 51 table 2.jpg | 300px | thumb | right | «Analitičny alfabet» Marra (1926–1928)]] [[Fajl:Abkhaz latin alphabet from 1930 ABC book.png | 300px | thumb | right | Latinsky alfabet Jakovleva, iz bukvara 1930 g.]] V 1920-yh i 1930-yh lětah v [[Sovětsky Sojuz|Sovětskom sojuzu]] byla vedena kampanija za latinizaciju vsih govorjenyh v njim jezykov. Tuta politika iměla razne cělje: borbu s analfabetizmom posrědstvom uproščen‌ogo pisma, razlom s carističnoju minulostju i razprostranjen‌je socializma srěd menših narodov SSSR i po vsem světu, a specifičněje: izolovan‌je muslimanskyh narodov SSSR od arabsko-islamskoj česti světa. Vslěd tutoj kampanije ok. 70 jezykov prěključili se na pravopis osnovany na latinskom alfabetu. V slučaju abhazskogo jezyka prvy proba za stvorjen‌je latinskogo alfabeta byla prědprijeta uže v 1919 g., kogda pedagog Mustafa Butba v Istanbulu publikoval abhazsky bukvar na latinskoj osnově.<ref>{{Cite book | url = http://apsnyteka.org/file/Butba_Mustafa_.pdf | first = Mustafa | last = Butba | title = Abhazsky bukvar | format = PDF | place = Istanbul | year = 1919}}</ref> Jegov alfabet iměl slědujuče bukvy: '''{{Calibri|a, e, ı, i, o, u, ᴇ, b, p, t, c, ç, h, x, x̂, d, z, r, j, ӡ, s, ŝ, g, ĝ, f, k, q, q̂ , l, m, n, v, y}}'''. Jednakože tutoj alfabet ne našel priměnjen‌je v praktikě.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 56–57.</ref> V ramkah povyšej kampanije v 1926 g.<ref>Čikirba domněvaje, že praktično vveden‌je latinici v Abhaziji moglo by odbyti se v 1927 g. Čikirba (2023), str. 11.</ref> byl prijety v Abhazskoj ASSR drugy latinsky alfabet, tako nazyvajemy «abhazsky analističny alfabet» ili «jafetičny alfabet», osnovany na naučnyh izdan‌jah. Avtorom tutogo projekta byl jezykoznavec i kavkazověd Nikolaj Marr (1864/1865<ref name="kalendar">Prvy god suglasno [[Juliansky kalendar|julianskomu kalendaru]] (stary stilj), vtory suglasno [[Gregoriansky kalendar|gregorianskomu kalendaru]] (novy stilj).</ref>–1934). Marrov alfabet, razrabotany jim v 1917 g. i prědznačeny za izobražen‌je vsih abhazskyh fonem, prvopočetno iměl 76 bukv, vključajuči 8 bukv za bzybsky dialekt i 1 bukvu za druge narěčja, i harakterizoval se mnogymi diakritičnymi znakami, često na dvoh plastah. Poněkoje bukvy byli pozajete od kiriličnogo i gruzinskogo alfabetov.<ref name="Alfabet_Marra">Marr (1938), str. 152.</ref> Od samogo početka tutoj alfabet, ktory v istinnosti byl «ničto veče neželi naučna fonetična transkripcija, složena i neizgodna daže lingvistam»<ref>Čirikba (2023), str. 7.</ref>, byl ostro kritikovany i od početka byli diskusije o reformě. Ačekoli on, v uproščenoj formě s 62 bukvami, byl vvedeny v školah i byli na njim izdane knigy, jegov nadobyčajna složenost i nepraktičnost pričinila, že v 1928 g. byl prijety drugy latinsky alfabet, čestično takože v svezi s procesom unifikacije alfabetov narodov SSSR.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 58.</ref> V 1928 vtory plenum Vsesojuznogo centralnogo komiteta novogo turkijskogo alfabeta (VCK NTA) rěšil, že trěba ujediniti alfabety kavkazskyh narodov, po čem byl razrabotany novy latinsky alfabet za abhazsky jezyk, sbliženy [[Adygejsky jezyk|adygejskomu]] i [[Abazinsky jezyk|abazinskomu]] alfabetam. Tutoj «unifikovany alfabet» jest često pripisany profesoru Nikolaju Feofanoviču Jakovlevu (1892–1974), ktory takože byl avtor latinskyh alfabetov za několiko drugyh [[Sěvernokavkazske jezyky|sěvernokavkazskyh alfabetov]]. Jednakože abhazsky jezykoznavec Vjačeslav Čikirba domněvaje, že istinnymi avtorami byli abhazski pisatelji Mušni Lavrentijevič Hašba (1903–1992) i Samson Jakovlevič Čanba (1886–1937), pravdopodobno na osnově zapisok ili daže skice slavnogo jezykoznavca Jevgenija Dmitrijeviča Polivanova (1881–1938).<ref>Čirikba (2023), str. 16–20.</ref> Vo vsakom slučaju, unifikovany alfabet byl oficialno vvedeny v školnu praktiku v 1929 g. i ostal v upotrěbě do 1938 g. Tutoj alfabet zaisto okazal se udobnějšim od Marrovogo alfabeta: on iměl 51 znak, čestično blagodareči bukvě '''{{-|ı}}''' za označen‌je palatalizacije i bukvě '''{{-|u}}''' za označen‌je labializacije. Dalše uproščen‌je bylo realizovano izključen‌jem velikyh bukv v 1933 g. Tym ne menje, i tutoj alfabet byl prěmnogo nesručny za pisan‌je na pišučej mašině ili pečatan‌je linotipom. Kromě togo, latinske alfabety menših narodov Sovětskogo sojuza pričinili ješče jedin problem: zatože [[russky jezyk]] (zajedno s [[Ukrajinsky jezyk|ukrajinskym]] i [[Bělorussky jezyk|bělorusskym]]) byl izključeny [[Iosif Stalin|Iosifom Stalinom]] iz procesa latinizacije v 1930 g., latinsky alfabet nenaměrno izoloval te narody od russkogo pisanogo jezyka i russkoj kultury. Slědovateljno on načel protivrěčiti princip sbližen‌ja narodov.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 58–59.</ref> V svezi s tym v 1936 g. byl započety proces kirilizacije v Sovětskom sojuzu. === Period gruzinskogo alfabeta (1938–1954) === [[Fajl:Abkhaz alphabet (1938-1953).JPG| 300px | thumb | Abhazsky alfabet na gruzinskoj osnově]] [[Fajl:Georgian and Cyrillic scripts of the Abkhazian Alphabet.svg | 300px | thumb | Sravnjen‌je]] Gruzinsky byl jedin iz rědkyh prikladov jezykov v Sovětskom sojuzu, ktore ne byli podvrgnute ni latinizaciji v 1920-yh lětah, ni kirilizaciji v 1930-yh i 1940-yh. Vslěd novoj sovětskoj konstitucije iz 1936 g. Zakavkazska sovětska federativna socialistična republika (ZSFSR) byla razvedena i Gruzija stala samostojna republika v ramkah Sovětskogo sojuza. Zatože Abhazska ASSR i [[Južna Osetija|Južnoosetinska avtonomna oblast]] nahodili se na teritoriji [[Gruzija|Gruzinskoj SSR]], one nahodili se v podobnom položen‌ju v odnošen‌ju k Gruziji, kako Gruzija v odnošen‌ju k Sovětskomu sojuzu.<ref>{{-|Jones}} (2013).</ref> Po prikazu iz Tbilisi oba jezyky – abhazsky i osetinsky – iměli prěključiti se na gruzinsko pismo, ačekoli v [[Sěverna Osetija|Sěvernoosetinskoj ASSR]], ktora nahodila se v [[Rosijska sovětska federativna socialistična republika|RSFSR]] jednočasno byla vvedena kirilica. Politika gruzinizacije Abhazije prodolžala se v 1940-yh lětah i privedla k likvidaciji cěloj sistemy obrazovan‌ja na abhazskom jezyku.<ref>Čirikba (2019), str. 4.</ref> Rěšen‌je o vveden‌ju novogo abhazskogo alfabeta na gruzinskoj osnově bylo prijeto v 1937 g. podčas abhazskoj oblastnoj konferencije [[Komunistična partija Sovětskogo sojuza|KP(b)]] Gruzije. V dekembru togože goda na sobran‌ju v Abhazskom naučno-izslědovateljskom institutu dva osnovne projekty abhazskogo alfabeta byli prědstavjene i razsmotrjene. Avtori prvogo projekta – Dmitrij Gulia, Simon Džanašia i Akakij Šanidze – izhodili iz principa izobražen‌ja specifičnyh abhazskyh zvukov s pomočju služebnyh znakov. Avtori drugogo projekta – Mušni Hašba i Andrej Čočua – prědlagali upotrěbjen‌je specialnoj bukvy za vsaky zvuk. Na koncu prijety byl prvy projekt. Naposlěd novy abhazsky alfabet iměl 36 polnocěnnyh bukv – vse 33 iz gruzinska alfabeta ('''ა''', '''ბ''', '''გ''', '''დ''', '''ე''', '''ვ''', '''ზ''', '''თ''', '''ი''', '''კ''', '''ლ''', '''მ''', '''ნ''', '''ო''', '''პ''', '''ჟ''', '''რ''', '''ს''', '''ტ''', '''უ''', '''ფ''', '''ქ''', '''ღ''', '''ყ''', '''შ''', '''ჩ''', '''ც''', '''ძ''', '''წ''', '''ჭ''', '''ხ''', '''ჯ''', '''ჰ''') plus tri dodatočne bukvy '''ჶ''', '''ჷ''', '''ჳ''' – i tri dopolniteljne znaky: '''ჲ''' za označen‌je palatalizacije, '''ჾ''' za označen‌je tvrdosti, a '''ჿ''' za označen‌je labializacije.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 60.</ref> === Sučasnost === Jedin god poslě smrti Stalina abhazske školy byli odkryte ponovno i Abhazsky jezyk mogl vrnuti se do kirilice. Takto v 1954 g. byl ponovno vvedeny kiriličny alfabet, razrabotany i prijety specialnoju komisijeju v Suhumi. Tutoj alfabet sostojal iz 40 osnovnyh bukv – drastično menša kolikost neželi raněje – i 18 dvuznakov. Največša razlika s prědhodnymi kiriličnymi alfabetami, osoblivo alfabetom Prěvoditeljskoj komisije, bylo vveden‌je mekkogo znaka '''[[ь]]''' za označen‌je palatalizacije (zaměsto takyh bukv kako {{Calibri|'''[[г̆]]''', '''[[к̆]]''', '''[[ԛ̆]]'''}} i t.d.) i znaka '''[[ә]]''' za označen‌je několikyh labializovanyh suglasok (zaměsto '''[[ꚁ]]''', '''[[ꚅ]]''', '''[[ꚗ]]''' i t.d.). Jednakože labializacija šesti velarnyh i uvularnyh zvukov dalje označala se s pomočju bukvy '''{{-|у}}'''. Kromě togo někoje stare bukvy byli zaměnjene na nove, napr. '''[[І (kirilica)|і]]''' → '''[[и]]''', '''[[ӄ]]''' → '''[[қ]]''', '''[[Ԛ (kirilica)|ԛ]]''' → '''[[ҟ]]''', '''[[һ]]''' → '''[[ҳ]]''' i '''[[ѵ]]''' → '''[[ы]]'''. Někoje nedoslědnosti v pravopisu byli eliminovane v ortografičnoj reformě 1996 g. Labializovane suglasky {{-|'''гу''', '''ҕу''', '''ку''', '''қу''', '''ҟу''', '''ху'''}} byli zaměnjene na dvuznaky s bukvoju '''ә''' i takože dostali oddělno město v alfabetu.<ref>Čirikba (2019), str. 5.</ref> Jednočasno bukvy '''[[ҕ]]''' i '''[[ҧ]]''', označajuče pridyhan‌je zaměnili se na '''[[ӷ]]''' i '''[[ԥ]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08144r-n3435r-abkhaz.pdf | first1 = Michael | last1 = Everson | first2 = Lorna | last2 = Priest | title = Proposal to encode two Cyrillic characters for Abkhaz | date = 2008-05-10 | website = Unicode.org | access-date = 2025-12-09 | language = en}}</ref>. Nyněšnji abhazsky alfabet izgledaje tako: {| class="wikitable" | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[А (kirilica)|A а]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|a}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Б|Б б]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|b}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[В (kirilica)|В в]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|v}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Г|Г г]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ɡ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Гь гь'''}} <br> {{MFA|ɡʲ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Гә гә'''}} <br> {{MFA|ɡʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ӷ|Ӷ ӷ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʁ/ɣ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ӷь ӷь'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʁʲ/ɣʲ}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ӷә ӷә'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʁʷ/ɣʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Д|Д д]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|d}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Дә дә'''}} <br> {{MFA|dʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Е (kirilica)|Е е]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|a/ja}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ж|Ж ж]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʐ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Жь жь'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʒ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Жә жә'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʒʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[З|З з]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|z}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ӡ|Ӡ ӡ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|d͡z}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ӡә ӡә'''}} <br> {{MFA|d͡ʑʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[И|И и]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|j/jɨ/ɨj}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[К (kirilica)|К к]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|kʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Кь кь'''}} <br> {{MFA|kʼʲ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Кә кә'''}} <br> {{MFA|kʼʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Қ|Қ қ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|kʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Қь қь'''}} <br> {{MFA|kʲʰ}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Қә қә'''}} <br> {{MFA|kʷʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҟ|Ҟ ҟ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|qʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ҟь ҟь'''}} <br> {{MFA|qʼʲ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ҟә ҟә'''}} <br> {{MFA|qʼʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Л|Л л]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|l}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[М (kirilica)|М м]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|m}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Н (kirilica)|Н н]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|n}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[О (kirilica)|О о]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|a/wa}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[П|П п]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|pʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ԥ|Ԥ ԥ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|pʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Р (kirilica)|Р р]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|r}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[С (kirilica)|С с]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|s}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Т (kirilica)|Т т]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|tʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Тә тә'''}} <br> {{MFA|tʼʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҭ|Ҭ ҭ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|tʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ҭә ҭә'''}} <br> {{MFA|tʷʰ}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[У (kirilica)|У у]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|w/wɨ/ɨw}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ф|Ф ф]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|f}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Х (kirilica)|Х х]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|x/χ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Хь хь'''}} <br> {{MFA|xʲ/χʲ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Хә хә'''}} <br> {{MFA|xʷ/χʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҳ|Ҳ ҳ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ħ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ҳә ҳә'''}} <br> {{MFA|ħʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ц|Ц ц]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡sʰ}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Цә цә'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡ɕʷʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҵ|Ҵ ҵ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡sʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ҵә ҵә'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡ɕʼʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ч|Ч ч]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡ʃʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҷ|Ҷ ҷ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡ʃʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҽ|Ҽ ҽ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡ʂʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҿ|Ҿ ҿ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡ʂʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ш|Ш ш]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʂ}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Шь шь'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʃ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Шә шә'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʃʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ы|Ы ы]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ɨ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҩ|Ҩ ҩ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ɥ/ɥˤ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Џ|Џ џ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|d͡ʐ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Џь џь'''}} <br> {{MFA|d͡ʒ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ь|Ь ь]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʲ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ә|Ә ә]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʷ}} |} === Sučasne proby latinizacije === V 1990-yh lětah byli prědložene několiko projektov za ponovno vveden‌je latinskogo alfabeta za abhazsky jezyk. Abazinsky poet Mikael Čikatu-Čkotua opovědaje v intervju o stvorjenom jim latinskom alfabetu, koristanom v prvom numery gazety, ktory izšel v 1991 g.<ref>{{Cite news | first = В. | last = Шакрыл | title = Абхазы и абазины всех стран, объединяйтесь! | newspaper = Абаза | year = 1995 | issue = 1| pages = 60}}</ref> V 1995 g. byl publikovany «universalny abhazo-abazinsky alfabet» Garri Kandžaria, sostoječi iz samyh 26 osnovnyh bukv latinskogo alfabeta.<ref>{{Cite journal | first = Гарри | last = Канджариа | title = Универсальный абхазо-абазинский алфавит | journal = Абаза. Журнал Международной абхазо-абазинской ассоциации | issue = № 1 | year = 1995 | language = ru | pages = 70–71}}</ref> {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! а !! б !! ц !! ҵә !! ҵ !! цә !! ч !! ҷ !! д !! дә !! џ !! џь !! з !! зә !! е !! ф !! г !! гь !! гә !! ӷ !! ӷь !! ӷә !! ҳ !! ҳә !! й !! жь !! к !! кь !! кә !! қ !! қь |- | a || b || c || cf || cs || cv || ch || cj || d || db || ds || dj || dz || dv || e || f || g || gi || gw || gh || gj || gv || h || hv || i || j || k || ki || kv || kh || kj |} {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! қә || л !! м !! н !! о !! п !! ԥ !! ҟ !! ҟь !! ҟә !! р !! с !! ш !! шь !! шә !! ҭ !! т !! тә !! ҭә !! ҽ !! ҿ !! ы !! в !! (уы) !! х !! хь !! хә !! ҩ !! з !! ж !! жә |- | kw || l || m || n || o || p || ph || q || qi || qw || r || s || sh || sj || sf || t || th || tv || tp || tc || ts || u || v || w || x || xi || xw || y || z || zj<ref>V originalu jest napisano ''{{-|jz}}'', čto jest izrazna pogrěška.</ref> || zv |} Avtor takože dvuznaky za zvuky bzybskogo dialekta i abazinskogo jezyka: {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! гӀ !! гӀв !! ль !! тл !! ф !! 'х !! св !! с !! з' !! зв !! з' !! ц' !! хъв !! жъ |- | gq || qv || lj || tl || pf || qx || sv || sw || zf || zw || zj || cj || xf || xh |} V 2019 abhazsky jezykoznavec i byvši ministr vněšnjih děl Abhazije Vjačeslav Andrejevič Čirikba prědstavil projekt občego alfabeta na latinskoj osnově za abhazsky i abazinskogo jezykov. Jednym iz cěljev jest odstranjen‌je razlik v izobražen‌ju jednyh i tyhže samyh zvukov, iz pričiny ktoryh teksty na blizko srodnom abazinskom jezyku sut praktično nesrazuměle za abhazov, i naopak; ale napisane na jednom pravopisu, srodne slova v oboh jezykah sut legko razpoznajeme. S obzirom na značnu abhazsku i abazinsku diasporu v Turciji, tutoj alfabet jest osnovany na [[Turečsky jezyk|turečskom]] alfabetu, s izključen‌jem bukv '''{{-|w}}''', '''{{-|q}}''', '''{{-|x}}''' (na standardnoj latinskoj klaviaturě) i '''{{-|â}}''' (v starějših variantah turečskogo alfabeta):<ref name="Alfabet_Čirikby">Čirikba (2019), str. 13–17.</ref> {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" |- valign="top" ! а !! гӀ !! аа !! б !! в !! г !! гь !! гә<br />гв !! ӷ<br />гъ !! ӷь<br />гъь !! ӷә<br />гъв !! д !! дә !! е !! ж !! жь !! жә<br />жв !! з !! и !! и<br />й !! қ<br />к !! қь<br />кь !! қә<br />кв !! к<br />кI !! кь<br />кIь !! кә<br />кIв !! л !! ль !! м !! н !! о !! ԥ<br />п !! п<br />пI !! ҟ<br />къ !! ҟь<br />къь |- | a || â || aa || b || v || g || gi/-gï || gw || ğ || ği/-ğï || ğw || d || dw || e || j’ || j || jw || z || i || y || k || ki/-kï || kw || k’ || k’i/-k’ï || k’w || l || l’ || m || n || o || p || p’ || q || qi/-qï |} {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" |- valign="top" ! ҟә<br />къв !! ъ !! р !! с !! ҭ<br />т !! ҭә !! т<br />тI !! тә !! у !! ф !! х !! хь !! хә<br />хв !! хъ !! хъв !! ҳ<br />хI !! ҳә<br />хIв !! ц !! цә !! ҵ<br />цI !! ҵә !! ҽ<br />тш !! ҿ<br />шI !! ч !! ҷ<br />чI !! ш !! шь<br />щ !! шә<br />шв !! ы !! ҩ<br />гIв !! ӡ<br />дз !! ӡә<br />джв !! џ<br />дж !! џь<br />джь |- | qw || ’ || r || s || t || tw || t’ || t’w || u || f || x || xi/-xï || xw || x’ || x’w || h || hw || ts || çw || ts’ || ç’w || tş || tş’ || ç || ç’ || ş’ || ş || şw || ı || ü || dz || сw || c’ || c |} Něčto podobny tutomu alfabetu projekt prědložil v 1999 g. anglijsky lingvist {{-|George Hewitt}}, argumentujuči, že kirilica «ne jest prigodna za prědstavjenje jezykov imajučih bolje požedajuče fonetične sistemy neželi russky», i že turečsky latinsky alfabet jest dobra alternativa, ibo večinstvo etničnyh Abhazov žive v Turciji.<ref name="Hewitt 2010">{{-|Hewitt (2010), str. 23–24.}}</ref> V samoj Turciji takože byli prědprijete proby stvorjen‌ja abhazskogo alfabeta osnovanogo na latinici.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.fuadiye.com/Anban.html |title = Abhaz alfabesi / Apsua anban | date = 2004 | publisher=Fuadiye (Khuzğum) köyü | access-date = 2025-12-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141026193642/http://www.fuadiye.com/Anban.html | archive-date = 2014-10-26}}</ref> == Sravniteljna tabela abhazskyh alfabetov == V tabеlě niže sut sravnjene so soboju slědujuče varianty abhazskogo alfabeta: {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Sučasny kiriličny alfabet, v versijah iz 1996 (revizija) i 1954 (prvopočetna versija)}} {{Legenda|#f4f4f4|Fonetična transkripcija s pomočju [[Medžunarodny fonetičny alfabet|MFA]]<ref>{{-|Hewitt}}, str. 260–263.</ref>}} {{Legenda|#f4f4f4|Naučna transkripcija Huhuta Bgažba<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 65–70.</ref>}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Kiriličny alfabet Pjotra Uslara, približen‌je do rukopisnoj versije (1862)<ref name="Uslar" />}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Kiriličny alfabet Pjotra Uslara v pečatnoj redakciji Myhajla Zavadskogo (1887)<ref>Uslar (1887), str. IX, 7–14.</ref>}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Kiriličny alfabet Konstantina Mačavariani i Dmytrija Gulia (1892)<ref name="MG" />}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Kiriličny alfabet Prěvoditeljskogo komiteta (konec 19. stolětja)<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 65–70.</ref>}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Kiriličny alfabet S.M. Ašhacava za bzybsky dialekt (1906), v zatvorkah revizija avtora (1916)<ref name="Ašhacava" />}} {{Legenda|#ffffc0|Analitičny alfabet Nikolaja Marra (1926)<ref name="Alfabet_Marra" />}} {{Legenda|#ffffc0|Unifikovany latinsky alfabet (1928)}} {{Legenda|#ffddf4|Abhazsky alfabet na gruzinskoj osnově (1938)}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Prědloženy {{-|G. Hewitt}}’om latinsky alfabet na osnově turečskogo alfabeta (1999)<ref name="Hewitt 2010" />}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Prědloženy V.A. Čirikboju latinsky alfabet, takože na osnově turečskogo alfabeta (2019)<ref name="Alfabet_Čirikby" />}} Kromě togo, v tabelě sut takože slědujuče kolory: {{Legenda|#c0c0c0|Dvuznaky ne vhodeče v sustav oficialnogo alfabeta. Sěre polja v lěvoj koloně (abhazsky alfabet po reformě 1996 g.) sut zvuky odsutne v literaturnom standardu osnovanom na abžujskom dialektu, ale jestvujut vo [[Bzybsky dialekt abhazskogo jezyka|bzybskom dialektu]].<ref>Čirikba (2022), str. 21.</ref>}} {{Legenda|#ffffff|Zvuk odsutny v alfabetu}} {{Sticky header}} {| class="sticky-header ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" cellspacing="0" border="2" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family:Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Grande, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Gentium, Gentium Alternative, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Lucida Sans Unicode, MS Mincho, Arial, Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro, Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera; font-size:120%; text-align:center; background:white;" bordercolor="#000000" ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" colspan="2" | Sučasny alfabet<br />1996 | 1954 ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Izgovor ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Bgažba ! style="padding:0 1em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Uslar ! style="padding:0 0.3em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Zavadskyj ! style="padding:0 0.2em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Mač./Gulia ! style="padding:0 0.3em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Prěv. kom. ! style="padding:0 0.3em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Ašhacava ! style="padding:0 1.2em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Marr ! style="padding:0 0.3em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Unif. alf. ! style="padding:0 0.3em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Gruzinsky ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Hewitt ! style="padding:0 0.4em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Čirikba |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[А (kirilica)|А а]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [a] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | a | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[А (kirilica)|а]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | a | style="background:#ffddf4" | ა | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | a |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Б|Б б]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [b] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | b | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[б]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | b | style="background:#ffddf4" | ბ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | b |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[В (kirilica)|В в]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [v] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | v | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[В (kirilica)|в]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | v | style="background:#ffddf4" | ვ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | v |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Г|Г г]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [g] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | g | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[г]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | g | style="background:#ffddf4" | გ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | g |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Гь гь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [gʲ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | g ҄ | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="3" | гj | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[г̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[г̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | gˌ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | gı | style="background:#ffddf4" | გჲ | style="background:#ffffc0" | gi || style="background:#ffffc0" | gi/-gï |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Гә гә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Гу гу | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [gʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | g° | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="4" | гу || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[г̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | g˚ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | gu | style="background:#c0c0c0" | გუ | style="background:#ffffc0" | gu || style="background:#ffffc0" | gw |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ӷ|Ӷ ӷ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҕ|Ҕ ҕ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɣ] ~ [ʁ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ɣ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[г̧]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[г̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ҕ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӷ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ǧ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ƣ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ღ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ğ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ӷь ӷь || style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҕь ҕь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɣʲ] ~ [ʁʲ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ɣ ҄ | style="background:#c0c0c0" | г̧ј || style="background:#c0c0c0" | г̓j || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ҕј || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҕ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӷ̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ǧˌ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ƣı | style="background:#ffddf4" | ღჲ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ği || style="background:#ffffc0" | ği/-ğï |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ӷә ӷә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Ҕу ҕу | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɣʷ] ~ [ʁʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ɣ° | style="background:#c0c0c0" | г̧у || style="background:#c0c0c0" | г̓у || style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="2" | ҕу || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӷ̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ǧ˚ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ƣu | style="background:#c0c0c0" | ღუ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ğu || style="background:#ffffc0" | ğw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Д|Д д]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [d] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | d | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[д]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | d | style="background:#ffddf4" | დ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | d |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Дә дә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [dʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | d° | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚁ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[д̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ꚁ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[д̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | d˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | đ | style="background:#ffddf4" | დჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | du || style="background:#ffffc0" | dw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Е (kirilica)|Е е]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɛ] ~ [e] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | e | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[Е (kirilica)|е]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | e | style="background:#ffddf4" | ე | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | e |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ж|Ж ж]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʐ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ž^ჾ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[ж]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ȷ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ƶ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჟჾ | style="background:#ffffc0" | j̄ || style="background:#ffffc0" | j’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Жь жь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʒ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ž | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="3" | жj || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӂ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ж̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ȷˌ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with long leg.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჟ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | j |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Жә жә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʒʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ž° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | ꚅ || style="background:#ddffdd" | ꚅ ([[ж̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ȷ˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | j | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჟჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ju || style="background:#ffffc0" | jw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[З|З з]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [z] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | z | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[з]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | z | style="background:#ffddf4" | ზ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | z |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | Зь зь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʑ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | z’ | style="background:white" colspan="4" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[з̊]] ([[з̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ⱬ | | | colspan="2" | |- ! style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="2" | Зә зә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʑʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | z° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚅ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ж̊]] ([[ж̊]] ̇) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ȷˌ˚ | | | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ӡ|Ӡ ӡ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [d͡z] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ʒ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӡ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚉ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="3" | [[ӡ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ď || style="background:#ffffc0" | ᴣ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ძ | style="background:#ffffc0" | dz || style="background:#ffffc0" | dz |- ! style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="2" | Ӡь ӡь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [d͡ʑ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ʒ’ | style="background:white" colspan="4" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӡ̊]] ([[ӡ̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ďˌ | | | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Ӡә ӡә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [d͡ʑʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ʒ° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚃ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚃ]] ([[ӡ̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ď˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ⱬ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ძჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ĉu || style="background:#ffffc0" | cw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[И|И и]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [i:], [j], [jə] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | i | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[І (kirilica)|і]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | i | style="background:#ffddf4" | ი | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | i |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[К (kirilica)|К к]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [k’] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ķ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[К (kirilica)|к]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | k || style="background:#ffffc0" | ⱪ | style="background:#ffddf4" | კ | style="background:#ffffc0" | k’ || style="background:#ffffc0" | k |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Кь кь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [k’ʲ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ķ ҄ | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="3" | кj || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[к̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[к̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | kˌ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ⱪı | style="background:#ffddf4" | კჲ | style="background:#ffffc0" | k’i || style="background:#ffffc0" | ki/-kï |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Кә кә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Ку ку | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [k’ʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ķ° | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="4" | ку || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[к̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | k˚ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ⱪu | style="background:#c0c0c0" | კუ | style="background:#ffffc0" | k’u || style="background:#ffffc0" | kw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Қ|Қ қ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [kʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | k | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[к̧]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[к̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ӄ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[қ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q || style="background:#ffffc0" | k | style="background:#ffddf4" | ქ | style="background:#ffffc0" | k || style="background:#ffffc0" | k’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Қь қь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [kʲʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | k ҄ | style="background:#c0c0c0" | к̧j || style="background:#c0c0c0" | к̓j || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ӄj || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӄ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[қ̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | qˌ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | kı | style="background:#ffddf4" | ქჲ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ki || style="background:#ffffc0" | k’i/-k’ï |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Қә қә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Қу қу | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [kʷʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | k° | style="background:#c0c0c0" | к̧у || style="background:#c0c0c0" | к̓у || style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="2" | ӄу || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[қ̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q˚ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ku | style="background:#c0c0c0" | ქუ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ku || style="background:#ffffc0" | k’w |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҟ|Ҟ ҟ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [q’] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | q̣ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[Ԛ (kirilica)|ԛ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | k̇ || style="background:#ffffc0" | q | style="background:#ffddf4" | ყ | style="background:#ffffc0" | q’ || style="background:#ffffc0" | q |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҟь ҟь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [q’ʲ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | q̣ ҄ | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="3" | ԛj || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ԛ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ԛ̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | k̇ˌ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | qı | style="background:#ffddf4" | ყჲ | style="background:#ffffc0" | q’i || style="background:#ffffc0" | qi/-qï |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҟә ҟә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Ҟу ҟу | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [q’ʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | q̣° | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="4" | ԛу || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ԛ̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | k̇˚ | style="background:#c0c0c0" | qu | style="background:#c0c0c0" | ყუ | style="background:#ffffc0" | q’u || style="background:#ffffc0" | qw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Л|Л л]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [l] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | l | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[л]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | l | style="background:#ffddf4" | ლ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | l |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[М (kirilica)|М м]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [m] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | m | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[М (kirilica)|м]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | m | style="background:#ffddf4" | მ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | m |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Н (kirilica)|Н н]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [n] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | n | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[Н (kirilica)|н]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | n | style="background:#ffddf4" | ნ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | n |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[О (kirilica)|О о]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [o] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | o | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[О (kirilica)|о]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | o | style="background:#ffddf4" | ო | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | o |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[П|П п]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [p’] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | p̣ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[п]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | p || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter open P.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | პ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | p’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ԥ|Ԥ ԥ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҧ]]ҧ | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [pʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | p | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[п̧]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[п̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ҧ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ԥ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | φ || style="background:#ffffc0" | p | style="background:#ffddf4" | ფ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | p |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Р (kirilica)|Р р]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [r] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | r | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[Р (kirilica)|р]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | r | style="background:#ffddf4" | რ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | r |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[С (kirilica)|С с]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [s] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | s | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[С (kirilica)|с]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | s | style="background:#ffddf4" | ს | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | s |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | Сь сь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɕ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | s’ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ҫ]] || style="background:white" colspan="2" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[с̊]] ([[с̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | sˌ || | | colspan="2" | |- ! style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="2" | Сә сә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɕʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | s° | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚗ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[щ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ꚗ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚗ̇]] ([[ш̇̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | щ˚ || | | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Т (kirilica)|Т т]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t’] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ṭ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[Т (kirilica)|т]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | tˌ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter T with descender.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ტ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | t’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Тә тә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t’ʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ṭ° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚍ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[т̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | t˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter Tp with descender.svg|10x10px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ტჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | t’u || style="background:#ffffc0" | t’w |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҭ|Ҭ ҭ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [tʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | t | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[т̧]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[т̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ꚋ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҭ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ || style="background:#ffffc0" | t | style="background:#ffddf4" | თ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | t |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҭә ҭә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [tʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | t° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚍ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҭ̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter Tp.svg|9x9px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | თჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | tu || style="background:#ffffc0" | tw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[У (kirilica)|У у]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [w], [wə], [u:] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | u | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[У (kirilica)|у]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | w || style="background:#ffffc0" | u | style="background:#ffddf4" | უ | style="background:#ffffc0" | u || style="background:#ffffc0" | w/wı/ıw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ф|Ф ф]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [f] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | f | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[ф]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | f | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჶ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | f |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Х (kirilica)|Х х]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [x] ~ [χ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | x | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[Х (kirilica)|х]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q̇ || style="background:#ffffc0" | x | style="background:#ffddf4" | ხ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | x |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Хь хь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [xʲ] ~ [χʲ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | x ҄ | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="3" | хj || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[х̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[х̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q̇ˌ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | xı | style="background:#ffddf4" | ხჲ | style="background:#ffffc0" | xi || style="background:#ffffc0" | xi/-xï |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Хә хә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Ху ху | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [xʷ] ~ [χʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | x° | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="4" | ху || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[х̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q̇˚ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | xu | style="background:#c0c0c0" | ხუ | style="background:#ffffc0" | xu || style="background:#ffffc0" | xw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | Х’ х’ | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [χ] ~ [χˤ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | x̮ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[х̍]] || colspan="2" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[χ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q̱̇ || | | colspan="2" | |- ! style="background:#c0c0c0" | Х’ә х’ә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Х’у х’у | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [χˤʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | x̮° | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="2" | х̍у || colspan="2" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[χ̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q̱̇˚ || | | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҳ|Ҳ ҳ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ħ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | h | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[һ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ħ || style="background:#ffffc0" | h | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჰ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | h |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҳә ҳә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ħʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | h° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚕ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚕ]] ([[h̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ħ˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ħ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჰჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | hu || style="background:#ffffc0" | hw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ц|Ц ц]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡sʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | c | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[ц]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ̇ || style="background:#ffffc0" | c | style="background:#ffddf4" | ც | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ts |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | Ць ць | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡ɕʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | c’ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tse with long left leg.svg|20x14px|link=Ц s dolgoju lěvoju nogoju]] | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ц̍]] || colspan="2" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ц̊]] ([[ц̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ̇ˌ || | | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Цә цә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡ɕʷʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | c° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚏ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚏ]] ([[ц̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ̇˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with low left hook.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ცჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ç̂u || style="background:#ffffc0" | çw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҵ|Ҵ ҵ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡sʼ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | c̣ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil.svg|20x15px|link=Cil (kirilica)]] | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ц̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ҵ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ц҄]] ([[ꚏ]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ṫ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter C with descender.svg|10x10px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | წ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ts’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | Ҵь ҵь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡ɕ’] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | c̣’ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil with bar.svg|20x15px|link=Prěčrknuty cil]] | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚑ]] || colspan="2" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ц҄̊]] ([[ꚏ̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ṫˌ || | | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҵә ҵә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡ɕʷʼ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | c̣° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚏ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚏ̇]] ([[ꚏ̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ṫ˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with stroke.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | წჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ç̂’u || style="background:#ffffc0" | ç’w |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ч|Ч ч]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡ʃʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | č | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[ч]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ̣ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ɥ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჩ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ç |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҷ|Ҷ ҷ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡ʃʼ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | č̣ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Char.svg|20x15px|link=Čar (kirilica)]] | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ч̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ꚓ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ч҄]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ṭ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter turned H with stroke.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჭ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ç’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҽ|Ҽ ҽ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʈ͡ʂʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | č^ჾ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҽ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚇ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ҽ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҽ]] ([[ч̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ̱̣ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter abkhasian Che.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჩჾ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ç̄ || style="background:#ffffc0" | tş |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҿ|Ҿ ҿ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʈ͡ʂʰ’] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | č̣^ჾ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҽ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚇ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ҽ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҽ̆]] ([[ҽ̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ṯ̣ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter abkhasian Che with descender.svg|11x11px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჭჾ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ç̄’ || style="background:#ffffc0" | tş’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ш|Ш ш]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʂ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | š^ჾ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[ш]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ш || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter S with descender.svg|10x10px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | შჾ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ş̄ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ş’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Шь шь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʃ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | š | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ш̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ш̊]] ([[ш̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | щ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ſ | style="background:#ffddf4" | შ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ş |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Шә шә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʃʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | š° | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚗ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[щ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ꚗ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚗ]] ([[ш̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ш˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter reflected F.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | შჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | şu || style="background:#ffffc0" | şw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ы|Ы ы]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɨ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ǝ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[ѵ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ə | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჷ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ı |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҩ|Ҩ ҩ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɥ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ꞷ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ҩ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ө]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | w̧ || style="background:#ffffc0" | y | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჳ | style="background:#ffffc0" | yu || style="background:#ffffc0" | ü |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Џ|Џ џ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɖ͡ʐ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ǯ^ჾ | colspan="3" | || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[џ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ḓ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter script G with ascender.svg|15x15px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჯჾ | style="background:#ffffc0" | c̄ || style="background:#ffffc0" | c’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Џь џь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [d͡ʒ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ǯ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ђ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[џ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[џ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[џ̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ḏ̣ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ꝗ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჯ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | c |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ь|Ь ь]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʲ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | j | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[Ј (kirilica)|j]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[і̆]] ([[й]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | y || | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჲ | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ә|Ә ә]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ° | colspan="5" | | colspan="2" | | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჿ | || style="background:#ffffc0" | w |} Primětka: nesodržane v tabelě sut spomněne Marrom samoglasky '''[[ӑ]]''', '''[[а̄]]''', '''[[о̄]]''', '''[[ў]]''', '''[[ӳ]]''' v bzybskom alfabetu Ašhacavy, za ktore davaje latinske alternativy '''ă''', '''ā''', '''ō''', '''w''', '''ű'''.<ref>Marr (1938), str. 162.</ref> == Romanizacija abhazskogo alfabeta == [[Romanizacija]] (poněkogda takože: latinizacija) znači izobražen‌je teksta napisanogo nelatinskym pismom s pomočju [[Latinica|latinskogo alfabeta]]. V protivnosti k latinizaciji v sovětskom kontekstu (prěhod na latinsky alfabet), romanizacija jest prědznačena za ljudij, ktori ne znajut kirilicu, da by poznali izgovor slov, imen i nazv, ale takože može služiti za pisan‌je v kontekstah, kde kirilica jest nedostupna. Sut dvě glavne metody latinizacije: transliteracija (prěobračen‌je pisanogo teksta, često ignorujuči izgovor) i transkripcija (prědstavjen‌je govorjenogo teksta, često zavisno od cěljnogo jezyka). Sistemy transliteracije često sut upotrěbjene v naučnyh kontekstah, profesionalnoj literaturě, bibliotečnyh sistemah i tako dalje. V tabеlě niže sut pokazane slědujuče sistemy za transliteraciju abhazskogo jezyka: * Fonetična transkripcija s pomočju [[Medžunarodny fonetičny alfabet|Medžunarodnogo fonetičnogo alfabeta (MFA)]]<ref>{{-|Hewitt}}, str. 260–263.</ref> * Sistema {{-|BGN-PCGN}} (2011 g.), serija standardov ustanovjenyh Sovětom SŠA po geografičnym nazvam ({{Jezyky|en|United States Board on Geographic Names}}) i Postojannym komitetom po geografičnym nazvam za britansku oficialnu upotrěbu ({{Jezyky|en|Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use}})<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5d0a390340f0b620054bad58/ROMANIZATION_OF_ABKHAZ.pdf | title = Romanization of Abkhaz: BGN/PCGN 2011 System | access-date = 2025-12-13}}</ref> * Sistema {{-|KNAB}} ({{Jezyky|et|Kohanimeandmebaas}}, 1997), bazy danyh za geografične nazvy, ktoru poddrživaje Institut estonskogo jezyka ({{Jezyky|et|Eesti Keele Instituut}})<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://arhiiv.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblab.pdf | title = Abhaasi / Abkhaz / Апсуа Apsua. latinisatioon / romanization: KNAB 1993, modif. 1997 | website = Eesti Keele Institut / Institute of the Estonian Language | date = 2003-03-08}}</ref> * Sistema {{-|TITUS}} («Tezavr indogermanskyh tekstnyh i jezyčnyh materialov» ({{Jezyky|de|Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien}}) (2000)<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/caucasus/kaukschr.pdf | first = J. | last = Gippert | title = Caucasian alphabet systems based upon the Cyrillic script | website = titus.uni-frankfurt.de | access-date = 2025-12-14}}</ref> * Sistema {{-|ALA-LC}} (Amerikanskoj bibliotečnoj asociacije – Biblioteky kongresa; {{Jezyky|en|American Library Association – Library of Congress}}) (1997), ktora služi za prědstavjen‌je bibliografičnoj informacije v bibliotekah v SŠA i Kanadě, a od 1975 g. takože v Britanskoj bibliotekě ({{Jezyky|en|British Library}})<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/nonslav.pdf | title = ALA-LC Romanization tables: Non-Slavic Languages (in Cyrillic Script) | access-date = 2025-12-13}}</ref> * Sistema {{-|[[ISO 9]]:1995}} i {{-|ГОСТ 7.79—2000}}<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.ifap.ru/library/gost/7792000.pdf | title = ГОСТ 7.79—2000 (ИСО 9—95): система стандартов по информации, библиотечному и издателькому делу. Правила транслитерации кирилловского писма латинским алфавитом | website = ifap.ru | access-date = 2025-12-10 | language = ru}}</ref> Večinstvo povyših sistem bazujut se ješče na starom pravopisu (prěd reformoju 1996 g.). {{Sticky header}} {| class="sticky-header ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" cellspacing="0" border="2" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family:Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Grande, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Gentium, Gentium Alternative, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Lucida Sans Unicode, MS Mincho, Arial, Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro, Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera; font-size:120%; text-align:center; background:#feffff; bordercolor=#000000" ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Sučasny alfabet<br />1996 (1954) ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Izgovor (MFA) ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | BGN-PCGN ! style="padding:0 0.8em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | KNAB ! style="padding:0 1.4em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | TITUS ! style="padding:0 1.2em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | ALA-LC ! style="padding:0 1.4em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | ISO 9 |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[А (kirilica)|А а]] | [a] | colspan="2" | a || ā || colspan="2" | a |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Б|Б б]] | [b] | colspan="5" | b |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[В (kirilica)|В в]] | [v] | colspan="5" | v |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Г|Г г]] | [g] | colspan="5" | g |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Гь гь | [gʲ] | gy || gj || colspan="3" | g’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Гә гә | [gʷ] | gw || gw<ref name="logika">Po logikě, ibo bukva jest odsutna na stranici.</ref> || g° || gẇ || ga̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ӷ|Ӷ ӷ]] ([[Ҕ|Ҕ ҕ]]) | [ɣ] ~ [ʁ] | gh || ǧ || ɣ || gh || — (ğ)<ref name="Ӷ">Standard {{-|ISO 9}} ne imaje ekvivalenta bukvy Ӷ, ktora v 2000 g. ješče byla uvažana variantom bukvy Ҕ.</ref> |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ӷь ӷь (Ҕь ҕь) | [ɣʲ] ~ [ʁʲ] | ghy || ǧj || ɣ’ || gh’ || — (ğ’)<ref name="Ӷ" /> |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ӷә ӷә | [ɣʷ] ~ [ʁʷ] | ghw || ǧw<ref name="logika" /> || ɣ° || ghẇ || — (ğu)<ref>Prěd reformoju 1996 g. zvuznak ''ӷә'' byl pisany kako ''ҕy''.</ref> |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Д|Д д]] | [d] | colspan="5" | d |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Дә дә | [dʷ] | colspan="2" | dw || d° || dẇ || da̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Е (kirilica)|Е е]] | [ɛ] ~ [e] | colspan="5" | e |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ж|Ж ж]] | [ʐ] | z͟h || colspan="2" | ž || zh || ž |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Жь жь | [ʒ] | zh || ź || ž’ || zh’ || ž’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Жә жә | [ʒʷ] | zhw || žw || žᵒ || zhẇ || ža̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[З|З з]] | [z] | colspan="5" | z |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ӡ|Ӡ ӡ]] | [d͡z] | colspan="2" | dz || ʒ || d͡z || ź |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ӡә ӡә | [d͡ʑʷ] | colspan="2" | dzw || ʒᵒ || d͡zẇ || źa̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[И|И и]] | [i:], [j], [jə] | colspan="2" | i || i, j || colspan="2" | i |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[К (kirilica)|К к]] | [k’] | k’ || ķ || ḳ || colspan="2" | k |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Кь кь | [k’ʲ] | ky’ || ķj || ḳ’ || colspan="2" | k’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Кә кә | [k’ʷ] | kw’ || ķw<ref name="logika" /> || ḳᵒ || kẇ || ka̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Қ|Қ қ]] | [kʰ] | colspan="3" | k || k̇h || ḳ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Қь қь | [kʲʰ] | ky || kj || k’ || k̇h’ || ḳ’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Қә қә | [kʷʰ] | kw || kw<ref name="logika" /> || kᵒ || k̇hẇ || ḳa̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҟ|Ҟ ҟ]] | [q’] | q’ || q || q̇ || q || k̄ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҟь ҟь | [q’ʲ] | qy’ || qj || q̇’ || q’ || k̄’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҟә ҟә | [q’ʷ] | qw’ || qw<ref name="logika" /> || q̇ᵒ || q̇ẇ || k̄a̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Л|Л л]] | [l] | colspan="5" | l |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[М (kirilica)|М м]] | [m] | colspan="5" | m |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Н (kirilica)|Н н]] | [n] | colspan="5" | n |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[О (kirilica)|О о]] | [o] | colspan="5" | o |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[П|П п]] | [p’] | p’ || colspan="2" | ṗ || colspan="2" | p |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ԥ|Ԥ ԥ]] ([[Ҧ|Ҧ ҧ]]) | [pʰ] | colspan="3" | p || ph || p̀ (ṕ) |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Р (kirilica)|Р р]] | [r] | colspan="5" | r |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[С (kirilica)|С с]] | [s] | colspan="5" | s |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Т (kirilica)|Т т]] | [t’] | t’ || ţ || ṭ || colspan="2" | t |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Тә тә | [t’ʷ] | tw’ || ţw || ṭᵒ || tẇ || ta̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҭ|Ҭ ҭ]] | [tʰ] | colspan="3" | t || th || ţ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҭә ҭә | [tʷ] | colspan="2" | tw || tᵒ || thẇ || ţa̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[У (kirilica)|У у]] | [w], [wə], [u:] | colspan="5" | u |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ф|Ф ф]] | [f] | colspan="5" | f |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Х (kirilica)|Х х]] | [x] ~ [χ] | colspan="3" | x || kh || h |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Хь хь | [xʲ] ~ [χʲ] | xy || xj || x’|| kh’ || h’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Хә хә | [xʷ] ~ [χʷ] | xw || xw<ref name="logika" /> || xᵒ|| khẇ || ha̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҳ|Ҳ ҳ]] | [ħ] | colspan="2" | h || ḥ || ḣ || h̦ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҳә ҳә | [ħʷ] | colspan="2" | hw || hᵒ || ḣẇ || h̦a̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ц|Ц ц]] | [t͡sʰ] | ts || colspan="2" | c || t͡s || c |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Цә цә | [t͡ɕʷʰ] | tsw || cw || cᵒ || t͡sẇ || ca̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҵ|Ҵ ҵ]] | [t͡sʼ] | ts’ || ç || c̣ || t͡ṡ || c̄ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҵә ҵә | [t͡ɕʷʼ] | tsw’ || çw || c̣ᵒ || t͡ṡẇ || c̄a̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ч|Ч ч]] | [t͡ʃʰ] | ch || ć || č’ || ch || č |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҷ|Ҷ ҷ]] | [t͡ʃʼ] | ch’ || ḉ || č̣’ || ċh || c̦ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҽ|Ҽ ҽ]] | [ʈ͡ʂʰ] | c͟h || colspan="2" | č || ćh || c̆ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҿ|Ҿ ҿ]] | [ʈ͡ʂʰ’] | c͟h’ || ç̌ || č̣ || ćh́ || c̣̆ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ш|Ш ш]] | [ʂ] | s͟h || colspan="2" | š || sh || š |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Шь шь | [ʃ] | sh || ś || š’ || sh’ || š’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Шә шә | [ʃʷ] | shw || šw || šᵒ || shẇ || ša̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ы|Ы ы]] | [ɨ] | ÿ || y || ǝ || colspan="2" | y |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҩ|Ҩ ҩ]] | [ɥ] | yw || ÿ || ʿᵒ || w || ò |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Џ|Џ џ]] | [ɖ͡ʐ] | ɉ || dž || ǯ || j || d̂ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Џь џь | [d͡ʒ] | j || dź || ǯ’ || j’ || d̂’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ь|Ь ь]] | [ʲ] | || || || colspan="2" | ’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ә|Ә ә]] | [ʷ] | || || || ẇ || a̋ |} == Kodovan‌je == === Unikod === Abhazsku azbuku sodrživajut bloky «Kirilica» {{-|(U+0400 — U+04FF)}} i «Dopolnjen‌je k kirilici» {{-|(U+0500 — U+052F)}} Unikoda. Někoje historične bukvy takože nahodet se v bloku «Razširjena kirilica – B» {{-|(U+A640 — U+A69F)}}. V slědujučej tabelě abhazske bukvy imajut zaglavja ukazyvajuče jih informaciju na Unikodu i HTML-kod. V vizualnom prěgledaču by možete uviděti tutu informaciju, ako prěsunete kursor myškoju na danu bukvu. Abhazske bukvy sut označene kolorom: {{Legenda|#bee|sučasne bukvy sut v sinjem polju}} {{Legenda|#fbb|historične bukvy sut v črvenom polju}} <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; background:white; font-size:large;" |+ style="font-size:small;" | Abhazske bukvy v bloku «Kirilica» Unikoda<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf | title = Cyrillic. Range: 0400–04FF | website = Unicode.org | language = en | access-date = 2025-12-13}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="font-size:small;" | Prve znaky ! scope="colgroup" colspan="16" style="font-size:small;" | Poslědnji znak |- ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 0 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 1 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 2 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 3 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 4 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 5 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 6 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 7 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 8 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 9 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | A ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | B ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | C ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | D ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | E ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | F |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+040 | Ѐ || Ё | style="background:#fbb"|Ђ | Ѓ || Є || Ѕ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I: Unicode U+0406, HTML &mp;#1030;" | І | Ї | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER JE: Unicode U+0408, HTML &mp;#1032;" | Ј | Љ || Њ || Ћ || Ќ || Ѝ || Ў | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DZHE: Unicode U+040F, HTML &mp;#1039;" | Џ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+041 | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A: Unicode U+0410, HTML &mp;#1040;" | А | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BE: Unicode U+0411, HTML &mp;#1041;" | Б | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER VE: Unicode U+0412, HTML &mp;#1042;" | В | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE: Unicode U+0413, HTML &mp;#1043;" | Г | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DE: Unicode U+0414, HTML &mp;#1044;" | Д | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IE: Unicode U+0415, HTML &mp;#1045;" | Е | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE: Unicode U+0416, HTML &mp;#1046;" | Ж | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZE: Unicode U+0417, HTML &mp;#1047;" | З | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I: Unicode U+0418, HTML &mp;#1048;" | И | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHORT I: Unicode U+0419, HTML &mp;#1049;" | Й | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA: Unicode U+041A, HTML &mp;#1050;" | К | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EL: Unicode U+041B, HTML &mp;#1051;" | Л | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EM: Unicode U+041C, HTML &mp;#1052;" | М | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EN: Unicode U+041D, HTML &mp;#1053;" | Н | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER O: Unicode U+041E, HTML &mp;#1054;" | О | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE: Unicode U+041F, HTML &mp;#1055;" | П |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+042 | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ER: Unicode U+0420, HTML &mp;#1056;" | Р | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ES: Unicode U+0421, HTML &mp;#1057;" | С | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE: Unicode U+0422, HTML &mp;#1058;" | Т | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U: Unicode U+0423, HTML &mp;#1059;" | У | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EF: Unicode U+0424, HTML &mp;#1060;" | Ф | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA: Unicode U+0425, HTML &mp;#1061;" | Х | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSE: Unicode U+0426, HTML &mp;#1062;" | Ц | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CHE: Unicode U+0427, HTML &mp;#1063;" | Ч | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHA: Unicode U+0428, HTML &mp;#1064;" | Ш | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHCHA: Unicode U+0429, HTML &mp;#1065;" | Щ | Ъ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YERU: Unicode U+042B, HTML &mp;#1067;" | Ы | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SOFT SIGN: Unicode U+042C, HTML &mp;#1068;" | Ь | Э || Ю || Я |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+043 | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A: Unicode U+0430, HTML &mp;#1072;" | а | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE: Unicode U+0431, HTML &mp;#1073;" | б | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE: Unicode U+0432, HTML &mp;#1074;" | в | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE: Unicode U+0433, HTML &mp;#1075;" | г | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE: Unicode U+0434, HTML &mp;#1076;" | д | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE: Unicode U+0435, HTML &mp;#1077;" | е | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE: Unicode U+0436, HTML &mp;#1078;" | ж | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE: Unicode U+0437, HTML &mp;#1079;" | з | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I: Unicode U+0438, HTML &mp;#1080;" | и | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT I: Unicode U+0439, HTML &mp;#1081;" | й | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA: Unicode U+043A, HTML &mp;#1082;" | к | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL: Unicode U+043B, HTML &mp;#1083;" | л | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM: Unicode U+043C, HTML &mp;#1084;" | м | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN: Unicode U+043D, HTML &mp;#1085;" | н | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O: Unicode U+043E, HTML &mp;#1086;" | о | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE: Unicode U+043F, HTML &mp;#1087;" | п |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+044 | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER: Unicode U+0440, HTML &mp;#1088;" | р | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES: Unicode U+0441, HTML &mp;#1089;" | с | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE: Unicode U+0442, HTML &mp;#1090;" | т | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U: Unicode U+0443, HTML &mp;#1091;" | у | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF: Unicode U+0444, HTML &mp;#1092;" | ф | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA: Unicode U+0445, HTML &mp;#1093;" | х | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSE: Unicode U+0446, HTML &mp;#1094;" | ц | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE: Unicode U+0447, HTML &mp;#1095;" | ч | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHA: Unicode U+0448, HTML &mp;#1096;" | ш | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA: Unicode U+0449, HTML &mp;#1097;" | щ | ъ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU: Unicode U+044B, HTML &mp;#1099;" | ы | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT SIGN: Unicode U+044C, HTML &mp;#1100;" | ь | э || ю || я |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+045 | ѐ || ё || ђ || ѓ || є || ѕ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I: Unicode U+0456, HTML &mp;#1110;" | і | ї | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER JE: Unicode U+0458, HTML &mp;#1112;" | ј | љ || њ || ћ || ќ || ѝ || ў | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZHE: Unicode U+045F, HTML &mp;#1119;" | џ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+046 | Ѡ || ѡ || Ѣ || ѣ || Ѥ || ѥ || Ѧ || ѧ || Ѩ || ѩ || Ѫ || ѫ || Ѭ || ѭ || Ѯ || ѯ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+047 | Ѱ || ѱ || Ѳ || ѳ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IZHITSA: Unicode U+0474, HTML &mp;#1140;" | Ѵ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IZHITSA: Unicode U+0475, HTML &mp;#1141;" | ѵ | Ѷ || ѷ || Ѹ || ѹ || Ѻ || ѻ || Ѽ || ѽ || Ѿ || ѿ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+048 | Ҁ || ҁ || ҂||҃||҄||҅||҆||҇ || ҈ || ҉ || Ҋ || ҋ || Ҍ || ҍ || Ҏ || ҏ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+049 | Ґ || ґ || Ғ || ғ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE WITH MIDDLE HOOK: Unicode U+0494, HTML &mp;#1172;" | Ҕ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH MIDDLE HOOK: Unicode U+0495, HTML &mp;#1173;" | ҕ | Җ || җ || Ҙ || ҙ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+049A, HTML &mp;#1178;" | Қ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+049B, HTML &mp;#1179;" | қ | Ҝ || ҝ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA WITH STROKE: Unicode U+049E, HTML &mp;#1182;" | Ҟ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA WITH STROKE: Unicode U+049F, HTML &mp;#1183;" | ҟ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+04A | Ҡ || ҡ || Ң || ң || Ҥ || ҥ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE WITH MIDDLE HOOK: Unicode U+04A6, HTML &mp;#1190;" | Ҧ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE WITH MIDDLE HOOK: Unicode U+04A7, HTML &mp;#1191;" | ҧ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ABKHAZIAN HA: Unicode U+04A8, HTML &mp;#1192;" | Ҩ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ABKHAZIAN HA: Unicode U+04A9, HTML &mp;#1193;" | ҩ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ES WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04AA, HTML &mp;#1194;" | Ҫ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04AB, HTML &mp;#1195;" | ҫ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04AC, HTML &mp;#1196;" | Ҭ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04AD, HTML &mp;#1197;" | ҭ | Ү || ү |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+04B | Ұ || ұ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04B2, HTML &mp;#1202;" | Ҳ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04B3, HTML &mp;#1203;" | ҳ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LIGATURE TE TSE: Unicode U+04B4, HTML &mp;#1204;" | Ҵ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LIGATURE TE TSE: Unicode U+04B5, HTML &mp;#1205;" | ҵ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CHE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04B6, HTML &mp;#1206;" | Ҷ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04B7, HTML &mp;#1207;" | ҷ | Ҹ || ҹ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHHA: Unicode U+04BA, HTML &mp;#1210;" | Һ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHHA: Unicode U+04BB, HTML &mp;#1211;" | һ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ABKHASIAN CHE: Unicode U+04BC, HTML &mp;#1212;" | Ҽ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ABKHASIAN CHE: Unicode U+04BD, HTML &mp;#1213;" | ҽ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ABKHASIAN CHE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04BE, HTML &mp;#1214;" | Ҿ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ABKHASIAN CHE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04BF, HTML &mp;#1215;" | ҿ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+04C | Ӏ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE WITH BREVE: Unicode U+04C1, HTML &mp;#1217;" | Ӂ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE WITH BREVE: Unicode U+04C2, HTML &mp;#1218;" | ӂ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA WITH HOOK: Unicode U+04C3, HTML &mp;#1219;" | Ӄ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA WITH HOOK: Unicode U+04C4, HTML &mp;#1220;" | ӄ | Ӆ || ӆ || Ӈ || ӈ || Ӊ || ӊ || Ӌ || ӌ || Ӎ || ӎ || ӏ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+04D | Ӑ || ӑ || Ӓ || ӓ || Ӕ || ӕ || Ӗ || ӗ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SCHWA: Unicode U+04D8, HTML &mp;#1240;" | Ә | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SCHWA: Unicode U+04D9, HTML &mp;#1241;" | ә | Ӛ || ӛ || Ӝ || ӝ || Ӟ || ӟ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+04E | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ABKHASIAN DZE: Unicode U+04E0, HTML &mp;#1248;" | Ӡ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ABKHASIAN DZE: Unicode U+04E1, HTML &mp;#1249;" | ӡ | Ӣ || ӣ || Ӥ || ӥ || Ӧ || ӧ || Ө || ө || Ӫ || ӫ || Ӭ || ӭ || Ӯ || ӯ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+04F | Ӱ || ӱ || Ӳ || ӳ || Ӵ || ӵ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04F6, HTML &mp;#1270;" | Ӷ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04F7, HTML &mp;#1271;" | ӷ | Ӹ || ӹ || Ӻ || ӻ || Ӽ || ӽ || Ӿ || ӿ |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; background:white; font-size:large;" |+ style="font-size:small;" | Abhazske bukvy v bloku «Dopolnjen‌je k kirilici» Unikoda<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0500.pdf | title = Cyrillic Supplement. Range: 0500–052F | website = Unicode.org | language = en | access-date = 2025-12-13}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="font-size:small;" | Prve znaky ! scope="colgroup" colspan="16" style="font-size:small;" | Poslědnji znak |- ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 0 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 1 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 2 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 3 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 4 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 5 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 6 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 7 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 8 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 9 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | A ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | B ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | C ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | D ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | E ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | F |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+050 | Ԁ || ԁ || Ԃ || ԃ || Ԅ || ԅ || Ԇ || ԇ || Ԉ || ԉ || Ԋ || ԋ || Ԍ || ԍ || Ԏ || ԏ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+051 | Ԑ || ԑ || Ԓ || ԓ || Ԕ || ԕ || Ԗ || ԗ || Ԙ || ԙ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER QA: Unicode U+051A, HTML &mp;#1306;" | Ԛ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER QA: Unicode U+051B, HTML &mp;#1307;" | ԛ | Ԝ || ԝ || Ԟ || ԟ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+052 | Ԡ || ԡ || Ԣ || ԣ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+0524, HTML &mp;#1316;" | Ԥ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+0525, HTML &mp;#1317;" | ԥ | Ԧ || ԧ || || || || || || || || ԯ |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; background:white; font-size:large;" |+ style="font-size:small;" | Abhazske bukvy v bloku «Razširjena kirilica – B» Unikoda<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA640.pdf | title = Cyrillic Extended-B. Range: A640–A69F | website = Unicode.org | language = en | access-date = 2025-12-13}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="font-size:small;" | Prve znaky ! scope="colgroup" colspan="16" style="font-size:small;" | Poslědnji znak |- ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 0 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 1 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 2 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 3 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 4 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 5 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 6 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 7 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 8 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 9 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | A ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | B ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | C ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | D ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | E ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | F |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+A64 | Ꙁ || ꙁ || Ꙃ || ꙃ || Ꙅ || ꙅ || Ꙇ || ꙇ || Ꙉ || ꙉ || Ꙋ || ꙋ || Ꙍ || ꙍ || Ꙏ || ꙏ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+A65 | Ꙑ || ꙑ || Ꙓ || ꙓ || Ꙕ || ꙕ || Ꙗ || ꙗ || Ꙙ || ꙙ || Ꙛ || ꙛ || Ꙝ || ꙝ || Ꙟ || ꙟ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+A66 | || || Ꙣ || ꙣ || Ꙥ || ꙥ || Ꙧ || ꙧ || Ꙩ || ꙩ || Ꙫ || ꙫ || Ꙭ || ꙭ || ꙮ || &bsp;꙯ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+A67 | &bsp;꙰ || &bsp;꙱ || &bsp;꙲ || ꙳ || &bsp;ꙴ || &bsp;ꙵ || &bsp;ꙶ || &bsp;ꙷ || &bsp;ꙸ || &bsp;ꙹ || &bsp;ꙺ || &bsp;ꙻ || &bsp;꙼ || &bsp;꙽ || ꙾ || ꙿ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+A68 | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DWE: Unicode U+A680, HTML &mp;#42624;" | Ꚁ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DWE: Unicode U+A681, HTML &mp;#42625;" | ꚁ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DZWE: Unicode U+A682, HTML &mp;#42626;" | Ꚃ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZWE: Unicode U+A683, HTML &mp;#42627;" | ꚃ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHWE: Unicode U+A684, HTML &mp;#42628;" | Ꚅ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHWE: Unicode U+A685, HTML &mp;#42629;" | ꚅ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CCHE: Unicode U+A686, HTML &mp;#42630;" | Ꚇ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CCHE: Unicode U+A687, HTML &mp;#42631;" | ꚇ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DZZE: Unicode U+A688, HTML &mp;#42632;" | Ꚉ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZZE: Unicode U+A689, HTML &mp;#42633;" | ꚉ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE WITH MIDDLE HOOK: Unicode U+A68A, HTML &mp;#42634;" | Ꚋ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE WITH MIDDLE HOOK: Unicode U+A68B, HTML &mp;#42635;" | ꚋ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TWE: Unicode U+A68C, HTML &mp;#42636;" | Ꚍ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TWE: Unicode U+A68D, HTML &mp;#42637;" | ꚍ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSWE: Unicode U+A68E, HTML &mp;#42638;" | Ꚏ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSWE: Unicode U+A68F, HTML &mp;#42639;" | ꚏ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+A69 | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSSE: Unicode U+A690, HTML &mp;#42640;" | Ꚑ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSSE: Unicode U+A691, HTML &mp;#42641;" | ꚑ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TCHE: Unicode U+A692, HTML &mp;#42642;" | Ꚓ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TCHE: Unicode U+A693, HTML &mp;#42643;" | ꚓ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HWE: Unicode U+A694, HTML &mp;#42644;" | Ꚕ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HWE: Unicode U+A695, HTML &mp;#42645;" | ꚕ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHWE: Unicode U+A696, HTML &mp;#42646;" | Ꚗ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHWE: Unicode U+A697, HTML &mp;#42647;" | ꚗ | || || || || || || &bsp;ꚞ || &bsp;ꚟ |} </div> === Bukvy odsutne v Unikodu === Mnoge bukvy historičnyh abhazskyh alfabetov imajut diakritičny znak, napr. {{Calibri|'''г̓''', '''к̊''', '''п̧''', '''ԛ̇''', '''т̨''', '''х̍''', '''ꚇ̆''', '''ҽ̆''', '''ц҄̊'''}} i t.d. One v občem ne imajut vlastno město v Unikodu, ale mogut byti izobražene s pomočju kombinujučego znaka: ◌̆ (brevis, {{-|U+0306}}), ◌̇ (točka, {{-|U+0307}}), ◌̊ (prstenj, {{-|U+030A}}), ◌̓ (zapeta, {{-|U+0313}}), ◌̧ (sedilj, {{-|U+0327}}) i t.d. V mnogyh fontah, na žalost, rezultat jest nezadovaljajuči, osoblivo v slučaju velikyh bukv. Někoje historične bukvy ne sut prědstavjene v Unikodu i mogut byti izobražene samo s pomočju obrazka. Taka situacija jest v slučaju četyreh kiriličnyh bukv rukopisnogo alfabeta Uslara: [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tse with long left leg.svg|20x16px|link=Ц s dolgoju lěvoju nogoju]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil.svg|20x16px]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil with bar.svg|20x16px]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Char.svg|20x16px]] (te tri poslědnje sut osnovane na gruzinskyh bukvah '''წ''' i '''ჭ'''), a takože v slučaju poněkojih bukv medžuvojennogo latinskogo alfabeta: [[Fajl:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with long leg.svg|20x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter open P.svg|20x12px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter T with descender.svg|20x16px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter Tp with descender.svg|12x11px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter Tp.svg|12x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with low left hook.svg|20x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter C with descender.svg|10x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with stroke.svg|20x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter turned H with stroke.svg|20x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter abkhasian Che.svg|20x9px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter abkhasian Che with descender.svg|20x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter S with descender.svg|16x11px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter reflected F.svg|20x12px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter script G with ascender.svg|15x15px]]. == Razklad klaviatury == Standardny razklad abhazskoj klaviatury na nastolnyh kompjuterah izgledaje tako: :[[Fajl:Abkhazian keyboard.png|800x400px|Razklad abhazskoj klaviatury]] == Iztočniky == {{Iztočniky}} == Izvory == * {{-|[Bartolomej]}} {{Cite book | url = http://apsnyteka.org/file/Bartolomey_Abkhazskiy_bukvar_.pdf | last = Бартоломей | first = Иван Алексеевич | title = Абхазскій букварь | place = Тифлисъ | year = 1865}} * {{-|[Bgažba]}} {{Cite book | url = https://yadi.sk/i/gBIZEslWujvUt | format = PDF | first = Х.С. | last = Бгажба | title = Бзыбский диалект абхазского языка (Исследование и тексты) | place = Тбилиси | publisher = Издательство Академии наук Грузинской ССР | year = 1964 | language = ru}} * {{-|[Bgažba]}} {{Cite book | url = https://yadi.sk/i/-cFRKsreuz7r3 | format = PDF | last = Бгажба | first = Х.С. | title = Из истории письменности в Абхазии | place = Тбилиси | year = 1967 | publisher = Мецниереба | language = ru}} * {{Cite book | url = http://apsnyteka.org/file/Chirikba_Abkhaz.pdf | first = Viacheslav A. | last = Chikirba | title = Abkhaz | series = Languages of the World/Materials 119 | place = München | publisher = Lincom Europa | year = 2003 | language = en}} * {{-|[Čirikba]}} {{Cite book | first = В.А. | last = Чирикба | url = https://www.academia.edu/40453987/Unified_Abkhaz_Abaza_Alphabet_on_the_Latin_Graphic_Basis_A_Project_Sukhum_2919_Единый_абхазо_абазинский_алфавит_на_латинской_графической_основе_Проект_Сухум_2019 | title = Еизаку аԥсуа-абаза алфавит алатин шьаҭала. Апроект / Латин хiарыф зыщата йщтiу апсуа-абаза алфавит. Проект / Единый абхазо-абазинский алфавит на латинской графической основе. Проект | publisher = АНО «Алашара» | place = Аҟәа / Сухум | year = 2019 | language = ru}} * {{-|[Čirikba]}} {{Cite journal | url = https://www.academia.edu/90307331 | first = В.А. | last = Чикирба | title = Бзыпский диалект абхазского языка (Краткий очерк) | journal = Аԥсны аҭҵаарадыррақәа ракадемиа адырраҭара / Вестник Академии наук Абхазии | issue = № 12 | place = Аҟәа / Сухум | publisher = Academia | year = 2022 | pages = 19–25 | language = ru}} * {{Cite journal | url = https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978-88-6969-667-1/978-88-6969-667-1-ch-01.pdf | first = Viacheslav | last = Chikirba | title = From the History of Abkhaz Romanized Alphabets | journal = Eurasiatica 19 | year = 2023 | publisher = Edizioni Ca’Foscari | language = en | isbn = 978-88-6969-667-1 | pages = 3–28}} * {{-|[Čočua]}} {{Cite book | url = http://apsnyteka.org/file/Chochua_Abkhazskaya_azbuka_1909.pdf | first = А.М. | last = Ч̆оч̆уа | title = Аԥсуа Анбан, Абхазская азбука | place = Тифлисъ | publisher = Изданiе Кавказскаго Учебнаго Округа | year = 1909}} * {{-|[Čočua]}} {{Cite book | url = https://disk.yandex.ru/i/07Q4an9cdk2YJ | last = Ҷоҷуа | first = А.М. | title = Анбан. Ахҧатәи ирҽеины аҭыжьра / Азбука | place = Аҟуа [Suhumi] | publisher = Аҧҳәынҭшәҟуҭыжьырҭа | year = 1957 | pages = 105–106}} * {{-|[Gulia/Mačavariani]}} {{Cite book | url = http://apsnyteka.org/file/Machavariani_Abkhazskaya_azbuka.pdf | first1 = Д.И. | last1 = Гулиа | first2 = К.Д. | last2 = Мачавариани | title = Абхазская азбука. Главнѣйшія молитвы и заповѣди на абхазскомъ и церковно-славянскомъ языкахъ | place = Тифлисъ | year = 1892 | language = ru}} * {{Cite book | first = G. | last = Hewitt | title = Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus | place = München | publisher = Lincom | year = 2004 | pages = 260–263 | isbn = 3-89586-734-9}} * {{Cite book | first = George | url = https://www.scribd.com/document/483763186/Abkhaz-A-Comprehensive-Self-Tutor-Hewitt-pdf | last = Hewitt | title = Abkhaz. A Comprehensive Self-Tutor | place = München | publisher = Lincom Europa | year = 2010 | language = en}} * {{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RRXdAAAAQBAJ | first = Stephen F. | last = Jones | title = War and Revolution in the Caucasus: Georgia Ablaze | year = 2013 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-1-317-98762-8 | language = en}}</ref> * {{-|[Marr]}} {{Cite book | url = http://apsnyteka.org/2099-marr_abkhazskiy_analiticheskiy_alfavit.html | first = Н.Я. | last = Марр | title = Избранные работы, т. II. Основные вопросы языкознания | place = Ленинград | publisher = АН Наук СССР, Издательство ГАИМК | year = 1936 | pages = 321–354 | language = ru}} * {{-|[Marr]}} {{Cite book | url = https://disk.yandex.ru/i/2WiKc6d_bmWAJ | first = Н.Я. | last = Марр | title = О языке и истории абхазов | place = Москва, Ленинград | publisher = Издательство Академии наук СССР | year = 1938 | chapter = О записывании абхазских текстов | pages = 150–164 | format = PDF | language = ru}} * {{-|[Romanov]}} {{Cite book | url = https://disk.yandex.ru/i/DEn2BX813MLN4p | first = В.П. | last = Романов | title = Абазинской Словарь | place = Сухум | publisher = АбИГИ, Дом печати | year = 2016}} * {{-|[Uslar]}} {{Cite book | url = https://docs.yandex.ru/docs/view?url=ya-disk-public%3A%2F%2FSHEPIfcSUDm6N9cbTjDQq5EJ%2BxndFVeLnXUon%2BjQhPw%3D&ame=Uslar_K_Etnografiya_Kavkaza_Jazykoznanie_Abkhazsky_jazyk_1862.pdf | first = П.К. | last = Усларъ | title = Этнографія Кавказа. Языкознаніе. Абхазскій языкъ | place = Тифлисъ | year = 1862}} * {{-|[Uslar]}} {{Cite book | url = https://yadi.sk/i/orTcI91mggyb5Q | first = П.К. | last = Усларъ | title = Этнографія Кавказа. Языкознаніе. Абхазскій языкъ | place = Тифлисъ | year = 1887 | publisher = Типографія канцеларіи Главноначальстующаго гражданскою частію на Кавказѣ | format = PDF | language = ru | editor = Zavadskyj}} * {{Cite book | url = | author = (bez avtora) | title = Абхазская азбука и статьи для чтенія и письменныхъ работъ | place = Тифлисъ | publisher = Типографія канцеларіи Намѣстника Его Императорскаго Величества на Кавказѣ и художественная литографія Г. Дюстердика | year = 1906}} == Vněšnje linky == * {{Cite web | url = http://lingvarium.org/scripts/abkhaz.shtml | title = Абхазская письменность | website = Lingvarium.org | language = ru}} * {{Cite web | url = https://www.omniglot.com/writing/abkhaz.htm | title = Abkhaz (аҧсуа бызшәа) | first = Simon | last = Ager | website = Omniglot.com | language = en}} * {{Cite web | url = http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Abkhaz_3.0.pdf | title = Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts: Abkhaz | first = Thomas T. | last = Pedersen | website = transliteration.eki.ee | language = en}} * {{Cite web | url = https://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/abkhaz/ | title = Abhazsky transliterator | website = translitteration.com}} {{Kirilica}} [[Kategorija:Abhazsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Kirilica]] {{INTERWIKI|Q307076}} ngu3ds29af35cae2vvy2rtij0uikusi 28293 28292 2026-07-07T17:46:45Z IJzeren Jan 9 28293 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fajl:2014 Suchum, Państwowy Zespół Folkowy Pieśni i Tańca Republiki Abchazji (01).jpg | thumb | 300px | Tablica s tekstom na abhazskom jezyku: «Državny zasluženy ansambl narodnoj pěsnje i tanca Abhazije»]] '''Abhazsky alfabet''' ({{Jezyky|ab|Аԥсуа алфавит}}) jest [[alfabet]], ktory služi za pisan‌je [[Abhazsky jezyk|abhazskogo jezyka]]. Dnešnjego dnja, abhazsky jezyk piše se vlastnoju, dost specifičnoju versijeju [[Kirilica|kiriličnogo alfabeta]], ktora harakterizuje se odnositeljno vysokoju kolikostju dvuznakov i bukv odsutnyh v drugyh jezykah. Jednakože v tečen‌ju svojego jestvovan‌ja abhazsky prošel različne etapy, s raznymi [[Pismo|pismami]] i nejednokratnymi reformami. Množstvo tyh izměn, često s političnoju motivacijeju, nesumněno imělo neblagoprijatny vliv na funkcionovan‌je literaturnogo jezyka.<ref>{{-|Chirikba}}, str. 15.</ref> == Historija == === Prěd 19. stolětjem === Kromě někojih oddělnyh netočnyh zapisov, abhazsky jezyk byl nepisany prěd 19. stolětjem. Gramotno naseljen‌je [[Abhazija|Abhazije]] koristalo za pisan‌je druge jezyky: do 9. stolětja [[Grečsky jezyk|grečsky]], a pozdněje [[Gruzinsky jezyk|gruzinsky]], v rědkyh slučajah (glavno v 18. stolětju) takože [[Turečsky jezyk|turečsky]], ačekoli daže v periodu turečskogo vladan‌ja v Abhaziji gruzinsky dalje služil literaturnym jezykom, a turečsky jezyk ne našel zamětno razprostranjen‌je.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 27–28.</ref> Najranše znane zapisy abhazskogo jezyka byli sdělane v 17. stolětju, kogda turečsky putovatelj Evlija Čelebi ({{Jezyky|tr|Evliya Çelebi, اوليا چلبى‎}}) zapisal 40 abhazskyh slov i fraz na osmanskom variantu [[Arabsko pismo|arabskogo pisma]] v svojej monumentalnoj «Knigě putešestvij» ({{Jezyky|tr|Seyahatname}}) iz 1641 g. Tym ne menje, arabsko pismo nikogda ne prijelo se kako osnova za pisan‌je abhazskogo jezyka, v protivnosti k [[Adygejsky jezyk|adygejskomu]] i [[Abazinsky jezyk|abazinskomu]] jezykam. Pozdněje, v 18. stolětju i na početku 19. stolětja, němečsko-rosijski učeni-putovatelji Johann Gjuldenštedt, G. Rozen, Peter Pallas i Julius Klaprot takože zapisali spisy abhazskyh slov.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 34.</ref> === Period kirilice (1862–1926) === [[Fajl:Abkhaz alphabet 1862.png | thumb | 300px | Alfabet Uslara (1862)]] [[Fajl:Abkhazian alphabet in Gulia and Machavariani 1892 02.jpg | thumb | 300px | Alfabet Gulia i Mačavariani (1892)]] [[Fajl:Chochua Abkhazskaya azbuka 1909.jpg | thumb | 300px | Bukvar Čočua (1909)]] Od 1810 g. Abhazija byla okupovana [[Rosija|Rosijskoju imperijeju]] i sovsěm včlenjena jeju v 1864 g. V svezi s tym [[russky jezyk]] takože načel igrati rolju, a zajedno s njim takože [[kirilica]]. Prva izvěstna proba zapisan‌ja abhazskyh slov i fraz na kiriličnom alfabetu jest tako nazyvajemy {{Lang|ru|Словарь Абазинской}} («Abazinsky slovnik»), sostavjeny v 1827 g. russkym oficerom-dekabristom Vladimirom Pavlovičem Romanovom. Tutoj slovnik, ktory sodrživaje okolo 2 tys. slov i četyri stranic s frazami, napisane [[Russka azbuka|russkym alfabetom]], byl najdeny odnositeljno nedavno v bibliotekě v [[Tbilisi]] i prvy raz publikovany v 2014 g. Ačekoli slovnik nazyvaje se «[[Abazinsky jezyk|abazinskym]]», slova, ktore sodrživaje, sut abhazske.<ref>{{Cite book | url = https://disk.yandex.ru/i/DEn2BX813MLN4p | first = А.Ч. | last = Абазов | title = Абазинской Словарь | chapter = Кавказ в исследованиях декабристов: о неизвестной рукописи «Абазинского словаря» (Словаря абхазского языка и других черкесских наречий) В.П. Романова | year = 2016 | pages = 4–5 | language = ru}}</ref> Otcem abhazskogo alfabeta jednakože uvažaje se ne Romanov, ale rosijsky general-major i kavkazověd [[Pjotr Uslar|Pjotr Karlovič Uslar]] (1816–1875), ktory – pravdopodobno ne znajuči o slovniku Romanova – za svoju monografiju «Abhazsky jezyk» iz 1861–1862 lět stvoril prvy abhazsky alfabet, sostoječi iz 55 bukv.<ref name="Uslar">Uslar (1862).</ref> Na osnovu Uslar vzel kiriličny alfabet, stvorjeny finsko-rosijskym učenym Andersom Sjögrenom za [[osetinsky jezyk]], zaměnjajuči i dopolnjajuči go bukvami izmysljenymi jim samym ('''[[ҩ]]''', '''[[ꚅ]]''', '''[[ӡ]]''', [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tse with long left leg.svg|20x14px|link=Ц s dolgoju lěvoju nogoju]], '''[[ꚏ]]''', '''[[ꚗ]]''', '''[[ҽ]]''') ili pozajetymi iz [[Grečsky alfabet|grečskogo]] ('''[[ꚃ]]''', '''[[ꚍ]]'''), [[Latinica|latinskogo]] ('''[[һ]]''', '''[[ꚕ]]''', {{-|'''[[Ј (kirilica)|ј]]'''}}, '''[[Ԛ (kirilica)|ԛ]]'''), [[Srbska azbuka|srbskogo]] ('''{{-|[[ђ]]}}''') i [[Gruzinsko pismo|gruzinskogo]] ([[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil.svg|20x15px|link=Cil (kirilica)]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil with bar.svg|20x15px|link=Prěčrknuto cil]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Char.svg|20x15px|link=Čar (kirilica)]]) alfabetov, poněkojimi s diakritičnymi znakami – brevisom (˘), sedilju (¸) i vertikalnoju črtkoju (х̍).<ref>Čirikba (2019), str. 3.</ref><ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 40–43.</ref> Uslarova gramatika, izdana litografičnym sposobom v 1862 g., byla prva čest cěloj serije opisov bezpisemnyh [[Kavkazske jezyky|jezykov Kavkaza]]. Na osnově Uslarovogo děla povstali slědujuče izdan‌ja, ktore sodrživali varianty jegovoj azbuky: * Rosijsky general Ivan Aleksejevič Bartolomej (1813–1870) publikoval v 1865 g. «Abhazsky bukvar» ({{Jezyky|ru|Абхазскій букварь}}), knigu s 188 stranicami, v ktoroj prikladne teksty sut napisane v treh jezykah: na abhazskom, russkom i gruzinskom, pri čem vse abhazske bukvy i slova sut napisane rukopisnymi bukvami, a russke i gruzinske pečatnymi.<ref>Bartolomej (1865).</ref> Bukvy v tutym izdan‌ju sut identične Uslarovym, s izključen‌jem odsutnosti treh bukv označajuče zvuky harakteristične [[Bzybsky dialekt abhazskogo jezyka|bzybskomu dialektu]] ('''[[ҫ]]''', [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tse with long left leg.svg|20x14px|link=Ц s dolgoju lěvoju nogoju]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil with bar.svg|20x15px]]). Mimohodom, tutoj bukvar ne dostal praktično priměnjen‌je iz pričiny onogdašnjej odsutnosti abhazskyh škol i učiteljskyh kadrov.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 48–49.</ref> * Ukrajinsky pedagog Myhajlo Romualdovyč Zavadskyj (1848–1926) publikoval v 1887 g. pečatnu versiju monografije Uslara. On izměnil někoje prvopočetne Uslarove bukvy na druge, inspirovane versijeju osetinskoj ortografije Vsevoloda Millera, argumentujuči, že te rukopisne bukvy «značno uveličajut cěnu izdan‌ja, bez vsekakoj prědnosti za děla», i že «Uslar, nakoliko nam izvěstno, ne govori o neobhodimosti shranjen‌ja prijetyh jim načrtanij, a samo izražaje želan‌je udržati čislo znakov, čto my v točnosti i jesmo izpolnili».<ref>Uslar (1887), str. VIII–IX.</ref> Takym sposobom on izměnil sedilje v bukvah {{Calibri|'''[[г̧]]''', '''[[к̧]]''', '''[[п̧]]''', '''[[т̧]]'''}} na zapete (komy) {{Calibri|('''[[г̓]]''', '''[[к̓]]''', '''[[п̓]]''', '''[[т̓]]''')}}, a gruzinske bukvy [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil.svg|20x15px|link=Cil (kirilica)]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil with bar.svg|20x15px|link=Prěčrknuto cil]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Char.svg|20x15px|link=Čar (kirilica)]] na {{Calibri|'''[[ц̓]]''', '''[[ꚑ]]''', '''[[ч̓]]'''}}, takože vvodeči bukvy {{Calibri|'''[[ꚉ]]''', '''[[џ]]''', '''[[ꚇ]]''', '''[[ꚇ̆]]''', '''[[ц̍]]'''}} zaměsto {{Calibri|'''[[ӡ]]''', '''[[ђ]]''', '''[[ҽ]]''', '''[[ҽ̆]]'''}}, [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tse with long left leg.svg|20x14px|link=Ц s dolgoju lěvoju nogoju]]. Iz vvedenyh Zavadskym bukv samo bukvy '''[[ҩ]]''', '''[[ꚁ]]''' i '''[[ꚃ]]''' byli koristane takože v pozdnějših versijah abhazskogo alfabeta, vključajuči sučasny alfabet.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 44–45.</ref> * Gruzinsky krajevid Konstantin Davidovič Mačavariani (1857–1926?) i jegov učenik Dmitrij Iosifovič Gulia (1874–1960) publikovali v 1892 g. vtory bukvar pod zaglavjem «Abhazska azbuka. Glavnějše molitvy i zapovědi na abhazskom i crkovnoslovjanskom jezykah» ({{Jezyky|ru|Абхазская азбука. Главнѣйшія молитвы и заповѣди на абхазскомъ и церковно-славянскомъ языкахъ}}).<ref name="MG">Gulia i Mačavariani (1892)</ref> Jihny alfabet jest mnogo shodny Uslarovomu i imaje 51 bukvu; odsutne sut Uslarove bukvy (prědstavjajuče bzybske glasky) '''[[ҫ]]''', '''{{Calibri|[[х̍]]}}''', [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tse with long left leg.svg|20x14px|link=Ц s dolgoju lěvoju nogoju]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil with bar.svg|20x15px|link=Prěčrknuto cil]]. Gruzinske bukvy [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil.svg|20x15px|link=Cil (kirilica)]] i [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Char.svg|20x15px|link=Čar (kirilica)]] zaměnili na {{Calibri|'''[[ҵ]]''' i '''[[ꚓ]]'''}}, vzete iz Sjögrenovogo alfabeta, a '''{{-|[[ђ]]}}''' na '''[[џ]]''', vzeto iz alfabeta Zavadskogo.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 52.</ref> Kromě togo, rukopisne formy Uslarovyh bukv s sediljami {{Calibri|'''[[г̧]]''', '''[[к̧]]''', '''[[п̧]]''', '''[[т̧]]'''}} izgledajut identično, ale v pečatnoj formě imajut haky: '''[[ҕ]]''', '''[[ӄ]]''', '''[[ҧ]]''', '''[[ꚋ]]'''. * V 1906 g. byl izdany slědujuči bukvar, bez ukazanogo avtora. Prve 25 stranic sut sovsěm identične bukvaru Mačavariani i Gulia, ale dalje sodrživaje proste teksty do nauky zaměsto religioznyh tekstov.<ref>''Абхазская азбука'' (1906).</ref> * Abhazsky pedagog i pozdnějši prezident Abhazskoj ASSR Andrej Maksimovič Čočua (1879–1965) publikoval četvrty i najuspěšnějši bukvar v 1909 g. Vtoro, dopolnjeno izdan‌je nastupilo v 1914 g., a tretje v 1924 g., s dopolnjen‌jem v 1925 g.; pozdnějše izdan‌ja uže koristali latinsky alfabet.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://apsnyteka.org/1647-chochua_a_bukvar_1909-1931_abh.html | title = А. М. Ҷоҷуа / А. М. Чочуа. Аԥсуа Анбан / Абхазская азбука (букварь) | website = Apsnyteka.org | access-date = 2025-12-07}}</ref> Jegov kiriličny alfabet odličal se od alfabeta Gulia i Mačavariani tym, že Čočua odstranil bukvy {{Calibri|'''[[ꚅ̆]]'''}} i {{-|'''[[Ј (kirilica)|ј]]'''}}, a dodal bukvy s brevisom ({{Calibri|'''[[г̆]]''', '''[[ҕ̆]]''', '''[[ӂ]]''', '''[[џ̆]]''', '''[[к̆]]''', '''[[ӄ̆]]''', '''[[ԛ̆]]''', '''[[х̆]]'''}}) za označen‌je smekčen‌ja, kde Uslar i drugi ješče pisali {{-|'''гј'''}} i t.d.<ref>Čočua (1909).</ref> * Od konca 19. stolětja v Suhumi funkcionoval tako nazyvajemy Abhazsky prěvoditeljsky komitet, ktory zajmal se prěvodžen‌jem Biblije i drugoj religioznoj literatury na abhazsky, posluživajuči se modifikovanym variantom Uslarovogo alfabeta, identičnym alfabetu Čočua, ale ješče sodrživajuči bukvu {{Calibri|'''[[ꚅ̆]]'''}}.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 53.</ref> * V 1906 g. abhazsky historik i aktivist Semjon Mihajlovič Ašhacava (1886–1943) iztvoril alfabet sostoječi iz 77 bukv i prědstavjajuči vse fonemy bzybskogo dialekta.<ref name="Ašhacava">Bgažba (1964), str. 16–17.</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = http://apsnyteka.org/4211-Ashkhatsava_Izbrannye_trudy_2021.html | title = С. М. Ашхацава. Избранные труды | website = Apsnyteka.org | access-date = 2025-12-08 | language = ru}}</ref> Ašhacava byl rukovoditelj bzybskogo komiteta Družstva razprostranjen‌ja prosvěty srěd Abhazov, ktory v 1913–1914 lětah prislal Nikolaju Marru okolo 100 abhazskyh skazok napisanyh na tom alfabetu, ale kromě togo nikogda ne došlo k praktičnomu priměnjen‌ju.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 56.</ref> Čto se tyče form, tutoj alfabet odličaje se od alfabetu Prěvoditeljskogo komiteta tym, že koristaje nižnje črtky zaměsto hakov ('''[[ӷ]]''', '''[[қ]]''', '''[[ԥ]]''', '''[[ҭ]]'''), i bukvy '''[[ц́]]''' i '''[[ч́]]''' zaměsto '''[[ҵ]]''' i '''[[ꚓ]]'''. Kromě togo, on sodrživaje dodatočne samoglasky {{Calibri|'''[[ӑ]]''', '''[[і̆]]''', '''[[ў]]''', '''[[ӳ]]''', '''[[а̄]]''' i '''[[о̄]]'''}}, a takože pozajetu od grečskogo alfabeta bukvu '''[[χ]]'''. Nakonec, palatalizacija jest označena točkoju zaměsto brevisom (napr. {{Calibri|'''[[г̇]]''', '''[[ӷ̇]]''', '''[[џ̇]]'''}}, ...), a labializacija prstenjem (napr. {{Calibri|'''[[ꚅ̊]]''', '''[[з̊]]''', '''[[к̊]]'''}}, ...).<ref>Marr (1938), str. 158–163.</ref> <gallery mode=packed heights=180px caption="«Otci-založitelji» abhazskogo alfabeta"> Uslar-engraving-with-caption.jpg | [[Pjotr Uslar|Pjotr Karlovič Uslar]]<br />(1816–1875) Bartolomey_Ivan_Alexeyevich.jpg | Ivan Aleksejevič Bartolomej<br />(1813–1870) Завадский М. Р (cropped).jpg | Myhajlo Romualdovyč Zavadskyj<br />(1848–1926) Stamp of Abkhazia - 2003 - Colnect 1007799 - Konstantin Machavariani 1853-1927.jpeg | Konstantin Davidovič Mačavariani<br />(1857–1926?) Abkhazia 10 apsar Ag 2009 Gulia b.jpg | Dmitrij Iosifovič Gulia<br />(1874–1960) Marr.jpg | Nikolaj Jakovlevič Marr<br />(1864/1865<ref name="kalendar" />–1934) </gallery> === Period latinice (1926–1938) === [[Fajl:Marr - Abkhaz Analytic Alphabet - 1926 - page 51 table 2.jpg | 300px | thumb | right | «Analitičny alfabet» Marra (1926–1928)]] [[Fajl:Abkhaz latin alphabet from 1930 ABC book.png | 300px | thumb | right | Latinsky alfabet Jakovleva, iz bukvara 1930 g.]] V 1920-yh i 1930-yh lětah v [[Sovětsky Sojuz|Sovětskom sojuzu]] byla vedena kampanija za latinizaciju vsih govorjenyh v njim jezykov. Tuta politika iměla razne cělje: borbu s analfabetizmom posrědstvom uproščen‌ogo pisma, razlom s carističnoju minulostju i razprostranjen‌je socializma srěd menših narodov SSSR i po vsem světu, a specifičněje: izolovan‌je muslimanskyh narodov SSSR od arabsko-islamskoj česti světa. Vslěd tutoj kampanije ok. 70 jezykov prěključili se na pravopis osnovany na latinskom alfabetu. V slučaju abhazskogo jezyka prvy proba za stvorjen‌je latinskogo alfabeta byla prědprijeta uže v 1919 g., kogda pedagog Mustafa Butba v Istanbulu publikoval abhazsky bukvar na latinskoj osnově.<ref>{{Cite book | url = http://apsnyteka.org/file/Butba_Mustafa_.pdf | first = Mustafa | last = Butba | title = Abhazsky bukvar | format = PDF | place = Istanbul | year = 1919}}</ref> Jegov alfabet iměl slědujuče bukvy: '''{{Calibri|a, e, ı, i, o, u, ᴇ, b, p, t, c, ç, h, x, x̂, d, z, r, j, ӡ, s, ŝ, g, ĝ, f, k, q, q̂ , l, m, n, v, y}}'''. Jednakože tutoj alfabet ne našel priměnjen‌je v praktikě.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 56–57.</ref> V ramkah povyšej kampanije v 1926 g.<ref>Čikirba domněvaje, že praktično vveden‌je latinici v Abhaziji moglo by odbyti se v 1927 g. Čikirba (2023), str. 11.</ref> byl prijety v Abhazskoj ASSR drugy latinsky alfabet, tako nazyvajemy «abhazsky analističny alfabet» ili «jafetičny alfabet», osnovany na naučnyh izdan‌jah. Avtorom tutogo projekta byl jezykoznavec i kavkazověd Nikolaj Marr (1864/1865<ref name="kalendar">Prvy god suglasno [[Juliansky kalendar|julianskomu kalendaru]] (stary stilj), vtory suglasno [[Gregoriansky kalendar|gregorianskomu kalendaru]] (novy stilj).</ref>–1934). Marrov alfabet, razrabotany jim v 1917 g. i prědznačeny za izobražen‌je vsih abhazskyh fonem, prvopočetno iměl 76 bukv, vključajuči 8 bukv za bzybsky dialekt i 1 bukvu za druge narěčja, i harakterizoval se mnogymi diakritičnymi znakami, često na dvoh plastah. Poněkoje bukvy byli pozajete od kiriličnogo i gruzinskogo alfabetov.<ref name="Alfabet_Marra">Marr (1938), str. 152.</ref> Od samogo početka tutoj alfabet, ktory v istinnosti byl «ničto veče neželi naučna fonetična transkripcija, složena i neizgodna daže lingvistam»<ref>Čirikba (2023), str. 7.</ref>, byl ostro kritikovany i od početka byli diskusije o reformě. Ačekoli on, v uproščenoj formě s 62 bukvami, byl vvedeny v školah i byli na njim izdane knigy, jegov nadobyčajna složenost i nepraktičnost pričinila, že v 1928 g. byl prijety drugy latinsky alfabet, čestično takože v svezi s procesom unifikacije alfabetov narodov SSSR.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 58.</ref> V 1928 vtory plenum Vsesojuznogo centralnogo komiteta novogo turkijskogo alfabeta (VCK NTA) rěšil, že trěba ujediniti alfabety kavkazskyh narodov, po čem byl razrabotany novy latinsky alfabet za abhazsky jezyk, sbliženy [[Adygejsky jezyk|adygejskomu]] i [[Abazinsky jezyk|abazinskomu]] alfabetam. Tutoj «unifikovany alfabet» jest često pripisany profesoru Nikolaju Feofanoviču Jakovlevu (1892–1974), ktory takože byl avtor latinskyh alfabetov za několiko drugyh [[Sěvernokavkazske jezyky|sěvernokavkazskyh alfabetov]]. Jednakože abhazsky jezykoznavec Vjačeslav Čikirba domněvaje, že istinnymi avtorami byli abhazski pisatelji Mušni Lavrentijevič Hašba (1903–1992) i Samson Jakovlevič Čanba (1886–1937), pravdopodobno na osnově zapisok ili daže skice slavnogo jezykoznavca Jevgenija Dmitrijeviča Polivanova (1881–1938).<ref>Čirikba (2023), str. 16–20.</ref> Vo vsakom slučaju, unifikovany alfabet byl oficialno vvedeny v školnu praktiku v 1929 g. i ostal v upotrěbě do 1938 g. Tutoj alfabet zaisto okazal se udobnějšim od Marrovogo alfabeta: on iměl 51 znak, čestično blagodareči bukvě '''{{-|ı}}''' za označen‌je palatalizacije i bukvě '''{{-|u}}''' za označen‌je labializacije. Dalše uproščen‌je bylo realizovano izključen‌jem velikyh bukv v 1933 g. Tym ne menje, i tutoj alfabet byl prěmnogo nesručny za pisan‌je na pišučej mašině ili pečatan‌je linotipom. Kromě togo, latinske alfabety menših narodov Sovětskogo sojuza pričinili ješče jedin problem: zatože [[russky jezyk]] (zajedno s [[Ukrajinsky jezyk|ukrajinskym]] i [[Bělorussky jezyk|bělorusskym]]) byl izključeny [[Iosif Stalin|Iosifom Stalinom]] iz procesa latinizacije v 1930 g., latinsky alfabet nenaměrno izoloval te narody od russkogo pisanogo jezyka i russkoj kultury. Slědovateljno on načel protivrěčiti princip sbližen‌ja narodov.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 58–59.</ref> V svezi s tym v 1936 g. byl započety proces kirilizacije v Sovětskom sojuzu. === Period gruzinskogo alfabeta (1938–1954) === [[Fajl:Abkhaz alphabet (1938-1953).JPG| 300px | thumb | Abhazsky alfabet na gruzinskoj osnově]] [[Fajl:Georgian and Cyrillic scripts of the Abkhazian Alphabet.svg | 300px | thumb | Sravnjen‌je]] Gruzinsky byl jedin iz rědkyh prikladov jezykov v Sovětskom sojuzu, ktore ne byli podvrgnute ni latinizaciji v 1920-yh lětah, ni kirilizaciji v 1930-yh i 1940-yh. Vslěd novoj sovětskoj konstitucije iz 1936 g. Zakavkazska sovětska federativna socialistična republika (ZSFSR) byla razvedena i Gruzija stala samostojna republika v ramkah Sovětskogo sojuza. Zatože Abhazska ASSR i [[Južna Osetija|Južnoosetinska avtonomna oblast]] nahodili se na teritoriji [[Gruzija|Gruzinskoj SSR]], one nahodili se v podobnom položen‌ju v odnošen‌ju k Gruziji, kako Gruzija v odnošen‌ju k Sovětskomu sojuzu.<ref>{{-|Jones}} (2013).</ref> Po prikazu iz Tbilisi oba jezyky – abhazsky i osetinsky – iměli prěključiti se na gruzinsko pismo, ačekoli v [[Sěverna Osetija|Sěvernoosetinskoj ASSR]], ktora nahodila se v [[Rosijska sovětska federativna socialistična republika|RSFSR]] jednočasno byla vvedena kirilica. Politika gruzinizacije Abhazije prodolžala se v 1940-yh lětah i privedla k likvidaciji cěloj sistemy obrazovan‌ja na abhazskom jezyku.<ref>Čirikba (2019), str. 4.</ref> Rěšen‌je o vveden‌ju novogo abhazskogo alfabeta na gruzinskoj osnově bylo prijeto v 1937 g. podčas abhazskoj oblastnoj konferencije [[Komunistična partija Sovětskogo sojuza|KP(b)]] Gruzije. V dekembru togože goda na sobran‌ju v Abhazskom naučno-izslědovateljskom institutu dva osnovne projekty abhazskogo alfabeta byli prědstavjene i razsmotrjene. Avtori prvogo projekta – Dmitrij Gulia, Simon Džanašia i Akakij Šanidze – izhodili iz principa izobražen‌ja specifičnyh abhazskyh zvukov s pomočju služebnyh znakov. Avtori drugogo projekta – Mušni Hašba i Andrej Čočua – prědlagali upotrěbjen‌je specialnoj bukvy za vsaky zvuk. Na koncu prijety byl prvy projekt. Naposlěd novy abhazsky alfabet iměl 36 polnocěnnyh bukv – vse 33 iz gruzinska alfabeta ('''ა''', '''ბ''', '''გ''', '''დ''', '''ე''', '''ვ''', '''ზ''', '''თ''', '''ი''', '''კ''', '''ლ''', '''მ''', '''ნ''', '''ო''', '''პ''', '''ჟ''', '''რ''', '''ს''', '''ტ''', '''უ''', '''ფ''', '''ქ''', '''ღ''', '''ყ''', '''შ''', '''ჩ''', '''ც''', '''ძ''', '''წ''', '''ჭ''', '''ხ''', '''ჯ''', '''ჰ''') plus tri dodatočne bukvy '''ჶ''', '''ჷ''', '''ჳ''' – i tri dopolniteljne znaky: '''ჲ''' za označen‌je palatalizacije, '''ჾ''' za označen‌je tvrdosti, a '''ჿ''' za označen‌je labializacije.<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 60.</ref> === Sučasnost === Jedin god poslě smrti Stalina abhazske školy byli odkryte ponovno i Abhazsky jezyk mogl vrnuti se do kirilice. Takto v 1954 g. byl ponovno vvedeny kiriličny alfabet, razrabotany i prijety specialnoju komisijeju v Suhumi. Tutoj alfabet sostojal iz 40 osnovnyh bukv – drastično menša kolikost neželi raněje – i 18 dvuznakov. Največša razlika s prědhodnymi kiriličnymi alfabetami, osoblivo alfabetom Prěvoditeljskoj komisije, bylo vveden‌je mekkogo znaka '''[[ь]]''' za označen‌je palatalizacije (zaměsto takyh bukv kako {{Calibri|'''[[г̆]]''', '''[[к̆]]''', '''[[ԛ̆]]'''}} i t.d.) i znaka '''[[ә]]''' za označen‌je několikyh labializovanyh suglasok (zaměsto '''[[ꚁ]]''', '''[[ꚅ]]''', '''[[ꚗ]]''' i t.d.). Jednakože labializacija šesti velarnyh i uvularnyh zvukov dalje označala se s pomočju bukvy '''{{-|у}}'''. Kromě togo někoje stare bukvy byli zaměnjene na nove, napr. '''[[І (kirilica)|і]]''' → '''[[и]]''', '''[[ӄ]]''' → '''[[қ]]''', '''[[Ԛ (kirilica)|ԛ]]''' → '''[[ҟ]]''', '''[[һ]]''' → '''[[ҳ]]''' i '''[[ѵ]]''' → '''[[ы]]'''. Někoje nedoslědnosti v pravopisu byli eliminovane v ortografičnoj reformě 1996 g. Labializovane suglasky {{-|'''гу''', '''ҕу''', '''ку''', '''қу''', '''ҟу''', '''ху'''}} byli zaměnjene na dvuznaky s bukvoju '''ә''' i takože dostali oddělno město v alfabetu.<ref>Čirikba (2019), str. 5.</ref> Jednočasno bukvy '''[[ҕ]]''' i '''[[ҧ]]''', označajuče pridyhan‌je zaměnili se na '''[[ӷ]]''' i '''[[ԥ]]'''.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08144r-n3435r-abkhaz.pdf | first1 = Michael | last1 = Everson | first2 = Lorna | last2 = Priest | title = Proposal to encode two Cyrillic characters for Abkhaz | date = 2008-05-10 | website = Unicode.org | access-date = 2025-12-09 | language = en}}</ref>. Nyněšnji abhazsky alfabet izgledaje tako: {| class="wikitable" | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[А (kirilica)|A а]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|a}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Б|Б б]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|b}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[В (kirilica)|В в]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|v}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Г|Г г]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ɡ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Гь гь'''}} <br> {{MFA|ɡʲ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Гә гә'''}} <br> {{MFA|ɡʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ӷ|Ӷ ӷ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʁ/ɣ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ӷь ӷь'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʁʲ/ɣʲ}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ӷә ӷә'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʁʷ/ɣʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Д|Д д]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|d}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Дә дә'''}} <br> {{MFA|dʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Е (kirilica)|Е е]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|a/ja}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ж|Ж ж]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʐ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Жь жь'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʒ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Жә жә'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʒʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[З|З з]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|z}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ӡ|Ӡ ӡ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|d͡z}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ӡә ӡә'''}} <br> {{MFA|d͡ʑʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[И|И и]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|j/jɨ/ɨj}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[К (kirilica)|К к]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|kʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Кь кь'''}} <br> {{MFA|kʼʲ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Кә кә'''}} <br> {{MFA|kʼʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Қ|Қ қ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|kʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Қь қь'''}} <br> {{MFA|kʲʰ}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Қә қә'''}} <br> {{MFA|kʷʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҟ|Ҟ ҟ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|qʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ҟь ҟь'''}} <br> {{MFA|qʼʲ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ҟә ҟә'''}} <br> {{MFA|qʼʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Л|Л л]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|l}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[М (kirilica)|М м]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|m}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Н (kirilica)|Н н]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|n}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[О (kirilica)|О о]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|a/wa}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[П|П п]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|pʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ԥ|Ԥ ԥ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|pʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Р (kirilica)|Р р]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|r}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[С (kirilica)|С с]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|s}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Т (kirilica)|Т т]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|tʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Тә тә'''}} <br> {{MFA|tʼʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҭ|Ҭ ҭ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|tʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ҭә ҭә'''}} <br> {{MFA|tʷʰ}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[У (kirilica)|У у]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|w/wɨ/ɨw}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ф|Ф ф]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|f}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Х (kirilica)|Х х]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|x/χ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Хь хь'''}} <br> {{MFA|xʲ/χʲ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Хә хә'''}} <br> {{MFA|xʷ/χʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҳ|Ҳ ҳ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ħ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ҳә ҳә'''}} <br> {{MFA|ħʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ц|Ц ц]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡sʰ}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Цә цә'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡ɕʷʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҵ|Ҵ ҵ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡sʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Ҵә ҵә'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡ɕʼʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ч|Ч ч]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡ʃʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҷ|Ҷ ҷ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡ʃʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҽ|Ҽ ҽ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡ʂʰ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҿ|Ҿ ҿ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|t͡ʂʼ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ш|Ш ш]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʂ}} |- | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Шь шь'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʃ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Шә шә'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʃʷ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ы|Ы ы]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ɨ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ҩ|Ҩ ҩ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ɥ/ɥˤ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Џ|Џ џ]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|d͡ʐ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''Џь џь'''}} <br> {{MFA|d͡ʒ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ь|Ь ь]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʲ}} | style="width:5em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | {{-|'''[[Ә|Ә ә]]'''}} <br> {{MFA|ʷ}} |} === Sučasne proby latinizacije === V 1990-yh lětah byli prědložene několiko projektov za ponovno vveden‌je latinskogo alfabeta za abhazsky jezyk. Abazinsky poet Mikael Čikatu-Čkotua opovědaje v intervju o stvorjenom jim latinskom alfabetu, koristanom v prvom numery gazety, ktory izšel v 1991 g.<ref>{{Cite news | first = В. | last = Шакрыл | title = Абхазы и абазины всех стран, объединяйтесь! | newspaper = Абаза | year = 1995 | issue = 1| pages = 60}}</ref> V 1995 g. byl publikovany «universalny abhazo-abazinsky alfabet» Garri Kandžaria, sostoječi iz samyh 26 osnovnyh bukv latinskogo alfabeta.<ref>{{Cite journal | first = Гарри | last = Канджариа | title = Универсальный абхазо-абазинский алфавит | journal = Абаза. Журнал Международной абхазо-абазинской ассоциации | issue = № 1 | year = 1995 | language = ru | pages = 70–71}}</ref> {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! а !! б !! ц !! ҵә !! ҵ !! цә !! ч !! ҷ !! д !! дә !! џ !! џь !! з !! зә !! е !! ф !! г !! гь !! гә !! ӷ !! ӷь !! ӷә !! ҳ !! ҳә !! й !! жь !! к !! кь !! кә !! қ !! қь |- | a || b || c || cf || cs || cv || ch || cj || d || db || ds || dj || dz || dv || e || f || g || gi || gw || gh || gj || gv || h || hv || i || j || k || ki || kv || kh || kj |} {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! қә || л !! м !! н !! о !! п !! ԥ !! ҟ !! ҟь !! ҟә !! р !! с !! ш !! шь !! шә !! ҭ !! т !! тә !! ҭә !! ҽ !! ҿ !! ы !! в !! (уы) !! х !! хь !! хә !! ҩ !! з !! ж !! жә |- | kw || l || m || n || o || p || ph || q || qi || qw || r || s || sh || sj || sf || t || th || tv || tp || tc || ts || u || v || w || x || xi || xw || y || z || zj<ref>V originalu jest napisano ''{{-|jz}}'', čto jest izrazna pogrěška.</ref> || zv |} Avtor takože dvuznaky za zvuky bzybskogo dialekta i abazinskogo jezyka: {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" ! гӀ !! гӀв !! ль !! тл !! ф !! 'х !! св !! с !! з' !! зв !! з' !! ц' !! хъв !! жъ |- | gq || qv || lj || tl || pf || qx || sv || sw || zf || zw || zj || cj || xf || xh |} V 2019 abhazsky jezykoznavec i byvši ministr vněšnjih děl Abhazije Vjačeslav Andrejevič Čirikba prědstavil projekt občego alfabeta na latinskoj osnově za abhazsky i abazinskogo jezykov. Jednym iz cěljev jest odstranjen‌je razlik v izobražen‌ju jednyh i tyhže samyh zvukov, iz pričiny ktoryh teksty na blizko srodnom abazinskom jezyku sut praktično nesrazuměle za abhazov, i naopak; ale napisane na jednom pravopisu, srodne slova v oboh jezykah sut legko razpoznajeme. S obzirom na značnu abhazsku i abazinsku diasporu v Turciji, tutoj alfabet jest osnovany na [[Turečsky jezyk|turečskom]] alfabetu, s izključen‌jem bukv '''{{-|w}}''', '''{{-|q}}''', '''{{-|x}}''' (na standardnoj latinskoj klaviaturě) i '''{{-|â}}''' (v starějših variantah turečskogo alfabeta):<ref name="Alfabet_Čirikby">Čirikba (2019), str. 13–17.</ref> {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" |- valign="top" ! а !! гӀ !! аа !! б !! в !! г !! гь !! гә<br />гв !! ӷ<br />гъ !! ӷь<br />гъь !! ӷә<br />гъв !! д !! дә !! е !! ж !! жь !! жә<br />жв !! з !! и !! и<br />й !! қ<br />к !! қь<br />кь !! қә<br />кв !! к<br />кI !! кь<br />кIь !! кә<br />кIв !! л !! ль !! м !! н !! о !! ԥ<br />п !! п<br />пI !! ҟ<br />къ !! ҟь<br />къь |- | a || â || aa || b || v || g || gi/-gï || gw || ğ || ği/-ğï || ğw || d || dw || e || j’ || j || jw || z || i || y || k || ki/-kï || kw || k’ || k’i/-k’ï || k’w || l || l’ || m || n || o || p || p’ || q || qi/-qï |} {| class="wikitable ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" |- valign="top" ! ҟә<br />къв !! ъ !! р !! с !! ҭ<br />т !! ҭә !! т<br />тI !! тә !! у !! ф !! х !! хь !! хә<br />хв !! хъ !! хъв !! ҳ<br />хI !! ҳә<br />хIв !! ц !! цә !! ҵ<br />цI !! ҵә !! ҽ<br />тш !! ҿ<br />шI !! ч !! ҷ<br />чI !! ш !! шь<br />щ !! шә<br />шв !! ы !! ҩ<br />гIв !! ӡ<br />дз !! ӡә<br />джв !! џ<br />дж !! џь<br />джь |- | qw || ’ || r || s || t || tw || t’ || t’w || u || f || x || xi/-xï || xw || x’ || x’w || h || hw || ts || çw || ts’ || ç’w || tş || tş’ || ç || ç’ || ş’ || ş || şw || ı || ü || dz || сw || c’ || c |} Něčto podobny tutomu alfabetu projekt prědložil v 1999 g. anglijsky lingvist {{-|George Hewitt}}, argumentujuči, že kirilica «ne jest prigodna za prědstavjenje jezykov imajučih bolje požedajuče fonetične sistemy neželi russky», i že turečsky latinsky alfabet jest dobra alternativa, ibo večinstvo etničnyh Abhazov žive v Turciji.<ref name="Hewitt 2010">{{-|Hewitt (2010), str. 23–24.}}</ref> V samoj Turciji takože byli prědprijete proby stvorjen‌ja abhazskogo alfabeta osnovanogo na latinici.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.fuadiye.com/Anban.html |title = Abhaz alfabesi / Apsua anban | date = 2004 | publisher=Fuadiye (Khuzğum) köyü | access-date = 2025-12-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141026193642/http://www.fuadiye.com/Anban.html | archive-date = 2014-10-26}}</ref> == Sravniteljna tabela abhazskyh alfabetov == V tabеlě niže sut sravnjene so soboju slědujuče varianty abhazskogo alfabeta: {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Sučasny kiriličny alfabet, v versijah iz 1996 (revizija) i 1954 (prvopočetna versija)}} {{Legenda|#f4f4f4|Fonetična transkripcija s pomočju [[Medžunarodny fonetičny alfabet|MFA]]<ref>{{-|Hewitt}}, str. 260–263.</ref>}} {{Legenda|#f4f4f4|Naučna transkripcija Huhuta Bgažba<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 65–70.</ref>}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Kiriličny alfabet Pjotra Uslara, približen‌je do rukopisnoj versije (1862)<ref name="Uslar" />}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Kiriličny alfabet Pjotra Uslara v pečatnoj redakciji Myhajla Zavadskogo (1887)<ref>Uslar (1887), str. IX, 7–14.</ref>}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Kiriličny alfabet Konstantina Mačavariani i Dmytrija Gulia (1892)<ref name="MG" />}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Kiriličny alfabet Prěvoditeljskogo komiteta (konec 19. stolětja)<ref>Bgažba (1967), str. 65–70.</ref>}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Kiriličny alfabet S.M. Ašhacava za bzybsky dialekt (1906), v zatvorkah revizija avtora (1916)<ref name="Ašhacava" />}} {{Legenda|#ffffc0|Analitičny alfabet Nikolaja Marra (1926)<ref name="Alfabet_Marra" />}} {{Legenda|#ffffc0|Unifikovany latinsky alfabet (1928)}} {{Legenda|#ffddf4|Abhazsky alfabet na gruzinskoj osnově (1938)}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Prědloženy {{-|G. Hewitt}}’om latinsky alfabet na osnově turečskogo alfabeta (1999)<ref name="Hewitt 2010" />}} {{Legenda|#e0ffe0|Prědloženy V.A. Čirikboju latinsky alfabet, takože na osnově turečskogo alfabeta (2019)<ref name="Alfabet_Čirikby" />}} Kromě togo, v tabelě sut takože slědujuče kolory: {{Legenda|#c0c0c0|Dvuznaky ne vhodeče v sustav oficialnogo alfabeta. Sěre polja v lěvoj koloně (abhazsky alfabet po reformě 1996 g.) sut zvuky odsutne v literaturnom standardu osnovanom na abžujskom dialektu, ale jestvujut vo [[Bzybsky dialekt abhazskogo jezyka|bzybskom dialektu]].<ref>Čirikba (2022), str. 21.</ref>}} {{Legenda|#ffffff|Zvuk odsutny v alfabetu}} {{Sticky header}} {| class="sticky-header ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" cellspacing="0" border="2" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family:Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Grande, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Gentium, Gentium Alternative, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Lucida Sans Unicode, MS Mincho, Arial, Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro, Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera; font-size:120%; text-align:center; background:white;" bordercolor="#000000" ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" colspan="2" | Sučasny alfabet<br />1996 | 1954 ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Izgovor ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Bgažba ! style="padding:0 1em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Uslar ! style="padding:0 0.3em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Zavadskyj ! style="padding:0 0.2em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Mač./Gulia ! style="padding:0 0.3em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Prěv. kom. ! style="padding:0 0.3em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Ašhacava ! style="padding:0 1.2em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Marr ! style="padding:0 0.3em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Unif. alf. ! style="padding:0 0.3em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Gruzinsky ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Hewitt ! style="padding:0 0.4em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Čirikba |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[А (kirilica)|А а]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [a] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | a | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[А (kirilica)|а]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | a | style="background:#ffddf4" | ა | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | a |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Б|Б б]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [b] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | b | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[б]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | b | style="background:#ffddf4" | ბ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | b |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[В (kirilica)|В в]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [v] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | v | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[В (kirilica)|в]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | v | style="background:#ffddf4" | ვ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | v |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Г|Г г]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [g] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | g | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[г]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | g | style="background:#ffddf4" | გ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | g |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Гь гь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [gʲ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | g ҄ | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="3" | гj | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[г̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[г̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | gˌ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | gı | style="background:#ffddf4" | გჲ | style="background:#ffffc0" | gi || style="background:#ffffc0" | gi/-gï |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Гә гә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Гу гу | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [gʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | g° | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="4" | гу || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[г̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | g˚ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | gu | style="background:#c0c0c0" | გუ | style="background:#ffffc0" | gu || style="background:#ffffc0" | gw |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ӷ|Ӷ ӷ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҕ|Ҕ ҕ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɣ] ~ [ʁ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ɣ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[г̧]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[г̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ҕ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӷ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ǧ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ƣ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ღ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ğ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ӷь ӷь || style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҕь ҕь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɣʲ] ~ [ʁʲ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ɣ ҄ | style="background:#c0c0c0" | г̧ј || style="background:#c0c0c0" | г̓j || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ҕј || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҕ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӷ̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ǧˌ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ƣı | style="background:#ffddf4" | ღჲ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ği || style="background:#ffffc0" | ği/-ğï |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ӷә ӷә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Ҕу ҕу | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɣʷ] ~ [ʁʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ɣ° | style="background:#c0c0c0" | г̧у || style="background:#c0c0c0" | г̓у || style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="2" | ҕу || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӷ̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ǧ˚ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ƣu | style="background:#c0c0c0" | ღუ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ğu || style="background:#ffffc0" | ğw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Д|Д д]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [d] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | d | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[д]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | d | style="background:#ffddf4" | დ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | d |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Дә дә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [dʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | d° | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚁ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[д̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ꚁ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[д̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | d˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | đ | style="background:#ffddf4" | დჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | du || style="background:#ffffc0" | dw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Е (kirilica)|Е е]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɛ] ~ [e] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | e | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[Е (kirilica)|е]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | e | style="background:#ffddf4" | ე | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | e |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ж|Ж ж]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʐ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ž^ჾ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[ж]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ȷ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ƶ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჟჾ | style="background:#ffffc0" | j̄ || style="background:#ffffc0" | j’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Жь жь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʒ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ž | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="3" | жj || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӂ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ж̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ȷˌ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with long leg.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჟ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | j |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Жә жә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʒʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ž° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | ꚅ || style="background:#ddffdd" | ꚅ ([[ж̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ȷ˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | j | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჟჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ju || style="background:#ffffc0" | jw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[З|З з]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [z] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | z | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[з]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | z | style="background:#ffddf4" | ზ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | z |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | Зь зь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʑ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | z’ | style="background:white" colspan="4" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[з̊]] ([[з̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ⱬ | | | colspan="2" | |- ! style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="2" | Зә зә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʑʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | z° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚅ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ж̊]] ([[ж̊]] ̇) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ȷˌ˚ | | | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ӡ|Ӡ ӡ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [d͡z] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ʒ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӡ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚉ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="3" | [[ӡ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ď || style="background:#ffffc0" | ᴣ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ძ | style="background:#ffffc0" | dz || style="background:#ffffc0" | dz |- ! style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="2" | Ӡь ӡь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [d͡ʑ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ʒ’ | style="background:white" colspan="4" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӡ̊]] ([[ӡ̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ďˌ | | | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Ӡә ӡә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [d͡ʑʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ʒ° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚃ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚃ]] ([[ӡ̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ď˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ⱬ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ძჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ĉu || style="background:#ffffc0" | cw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[И|И и]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [i:], [j], [jə] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | i | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[І (kirilica)|і]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | i | style="background:#ffddf4" | ი | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | i |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[К (kirilica)|К к]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [k’] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ķ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[К (kirilica)|к]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | k || style="background:#ffffc0" | ⱪ | style="background:#ffddf4" | კ | style="background:#ffffc0" | k’ || style="background:#ffffc0" | k |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Кь кь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [k’ʲ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ķ ҄ | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="3" | кj || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[к̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[к̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | kˌ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ⱪı | style="background:#ffddf4" | კჲ | style="background:#ffffc0" | k’i || style="background:#ffffc0" | ki/-kï |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Кә кә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Ку ку | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [k’ʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ķ° | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="4" | ку || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[к̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | k˚ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ⱪu | style="background:#c0c0c0" | კუ | style="background:#ffffc0" | k’u || style="background:#ffffc0" | kw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Қ|Қ қ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [kʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | k | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[к̧]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[к̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ӄ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[қ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q || style="background:#ffffc0" | k | style="background:#ffddf4" | ქ | style="background:#ffffc0" | k || style="background:#ffffc0" | k’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Қь қь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [kʲʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | k ҄ | style="background:#c0c0c0" | к̧j || style="background:#c0c0c0" | к̓j || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ӄj || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ӄ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[қ̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | qˌ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | kı | style="background:#ffddf4" | ქჲ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ki || style="background:#ffffc0" | k’i/-k’ï |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Қә қә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Қу қу | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [kʷʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | k° | style="background:#c0c0c0" | к̧у || style="background:#c0c0c0" | к̓у || style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="2" | ӄу || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[қ̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q˚ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | ku | style="background:#c0c0c0" | ქუ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ku || style="background:#ffffc0" | k’w |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҟ|Ҟ ҟ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [q’] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | q̣ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[Ԛ (kirilica)|ԛ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | k̇ || style="background:#ffffc0" | q | style="background:#ffddf4" | ყ | style="background:#ffffc0" | q’ || style="background:#ffffc0" | q |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҟь ҟь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [q’ʲ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | q̣ ҄ | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="3" | ԛj || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ԛ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ԛ̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | k̇ˌ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | qı | style="background:#ffddf4" | ყჲ | style="background:#ffffc0" | q’i || style="background:#ffffc0" | qi/-qï |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҟә ҟә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Ҟу ҟу | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [q’ʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | q̣° | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="4" | ԛу || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ԛ̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | k̇˚ | style="background:#c0c0c0" | qu | style="background:#c0c0c0" | ყუ | style="background:#ffffc0" | q’u || style="background:#ffffc0" | qw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Л|Л л]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [l] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | l | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[л]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | l | style="background:#ffddf4" | ლ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | l |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[М (kirilica)|М м]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [m] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | m | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[М (kirilica)|м]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | m | style="background:#ffddf4" | მ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | m |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Н (kirilica)|Н н]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [n] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | n | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[Н (kirilica)|н]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | n | style="background:#ffddf4" | ნ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | n |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[О (kirilica)|О о]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [o] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | o | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[О (kirilica)|о]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | o | style="background:#ffddf4" | ო | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | o |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[П|П п]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [p’] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | p̣ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[п]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | p || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter open P.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | პ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | p’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ԥ|Ԥ ԥ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҧ]]ҧ | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [pʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | p | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[п̧]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[п̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ҧ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ԥ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | φ || style="background:#ffffc0" | p | style="background:#ffddf4" | ფ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | p |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Р (kirilica)|Р р]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [r] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | r | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[Р (kirilica)|р]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | r | style="background:#ffddf4" | რ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | r |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[С (kirilica)|С с]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [s] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | s | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[С (kirilica)|с]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | s | style="background:#ffddf4" | ს | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | s |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | Сь сь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɕ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | s’ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ҫ]] || style="background:white" colspan="2" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[с̊]] ([[с̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | sˌ || | | colspan="2" | |- ! style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="2" | Сә сә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɕʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | s° | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚗ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[щ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ꚗ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚗ̇]] ([[ш̇̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | щ˚ || | | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Т (kirilica)|Т т]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t’] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ṭ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[Т (kirilica)|т]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | tˌ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter T with descender.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ტ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | t’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Тә тә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t’ʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ṭ° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚍ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[т̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | t˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter Tp with descender.svg|10x10px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ტჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | t’u || style="background:#ffffc0" | t’w |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҭ|Ҭ ҭ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [tʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | t | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[т̧]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[т̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ꚋ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҭ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ || style="background:#ffffc0" | t | style="background:#ffddf4" | თ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | t |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҭә ҭә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [tʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | t° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚍ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҭ̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter Tp.svg|9x9px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | თჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | tu || style="background:#ffffc0" | tw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[У (kirilica)|У у]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [w], [wə], [u:] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | u | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[У (kirilica)|у]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | w || style="background:#ffffc0" | u | style="background:#ffddf4" | უ | style="background:#ffffc0" | u || style="background:#ffffc0" | w/wı/ıw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ф|Ф ф]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [f] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | f | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[ф]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | f | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჶ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | f |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Х (kirilica)|Х х]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [x] ~ [χ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | x | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[Х (kirilica)|х]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q̇ || style="background:#ffffc0" | x | style="background:#ffddf4" | ხ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | x |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Хь хь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [xʲ] ~ [χʲ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | x ҄ | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="3" | хj || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[х̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[х̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q̇ˌ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | xı | style="background:#ffddf4" | ხჲ | style="background:#ffffc0" | xi || style="background:#ffffc0" | xi/-xï |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Хә хә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Ху ху | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [xʷ] ~ [χʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | x° | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="4" | ху || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[х̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q̇˚ || style="background:#c0c0c0" | xu | style="background:#c0c0c0" | ხუ | style="background:#ffffc0" | xu || style="background:#ffffc0" | xw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | Х’ х’ | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [χ] ~ [χˤ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | x̮ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[х̍]] || colspan="2" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[χ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q̱̇ || | | colspan="2" | |- ! style="background:#c0c0c0" | Х’ә х’ә || style="background:#c0c0c0" | Х’у х’у | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [χˤʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | x̮° | style="background:#c0c0c0" colspan="2" | х̍у || colspan="2" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[χ̊]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | q̱̇˚ || | | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҳ|Ҳ ҳ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ħ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | h | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[һ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ħ || style="background:#ffffc0" | h | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჰ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | h |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҳә ҳә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ħʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | h° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚕ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚕ]] ([[h̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ħ˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ħ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჰჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | hu || style="background:#ffffc0" | hw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ц|Ц ц]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡sʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | c | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[ц]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ̇ || style="background:#ffffc0" | c | style="background:#ffddf4" | ც | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ts |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | Ць ць | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡ɕʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | c’ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tse with long left leg.svg|20x14px|link=Ц s dolgoju lěvoju nogoju]] | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ц̍]] || colspan="2" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ц̊]] ([[ц̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ̇ˌ || | | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Цә цә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡ɕʷʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | c° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚏ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚏ]] ([[ц̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ̇˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with low left hook.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ცჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ç̂u || style="background:#ffffc0" | çw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҵ|Ҵ ҵ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡sʼ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | c̣ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil.svg|20x15px|link=Cil (kirilica)]] | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ц̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ҵ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ц҄]] ([[ꚏ]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ṫ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter C with descender.svg|10x10px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | წ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ts’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#c0c0c0" | Ҵь ҵь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡ɕ’] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | c̣’ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil with bar.svg|20x15px|link=Prěčrknuty cil]] | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚑ]] || colspan="2" | || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ц҄̊]] ([[ꚏ̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ṫˌ || | | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҵә ҵә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡ɕʷʼ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | c̣° | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ꚏ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚏ̇]] ([[ꚏ̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ṫ˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with stroke.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | წჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ç̂’u || style="background:#ffffc0" | ç’w |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ч|Ч ч]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡ʃʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | č | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[ч]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ̣ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ɥ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჩ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ç |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҷ|Ҷ ҷ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [t͡ʃʼ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | č̣ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Char.svg|20x15px|link=Čar (kirilica)]] | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ч̓]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ꚓ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ч҄]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ṭ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter turned H with stroke.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჭ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ç’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҽ|Ҽ ҽ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʈ͡ʂʰ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | č^ჾ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҽ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚇ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ҽ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҽ]] ([[ч̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ϑ̱̣ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter abkhasian Che.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჩჾ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ç̄ || style="background:#ffffc0" | tş |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҿ|Ҿ ҿ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʈ͡ʂʰ’] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | č̣^ჾ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҽ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚇ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ҽ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ҽ̆]] ([[ҽ̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ṯ̣ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter abkhasian Che with descender.svg|11x11px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჭჾ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ç̄’ || style="background:#ffffc0" | tş’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ш|Ш ш]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʂ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | š^ჾ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[ш]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ш || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter S with descender.svg|10x10px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | შჾ | style="background:#ffffc0" | ş̄ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ş’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Шь шь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʃ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | š | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ш̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ш̊]] ([[ш̇]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | щ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ſ | style="background:#ffddf4" | შ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ş |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Шә шә | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʃʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | š° | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚗ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[щ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[ꚗ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ꚗ]] ([[ш̊]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | ш˚ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter reflected F.svg|12x12px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | შჿ | style="background:#ffffc0" | şu || style="background:#ffffc0" | şw |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ы|Ы ы]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɨ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ǝ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="5" | [[ѵ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ə | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჷ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | ı |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҩ|Ҩ ҩ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɥ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ꞷ | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[ҩ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ө]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | w̧ || style="background:#ffffc0" | y | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჳ | style="background:#ffffc0" | yu || style="background:#ffffc0" | ü |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Џ|Џ џ]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ɖ͡ʐ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ǯ^ჾ | colspan="3" | || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[џ]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ḓ || style="background:#ffffc0" | [[Fajl:Latin small letter script G with ascender.svg|15x15px]] | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჯჾ | style="background:#ffffc0" | c̄ || style="background:#ffffc0" | c’ |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | Џь џь | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [d͡ʒ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ǯ | style="background:#ddffdd" | [[ђ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="2" | [[џ]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[џ̆]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[џ̇]] | style="background:#ffffc0" | ḏ̣ || style="background:#ffffc0" | ꝗ | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჯ | style="background:#ffffc0" colspan="2" | c |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ь|Ь ь]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʲ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | j | style="background:#ddffdd" colspan="4" | [[Ј (kirilica)|j]] || style="background:#ddffdd" | [[і̆]] ([[й]]) | style="background:#ffffc0" | y || | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჲ | colspan="2" | |- ! colspan="2" style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ә|Ә ә]] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | [ʷ] | style="background:#f4f4f4" | ° | colspan="5" | | colspan="2" | | style="background:#ffddf4" | ჿ | || style="background:#ffffc0" | w |} Primětka: nesodržane v tabelě sut spomněne Marrom samoglasky '''[[ӑ]]''', '''[[а̄]]''', '''[[о̄]]''', '''[[ў]]''', '''[[ӳ]]''' v bzybskom alfabetu Ašhacavy, za ktore davaje latinske alternativy '''ă''', '''ā''', '''ō''', '''w''', '''ű'''.<ref>Marr (1938), str. 162.</ref> == Romanizacija abhazskogo alfabeta == [[Romanizacija]] (poněkogda takože: latinizacija) znači izobražen‌je teksta napisanogo nelatinskym pismom s pomočju [[Latinica|latinskogo alfabeta]]. V protivnosti k latinizaciji v sovětskom kontekstu (prěhod na latinsky alfabet), romanizacija jest prědznačena za ljudij, ktori ne znajut kirilicu, da by poznali izgovor slov, imen i nazv, ale takože može služiti za pisan‌je v kontekstah, kde kirilica jest nedostupna. Sut dvě glavne metody latinizacije: transliteracija (prěobračen‌je pisanogo teksta, često ignorujuči izgovor) i transkripcija (prědstavjen‌je govorjenogo teksta, često zavisno od cěljnogo jezyka). Sistemy transliteracije često sut upotrěbjene v naučnyh kontekstah, profesionalnoj literaturě, bibliotečnyh sistemah i tako dalje. V tabеlě niže sut pokazane slědujuče sistemy za transliteraciju abhazskogo jezyka: * Fonetična transkripcija s pomočju [[Medžunarodny fonetičny alfabet|Medžunarodnogo fonetičnogo alfabeta (MFA)]]<ref>{{-|Hewitt}}, str. 260–263.</ref> * Sistema {{-|BGN-PCGN}} (2011 g.), serija standardov ustanovjenyh Sovětom SŠA po geografičnym nazvam ({{Jezyky|en|United States Board on Geographic Names}}) i Postojannym komitetom po geografičnym nazvam za britansku oficialnu upotrěbu ({{Jezyky|en|Permanent Committee on Geographical Names for British Official Use}})<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/5d0a390340f0b620054bad58/ROMANIZATION_OF_ABKHAZ.pdf | title = Romanization of Abkhaz: BGN/PCGN 2011 System | access-date = 2025-12-13}}</ref> * Sistema {{-|KNAB}} ({{Jezyky|et|Kohanimeandmebaas}}, 1997), bazy danyh za geografične nazvy, ktoru poddrživaje Institut estonskogo jezyka ({{Jezyky|et|Eesti Keele Instituut}})<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://arhiiv.eki.ee/knab/lat/kblab.pdf | title = Abhaasi / Abkhaz / Апсуа Apsua. latinisatioon / romanization: KNAB 1993, modif. 1997 | website = Eesti Keele Institut / Institute of the Estonian Language | date = 2003-03-08}}</ref> * Sistema {{-|TITUS}} («Tezavr indogermanskyh tekstnyh i jezyčnyh materialov» ({{Jezyky|de|Thesaurus Indogermanischer Text- und Sprachmaterialien}}) (2000)<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://titus.uni-frankfurt.de/didact/caucasus/kaukschr.pdf | first = J. | last = Gippert | title = Caucasian alphabet systems based upon the Cyrillic script | website = titus.uni-frankfurt.de | access-date = 2025-12-14}}</ref> * Sistema {{-|ALA-LC}} (Amerikanskoj bibliotečnoj asociacije – Biblioteky kongresa; {{Jezyky|en|American Library Association – Library of Congress}}) (1997), ktora služi za prědstavjen‌je bibliografičnoj informacije v bibliotekah v SŠA i Kanadě, a od 1975 g. takože v Britanskoj bibliotekě ({{Jezyky|en|British Library}})<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.loc.gov/catdir/cpso/romanization/nonslav.pdf | title = ALA-LC Romanization tables: Non-Slavic Languages (in Cyrillic Script) | access-date = 2025-12-13}}</ref> * Sistema {{-|[[ISO 9]]:1995}} i {{-|ГОСТ 7.79—2000}}<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.ifap.ru/library/gost/7792000.pdf | title = ГОСТ 7.79—2000 (ИСО 9—95): система стандартов по информации, библиотечному и издателькому делу. Правила транслитерации кирилловского писма латинским алфавитом | website = ifap.ru | access-date = 2025-12-10 | language = ru}}</ref> Večinstvo povyših sistem bazujut se ješče na starom pravopisu (prěd reformoju 1996 g.). {{Sticky header}} {| class="sticky-header ext-gadget-alphabet-disable" cellspacing="0" border="2" style="border-collapse: collapse; font-family:Calibri, Arial Unicode MS, Lucida Grande, Doulos SIL, Code2000, Gentium, Gentium Alternative, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Lucida Sans Unicode, MS Mincho, Arial, Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro, Cyberbit, Bitstream Vera; font-size:120%; text-align:center; background:#feffff; bordercolor=#000000" ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Sučasny alfabet<br />1996 (1954) ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | Izgovor (MFA) ! style="padding:0 0.5em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | BGN-PCGN ! style="padding:0 0.8em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | KNAB ! style="padding:0 1.4em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | TITUS ! style="padding:0 1.2em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | ALA-LC ! style="padding:0 1.4em; border:1px solid black; background:#ccff66" | ISO 9 |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[А (kirilica)|А а]] | [a] | colspan="2" | a || ā || colspan="2" | a |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Б|Б б]] | [b] | colspan="5" | b |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[В (kirilica)|В в]] | [v] | colspan="5" | v |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Г|Г г]] | [g] | colspan="5" | g |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Гь гь | [gʲ] | gy || gj || colspan="3" | g’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Гә гә | [gʷ] | gw || gw<ref name="logika">Po logikě, ibo bukva jest odsutna na stranici.</ref> || g° || gẇ || ga̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ӷ|Ӷ ӷ]] ([[Ҕ|Ҕ ҕ]]) | [ɣ] ~ [ʁ] | gh || ǧ || ɣ || gh || — (ğ)<ref name="Ӷ">Standard {{-|ISO 9}} ne imaje ekvivalenta bukvy Ӷ, ktora v 2000 g. ješče byla uvažana variantom bukvy Ҕ.</ref> |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ӷь ӷь (Ҕь ҕь) | [ɣʲ] ~ [ʁʲ] | ghy || ǧj || ɣ’ || gh’ || — (ğ’)<ref name="Ӷ" /> |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ӷә ӷә | [ɣʷ] ~ [ʁʷ] | ghw || ǧw<ref name="logika" /> || ɣ° || ghẇ || — (ğu)<ref>Prěd reformoju 1996 g. zvuznak ''ӷә'' byl pisany kako ''ҕy''.</ref> |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Д|Д д]] | [d] | colspan="5" | d |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Дә дә | [dʷ] | colspan="2" | dw || d° || dẇ || da̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Е (kirilica)|Е е]] | [ɛ] ~ [e] | colspan="5" | e |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ж|Ж ж]] | [ʐ] | z͟h || colspan="2" | ž || zh || ž |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Жь жь | [ʒ] | zh || ź || ž’ || zh’ || ž’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Жә жә | [ʒʷ] | zhw || žw || žᵒ || zhẇ || ža̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[З|З з]] | [z] | colspan="5" | z |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ӡ|Ӡ ӡ]] | [d͡z] | colspan="2" | dz || ʒ || d͡z || ź |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ӡә ӡә | [d͡ʑʷ] | colspan="2" | dzw || ʒᵒ || d͡zẇ || źa̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[И|И и]] | [i:], [j], [jə] | colspan="2" | i || i, j || colspan="2" | i |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[К (kirilica)|К к]] | [k’] | k’ || ķ || ḳ || colspan="2" | k |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Кь кь | [k’ʲ] | ky’ || ķj || ḳ’ || colspan="2" | k’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Кә кә | [k’ʷ] | kw’ || ķw<ref name="logika" /> || ḳᵒ || kẇ || ka̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Қ|Қ қ]] | [kʰ] | colspan="3" | k || k̇h || ḳ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Қь қь | [kʲʰ] | ky || kj || k’ || k̇h’ || ḳ’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Қә қә | [kʷʰ] | kw || kw<ref name="logika" /> || kᵒ || k̇hẇ || ḳa̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҟ|Ҟ ҟ]] | [q’] | q’ || q || q̇ || q || k̄ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҟь ҟь | [q’ʲ] | qy’ || qj || q̇’ || q’ || k̄’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҟә ҟә | [q’ʷ] | qw’ || qw<ref name="logika" /> || q̇ᵒ || q̇ẇ || k̄a̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Л|Л л]] | [l] | colspan="5" | l |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[М (kirilica)|М м]] | [m] | colspan="5" | m |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Н (kirilica)|Н н]] | [n] | colspan="5" | n |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[О (kirilica)|О о]] | [o] | colspan="5" | o |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[П|П п]] | [p’] | p’ || colspan="2" | ṗ || colspan="2" | p |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ԥ|Ԥ ԥ]] ([[Ҧ|Ҧ ҧ]]) | [pʰ] | colspan="3" | p || ph || p̀ (ṕ) |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Р (kirilica)|Р р]] | [r] | colspan="5" | r |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[С (kirilica)|С с]] | [s] | colspan="5" | s |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Т (kirilica)|Т т]] | [t’] | t’ || ţ || ṭ || colspan="2" | t |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Тә тә | [t’ʷ] | tw’ || ţw || ṭᵒ || tẇ || ta̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҭ|Ҭ ҭ]] | [tʰ] | colspan="3" | t || th || ţ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҭә ҭә | [tʷ] | colspan="2" | tw || tᵒ || thẇ || ţa̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[У (kirilica)|У у]] | [w], [wə], [u:] | colspan="5" | u |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ф|Ф ф]] | [f] | colspan="5" | f |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Х (kirilica)|Х х]] | [x] ~ [χ] | colspan="3" | x || kh || h |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Хь хь | [xʲ] ~ [χʲ] | xy || xj || x’|| kh’ || h’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Хә хә | [xʷ] ~ [χʷ] | xw || xw<ref name="logika" /> || xᵒ|| khẇ || ha̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҳ|Ҳ ҳ]] | [ħ] | colspan="2" | h || ḥ || ḣ || h̦ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҳә ҳә | [ħʷ] | colspan="2" | hw || hᵒ || ḣẇ || h̦a̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ц|Ц ц]] | [t͡sʰ] | ts || colspan="2" | c || t͡s || c |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Цә цә | [t͡ɕʷʰ] | tsw || cw || cᵒ || t͡sẇ || ca̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҵ|Ҵ ҵ]] | [t͡sʼ] | ts’ || ç || c̣ || t͡ṡ || c̄ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Ҵә ҵә | [t͡ɕʷʼ] | tsw’ || çw || c̣ᵒ || t͡ṡẇ || c̄a̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ч|Ч ч]] | [t͡ʃʰ] | ch || ć || č’ || ch || č |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҷ|Ҷ ҷ]] | [t͡ʃʼ] | ch’ || ḉ || č̣’ || ċh || c̦ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҽ|Ҽ ҽ]] | [ʈ͡ʂʰ] | c͟h || colspan="2" | č || ćh || c̆ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҿ|Ҿ ҿ]] | [ʈ͡ʂʰ’] | c͟h’ || ç̌ || č̣ || ćh́ || c̣̆ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ш|Ш ш]] | [ʂ] | s͟h || colspan="2" | š || sh || š |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Шь шь | [ʃ] | sh || ś || š’ || sh’ || š’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Шә шә | [ʃʷ] | shw || šw || šᵒ || shẇ || ša̋ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ы|Ы ы]] | [ɨ] | ÿ || y || ǝ || colspan="2" | y |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ҩ|Ҩ ҩ]] | [ɥ] | yw || ÿ || ʿᵒ || w || ò |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Џ|Џ џ]] | [ɖ͡ʐ] | ɉ || dž || ǯ || j || d̂ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | Џь џь | [d͡ʒ] | j || dź || ǯ’ || j’ || d̂’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ь|Ь ь]] | [ʲ] | || || || colspan="2" | ’ |- ! style="background:#ddffdd" | [[Ә|Ә ә]] | [ʷ] | || || || ẇ || a̋ |} == Kodovan‌je == === Unikod === Abhazsku azbuku sodrživajut bloky «Kirilica» {{-|(U+0400 — U+04FF)}} i «Dopolnjen‌je k kirilici» {{-|(U+0500 — U+052F)}} Unikoda. Někoje historične bukvy takože nahodet se v bloku «Razširjena kirilica – B» {{-|(U+A640 — U+A69F)}}. V slědujučej tabelě abhazske bukvy imajut zaglavja ukazyvajuče jih informaciju na Unikodu i HTML-kod. V vizualnom prěgledaču by možete uviděti tutu informaciju, ako prěsunete kursor myškoju na danu bukvu. Abhazske bukvy sut označene kolorom: {{Legenda|#bee|sučasne bukvy sut v sinjem polju}} {{Legenda|#fbb|historične bukvy sut v črvenom polju}} <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; background:white; font-size:large;" |+ style="font-size:small;" | Abhazske bukvy v bloku «Kirilica» Unikoda<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf | title = Cyrillic. Range: 0400–04FF | website = Unicode.org | language = en | access-date = 2025-12-13}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="font-size:small;" | Prve znaky ! scope="colgroup" colspan="16" style="font-size:small;" | Poslědnji znak |- ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 0 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 1 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 2 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 3 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 4 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 5 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 6 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 7 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 8 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 9 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | A ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | B ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | C ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | D ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | E ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | F |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+040 | Ѐ || Ё | style="background:#fbb"|Ђ | Ѓ || Є || Ѕ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I: Unicode U+0406, HTML &amp;#1030;" | І | Ї | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER JE: Unicode U+0408, HTML &amp;#1032;" | Ј | Љ || Њ || Ћ || Ќ || Ѝ || Ў | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DZHE: Unicode U+040F, HTML &amp;#1039;" | Џ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+041 | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER A: Unicode U+0410, HTML &amp;#1040;" | А | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER BE: Unicode U+0411, HTML &amp;#1041;" | Б | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER VE: Unicode U+0412, HTML &amp;#1042;" | В | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE: Unicode U+0413, HTML &amp;#1043;" | Г | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DE: Unicode U+0414, HTML &amp;#1044;" | Д | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IE: Unicode U+0415, HTML &amp;#1045;" | Е | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE: Unicode U+0416, HTML &amp;#1046;" | Ж | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZE: Unicode U+0417, HTML &amp;#1047;" | З | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER I: Unicode U+0418, HTML &amp;#1048;" | И | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHORT I: Unicode U+0419, HTML &amp;#1049;" | Й | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA: Unicode U+041A, HTML &amp;#1050;" | К | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EL: Unicode U+041B, HTML &amp;#1051;" | Л | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EM: Unicode U+041C, HTML &amp;#1052;" | М | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EN: Unicode U+041D, HTML &amp;#1053;" | Н | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER O: Unicode U+041E, HTML &amp;#1054;" | О | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE: Unicode U+041F, HTML &amp;#1055;" | П |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+042 | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ER: Unicode U+0420, HTML &amp;#1056;" | Р | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ES: Unicode U+0421, HTML &amp;#1057;" | С | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE: Unicode U+0422, HTML &amp;#1058;" | Т | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER U: Unicode U+0423, HTML &amp;#1059;" | У | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER EF: Unicode U+0424, HTML &amp;#1060;" | Ф | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA: Unicode U+0425, HTML &amp;#1061;" | Х | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSE: Unicode U+0426, HTML &amp;#1062;" | Ц | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CHE: Unicode U+0427, HTML &amp;#1063;" | Ч | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHA: Unicode U+0428, HTML &amp;#1064;" | Ш | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHCHA: Unicode U+0429, HTML &amp;#1065;" | Щ | Ъ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER YERU: Unicode U+042B, HTML &amp;#1067;" | Ы | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SOFT SIGN: Unicode U+042C, HTML &amp;#1068;" | Ь | Э || Ю || Я |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+043 | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER A: Unicode U+0430, HTML &amp;#1072;" | а | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BE: Unicode U+0431, HTML &amp;#1073;" | б | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER VE: Unicode U+0432, HTML &amp;#1074;" | в | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE: Unicode U+0433, HTML &amp;#1075;" | г | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DE: Unicode U+0434, HTML &amp;#1076;" | д | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IE: Unicode U+0435, HTML &amp;#1077;" | е | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE: Unicode U+0436, HTML &amp;#1078;" | ж | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZE: Unicode U+0437, HTML &amp;#1079;" | з | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER I: Unicode U+0438, HTML &amp;#1080;" | и | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHORT I: Unicode U+0439, HTML &amp;#1081;" | й | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA: Unicode U+043A, HTML &amp;#1082;" | к | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EL: Unicode U+043B, HTML &amp;#1083;" | л | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EM: Unicode U+043C, HTML &amp;#1084;" | м | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EN: Unicode U+043D, HTML &amp;#1085;" | н | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER O: Unicode U+043E, HTML &amp;#1086;" | о | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE: Unicode U+043F, HTML &amp;#1087;" | п |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+044 | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ER: Unicode U+0440, HTML &amp;#1088;" | р | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES: Unicode U+0441, HTML &amp;#1089;" | с | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE: Unicode U+0442, HTML &amp;#1090;" | т | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER U: Unicode U+0443, HTML &amp;#1091;" | у | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER EF: Unicode U+0444, HTML &amp;#1092;" | ф | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA: Unicode U+0445, HTML &amp;#1093;" | х | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSE: Unicode U+0446, HTML &amp;#1094;" | ц | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE: Unicode U+0447, HTML &amp;#1095;" | ч | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHA: Unicode U+0448, HTML &amp;#1096;" | ш | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHCHA: Unicode U+0449, HTML &amp;#1097;" | щ | ъ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER YERU: Unicode U+044B, HTML &amp;#1099;" | ы | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SOFT SIGN: Unicode U+044C, HTML &amp;#1100;" | ь | э || ю || я |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+045 | ѐ || ё || ђ || ѓ || є || ѕ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER BYELORUSSIAN-UKRAINIAN I: Unicode U+0456, HTML &amp;#1110;" | і | ї | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER JE: Unicode U+0458, HTML &amp;#1112;" | ј | љ || њ || ћ || ќ || ѝ || ў | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZHE: Unicode U+045F, HTML &amp;#1119;" | џ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+046 | Ѡ || ѡ || Ѣ || ѣ || Ѥ || ѥ || Ѧ || ѧ || Ѩ || ѩ || Ѫ || ѫ || Ѭ || ѭ || Ѯ || ѯ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+047 | Ѱ || ѱ || Ѳ || ѳ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER IZHITSA: Unicode U+0474, HTML &amp;#1140;" | Ѵ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER IZHITSA: Unicode U+0475, HTML &amp;#1141;" | ѵ | Ѷ || ѷ || Ѹ || ѹ || Ѻ || ѻ || Ѽ || ѽ || Ѿ || ѿ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+048 | Ҁ || ҁ || ҂||҃||҄||҅||҆||҇ || ҈ || ҉ || Ҋ || ҋ || Ҍ || ҍ || Ҏ || ҏ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+049 | Ґ || ґ || Ғ || ғ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE WITH MIDDLE HOOK: Unicode U+0494, HTML &amp;#1172;" | Ҕ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH MIDDLE HOOK: Unicode U+0495, HTML &amp;#1173;" | ҕ | Җ || җ || Ҙ || ҙ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+049A, HTML &amp;#1178;" | Қ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+049B, HTML &amp;#1179;" | қ | Ҝ || ҝ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA WITH STROKE: Unicode U+049E, HTML &amp;#1182;" | Ҟ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA WITH STROKE: Unicode U+049F, HTML &amp;#1183;" | ҟ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+04A | Ҡ || ҡ || Ң || ң || Ҥ || ҥ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE WITH MIDDLE HOOK: Unicode U+04A6, HTML &amp;#1190;" | Ҧ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE WITH MIDDLE HOOK: Unicode U+04A7, HTML &amp;#1191;" | ҧ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ABKHAZIAN HA: Unicode U+04A8, HTML &amp;#1192;" | Ҩ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ABKHAZIAN HA: Unicode U+04A9, HTML &amp;#1193;" | ҩ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ES WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04AA, HTML &amp;#1194;" | Ҫ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ES WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04AB, HTML &amp;#1195;" | ҫ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04AC, HTML &amp;#1196;" | Ҭ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04AD, HTML &amp;#1197;" | ҭ | Ү || ү |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+04B | Ұ || ұ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HA WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04B2, HTML &amp;#1202;" | Ҳ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HA WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04B3, HTML &amp;#1203;" | ҳ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LIGATURE TE TSE: Unicode U+04B4, HTML &amp;#1204;" | Ҵ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LIGATURE TE TSE: Unicode U+04B5, HTML &amp;#1205;" | ҵ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CHE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04B6, HTML &amp;#1206;" | Ҷ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CHE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04B7, HTML &amp;#1207;" | ҷ | Ҹ || ҹ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHHA: Unicode U+04BA, HTML &amp;#1210;" | Һ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHHA: Unicode U+04BB, HTML &amp;#1211;" | һ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ABKHASIAN CHE: Unicode U+04BC, HTML &amp;#1212;" | Ҽ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ABKHASIAN CHE: Unicode U+04BD, HTML &amp;#1213;" | ҽ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ABKHASIAN CHE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04BE, HTML &amp;#1214;" | Ҿ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ABKHASIAN CHE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04BF, HTML &amp;#1215;" | ҿ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+04C | Ӏ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHE WITH BREVE: Unicode U+04C1, HTML &amp;#1217;" | Ӂ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHE WITH BREVE: Unicode U+04C2, HTML &amp;#1218;" | ӂ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER KA WITH HOOK: Unicode U+04C3, HTML &amp;#1219;" | Ӄ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER KA WITH HOOK: Unicode U+04C4, HTML &amp;#1220;" | ӄ | Ӆ || ӆ || Ӈ || ӈ || Ӊ || ӊ || Ӌ || ӌ || Ӎ || ӎ || ӏ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;"| U+04D | Ӑ || ӑ || Ӓ || ӓ || Ӕ || ӕ || Ӗ || ӗ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SCHWA: Unicode U+04D8, HTML &amp;#1240;" | Ә | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SCHWA: Unicode U+04D9, HTML &amp;#1241;" | ә | Ӛ || ӛ || Ӝ || ӝ || Ӟ || ӟ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+04E | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ABKHASIAN DZE: Unicode U+04E0, HTML &amp;#1248;" | Ӡ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ABKHASIAN DZE: Unicode U+04E1, HTML &amp;#1249;" | ӡ | Ӣ || ӣ || Ӥ || ӥ || Ӧ || ӧ || Ө || ө || Ӫ || ӫ || Ӭ || ӭ || Ӯ || ӯ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+04F | Ӱ || ӱ || Ӳ || ӳ || Ӵ || ӵ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER GHE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04F6, HTML &amp;#1270;" | Ӷ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER GHE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+04F7, HTML &amp;#1271;" | ӷ | Ӹ || ӹ || Ӻ || ӻ || Ӽ || ӽ || Ӿ || ӿ |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; background:white; font-size:large;" |+ style="font-size:small;" | Abhazske bukvy v bloku «Dopolnjen‌je k kirilici» Unikoda<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0500.pdf | title = Cyrillic Supplement. Range: 0500–052F | website = Unicode.org | language = en | access-date = 2025-12-13}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="font-size:small;" | Prve znaky ! scope="colgroup" colspan="16" style="font-size:small;" | Poslědnji znak |- ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 0 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 1 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 2 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 3 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 4 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 5 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 6 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 7 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 8 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 9 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | A ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | B ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | C ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | D ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | E ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | F |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+050 | Ԁ || ԁ || Ԃ || ԃ || Ԅ || ԅ || Ԇ || ԇ || Ԉ || ԉ || Ԋ || ԋ || Ԍ || ԍ || Ԏ || ԏ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+051 | Ԑ || ԑ || Ԓ || ԓ || Ԕ || ԕ || Ԗ || ԗ || Ԙ || ԙ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER QA: Unicode U+051A, HTML &amp;#1306;" | Ԛ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER QA: Unicode U+051B, HTML &amp;#1307;" | ԛ | Ԝ || ԝ || Ԟ || ԟ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+052 | Ԡ || ԡ || Ԣ || ԣ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER PE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+0524, HTML &amp;#1316;" | Ԥ | style="background:#bee" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER PE WITH DESCENDER: Unicode U+0525, HTML &amp;#1317;" | ԥ | Ԧ || ԧ || || || || || || || || ԯ |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center; background:white; font-size:large;" |+ style="font-size:small;" | Abhazske bukvy v bloku «Razširjena kirilica – B» Unikoda<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/UA640.pdf | title = Cyrillic Extended-B. Range: A640–A69F | website = Unicode.org | language = en | access-date = 2025-12-13}}</ref> |- ! scope="col" rowspan="2" style="font-size:small;" | Prve znaky ! scope="colgroup" colspan="16" style="font-size:small;" | Poslědnji znak |- ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 0 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 1 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 2 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 3 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 4 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 5 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 6 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 7 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 8 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | 9 ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | A ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | B ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | C ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | D ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | E ! scope="col" style="width:20pt; font-size:small;" | F |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+A64 | Ꙁ || ꙁ || Ꙃ || ꙃ || Ꙅ || ꙅ || Ꙇ || ꙇ || Ꙉ || ꙉ || Ꙋ || ꙋ || Ꙍ || ꙍ || Ꙏ || ꙏ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+A65 | Ꙑ || ꙑ || Ꙓ || ꙓ || Ꙕ || ꙕ || Ꙗ || ꙗ || Ꙙ || ꙙ || Ꙛ || ꙛ || Ꙝ || ꙝ || Ꙟ || ꙟ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+A66 | || || Ꙣ || ꙣ || Ꙥ || ꙥ || Ꙧ || ꙧ || Ꙩ || ꙩ || Ꙫ || ꙫ || Ꙭ || ꙭ || ꙮ || &nbsp;꙯ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+A67 | &nbsp;꙰ || &nbsp;꙱ || &nbsp;꙲ || ꙳ || &nbsp;ꙴ || &nbsp;ꙵ || &nbsp;ꙶ || &nbsp;ꙷ || &nbsp;ꙸ || &nbsp;ꙹ || &nbsp;ꙺ || &nbsp;ꙻ || &nbsp;꙼ || &nbsp;꙽ || ꙾ || ꙿ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+A68 | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DWE: Unicode U+A680, HTML &amp;#42624;" | Ꚁ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DWE: Unicode U+A681, HTML &amp;#42625;" | ꚁ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DZWE: Unicode U+A682, HTML &amp;#42626;" | Ꚃ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZWE: Unicode U+A683, HTML &amp;#42627;" | ꚃ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER ZHWE: Unicode U+A684, HTML &amp;#42628;" | Ꚅ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER ZHWE: Unicode U+A685, HTML &amp;#42629;" | ꚅ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER CCHE: Unicode U+A686, HTML &amp;#42630;" | Ꚇ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER CCHE: Unicode U+A687, HTML &amp;#42631;" | ꚇ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER DZZE: Unicode U+A688, HTML &amp;#42632;" | Ꚉ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER DZZE: Unicode U+A689, HTML &amp;#42633;" | ꚉ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TE WITH MIDDLE HOOK: Unicode U+A68A, HTML &amp;#42634;" | Ꚋ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TE WITH MIDDLE HOOK: Unicode U+A68B, HTML &amp;#42635;" | ꚋ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TWE: Unicode U+A68C, HTML &amp;#42636;" | Ꚍ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TWE: Unicode U+A68D, HTML &amp;#42637;" | ꚍ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSWE: Unicode U+A68E, HTML &amp;#42638;" | Ꚏ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSWE: Unicode U+A68F, HTML &amp;#42639;" | ꚏ |- ! scope="row" style="font-size:small;" | U+A69 | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TSSE: Unicode U+A690, HTML &amp;#42640;" | Ꚑ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TSSE: Unicode U+A691, HTML &amp;#42641;" | ꚑ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER TCHE: Unicode U+A692, HTML &amp;#42642;" | Ꚓ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER TCHE: Unicode U+A693, HTML &amp;#42643;" | ꚓ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER HWE: Unicode U+A694, HTML &amp;#42644;" | Ꚕ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER HWE: Unicode U+A695, HTML &amp;#42645;" | ꚕ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER SHWE: Unicode U+A696, HTML &amp;#42646;" | Ꚗ | style="background:#fbb" title="CYRILLIC SMALL LETTER SHWE: Unicode U+A697, HTML &amp;#42647;" | ꚗ | || || || || || || &nbsp;ꚞ || &nbsp;ꚟ |} </div> === Bukvy odsutne v Unikodu === Mnoge bukvy historičnyh abhazskyh alfabetov imajut diakritičny znak, napr. {{Calibri|'''г̓''', '''к̊''', '''п̧''', '''ԛ̇''', '''т̨''', '''х̍''', '''ꚇ̆''', '''ҽ̆''', '''ц҄̊'''}} i t.d. One v občem ne imajut vlastno město v Unikodu, ale mogut byti izobražene s pomočju kombinujučego znaka: ◌̆ (brevis, {{-|U+0306}}), ◌̇ (točka, {{-|U+0307}}), ◌̊ (prstenj, {{-|U+030A}}), ◌̓ (zapeta, {{-|U+0313}}), ◌̧ (sedilj, {{-|U+0327}}) i t.d. V mnogyh fontah, na žalost, rezultat jest nezadovaljajuči, osoblivo v slučaju velikyh bukv. Někoje historične bukvy ne sut prědstavjene v Unikodu i mogut byti izobražene samo s pomočju obrazka. Taka situacija jest v slučaju četyreh kiriličnyh bukv rukopisnogo alfabeta Uslara: [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Tse with long left leg.svg|20x16px|link=Ц s dolgoju lěvoju nogoju]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil.svg|20x16px]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Cil with bar.svg|20x16px]], [[Fajl:Cyrillic small letter Char.svg|20x16px]] (te tri poslědnje sut osnovane na gruzinskyh bukvah '''წ''' i '''ჭ'''), a takože v slučaju poněkojih bukv medžuvojennogo latinskogo alfabeta: [[Fajl:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with long leg.svg|20x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter open P.svg|20x12px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter T with descender.svg|20x16px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter Tp with descender.svg|12x11px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter Tp.svg|12x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with low left hook.svg|20x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter C with descender.svg|10x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter reversed Ghe with stroke.svg|20x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter turned H with stroke.svg|20x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter abkhasian Che.svg|20x9px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter abkhasian Che with descender.svg|20x10px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter S with descender.svg|16x11px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter reflected F.svg|20x12px]], [[Fajl:Latin small letter script G with ascender.svg|15x15px]]. == Razklad klaviatury == Standardny razklad abhazskoj klaviatury na nastolnyh kompjuterah izgledaje tako: :[[Fajl:Abkhazian keyboard.png|800x400px|Razklad abhazskoj klaviatury]] == Iztočniky == {{Iztočniky}} == Izvory == * {{-|[Bartolomej]}} {{Cite book | url = http://apsnyteka.org/file/Bartolomey_Abkhazskiy_bukvar_.pdf | last = Бартоломей | first = Иван Алексеевич | title = Абхазскій букварь | place = Тифлисъ | year = 1865}} * {{-|[Bgažba]}} {{Cite book | url = https://yadi.sk/i/gBIZEslWujvUt | format = PDF | first = Х.С. | last = Бгажба | title = Бзыбский диалект абхазского языка (Исследование и тексты) | place = Тбилиси | publisher = Издательство Академии наук Грузинской ССР | year = 1964 | language = ru}} * {{-|[Bgažba]}} {{Cite book | url = https://yadi.sk/i/-cFRKsreuz7r3 | format = PDF | last = Бгажба | first = Х.С. | title = Из истории письменности в Абхазии | place = Тбилиси | year = 1967 | publisher = Мецниереба | language = ru}} * {{Cite book | url = http://apsnyteka.org/file/Chirikba_Abkhaz.pdf | first = Viacheslav A. | last = Chikirba | title = Abkhaz | series = Languages of the World/Materials 119 | place = München | publisher = Lincom Europa | year = 2003 | language = en}} * {{-|[Čirikba]}} {{Cite book | first = В.А. | last = Чирикба | url = https://www.academia.edu/40453987/Unified_Abkhaz_Abaza_Alphabet_on_the_Latin_Graphic_Basis_A_Project_Sukhum_2919_Единый_абхазо_абазинский_алфавит_на_латинской_графической_основе_Проект_Сухум_2019 | title = Еизаку аԥсуа-абаза алфавит алатин шьаҭала. Апроект / Латин хiарыф зыщата йщтiу апсуа-абаза алфавит. Проект / Единый абхазо-абазинский алфавит на латинской графической основе. Проект | publisher = АНО «Алашара» | place = Аҟәа / Сухум | year = 2019 | language = ru}} * {{-|[Čirikba]}} {{Cite journal | url = https://www.academia.edu/90307331 | first = В.А. | last = Чикирба | title = Бзыпский диалект абхазского языка (Краткий очерк) | journal = Аԥсны аҭҵаарадыррақәа ракадемиа адырраҭара / Вестник Академии наук Абхазии | issue = № 12 | place = Аҟәа / Сухум | publisher = Academia | year = 2022 | pages = 19–25 | language = ru}} * {{Cite journal | url = https://edizionicafoscari.unive.it/media/pdf/books/978-88-6969-667-1/978-88-6969-667-1-ch-01.pdf | first = Viacheslav | last = Chikirba | title = From the History of Abkhaz Romanized Alphabets | journal = Eurasiatica 19 | year = 2023 | publisher = Edizioni Ca’Foscari | language = en | isbn = 978-88-6969-667-1 | pages = 3–28}} * {{-|[Čočua]}} {{Cite book | url = http://apsnyteka.org/file/Chochua_Abkhazskaya_azbuka_1909.pdf | first = А.М. | last = Ч̆оч̆уа | title = Аԥсуа Анбан, Абхазская азбука | place = Тифлисъ | publisher = Изданiе Кавказскаго Учебнаго Округа | year = 1909}} * {{-|[Čočua]}} {{Cite book | url = https://disk.yandex.ru/i/07Q4an9cdk2YJ | last = Ҷоҷуа | first = А.М. | title = Анбан. Ахҧатәи ирҽеины аҭыжьра / Азбука | place = Аҟуа [Suhumi] | publisher = Аҧҳәынҭшәҟуҭыжьырҭа | year = 1957 | pages = 105–106}} * {{-|[Gulia/Mačavariani]}} {{Cite book | url = http://apsnyteka.org/file/Machavariani_Abkhazskaya_azbuka.pdf | first1 = Д.И. | last1 = Гулиа | first2 = К.Д. | last2 = Мачавариани | title = Абхазская азбука. Главнѣйшія молитвы и заповѣди на абхазскомъ и церковно-славянскомъ языкахъ | place = Тифлисъ | year = 1892 | language = ru}} * {{Cite book | first = G. | last = Hewitt | title = Introduction to the Study of the Languages of the Caucasus | place = München | publisher = Lincom | year = 2004 | pages = 260–263 | isbn = 3-89586-734-9}} * {{Cite book | first = George | url = https://www.scribd.com/document/483763186/Abkhaz-A-Comprehensive-Self-Tutor-Hewitt-pdf | last = Hewitt | title = Abkhaz. A Comprehensive Self-Tutor | place = München | publisher = Lincom Europa | year = 2010 | language = en}} * {{Cite book | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=RRXdAAAAQBAJ | first = Stephen F. | last = Jones | title = War and Revolution in the Caucasus: Georgia Ablaze | year = 2013 | publisher = Routledge | isbn = 978-1-317-98762-8 | language = en}}</ref> * {{-|[Marr]}} {{Cite book | url = http://apsnyteka.org/2099-marr_abkhazskiy_analiticheskiy_alfavit.html | first = Н.Я. | last = Марр | title = Избранные работы, т. II. Основные вопросы языкознания | place = Ленинград | publisher = АН Наук СССР, Издательство ГАИМК | year = 1936 | pages = 321–354 | language = ru}} * {{-|[Marr]}} {{Cite book | url = https://disk.yandex.ru/i/2WiKc6d_bmWAJ | first = Н.Я. | last = Марр | title = О языке и истории абхазов | place = Москва, Ленинград | publisher = Издательство Академии наук СССР | year = 1938 | chapter = О записывании абхазских текстов | pages = 150–164 | format = PDF | language = ru}} * {{-|[Romanov]}} {{Cite book | url = https://disk.yandex.ru/i/DEn2BX813MLN4p | first = В.П. | last = Романов | title = Абазинской Словарь | place = Сухум | publisher = АбИГИ, Дом печати | year = 2016}} * {{-|[Uslar]}} {{Cite book | url = https://docs.yandex.ru/docs/view?url=ya-disk-public%3A%2F%2FSHEPIfcSUDm6N9cbTjDQq5EJ%2BxndFVeLnXUon%2BjQhPw%3D&name=Uslar_K_Etnografiya_Kavkaza_Jazykoznanie_Abkhazsky_jazyk_1862.pdf | first = П.К. | last = Усларъ | title = Этнографія Кавказа. Языкознаніе. Абхазскій языкъ | place = Тифлисъ | year = 1862}} * {{-|[Uslar]}} {{Cite book | url = https://yadi.sk/i/orTcI91mggyb5Q | first = П.К. | last = Усларъ | title = Этнографія Кавказа. Языкознаніе. Абхазскій языкъ | place = Тифлисъ | year = 1887 | publisher = Типографія канцеларіи Главноначальстующаго гражданскою частію на Кавказѣ | format = PDF | language = ru | editor = Zavadskyj}} * {{Cite book | url = | author = (bez avtora) | title = Абхазская азбука и статьи для чтенія и письменныхъ работъ | place = Тифлисъ | publisher = Типографія канцеларіи Намѣстника Его Императорскаго Величества на Кавказѣ и художественная литографія Г. Дюстердика | year = 1906}} == Vněšnje linky == * {{Cite web | url = http://lingvarium.org/scripts/abkhaz.shtml | title = Абхазская письменность | website = Lingvarium.org | language = ru}} * {{Cite web | url = https://www.omniglot.com/writing/abkhaz.htm | title = Abkhaz (аҧсуа бызшәа) | first = Simon | last = Ager | website = Omniglot.com | language = en}} * {{Cite web | url = http://transliteration.eki.ee/pdf/Abkhaz_3.0.pdf | title = Transliteration of Non-Roman Scripts: Abkhaz | first = Thomas T. | last = Pedersen | website = transliteration.eki.ee | language = en}} * {{Cite web | url = https://www.translitteration.com/transliteration/en/abkhaz/ | title = Abhazsky transliterator | website = translitteration.com}} {{Kirilica}} [[Kategorija:Abhazsky jezyk]] [[Kategorija:Kirilica]] {{INTERWIKI|Q307076}} ja2585rcnjo8755hvzkzyacc0tuy8rp 0 741 28309 28187 2026-07-07T19:44:53Z Ilja isv 10 /* */ 28309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Městna interesnost | nazva = '''Brnensky drakon''' <br/>{{Jezyky|cs|(Brněnský drak) }} | vyšina = | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Brněnský drak 2 (02).jpg|thumb||center|300px|'''Brnensky drakon''' vo vratah Starogo ratuša]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Brno.svg|20px|link=Brno|Brno]] Brno | koordinaty = {{-|{{Coord|49|11|35.2608|N|16|36|31.4202|E|type:landmark}}}} }} '''Brnensky drakon''' ({{Jezyky|cs|Brněnský drak}}) je nabity [[krokodil]], zavěšeny u stropa vo vratah [[Stará radnice (Brno)|Starogo ratuša]] v [[Brno|Brnu]]. == Pohodženje == Pohodženje Brnenskogo drakona ne jest věrogodno doloženo. Medžu obyvateljev Brna o njem uže stolětja obračaje se red legend. Podlě jednyh, byl krokodil do Brna dovezeny uže nabity, podlě inyh je žil prědtym v jamě u [[Svratka|rěky Svratky]]. Najčestěje se spekuluje, že krokodila daroval Brnu [[markgraf Matjaš]] v roku 1608. Soobčenje o tom bylo uloženo do kupoly ratušnoj věže v roku 1749. Drakon vsako musěl byti v Brnu uže prěd rokom 1608, zatože podlě danyh iz brnenskogo arhiva byl restavrovany a odčrvovany uže v letah 1578—1579. Sam Stary ratuš, v projezdu ktorogo je krokodil zavěšeny, vsako na vstupnyh biletah do věže ukazyvaje, že krokodil byl darom turečskyh poslov kralju [[Matjaš Habsburgsky|Matjašu <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">II</span>]] v roku 1609. Takože, se govori, že drakona sut privezli do Brna rycari iz [[Krestovy pohod|krestovyh pohodov]]. === Trutnovska legenda === Suglasno inoj legendě, ljudi sut našli drakona v skalah pri budovanju grada [[Trutnov]]a. Drakona sut ulovili, ubili i nabitogo uložili na trutnovskoj krěposti. To se imělo odigrati uže okolo roka 1006. Trutnovci jego sut prědali v roku 1024 knezu na sobranju v Brnu i obdržali sut za to pravo imati pečat s obrazom drakona.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Stejskal | first = Martin | title = Trutnovský drak in:Analogon 10 | year = 1993 | publisher = Lidové noviny | publication-place = Praha | pages = 20 | language = cs }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Stejskal | first = Martin | title = Labyrintem míst klatých | year = 2011 | publisher = Eminent | publication-place = Praha | pages = 873 | language = cs }}</ref> == Nazvy inyh objektov == * Vlakovy ekspres Brno-[[Praga]] * Antisemitičsky časopis, izdavany v Brnu prěd [[Vtora světova vojna|Vtoroju světovoju vojnoju]] * Motociklova gonka na [[Masarikov okrug|Masarikovom okrugu]] * Turnir v boulingu * Sportovna komanda amerikanskogo futbola {{-|[[Brno Alligators]]}} * Sportovny bejsbolovy klub {{-|[[Draci Brno]]}} * Turnir v plavanju za priz ''Brněnskogo draka'' * Vid mesnogo jedanja (ne ide o ''Brněnskom brabcu'') * Publičny turnir staviteljev plastikovyh modelov v Brnu * Vid piva iz [[Pivovar Starobrno|pivovara Starobrno]] * Komandny běg s orientovanjem po brněnskyh krčmah * Jedlivy suvenirny bonbon v obliku krokodila * Prězvišče u tipa tramvaja ([https://cs.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%A1alina šaliny]) {{-|[[EVO2]]}} v Brnu. == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} == Vnešnje linky == {{Prěvod|cs|Brněnský drak}} [[Kategorija:Kultura]] [[Kategorija:Drakoni]] [[Kategorija:Slavne životiny]] [[Kategorija:Brno]] {{INTERWIKI|Q11343687}} hmkvyiav68ldy4figbwcb2093vscp9c 28310 28309 2026-07-07T19:45:12Z Ilja isv 10 /* */ 28310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Městna interesnost | nazva = '''Brnensky drakon''' <br/>{{Jezyky|cs|Brněnský drak}} | vyšina = | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Brněnský drak 2 (02).jpg|thumb||center|300px|'''Brnensky drakon''' vo vratah Starogo ratuša]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Brno.svg|20px|link=Brno|Brno]] Brno | koordinaty = {{-|{{Coord|49|11|35.2608|N|16|36|31.4202|E|type:landmark}}}} }} '''Brnensky drakon''' ({{Jezyky|cs|Brněnský drak}}) je nabity [[krokodil]], zavěšeny u stropa vo vratah [[Stará radnice (Brno)|Starogo ratuša]] v [[Brno|Brnu]]. == Pohodženje == Pohodženje Brnenskogo drakona ne jest věrogodno doloženo. Medžu obyvateljev Brna o njem uže stolětja obračaje se red legend. Podlě jednyh, byl krokodil do Brna dovezeny uže nabity, podlě inyh je žil prědtym v jamě u [[Svratka|rěky Svratky]]. Najčestěje se spekuluje, že krokodila daroval Brnu [[markgraf Matjaš]] v roku 1608. Soobčenje o tom bylo uloženo do kupoly ratušnoj věže v roku 1749. Drakon vsako musěl byti v Brnu uže prěd rokom 1608, zatože podlě danyh iz brnenskogo arhiva byl restavrovany a odčrvovany uže v letah 1578—1579. Sam Stary ratuš, v projezdu ktorogo je krokodil zavěšeny, vsako na vstupnyh biletah do věže ukazyvaje, že krokodil byl darom turečskyh poslov kralju [[Matjaš Habsburgsky|Matjašu <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">II</span>]] v roku 1609. Takože, se govori, že drakona sut privezli do Brna rycari iz [[Krestovy pohod|krestovyh pohodov]]. === Trutnovska legenda === Suglasno inoj legendě, ljudi sut našli drakona v skalah pri budovanju grada [[Trutnov]]a. Drakona sut ulovili, ubili i nabitogo uložili na trutnovskoj krěposti. To se imělo odigrati uže okolo roka 1006. Trutnovci jego sut prědali v roku 1024 knezu na sobranju v Brnu i obdržali sut za to pravo imati pečat s obrazom drakona.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Stejskal | first = Martin | title = Trutnovský drak in:Analogon 10 | year = 1993 | publisher = Lidové noviny | publication-place = Praha | pages = 20 | language = cs }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | last = Stejskal | first = Martin | title = Labyrintem míst klatých | year = 2011 | publisher = Eminent | publication-place = Praha | pages = 873 | language = cs }}</ref> == Nazvy inyh objektov == * Vlakovy ekspres Brno-[[Praga]] * Antisemitičsky časopis, izdavany v Brnu prěd [[Vtora světova vojna|Vtoroju světovoju vojnoju]] * Motociklova gonka na [[Masarikov okrug|Masarikovom okrugu]] * Turnir v boulingu * Sportovna komanda amerikanskogo futbola {{-|[[Brno Alligators]]}} * Sportovny bejsbolovy klub {{-|[[Draci Brno]]}} * Turnir v plavanju za priz ''Brněnskogo draka'' * Vid mesnogo jedanja (ne ide o ''Brněnskom brabcu'') * Publičny turnir staviteljev plastikovyh modelov v Brnu * Vid piva iz [[Pivovar Starobrno|pivovara Starobrno]] * Komandny běg s orientovanjem po brněnskyh krčmah * Jedlivy suvenirny bonbon v obliku krokodila * Prězvišče u tipa tramvaja ([https://cs.wiktionary.org/wiki/%C5%A1alina šaliny]) {{-|[[EVO2]]}} v Brnu. == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} == Vnešnje linky == {{Prěvod|cs|Brněnský drak}} [[Kategorija:Kultura]] [[Kategorija:Drakoni]] [[Kategorija:Slavne životiny]] [[Kategorija:Brno]] {{INTERWIKI|Q11343687}} c2d31xrmhl2qjhpgvya6fphvkqugvr9 0 940 28300 27791 2026-07-07T18:41:11Z Vikislav 73 28300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=2025-01}}{{Kartka Videoigrova serija|logotip=Grand Theft Auto logo series.svg|žanry=[[Action-adventure]]|razrabotniki=[[Rockstar North]], [[Digital Eclipse]], [[Rockstar Leeds]], [[Rockstar Canada]], [[Rockstar Studios]]|izdatelji=[[Rockstar Games]]|tvorci=[[David Jones]], [[Mike Dailly]]|platformy=[[Android]], [[Dreamcast]], [[Fire OS]], [[Game Boy Advance]], [[Game Boy Color]], [[iOS]], [[macOS]], [[MS-DOS]], [[Nintendo DS]], [[Nintendo Switch]], [[PlayStation]], [[PlayStation 2]], [[PlayStation 3]], [[PlayStation 4]], [[PlayStation 5]], [[PlayStation Portable]], [[Microsoft Windows|Windows]], [[Windows Phone]], [[Xbox]], [[Xbox 360]], [[Xbox One]], [[Xbox Series X/S]]|prvaigra=Grand Theft Auto|poslednaigra=Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy – The Definitive Edition|oficialnysajt=https://www.rockstargames.com/games?franchise=grand-theft-auto}} {{-|'''Grand Theft Auto'''}} {{-|('''GTA''')}} jest serija [[Videoigra|kompjuterovyh igr]], ktora jest izdana firmoju {{-|[[Rockstar Games]]}}. Jest jedna iz najvyše kontroversijnyh seriji kompjuterovyh igr. ==Spisok igr== * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto (igra)|Grand Theft Auto]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: London 1969]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: London 1961]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto 2]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto III]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: Advance]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto V]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto VI]] (očekivana igra)}} [[Kategorija:Serije videoigr]] {{INTERWIKI|Q132730}} 6nis5u7754mgar5sp8eukxftr34vsj8 28301 28300 2026-07-07T18:44:20Z Vikislav 73 28301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=2025-01}}{{Kartka Videoigrova serija|logotip=Grand Theft Auto logo series.svg|žanry={{-|[[Action-adventure]]}}|razrabotniki={{-|[[Rockstar North]]}}, {{-|[[Digital Eclipse]]}}, {{-|[[Rockstar Leeds]]}}, {{-|[[Rockstar Canada]]}}, {{-|[[Rockstar Studios]]}}|izdatelji={{-|[[Rockstar Games]]}}|tvorci={{-|[[David Jones]]}}, {{-|[[Mike Dailly]]}}|platformy={{-|[[Android]]}}, {{-|[[Dreamcast]]}}, {{-|[[Fire OS]]}}, {{-|[[Game Boy Advance]]}}, {{-|[[Game Boy Color]]}}, {{-|[[iOS]]}}, {{-|[[macOS]]}}, {{-|[[MS-DOS]]}}, {{-|[[Nintendo DS]]}}, {{-|[[Nintendo Switch]]}}, {{-|[[PlayStation]]}}, {{-|[[PlayStation 2]]}}, {{-|[[PlayStation 3]]}}, {{-|[[PlayStation 4]]}}, {{-|[[PlayStation 5]]}}, {{-|[[PlayStation Portable]]}}, {{-|[[Microsoft Windows|Windows]]}}, {{-|[[Windows Phone]]}}, {{-|[[Xbox]]}}, {{-|[[Xbox 360]]}}, {{-|[[Xbox One]]}}, {{-|[[Xbox Series X/S]]}}|prvaigra={{-|Grand Theft Auto}}|poslednaigra={{-|Grand Theft Auto: The Trilogy – The Definitive Edition}}|oficialnysajt=https://www.rockstargames.com/games?franchise=grand-theft-auto}} {{-|'''Grand Theft Auto'''}} {{-|('''GTA''')}} jest serija [[Videoigra|kompjuterovyh igr]], ktora jest izdana firmoju {{-|[[Rockstar Games]]}}. Jest jedna iz najvyše kontroversijnyh seriji kompjuterovyh igr. ==Spisok igr== * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto (igra)|Grand Theft Auto]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: London 1969]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: London 1961]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto 2]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto III]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: Advance]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: Liberty City Stories]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: Vice City Stories]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto IV]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: The Lost and Damned]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto: The Ballad of Gay Tony]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto V]]}} * {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto VI]] (očekivana igra)}} [[Kategorija:Serije videoigr]] {{INTERWIKI|Q132730}} czaeztrxbxina9epnry9vhyyk4q9wj3 0 942 28298 6457 2026-07-07T18:38:08Z Vikislav 73 28298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=2025-01}} [[Fajl:GTA IV logo.svg|thumb|Logo {{-|GTA IV}}]] {{-|'''Grand Theft Auto IV'''}} {{-|('''GTA IV''')}} jest [[videoigra]] žanra [[Akcija (žanr)|akcija]]. Byla izrabotana firmoju {{-|[[Rockstar North]]}} i izpuščena firmoju {{-|[[Rockstar Games]]}} v 2008 roku. Jedna iz seriji igr {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto (serija igr)|Grand Theft Auto]]}}. ==Zajmlive fakty== * Protagonist Niko Belić i jedin iz glavnyh antagonistov Dimitrij Raskalov sut slovjanami, jedin jest Srb, a drugy jest Rus. * V igrě su nemalo věči svezanyh s Vozhodnoju Evropoju, dekujuči ktorym igra stala osoblivo ljubimoju v Rossiji. Russka radiostancija «Vladivostok FM», na ktoroj igrajut russke pěsnji. Na ulice Hove Beach, v ktoroj Niko časovo oseljaje se, možno uslyšati russku i poljsku rěč. [[Kategorija:Videoigry]] [[Kategorija:Видеоигры]] {{INTERWIKI|Q94797}} r8pr5e8b2ig6s16945a8mf4q2wcqdzo 28299 28298 2026-07-07T18:38:47Z Vikislav 73 28299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=2025-01}} [[Fajl:GTA IV logo.svg|thumb|Logo {{-|GTA IV}}]] {{-|'''Grand Theft Auto IV'''}} {{-|('''GTA IV''')}} jest [[videoigra]] žanra [[Akcija (žanr)|akcija]]. Byla izrabotana firmoju {{-|[[Rockstar North]]}} i izpuščena firmoju {{-|[[Rockstar Games]]}} v 2008 roku. Jedna iz seriji igr {{-|[[Grand Theft Auto (serija igr)|Grand Theft Auto]]}}. ==Zajmlive fakty== * Protagonist Niko Belić i jedin iz glavnyh antagonistov Dimitrij Raskalov sut slovjanami, jedin jest Srb, a drugy jest Rus. * V igrě su nemalo věči svezanyh s Vozhodnoju Evropoju, dekujuči ktorym igra stala osoblivo ljubimoju v Rossiji. Russka radiostancija {{-|«Vladivostok FM»}}, na ktoroj igrajut russke pěsnji. Na ulice {{-|Hove Beach}}, v ktoroj Niko časovo oseljaje se, možno uslyšati russku i poljsku rěč. [[Kategorija:Videoigry]] [[Kategorija:Видеоигры]] {{INTERWIKI|Q94797}} 47chxvhxybanyh2kjcny0vwkipslqdo 0 1080 28323 27676 2026-07-08T07:55:47Z Ilja isv 10 28323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Japonsky jezyk | nativename = <center>{{big|{{lang|ja|日本語}}}}<br/>''Nihongo''</center> | pronunciation = {{nowrap|{{IPA|/nihoɴɡo/}}: {{IPA|[ɲihoŋɡo], [ɲihoŋŋo]}}}} | states = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Japan.svg|20px|link=Japonija|Japonija]] Japonija | ethnicity = [[Japonci]] {{smaller|([[Ljudy Jamato|Jamato]])}} | speakers = 125 milionov <!--(to nearest 5 million)--> | date = 2010 | ref = <ref>{{cite book|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2024|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=27th|location=Dallas, Texas|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com}}</ref> | familycolor = Altaic | fam1 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] | fam2 = [[Insular Japonic languages|Insular]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Japonic]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Japanese]] | ancestor3 = [[Early Middle Japanese]] | ancestor4 = [[Late Middle Japanese]] | ancestor5 = [[Early Modern Japanese]] | dia1 = [[Eastern Japanese|Eastern]] | dia2 = [[Western Japanese|Western]] | dia3 = [[Kyūshū Japanese|Kyūshū]] | dia4 = [[Hachijō language|Hachijō]] | script = {{unbulleted list |[[Japonsko pismo|Směšano pismo]] iz [[kandži]] ([[Kitajsko pismo]]) i [[Kana|kany]] ([[hiragana]], [[katakana]]) |[[Japaonsko pismo Brajla]]}} | nation = <!-- Do not add Japan, but remains national language -->[[Fajl:Flag_of_Palau.svg|20px|link=Palau|Palau]] Palau<br>(na ostrovu [[Angaur]]) | iso1 = ja | iso2 = jpn | iso3 = jpn | lingua = 45-CAA-a | image = Nihongo.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | imagescale = 0.35 | imagecaption = 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk) | imageheader = | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed Japanese]] | glotto = nucl1643 | glottoname = excluding [[Hachijo language|Hachijo]], [[Tsugaru dialect|Tsugaru]], and [[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] | glotto2 = japa1256 | glottorefname = Japanese }} '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) jest glavny [[jezyk]] Japoničskoj jezykovoj rodiny, na ktorom govori japonsky narod. Jezyk imaje priblizno 123 milionov govoriteljev, glavnoobrazno v [[Japonija|Japoniji]], jedinoj krajině, kde on jest jezyk narodny, a takože vnutri japonskoj diaspory na cělom světu. Japoničska jezykova rodina takože vključaje Rjukjuske jezyky i različno klasifikovane jezyky Hačidžo (''{{-|Hachijō}}''). Bylo mnogo pokusov grupovanja japoničskyh jezykov s drugymi jezykovymi rodinami kake sut Ainu, Avstronezijske, Koreaničske, i daže Altajske, ale ni jedna iz tutyh propozicij ne dosegla širokogo prijetja. Malo jest vědomo o prědhistoriji jezyka, ravno i o tom, kogda on je prvo pojavil se v Japoniji. Kitajske dokumenty iz 3-go stolětja našej ery imajut zapisanymi několiko japonskyh slov, jednakože značitelne Starojaponske teksty ne javjali se až do 8-go stolětja. Početkovo od perioda Hejan (794–1185), obširne volny Sino-Japonskoj leksiky sut vošli v jezyk, vlivajuče na fonologiju ranjego srědnogo japonskogo. Pozdny srědny japonsky (1185–1600) jest prěžil ekstensivne gramatične izměny i javjenje prvyh pozajetyh evropejskyh slov. Osnova standardnogo dialekta dvignula se iz regiona Kansaj v region Edo (sučasno Tokio) v period rannjego sovrěmennogo japonskogo jezyka (početok 17–go stolětja - srědina 19–go stolětja). Vslěd okončanja samoizolaciji Japoniji v 1853, priliv pozajetyh slov iz Evropejskyh jezykov jest značno prirastl, i stali množiti se slova s anglijskymi korenjami. Japonsky jezyk jest aglutinativny mora-sinhronizovany jezyk s relativno prostoju fonotaktikoju, sistemoju čistyh samoglasok, dolgostju fonemičnyh samoglasok i suglasok, i leksično značimym muzykalnym akcentom. Poredok slov jest obyčno prědmet–podmět–glagol s česticami, ktore imajut gramatičnu funkciju slov, i strojenjem rěčenja tema–komentovanje. Na koncu rečenja koristajut se česticy-koncovky dlja iztvorenja emocijnogo ili izraznogo učinka, ili stvorjenja pytanja. Iměnniky ne imajut ni gramatičnogo čisla ni roda, takože ne sut členy. Glagoly spregajut se glavno podle vrěmen i zalogov, ale ne podle lica. Japonske pridavniky takože se spregajut. Japonsky jezyk imaje složitu sistemu učtivosti, s glagolnymi formami i slovosborom, ktore odpovědajut statusu govorečego, jego subesednika i spomnětyh osob. == Pismo == [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijnyh čislovnikov]].]] Japonska sistema pisma sjedinjaje [[Kitajsko pismo|kitajske hieroglify]], takože znajme kako ''[[kandži]]'' | 漢字 | {{lang|en|kanji}} ili 'Hanjske znaky', s dvoma unikalnymi silabičnymi azbukami (moraičskimi skriptami), znajemymi spoločno kako ''kana'', izvodženymi japoncami iz vyše složityh kitajskih simbolov: ''[[hiragana]]'' (ひらがな ili 平仮名, 'proste znaky') i ''[[katakana]]'' (カタカナ ili 片仮名, 'čestične znaky'). Latinsko pisanje ''[[rōmadži]]'' (''rōmaji'' ローマ字) takože koristajut v pisemnom japonskom v ograničenoj podobě (napriměr, dlja pozajetyh skračenij). Sistema čislovnikov prěd vsem koristaje arabske čisla, ale takože ponekogda i [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijne kitajske čislovniky]]. == Referencije == {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk| ]] [[Kategorija:Jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Japonija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} dnnt6og0d2tnd4ib2j6d4f59b4dn958 28324 28323 2026-07-08T08:04:38Z Ilja isv 10 /* Pismo */ 28324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Japonsky jezyk | nativename = <center>{{big|{{lang|ja|日本語}}}}<br/>''Nihongo''</center> | pronunciation = {{nowrap|{{IPA|/nihoɴɡo/}}: {{IPA|[ɲihoŋɡo], [ɲihoŋŋo]}}}} | states = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Japan.svg|20px|link=Japonija|Japonija]] Japonija | ethnicity = [[Japonci]] {{smaller|([[Ljudy Jamato|Jamato]])}} | speakers = 125 milionov <!--(to nearest 5 million)--> | date = 2010 | ref = <ref>{{cite book|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2024|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=27th|location=Dallas, Texas|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com}}</ref> | familycolor = Altaic | fam1 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] | fam2 = [[Insular Japonic languages|Insular]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Japonic]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Japanese]] | ancestor3 = [[Early Middle Japanese]] | ancestor4 = [[Late Middle Japanese]] | ancestor5 = [[Early Modern Japanese]] | dia1 = [[Eastern Japanese|Eastern]] | dia2 = [[Western Japanese|Western]] | dia3 = [[Kyūshū Japanese|Kyūshū]] | dia4 = [[Hachijō language|Hachijō]] | script = {{unbulleted list |[[Japonsko pismo|Směšano pismo]] iz [[kandži]] ([[Kitajsko pismo]]) i [[Kana|kany]] ([[hiragana]], [[katakana]]) |[[Japaonsko pismo Brajla]]}} | nation = <!-- Do not add Japan, but remains national language -->[[Fajl:Flag_of_Palau.svg|20px|link=Palau|Palau]] Palau<br>(na ostrovu [[Angaur]]) | iso1 = ja | iso2 = jpn | iso3 = jpn | lingua = 45-CAA-a | image = Nihongo.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | imagescale = 0.35 | imagecaption = 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk) | imageheader = | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed Japanese]] | glotto = nucl1643 | glottoname = excluding [[Hachijo language|Hachijo]], [[Tsugaru dialect|Tsugaru]], and [[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] | glotto2 = japa1256 | glottorefname = Japanese }} '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) jest glavny [[jezyk]] Japoničskoj jezykovoj rodiny, na ktorom govori japonsky narod. Jezyk imaje priblizno 123 milionov govoriteljev, glavnoobrazno v [[Japonija|Japoniji]], jedinoj krajině, kde on jest jezyk narodny, a takože vnutri japonskoj diaspory na cělom světu. Japoničska jezykova rodina takože vključaje Rjukjuske jezyky i različno klasifikovane jezyky Hačidžo (''{{-|Hachijō}}''). Bylo mnogo pokusov grupovanja japoničskyh jezykov s drugymi jezykovymi rodinami kake sut Ainu, Avstronezijske, Koreaničske, i daže Altajske, ale ni jedna iz tutyh propozicij ne dosegla širokogo prijetja. Malo jest vědomo o prědhistoriji jezyka, ravno i o tom, kogda on je prvo pojavil se v Japoniji. Kitajske dokumenty iz 3-go stolětja našej ery imajut zapisanymi několiko japonskyh slov, jednakože značitelne Starojaponske teksty ne javjali se až do 8-go stolětja. Početkovo od perioda Hejan (794–1185), obširne volny Sino-Japonskoj leksiky sut vošli v jezyk, vlivajuče na fonologiju ranjego srědnogo japonskogo. Pozdny srědny japonsky (1185–1600) jest prěžil ekstensivne gramatične izměny i javjenje prvyh pozajetyh evropejskyh slov. Osnova standardnogo dialekta dvignula se iz regiona Kansaj v region Edo (sučasno Tokio) v period rannjego sovrěmennogo japonskogo jezyka (početok 17–go stolětja - srědina 19–go stolětja). Vslěd okončanja samoizolaciji Japoniji v 1853, priliv pozajetyh slov iz Evropejskyh jezykov jest značno prirastl, i stali množiti se slova s anglijskymi korenjami. Japonsky jezyk jest aglutinativny mora-sinhronizovany jezyk s relativno prostoju fonotaktikoju, sistemoju čistyh samoglasok, dolgostju fonemičnyh samoglasok i suglasok, i leksično značimym muzykalnym akcentom. Poredok slov jest obyčno prědmet–podmět–glagol s česticami, ktore imajut gramatičnu funkciju slov, i strojenjem rěčenja tema–komentovanje. Na koncu rečenja koristajut se česticy-koncovky dlja iztvorenja emocijnogo ili izraznogo učinka, ili stvorjenja pytanja. Iměnniky ne imajut ni gramatičnogo čisla ni roda, takože ne sut členy. Glagoly spregajut se glavno podle vrěmen i zalogov, ale ne podle lica. Japonske pridavniky takože se spregajut. Japonsky jezyk imaje složitu sistemu učtivosti, s glagolnymi formami i slovosborom, ktore odpovědajut statusu govorečego, jego subesednika i spomnětyh osob. == Pismo == [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijnyh čislovnikov]].]] Japonska sistema pisma sjedinjaje [[Kitajsko pismo|kitajske hieroglify]], takože znajme kako {{Nihongo|''[[kandži]]'' | 漢字 | {{lang|en|kanji}}}} ili 'Hanjske znaky', s dvoma unikalnymi silabičnymi azbukami (moraičskimi skriptami), znajemymi spoločno kako ''kana'', izvodženymi japoncami iz vyše složityh kitajskih simbolov: ''[[hiragana]]'' (ひらがな ili 平仮名, 'proste znaky') i ''[[katakana]]'' (カタカナ ili 片仮名, 'čestične znaky'). Latinsko pisanje ''[[Romadži]]'' (''rōmaji'' ローマ字) takože koristajut v pisemnom japonskom v ograničenoj podobě (napriměr, dlja pozajetyh skračenij). Sistema čislovnikov prěd vsem koristaje arabske čisla, ale takože ponekogda i [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijne kitajske čislovniky]]. == Referencije == {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk| ]] [[Kategorija:Jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Japonija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} k8jdmy0vxuj8h5ise5oeuj4np7e4g3a 28325 28324 2026-07-08T08:05:00Z Ilja isv 10 /* Pismo */ 28325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Japonsky jezyk | nativename = <center>{{big|{{lang|ja|日本語}}}}<br/>''Nihongo''</center> | pronunciation = {{nowrap|{{IPA|/nihoɴɡo/}}: {{IPA|[ɲihoŋɡo], [ɲihoŋŋo]}}}} | states = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Japan.svg|20px|link=Japonija|Japonija]] Japonija | ethnicity = [[Japonci]] {{smaller|([[Ljudy Jamato|Jamato]])}} | speakers = 125 milionov <!--(to nearest 5 million)--> | date = 2010 | ref = <ref>{{cite book|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2024|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=27th|location=Dallas, Texas|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com}}</ref> | familycolor = Altaic | fam1 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] | fam2 = [[Insular Japonic languages|Insular]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Japonic]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Japanese]] | ancestor3 = [[Early Middle Japanese]] | ancestor4 = [[Late Middle Japanese]] | ancestor5 = [[Early Modern Japanese]] | dia1 = [[Eastern Japanese|Eastern]] | dia2 = [[Western Japanese|Western]] | dia3 = [[Kyūshū Japanese|Kyūshū]] | dia4 = [[Hachijō language|Hachijō]] | script = {{unbulleted list |[[Japonsko pismo|Směšano pismo]] iz [[kandži]] ([[Kitajsko pismo]]) i [[Kana|kany]] ([[hiragana]], [[katakana]]) |[[Japaonsko pismo Brajla]]}} | nation = <!-- Do not add Japan, but remains national language -->[[Fajl:Flag_of_Palau.svg|20px|link=Palau|Palau]] Palau<br>(na ostrovu [[Angaur]]) | iso1 = ja | iso2 = jpn | iso3 = jpn | lingua = 45-CAA-a | image = Nihongo.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | imagescale = 0.35 | imagecaption = 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk) | imageheader = | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed Japanese]] | glotto = nucl1643 | glottoname = excluding [[Hachijo language|Hachijo]], [[Tsugaru dialect|Tsugaru]], and [[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] | glotto2 = japa1256 | glottorefname = Japanese }} '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) jest glavny [[jezyk]] Japoničskoj jezykovoj rodiny, na ktorom govori japonsky narod. Jezyk imaje priblizno 123 milionov govoriteljev, glavnoobrazno v [[Japonija|Japoniji]], jedinoj krajině, kde on jest jezyk narodny, a takože vnutri japonskoj diaspory na cělom světu. Japoničska jezykova rodina takože vključaje Rjukjuske jezyky i različno klasifikovane jezyky Hačidžo (''{{-|Hachijō}}''). Bylo mnogo pokusov grupovanja japoničskyh jezykov s drugymi jezykovymi rodinami kake sut Ainu, Avstronezijske, Koreaničske, i daže Altajske, ale ni jedna iz tutyh propozicij ne dosegla širokogo prijetja. Malo jest vědomo o prědhistoriji jezyka, ravno i o tom, kogda on je prvo pojavil se v Japoniji. Kitajske dokumenty iz 3-go stolětja našej ery imajut zapisanymi několiko japonskyh slov, jednakože značitelne Starojaponske teksty ne javjali se až do 8-go stolětja. Početkovo od perioda Hejan (794–1185), obširne volny Sino-Japonskoj leksiky sut vošli v jezyk, vlivajuče na fonologiju ranjego srědnogo japonskogo. Pozdny srědny japonsky (1185–1600) jest prěžil ekstensivne gramatične izměny i javjenje prvyh pozajetyh evropejskyh slov. Osnova standardnogo dialekta dvignula se iz regiona Kansaj v region Edo (sučasno Tokio) v period rannjego sovrěmennogo japonskogo jezyka (početok 17–go stolětja - srědina 19–go stolětja). Vslěd okončanja samoizolaciji Japoniji v 1853, priliv pozajetyh slov iz Evropejskyh jezykov jest značno prirastl, i stali množiti se slova s anglijskymi korenjami. Japonsky jezyk jest aglutinativny mora-sinhronizovany jezyk s relativno prostoju fonotaktikoju, sistemoju čistyh samoglasok, dolgostju fonemičnyh samoglasok i suglasok, i leksično značimym muzykalnym akcentom. Poredok slov jest obyčno prědmet–podmět–glagol s česticami, ktore imajut gramatičnu funkciju slov, i strojenjem rěčenja tema–komentovanje. Na koncu rečenja koristajut se česticy-koncovky dlja iztvorenja emocijnogo ili izraznogo učinka, ili stvorjenja pytanja. Iměnniky ne imajut ni gramatičnogo čisla ni roda, takože ne sut členy. Glagoly spregajut se glavno podle vrěmen i zalogov, ale ne podle lica. Japonske pridavniky takože se spregajut. Japonsky jezyk imaje složitu sistemu učtivosti, s glagolnymi formami i slovosborom, ktore odpovědajut statusu govorečego, jego subesednika i spomnětyh osob. == Pismo == [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijnyh čislovnikov]].]] Japonska sistema pisma sjedinjaje [[Kitajsko pismo|kitajske hieroglify]], takože znajeme kako {{Nihongo|''[[kandži]]'' | 漢字 | {{lang|en|kanji}}}} ili 'Hanjske znaky', s dvoma unikalnymi silabičnymi azbukami (moraičskimi skriptami), znajemymi spoločno kako ''kana'', izvodženymi japoncami iz vyše složityh kitajskih simbolov: ''[[hiragana]]'' (ひらがな ili 平仮名, 'proste znaky') i ''[[katakana]]'' (カタカナ ili 片仮名, 'čestične znaky'). Latinsko pisanje ''[[Romadži]]'' (''rōmaji'' ローマ字) takože koristajut v pisemnom japonskom v ograničenoj podobě (napriměr, dlja pozajetyh skračenij). Sistema čislovnikov prěd vsem koristaje arabske čisla, ale takože ponekogda i [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijne kitajske čislovniky]]. == Referencije == {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk| ]] [[Kategorija:Jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Japonija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} 3dir6ddt3chmf8n8q46sa3bvnmopmgj 28326 28325 2026-07-08T08:09:16Z Ilja isv 10 28326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Japonsky jezyk | nativename = <center>{{big|{{lang|ja|日本語}}}}<br/>''Nihongo''</center> | pronunciation = {{nowrap|{{IPA|/nihoɴɡo/}}: {{IPA|[ɲihoŋɡo], [ɲihoŋŋo]}}}} | states = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Japan.svg|20px|link=Japonija|Japonija]] Japonija | ethnicity = [[Japonci]] {{smaller|([[Ljudy Jamato|Jamato]])}} | speakers = 125 milionov <!--(to nearest 5 million)--> | date = 2010 | ref = <ref>{{cite book|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2024|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=27th|location=Dallas, Texas|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com}}</ref> | familycolor = Altaic | family = *[[Japoničske jezyky]] **[[Jezyky Japonskyh ostrovov]] ***Japonsky jezyk | ancestor = [[Proto-Japonic]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Japanese]] | ancestor3 = [[Early Middle Japanese]] | ancestor4 = [[Late Middle Japanese]] | ancestor5 = [[Early Modern Japanese]] | dia1 = [[Eastern Japanese|Eastern]] | dia2 = [[Western Japanese|Western]] | dia3 = [[Kyūshū Japanese|Kyūshū]] | dia4 = [[Hachijō language|Hachijō]] | script = {{unbulleted list |[[Japonsko pismo|Směšano pismo]] iz [[kandži]] ([[Kitajsko pismo]]) i [[Kana|kany]] ([[hiragana]], [[katakana]]) |[[Japaonsko pismo Brajla]]}} | nation = <!-- Do not add Japan, but remains national language -->[[Fajl:Flag_of_Palau.svg|20px|link=Palau|Palau]] Palau<br>(na ostrovu [[Angaur]]) | iso1 = ja | iso2 = jpn | iso3 = jpn | lingua = 45-CAA-a | image = Nihongo.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | imagescale = 0.35 | imagecaption = 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk) | imageheader = | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed Japanese]] | glotto = nucl1643 | glottoname = excluding [[Hachijo language|Hachijo]], [[Tsugaru dialect|Tsugaru]], and [[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] | glotto2 = japa1256 | glottorefname = Japanese }} '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) jest glavny [[jezyk]] Japoničskoj jezykovoj rodiny, na ktorom govori japonsky narod. Jezyk imaje priblizno 123 milionov govoriteljev, glavnoobrazno v [[Japonija|Japoniji]], jedinoj krajině, kde on jest jezyk narodny, a takože vnutri japonskoj diaspory na cělom světu. Japoničska jezykova rodina takože vključaje Rjukjuske jezyky i različno klasifikovane jezyky Hačidžo (''{{-|Hachijō}}''). Bylo mnogo pokusov grupovanja japoničskyh jezykov s drugymi jezykovymi rodinami kake sut Ainu, Avstronezijske, Koreaničske, i daže Altajske, ale ni jedna iz tutyh propozicij ne dosegla širokogo prijetja. Malo jest vědomo o prědhistoriji jezyka, ravno i o tom, kogda on je prvo pojavil se v Japoniji. Kitajske dokumenty iz 3-go stolětja našej ery imajut zapisanymi několiko japonskyh slov, jednakože značitelne Starojaponske teksty ne javjali se až do 8-go stolětja. Početkovo od perioda Hejan (794–1185), obširne volny Sino-Japonskoj leksiky sut vošli v jezyk, vlivajuče na fonologiju ranjego srědnogo japonskogo. Pozdny srědny japonsky (1185–1600) jest prěžil ekstensivne gramatične izměny i javjenje prvyh pozajetyh evropejskyh slov. Osnova standardnogo dialekta dvignula se iz regiona Kansaj v region Edo (sučasno Tokio) v period rannjego sovrěmennogo japonskogo jezyka (početok 17–go stolětja - srědina 19–go stolětja). Vslěd okončanja samoizolaciji Japoniji v 1853, priliv pozajetyh slov iz Evropejskyh jezykov jest značno prirastl, i stali množiti se slova s anglijskymi korenjami. Japonsky jezyk jest aglutinativny mora-sinhronizovany jezyk s relativno prostoju fonotaktikoju, sistemoju čistyh samoglasok, dolgostju fonemičnyh samoglasok i suglasok, i leksično značimym muzykalnym akcentom. Poredok slov jest obyčno prědmet–podmět–glagol s česticami, ktore imajut gramatičnu funkciju slov, i strojenjem rěčenja tema–komentovanje. Na koncu rečenja koristajut se česticy-koncovky dlja iztvorenja emocijnogo ili izraznogo učinka, ili stvorjenja pytanja. Iměnniky ne imajut ni gramatičnogo čisla ni roda, takože ne sut členy. Glagoly spregajut se glavno podle vrěmen i zalogov, ale ne podle lica. Japonske pridavniky takože se spregajut. Japonsky jezyk imaje složitu sistemu učtivosti, s glagolnymi formami i slovosborom, ktore odpovědajut statusu govorečego, jego subesednika i spomnětyh osob. == Pismo == [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijnyh čislovnikov]].]] Japonska sistema pisma sjedinjaje [[Kitajsko pismo|kitajske hieroglify]], takože znajeme kako {{Nihongo|''[[kandži]]'' | 漢字 | {{lang|en|kanji}}}} ili 'Hanjske znaky', s dvoma unikalnymi silabičnymi azbukami (moraičskimi skriptami), znajemymi spoločno kako ''kana'', izvodženymi japoncami iz vyše složityh kitajskih simbolov: ''[[hiragana]]'' (ひらがな ili 平仮名, 'proste znaky') i ''[[katakana]]'' (カタカナ ili 片仮名, 'čestične znaky'). Latinsko pisanje ''[[Romadži]]'' (''rōmaji'' ローマ字) takože koristajut v pisemnom japonskom v ograničenoj podobě (napriměr, dlja pozajetyh skračenij). Sistema čislovnikov prěd vsem koristaje arabske čisla, ale takože ponekogda i [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijne kitajske čislovniky]]. == Referencije == {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk| ]] [[Kategorija:Jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Japonija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} cj24950lm16mv8ytl9owuu60vap9cgk 28327 28326 2026-07-08T08:21:53Z Ilja isv 10 28327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Japonsky jezyk | nativename = <center>{{big|{{lang|ja|日本語}}}}<br/>''Nihongo''</center> | pronunciation = {{nowrap|{{IPA|/nihoɴɡo/}}: {{IPA|[ɲihoŋɡo], [ɲihoŋŋo]}}}} | states = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Japan.svg|20px|link=Japonija|Japonija]] Japonija | ethnicity = [[Japonci]] {{smaller|([[Ljudy Jamato|Jamato]])}} | speakers = 125 milionov <!--(to nearest 5 million)--> | date = 2010 | ref = <ref>{{cite book|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2024|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=27th|location=Dallas, Texas|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com}}</ref> | familycolor = Altaic | family = *[[Japoničske jezyky]] **[[Jezyky Japonskyh ostrovov]] ***Japonsky jezyk | ancestor = [[Proto-Japonic]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Japanese]] | ancestor3 = [[Early Middle Japanese]] | ancestor4 = [[Late Middle Japanese]] | ancestor5 = [[Early Modern Japanese]] | dia1 = [[Eastern Japanese|Eastern]] | dia2 = [[Western Japanese|Western]] | dia3 = [[Kyūshū Japanese|Kyūshū]] | dia4 = [[Hachijō language|Hachijō]] | script = {{unbulleted list |[[Japonsko pismo|Směšano pismo]] iz [[kandži]] ([[Kitajsko pismo]]) i [[Kana|kany]] ([[hiragana]], [[katakana]]) |[[Japaonsko pismo Brajla]]}} | nation = <!-- Do not add Japan, but remains national language -->[[Fajl:Flag_of_Japan.svg|20px|link=Japonija|Japonija]] Japonija<br/>[[Fajl:Flag_of_Palau.svg|20px|link=Palau|Palau]] Palau<br>(na ostrovu [[Angaur]]) | iso1 = ja | iso2 = jpn | iso3 = jpn | lingua = 45-CAA-a | image = Nihongo.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | imagescale = 0.35 | imagecaption = 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk) | imageheader = | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed Japanese]] | glotto = nucl1643 | glottoname = excluding [[Hachijo language|Hachijo]], [[Tsugaru dialect|Tsugaru]], and [[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] | glotto2 = japa1256 | glottorefname = Japanese }} '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) jest glavny [[jezyk]] Japoničskoj jezykovoj rodiny, na ktorom govori japonsky narod. Jezyk imaje priblizno 123 milionov govoriteljev, glavnoobrazno v [[Japonija|Japoniji]], jedinoj krajině, kde on jest jezyk narodny, a takože vnutri japonskoj diaspory na cělom světu. Japoničska jezykova rodina takože vključaje Rjukjuske jezyky i različno klasifikovane jezyky Hačidžo (''{{-|Hachijō}}''). Bylo mnogo pokusov grupovanja japoničskyh jezykov s drugymi jezykovymi rodinami kake sut Ainu, Avstronezijske, Koreaničske, i daže Altajske, ale ni jedna iz tutyh propozicij ne dosegla širokogo prijetja. Malo jest vědomo o prědhistoriji jezyka, ravno i o tom, kogda on je prvo pojavil se v Japoniji. Kitajske dokumenty iz 3-go stolětja našej ery imajut zapisanymi několiko japonskyh slov, jednakože značitelne Starojaponske teksty ne javjali se až do 8-go stolětja. Početkovo od perioda Hejan (794–1185), obširne volny Sino-Japonskoj leksiky sut vošli v jezyk, vlivajuče na fonologiju ranjego srědnogo japonskogo. Pozdny srědny japonsky (1185–1600) jest prěžil ekstensivne gramatične izměny i javjenje prvyh pozajetyh evropejskyh slov. Osnova standardnogo dialekta dvignula se iz regiona Kansaj v region Edo (sučasno Tokio) v period rannjego sovrěmennogo japonskogo jezyka (početok 17–go stolětja - srědina 19–go stolětja). Vslěd okončanja samoizolaciji Japoniji v 1853, priliv pozajetyh slov iz Evropejskyh jezykov jest značno prirastl, i stali množiti se slova s anglijskymi korenjami. Japonsky jezyk jest aglutinativny mora-sinhronizovany jezyk s relativno prostoju fonotaktikoju, sistemoju čistyh samoglasok, dolgostju fonemičnyh samoglasok i suglasok, i leksično značimym muzykalnym akcentom. Poredok slov jest obyčno prědmet–podmět–glagol s česticami, ktore imajut gramatičnu funkciju slov, i strojenjem rěčenja tema–komentovanje. Na koncu rečenja koristajut se česticy-koncovky dlja iztvorenja emocijnogo ili izraznogo učinka, ili stvorjenja pytanja. Iměnniky ne imajut ni gramatičnogo čisla ni roda, takože ne sut členy. Glagoly spregajut se glavno podle vrěmen i zalogov, ale ne podle lica. Japonske pridavniky takože se spregajut. Japonsky jezyk imaje složitu sistemu učtivosti, s glagolnymi formami i slovosborom, ktore odpovědajut statusu govorečego, jego subesednika i spomnětyh osob. == Pismo == [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijnyh čislovnikov]].]] Japonska sistema pisma sjedinjaje [[Kitajsko pismo|kitajske hieroglify]], takože znajeme kako {{Nihongo|''[[kandži]]'' | 漢字 | {{lang|en|kanji}}}} ili 'Hanjske znaky', s dvoma unikalnymi silabičnymi azbukami (moraičskimi skriptami), znajemymi spoločno kako ''kana'', izvodženymi japoncami iz vyše složityh kitajskih simbolov: ''[[hiragana]]'' (ひらがな ili 平仮名, 'proste znaky') i ''[[katakana]]'' (カタカナ ili 片仮名, 'čestične znaky'). Latinsko pisanje ''[[Romadži]]'' (''rōmaji'' ローマ字) takože koristajut v pisemnom japonskom v ograničenoj podobě (napriměr, dlja pozajetyh skračenij). Sistema čislovnikov prěd vsem koristaje arabske čisla, ale takože ponekogda i [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijne kitajske čislovniky]]. == Referencije == {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk| ]] [[Kategorija:Jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Japonija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} 7ybrcr109zj04og7bsi57t9whf004fr 28329 28327 2026-07-08T08:24:30Z Ilja isv 10 28329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Japonsky jezyk | nativename = <center>{{big|{{lang|ja|日本語}}}}<br/>''Nihongo''</center> | pronunciation = {{nowrap|{{IPA|/nihoɴɡo/}}: {{IPA|[ɲihoŋɡo], [ɲihoŋŋo]}}}} | states = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Japan.svg|20px|link=Japonija|Japonija]] Japonija | ethnicity = [[Japonci]] {{smaller|([[Ljudy Jamato|Jamato]])}} | speakers = 125 milionov <!--(to nearest 5 million)--> | date = 2010 | ref = <ref>{{cite book|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2024|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=27th|location=Dallas, Texas|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com}}</ref> | familycolor = Altaic | family = *[[Japoničske jezyky]] **[[Jezyky Japonskyh ostrovov]] ***Japonsky jezyk | ancestor = [[Proto-Japonic]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Japanese]] | ancestor3 = [[Early Middle Japanese]] | ancestor4 = [[Late Middle Japanese]] | ancestor5 = [[Early Modern Japanese]] | dia1 = [[Eastern Japanese|Eastern]] | dia2 = [[Western Japanese|Western]] | dia3 = [[Kyūshū Japanese|Kyūshū]] | dia4 = [[Hachijō language|Hachijō]] | script = {{unbulleted list |[[Japonsko pismo|Směšano pismo]] iz [[kandži]] ([[Kitajsko pismo]]) i [[Kana|kany]] ([[hiragana]], [[katakana]]) |[[Japaonsko pismo Brajla]]}} | nation = <!-- Do not add Japan, but remains national language -->[[Fajl:Flag_of_Palau.svg|20px|link=Palau|Palau]] Palau<br/>(na ostrovu [[Angaur]]) | iso1 = ja | iso2 = jpn | iso3 = jpn | lingua = 45-CAA-a | image = Nihongo.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | imagescale = 0.35 | imagecaption = 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk) | imageheader = | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed Japanese]] | glotto = nucl1643 | glottoname = excluding [[Hachijo language|Hachijo]], [[Tsugaru dialect|Tsugaru]], and [[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] | glotto2 = japa1256 | glottorefname = Japanese }} '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) jest glavny [[jezyk]] Japoničskoj jezykovoj rodiny, na ktorom govori japonsky narod. Jezyk imaje priblizno 123 milionov govoriteljev, glavnoobrazno v [[Japonija|Japoniji]], jedinoj krajině, kde on jest jezyk narodny, a takože vnutri japonskoj diaspory na cělom světu. Japoničska jezykova rodina takože vključaje Rjukjuske jezyky i različno klasifikovane jezyky Hačidžo (''{{-|Hachijō}}''). Bylo mnogo pokusov grupovanja japoničskyh jezykov s drugymi jezykovymi rodinami kake sut Ainu, Avstronezijske, Koreaničske, i daže Altajske, ale ni jedna iz tutyh propozicij ne dosegla širokogo prijetja. Malo jest vědomo o prědhistoriji jezyka, ravno i o tom, kogda on je prvo pojavil se v Japoniji. Kitajske dokumenty iz 3-go stolětja našej ery imajut zapisanymi několiko japonskyh slov, jednakože značitelne Starojaponske teksty ne javjali se až do 8-go stolětja. Početkovo od perioda Hejan (794–1185), obširne volny Sino-Japonskoj leksiky sut vošli v jezyk, vlivajuče na fonologiju ranjego srědnogo japonskogo. Pozdny srědny japonsky (1185–1600) jest prěžil ekstensivne gramatične izměny i javjenje prvyh pozajetyh evropejskyh slov. Osnova standardnogo dialekta dvignula se iz regiona Kansaj v region Edo (sučasno Tokio) v period rannjego sovrěmennogo japonskogo jezyka (početok 17–go stolětja - srědina 19–go stolětja). Vslěd okončanja samoizolaciji Japoniji v 1853, priliv pozajetyh slov iz Evropejskyh jezykov jest značno prirastl, i stali množiti se slova s anglijskymi korenjami. Japonsky jezyk jest aglutinativny mora-sinhronizovany jezyk s relativno prostoju fonotaktikoju, sistemoju čistyh samoglasok, dolgostju fonemičnyh samoglasok i suglasok, i leksično značimym muzykalnym akcentom. Poredok slov jest obyčno prědmet–podmět–glagol s česticami, ktore imajut gramatičnu funkciju slov, i strojenjem rěčenja tema–komentovanje. Na koncu rečenja koristajut se česticy-koncovky dlja iztvorenja emocijnogo ili izraznogo učinka, ili stvorjenja pytanja. Iměnniky ne imajut ni gramatičnogo čisla ni roda, takože ne sut členy. Glagoly spregajut se glavno podle vrěmen i zalogov, ale ne podle lica. Japonske pridavniky takože se spregajut. Japonsky jezyk imaje složitu sistemu učtivosti, s glagolnymi formami i slovosborom, ktore odpovědajut statusu govorečego, jego subesednika i spomnětyh osob. == Pismo == [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijnyh čislovnikov]].]] Japonska sistema pisma sjedinjaje [[Kitajsko pismo|kitajske hieroglify]], takože znajeme kako {{Nihongo|''[[kandži]]'' | 漢字 | {{lang|en|kanji}}}} ili 'Hanjske znaky', s dvoma unikalnymi silabičnymi azbukami (moraičskimi skriptami), znajemymi spoločno kako ''kana'', izvodženymi japoncami iz vyše složityh kitajskih simbolov: ''[[hiragana]]'' (ひらがな ili 平仮名, 'proste znaky') i ''[[katakana]]'' (カタカナ ili 片仮名, 'čestične znaky'). Latinsko pisanje ''[[Romadži]]'' (''rōmaji'' ローマ字) takože koristajut v pisemnom japonskom v ograničenoj podobě (napriměr, dlja pozajetyh skračenij). Sistema čislovnikov prěd vsem koristaje arabske čisla, ale takože ponekogda i [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijne kitajske čislovniky]]. == Referencije == {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk| ]] [[Kategorija:Jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Japonija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} kxe1vqar04xcp50m94adtbw7ei0xbi6 28334 28329 2026-07-08T09:08:49Z Ilja isv 10 28334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Japonsky jezyk | nativename = <center>{{big|{{lang|ja|日本語}}}}<br/>''Nihongo''</center> | pronunciation = {{nowrap|{{IPA|/nihoɴɡo/}}: {{IPA|[ɲihoŋɡo], [ɲihoŋŋo]}}}} | states = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Japan.svg|20px|link=Japonija|Japonija]] Japonija | ethnicity = [[Japonci]] {{smaller|([[Ljudy Jamato|Jamato]])}} | speakers = 125 milionov <!--(to nearest 5 million)--> | date = 2010 | ref = <ref>{{cite book|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2024|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=27th|location=Dallas, Texas|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com}}</ref> | familycolor = Altaic | family = *[[Japoničske jezyky]] **[[Jezyky Japonskyh ostrovov]] ***Japonsky jezyk | ancestor = [[Proto-Japonic]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Japanese]] | ancestor3 = [[Early Middle Japanese]] | ancestor4 = [[Late Middle Japanese]] | ancestor5 = [[Early Modern Japanese]] | dia1 = [[Eastern Japanese|Eastern]] | dia2 = [[Western Japanese|Western]] | dia3 = [[Kyūshū Japanese|Kyūshū]] | dia4 = [[Hachijō language|Hachijō]] | script = {{unbulleted list |[[Japonsko pismo|Směšano pismo]] iz [[kandži]] ([[Kitajsko pismo]]) i [[Kana|kany]] ([[hiragana]], [[katakana]]) |[[Japonsko pismo Brajla]]}} | nation = <!-- Do not add Japan, but remains national language -->[[Fajl:Flag_of_Palau.svg|20px|link=Palau|Palau]] Palau<br/>(na ostrovu [[Angaur]]) | iso1 = ja | iso2 = jpn | iso3 = jpn | lingua = 45-CAA-a | image = Nihongo.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | imagescale = 0.35 | imagecaption = 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk) | imageheader = | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed Japanese]] | glotto = nucl1643 | glottoname = excluding [[Hachijo language|Hachijo]], [[Tsugaru dialect|Tsugaru]], and [[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] | glotto2 = japa1256 | glottorefname = Japanese }} '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) jest glavny [[jezyk]] Japoničskoj jezykovoj rodiny, na ktorom govori japonsky narod. Jezyk imaje priblizno 123 milionov govoriteljev, glavnoobrazno v [[Japonija|Japoniji]], jedinoj krajině, kde on jest jezyk narodny, a takože vnutri japonskoj diaspory na cělom světu. Japoničska jezykova rodina takože vključaje Rjukjuske jezyky i različno klasifikovane jezyky Hačidžo (''{{-|Hachijō}}''). Bylo mnogo pokusov grupovanja japoničskyh jezykov s drugymi jezykovymi rodinami kake sut Ainu, Avstronezijske, Koreaničske, i daže Altajske, ale ni jedna iz tutyh propozicij ne dosegla širokogo prijetja. Malo jest vědomo o prědhistoriji jezyka, ravno i o tom, kogda on je prvo pojavil se v Japoniji. Kitajske dokumenty iz 3-go stolětja našej ery imajut zapisanymi několiko japonskyh slov, jednakože značitelne Starojaponske teksty ne javjali se až do 8-go stolětja. Početkovo od perioda Hejan (794–1185), obširne volny Sino-Japonskoj leksiky sut vošli v jezyk, vlivajuče na fonologiju ranjego srědnogo japonskogo. Pozdny srědny japonsky (1185–1600) jest prěžil ekstensivne gramatične izměny i javjenje prvyh pozajetyh evropejskyh slov. Osnova standardnogo dialekta dvignula se iz regiona Kansaj v region Edo (sučasno Tokio) v period rannjego sovrěmennogo japonskogo jezyka (početok 17–go stolětja - srědina 19–go stolětja). Vslěd okončanja samoizolaciji Japoniji v 1853, priliv pozajetyh slov iz Evropejskyh jezykov jest značno prirastl, i stali množiti se slova s anglijskymi korenjami. Japonsky jezyk jest aglutinativny mora-sinhronizovany jezyk s relativno prostoju fonotaktikoju, sistemoju čistyh samoglasok, dolgostju fonemičnyh samoglasok i suglasok, i leksično značimym muzykalnym akcentom. Poredok slov jest obyčno prědmet–podmět–glagol s česticami, ktore imajut gramatičnu funkciju slov, i strojenjem rěčenja tema–komentovanje. Na koncu rečenja koristajut se česticy-koncovky dlja iztvorenja emocijnogo ili izraznogo učinka, ili stvorjenja pytanja. Iměnniky ne imajut ni gramatičnogo čisla ni roda, takože ne sut členy. Glagoly spregajut se glavno podle vrěmen i zalogov, ale ne podle lica. Japonske pridavniky takože se spregajut. Japonsky jezyk imaje složitu sistemu učtivosti, s glagolnymi formami i slovosborom, ktore odpovědajut statusu govorečego, jego subesednika i spomnětyh osob. == Pismo == [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijnyh čislovnikov]].]] Japonska sistema pisma sjedinjaje [[Kitajsko pismo|kitajske hieroglify]], takože znajeme kako {{Nihongo|''[[kandži]]'' | 漢字 | {{lang|en|kanji}}}} ili 'Hanjske znaky', s dvoma unikalnymi silabičnymi azbukami (moraičskimi skriptami), znajemymi spoločno kako ''kana'', izvodženymi japoncami iz vyše složityh kitajskih simbolov: ''[[hiragana]]'' (ひらがな ili 平仮名, 'proste znaky') i ''[[katakana]]'' (カタカナ ili 片仮名, 'čestične znaky'). Latinsko pisanje ''[[Romadži]]'' (''rōmaji'' ローマ字) takože koristajut v pisemnom japonskom v ograničenoj podobě (napriměr, dlja pozajetyh skračenij). Sistema čislovnikov prěd vsem koristaje arabske čisla, ale takože ponekogda i [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijne kitajske čislovniky]]. == Referencije == {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk| ]] [[Kategorija:Jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Japonija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} 6ve3tne02ks2cjbn5m1jmsszpf3z8t0 28335 28334 2026-07-08T09:09:42Z Ilja isv 10 28335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Japonsky jezyk | nativename = <center>{{big|{{lang|ja|日本語}}}}<br/>''Nihongo''</center> | pronunciation = {{nowrap|{{IPA|/nihoɴɡo/}}: {{IPA|[ɲihoŋɡo], [ɲihoŋŋo]}}}} | states = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Japan.svg|20px|link=Japonija|Japonija]] Japonija | ethnicity = [[Japonci]] {{smaller|([[Ljudy Jamato|Jamato]])}} | speakers = 125 milionov <!--(to nearest 5 million)--> | date = 2010 | ref = <ref>{{cite book|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2024|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=27th|location=Dallas, Texas|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com}}</ref> | familycolor = Altaic | family = *[[Japoničske jezyky]] **[[Jezyky Japonskyh ostrovov]] ***Japonsky jezyk | ancestor = [[Proto-Japonic]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Japanese]] | ancestor3 = [[Early Middle Japanese]] | ancestor4 = [[Late Middle Japanese]] | ancestor5 = [[Early Modern Japanese]] | dia1 = [[Eastern Japanese|Eastern]] | dia2 = [[Western Japanese|Western]] | dia3 = [[Kyūshū Japanese|Kyūshū]] | dia4 = [[Hachijō language|Hachijō]] | script = {{unbulleted list |[[Japonsko pismo|Směšano pismo]] iz [[kandži]] ([[Kitajsko pismo]]) i [[Kana|kany]] ([[hiragana]], [[katakana]]) |[[Japonsko pismo Brajla]]}} | nation = <!-- Do not add Japan, but remains national language -->[[Fajl:Flag_of_Palau.svg|20px|link=Palau|Palau]] Palau<br/>(na ostrovu [[Angaur]]) | iso1 = ja | iso2 = jpn | iso3 = jpn | lingua = 45-CAA-a | image = Nihongo.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | imagescale = 0.35 | imagecaption = 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk) | imageheader = | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed Japanese]] | glotto = nucl1643 | glottoname = excluding [[Hachijo language|Hachijo]], [[Tsugaru dialect|Tsugaru]], and [[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] | glotto2 = japa1256 | glottorefname = Japanese }} '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) jest glavny [[jezyk]] Japoničskoj jezykovoj rodiny, na ktorom govori japonsky narod. Jezyk imaje priblizno 123 milionov govoriteljev, glavnoobrazno v [[Japonija|Japoniji]], jedinoj krajině, kde on jest jezyk narodny, a takože vnutri japonskoj diaspory na cělom světu. Japoničska jezykova rodina takože vključaje Rjukjuske jezyky i različno klasifikovane jezyky Hačidžo (''{{-|Hachijō}}''). Bylo mnogo pokusov grupovanja japoničskyh jezykov s drugymi jezykovymi rodinami kake sut Ainu, Avstronezijske, Koreaničske, i daže Altajske, ale ni jedna iz tutyh propozicij ne dosegla širokogo prijetja. Malo jest vědomo o prědhistoriji jezyka, ravno i o tom, kogda on je prvo pojavil se v Japoniji. Kitajske dokumenty iz 3-go stolětja našej ery imajut zapisanymi několiko japonskyh slov, jednakože značitelne Starojaponske teksty ne javjali se až do 8-go stolětja. Početkovo od perioda Hejan (794–1185), obširne volny Sino-Japonskoj leksiky sut vošli v jezyk, vlivajuče na fonologiju ranjego srědnogo japonskogo. Pozdny srědny japonsky (1185–1600) jest prěžil ekstensivne gramatične izměny i javjenje prvyh pozajetyh evropejskyh slov. Osnova standardnogo dialekta dvignula se iz regiona Kansaj v region Edo (sučasno Tokio) v period rannjego sovrěmennogo japonskogo jezyka (početok 17–go stolětja - srědina 19–go stolětja). Vslěd okončanja samoizolaciji Japoniji v 1853, priliv pozajetyh slov iz Evropejskyh jezykov jest značno prirastl, i stali množiti se slova s anglijskymi korenjami. Japonsky jezyk jest aglutinativny mora-sinhronizovany jezyk s relativno prostoju fonotaktikoju, sistemoju čistyh samoglasok, dolgostju fonemičnyh samoglasok i suglasok, i leksično značimym muzykalnym akcentom. Poredok slov jest obyčno prědmet–podmět–glagol s česticami, ktore imajut gramatičnu funkciju slov, i strojenjem rěčenja tema–komentovanje. Na koncu rečenja koristajut se česticy-koncovky dlja iztvorenja emocijnogo ili izraznogo učinka, ili stvorjenja pytanja. Iměnniky ne imajut ni gramatičnogo čisla ni roda, takože ne sut členy. Glagoly spregajut se glavno podle vrěmen i zalogov, ale ne podle lica. Japonske pridavniky takože se spregajut. Japonsky jezyk imaje složitu sistemu učtivosti, s glagolnymi formami i slovosborom, ktore odpovědajut statusu govorečego, jego subesednika i spomnětyh osob. == Pismo == [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijnyh čislovnikov]].]] Japonska sistema pisma sjedinjaje [[Kitajsko pismo|kitajske hieroglify]], takože znajeme kako {{Nihongo|''[[kandži]]'' | 漢字 | {{lang|en|kanji}}}} ili 'Hanjske znaky', s dvoma unikalnymi silabičnymi azbukami (moraičskimi skriptami), znajemymi spoločno kako ''kana'', izvodženymi japoncami iz vyše složityh kitajskih simbolov: ''[[hiragana]]'' (ひらがな ili 平仮名, 'proste znaky') i ''[[katakana]]'' (カタカナ ili 片仮名, 'čestične znaky'). Latinsko pisanje ''[[Romadži]]'' (''rōmaji'' ローマ字) takože koristajut v pisemnom japonskom v ograničenoj podobě (napriměr, dlja pozajetyh skračenij). Sistema čislovnikov prěd vsem koristaje arabske čisla, ale takože ponekogda i [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijne kitajske čislovniky]]. == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk| ]] [[Kategorija:Jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Japonija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} jojuunxiexocfbygs4w1n1kwavbh374 28336 28335 2026-07-08T09:15:28Z Ilja isv 10 28336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Japonsky jezyk | nativename = <center>{{big|{{lang|ja|日本語}}}}<br/>''Nihongo''</center> | pronunciation = {{nowrap|{{IPA|/nihoɴɡo/}}: {{IPA|[ɲihoŋɡo], [ɲihoŋŋo]}}}} | states = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Japan.svg|20px|link=Japonija|Japonija]] Japonija | ethnicity = [[Japonci]] {{smaller|([[Ljudy Jamato|Jamato]])}} | speakers = 125 milionov <!--(to nearest 5 million)--> | date = 2010 | ref = <ref>{{cite book|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2024| title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=27|location=Dallas, Texas|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com}}</ref> | familycolor = Altaic | family = *[[Japoničske jezyky]] **[[Jezyky Japonskyh ostrovov]] ***Japonsky jezyk | ancestor = [[Proto-Japonic]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Japanese]] | ancestor3 = [[Early Middle Japanese]] | ancestor4 = [[Late Middle Japanese]] | ancestor5 = [[Early Modern Japanese]] | dia1 = [[Eastern Japanese|Eastern]] | dia2 = [[Western Japanese|Western]] | dia3 = [[Kyūshū Japanese|Kyūshū]] | dia4 = [[Hachijō language|Hachijō]] | script = {{unbulleted list |[[Japonsko pismo|Směšano pismo]] iz [[kandži]] ([[Kitajsko pismo]]) i [[Kana|kany]] ([[hiragana]], [[katakana]]) |[[Japonsko pismo Brajla]]}} | nation = <!-- Do not add Japan, but remains national language -->[[Fajl:Flag_of_Palau.svg|20px|link=Palau|Palau]] Palau<br/>(na ostrovu [[Angaur]]) | iso1 = ja | iso2 = jpn | iso3 = jpn | lingua = 45-CAA-a | image = Nihongo.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | imagescale = 0.35 | imagecaption = 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk) | imageheader = | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed Japanese]] | glotto = nucl1643 | glottoname = excluding [[Hachijo language|Hachijo]], [[Tsugaru dialect|Tsugaru]], and [[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] | glotto2 = japa1256 | glottorefname = Japanese }} '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) jest glavny [[jezyk]] Japoničskoj jezykovoj rodiny, na ktorom govori japonsky narod. Jezyk imaje priblizno 123 milionov govoriteljev, glavnoobrazno v [[Japonija|Japoniji]], jedinoj krajině, kde on jest jezyk narodny, a takože vnutri japonskoj diaspory na cělom světu. Japoničska jezykova rodina takože vključaje Rjukjuske jezyky i različno klasifikovane jezyky Hačidžo (''{{-|Hachijō}}''). Bylo mnogo pokusov grupovanja japoničskyh jezykov s drugymi jezykovymi rodinami kake sut Ainu, Avstronezijske, Koreaničske, i daže Altajske, ale ni jedna iz tutyh propozicij ne dosegla širokogo prijetja. Malo jest vědomo o prědhistoriji jezyka, ravno i o tom, kogda on je prvo pojavil se v Japoniji. Kitajske dokumenty iz 3-go stolětja našej ery imajut zapisanymi několiko japonskyh slov, jednakože značitelne Starojaponske teksty ne javjali se až do 8-go stolětja. Početkovo od perioda Hejan (794–1185), obširne volny Sino-Japonskoj leksiky sut vošli v jezyk, vlivajuče na fonologiju ranjego srědnogo japonskogo. Pozdny srědny japonsky (1185–1600) jest prěžil ekstensivne gramatične izměny i javjenje prvyh pozajetyh evropejskyh slov. Osnova standardnogo dialekta dvignula se iz regiona Kansaj v region Edo (sučasno Tokio) v period rannjego sovrěmennogo japonskogo jezyka (početok 17–go stolětja - srědina 19–go stolětja). Vslěd okončanja samoizolaciji Japoniji v 1853, priliv pozajetyh slov iz Evropejskyh jezykov jest značno prirastl, i stali množiti se slova s anglijskymi korenjami. Japonsky jezyk jest aglutinativny mora-sinhronizovany jezyk s relativno prostoju fonotaktikoju, sistemoju čistyh samoglasok, dolgostju fonemičnyh samoglasok i suglasok, i leksično značimym muzykalnym akcentom. Poredok slov jest obyčno prědmet–podmět–glagol s česticami, ktore imajut gramatičnu funkciju slov, i strojenjem rěčenja tema–komentovanje. Na koncu rečenja koristajut se česticy-koncovky dlja iztvorenja emocijnogo ili izraznogo učinka, ili stvorjenja pytanja. Iměnniky ne imajut ni gramatičnogo čisla ni roda, takože ne sut členy. Glagoly spregajut se glavno podle vrěmen i zalogov, ale ne podle lica. Japonske pridavniky takože se spregajut. Japonsky jezyk imaje složitu sistemu učtivosti, s glagolnymi formami i slovosborom, ktore odpovědajut statusu govorečego, jego subesednika i spomnětyh osob. == Pismo == [[Fajl:Saitama restaurant calligraphic menu.jpg|thumb|Kaligrafično menju restorana v prefekturě Saitama s koristanjem [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijnyh čislovnikov]].]] Japonska sistema pisma sjedinjaje [[Kitajsko pismo|kitajske hieroglify]], takože znajeme kako {{Nihongo|''[[kandži]]'' | 漢字 | {{lang|en|kanji}}}} ili 'Hanjske znaky', s dvoma unikalnymi silabičnymi azbukami (moraičskimi skriptami), znajemymi spoločno kako ''kana'', izvodženymi japoncami iz vyše složityh kitajskih simbolov: ''[[hiragana]]'' (ひらがな ili 平仮名, 'proste znaky') i ''[[katakana]]'' (カタカナ ili 片仮名, 'čestične znaky'). Latinsko pisanje ''[[Romadži]]'' (''rōmaji'' ローマ字) takože koristajut v pisemnom japonskom v ograničenoj podobě (napriměr, dlja pozajetyh skračenij). Sistema čislovnikov prěd vsem koristaje arabske čisla, ale takože ponekogda i [[Japonske čislovniky|tradicijne kitajske čislovniky]]. == Referencije == {{Iztočniky}} {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Japonsky jezyk| ]] [[Kategorija:Jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Japonija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} p5un8rvehq5g2j5q3tmr7dh7rwluzjo 0 1283 28330 28176 2026-07-08T08:25:59Z Ilja isv 10 28330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Madjarsky jezyk | nativename = * {{Jezyky|hu|Magyar|hu|Magyar nyelv}} | image = Dist_of_hu_lang_europe.svg | imagecaption = Razprostranjenje madjarskogo jezyka | states = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Hungary.svg|20px|link=Vugrija|Vugrija]] Vugrija | speakers = 13 milionov | date = 2023 | ref = <ref name="ethnologue">{{Cite web | url = https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hun/ | title = Hungarian | website = Ethnologue. Languages of the World | access-date = 2025-06-01 | language = en}}</ref> | script = * [[latinica]] | official = * [[Vugrija]] * [[Evropejsky sojuz]] | standards = | agency = Vugrska akademija nauk {{-|(Magyar Tudományos Akadémia)}} | iso1 = hu | iso3 = hun | family = * [[Uralske jezyky]] ** [[Ugrofinske jezyky]] *** [[Ugrske jezyky]] }} '''Madjarsky jezyk''' ili '''vugrsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|hu|Magyar nyelv}}, izg. {{MFA|ˈmɒɟɒr ˈɲɛlv}}) jest narodny jezyk [[Madjari|Madjarov]] i državny jezyk [[Vugrija|Vugrije]].<ref name="ethnologue" /> On prinaleži [[Ugrske jezyky|ugrskoj vetvi]] [[Ugrofinske jezyky|ugrofinskyh jezykov]], ktore sut čest [[Uralske jezyky|uralskoj jezyčnoj rodiny]]. Madjarsky jest oficialny jezyk Vugrije i jedin iz 24 oficialnyh jezykov [[Evropejsky sojuz|Evropejskogo sojuza]]. S okolo 13 milionami govoriteljev on jest najkoristajemy uralsky jezyk v světu.<ref name="ethnologue" /> Madjarsky imaje medžunarodne jezyčne kody <tt>'''{{-|hu}}'''</tt> ({{-|[[ISO 639-1]]}}) i <tt>'''{{-|hun}}'''</tt> ({{-|[[ISO 639-2]]}} i {{-|[[ISO 639-3]]}}). Vně Vugrije madjarskym takože govori veliko množstvo madjarov v susědnyh državah: v južnoj [[Slovakija|Slovakiji]], zapadnoj [[Ukrajina|Ukrajině]] ([[Zakarpatje|Zakarpatju]]), centralnoj i zapadnoj [[Rumunija|Rumuniji]] ([[Transilvanja|Transilvaniji]]), sěvernoj [[Srbija|Srbiji]] ([[Vojvodina|Vojvodině]]), sěvernoj [[Hrvatija|Hrvatiji]], sěveroiztočnoj [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]] ([[Prekomurje|Prekomurju]]) i iztočnoj [[Avstrija|Avstriji]] ([[Burgenland]]u).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Kenesei | first = István | last2 = Vago | first2 = Robert M. | last3 = Fenyvesi | first3 = Anna | title = Hungarian | publisher = Routledge | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-415-00206-0 | language = en}}</ref> Takože on jest govorjeny madjarskoju diasporoju po cělom světu, osoblivo v Sěvernoj Amerikě, prěd vsem v [[SŠA]] i [[Kanada|Kanadě]], takože v [[Izraelj]]u. == Etimologija == Nazvanje «madjarsky» proizhodi iz samojmenovanija madjarov — ''{{-|Magyar}}''. Po jednoj teoriji, slovo je prvonačelno od ''Mansi'' — blizko srodnyh Madjaram ugrskih ljudij Zapadnoj Siberije. Nazvanje «vugrsky» i podobne ({{Jezyky|la|Hungarica}}), koristajeme v večšinstvu evropejskyh jezykov, proizhodi, věrojetno, od nazvy turkijskogo sveza plemen [[Onogury|Onogurov]] (čto znači «deset strel» ili «deset plemen»).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Róna-Tas | first = András | title = Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages | publisher = Central European University Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-963-9116-48-1 | language = en}}</ref> Poljaki i iztočni slovjane sut nazyvali Madjarov {{Lang|pl|Ǫgry}}, čto vslěd pravilnyh zvukovyh izměn dovedlo do nazvanja «Vugrija» i pridavnika «vugrsky» v medžuslovjanskom jezyku. == Historija == === Ugrsky period i razdělenje === Madjarsky jezyk tradicijno sčitaje se odvětvivšim se od srodnych ugrskih jezykov — [[Mansijsky jezyk|mansijskogo]] i [[Hantyjsky jezyk|hantyjskogo]] — v prvoj polovině 1-go tysečlětja pr. n. e. v zapadnoj Siberiji k iztoku od Uralskyh gor.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hajdú | first = Péter | title = Bevezetés az uráli nyelvtudományba | publisher = Tankönyvkiadó | year = 1966 | language = hu}}</ref> Poslě razděljenija prědky Madjarov sut prošli dolgu put na zapad i prišli v kontakt z [[Iranske jezyky|iranskojezyčnymi]], [[Turkijske jezyky|turkijskojezyčnymi]] i [[Slovjanske jezyky|slovjanskojezyčnymi]] narodami, iz jezykov ktoryh pozajeli veliko množstvo slov. Iransky sloj pozajetij odnosi se ko vrěmenu neposrědno poslě razpada ugrskoj sjedinjennosti. === Oselenje Karpatskogo basena === V koncu 9-go věka n. e. madjarski knez [[Arpad]] privědl sedm madjarskyh plemen iz stepnyh oblastij črez Karpatske gory i oselil Panonsku ravninu. To jest sobytje, ktore sut nazvali «Nabyvanje otečstva» ({{Jezyky|hu|Honfoglalás}}). V 1000-om lětu n. e. kralj [[Ištvan I|Ištvan {{-|I}}.]] jest osnoval Madjarsko kraljevstvo, prijel [[hristijanstvo]] rimskogo obreda i zaměnil staru madjarsku pismenost latiniceju.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Molnár | first = Miklós | title = A Concise History of Hungary | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-521-66736-4 | language = en}}</ref> [[Fajl:Csikszentmarton_rovas.svg|thumb|Stara madjarskaja pismenost, koristana prěd prijetjem latinicy.]] [[Fajl:Tihany_1055.PNG|thumb|200px|Tihanska zakladajuča gramota (1055), najstarši dokument s fragmentami madjarskogo jezyka. On glasi: "feheruuaru rea meneh hodu utu rea" (na sučasnom vugrskom jezyku "Fehérvárra menő hadi útra", čto označaje "k vojenskoj drogě, vedučej do Fehervara")]] Najstarši ostatok jezyka jest v Tihanskoj zakladajučej gramotě od 1055-go lěta, kde madjarsky tekst jest poměšan s latinskym. Prvy polny tekst na madjarskom jest «Pogrěbna propověd i molitva» ({{Jezyky|hu|Halotti Beszéd és Könyörgés}}), ktora odnosi se k 1190-m lětam. Ačekoli pravopis tyh rannjih tekstov značno odličal se od nyněšnjego, sučasni madjari ješče mogut razuměti veliku čest rekonstruovanogo govorenogo jezyka togo vrěmena. === Srědnjevěčje i rannje Novo vrěme === Posle 1300-go lěta razvila se vyše složita madjarska literatura. Najranši primer madjarskoj religijnoj poezije jest «Žalenja Marijinogo» iz 14-ogo věka. Prvy prěvod Biblije na madjarsky jest «Husitska biblija» iz 1430-h lět.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Kiss | first = Jenő | last2 = Pusztai | first2 = Ferenc | title = Magyar nyelvtörténet | publisher = Osiris | year = 2003 | isbn = 978-963-389-558-0 | language = hu}}</ref> V 17-om věku madjarsky jezyk uže byl blizky svojej sučasnoj formě, hoti ješče byli v koristanju dva prošle časy. V tutom periodu načali se takože pojavljati pozajetija iz [[Němečsky jezyk|němečskogo]], [[Italijansky jezyk|italijanskogo]] i [[Francuzsky jezyk|francuzskogo]]. Dalje [[Turkijske jezyky|turkijske]] slova byli pozajete v periody [[Osmanska imperija|osmanskogo]] vladanja nad Vugrijeju (1541–1699). === Jezyčne reformy 19-go stolětja === [[Fajl:Kazinczy_Ferenc.jpg|thumb|150px|Ferenc Kazinc{{-|zy|и}} (1759–1831), voditelj jezykovoj reformy.]] V 19-om věku pisatelji, na čelu s [[Ferenc Kazinczy|Ferencom Kazinc{{-|zy|и}}em]], sut iniciovali proces obnovjenja jezyka ({{Jezyky|hu|Nyelvújítás}} — «jezyčna reforma»). Někotore slova sut byli skračene; red narěčnyh slov razširil se po cěloj krajině; davno izumrěle slova byli ponovno vvedene, i veliky broj novyh izrazov byl stvoren različnymi derivativnymi prědložnikami. Tutoj ruh jest stvoril vyše než deset tyseč slov, věčšina iz ktoryh jest aktivno koristana dodnes.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Tolcsvai Nagy | first = Gábor | title = A magyar nyelv | publisher = Osiris | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-963-389-817-8 | language = hu}}</ref> === Trianonsky dogovor i sučasnost === V 1920-om lětu Vugrija podpisala Trianonsky dogovor, črez ktory iztratila 71 % svojego ozemja i okolo tretiny etnično madjarskogo naseljenja, ktore pozostalo za novymi granicami. To jest privedlo k situaciji, kogda veliky počet madjarov žive v susědnyh državah i govori madjarskym. V 19-om i 20-om věkah prodolžala se standardizacija jezyka, a razliky medžu vzajemno razumějemymi narěčjami sut postupno umenjšali se. Dodnes madjarsky jest oficialny jezyk Vugrije i regionalno uznany v [[Rumunija|Rumuniji]], [[Slovakija|Slovakiji]], [[Srbija|Srbiji]], [[Avstrija|Avstriji]] i [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]]. == Razprostranjenje == [[Fajl:Idioma_húngaro.PNG|thumb|350px|Karta razprostranjenja madjarskogo jezyka: temnomodry — večšina, světlomodry — značna menšina.]] Madjarsky imaje okolo 13 milionov rodnyh govoriteljev, iz ktoryh vyše než 9,8 milionov živut v Vugriji. Suglasno madjarskomu prěpisu naseljenja 2011-go lěta, 9 896 333 osob (99,6 % vseho naseljenja) govoret madjarskym, iz ktoryh 9 827 875 osob (98,9 %) govoret njim kako prvym jezykom.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.ksh.hu/docs/hun/xftp/idoszaki/nepsz2011/nepsz_24_00_2011.pdf | title = 2011. évi népszámlálás | publisher = Központi Statisztikai Hivatal | year = 2013 | language = hu | access-date = 2025-06-01}}</ref> Okolo 2,2 miliona govoriteljev živut v oblastah, ktore byli čestju Madjarskogo kraljevstva prěd Trianonskim dogovorom (1920). Največši počet njih žive v Transilvaniji, zapadnoj polovině sučasnoj Rumunije, gde jest okolo 1,25 miliona Madjarov. Velike množstva Madjarov sut takože v [[Slovakija|Slovakiji]], [[Srbija|Srbiji]] i [[Zakarpatje|Zakarpatju]], i madjarov možno najdti takože v [[Avstrija|Avstriji]], [[Hrvatija|Hrvatiji]] i [[Slovenija|Sloveniji]]. === Oficialny status === Madjarsky jest oficialny jezyk Vugrije i blagodare tomu oficialny jezyk Evropejskogo sojuza. Madjarsky jest takože jedin iz oficialnyh jezykov srbskyh provincij Vojvodiny i oficialny jezyk treh občin v Sloveniji: Hodoš, Dobrovnik i Lendava, zajedno so [[Slovenečsky jezyk|slovenečskim]]. Madjarsky jest oficijalno uznany како jezyk menšiny ili regionalny jezyk v Avstriji, Hrvatiji, Rumuniji, Zakarpatju na [[Ukrajina|Ukrajině]] i v Slovakiji.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/search-on-treaties/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations | title = Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 - European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages | website = Council of Europe | language = en | access-date = 2025-06-01}}</ref> == Narěčja == [[Fajl:8.1-Hungarian.png|thumb|300px|Narěčja madjarskogo jezyka.]] Narěčja madjarskogo jezyka, oprěděljene {{-|Ethnologue}}'om, sut: Alf{{-|ö|о}}ldsko, Zadunajsko, Dunajsko-Cisko, Kraljevsko-Prehodsko, Sěveroiztočno, Sěverozapadno, Sekejsko i Zapadnomadjarsko. Tute narěčja sut věčšinoju vzajemno razumlive. Madjarsko narěčje Čango, ktoro jest govorjeno prěd vsem v oblasti {{-|Băcău|Бакау}} v iztočnoj Rumuniji i [[Moldavija|Moldově]], jest velmi odlično od ostalyh narěčij i shranjaje črty, blizke staršim formam madjarskogo jezyka, zatože tuta oblast byla dolgo oddělena od drugyh Madjarov.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Kenesei | first = István | last2 = Vago | first2 = Robert M. | last3 = Fenyvesi | first3 = Anna | title = Hungarian | publisher = Routledge | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-415-00206-0 | language = en}}</ref> == Jezyčna rodina i srodstvo == [[Fajl:Lenguas_ugrias.png|thumb|300px|Karta ugrskyh jezykov: madjarsky (zeleny) jest najdalje od drugyh srodnikov.]] Madjarsky jest členom [[Uralske jezyky|uralskoj jezyčnoj rodiny]]. Jezyčne svezanosti medžu madjarskym i drugymi uralskymi jezykami byli priměčene v 1670-h lětah, a egzistencija tutoj rodiny byla ustanovjena v 1717-om lětu. Madjarsky jest pripisany k [[Ugrske jezyky|ugrskoj větvi]] zajedno s [[Mansijsky jezyk|mansijskim]] i [[Hantyjsky jezyk|hantyjskim]] jezykami [[Zapadna Siberija|Zapadnoj Siberije]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Sinor | first = Denis | title = The Uralic Languages: Description, History and Foreign Influences | publisher = Brill | year = 1988 | isbn = 978-90-04-07741-6 | language = en}}</ref> Sut čislne pravilne zvukove korespondencije medžu madjarskym i ugrskymi jezykami. Na primjer, madjarsko {{-|/aː/}} odgovarjaje hantyjskomu {{-|/o/}} v oprěděljennyh pozicijah. Distancija medžu ugrskimi i finskymi jezykami jest věčša, ale korespondencije sut takože pravilne. Klasifikacija madjarskogo jezyka kako uralskogo/[[Ugrofinske jezyky|ugrofinskogo]], a ne [[Turkijske jezyky|turkijskogo]] jezyka, byla temoju burlivoj naučnoj diskusije v 18-om i do 19-ogo věka. Poslě akademičnoj diskusije, znanoj kako «Ugrsko-turkijska vojna» ({{Jezyky|hu|Az ugor-török háború}}), ugrofinska hipoteza byla priznana pobědivšeju, blagodare prěd vsem dělam němečskogo lingvista [[Josef Budenz|Josefa Buden{{-|z|ц}}a]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Korhonen | first = Mikko | title = Finno-Ugrian Language Studies in Finland 1828–1918 | publisher = Societas Scientiarum Fennica | year = 1986 | language = en}}</ref> == Leksika == {| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin-left:1em" |+ Primery s {{Lang|hu|'''ad'''}} ! Madjarsky !! Prěvod |- | {{Lang|hu|ad}} || davaje |- ! colspan=2 | Derivovane slova s suffiksami |- | {{Lang|hu|adni}} || davati |- | {{Lang|hu|adás}} || prěnosjenije, translacija |- | {{Lang|hu|adó}} || podatek ili danj |- | {{Lang|hu|adózik}} || platiti danj |- | {{Lang|hu|adózó}} || danjovy platitelj |- | {{Lang|hu|adós}} || dolžnik |- | {{Lang|hu|adósság}} || dolg |- | {{Lang|hu|adat}} || dane |- | {{Lang|hu|adakozik}} || davati (praktikovati dobročinnostj) |- | {{Lang|hu|adalék}} || dodatok (ingredient) |- | {{Lang|hu|adag}} || doza, porcija |- | {{Lang|hu|adomány}} || donacija |- | {{Lang|hu|adoma}} || anekdota |- ! colspan=2 | S glagolnymi prědponami |- | {{Lang|hu|átad}} || prědavati |- | {{Lang|hu|bead}} || podavati, vnositi |- | {{Lang|hu|elad}} || prodavati |- | {{Lang|hu|felad}} || odstupati, slati poštoju |- | {{Lang|hu|hozzáad}} || dodavati |- | {{Lang|hu|kiad}} || izdavati, publikovati, oddavati |- | {{Lang|hu|lead}} || odpravjati, sdavati (objekt) |- | {{Lang|hu|megad}} || vozvračati (dolg), davati (pozvoljenije) |- | {{Lang|hu|összead}} || dodavati (matematično) |} V prvoj rannjej fazě madjarskyh [[Reforma jezyka|jezykovyh reform]] (konec 18-go i početok 19-go věka) bylo stvorěno vyše než deset tyseč slov,<ref>Kálmán Szily predstavil okolo 10 000 slov v svojej knize {{Lang|hu|A magyar nyelvújítás szótára}} («Slovnik madjarskej jezykovoj reformy», t. 1–2: 1902 i 1908), bez pretenzyje na polnostj.</ref> iz ktoryh několiko tyseč jest ješče aktivno koristano dodnes. Glavnym cěljem reform byla zaměna jestvujučih slov němečskogo i latinskogo proishodženija novo stvorěnymi madjarskymi slovami. V rezuljtatu Kazinc{{-|zy|и}} i jego pozdnějši naslědniki (reformatori) sut značno snizili ranje vysoky uděl slov latinskogo i němečskogo proishodženija v madjarskom jezyku, ktore odnosili se k spoločenskym i prirodnym naukam, politikě, ekonomikě, institucionalnym nazvanjam, modě i t.d. Dati točnu ocenku občego čisla slov jest težko, zatože jest težko oprěděliti, čto jest «slovo» v [[Aglutinativny jezyk|aglutinatyvnyh jezykah]], iz-za prisutnosti afiksovanyh i složenyh slov. Največše prěvodne slovniky iz madjarskogo na drugye jezyky sodrživajut 120 000 slov i frazeologizmov.<ref name="kenesei-p77">''A nyelv és a nyelvek'' («Jezyk i jezyky»), pod red. Istvána Keneseia. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapešt, 2004, ISBN 963-05-7959-6, s. 77.</ref> Novy stolovy leksikon madjarskogo jezyka soderže 75 000 slov,<ref name="kenesei-p77" /> a «Vseobjemluječi slovnik madjarskogo jezyka» (planujemy byti opublikovan v 18 tomah) ima soderže 110 000 slov.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.e-nyelv.hu | title = Prve dva tomy iz 20-tomnoj seriě byli prědstavljeny 13 novembra 2006 v Madjarskej akademiji nauk | language = hu}}</ref> Standardny madjarsky [[leksikon]] ordinerno ocenivaje se na 60 000 do 100 000 slov.<ref name="nadasdy-interview">{{Cite web | url = http://2000magyar.mindenkinet.hu | title = «Madjarsky ne jest težky» (intervju s Ádámom Nádasdyjem) | language = hu}}</ref> Vse madjarske [[Leksema|leksemy]], sobrane iz tehničnih tekstov, narěčij i t.d., sumarizovane dajut okolo 1 000 000 slov.<ref name="kenesei-pp76-86">''A nyelv és a nyelvek'', pod red. Istvána Keneseia. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapešt, 2004, ISBN 963-05-7959-6, ss. 76, 86.</ref> Česti leksikona mogut byti organizovane v «slovne kusty» (gledite priměr poprav). Slova v tutom kustu imajut obči korenj; one sut svezane črez sklonjenje, derivaciju i složenije, i v širokom smyslu sut srodne v značenju. Osnovny slovosbor ima několiko sot korenjev slov občimi s drugymi [[Uralske jezyky|uralskymi jezykami]], kako [[Finsky jezyk|finskym]], [[Estonsky jezyk|estonskym]], [[Mansijsky jezyk|mansijskym]] i [[Hantyjsky jezyk|hantyjskym]]. Primery: glagol {{Lang|hu|él}} «žiti» (finsky {{Lang|fi|elää}}), čislovniky {{Lang|hu|kettő}} (2), {{Lang|hu|három}} (3), {{Lang|hu|négy}} (4) (sr. mansijsky {{Lang|mns-latn|kitig}}, {{Lang|mns-latn|khurum}}, {{Lang|mns-latn|nila}}, finsky {{Lang|fi|kaksi, kolme, neljä}}, estonsky {{Lang|et|kaks, kolm, neli}}), i takože {{Lang|hu|víz}} «voda», {{Lang|hu|kéz}} «ruka», {{Lang|hu|vér}} «krovj», {{Lang|hu|fej}} «glava» (sr. finsky {{Lang|fi|vesi, käsi, veri, pää}}, estsonky {{Lang|et|vesi, käsi, veri, pea}}). Slova dlja elementarnogo rodstvenjtva i prirody jest bolje ugrske, menje r-turkske i menje slovjanske. Slova svezane s [[zemjedělstvo]]m jest okolo 50 % r-turkijske i 50 % slovjanske; pastyrske terminy sut bolje r-turkske. Hristijanska i državna terminologija jest vyše slovjanska; slovjanske substraty sut prěd vsem proto-slovačske ili proto-slovenečske. {{Bar box | width = | title = Uděl pozajetij v sučasnom madjarskom jezyku<ref name="kenesei-p134">{{-|''A nyelv és a nyelvek''}}, pod red. Istvána Keneseia, s. 134.</ref> | titlebar = #ddd | bars = {{Bar percent|Neoprěděljeno|red|30}} {{Bar percent|[[Ugrofinske jezyky|Ugrofinske]]|green|21}} {{Bar percent|[[Slovjanske jezyky|Slovjanske]]|blue|20}} {{Bar percent|[[Němečsky jezyk|Němečske]]|lightgreen|11}} {{Bar percent|[[Turkijske jezyky|Turkijske]]|orange|9.5}} {{Bar percent|[[Latinsky jezyk|Latinske]] i [[Grečsky jezyk|grečske]]|yellow|6}} {{Bar percent|[[Romanske jezyky|Romanske]]|purple|2.5}} {{Bar percent|Ine znane|brown|1}} }} Suglasno ocěnjanjam,<ref name="A MAGYAR NYELV SZLÁV JÖVEVÉNYSZAVAI">{{Cite web | url = https://www.arcanum.com/hu/online-kiadvanyok/MuMaTu-a-mult-magyar-tudosai-1/kniezsa-istvan-357C/eletmuve-359F/a-magyar-nyelv-szlav-jovevenyszavai-i-35B6/ | title = A MAGYAR NYELV SZLÁV JÖVEVÉNYSZAVAI I. | language = hu}}</ref> najmnogočislnějše pozajetja proizhodet iz slovjanskyh jezykov<ref name="tavoktatas">{{Cite web | url = https://tavoktatas.mnt.org.rs/sites/default/files/2020-12/A%20magyar%20sz%C3%B3k%C3%A9szlet%20eredete%20%C3%A9s%20a%20j%C3%B6vev%C3%A9nyszavak.pdf | title = Proishoždenje madjarskogo slovosbora i pozajetija | language = hu}}</ref> (1252 slov dokazanogo slovjanskogo proizhodženija, okolo 484 universalno koristanyh vo vsih narěčjah madjarskogo, 694 toliko v oprěděljenyh narěčjah i 74 zastarělyh slov). Dopolniteljno 382 slova sut klasifikovana kako «možlivo slovjanske», čto privodi k občemu čislu okolo 1634 potencialno slovjanskyh pozajetij. Druga največša skupina pozajetij jest turkijska, ktora može byti razděljena na prěd-zavojevatelny i osmansky sloje; prěd-zavojevatelne slova sostavjajut absolutnu věčšinu od njih. Iz-za věkov spolubytja s turkskimi narodami, kako Vožskymi Bolgarami i Hazarami, točno proishodženje něktoryh slov jest težko ustanoviti. Občo čislo turkijskyh pozajetij obyčno ocěnjaje se kako 300–500.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://mnytud.arts.unideb.hu/tananyag/gyorffye/torok_jovevenyszavak.pdf | title = A TÖRÖK JÖVEVÉNYSZAVAINK | language = hu}}</ref> Tretjeju skupinoju sut němečske pozajetja, okolo 400 slov.<ref name="tavoktatas" /> One začali pojavjati se v jezyku uže v 11. věku, ale stali se osoblivo primětnymi v [[Habsburgi (kraljevska dinastija)|habsburgsku epohu]], od 16. věka.<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://mnytud.arts.unideb.hu/tananyag/gyorffye/nemet_jovevenyszavak.pdf | title = Német jövevényszavak a magyar nyelvben | language = hu}}</ref> Mnogo menšim, ale takože mnogo staršim slojem sut [[Iranske jezyky|iranske]] pozajetja, ktore čislet toliko několiko desetok, ale sut važnoju čestju slovosbora.<ref name="tavoktatas" /> Tute slova vklučajut {{Lang|hu|tehén}} «krava», {{Lang|hu|tej}} «mlěko», {{Lang|hu|asszony}} «žena», {{Lang|hu|vám}} «myto», {{Lang|hu|vár}} «krepostj», {{Lang|hu|vásár}} «rynok», {{Lang|hu|üveg}} «steklo» i dr. Ine, vyše tehnične, religiozne ili naučne pozajetja, několiko desetok slov, prihodet iz latinskogo i grečskogo, a novějše sloje mogut vključati bez malogo vsaky evropejsky jezyk, s ktorym madjarsky byl v kontaktu podolg stolětij. === Tvorjenije slov === Slova mogut byti složne ili derivovane. Věčšina derivacij jest posrědstvom sufiksov, ale jest takože maly nabor derivativnyh prědastok. ==== Složene slova ==== Složene slova sut prisutne v jezyku od [[Prauralska doba|prauralskoj doby]]. Mnogo drěvnyh složenyh slov transformovalo se v osnovne slova po stolětjah. Dodnes složene slova igrajut važnu rolju v slovosboru. Dobry priměr jest slovo {{Lang|hu|arc}}: : {{Lang|hu|orr}} (nos) + {{Lang|hu|száj}} (usta) → {{Lang|hu|orca}} (lice) (razgovorno do konca 19. věka, ješče v koristanju v někotoryh narěčjah) > {{Lang|hu|arc}} (lice)<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.nemzetismeret.hu/?id=3.2 | title = Testrészek | publisher = Nemzetismeret.hu | access-date = 2010-01-31}}</ref> Složene slova sostojet se iz dvoh osnovnyh slov: prvo jest prefiks, druhoje jest sufiks. Složeno slovo može byti ''podredno'': prefiks jest v logičnom svezu s sufiksom. Jesli prefiks jest podmět sufiksa, složeno slovo mněvaje se subjektivnym. Sut takože objektivne, determinativne i adjunktne složene slova. Něktore priměry: : Subjektivne: :: {{Lang|hu|menny}} (nebesa) + {{Lang|hu|dörgés}} (grměnje) → {{Lang|hu|mennydörgés}} (gromometanje) :: {{Lang|hu|Nap}} (Solnce) + {{Lang|hu|sütötte}} (ozarjeno) → {{Lang|hu|napsütötte}} (solncem ozarjeno) : Objektivne: :: {{Lang|hu|fa}} (drěvo) + {{Lang|hu|vágó}} (rězač) → {{Lang|hu|favágó}} (drěvorubec, doslovno «drěvorězač») : Determinativne: :: {{Lang|hu|új}} (novy) + {{Lang|hu|já}} + {{Lang|hu|építés}} (strojenje) → {{Lang|hu|újjáépítés}} (obnova, doslovno «stvorjenije nečego novogo črěz budovanje») : Adjunktne: :: {{Lang|hu|sárga}} (žolty) + {{Lang|hu|réz}} (medj) → {{Lang|hu|sárgaréz}} (bronza) Suglasno sučasnym pravopisnym pravilam, podredno složeno slovo musi byti pisano kako jedno slovo, bez propustov; jednakože, jesli složenje iz treh ili bolje slov jest sedm ili bolje [[slog]]ov dolgo (bez padežnyh suffiksov), musi se vložiti defis na odgoovorjajučem městu. Ine složene slova sut ''koordinativne'': medžu prefiksom i sufiksom nema konkretnogo svezu. Podkategorije vklučajut [[Reduplikacija|reduplikaciju]] (za podčrknutje značenja; {{Lang|hu|olykor-olykor}} «nadějno někogda»), dvojne slova i slova, u ktoryh nijedna čest imaje samostojny smysl (napriměr {{Lang|hu|hercehurca}} «izbytočne, izlišne dějstva»). === Znamenite slova i frazeologizmy === ==== Strany světa ==== Madjarske slova za strany světa prozyhodet bezprosrědno iz položenja Solnca v tečenju dnja v Sěvernoj polosferě: * Sěver = {{Lang|hu|észak}} (iz {{Lang|hu|éj(szaka)}} «noč»), zatože Solnce nikogda ne světi s sěvera * Jug = {{Lang|hu|dél}} («poldenj»), zatože Solnce světi z juga v poldenj * Iztok = {{Lang|hu|kelet}} (iz {{Lang|hu|nap(kelte)}} «vozhod Solnca»), zatože Solnce voshodi na iztoku * Zapad = {{Lang|hu|nyugat}} (iz {{Lang|hu|nap(nyugta)}} «zapad Solnca»), zatože Solnce zahodi na zapadu ==== Dva slova za «črveny» ==== V madjarskom jezyku sut dva osnovnyh slova za «črveny»: {{Lang|hu|piros}} i {{Lang|hu|vörös}} (variant: {{Lang|hu|veres}}; sr. estonsko {{-|«verev»}}). Slovo {{Lang|hu|vörös}} jest srodno s {{Lang|hu|vér}} «krovj». Kogda one odnoset se k faktičnoj razlikě v koloru, {{Lang|hu|vörös}} obyčno odnosi se k temnejšemu (temnejšemu ili vyše črvenomu i menje oranžovomu) odtěnku črvenogo. Madjarski naučniki předpokladajut, čto tutoj jezyk unikatno raspoznaje dva ottěnka črvenogo kako odděljene i različne «narěčne barvy».<ref name="basiccolor">Berlin, B. i Kay, P. (1969). ''Basic Color Terms''. Berkeley i Los Angeles: University of California Press.</ref> Jednakože oba slova sut takože koristane nezavisimo od togo v slovokombinacijah. {{Lang|hu|Piros}} naučajut děti prvym — ono obyčno koristaje se za nežive, umětne prědmety ili prědmety, sčitane veselymi ili nevtralnymi, kogda {{Lang|hu|vörös}} obyčno odnosi se k žyvym ili prirodnym prědmetam, a takože k serioznym ili emotivno polnym temam. Primery: * Izrazy, kde «črveny» obyčno prěvodi se kako {{Lang|hu|piros}}: črveny [[dražny znak]], črveno [[světlofor]]nko světlo, črvena linija [[Budapeštsko metro|budapeštskogo metra]], črveny nos klauna, něktore črvene cvěty (nevtralnogo haraktera, napr. tulipany), črvena paprika, črvena barva [[Karty (igra)|kart]] (srdce i bubny), črvene črty na horugvě i t.d. * Vyraženija, kde «črveny» obyčno prěvodi se kako {{Lang|hu|vörös}}: črveny železničny signal, [[Črveno morje]], [[Črvena plošča]], [[Črvena armija]], [[Črveny baron]], črveno [[Вино|vino]], črveny koverec, črvene vlasy, [[Medžunarodno dviženje Črveny križ i Črveny poluměsec|Črveny križ]], črvena krovna klětka, črveny [[dub]], črvena lisica, rdža i t. d. ==== Rodstvene terminy ==== Madjarske slova za brata i sestru sut različovane suglasno vzajemnomu vozrastu. Jest takože občo slovo za «srodnik»: {{Lang|hu|testvér}}, iz {{Lang|hu|test}} «tělo» i {{Lang|hu|vér}} «krovj»; to jest, proizhodeči iz jednakogo těla i krvi. {| class="wikitable" ! !! mlajši !! starši !! neoprěděljeny vzajomny vozrast |- ! brat | {{Lang|hu|öcs}} || {{Lang|hu|báty}} || {{Lang|hu|fivér}} ili {{Lang|hu|fiútestvér}} |- ! sestra | {{Lang|hu|húg}} || {{Lang|hu|nővér}} / {{Lang|hu|néne}} (zastarělo) || {{Lang|hu|nővér}} ili {{Lang|hu|lánytestvér}} |- ! srodnik | {{Lang|hu|kistestvér}} || ({{Lang|hu|nagytestvér}}) || {{Lang|hu|testvér}} |} Pomimo tomu, sut oddělne prědrastky za několiko prědkov i potomkov: {| class="wikitable" ! roditelj !! praroditelj !! prapraroditelj !! praprapraroditelj !! prapraprapraroditelj !! praprapraprapraroditelj |- | {{Lang|hu|szülő}} || {{Lang|hu|nagyszülő}} || {{Lang|hu|déd(nagy)szülő}} || {{Lang|hu|ük(nagy)szülő}} || {{Lang|hu|szép(nagy)szülő}} || {{Lang|hu|ó(nagy)szülő}} |- ! děte !! vnuk !! pravnuk !! prapravnuk !! praprapravnuk !! prapraprapravnuk |- | {{Lang|hu|gyerek}} || {{Lang|hu|unoka}} || {{Lang|hu|dédunoka}} || {{Lang|hu|ükunoka}} || {{Lang|hu|szépunoka}} || {{Lang|hu|óunoka}} |} Slova za «hlapec» i «děvčina» sut koristane s posesivnymi sufiksami, ale terminy sut različovane raznym sklonjenjem ili leksemami: {| class="wikitable" ! !! hlapec/děvka !! (jego/jej) syn/dočka !! (jego/jej) ljubimec, partner |- ! mužsky | {{Lang|hu|fiú}} || {{Lang|hu|fia}} || {{Lang|hu|fiúja}} / {{Lang|hu|barátja}} |- ! žensky | {{Lang|hu|lány}} || {{Lang|hu|lánya}} || {{Lang|hu|barátnője}} |} {{Lang|hu|Fia}} jest koristano toliko v tutoj nepravilnoj posesivnoj formě, ono ne imaje nominativa samo po sobě. Jednakože, slovo {{Lang|hu|fiú}} može takože prijimati pravilny sufiks, v ktorom polučajemo slovo ({{Lang|hu|fiúja}}) odnosi se k ljubimcu ili partneru (drugu), a ne k mužskomu potomku. Slovo {{Lang|hu|fiú}} (hlapec) jest takože često nazyvano ekstremnym priměrom sposobnosti jezyka dodavati sufiks k slovu: {| class="wikitable" | {{Lang|hu|fiú}} || hlapec |- | {{Lang|hu|fia}} || jego/jej syn |- | {{Lang|hu|fiai}} || jego/jej syni |- | {{Lang|hu|fiáé}} || jego/jej synov (jedin objekt) |- | {{Lang|hu|fiáéi}} || jego/jej synov (množinovy objekt) |- | {{Lang|hu|fiaié}} || jego/jej synov (jedin objekt, množina vlastnikov) |- | {{Lang|hu|fiaiéi}} || jego/jej synov (množinovy objekt, množina vlastnikov) |} ==== Krajno dloge slova ==== * {{Lang|hu|megszentségteleníthetetlenségeskedéseitekért}} Razčlenjenje na osnovu i suffikse: {| | class="wikitable" |- | {{-| meg-}} || | glagolna prědrastka; v tutom slučaju znači «zakončeno» |- | {{-| szent}} || | svety (korenj slova) |- | {{-| -ség}} || | kako «-ost» v «svetost» |- | {{-| -t(e)len}} || | sufiks, izražajučy otsutnost; kako «ne-» v «nekoristny» |- | {{-| -ít}} || | tvori prěhodny glagol iz pridavnika |- | {{-| -het}} || | vyražaje možnost |- | {{-| -(e)tlen}} || | drugy variant «-tlen» |- | {{-| -ség}} || | (gledite vyše) |- | {{-| -es}} || | tvori pridavnik iz imennika |- | {{-| -ked}} || | prisjedinjeno k pridavniku, tvori glagol «pritvarjati se (takym)» |- | {{-| -és}} || | tvori imennik iz glagola |- | {{-| -eitek}} || | množinovy posesivny sufiks, 2. osoba množiny («vaše») |- | {{-| -ért}} || | priblizo prěvodi se kako «iz-za» ili «za» |} '''Prěvod:''' «za vaše [množina] ponovno pritvarjanje se byti neoskvrnitelnym» Vyjše napisano slovo jest često sčitano za najdolžejše slovo v madjarskom, hotja sut i dolšeje slova kako: * {{Lang|hu|legeslegmegszentségteleníttethetetlenebbjeitekként}} — «kako ti iz vas, ktorih jest najmenje možno oskvrniti» Slova takoj dolgosti ne sut koristane v praktikě i sut težko razumlive daže rodnym govoriteljam. One sut stvorjene za pokazanje žartovnym sposobom sposobnosti jezyka tvoriti dolge slova. To ne sut složene slova, ale tvorene črěz dodavanje reda jednosložnyh i dvusložnyh sufiksov (i něktoryh prědrastok) k prostomu korenju («{{Lang|hu|szent}}», «svety»). ==== Madjarske slova v slovjanskyh jezykah ==== Iz-za věkov sosědstva madjarsky jezyk vlinul na okružajuče slovjanske jezyky i pozajel iz nih. Někotore madjarske slova, prošedše v slovjanske i rumunsky jezyky, sut: * [[Russky jezyk|Russky]]: {{-|''гусар'' ({{Lang|hu|huszár}} «hussar»), ''сабля'' ({{Lang|hu|szablya}} «sablja»), ''чардаш''}} ({{Lang|hu|csárdás}} «čardaš») * [[Poljsky jezyk|Poljsky]]: {{-|''huzar'' ({{Lang|hu|huszár}}), ''szabla'' ({{Lang|hu|szablya}}), ''czardasz''}} ({{Lang|hu|csárdás}}) * [[Slovačsky jezyk|Slovačsky]]: {{-|''husár'' ({{Lang|hu|huszár}}), ''kočiš'' ({{Lang|hu|kocsis}} «kočijaš»), ''čardáš'' }}({{Lang|hu|csárdás}}) * [[Srbskohrvatsky jezyk|Srbsky i hrvatsky]]: {{-|''ašov'' (iz madjarskogo {{Lang|hu|ásó}} «lopata»), ''čardak'' ({{Lang|hu|csárda}} «krčma»), ''hajduk'' ({{Lang|hu|hajdú}} «gajduk»), ''gulaš'' }}({{Lang|hu|gulyás}}) * [[Slovensky jezyk|Slovensky]]: {{-|''husar'' ({{Lang|hu|huszár}}), ''čardaš'' ({{Lang|hu|csárdás}}), ''gulaš''}} ({{Lang|hu|gulyás}}) * [[Ukrajinsky jezyk|Ukrajinsky]]: {{-|''гайдук'' ({{Lang|hu|hajdú}}), ''ґазда'' ({{Lang|hu|gazda}} «hozjain»), ''гусар''}} ({{Lang|hu|huszár}}) * [[Bulgarsky jezyk|Bulgarsky]]: {{-|''гайдук'' ({{Lang|hu|hajdú}}), ''гулаш''}} ({{Lang|hu|gulyás}}) * [[Rumunsky jezyk|Rumunsky]] (ne slovjanski, ale susědny): okolo 1,6 % rumunskoj leksiky jest madjarskogo proishoženija; primery: {{-|''a bântui''}} (iz {{Lang|hu|bántani}} «mučiti»), {{-|''oraș''}} ({{Lang|hu|város}} «grad») Takože madjarsky pozajel mnoge slova iz slovjanskyh jezykov — prědevrsěm iz proto-slovačskogo i proto-slovenskogo — osoblivo v oblasty zemlědělija, hristijanstva i državnogo upravljenija. Okolo 20 % pozajetij v madjarskom jest iz susědnyh slovjanskyh jezykov: na priklad: {{Lang|hu|tégla}} «cegla» (iz slovjanskogo ''tegla''), {{Lang|hu|mák}} «mak», {{Lang|hu|szerda}} «srěda», {{Lang|hu|csütörtök}} «četvrtok», {{Lang|hu|kereszt}} «krest», {{Lang|hu|király}} «kralj» (iz slovjanskogo ''kralj'') <ref>{{Cite book | last = Kenesei | first = István | last2 = Vago | first2 = Robert M. | last3 = Fenyvesi | first3 = Anna | title = Hungarian | publisher = Routledge | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-415-00206-0 | language = en}}</ref>. == Pismenost == [[Fajl:2013.09.09 Balaton (3).JPG|thumb|Dražna tablička na vjezdu v grad {{-|Vonyarcvashegy|Вонјарцвашхедј}} (Vugrija), [[Vugrske runy|povtorjena runami]]]] === Stara madjarska runična pismenost === Historično madjarsky jezyk pisal se staroju madjarskoju runičnoju pismenostju, alfabetnoju sistemoju pisanja, voznikloju iz staroturkijskoj pismenosti. Pisalo se sprava nalěvo. Ne shranilo se nikako věčšo dělo na tutoj pismenosti, zatože material pisanja v tamtom vrěmenu — drěvo — jest razkladajuči se. Posle osnovanja Madjarskogo kraljevstva v 1000-om lětu od n. n. e. latinica jest zaměnila staru pismenost. === Sučasny madjarsky alfabet === Sučasny madjarsky alfabet se skladaje iz 44 bukv i jest osnovany na latinici s dodanymi bukvami i digrafami. Nektore specialne bukvy sut: '''{{-|á, é, í, ó, ö, ő, ú, ü, ű}}''' (dolge ili zaokruglene samoglasky) i digrafy '''{{-|cs, dz, dzs, gy, ly, ny, sz, ty, zs}}''' za različne suglasne zvuky. {| class="wikitable"; style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; margin-bottom: 1em;" |+ '''Madjarsky alfabet''' !Bukva !Nazva !Fonema |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">A a</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''a''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[ɒ]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Á á</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''á''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[a:]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">B b</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''bé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[b]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">C c</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''cé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[ʦ]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Cs cs</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''csé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[ʧ]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">D d</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''dé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[d]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Dz dz</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''dzé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[ʣ]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Dzs dzs</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''dzsé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[ʤ]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">E e</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''e''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[ɛ]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">É é</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''é''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[eː]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">F f</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''ef''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[f]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">G g</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''gé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[g]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Gy gy</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''gyé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[ɟ]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">H h</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''há''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[h]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">I i</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''i''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[i]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Í í</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''í''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[iː]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">J j</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''jé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[j]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">K k</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''ká''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[k]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">L l</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''el''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[l]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Ly ly</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''el ipszilon''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[j], [ʎ] </span>(v sěvernyh narěčjah) |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">M m</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''em''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[m]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">N n</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''en''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[n]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Ny ny</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''eny''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[ɲ]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">O o</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''o''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[o]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Ó ó</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''ó''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[oː]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Ö ö</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''ö''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[ø]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Ő ő</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''ő''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[øː]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">P p</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''pé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[p]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">R r</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''er''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[r]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">S s</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''es''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[ʃ]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Sz sz</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''esz''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[s]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">T t</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''té''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[t]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Ty ty</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''tyé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[c]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">U u</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''u''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[u]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Ú ú</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''ú''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[u:]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Ü ü</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''ü''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[y]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Ű ű</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">ű</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[y:]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">V v</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''vé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[v]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Z z</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''zé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[z]</span> |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Zs zs</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''zsé''</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">[ʒ]</span> |- ! colspan="3" |Toliko dlja zapisu slov čudžego proizhodženja |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Q q</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''kú''</span> | |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">W w</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''dupla vé''</span> | |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">X x</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''iksz''</span> | |- |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">Y y</span> |<span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable">''ipszilon''</span> | |} == Fonetika == Madjarsky imaje 14 samoglasnyh fonem i 30 suglasnyh fonem. Samoglasne fonemy mogut byti grupovane v pary kratkyh i dolgyh samoglasok, kako {{-|''o''}} i {{-|''ó''}}. Věčšina par imaje skoro slično izgovorjenije i razlikuje se značno samo v dolgosti. Jednakože, pary {{-|''a''/''á''}} i {{-|''e''/''é''}} različajut se kako v zatvorenosti, tako i v dolgosti.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Siptár | first = Péter | last2 = Törkenczy | first2 = Miklós | title = The Phonology of Hungarian | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-19-823841-9 | language = en}}</ref> Dolgost suglasok takože jest različna v madjarskom. Věčšina suglasnyh fonem može pojavjati se kako [[Geminacija (fonetika)|geminaty]] (udvojene suglasky). Udarjenje v madjarskom jest vsegda na prvom slogu slova, kako v finskom i skoro kako v susědnyh s madjarskym slovačskom i češskom jezykah. Zvuk {{MFA|ɟ}}, pisany {{-|''⟨gy⟩''}}, zvuči podobno {{-|«d»}} v anglijskom {{-|«duty»}} i jest jedin iz četyreh palatalizovanyh suglasok, druge sut {{-|''ty'', ''ny''}} i {{-|''j''}}. == Gramatika == Madjarsky jest [[aglutinativny jezyk]]. On koristaje razne afiksy, prěd vsem sufiksy, ale takože někotore prefiksy i cirkumfiksy, za izměnenje značenja slova i jego gramatičnoj funkcije. === Vokalno suglasovanje === Madjarsky jezyk použivaje [[vokalno suglasovanje]] pri pridavanju sufiksov k slovam. To znači, že věčšina suffiksov imaje dvě ili tri razne formy, i izbor medžu nimi zavisi od samoglasok glavnogo slova. Naprimjer, lokativny suffiks jest {{-|'''-ban'''}} poslě zadnyh samoglasok ({{-|''ház-ban''}} «v domě») i {{-|'''-ben'''}} poslě prědnjih samoglasok ({{-|''kert-ben''}} «v sadu»). === Imenniky === Imenniky imajut 18 padežev, ktore sut tvorjene pravilno s pomočju sufiksov. Imeniteljny padež jest nemarkovany ({{Lang|hu|az alma}} «jabloko»), a napriměr, viniteljny jest markovany sufiksom {{-|–t}} ({{Lang|hu|az almát}} «jabloku»). Imennik v madjarskom ne imaje gramatičnogo roda: jest toliko jedna klasa imennikov. Posesivnost jest izražena posesivnym suffiksom na posědenom objektu, a ne na posesoru, kako v anglijskom. Napriměr, «Petrovo jabloko» jest {{Lang|hu|Péter almája}} (doslovno: «Peter jabloka-jego»). Množina imennikov jest tvorjena s {{-|–k}} ({{Lang|hu|az almák}} «jabloka»), ale posle čislovnika koristaje se jedinina ({{Lang|hu|két alma}} «dva jabloka», doslovno «dvě jabloko»). V madjarskom jezyku sklonjenje imennikov po padežah jest veliko razvito. Sut padeže, koristane so vsimi slovami, i padeže, koristane s ograničenym čislom slov. V množině najprvo dodavaje se okončanje čisla, a potom padeža (okončanja v množině sut te same). Priměr sklonjenja po vsih padežah: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+ Padeže, ktore mogut byti koristane so vsimi slovami (na priměru slova {{Lang|hu|ház}} «dom») ! Padež !! Padežno okončanje !! Značenje padeža !! Priměr v jedn. č. !! Priměr v mn. č. !! Prěvod !! Priměry |- | [[Imeniteljnik|Nominativ]] || — || [[podmět]] (subjekt) || {{Lang|hu|ház}} || {{Lang|hu|házak}} || «dom» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Ez a ház magas.}} — «Tutoj dom jest vysoky» |- | [[Viniteljnik|Akuzativ]] || {{-|-t/-at/-ot/-et/-öt}} || premo [[dopolnjenije]] || {{Lang|hu|házat}} || {{Lang|hu|házakat}} || «dom» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Vettem egy házat.}} — «Ja kupil dom» |- | [[Inesiv]] || {{-|-ban/-ben}} || ''(kde? v čem?)'' v… || {{Lang|hu|házban}} || {{Lang|hu|házakban}} || «v domě» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|A család egy szép házban lakik.}} — «Rodina žije v krasnom domě» |- | [[Ilativ]] || {{-|-ba/-be}} || ''(kuda? vo čto?)'' v… || {{Lang|hu|házba}} || {{Lang|hu|házakba}} || «v dom» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Lépj be a házba!}} — «Vojdi v dom!» |- | [[Superesiv]] || {{-|-n/-on/-en/-ön}} || ''(kde?)'' na… || {{Lang|hu|házon}} || {{Lang|hu|házakon}} || «na domě» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|A házon meglátszott az idő vasfoga.}} — «Na domě byli vidne slědy vrěmeny» |- | [[Sublativ]] || {{-|-ra/-re}} || ''(kuda?)'' na… || {{Lang|hu|házra}} || {{Lang|hu|házakra}} || «na dom» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Egy fehér galamb szállt a házra.}} — «Běla golubica sěla na dom» |- | [[Adesiv]] || {{-|-nál/-nél}} || ''(kde?)'' u… || {{Lang|hu|háznál}} || {{Lang|hu|házaknál}} || «u doma» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Megálltunk a háznál.}} — «My obstanovili se u doma» |- | [[Alativ]] || {{-|-hoz/-hez/-höz}} || ''(kuda?)'' k… || {{Lang|hu|házhoz}} || {{Lang|hu|házakhoz}} || «k domu» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Odamentek a házhoz.}} — «One prišli k domu» |- | [[Elativ]] || {{-|-ból/-ből}} || ''(odkuda?)'' iz… || {{Lang|hu|házból}} || {{Lang|hu|házakból}} || «iz doma» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Kisétált a házból.}} — «On izšel iz doma» |- | rowspan="2" | [[Delativ]] || rowspan="2" | {{-|-ról/-ről}} || ''(odkuda?)'' s… || rowspan="2" | {{Lang|hu|házról}} || rowspan="2" | {{Lang|hu|házakról}} || «s doma» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|A házról levették a zászlót.}} — «S doma sut odčinili horugvu» |- | ''(o čem?)'' o… || «o domě» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Sokat mesélt a házról.}} — «Ona mnogo razskazyvala o domu» |- | [[Ablativ]] || {{-|-tól/-től}} || ''(odkuda?)'' od… || {{Lang|hu|háztól}} || {{Lang|hu|házaktól}} || «od doma» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|A háztól nem messze egy kutat találtam.}} — «Nedaleko od doma ja našel studnju» |- | [[Dateljnik|Dativ]] || {{-|-nak/-nek}} || ''(komu?)'' || {{Lang|hu|háznak}} || {{Lang|hu|házaknak}} || «domu» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Búcsút intett a szülői háznak.}} — «Na proščanje on mahal rukoju roditeljskomu domu» |- | [[Roditeljnik|Genetiv]] || {{-|-nak a/-nek a}} || ''(čij?)'' || {{Lang|hu|háznak a}} || {{Lang|hu|házaknak a}} || «doma» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Ennek a háznak a fala is üvegből volt.}} — «Daže stěny tutogo doma byly iz stekla» |- | Terminalis || -ig || ''(do čego/koliko?)'' do… || {{Lang|hu|házig}} || {{Lang|hu|házakig}} || «do doma» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Két és fél kilométer az iskolától a házig.}} — «Od školy do doma — dva i pol kilometra» |- | Instrumentalis-komitativ || {{-|-val/-vel}} || ''(čim? s čim?)'' s… || {{Lang|hu|házzal}} || {{Lang|hu|házakkal}} || «s domom» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Mi legyen a házzal?}} — «Čto dělati s domom?» |- | [[Esiv]]-formalis || {{-|-ként}} || v sposobnosty…, kako… || {{Lang|hu|házként}} || {{Lang|hu|házakként}} || «v sposobnosty doma» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Ez a nyaraló családi házként van nyilvántartva.}} — «Tuta letna rezidencija jest registrovana kako sěmejny dom» |- | Translativ-faktiv || {{-|-vá/-vé}} || ''(vo čto?)'' || {{Lang|hu|házzá}} || {{Lang|hu|házakká}} || «v dom» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Közösségi házzá alakult át az egykori mozi.}} — «Byvše kino transformovalo se v spoločny dom» |- | Kauzalis-finalis || {{-|-ért}} || ''(za čto? dlja čego?)'' || {{Lang|hu|házért}} || {{Lang|hu|házakért}} || «za dom» || style="text-align:left;" | {{Lang|hu|Mennyit fizettél a házért?}} — «Koliko ty jesi platil za dom?» |} Pri sklonjenju mogut byti izměny vnutri [[Korenj (gramatika)|korenja]] imennika: {{-|''mad'''á'''r''}} «ptaka» — {{-|''mad'''á'''rat''}} «ptaku», {{Lang|hu|ló}} «konj» — {{Lang|hu|Látok egy lo}}'{{Lang|hu|v}}'{{Lang|hu|at}} «Ja vidžu konja» (v jednosložnyh slovah v korenju često pojavljaje se {{Lang|hu|-v-}}). Padežne okončanja mogut byti koristane oddělno v sposob izměnjajemyh po osobah i čislah [[prědložnik]]ov, kako na primjer pokazatelj instrumentalis-komitativa {{Lang|hu|-val}} / {{Lang|hu|-vel}}: {{Lang|hu|velem}} «so mnoju», {{Lang|hu|veled}} «s toboju», {{Lang|hu|vele}} «s njim, s njeju», {{Lang|hu|velünk}} «s nami», {{Lang|hu|veletek}} «s vami», {{Lang|hu|velük}} «s njimi».<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.hungarianreference.com/Nouns/val-vel-instrumental.aspx | title = Hungarian Instrumental case: -val -vel | website = www.hungarianreference.com | access-date = 2025-05-24}}</ref> === Pridavnik === Pridavniki prědhodet imennikam ({{-|''a piros alma''}} «červeno jabloko») i imajut tri stupnje: pozitivny ({{-|''piros''}} «črveny»), komparativny ({{-|''pirosabb''}} «črvenějši») i superlativny ({{-|''a legpirosabb''}} «najčrvenějši»). Dalje, pridavnik sam može imati funkciju imennika, a takože prijemati padežne okončanja. === Čislo === V madjarskom jezyku sut dva [[Gramatičesko čislo|čisla]] — [[jedinstveno čislo]] i [[množstveno čislo]]. Pokazatelj množstvenogo čisla jest {{-|''-k''}}; v tutoj formě on pridavaje se k imennikam, končajučim se na samoglaky. Jestli slovo končaje se na {{-|''-a''}} ili {{-|''-e''}}, te samoglasky stavajut se [[Dolge i kratke samoglasky|dolgymi]] {{-|''-á-''}} i {{-|''-é-'': ''fa''}} «drěvo» — {{-|''fák''}} «drěva». K slovam, končajučim se na suglasky, okončanje pridružaje se s pomočju spojnoj samoglasky, suglasno pravilam [[Vokalno suglasovanje|vokalnogo suglasovanja]]. * Za slova s [[Samoglasky zadnjego reda|samoglaskami zadnjego reda]] to jest obyčno {{-|''-o-'' (''ablak''}} «okno» — {{-|''ablak'''ok'''''}} «okna»), jednakože jest mnogo izključenij, kogda takovym jest {{-|''-a-'' (''ház''}} «dom» — {{-|''ház'''ak'''''}} «domy»). * V slovah s [[Samoglasky prědnjego reda|samoglaskami prědnjego reda]] spojnoju samoglaskoju jest {{-|''-e-'': ''ember''}} «člověk» — {{-|''ember'''ek'''''}} «ljudi». * V mnogosložnyh slovah, v poslednom [[slog]]u ktoryh jest {{-|''ö'', ''ő'', ''ü'' ili ''ű'',}} spojnoju samoglaskoju bude {{-|''-ö-'': ''görög''}} «Grěk» — {{-|''görög'''ök'''''}} «Grěky». Někogda dolga samoglaska pri tvorjenju množiny ukračivaje se: {{-|''nyár''}} «lěto» — {{-|''nyarak''}} «lěta». V inych slučajah samoglasky mogut vypadati: {{-|''bokor''}} «kust» — {{-|''bokrok''}} «kusty». Sut i polne izključenija v sposobu tvorjenja množiny: {{-|''szó''}} «slovo» — {{-|''szavak''}} «slova». === Posesivne suffiksy i posědanje === V madjarskom jezyku sut široko zastupene [[Posesivne affiksy|posesivne sufiksy]], pridružajuče se najčesče k imennikam i ukazujuče na osobu i čislo vlastnika. One slučajut se s členami. Osoba jest izražena s pomočju osobnyh zaimennikov i oprěděljenyh sufiksov, ktore izpolnjajut několiko funkcij i priměnjajut se k: * imeniteljnomu padežu osobnyh zaimennikov za tvorjenije jih viniteljnogo padeža (s někojymi nepravilnostami); * padežnym okončanjem za tvorjenije osobnyh zaimennikov v inych padežah; * poslělogom, tvoreščim razne obstajajuče dopolnjenja; * imennikam i raznym zaimennikam za izraženje posědanja; * glagolam, služečim okončanijami. {| class="wikitable" |- ! Jedinstveno čislo !! Značenje !! Osoba !! Množstveno čislo !! Značenje |- | {{-|-m/-om/-am/-em/-öm}} || «moj» || 1 || {{-|-im/-aim/-eim/-jaim/-jeim}} || «moji» |- | {{-|-d/-od/-ad/-ed/-öd}} || «tvoj» || 2 || {{-|-id/-aid/-eid/-jaid/-jeid}} || «tvoji» |- | {{-|-a/-e/-ja/-je}} || «jego/jej» || 3 || {{-|-i/-ai/-ei/-jai/-jei}} || «jego/jej» |} Primer: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Jedinstveno čislo !! Značenje !! Osoba !! Množstveno čislo!! Značenje |- | {{-|''városom''}} || «moj grad» || 1 || {{-|''városaim''}} || «moji grady» |- | {{-|''városod''}} || «tvoj grad» || 2 || {{-|''városaid''}} || «tvoji grady» |- | {{-|''városa''}} || «jego/jej grad» || 3 || {{-|''városai''}} || «jego/jej grady» |} Mnogo vlastnikov: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Jedinstveno čislo !! Značenje !! Osoba !! Množstveno čislo!! Značenje |- | {{-|-nk/-unk/-ünk}} || «naš» || 1 || {{-|-ink/-aink/-eink/-jaink/-jeink}} || «naši» |- | {{-|-tok/-tek/-tök/-otok/-atok/-etek/-ötök}} || «vaš» || 2 || {{-|-itok/-itek/-aitok/-eitek/-jaitok/-jeitek}} || «vaši» |- | {{-|-uk/-ük/-juk/-jük}} || «jih» || 3 || {{-|-ik/-aik/-eik/-jaik/-jeik}} || «jih» |} Priměr: {| class="wikitable" |- ! Jedinstveno čislo !! Značenje !! Osoba !! Množstveno čislo!! Značenje |- | {{-|''városunk''}} || «naš grad» || 1 || {{-|''városaink''}} || «naši grady» |- | {{-|''városotok''}} || «vaš grad» || 2 || {{-|''városaitok''}} || «vaši grady» |- | {{-|''városuk''}} || «jih grad» || 3 || {{-|''városaik''}} || «jih grady» |} [[Roditeljnik|Roditeljny padež]] i glagol «imati» kako takove odsutstvujut, i posědanje jest izraženo s pomočju posesivnyh sufiksov, a takože [[Dateljnik|dateljnogo padeža]] i glagola {{-|''lenni''}} «byti»: * {{-|''Van egy ház'''ad'''''}} — «Ty imaješ dom» (doslovno: „jest dom tvoj"); * {{-|''A gyerekek'''nek''' nincsenek kutyá'''juk'''''}} — «Děti ne imajut psov» (doslovno: „dětjam nema jih psov"); * {{-|''Eszter'''nek''' egy kutyá van''}} — «Eszter ima psa». === Glagol === Madjarsky jezyk razlikuje medžu glagolami definitnogo i indefinitnogo tipa spreganja, v zavisnosti od togo, jest li objekt oprědělen ili ne. Na priměr: {{-|''látok egy almát''}} («vidžu (někako) jabloko», indefinitno), ale {{-|''látom az almát''}} («vidžu (to) jabloko», definitno). Madjarsky imaje četyri stupnja izražanja učtivosti. Od najvyšnějšego do najnizšego: * {{-|''Ön'' (önözés):}} formalna rěč, koristana v služebnyh tekstah i biznesnyh komunikacijah; * {{-|''Maga'' (magázás):}} koristaje se za pokazanje distancije; * {{-|''Néni/bácsi'' (tetszikezés):}} nekoliko afektivna forma učtivosti, koristana ko staršim ljudam; * {{-|''Te'' (tegezés):}} neformalna rěč, koristana v rodině, medžu prijateljami i kolegami. Voobče berut se v razgled pet kategorij glagolov, odgovarjajučih vyše ili menje '''zalogam''' v gramatikah inyh jezykov, sut to: aktivne, faktitivne, svratne, vzajemne, pasivne, srědnje i potencialne glagoly<ref>Sr. Bokor 2007, str. 213–220.</ref>. Za '''glagolne naklonjenja''' v gramatikah vugrskogo jezyka obvažajut toliko te, ktore nazyvajut se predikativnymi ili osobnymi v gramatikah rumunskogo jezyka. V madjarskom to sut [[indikativ]], [[kondicional]] i [[imperativ]]. * Indikativ imaje tri [[Vrěme (gramatika)|vrěmena]]: nastoječe, prošlo i buduče. V 19-om stolětju jestvovalo ješče nekoliko prošlyh vrěmen, ale prěžilo samo jedno. Razliky, izražajeme v medžuslovjanskom črěz [[Vrěme (gramatika)|imperfekt]], [[Vrěme (gramatika)|perfekt]] i [[Vrěme (gramatika)|pluskvamperfekt]] sut prědavane v madjarskom črěz glagolne prefiksy i črěz [[Kontekst (lingvistika)|kontekst]]. Buduče vrěme imaje takože jednu formu. * Kondicional imaje nastoječe i prošlo vrěme. Može iměti takože značenje optativa, kako v rumunskom. * Imperativ imaje toliko nastoječe vrěme. V madjarskom jezyku se prědpokladaje, že on imaje vse lica, imajuči takože značenja [[konjunktiv]]a, a infinitiv, [[pričestje]] i [[gerundij]] ne razsmatrajut se kako glagolne naklonjenja, ale kako imenne formy glagola. Važna harakteristika madjarskogo glagolnogo sistemu jest jestvovanje dvoh serij [[Časovanje|časovanja]] v slučaju [[Prěhodny glagol|prěhodnyh glagolov]]: opreděljeno časovanje i neopreděljeno časovanje. === Vrěme i spreženje === Osobne okončanja glagola v nastoječem vrěmenu, jestli dopolnjenje ne jest oprěděljeno, sut slědujuče (k njim takože priměnjajut se pravila [[Vokalno suglasovanje|vokalnogo suglasovanja]]): # {{-|''én''}} «ja» — {{-|''o'', ''ö'', ''e'' + ''-k'', ''mi''}} «my» — {{-|''u'', ''ü'' + ''-nk''}} # {{-|''te''}} «ty» — {{-|''-sz''}} ili {{-|''o''}}, {{-|''ö'', ''e'' + ''-l''}} (u glagolov s [[Korenj (morfologija)|korenjem]] na {{-|''-s'', ''-sz'', ''-z''), ''ti''}} «vy» — {{-|''t-'' + ''o'', ''e'', ''ö'' + ''-k''}} # v 3. os. jedn. č. nemaje okončanija, v mn. č. — {{-|''-n'' + ''a'', ''e'' + ''-k''}} Priměr spreženja glagolov {{-|''tudni''}} «znati» i ''olvasni'' «čitati»: # {{-|''tudok'', ''tudsz'', ''tud'', ''tudunk'', ''tudtok'', ''tudnak''}} # {{-|''olvasok'', ''olvasol'', ''olvas'', ''olvasunk'', ''olvastok'', ''olvasnak''}} U glagolov s korenjem na [[Dolge i kratke samoglasky|dolgu samoglasku]] {{-|''+t''}} i suglasku {{-|''+t''}}, a takože u něktoryh glagolov s korenjem na dvě suglasky, pri spreženju može pojavljati se spojna samoglaska (v razgovornoj rěči ona nerědko opuskaje se): {{-|''ért'' — ''ért'''e'''sz''}} «razuměješ». Jestvuje razred glagolov, imajučih v 3. licu jedin. č. okončanje {{-|''-ik'': ''utazni''}} «jězditi» — {{-|''utazi'''k'''''}} «jězdi» — {{-|''utazunk''}} «jězdimo», {{-|''érkez'''ik'''''}} «prihodi». U tutyh glagolov v 1. licu jedin. č. v prvom vidě spreženja dopuščaje se i okončanje {{-|''-k''}} (vyše vlastno razgovornoj rěči), i okončanje {{-|''-m''}} nezavisno od prisutnosti i oprěděljenosti dopolnjenja. Osobne okončanja spreženja nastoječego vrěmeni, kogda dopolnjenje jest oprěděljeno:<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://www.hungarianpod101.com/blog/2020/10/05/hungarian-conjugations/ | title = A Beginner-Friendly Guide to Hungarian Verb Conjugation | website = HungarianPod101.com Blog | date = 2020-10-05 | access-date = 2025-05-14 | language = en}}</ref> # {{-|''én'' — ''-m'', ''mi'' — ''-juk'', ''-jük''}} # {{-|''te'' — ''-d'', ''ti'' — ''-játok'', ''-itek''}} # {{-|''ő'' — ''-ja'', ''-i'', ''ők'' — ''-ják'', ''-ik''}} Glagoly s korenjem na {{-|''-s'', ''-sz''}} i {{-|''-z''}} imajut obyčno okončanja {{-|''-a''}} (3. lico jedin. č.), {{-|''-uk''}} (1. lico mn. č.), {{-|''-átok''}} (2. lico mn. č.), {{-|''-ák''}} (3. lico mn. č.) + udvojenje suglasky prěd okončanjem, ili {{-|''-i''}} (3. lico jedin. č.), {{-|''-itek''}} (2. lico mn. č.), {{-|''-ik''}} (3. lico mn. č.) bez udvojenja. Priměry: * {{-|''tudom'', ''tudod'', ''tudja'', ''tudjuk'', ''tudjátok'', ''tudják''}} * {{-|''olvasom'', ''olvasod'', ''olvassa'', ''olvassuk'', ''olvassátok'', ''olvassák''}} * {{-|''teszem'' (''tenni''}} «dělatj»), {{-|''teszed'', ''teszi'', ''teszzük'', ''teszitek'', ''teszik''}} Tvorjenije budučego vrěmeni jest možno s pomočju kombinacije [[Pomočny glagol|pomočnogo glagola]] {{-|''fog''}} i [[infinitiv]]a:<ref name="future">{{Cite web | url = http://www.hungarianreference.com/Verbs/Future-tense-fog-two-verbs-will-want-know.aspx | title = The future tense and using two Hungarian verbs | website = www.hungarianreference.com | access-date = 2025-05-23}}</ref> # Neoprěděljeno spreženje: {{-|''fogok'', ''fogsz'', ''fog'', ''fogunk'', ''fogtok'', ''fognak''.}} # Oprěděljeno spreženje: {{-|''fogom'', ''fogod'', ''fogja'', ''fogjuk'', ''fogjátok'', ''fogják''.}} Jestli u glagola jest [[prědrastka]], ona odděljaje se: {{-|''bemenni''}} «vhoditi» — {{-|''be fogok menni''}} «ja vojdu».<ref name="future" /> === Glagol-svezka === [[Svezka (lingvistika)|Glagol-svezka]] {{Lang|hu|lenni}} «byti» imaje odličny korenj v každom vrěmenu; v prošlom vrěmenu on može byti dvoh vidov: so značenjem prebyvanja i stanovjenja. {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Nastoječeje vrěme !! Prošlo vrěme (prebyvanje) !! Prošlo vrěme (stanovjenje) !! Buduče vrěme |- | {{Lang|hu|én vagyok}} || {{Lang|hu|voltam}} || {{Lang|hu|lettem}} || {{Lang|hu|leszek}} |- | {{Lang|hu|te vagy}} || {{Lang|hu|voltál}} || {{Lang|hu|lettél}} || {{Lang|hu|leszel}} |- | {{Lang|hu|van}} || {{Lang|hu|volt}} || {{Lang|hu|lett}} || {{Lang|hu|lesz}} |- | {{Lang|hu|mi vagyunk}} || {{Lang|hu|voltunk}} || {{Lang|hu|lettünk}} || {{Lang|hu|leszünk}} |- | {{Lang|hu|vagytok}} || {{Lang|hu|voltatok}} || {{Lang|hu|lettetek}} || {{Lang|hu|lesztek}} |- | {{Lang|hu|vannak}} || {{Lang|hu|voltak}} || {{Lang|hu|lettek}} || {{Lang|hu|lesznek}} |} V nastoječem vrěmenu v zaprěčenju on izgledaje kako {{Lang|hu|nincs}} za jedninu i {{Lang|hu|nincsenek}} za množinu. === Izraženje možlivosti === Za izraženje možlivosti ili dozvolenja v madjarskom jezyku jest osobo spreženje, pokazateljem ktorogo jest sufix {{-|''-hat''/''-het''}}:<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.hungarianreference.com/Verbs/may-permission-potential-hat.aspx | title = The may/permission suffix in Hungarian: -hat/het | website = www.hungarianreference.com | access-date = 2025-05-23}}</ref> * {{-|''ül''}} «sěděti» {| class="wikitable" | {{-|''ülhetek''}}<br/>«ja mogu sěděti» | {{-|''ülhetsz''}}<br/>«ty možeš sěděti» | {{-|''ülhet''}}<br/>«on/ona može sěděti» | {{-|''ülhetünk''}}<br/>«my možemo sěděti» | {{-|''ülhettek''}}<br/>«vy možete sěděti» | {{-|''ülhetnek''}}<br/>«oni mogut sěděti» |} === Kauzativ === [[Kauzativ|Kauzativne glagoly]] (prinudženje kogo-libo k dějanju) v madjarskom jezyku sut tvorjene s pomočju sufiksa {{-|-(''t'')''at''}}:<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.hungarianreference.com/Verbs/Causative-at-tat.aspx | title = The causative suffix in Hungarian | website = www.hungarianreference.com | access-date = 2025-05-23}}</ref> * {{-|''mos''}} «myti» — {{-|''mosat''}} «prinuditi myti» ({{-|''mosatok''}} «ja prinudžaju myti»); * {{-|''hív''}} «zvati» — {{-|''hívat''}} «prinuditi pozvati» ({{-|''hívatsz''}} «ty prinudžaješ pozvati»); * {{-|''olvas''}} «čitati» — {{-|''olvastat''}} «prinuditi pročitati» ({{-|''olvastatnak''}} «oni prinudžajut pročitati»). === Pričestje === Aktivne [[Pričestije (lingvistika)|pričestja]] nastoječego vrěmeni sut tvorjene s pomočju pokazatelja {{-|''ó''/''ő'': ''lát''}} «viděti» — {{-|''lát'''ó'''''}} «videči». Okončanja pričestja pridružajut se k korenju infinitiva: {{-|''emlékszik''}} «pametaje» — {{-|''emlékezni''}} «pametati» — {{-|''emlékez'''ő'''''}} «pametaječi».<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.hungarianreference.com/Participles/present-participles.aspx | title = Present (adjectival) participles in Hungarian | website = www.hungarianreference.com | access-date = 2025-05-23}}</ref> Tvorjenje pasivnogo pričestja prošlogo vrěmeni sovpadaje s tvorjenjem prošlogo vrěmeni 3. lica jedin. č., s pomočju okončanja {{-|-(''t'')''t'': ''nyit''}} «otvirati» — {{-|''nyito'''t'''''}} «otvorjeny».<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.hungarianreference.com/Participles/past-participles.aspx | title = Past participles in Hungarian | website = www.hungarianreference.com | access-date = 2025-05-23}}</ref> === Dejepričestje === [[Dejepričestje (gramatika)|Dejepričestja]] sut tvorjene s pomočju okončanja {{-|''-va''/''-ve'': ''mosolyog''}} «usměhati se» — {{-|''mosolyog'''va''' mentem el''}} «ja odšel, usměhajuči se».<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.hungarianreference.com/Participles/Verbal-participle-verbal-adverb-va.aspx | title = The adverbal particple: -va/ve | website = www.hungarianreference.com | access-date = 2025-05-23}}</ref> == Priklady tekstov == === Universalna deklaracija prav člověka, članok 1 === {| class="wikitable" width="70%" |+ ! Madjarsky ! Prěvod na medžuslovjansky |- | '''{{Lang|hu|Az Emberi Jogok Egyetemes Nyilatkozata, 1. cikk.}}''' | '''Universalna deklaracija prav člověka, članok 1.''' |- | {{Lang|hu|Minden emberi lény szabadon születik és egyenlő méltósága és joga van. Az emberek, ésszel és lelkiismerettel bírván, egymással szemben testvéri szellemben kell hogy viseltessenek.}} | Vsi ljudi rodet se svobodnymi i ravnymi v svojem dostojenstvu i pravah. Oni sut obdarjene razumom i svědomjem i muset postupati v odnošenju jedin k drugomu v duhu bratstva. |} === Koristne izrazy === {| class="wikitable" width="60%" |+ ! Madjarsky ! Prěvod |- | {{Jezyky|hu|Szia}} | Zdravo |- | {{Jezyky|hu|Jó napot}} | Dobry denj |- | {{Jezyky|hu|Jó reggelt}} | Dobro utro |- | {{Jezyky|hu|Jó estét}} | Dobry večer |- | {{Jezyky|hu|Viszontlátásra}} | Do viděnja |- | {{Jezyky|hu|Viszlát}} | Byvaj, sbogom |- | {{Jezyky|hu|Jó éjszakát}} | Dobra noč |- | {{Jezyky|hu|Kérem}} | Prošu |- | {{Jezyky|hu|Köszönöm}} | Hvala, blagodarju |- | {{Jezyky|hu|Elnézést}} | Izvini |- | {{Jezyky|hu|Igen / Nem}} | Da / Ne |} == Gledite takože == * [[Uralske jezyky]] * [[Ugrofinske jezyky]] * [[Vugrija]] * [[Madjari]] * [[Transilvanija]] * [[Vojvodina]] == Iztočniky == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> == Literatura == * {{Cite book | last = Kenesei | first = István | last2 = Vago | first2 = Robert M. | last3 = Fenyvesi | first3 = Anna | title = Hungarian | publisher = Routledge | year = 1998 | isbn = 978-0-415-00206-0 | language = en}} * {{Cite book | last = Molnár | first = Miklós | title = A Concise History of Hungary | publisher = Cambridge University Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-521-66736-4 | language = en}} * {{Cite book | last = Siptár | first = Péter | last2 = Törkenczy | first2 = Miklós | title = The Phonology of Hungarian | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 2000 | isbn = 978-0-19-823841-9 | language = en}} * {{Cite book | last = Tolcsvai Nagy | first = Gábor | title = A magyar nyelv | publisher = Osiris | year = 2005 | isbn = 978-963-389-817-8 | language = hu}} * {{Cite book | last = Róna-Tas | first = András | title = Hungarians and Europe in the Early Middle Ages | publisher = Central European University Press | year = 1999 | isbn = 978-963-9116-48-1 | language = en}} == Vněšnje linky == * {{Cite web | url = https://www.ethnologue.com/language/hun/ | title = Hungarian | website = Ethnologue | language = en}} * {{Cite web | url = https://wals.info/languoid/lect/wals_code_hun | title = Language Hungarian | website = The World Atlas of Language Structures Online | language = en}} * {{Cite web | url = https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/hung1274 | title = Spoken L1 Language: Hungarian | website = Glottolog | language = en}} {{Uralske jezyky}} [[Kategorija:Uralske jezyky]] [[Kategorija:Madjarsky jezyk| ]] [[Kategorija:Vugrija]] [[Kategorija:Ugrske jezyky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q9067}} {{Prěvod|en|Hungarian language|revizija=1037195500}} {{Prěvod|ru|Венгерский язык|revizija=1037195500}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} tonyb00njgvzo8itz3q6huuy4w5oc3o 0 1323 28318 28266 2026-07-08T07:16:04Z MwGamera 13 zwsp→zwnj 28318 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fajl:ISO logo red.svg|alt=ISO|thumb|Logotip Medžunarodnoj organizacije za standardizaciju]] '''Medžunarodna organizacija za standardizaciju''' ({{Lang|en|International Organization for Standardization}}, ISO) jest medžunarodna organizacija za universalne jedine normy i izdavajut medžunarodne normy za vse, mimo elektriky i elektroniky. Za njih jest odgovorna {{-|[[IEC]]}}, mimo [[Telekomunikacija|telekomunikacije]], ktora jest dělom {{-|[[ITU]]}}. Vse oni sut sjedinjene v {{-|[[:en:World Standards Cooperation|WSC]]}} (Medžunarodnu suraborotu za standardy). Organizacja byla osnovana 26 oktobra 1946 goda v Londonu na konferenciji prědstaviteljev nacionalnyh organizacij za normalizaciju. Ona prošla v dnjah 14–27 oktobra, a byla organizovana Britanskym intitutom standardov {{-|[[BSI]]}}. V dnju 23 fevruara 1947 g. {{-|ISO}} oficialno započelo svoju dějateljnost. == Standardy == Standardy ISO numerujut se po obrazcu <code>ISO[/IEC] [IS] nnnn[:XXXX]: Nazvanje</code>, kde „{{-|nnnn}}“ jest numer standarda, „{{-|XXXX}}“ jest data publikovan‌ja, a „{{-|Nazvanje}}“ opisuje prědmet. „{{-|IEC}}“ dodavaje se toliko za standardy {{-|JTC1}}. Data i „{{-|IS}}“ ne vključajut se v nepolne ili nepublikovane standardy i mogut byti izključene pri oprědeljenyh uslovjah. {{-|ISO}} takože tvori tehnične spravy za materialy, ktore ne stavajut medžunarodnymi standardami s kodom {{-|TR}} vměsto {{-|IS}}. Rědke tehnične popravky vnoset se v istnujuče standardy iz-za grěšek ili za podobšene. == Členske državy {{-|ISO}} == [[Fajl:ISO Members 2020.svg|thumb|495x495px|Členy ISO od goda 2020]] Medžunarodna organizacija za standardizaciju imaje 177 narodnyh standardizacijnyh organov, s jednym členom za državu, reprezentujučim ju v {{-|ISO}}.<ref>{{Cite web| url = https://www.iso.org/about/members| title = About ISO: Members | access-date = 2026-05-04}}</ref> == Razrabotan‌je standarda == Standardy projavjut kompleksny proces razrabotky, ktory ide v peti etapah:<ref>{{Cite web| url = https://www.iso.org/fr/stage-codes.html| title = Système international harmonisé d'indicatif de stades pour l'élaboration des normes| access-date = 2026-05-04}}</ref> # Prědložen‌je; # Podgotovka; # Komitet; # Izslědovan‌je; # Odobrjen‌je. V 1990-h godah, pod naporom bystrogo razvitja informacijnyh tehnologij, {{-|ISO}} oslabila proces razrabotky standardov, vključajuči dějateljnost konsorciumov, ktora ne uvažala se zagrožen‌jem dlja oficialnoj sistemy standardizacije. Dnes dostupno jest několiko tipov normativnyh dokumentov<ref>{{Cite web| url= https://www.iso.org/fr/deliverables-all.html| title = Les référentiels de l'ISO| access-date=2026-05-04}}</ref> : * Standard {{-|ISO}}; * {{-|ISO/PAS}}, občedostupna specifikacija; * {{-|ISO/TS}}, tehnična specifikacija (napriměr {{-|ISO/TS 15000}} na {{-|ebXML}}); * {{-|ISO/TR}}, tehničny raport; * Dogovor o medžunarodnom seminaru ({{-|IWA}}); * Rukovodstvo {{-|ISO}}. Oficialne jezyky {{-|ISO}} sut [[Anglijsky jezyk|anglijsky]], [[Francuzsky jezyk|francuzsky]] i [[Russky jezyk|russky]]. Medžuslovjansky jezyk imaje kod v standardě {{-|ISO}}, no ne v prvoj česti ({{-|[[ISO 639-1]]}}), a v tretjej ({{-|[[ISO 639-3]]}}), ktora takože obimaje umětne jezyky. Medžuslovjansky jezyk byl oficialno prijety v spisok jezykov {{-|SIL International}} (organ, odpovědajuči za standard {{-|ISO 639-3}}) v godu 2024. Kod — {{-|ISV}}. == Iztočniky == {{Iztočniky}} [[Kategorija:Medžunarodne organizacije]] [[Kategorija:Organizacije za standardizaciju]] {{INTERWIKI|Q15028}} 4j6h6bti0m3lvblw3oy8czsp6nqbljs 0 1377 28320 11475 2026-07-08T07:25:18Z MwGamera 13 lat. j → кир. ј 28320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data = May 2026}} {{Kartka serial | above_title = {{-|Mr. Bean|Мистер Бин}} | image = Atkinson Rowan crop.jpg | caption = Rowan Atkinson v rolji mistera Bina | genre = {{-|[[Sitcom]]|[[Sitcom|Ситком]]}} | creator = {{Unbulleted list|[[Rowan Atkinson]]|{{-|Richard Curtis|Ричард Кјуртис}}}} | writer = {{Unbulleted list|[[Ben Elton]] (epizody 1 i 15)|{{-|Richard Curtis|Ричард Кјуртис}} (epizody 1–7 i 15)|{{-|[[Robin Driscoll]]|[[Robin Driscoll|Робин Дрискол]]}} (epizody 2–15)|Rowan Atkinson}} | director = {{Unbulleted list|{{-|[[John Howard Davies]]|[[John Howard Davies|Джон Ховард Дејвис]]}} (epizody 1–3, 15)|{{-|[[John Birkin]]|[[John Birkin|Джон Биркин]]}} (epizody 4–7, 10–14)|{{-|[[Paul Weiland]]|[[Paul Weiland|Пол Вејланд]]}} (epizody 8–9)}} | starring = Rowan Atkinson | open_theme = "Tema {{-|Mr. Bean'a|мистера Бина}}", {{-|Sid & the Comeds}} (epizod 1)<br>{{-|"Ecce homo"}}, Hor katedraly {{-|Southwarka|Саутварка}} (epizody 2–11; 14 i 15)<br>{{-|"Ecce homo"}}, Hor katedraly {{-|Christ Church|Крајст-Чорч}} (epizody 12 i 13) | end_theme = "Tema {{-|Mr. Bean'a|мистера Бина}} (repriza)", {{-|Sid & the Comeds}} (epizod 1)<br>{{-|"Vale homo"}}, Hor katedraly {{-|Southwarka|Саутварка}} (epizody 2–6, 8–10)<br>{{-|"Vale homo"}}, Hor katedraly {{-|Christ Church|Крајст-Чорч}} (epizody 13 and 15)<br>{{-|"Vale homo"}} (instrumental) (epizody 7, 11, 12 i 14) | composer = {{-|[[Howard Goodall]]|[[Howard Goodall|Ховард Гудол]]}} | country = [[Objedinjeno Kraljevstvo]] | language = [[Anglijsky jezyk|anglijsky]] | num_episodes = 15 | list_episodes = Spisok epizodov seriala Mr. Bean | executive_producer = {{-|[[Peter Bennett-Jones]]|[[Peter Bennett-Jones|Питер Бенет-Джонс]]}} | producer = {{Unbulleted list|{{-|John Howard Davies|Джон Ховард Дејвис}} (epizody 1–3)|{{-|[[Sue Vertue]]|[[Sue Vertue|Сју Вертју]]}} (epizody 4–9, 12–15)|{{-|Peter Bennett-Jones|Питер Бенет-Джонс}} (epizody 10–11 i 15)}} | camera = [[konfiguracija s několika kamerami]] (ep.1 - 7, 9, 11 - 14) <br> [[s jednoju kameroju]] (ep. 8, 10, 15) | runtime = 24–26 minut | company = {{-|[[Tiger Aspect Productions]]}}<ref>V surabotě s {{-|[[Thames Television]]}} do goda 1993, i v surabotě s {{-|[[ITV Central|Central Independent Television]]}} do goda 1995.</ref> | network = {{-|[[ITV (TV network)|ITV]]}} | first_aired = <!-- This date is as shown on the official website. Do not change it without citing an even more reliable source -->1 januara 1990<ref name=TL>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mrbean.com/timeline|title=Mr Bean&nbsp;— Timeline|publisher=Tiger Aspect Productions Ltd|access-date=8 February 2014|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219134210/http://www.mrbean.com/timeline|archive-date=19 December 2013}}</ref> | last_aired = 15 dekembra 1995 | related = {{-|{{Unbulleted list| *''[[Bean (film)|Bean]]'' *''[[Mr. Bean: The Animated Series]]'' *''[[Mr. Bean's Holiday]]''}} }} }} == Linky i referencije == {{Iztočniky}} == Vnješnje linky == {{Prěvod|en|Mr. Bean}} [[Kategorija:Film]] [[Kategorija:Televizija]] {{INTERWIKI|Q484020}} 19stcx5rgg516s7hja6b16gxfyuu1cq 0 2012 28296 17248 2026-07-07T18:35:48Z Vikislav 73 28296 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fajl:Microsoft Windows 95 logo with wordmark.svg|thumb|Logo {{-|Windows 95}}]] {{-|'''Windows 95'''}} jest versija [[Operacijna sistema|operacijnoj sistemy]] {{-|[[Microsoft Windows]]}}, prva versija iz rodiny {{-|[[Windows 9x]]}}. Byla izdana 24 avgusta 1995 goda. Prva versija Windows v ktoroj pojavilo se menu "Start". Prva hibridna 16-32 bitna versija. [[Kategorija:Microsoft Windows]] {{INTERWIKI|Q83370}} 3sg7k0vwfwt2cy1ftj5djn1v4z5qq01 0 2013 28297 17253 2026-07-07T18:36:15Z Vikislav 73 28297 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fajl:Microsoft Windows 98 logo with wordmark.svg|thumb|Logo {{-|Windows 98}}]] {{-|'''Windows 98'''}} jest versija [[Operacijna sistema|operacijnoj sistemy]] {{-|[[Microsoft Windows]]}}, vtora versija iz rodiny {{-|[[Windows 9x]]}}. Byla izdana 25 junja 1998 goda. Kako i [[Windows 95|prědteča]], tuta versija jest hibridova 16-32 bitna. [[Kategorija:Microsoft Windows]] {{INTERWIKI|Q483132}} h1ipa66azlagl9zsx62qkr8dyi5iehf 2 2830 28274 28271 2026-07-07T12:04:41Z Ilja isv 10 /* Opis */ 28274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=July 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} <!--| fotografija = {{Karta městnosti|Europe |width = |float = |border = |caption = |alt = |relief = |AlternativeMap= |overlay_image = |label = |label_size = |position = |background = |mark = |marksize = |lat_deg = 49 |lat_min = 50 |lat_sec = 23 |lat_dir = |lon_deg = 18 |lon_min = 18 |lon_sec = 53 |lon_dir = }}--> }}'''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezie''' či '''Terezie-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;u.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lesami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | agency = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pohled na Ostravu z Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''Emma Lucia'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | agency = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | agency = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu z Bolt Tower]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°C.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznkajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija RPG RE Land, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě“.<ref>[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]</ref> Tutz zakaz byl odozvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě]</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | agency = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste zde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černá louka (výstaviště)|Černá louka]] (od [[Most Miloše Sýkory|mosta Sýkory]]), ili od [[Zoologická zahrada Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Toj prvy je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťálkovica]]mi (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> == Odkazy == === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Související články === * [[Přívozská halda]] * [[Halda Hrabůvka]] * [[Halda Heřmanice]] === Externí odkazy === * {{Commonscat|Heap Ema}} * [http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Autoritní data}} {{Portály|Ostrava|Těžba|Slezsko}} [[Kategorie:Haldy v Ostravě]] [[Kategorie:Slezská Ostrava (část obce)]] [[Kategorie:Stálé přírodní ohně]] [[Kategorie:Lesy v Ostravě]] [[Kategorie:Hory a kopce v Ostravské pánvi]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} l4zsdyscj3heiawijc34qj8vyhznz92 28276 28274 2026-07-07T12:36:14Z Ilja isv 10 28276 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=July 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} <!--| fotografija = {{Karta městnosti|Europe |width = |float = |border = |caption = |alt = |relief = |AlternativeMap= |overlay_image = |label = |label_size = |position = |background = |mark = |marksize = |lat_deg = 49 |lat_min = 50 |lat_sec = 23 |lat_dir = |lon_deg = 18 |lon_min = 18 |lon_sec = 53 |lon_dir = }}--> }}'''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezie''' či '''Terezie-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;u.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lesami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | agency = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pohled na Ostravu z Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''{{-|Emma Lucia}}'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | agency = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m, a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | agency = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu z Bolt Tower]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°{{-|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznikajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija {{-|RPG RE Land}}, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě".<ref>[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]</ref> Tuty zakaz byl odzvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě]</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | agency = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste ovde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černa luka (vystavka)|Černa luka]]}} (od [[Most Miloša Sikory|mosta Sikory]]), ili od [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Toj prvy je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťalkovicami]] (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> == Odkazy == === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Související články === * [[Přívozská halda]] * [[Halda Hrabůvka]] * [[Halda Heřmanice]] === Externí odkazy === * {{Commonscat|Heap Ema}} * [http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Autoritní data}} {{Portály|Ostrava|Těžba|Slezsko}} [[Kategorie:Haldy v Ostravě]] [[Kategorie:Slezská Ostrava (část obce)]] [[Kategorie:Stálé přírodní ohně]] [[Kategorie:Lesy v Ostravě]] [[Kategorie:Hory a kopce v Ostravské pánvi]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 5d8ni0v0x396af5d94pgnnljzndkg7d 28277 28276 2026-07-07T12:37:23Z Ilja isv 10 28277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=July 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} <!--| fotografija = {{Karta městnosti|Europe |width = |float = |border = |caption = |alt = |relief = |AlternativeMap= |overlay_image = |label = |label_size = |position = |background = |mark = |marksize = |lat_deg = 49 |lat_min = 50 |lat_sec = 23 |lat_dir = |lon_deg = 18 |lon_min = 18 |lon_sec = 53 |lon_dir = }}--> }}'''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezie''' či '''Terezie-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;u.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lesami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | agency = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pohled na Ostravu z Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''{{-|Emma Lucia}}'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | agency = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m, a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | agency = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu z Bolt Tower]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°{{-|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznikajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija {{-|RPG RE Land}}, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě".<ref>[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]</ref> Tuty zakaz byl odzvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě]</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | agency = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste ovde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černa luka (vystavka)|Černa luka]]}} (od [[Most Miloša Sikory|mosta Sikory]]), ili od [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Těm prvym je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťalkovicami]] (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> == Odkazy == === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Související články === * [[Přívozská halda]] * [[Halda Hrabůvka]] * [[Halda Heřmanice]] === Externí odkazy === * {{Commonscat|Heap Ema}} * [http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Autoritní data}} {{Portály|Ostrava|Těžba|Slezsko}} [[Kategorie:Haldy v Ostravě]] [[Kategorie:Slezská Ostrava (část obce)]] [[Kategorie:Stálé přírodní ohně]] [[Kategorie:Lesy v Ostravě]] [[Kategorie:Hory a kopce v Ostravské pánvi]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 6311ynifuw5rzkmwj9u4iqj7pj8jsev 28278 28277 2026-07-07T12:38:33Z Ilja isv 10 28278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=July 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} <!--| fotografija = {{Karta městnosti|Europe |width = |float = |border = |caption = |alt = |relief = |AlternativeMap= |overlay_image = |label = |label_size = |position = |background = |mark = |marksize = |lat_deg = 49 |lat_min = 50 |lat_sec = 23 |lat_dir = |lon_deg = 18 |lon_min = 18 |lon_sec = 53 |lon_dir = }}--> }}'''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezie''' či '''Terezie-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;u.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lesami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | agency = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pohled na Ostravu z Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''{{-|Emma Lucia}}'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | agency = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m, a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | agency = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu z Bolt Tower]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°{{-|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznikajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija {{-|RPG RE Land}}, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě".<ref>[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]</ref> Tuty zakaz byl odzvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě]</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | agency = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste ovde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černa luka (vystavka)|Černa luka]]}} (od [[Most Miloša Sikory|mosta Sikory]]), ili od [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Těm prvym je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťalkovicami]] (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Související články === * [[Přívozská halda]] * [[Halda Hrabůvka]] * [[Halda Heřmanice]] === Externí odkazy === * {{Commonscat|Heap Ema}} * [http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Autoritní data}} {{Portály|Ostrava|Těžba|Slezsko}} [[Kategorie:Haldy v Ostravě]] [[Kategorie:Slezská Ostrava (část obce)]] [[Kategorie:Stálé přírodní ohně]] [[Kategorie:Lesy v Ostravě]] [[Kategorie:Hory a kopce v Ostravské pánvi]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 9x4zod6ryaqimb8e3z696hc6vt9ephx 28314 28278 2026-07-07T20:16:08Z Ilja isv 10 /* Opis */ 28314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=July 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} <!--| fotografija = {{Karta městnosti|Europe |width = |float = |border = |caption = |alt = |relief = |AlternativeMap= |overlay_image = |label = |label_size = |position = |background = |mark = |marksize = |lat_deg = 49 |lat_min = 50 |lat_sec = 23 |lat_dir = |lon_deg = 18 |lon_min = 18 |lon_sec = 53 |lon_dir = }}--> }}'''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezie''' či '''Terezie-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;u.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lesami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | agency = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pogled na Ostravu s Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''{{-|Emma Lucia}}'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | agency = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m, a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | agency = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu z Bolt Tower]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°{{-|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznikajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija {{-|RPG RE Land}}, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě".<ref>[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]</ref> Tuty zakaz byl odzvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě]</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | agency = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste ovde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černa luka (vystavka)|Černa luka]]}} (od [[Most Miloša Sikory|mosta Sikory]]), ili od [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Těm prvym je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťalkovicami]] (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Související články === * [[Přívozská halda]] * [[Halda Hrabůvka]] * [[Halda Heřmanice]] === Externí odkazy === * {{Commonscat|Heap Ema}} * [http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Autoritní data}} {{Portály|Ostrava|Těžba|Slezsko}} [[Kategorie:Haldy v Ostravě]] [[Kategorie:Slezská Ostrava (část obce)]] [[Kategorie:Stálé přírodní ohně]] [[Kategorie:Lesy v Ostravě]] [[Kategorie:Hory a kopce v Ostravské pánvi]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 3a6k62fruvbqizwyr221cqpgc571bow 28315 28314 2026-07-07T20:17:17Z Ilja isv 10 28315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=July 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} === Související články === * [[Přívozská halda]] * [[Halda Hrabůvka]] * [[Halda Heřmanice]] {{Kartka osoba | name = Viktor Coj | native_name = <center>{{Jezyky|ru|Виктор Цой}}</center> | image = [[Fajl:Victor Tsoi 1986.jpg|thumb|center|Viktor Coj v lětu 1986]] | alt = | caption = | birth_name = Viktor Robertovič Coj | birth_date = {{birth date|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Sankt-Peterburg|Leningrad]], [[Rosijska Sovětska Federativna Socialističska Republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] | death_date = {{death date and age|1990|8|15|1962|6|21|df=yes}} | death_place = [[Latvijska Sovětska Socialističska Republika|Latvijska SSR]], Sovětsky Sojuz | death_cause = Avto avarija | resting_place = Bogoslovskoje grobišče, Sankt-Peterburg | occupation = {{Flatlist| * pěvec * avtor pěsnjej * avtor muziky * aktor * avangardny umětnik }} | years_active = 1978–1990 | spouse = {{Plainlist| * Marianna Coj, od 1984 }} | children = [[Aleksandr Coj]], rod. 1985 | module = {{Kartka muzikant|embed=yes <!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject Musicians --> | background = solo_singer <!-- mandatory format: please do not change or remove --> | instrument = {{flatlist| * [[Vokal|vokal]] * [[Gitara|gitara]] * [[Bas-gitara|bas-gitara]] }} | genre = {{Flatlist| * [[Post-punk|post-pank]] * [[New wave (muzika)|nova volna]] * [[gotičny rok]] * [[Punk|pank rok]] }} | label = {{Flatlist| * [[AnTrop]] * [[Firma Melodija|Melodija]] }} | current_member_of = {{Flatlist| * [[Kino (grupa)|Kino]] * [[Avtomatičeskije udovletvoriteli]] * [[Sergej Kurjohin]] }} }} }} Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} fn1xj0up4x6n12y9ah6ky6t6yepaxa3 28319 28315 2026-07-08T07:24:50Z Ilja isv 10 28319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=July 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} === Související články === * [[Přívozská halda]] * [[Halda Hrabůvka]] * [[Halda Heřmanice]] Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 1a6wda7lb1ksiahyarp6wcl2mwrwjm6 28321 28319 2026-07-08T07:53:37Z Ilja isv 10 28321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=July 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka jezyk | name = Japonsky jezyk | nativename = <center>{{big|{{lang|ja|日本語}}}}<br/>''Nihongo''</center> | pronunciation = {{nowrap|{{IPA|/nihoɴɡo/}}: {{IPA|[ɲihoŋɡo], [ɲihoŋŋo]}}}} | states = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Japan.svg|20px|link=Japonija|Japonija]] Japonija | ethnicity = [[Japonci]] {{smaller|([[Ljudy Jamato|Jamato]])}} | speakers = 125 milionov <!--(to nearest 5 million)--> | date = 2010 | ref = <ref>{{cite book|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2024|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=27th|location=Dallas, Texas|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com}}</ref> | familycolor = Altaic | fam1 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] | fam2 = [[Insular Japonic languages|Insular]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Japonic]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Japanese]] | ancestor3 = [[Early Middle Japanese]] | ancestor4 = [[Late Middle Japanese]] | ancestor5 = [[Early Modern Japanese]] | dia1 = [[Eastern Japanese|Eastern]] | dia2 = [[Western Japanese|Western]] | dia3 = [[Kyūshū Japanese|Kyūshū]] | dia4 = [[Hachijō language|Hachijō]] | script = {{unbulleted list |[[Japonsko pismo|Směšano pismo]] iz [[kandži]] ([[Kitajsko pismo]]) i [[Kana|kany]] ([[hiragana]], [[katakana]]) |[[Japaonsko pismo Brajla]]}} | nation = <!-- Do not add Japan, but remains national language -->[[Palau]]<br>(on [[Angaur Island]]) | iso1 = ja | iso2 = jpn | iso3 = jpn | lingua = 45-CAA-a | image = Nihongo.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | imagescale = 0.35 | imagecaption = 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk) | imageheader = | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed Japanese]] | glotto = nucl1643 | glottoname = excluding [[Hachijo language|Hachijo]], [[Tsugaru dialect|Tsugaru]], and [[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] | glotto2 = japa1256 | glottorefname = Japanese }} === Související články === * [[Přívozská halda]] * [[Halda Hrabůvka]] * [[Halda Heřmanice]] Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} 7vbj4sk0zxwcpptlvl1g8hi97ziyrdx 28322 28321 2026-07-08T07:55:09Z Ilja isv 10 28322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=July 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} {{Kartka jezyk | name = Japonsky jezyk | nativename = <center>{{big|{{lang|ja|日本語}}}}<br/>''Nihongo''</center> | pronunciation = {{nowrap|{{IPA|/nihoɴɡo/}}: {{IPA|[ɲihoŋɡo], [ɲihoŋŋo]}}}} | states = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Japan.svg|20px|link=Japonija|Japonija]] Japonija | ethnicity = [[Japonci]] {{smaller|([[Ljudy Jamato|Jamato]])}} | speakers = 125 milionov <!--(to nearest 5 million)--> | date = 2010 | ref = <ref>{{cite book|editor-last1 = Eberhard| editor-first1 = David M.| editor-last2 = Simons| editor-first2 = Gary F.| editor-last3 = Fennig| editor-first3 = Charles D.| year=2024|title=Ethnologue: Languages of the World|edition=27th|location=Dallas, Texas|publisher=SIL International|url=https://www.ethnologue.com}}</ref> | familycolor = Altaic | fam1 = [[Japonic languages|Japonic]] | fam2 = [[Insular Japonic languages|Insular]] | ancestor = [[Proto-Japonic]] | ancestor2 = [[Old Japanese]] | ancestor3 = [[Early Middle Japanese]] | ancestor4 = [[Late Middle Japanese]] | ancestor5 = [[Early Modern Japanese]] | dia1 = [[Eastern Japanese|Eastern]] | dia2 = [[Western Japanese|Western]] | dia3 = [[Kyūshū Japanese|Kyūshū]] | dia4 = [[Hachijō language|Hachijō]] | script = {{unbulleted list |[[Japonsko pismo|Směšano pismo]] iz [[kandži]] ([[Kitajsko pismo]]) i [[Kana|kany]] ([[hiragana]], [[katakana]]) |[[Japaonsko pismo Brajla]]}} | nation = <!-- Do not add Japan, but remains national language -->[[Fajl:Flag_of_Palau.svg|20px|link=Palau|Palau]] Palau<br>(na ostrovu [[Angaur]]) | iso1 = ja | iso2 = jpn | iso3 = jpn | lingua = 45-CAA-a | image = Nihongo.svg | image_class = skin-invert-image | imagescale = 0.35 | imagecaption = 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk) | imageheader = | notice = IPA | sign = [[Signed Japanese]] | glotto = nucl1643 | glottoname = excluding [[Hachijo language|Hachijo]], [[Tsugaru dialect|Tsugaru]], and [[Kagoshima dialect|Kagoshima]] | glotto2 = japa1256 | glottorefname = Japanese }} === Související články === * [[Přívozská halda]] * [[Halda Hrabůvka]] * [[Halda Heřmanice]] Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} fldnwh69d91v8wctzfvgwj1fp89ylaa 28333 28322 2026-07-08T09:07:06Z Ilja isv 10 28333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Začetok|data=July 2026}} {{-|''Under construction''}} === Související články === * [[Přívozská halda]] * [[Halda Hrabůvka]] * [[Halda Heřmanice]] Tuto jest peskovišče. [[File:Nihongo.svg|thumb|right|100px| 日本語 (Japonsky jezyk)]] '''Japonsky jezyk''' ({{Jezyky|ja|日本語 {{!}} にほんご}} | {{-|''Nihongo'' [nʲiho̞ŋːo̞]}}) <span class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> </span> == Referencije == <div class="ext-gadget-alphabet-disable"> {{Iztočniky}} </div> {{Prěvod|en|Japanese language|}} [[Kategorija:Jezyk]] {{INTERWIKI|Q5287}} {{Pravopis prověrjeny}} eq2gk4jc2coc91mq0d62p5qgn6e84dy 0 3094 28331 27880 2026-07-08T08:30:59Z Ilja isv 10 28331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kartka jezyk | name = Русскы | nativename = {{Jezyky|ru|русский|ru|русский язык}} | map = Idioma ruso.PNG | mapcaption = Оземје, кде русскы јест језык бољшести људиј (сињим) или меншинства (свєтлосињим) | states = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Russia.svg|20px|link=Rosija|Rosija]] [[Росија]]<br/>[[Fajl:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg|20px|link=Ukrajina|Ukrajina]] [[Украјина]]<br/>[[Fajl:Flag_of_Belarus.svg|20px|link=Bělorus|Bělorus]] [[Бєлорус]]<br/>државы Централној Азије<br/>русскојезычна диаспора | ethnicity = [[руси]] | speakers = 260 милионов | date = 2014 | script = [[кирилица]] ([[русска азбука]]) | nation = * [[Росија]] * [[Бєлорус]] * [[Kazahstan|Казахстан]] * [[Kyrgyzstan|Кыргызстан]] * ине ентитеты | agency = [[Институт русского језыка]] Росијској академије наук | family = * [[Индоевропејске језыкы]] ** [[Балтословјанске језыкы]] *** [[Словјанске језыкы]] **** [[Източнословјанске језыкы]] | iso1 = ru | iso2 = rus | iso3 = rus }} '''Русскы језык''' јест [[Източнословјанске језыкы|източнословјанскы језык]], чест [[Slovjanske jezyky|словјанској вєтвы]] [[Индоевропејске језыкы|индоевропејској језыковој родины]], народны језык [[Руси|русов]]. Јест једин из највыше користаных језыков свєта: 6. по обчему числу говоритељев и 8. по числу говоритељев, ктори владајут јим ако родным. Русскы јест такоже највыше користаны [[Словјанске језыкы|словјанскы језык]] и највыше користаны језык [[Европа|Европы]] ако географично, тако и по числу говоритељев језыка како родного. Русскы језык јест државны језык [[Росија|Росије]], једин из државных језыков [[Бєлорус]]и, једин из служебных језыков [[Казахстан]]а и [[Кыргызстан]]а. Јест главны језык меджународного доразумєванја в централној [[Евразија|Евразији]], в източној Европє и в државах былого [[Совєтскы сојуз|Совєтского сојуза]], једин из 6 работных језыков [[Организација сједињеных народов|Организације сједињеных народов]], Унеско и реда иных меджународных организациј. Число говоритељев русского језыка в Росији јест 137.5 милионов људиј, всєго в свєту на русском говорет около 260 милионов људиј. Фонологичны строј русского језыка можливо характеризовати хисторично осложеным стројем консонатизма, ктора вклјучаје 37 сугласных гласок, и мење сложеным стројем вокализма, в ктору входет 5 или 6 самогласок. При том како в строју самогласок, тако и в строју сугласных иззначајут велику разнородност позицијных измєн. Наприклад, самогласкы в безударных позицијах ослабјајут и в реде случајев не различајут. Ударјенје в русском језыку јест динамично, разномєстно и подвижно. По морфологији русскы језык јест главно флексивны, синтетичны. Граматично значенје лексем прєдавајут, обычно, с помочју флексиј. Кажда флексија обычно изражаје једночасно нєколико значениј. Разом с синтетичными формами в русском језыку погледајут развој првєстков аналитизма. Синтаксу русского језыка можливо характеризовати односитељно свободным поредком слов, односоставными и двусоставными простыми прєдложенјами, 3 видами сложеных прєдложениј, активноју рољеју интонацијных срєдств. Основа лексикалного состава русского јест собствено русска. Срєдства додаванја в словосбор — образованје новых слов по собственым моделам и позајманје из иных језыков. К ранным позајетым словам односет словјанизмы (слова из иных словјанскых језыков), гречизмы и тјуркизмы. С 18. столєтја прєвладывајут нидерландске, нємечске и французске позајете слова, с 20. — англицизмы. Диалекты русского језыка групујут в 2 нарєчја: сєверно и јужно. Меджу нарєчјами находет се прєходне срєднерусске диалекты, кторе стали основоју нынєшњего книжевного језыка. В хисторији русского језыка удєљајут 3 основных добы: [[Староизточнословјанскы језык|староизточнословјанскы]], обчи прєдок русского, [[Бєлорусскы језык|бєлорусского]] и [[Украјинскы језык|украјинского]] (6–14. столєтја), старорусскы (14–17. столєтја) и народны русскы језык (с срєдины 17. столєтја). В основє писменности русского лежи старословјанска [[кирилица]]. Наукы о русском језыку обче именујут лингвистичноју русистикоју. == Назва == [[Fajl:Russkiy iazyk Azbuka Burtsov.svg|thumb|Напис «{{-|ру́сьскїи ıaзы́къ}}» из книгы-азбукы росијского издатеља Бурцова, 1637 рок. [[Тврды знак|Тврды]] и [[Меккы знак|меккы]] знакы сут написане чрез јерок.]] Назва «русскы језык» односи се к стародавној назвє народа и краја «Рус». Вслєд реда хисторичных измєн возникнули соврєменне назвы језыка, народа и државы: «русскы језык», «[[руси]]», «[[Росија]]». В разны час к језыку разом с придавником «русскы» в Росији користали такоже придавникы «росијскы» и «великорусскы». Првы произходи од гречској назвы Руси, «Росија», а другы од назвы области «Великоросија». Назва «росијскы језык» возникла в 17. столєтју и стала широко користаноју в 18. столєтју, так, наприклад, јеј користал росијскы научник [[Михаил Ломоносов]] в «[[Росијска граматика|Росијској граматикє]]». В првој половинє 19. столєтја та назва стала застарєлоју. Назва «великорусскы» (или «великоросскы») возникла вслєд раздєла оземиј на [[Мала Рус|Малу Рус]], [[Бєла Рус]] и [[Велика Рус|Велику Рус]] и најчестєје была користујема не дља описа русского језыка цєлком, а дља описа нарєчиј великоросов. В почетку 20. столєтја придавник «великорусскы» прєстали користати. == Географичне дане == === Оземје и число говоритељев === Основна оземја разпрострањенја русского језыка јест [[Росија]]. По даным росијского списа насељенја 2010 года число говоритељев русского језыка јест 137,495 тысечев људиј, из нјих русов — 110,804 тысеч људиј. В градах русскым језыком владајут 101 милионов људиј (99.8%), в селскых оземјах — 37 милионов људиј (98.7%). Как родны русскы језык в спису означили 118,562 тысеч људиј, из нјих русов — 110,702 тысеч, [[Украјинци|украјинцев]] — 1,456 тысечев, [[Татари|татар]] — 1,086 тысечев. Кромє Росије русскы језык јест разширјены такоже в реду иных држав, кторе были честју [[Совєтскы сојуз|Совєтского сојуза]]. По разным даным, говоритељев русского в тутых државах сут од 52 милионов (2005) до 94 милионов људиј (2010). Сугласно спису насељенја 2001 рока в [[Украјина|Украјинє]] 7,994 тысечев русов и 6,280 тысеч људиј иных народов (из кторых 5,545 тысечев — [[украјинци]]) назвали родным русскы језык. Јешче 17,177 тысечев људиј сказали, что свободно јим владајут. Сугласно спису 2009 рока в [[Бєлорус]]и родным језыком назвали русскы 3,948 тысечев људиј, из јих 2,944 тысечев [[Бєлоруси|бєлорусов]] и 756 тысечев русов. Језыком домашњего споразумєванја русскы јест дља 6,673 тысечев људиј (5,552 тысечев белорусов и 758 тысечев русов). Иным језыком, кторым они свободно владајут, русскы назвали 1,305 тысечев људиј. В [[Казахстан]]у сугласно спису насељенја 2009 рока русскы језык назвали родным 3,747 тысечев русов (98,8%), покромє, срєд всех казахстанцев возрастом од 15 роков 11,741 тысеч људиј (94,4%) означили, что разумєјут устну русску рєч, 10,725 тысеч (88,2%) свободно читајут, 10,309 тысечев (84,8%) свободно пишут. В [[Узбекистан]]у число говоритељев русскым језыком оцењајут од 3.6 милионов (2005) до 11.8 милионов људиј (2009–2012) при 1.1 милиону русов в државє. В [[Кыргызстан]]у сугласно спису 2009 рока русскым језыком како родным владали 482 тысечев људиј, како другы језык споразумєванја користали 2,109 тысечев људиј, затом всєго 2,592 тысечев (48% насељенја краја). В спису насељенја 2004 рока в [[Молдавија|Молдавији]] русскы језык назвали родным 97.2% из 201 тысечев русов, 31.8% из 282 тысечев украјинцев, 5.8% из 147 тысечев гагаузов, 2.5% из 2,565 тысечев молдавцев. Језыком повседњего споразумєванја назвали русскы 16% из 3,383 тысечев обыватељев Молдавије. В спису 2011 рока в [[Латвија|Латвији]] језыком повседњего споразумєванја русскы назвали 699 тысечев људиј, вкључно 460 тысечев русов, 90 тысечев латышев и 54 тысечев бєлорусов. Велико число говоритељев русского језыка живе такоже в иных државах [[Европа|Европы]], в США, Канадє, Израелє и многых иных крајах. Највелико число носитељев русского как родного внє былого Совєтского сојуза знаменовајут в США (730 тысечев људиј, 2000) и в [[Нємција|Нємцији]] (боље 350 тысечев људиј, 2011). Число носитељев русского как родного в свєту оцењајут в 166.2 милионов људиј (2015), число говоритељев русскым как другым језыком оцењајут в 110 милионов људиј (2009). По разным оцєнкам, обче число говоритељев на русском јест коло 260 милионов људиј (2014). Кромє Росије и иных былых оземиј Совєтского сојуза, русскым језыком к 2010 року владали в Източној Европє и на Балканах — 12.9 милионов људиј, в Западној Европє — 7.3 милионов, в Азији — 2.7 милиона, на Близком Изтоку и в Сєверној Африкє — 1.3 милион, в Африкє к југу од Сахары — коло 100 тысечев људиј, в Латинској Америкє — коло 200 тысечев, в США, Канадє, Австралији и Новој Зеландији — вмєсту 4.1 милиона. === Сполочно-језычна вєдомост === До 1991 рока русскы језык был језыком меджународного споразумєванја в [[Совєтскы сојуз|Совєтском сојузу]] и фактично был државным језыком СССР. Јего продолжајут користати в државах, кторе прєдже были честју СССР: како родны језык дља чести насељенја и како језык меджународного споразумєванја дља всего насељенја тутых држав. Тутчасно русскы језык имаје служебны статус в Росији и в реде држав и крајин, кторе находет се на постсовєтском простору. Во многых државах, кде русскы језык јест официално служебны, јего функције односно језыков домородных народов крајев сут ограничене. [[Fajl:Map of Russian language.png|thumb|Служебно станје русского језыка в разных државах на картє Евразије.]] Сугласно конституције Росије (1993) и закону «О државном језыку Росије» (2005) русскы језык јест служебны на всех оземјах Росије. Јего користајут во всих областах политичного, економичного, сполочного и културного житја Росије, на њем учет в школах и университетах. В републиках-крајинах Росије русскы такоже имаје статус државного разом с домородными језыками тых републик. Русскы језык јест државны в Бєлоруси (разом с бєлорусскым), в честично познаној [[Јужна Осетија|Јужној Осетији]] (разом с осетинскым) и в непознаных [[Приднєстровје|Приднєстровју]] (разом с молдавскым и украјинскым) и Донєцкој и Луганској народној републиках. Русскы језык јест служебны језык државных институциј (але пониж државного в статусу) в Казахстану, Кыргызстану и в честично познаној [[Абхазија|Абхазији]]. Русскы јест једин из регионалных служебных језыков или језык националного меншинства в [[Арменија|Арменији]], в [[Пољска|Пољскє]], в молдавској крајинє Гагаузија, в норвежској крајинє Шпицберген и в понєкторых административных јединицах Румуније и Украјины. Русскы језык јест служебны или работны в реду меджународных сједињениј и организациј: [[Организација сједињеных народов]] (ОСН) и понєкторе јеј институције, [[Содружство незалежных држав]] (СНД), Организација Договора о колективној безопасности (ОДКБ), Евразијскы економичны сојуз (ЕАЕС), Шанхајска организација сутрудничства (ШОС), Организација по безпечности и сутрудничству в Европє (ОБСЕ) и тако даље. Русскы језык једнако користајут не једино в тех крајах, кде он имаје служебны статус. Како једин из свєтовых језыков, русскы користајут в разных областах меджународного споразумєванја, особливо како «језык наукы» и како срєдство споразумєванја научников из разных крајев и како срєдство схрањенја људскых знаниј. На русском језыку јествује богата собствена умєтничска, научна и технична книжевност, на русском језыку в прєводу јествује многа творба свєтовој културы и наукы. Сугласно електронној базє прєводов {{-|Index Translationum}}, русскы јест једин из најкористујемых при прєводу језыков в свєту. Срєд језыков, на кторе прєводет книгы, русскы јест на 7. мєсту. Срєд језыков, с кторых прєводет книгы, русскы јест на 4. мєсту. В 2013 году русскы стал 2. по популярности језыком Интернета. === Нарєчја === В соврєменном диалектичном дєљенју русского језыка оземја разпрострањенја русскых нарєчиј дєлет на двє области: прва вкључаје централне обсегы европејској чести Росије — почеткове оземја жилишча русов, на кторој изпрва, главно до 15. столєтја, јавили се русске нарєчја и русскы народны језык; друга обсегаје Срєдње и Долно Поволжје, Кавказ, Урал, [[Сибир]], Далекы Изток и ине оземја позднєјшего жилишча русов, на кторых они селили се уж послє образованја русского народа, русского језыка и јего нарєчиј, с 16. и до 20. столєтја. В оземјах ранего образованја јавили се двє великы групы русскых нарєчиј: сєверно и јужно, кторы характеризује ред противлеглых диалектичных јавјениј. Наприклад, дља сєвернорусскых нарєчиј сут характеристичне оканје, експлозивно образованје гласкы {{-|/g/ — [ɡ]}}, тврдо {{-|-т}} в доконченјах глаголов 3. особы ({{Lang|ru|но́сит, но́сят}}); форма именников в родитељнику {{Lang|ru|у жон[ы́]}}; таке слова, како {{Lang|ru|зы́бка, о́зимь, ла́ет}} и т. д. Тутым диалектичным јавјенјам сут противлегле чрты јужнорусскых нарєчиј: аканје (изговор {{-|[a]}} на мєсту {{-|[o]}} в слогах без ударјенја), фрикативно образованје {{-|/g/ — [ɣ]}}, мекко -т’ в доконченјах глаголов 3. особы ({{Lang|ru|но́сит’, но́сят’}}); форма {{Lang|ru|у жен[é]}}); слова с тымиже смыслами {{Lang|ru|лю́лька, зеленя́, бре́шет}} и т. д. Јешче једноју великоју групоју нарєчиј в русском језыку сут прєходне срєднерусске нарєчја. Оне не имајут обчих дља себе чрт, вмєсто того јих характеризује комбинација разных чрт из сєверных и јужных нарєчиј: все меджи срєднерусскых нарєчиј обсегајут, из једној страны, сєвернорусскы експлозивны изговор {{-|/g/}}, а из иној страны, јужнорусско аканје. Дља нарєчиј поздного образованја сут характерне одсутство јасного диалектичного дељенја, пестрост нарєчиј с малыми оземјами, бытје смєшаных нарєчиј прєселенцев из разных крајин, прєд всем повторенје чрт, кторы сут вєдоме в оземјах ранего образованја. [[Fajl:Диалектологическая-карта-1965.png|thumb|Диалектологична карта русского језыка 1965 рока с нарєчјами на основє јих првотного образованја]] Сугласно диалектичној дєлбе русского језыка, ктору прєдложили в 1965 року совєтске језыковєдкы Капитолина Захарова и Варвара Орлова, срєд сєверных, јужных и срєднерусскых нарєчиј удєљајут слєдне групы нарєчиј и нарєчја, кторе не приступајут до самостојных груп: * Сєверно нарєчје: ** Ладого-тихвинска група нарєчиј ** Меджузоналне нарєчја сєверного нарєчја *** онєжска група нарєчиј *** лачске нарєчја *** бєлозерско-бєжецке нарєчја ** Вологодска и костромска групы нарєчиј ** Архангељска (поморска) група нарєчиј * Јужно нарєчје: ** Западна група нарєчиј: *** врхноднєпровска група нарєчиј *** врхнодєснинска група нарєчиј ** Меджузоналне нарєчја А јужного нарєчја ** Курско-орловска група нарєчиј ** Меджузоналне нарєчја Б јужного нарєчја *** туљска група нарєчиј *** јелецке нарєчја *** оскољске нарєчја ** Рјазанска (източна) група нарєчиј * Срєднерусске нарєчја: ** Западне срєднерусске наречја *** западне срєднерусске окајуче наречја **** новгородске нарєчја **** гдовска група нарєчиј *** западне срєднерусске акајуче наречја **** псковска група нарєчиј **** сєлигеро-торжковске нарєчја ** Източне срєднерусске нарєчја *** източне срєднерусске окајуче нарєчја **** владимирско-поволжска група нарєчиј (вкључаје твєрску и нижноновгородску подгрупы) *** източне срєднерусске акајуче нарєчја **** отдел А източных срєднерусскых акајучих нарєчиј **** отдел Б източных срєднерусскых акајучих нарєчиј **** отдел В източных срєднерусскых акајучих нарєчиј **** нарєчја чухломского острова Кромє нарєчиј и групп нарєчиј удєљајут такоже особливе оземне јединице — диалектичне зоны, кторе играјут помочну рољу: западна, сєверна, сєверозападна, сєверноизточна, јужна, југозападна, југоизточна и централна зоны. == Писмо == Дља писма в русском језыку користајут алфабет на основє [[Кирилица|кирилицы]]. Соврєменны русскы алфабет јест кирилица в граджанској модификацији. Кириличскы алфабет был створјены на основє бизантијского [[Гречскы алфабет|гречского алфабета]] с додатком букв дља означенја особливых словјанскых гласок. На Руси кирилицу почели користати не позднєје почетка 10. столєтја, а широко разпространила се она в процесу христијанизације. С 10. по 18. столєтја тип фонта русској кирилице имал измєны — в разны час користали [[устав]], [[полуустав]], [[скоропис]] и т. д. С 18. столєтја кириличскы алфабет користајут једино в вєрозаконној книжевности, а во всих иных областах користајут [[граджанскы шрифт]], кторы введл Пјотр 1. в 1708 року. Надаље изглед и правопис прошли ред измєн (наибоље значне из кторых были в реформє 1918 рока), послє кторых были изкључене буквы {{-|[[І (kirilica)|і]], [[ѣ]], [[ѳ]]}} и {{-|[[ѵ]]}}, была доданоју буква {{-|й}} и опционаљно буква {{-|ё}}. Днешње без малого всекде користајут изглед и правопис 1918 рока, једино малы удєл изданиј внє Росије користаје «дореформены правопис». Соврєменны алфабет русского језыка имаје 33 буквы. {| class="wikitable" |+ Алфабет русского језыка ! Буква ! Обычны изговор ! Назва в језыку |- | {{-|[[А (kirilica)|А а]]}} | {{-|/a/}} | а |- | {{-|[[Б|Б б]]}} | {{-|/b/}} | бе |- | {{-|[[В (kirilica)|В в]]}} | {{-|/v/}} | ве |- | {{-|[[Г|Г г]]}} | {{-|/ɡ/}} | ге |- | {{-|[[Д|Д д]]}} | {{-|/d/}} | де |- | {{-|[[Е (kirilica)|Е е]]}} | {{-|/je/}} или {{-|/ʲe/}} | је |- | [[Ё (kirilica)|Ё ё]] | {{-|/jo/}} или {{-|/ʲo/}} | јо |- | {{-|[[Ж|Ж ж]]}} | {{-|/ʐ/}} | же |- | {{-|[[З|З з]]}} | {{-|/z/}} | зе |- | {{-|[[И|И и]]}} | {{-|/i/}} | и |- | {{-|[[Й|Й й]]}} | {{-|/j/}} | и кратка |- | {{-|[[К (kirilica)|К к]]}} | {{-|/k/}} | ка |- | {{-|[[Л|Л л]]}} | {{-|/l/}} | ељ |- | {{-|[[М (kirilica)|М м]]}} | {{-|/m/}} | ем |- | {{-|[[Н (kirilica)|Н н]]}} | {{-|/n/}} | ен |- | {{-|[[О (kirilica)|О о]]}} | {{-|/o/}} | о |- | {{-|[[П|П п]]}} | {{-|/p/}} | пе |- | {{-|[[Р (kirilica)|Р р]]}} | {{-|/r/}} | ре |- | {{-|[[С (kirilica)|С с]]}} | {{-|/s/}} | ес |- | {{-|[[Т (kirilica)|Т т]]}} | {{-|/t/}} | те |- | {{-|[[У (kirilica)|У у]]}} | {{-|/u/}} | у |- | {{-|[[Ф|Ф ф]]}} | {{-|/f/}} | еф |- | {{-|[[Х (kirilica)|Х х]]}} | {{-|/x/}} | ха |- | {{-|[[Ц|Ц ц]]}} | {{-|/ts/}} | це |- | {{-|[[Ч|Ч ч]]}} | {{-|/tɕ/}} | че |- | {{-|[[Ш|Ш ш]]}} | {{-|/ʂ/}} | ша |- | {{-|[[Щ|Щ щ]]}} | {{-|/ɕː/}} | шча |- | {{-|[[Ъ|Ъ ъ]]}} | {{-|/-/}} | тврды знак |- | {{-|[[Ы|Ы ы]]}} | {{-|/ɨ/}} | ы |- | {{-|[[Ь|Ь ь]]}} | {{-|/ʲ/}} | меккы знак |- | {{-|[[Э|Э э]]}} | {{-|/e/}} | е |- | {{-|[[Ю|Ю ю]]}} | {{-|/ju/}} или {{-|/ʲu/}} | ју |- | {{-|[[Я|Я я]]}} | {{-|/ja/}} или {{-|/ʲa/}} | ја |} Правопис русского језыка односи се к морфологичному типу с елементами фонетичного и традицијного типов. Разне виды морфема с различјем в положенју гласок пишут равнако: {{-|водá [vɐˈda] — во́ды [ˈvodɨ]}}, {{-|дуб [dup] — дубы́ [dʊˈbɨ]}}. Фонетичны принцип користајут в невеликом числу случајев. К јему односи се запис прєдрасток с конечноју гласкоју {{-|/z/}}: {{-|разбить, безоружный}}) прєд буквоју, ктора прєдаје самогласку и звучну сугласку, але {{-|воспалённый, исписать}} прєд буквоју, ктора прєдаје беззвучну сугласку. Такоже к јему односи се запис {{-|ы}} вмєсто {{-|и}} в почетку корења послє прєдрасток с тврдоју сугласкоју на концу: {{-|предыстория, разыграть}} и т. д. Невелико јест и число случајев традицијного типа записа: {{-|собака, генеалогия, колибри, расти, доброго, ночь}} (але {{-|луч}}) и т. д. Ударјенје в русском језыку на писму обычно не означајут, једным из случајев, когды знак ударјенја ´ могут написати над самогласкоју, јест нуджа различати хомографы: {{Lang|ru|зáмок}} и {{Lang|ru|замóк}}. == Хисторија == В хисторији русского језыка удєљајут три основных периоды: # староизточнословјанскы (такоже јест знајемы како дрєвнорусскы) # старорусскы # период народного језыка О староизточнословјанском језыку обычајно мнєвајут в русистикє како почетковом ступењу хисторичного развоја русского језыка, але јего хисторија јест обча хисторија всех соврєменных језыков източнословјанској групы. == Внєшње линкы == {{Vikipedija na jezyku|ru}} {{Prěvod|ru|Русский язык|revizija=113881205}} {{Zakončiti prěvod|ru|Русский язык|data=2023-05}} {{Slovjanske jezyky}} {{Članok s zvězdoju}} [[Kategorija:Словјанске језыкы]] [[Kategorija:Росија]] [[Kategorija:Бєлорус]] {{INTERWIKI|Q7737}} natudikmrgejstct3aqbagcyffzx752 0 4704 28275 28241 2026-07-07T12:19:23Z Marcoorio 22 dodany je razděl "hristologija" 28275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{O|slovu Hristos|ličnosti Hrista|Isus}} [[File:Jesusicon.jpg|thumb|[[Ikona]] Hristosa [[Pantokrator|Pantokratora]] iz [[Makedoniji]], {{-|XIV}} věk]] [[Imena i tituly Isusa Hristosa v Novom Zavětu|Ime i titul]] '''«Hristos»''' v [[Hristijanin|hristijanskom]] razumenji odnoznačno odnoset se k [[Isus|Isusu]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations|last=Prager|first=Edward|year=2005|isbn=0-521-82692-6|page=85|publisher=Cambridge University Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Jesus of history, Christ of faith|first=Thomas|last=Zanzig|year=2000|isbn=0-88489-530-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusofhistorych03edzanz/page/314 314]|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusofhistorych03edzanz/page/314|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies|first=Orlando|last=Espin|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7|page=231|publisher=Liturgical Press|language=en}}</ref>. Kako titul ono koristaje se v obratnom značenju kak «Isus Hristos», označajučem «Isus [[Mesija]]» (doslovno Isus Pomazany), tak i samostojno kak «Hristos»<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pannenberg|title=Jesus God and Man|year=1968|pages=30–31|isbn=0-664-24468-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWfvlpURwiIC&pg=PA30|first=Wolfhart|language=en|author-link=Wolfhart Pannenberg}}</ref>. V rannějših tekstah [[Novy Zavět|Novogo Zavěta]] ([[Poslanja Pavla|poslanjah Pavla]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marcus-borg/a-chronological-new-testament_b_1823018.html|title=A Chronological New Testament|work=The Huffington Post|date=31 August 2012|first=Marcus|last=Borg|author-link=Marcus Borg|access-date=May 23, 2013|archive-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629231727/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marcus-borg/a-chronological-new-testament_b_1823018.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>, Isus često spominaje se kak «Isus Hristos» abo prosto «Hristos». Koncepcija Hristosa v hristijanstvu pojavila se iz koncepciji [[Mesija v judaizmu|Mesiji v judaizmu]]. Hristijani věret, že Isus jest Mesija, prědskazany v [[Tanah|hebrejskoj Bibliji]] (hristijanskom [[Stary Zavět|Starom Zavětu]]). Ačekoli prědstavjenja o Mesiji v každoj religiji sut srodne, čestěje one imajut razliku iz-za razkola rannjego hristijanstva i judaizma v [[Hristijanstvo v I věku|{{-|I}} věku]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunn|first=James D. G.|year=1991|title=The Partings of the Ways: Between Christianity and Judaism and their Significance for the Character of Christianity|publisher=SCM Press|language=en}}</ref>. Ačekoli prvi [[Učenik (hristijanstvo)|poslědovatelji Isusa]] imenovali jego hebrejskym Mesijej, napriklad, v «[[Vyznavanje Petra|Vyznavanju Petra]]», jego obyčajno imenovali «Isusom iz [[Nazaret|Nazareta]]» abo «Isusom, synom [[Josif iz Nazareta|Josifa]]»<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Isus Hristos|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=23 May 2013|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ|archive-date=May 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100711/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>. Medžu hristijanami on stal znajemy pod imenom «Isus Hristos»m pokoliku oni věret, že jegovo [[Razpetje Isusa Hristosa|razpetje]] i [[Vozkrešenje Isusa Hristosa|vozkrešenje]] izpolnjajut [[Isus i mesijanske proročstva|mesijanske proročstva]] Starogo Zavěta, osoblivo proročstva, zapisane v Isaji 53 i Psalmu 22<ref>{{Cite web|title=Isaiah 53 Bible Commentary — Matthew Henry (concise)|website=www.christianity.com|archive-date=November 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111230706/https://www.christianity.com/bible/commentary/matthew-henry-concise/isaiah/53|url-status=live|url=https://www.christianity.com/bible/commentary/matthew-henry-concise/isaiah/53|access-date=2023-11-11|language=en}}</ref>. ==Etimologija== Slovo «Hristos» proizhodi od [[Grečsky jezyk|grečskogo]] slova {{lang|grc|χριστός}} (hristos), označajuče «[[Pomazanje|pomazany]]». Tuto slovo proizhodi od grečskogo glagola {{lang|grc|χρίω}} (hrio), označajuče «pomazyvati». V grečskoj [[Septuaginta|Septuagintě]] {{lang|grc|χριστός}} bylo je semantično pozajmanjem, izkoristanym dlja prěklada [[Hebrejsky jezyk|hebrejskogo]] slova {{lang|he|מָשִׁיחַ}} ({{-|Mašíaḥ}}, mesija), označjajuče «[toj, kto] jest pomazanym»<ref>{{Cite web|title=Messiah Meaning — Bible Definition and References|url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/messiah/|access-date=2025-07-15|website=Bible Study Tools|language=en|archive-date=February 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204015631/https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/messiah/|url-status=live}}</ref>. ==Prědhistorija i novozavětne referencije== [[File:Sargis Pitsak.jpg|thumb|upright|Prva stranica [[Evangelje od Marka|evangelja od Marka]] [[Sargis Pitsak|Sargisa Pitsaka]] ({{-|XIV}} věk): «Početok dobroj věsti Isusa Hristosa, Syna Boga»]] ===Donovozavětne referencije=== V Starom Zavětu pomazanje je bylo cerimonijalnym ritualom, prěznačenym za: * [[Kralji Izraela i Judy|Kraljev Izraela]] (1 Kraljev 19:16; 24:7, Psalom 17(18):51); * [[Kir Veliky|Kira Velikogo]] (Isaja 45:1); * [[Prvosvečennik|Prvosvečennika Izraela]] (3 Mojseja 8:12); * [[Praotci|Praotcev]] (Psalom 104(105):15); i * [[Prorok#Judaizm|Prorokov]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucg.org/bible-study-tools/booklets/jesus-christ-the-real-story/what-do-messiah-and-jesus-christ-mean|title=What Do 'Messiah' and 'Jesus Christ' Mean?. Both Christ and Messiah mean anointed or anointed one|date=January 26, 2011|access-date=Sep 17, 2018|language=en|quotation=Pomazanje je bylo obredom koronaciji v Siriji i Palestině v {{-|XIV}} věku do n.e.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622131408/https://www.ucg.org/bible-study-tools/booklets/jesus-christ-the-real-story/what-do-messiah-and-jesus-christ-mean|archive-date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>. V [[Septuaginta|Septuagintě]], v tekstu [[Vtorokanonične knigy|vtorokanoničnyh knig]], termin «Hristos» strěčaje se v [[Druga kniga Makavejska|2 Makavejev]] 1:10<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/2-Maccabees-Chapter-1_Original-1611-KJV/|title=Biblija Kralja Jamesa, 1611 god, 2 Kniga Makavejev, glava 1, stih 10|website=kingjamesbibleonline.org|language=en|archive-date=December 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224034225/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/2-Maccabees-Chapter-1_Original-1611-KJV|url-status=live|access-date=October 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=2Mc&ch=1&interlin=on|title=Grečska Septuaginta i Viki-prěklad na anglijsky, 2 Kniga Makavejev, glava 1|website=katabiblon.com|language=en, el|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145007/http://www.en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=2Mc&ch=1&interlin=on|archive-date=2018-10-04|url-status=live}}</ref> (odnosi se do [[Prvosvečennik|pomazanogo prvosvečennika Izraela]]) i v [[Kniga Siraha|knigě Siraha]] 46:19<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ecclesiasticus-Chapter-46_Original-1611-KJV/|title=Biblija Kralja Jamesa{{!}}, 1611 god, kniga Siraha, glava 46, stih 19|website=kingjamesbibleonline.org|language=en|access-date=October 5, 2018|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112549/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ecclesiasticus-Chapter-46_Original-1611-KJV/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=Sir&ch=46|title=Grečska Septuaginta i Viki-prěklad na anglijsky, kniga Siraha, glava 46|website=katabiblon.com|language=en, el|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112315/http://en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=Sir&ch=46|archive-date=2018-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref> odnosno [[Samuel|Samuela]], proroka i osnovatelja kraljevstva pri [[Saul|Saulu]]. V dobu Isusa ne jestvovalo jedinoj formy [[Judaizm Drugogo Hrama|judaizma Drugogo Hrama]], i medžu različnymi hebrejskymi grupami sut byli značime politične, socialne i religijne razliky<ref name=":1" />. Ale na proteženju časa hebreji koristali termin «mašiah» («pomazannik») za označenje očekyvajemogo jimi izbavitelja<ref name=":2" />. === Vvodne stroky iz evangelij od Marka i Mateja === V [[Evangelje od Marka|evangelju od Marka]] 1:1 («Početok dobroj věsti Isusa Hristosa, Syna Boga») Isus identifikujet se i kako Hristos, i kako [[Syn Boga (hristijanstvo)|Syn Boga]]. V [[Evangelje od Mateja|evangelju od Mateja]] 1:1 Hristos koristaje se kako ime, a v Mateja 1:16 tuto objasnjaje se je ješče raz: «Isus, ktorogo imenujut Hristosom». Koristanje oprěděljenogo člena prěd slovom «Hristos» i jegovo postupno prěvračenje vo vlastno ime pokazyvaje, že hristijani identifikovali Isusa s oběčivanym mesijeju judejev, ktory izpolnil vse [[Isus i mesijanske proročstva|mesijanske proročstva]] v najkomletněšem i najvyšnějšem smyslu, čim to bylo je dano jim [[Ravin|ravinami]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite encyclopedia|first=Charles, ed.|last=Herbermann|year=1913|title=Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ|publisher=New York: Robert Appleton Company|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref>. === Vyznavanje Petra (evangelja od Mateja, Marka i Luky) === Tako zvano «[[Vyznavanje Petra]]», zapisano v [[Sinoptične evangelja|sinoptičnyh evangeljah]] kak tvrdženje prvogo apostola Isusa [[Petr|Petra]] o tom, že Isus je byl Mesijeju, stalo znajemym proglašenjem věry posrěd hristijan s prvogo věka<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Ekstrand|first=Donald W.|year=2008|isbn=978-1-60477-929-5|title=Christianity|pages=147–150|language=en}}</ref>. === Izrěčenje Marty === V [[Evangelje od Joana|evangelju od Joana]] 11:27 Marta je skazala Isusu: «Ty jesi Hristos, Syn Boga, toj, ktory prihodi v svět», čto znači, že obadva titula sut byli konvencionalne (ale mněvali se različnymi) posrěd poslědovateljev Isusa do [[Vozkrešenje Lazara|vozkrešenja Lazara]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity|first=Donald W.|last=Ekstrand|year=2008|page=81|isbn=978-1-60477-929-5|publisher=Donald Ekstrand}}</ref>. === Sud Sinedriona nad Isusom (evangelja od Mateja, Marka i Luky) === V čas [[Sud nad Isusom v Sinedrionu|suda nad Isusom v Sinedrionu]], kak slěduje iz razkaza Mateja, Isus na početku odkazal se davati premy odgovor na pytanje prvosvečennika [[Kaiafa|Kaiafy]]: «Ty li Mesija, Syn Boga?», kde jegovy odgovor da se jedino kako {{lang|grc|Σὺ εἶπας}} (su eipas, «Ty [v jednině] skazal tuto»)<ref>Evangelje od Mateja 26:63–64.</ref>. Analogično, ale inako v evangelju od Luky vsi prisutni zapytyvajut Isusa: «Znači, ty jesi Syn Boga?», na čto Isus, kako povědyvaje se, odgovorjaje: {{Lang|grc|Ὑμεῖς λέγετε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι}} (hymeis legete hoti ego eimi), «Vy [v množině] govorite, že ja jesm»)<ref>Evangelje od Luky 22:70.</ref>. Jednakože v evangelju od Marka, kogda Kaiafa zapytyvaje Isusa: «Ty li jesi Mesija, Syn Blagoslovjenogo?», Isus govori Sinedrionu: {{Lang|grc|Ἐγώ εἰμι}} (ego eimi, «Ja jesm»)<ref>Evangelje od Marka 14:61–62.</ref>. V [[Hebrejska literatura|hebrejskoj literaturě]] strěčajut se priklady, kogda izraz «vy jeste skazali tuto» ekvivalentno «vy jeste pravy»<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Herbermann|first=Charles, ed.|title=Messiah|publisher=New York: Robert Appleton Company|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia}}</ref>. Mesijansko tvrdženje je bylo menje značimym, než pretendovanje na božstvo, ktoro je izzvalo užas i obvinjenje [[Prvosvečennik|prvosvečennika]] v [[Bogohulstvo|bogohulstvu]], a poslě i prizyv do smrtnoj kaznji. [[Sud Pilata|Prěd Pilatom]] že s osnovanjem dlja jegovogo osudženja stalo samo tvrdženje jegovoj [[Kralevstvo Božje|kralevskoj]] dostojnosti<ref name=":0" />. === Poslanja Pavla === Slovo «Hristos» jest těsno povezano s Isusom v [[Poslanja Pavla|poslanjah Pavla]], čto govori o tom, že [[Rannje hristijanstvo|rannjim hristijanam]] ne je bylo potrěbnym tvrditi, že Isus jest Hristos, pokoliku tuto je bylo široko prijeto medžu njimi. Slědovateljno, [[Pavl Apostol|Pavl]] može koristati termin «Hristos» bez zaměšivanja odnosno togo, k komu on odnosi s, i on može koristati take izrazy, kako «vo Hristosu» dlja označenja posljedovateljev Isusa, kak v 1 [[Poslanje Pavla Korintcam|Korintcam]] 4:15 i [[Poslanje Pavla Rimcam|Rimcam]] 12:5<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity|last=Hurtado|first=Larry W.|author-link=Larry Hurtado|year=2005|isbn=0-8028-3167-2|page=99|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans}}</ref>. Pavl proglasil jego [[Poslědny Adam|Poslědnym Adamom]], ktory je obnovil to, čto [[Adam]] je utratil prěz neposlušnost<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of theology: A concise Sacramentum mundi|isbn=0-86012-006-6|pages=730–739|last=Rahner|first=Karl|author-link=Karl Ranher|year=2004|publisher=A&C Black}}</ref>. Poslanja Pavla sut žrlom něktoryh ključnyh hristologičnyh svezij; napriklad, v poslanju k [[Poslanje Pavla Efescam|Efescam]] 3:17–19 [[ljubov Hristosa]] svezyvajet se s [[Uznanje Hristosa|uznanjem Hristosa]], i ljubov Hristosa ponimaje se kako neobhodno uslovje za uznanje jego<ref>{{Cite book|title=The letters to the Galatians and Ephesians|first=William|last=Barclay|author-link=William Barclay (theologian)|year=2002|isbn=0-664-22559-4|pages=152–153|publisher=Presbyterian Publishing Corporation}}</ref>. Takože v slovah i dějanjah Isusa sodržut se nejavne tvrdženja o tom, že on jest Hristosom<ref name=":0" />. === Koristanje titula Mesija v evangelju od Joana === [[Elinizacija]] {{lang|grc|Μεσσίας}} (messias) koristuje se v Novom Zavětu dvukratno v značenju «Mesija»: [[Učenik (hristijanstvo)|učenikom]] [[Andrej Apostol|Andrejem]] v [[Evangelje od Joana|Joana]] 1:41 i [[Samaritanka u studnje|samaritankoju u studnje]] v Joana 4:25. V obadvoh slučajah tekst směsta utočnjaje, že to označje «Hristos»<ref>{{Cite book|year=1957|first=Walter, et al., eds.|last=Bauer|publisher=Chicago: University of Chicago Press|title="Μεσσίας, ου, ὁ". A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (1 ed.)|language=en}}</ref>^:509. == Hristologija == Hristologija, doslovno «pojmanje Hristosa»<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last=Ehrman|first=Bart|year=2014|title=How Jesus became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee|publisher=Harper Collins}}</ref> jest izučenje prirody (ličnosti) i dějanij (rolje v spasenju) [[Isus v hristijanstvu|Isusa v hristijanstvu]]<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite book|author-link=Gerald O'Collins|last=O'Collins|first=Gerald|title=Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-955787-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Ramm|first=Bernard L.|year=1993|author-link=Bernard Ramm|chapter=Christology at the Center|title=An Evangelical Christology: Ecumenic and Historic|publisher=Regent College Publishing|isbn=9781573830089|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Bird|first1=Michael F.|last2=Evans|first2=Craig A.|last3=Gathercole|first3=Simon|year=2014|title=How God Became Jesus: The Real Origins of Belief in Jesus' Divine Nature&nbsp;– A Response to Bart Ehrman|chapter=Endnotes&nbsp;– Chapter 1|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=978-0-310-51961-4|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGy2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT134|language=en}}</ref>. Ona izučaje člověčsku i božsku prirodu Isusa Hristosa, a takože vzajemnu svez medžu tymi dvoma aspektami<ref name=":3" /> i rolju, ktoru on izpolnjaje v [[Spasenje v hristijanstvu|spasenju]]. S drugogo po pety věka odnošenje člověčskoj i božskoj prirody Hristosa je bylo jednym iz najglavnějših predmetov debatov v [[Rannje hristijanstvo|rannjej crkvi]] i na [[Sedm Vsesvětnyh soborov|prvyh sedmi Vsesvětnyh soborah]]. [[Halkedonsky sobor]] 451 goda je izdal definiciju [[Hipostatično jedinstvo|hipostatičnogo jedinstva]] dvoh prirod Hristosa, jednoj člověčskoj i jednoj božskoj, «ne sjedinjenyh ni s neporedkom, ni s razdělom»<ref name=":4">{{Citation|last=Davis|first=Leo Donald|year=1990|title=The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology (Theology and Life Series 21)|publisher=Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press|location=Collegeville, MN|isbn=978-0-8146-5616-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418}}</ref>. Věčinstvo osnovnyh větv zapadnogo hristijanstva i [[Pravoslavje|pravoslavja]] pridrživajut se tutoj definicije<ref name=":4" />, togda kak mnoge větvy [[Davnovozhodne pravoslavne crkvi|davnovozhodnyh pravoslavnyh crkvij]] odvrgajut jeju<ref>{{Citation|last1=Armentrout|first1=Donald S.|last2=Boak Slocum|first2=Robert|year=2005|title=An Episcopal dictionary of the church|publisher=Church Publishing|isbn=978-0-89869-211-2}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Espín|first1=Orlando O.|last2=Nickoloff|first2=James B.|year=2007|title=An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Beversluis|first=Joel Diederik|year=2000|title=Sourcebook of the world's religions|publisher=New World Library|isbn=978-1-57731-121-8|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookofworl00beve}}</ref> i pridrživajut se [[Miafizitizm|miafizitizma]]. Suglasno «[[Suma Teologiji|Sumě Teologiji]]» [[Tomaso Akvinsky|Tomy Akvinskogo]], v slučaju Isusa slovo «Hristos» imaje dvojno značenje, označajuče «kako pomazanje Božstva, tako i pomazanje člověčskoj prirody». Ono proizhodi od dvojnogo člověko-božskogo početka Hristosa ([[diofizitizm]]): [[Syn Člověčsky]] pomazyvaje se vslěd svojego utělesnjenogo těla, a Syn Božsky pomazyvaje se vslěd «[[Božstvo v hristijanstvu|Božstva]]<nowiki>, ktoro on imaje s Otcem» ({{-|ST III, q. 16, a. 5)</nowiki><ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Aquinas|translator=Fathers of the English Dominican Province|url=https://dhspriory.org/thomas/summa/TP/TP016.html|title=English translation of the "Summa Theologica", with Latin text|publisher=[[Benziger Bros]]|year=1947|access-date=26 July 2019|website=dhspriory.org|language=la, en|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>. == Žrla == {{Iztočniky}} == Vněšnje linky == {{Prěvod|en|Christ (title)|}} [[Kategorija:Religija]] [[Kategorija:Hristijanstvo]] rzrffgjdl60kg6cqttynbh6mk7ezeg3 28285 28275 2026-07-07T13:21:43Z Marcoorio 22 /* Hristologija */ 28285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{O|slovu Hristos|ličnosti Hrista|Isus}} [[File:Jesusicon.jpg|thumb|[[Ikona]] Hristosa [[Pantokrator|Pantokratora]] iz [[Makedoniji]], {{-|XIV}} věk]] [[Imena i tituly Isusa Hristosa v Novom Zavětu|Ime i titul]] '''«Hristos»''' v [[Hristijanin|hristijanskom]] razumenji odnoznačno odnoset se k [[Isus|Isusu]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations|last=Prager|first=Edward|year=2005|isbn=0-521-82692-6|page=85|publisher=Cambridge University Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Jesus of history, Christ of faith|first=Thomas|last=Zanzig|year=2000|isbn=0-88489-530-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusofhistorych03edzanz/page/314 314]|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusofhistorych03edzanz/page/314|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies|first=Orlando|last=Espin|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7|page=231|publisher=Liturgical Press|language=en}}</ref>. Kako titul ono koristaje se v obratnom značenju kak «Isus Hristos», označajučem «Isus [[Mesija]]» (doslovno Isus Pomazany), tak i samostojno kak «Hristos»<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pannenberg|title=Jesus God and Man|year=1968|pages=30–31|isbn=0-664-24468-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWfvlpURwiIC&pg=PA30|first=Wolfhart|language=en|author-link=Wolfhart Pannenberg}}</ref>. V rannějših tekstah [[Novy Zavět|Novogo Zavěta]] ([[Poslanja Pavla|poslanjah Pavla]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marcus-borg/a-chronological-new-testament_b_1823018.html|title=A Chronological New Testament|work=The Huffington Post|date=31 August 2012|first=Marcus|last=Borg|author-link=Marcus Borg|access-date=May 23, 2013|archive-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629231727/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marcus-borg/a-chronological-new-testament_b_1823018.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>, Isus često spominaje se kak «Isus Hristos» abo prosto «Hristos». Koncepcija Hristosa v hristijanstvu pojavila se iz koncepciji [[Mesija v judaizmu|Mesiji v judaizmu]]. Hristijani věret, že Isus jest Mesija, prědskazany v [[Tanah|hebrejskoj Bibliji]] (hristijanskom [[Stary Zavět|Starom Zavětu]]). Ačekoli prědstavjenja o Mesiji v každoj religiji sut srodne, čestěje one imajut razliku iz-za razkola rannjego hristijanstva i judaizma v [[Hristijanstvo v I věku|{{-|I}} věku]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunn|first=James D. G.|year=1991|title=The Partings of the Ways: Between Christianity and Judaism and their Significance for the Character of Christianity|publisher=SCM Press|language=en}}</ref>. Ačekoli prvi [[Učenik (hristijanstvo)|poslědovatelji Isusa]] imenovali jego hebrejskym Mesijej, napriklad, v «[[Vyznavanje Petra|Vyznavanju Petra]]», jego obyčajno imenovali «Isusom iz [[Nazaret|Nazareta]]» abo «Isusom, synom [[Josif iz Nazareta|Josifa]]»<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Isus Hristos|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=23 May 2013|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ|archive-date=May 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100711/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>. Medžu hristijanami on stal znajemy pod imenom «Isus Hristos»m pokoliku oni věret, že jegovo [[Razpetje Isusa Hristosa|razpetje]] i [[Vozkrešenje Isusa Hristosa|vozkrešenje]] izpolnjajut [[Isus i mesijanske proročstva|mesijanske proročstva]] Starogo Zavěta, osoblivo proročstva, zapisane v Isaji 53 i Psalmu 22<ref>{{Cite web|title=Isaiah 53 Bible Commentary — Matthew Henry (concise)|website=www.christianity.com|archive-date=November 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111230706/https://www.christianity.com/bible/commentary/matthew-henry-concise/isaiah/53|url-status=live|url=https://www.christianity.com/bible/commentary/matthew-henry-concise/isaiah/53|access-date=2023-11-11|language=en}}</ref>. ==Etimologija== Slovo «Hristos» proizhodi od [[Grečsky jezyk|grečskogo]] slova {{lang|grc|χριστός}} (hristos), označajuče «[[Pomazanje|pomazany]]». Tuto slovo proizhodi od grečskogo glagola {{lang|grc|χρίω}} (hrio), označajuče «pomazyvati». V grečskoj [[Septuaginta|Septuagintě]] {{lang|grc|χριστός}} bylo je semantično pozajmanjem, izkoristanym dlja prěklada [[Hebrejsky jezyk|hebrejskogo]] slova {{lang|he|מָשִׁיחַ}} ({{-|Mašíaḥ}}, mesija), označjajuče «[toj, kto] jest pomazanym»<ref>{{Cite web|title=Messiah Meaning — Bible Definition and References|url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/messiah/|access-date=2025-07-15|website=Bible Study Tools|language=en|archive-date=February 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204015631/https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/messiah/|url-status=live}}</ref>. ==Prědhistorija i novozavětne referencije== [[File:Sargis Pitsak.jpg|thumb|upright|Prva stranica [[Evangelje od Marka|evangelja od Marka]] [[Sargis Pitsak|Sargisa Pitsaka]] ({{-|XIV}} věk): «Početok dobroj věsti Isusa Hristosa, Syna Boga»]] ===Donovozavětne referencije=== V Starom Zavětu pomazanje je bylo cerimonijalnym ritualom, prěznačenym za: * [[Kralji Izraela i Judy|Kraljev Izraela]] (1 Kraljev 19:16; 24:7, Psalom 17(18):51); * [[Kir Veliky|Kira Velikogo]] (Isaja 45:1); * [[Prvosvečennik|Prvosvečennika Izraela]] (3 Mojseja 8:12); * [[Praotci|Praotcev]] (Psalom 104(105):15); i * [[Prorok#Judaizm|Prorokov]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucg.org/bible-study-tools/booklets/jesus-christ-the-real-story/what-do-messiah-and-jesus-christ-mean|title=What Do 'Messiah' and 'Jesus Christ' Mean?. Both Christ and Messiah mean anointed or anointed one|date=January 26, 2011|access-date=Sep 17, 2018|language=en|quotation=Pomazanje je bylo obredom koronaciji v Siriji i Palestině v {{-|XIV}} věku do n.e.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622131408/https://www.ucg.org/bible-study-tools/booklets/jesus-christ-the-real-story/what-do-messiah-and-jesus-christ-mean|archive-date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>. V [[Septuaginta|Septuagintě]], v tekstu [[Vtorokanonične knigy|vtorokanoničnyh knig]], termin «Hristos» strěčaje se v [[Druga kniga Makavejska|2 Makavejev]] 1:10<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/2-Maccabees-Chapter-1_Original-1611-KJV/|title=Biblija Kralja Jamesa, 1611 god, 2 Kniga Makavejev, glava 1, stih 10|website=kingjamesbibleonline.org|language=en|archive-date=December 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224034225/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/2-Maccabees-Chapter-1_Original-1611-KJV|url-status=live|access-date=October 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=2Mc&ch=1&interlin=on|title=Grečska Septuaginta i Viki-prěklad na anglijsky, 2 Kniga Makavejev, glava 1|website=katabiblon.com|language=en, el|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145007/http://www.en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=2Mc&ch=1&interlin=on|archive-date=2018-10-04|url-status=live}}</ref> (odnosi se do [[Prvosvečennik|pomazanogo prvosvečennika Izraela]]) i v [[Kniga Siraha|knigě Siraha]] 46:19<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ecclesiasticus-Chapter-46_Original-1611-KJV/|title=Biblija Kralja Jamesa{{!}}, 1611 god, kniga Siraha, glava 46, stih 19|website=kingjamesbibleonline.org|language=en|access-date=October 5, 2018|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112549/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ecclesiasticus-Chapter-46_Original-1611-KJV/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=Sir&ch=46|title=Grečska Septuaginta i Viki-prěklad na anglijsky, kniga Siraha, glava 46|website=katabiblon.com|language=en, el|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112315/http://en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=Sir&ch=46|archive-date=2018-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref> odnosno [[Samuel|Samuela]], proroka i osnovatelja kraljevstva pri [[Saul|Saulu]]. V dobu Isusa ne jestvovalo jedinoj formy [[Judaizm Drugogo Hrama|judaizma Drugogo Hrama]], i medžu različnymi hebrejskymi grupami sut byli značime politične, socialne i religijne razliky<ref name=":1" />. Ale na proteženju časa hebreji koristali termin «mašiah» («pomazannik») za označenje očekyvajemogo jimi izbavitelja<ref name=":2" />. === Vvodne stroky iz evangelij od Marka i Mateja === V [[Evangelje od Marka|evangelju od Marka]] 1:1 («Početok dobroj věsti Isusa Hristosa, Syna Boga») Isus identifikujet se i kako Hristos, i kako [[Syn Boga (hristijanstvo)|Syn Boga]]. V [[Evangelje od Mateja|evangelju od Mateja]] 1:1 Hristos koristaje se kako ime, a v Mateja 1:16 tuto objasnjaje se je ješče raz: «Isus, ktorogo imenujut Hristosom». Koristanje oprěděljenogo člena prěd slovom «Hristos» i jegovo postupno prěvračenje vo vlastno ime pokazyvaje, že hristijani identifikovali Isusa s oběčivanym mesijeju judejev, ktory izpolnil vse [[Isus i mesijanske proročstva|mesijanske proročstva]] v najkomletněšem i najvyšnějšem smyslu, čim to bylo je dano jim [[Ravin|ravinami]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite encyclopedia|first=Charles, ed.|last=Herbermann|year=1913|title=Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ|publisher=New York: Robert Appleton Company|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref>. === Vyznavanje Petra (evangelja od Mateja, Marka i Luky) === Tako zvano «[[Vyznavanje Petra]]», zapisano v [[Sinoptične evangelja|sinoptičnyh evangeljah]] kak tvrdženje prvogo apostola Isusa [[Petr|Petra]] o tom, že Isus je byl Mesijeju, stalo znajemym proglašenjem věry posrěd hristijan s prvogo věka<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Ekstrand|first=Donald W.|year=2008|isbn=978-1-60477-929-5|title=Christianity|pages=147–150|language=en}}</ref>. === Izrěčenje Marty === V [[Evangelje od Joana|evangelju od Joana]] 11:27 Marta je skazala Isusu: «Ty jesi Hristos, Syn Boga, toj, ktory prihodi v svět», čto znači, že obadva titula sut byli konvencionalne (ale mněvali se različnymi) posrěd poslědovateljev Isusa do [[Vozkrešenje Lazara|vozkrešenja Lazara]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity|first=Donald W.|last=Ekstrand|year=2008|page=81|isbn=978-1-60477-929-5|publisher=Donald Ekstrand}}</ref>. === Sud Sinedriona nad Isusom (evangelja od Mateja, Marka i Luky) === V čas [[Sud nad Isusom v Sinedrionu|suda nad Isusom v Sinedrionu]], kak slěduje iz razkaza Mateja, Isus na početku odkazal se davati premy odgovor na pytanje prvosvečennika [[Kaiafa|Kaiafy]]: «Ty li Mesija, Syn Boga?», kde jegovy odgovor da se jedino kako {{lang|grc|Σὺ εἶπας}} (su eipas, «Ty [v jednině] skazal tuto»)<ref>Evangelje od Mateja 26:63–64.</ref>. Analogično, ale inako v evangelju od Luky vsi prisutni zapytyvajut Isusa: «Znači, ty jesi Syn Boga?», na čto Isus, kako povědyvaje se, odgovorjaje: {{Lang|grc|Ὑμεῖς λέγετε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι}} (hymeis legete hoti ego eimi), «Vy [v množině] govorite, že ja jesm»)<ref>Evangelje od Luky 22:70.</ref>. Jednakože v evangelju od Marka, kogda Kaiafa zapytyvaje Isusa: «Ty li jesi Mesija, Syn Blagoslovjenogo?», Isus govori Sinedrionu: {{Lang|grc|Ἐγώ εἰμι}} (ego eimi, «Ja jesm»)<ref>Evangelje od Marka 14:61–62.</ref>. V [[Hebrejska literatura|hebrejskoj literaturě]] strěčajut se priklady, kogda izraz «vy jeste skazali tuto» ekvivalentno «vy jeste pravy»<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Herbermann|first=Charles, ed.|title=Messiah|publisher=New York: Robert Appleton Company|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia}}</ref>. Mesijansko tvrdženje je bylo menje značimym, než pretendovanje na božstvo, ktoro je izzvalo užas i obvinjenje [[Prvosvečennik|prvosvečennika]] v [[Bogohulstvo|bogohulstvu]], a poslě i prizyv do smrtnoj kaznji. [[Sud Pilata|Prěd Pilatom]] že s osnovanjem dlja jegovogo osudženja stalo samo tvrdženje jegovoj [[Kralevstvo Božje|kralevskoj]] dostojnosti<ref name=":0" />. === Poslanja Pavla === Slovo «Hristos» jest těsno povezano s Isusom v [[Poslanja Pavla|poslanjah Pavla]], čto govori o tom, že [[Rannje hristijanstvo|rannjim hristijanam]] ne je bylo potrěbnym tvrditi, že Isus jest Hristos, pokoliku tuto je bylo široko prijeto medžu njimi. Slědovateljno, [[Pavl Apostol|Pavl]] može koristati termin «Hristos» bez zaměšivanja odnosno togo, k komu on odnosi s, i on može koristati take izrazy, kako «vo Hristosu» dlja označenja posljedovateljev Isusa, kak v 1 [[Poslanje Pavla Korintcam|Korintcam]] 4:15 i [[Poslanje Pavla Rimcam|Rimcam]] 12:5<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity|last=Hurtado|first=Larry W.|author-link=Larry Hurtado|year=2005|isbn=0-8028-3167-2|page=99|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans}}</ref>. Pavl proglasil jego [[Poslědny Adam|Poslědnym Adamom]], ktory je obnovil to, čto [[Adam]] je utratil prěz neposlušnost<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of theology: A concise Sacramentum mundi|isbn=0-86012-006-6|pages=730–739|last=Rahner|first=Karl|author-link=Karl Ranher|year=2004|publisher=A&C Black}}</ref>. Poslanja Pavla sut žrlom něktoryh ključnyh hristologičnyh svezij; napriklad, v poslanju k [[Poslanje Pavla Efescam|Efescam]] 3:17–19 [[ljubov Hristosa]] svezyvajet se s [[Uznanje Hristosa|uznanjem Hristosa]], i ljubov Hristosa ponimaje se kako neobhodno uslovje za uznanje jego<ref>{{Cite book|title=The letters to the Galatians and Ephesians|first=William|last=Barclay|author-link=William Barclay (theologian)|year=2002|isbn=0-664-22559-4|pages=152–153|publisher=Presbyterian Publishing Corporation}}</ref>. Takože v slovah i dějanjah Isusa sodržut se nejavne tvrdženja o tom, že on jest Hristosom<ref name=":0" />. === Koristanje titula Mesija v evangelju od Joana === [[Elinizacija]] {{lang|grc|Μεσσίας}} (messias) koristuje se v Novom Zavětu dvukratno v značenju «Mesija»: [[Učenik (hristijanstvo)|učenikom]] [[Andrej Apostol|Andrejem]] v [[Evangelje od Joana|Joana]] 1:41 i [[Samaritanka u studnje|samaritankoju u studnje]] v Joana 4:25. V obadvoh slučajah tekst směsta utočnjaje, že to označje «Hristos»<ref>{{Cite book|year=1957|first=Walter, et al., eds.|last=Bauer|publisher=Chicago: University of Chicago Press|title="Μεσσίας, ου, ὁ". A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (1 ed.)|language=en}}</ref>^:509. == Hristologija == Hristologija, doslovno «pojmanje Hristosa»<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last=Ehrman|first=Bart|year=2014|title=How Jesus became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee|publisher=Harper Collins}}</ref> jest izučenje prirody (ličnosti) i dějanij (rolje v spasenju) [[Isus v hristijanstvu|Isusa v hristijanstvu]]<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite book|author-link=Gerald O'Collins|last=O'Collins|first=Gerald|title=Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-955787-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Ramm|first=Bernard L.|year=1993|author-link=Bernard Ramm|chapter=Christology at the Center|title=An Evangelical Christology: Ecumenic and Historic|publisher=Regent College Publishing|isbn=9781573830089|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Bird|first1=Michael F.|last2=Evans|first2=Craig A.|last3=Gathercole|first3=Simon|year=2014|title=How God Became Jesus: The Real Origins of Belief in Jesus' Divine Nature&nbsp;– A Response to Bart Ehrman|chapter=Endnotes&nbsp;– Chapter 1|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=978-0-310-51961-4|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGy2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT134|language=en}}</ref>. Ona izučaje člověčsku i božsku prirodu Isusa Hristosa, a takože vzajemnu svez medžu tymi dvoma aspektami<ref name=":3" /> i rolju, ktoru on izpolnjaje v [[Spasenje v hristijanstvu|spasenju]]. S drugogo po pety věka odnošenje člověčskoj i božskoj prirody Hristosa je bylo jednym iz najglavnějših predmetov debatov v [[Rannje hristijanstvo|rannjej crkvi]] i na [[Sedm Vsesvětnyh soborov|prvyh sedmi Vsesvětnyh soborah]]. [[Halkedonsky sobor]] 451 goda je izdal definiciju [[Hipostatično jedinstvo|hipostatičnogo jedinstva]] dvoh prirod Hristosa, jednoj člověčskoj i jednoj božskoj, «ne sjedinjenyh ni s neporedkom, ni s razdělom»<ref name=":4">{{Citation|last=Davis|first=Leo Donald|year=1990|title=The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology (Theology and Life Series 21)|publisher=Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press|location=Collegeville, MN|isbn=978-0-8146-5616-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418}}</ref>. Věčinstvo osnovnyh větv zapadnogo hristijanstva i [[Pravoslavje|pravoslavja]] pridrživajut se tutoj definicije<ref name=":4" />, togda kak mnoge větvy [[Davnovozhodne pravoslavne crkvi|davnovozhodnyh pravoslavnyh crkvij]] odvrgajut jeju<ref>{{Citation|last1=Armentrout|first1=Donald S.|last2=Boak Slocum|first2=Robert|year=2005|title=An Episcopal dictionary of the church|publisher=Church Publishing|isbn=978-0-89869-211-2}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Espín|first1=Orlando O.|last2=Nickoloff|first2=James B.|year=2007|title=An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Beversluis|first=Joel Diederik|year=2000|title=Sourcebook of the world's religions|publisher=New World Library|isbn=978-1-57731-121-8|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookofworl00beve}}</ref> i pridrživajut se [[Miafizitizm|miafizitizma]]. Suglasno «[[Suma Teologiji|Sumě Teologiji]]» [[Tomaso Akvinsky|Tomy Akvinskogo]], v slučaju Isusa slovo «Hristos» imaje dvojno značenje, označajuče «kako pomazanje Božstva, tako i pomazanje člověčskoj prirody». Ono proizhodi od dvojnogo člověko-božskogo početka Hristosa ([[diofizitizm]]): [[Syn Člověčsky]] pomazyvaje se vslěd svojego utělesnjenogo těla, a Syn Božsky pomazyvaje se vslěd «[[Božstvo v hristijanstvu|Božstva]], ktoro on imaje s Otcem» ({{-|ST III, q. 16, a. 5}})<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Aquinas|translator=Fathers of the English Dominican Province|url=https://dhspriory.org/thomas/summa/TP/TP016.html|title=English translation of the "Summa Theologica", with Latin text|publisher=[[Benziger Bros]]|year=1947|access-date=26 July 2019|website=dhspriory.org|language=la, en|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>. == Žrla == {{Iztočniky}} == Vněšnje linky == {{Prěvod|en|Christ (title)|}} [[Kategorija:Religija]] [[Kategorija:Hristijanstvo]] 19qpzwyq50zftv0870m6xxqwgtm5asm 28311 28285 2026-07-07T19:51:21Z Ilja isv 10 /* */ 28311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{O|slovu Hristos|ličnosti Hrista|Isus}} [[File:Jesusicon.jpg|thumb|[[Ikona]] Hristosa [[Pantokrator|Pantokratora]] iz [[Makedoniji]], {{-|XIV}} věk]] [[Imena i tituly Isusa Hristosa v Novom Zavětu|Ime i titul]] '''«Hristos»''' v [[Hristijanin|hristijanskom]] razumenji odnoznačno odnoset se k [[Isus|Isusu]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations|last=Prager|first=Edward|year=2005|isbn=0-521-82692-6|page=85|publisher=Cambridge University Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Jesus of history, Christ of faith|first=Thomas|last=Zanzig|year=2000|isbn=0-88489-530-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusofhistorych03edzanz/page/314 314]|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusofhistorych03edzanz/page/314|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies|first=Orlando|last=Espin|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7|page=231|publisher=Liturgical Press|language=en}}</ref>. Kako titul ono koristaje se v obratnom značenju kak «Isus Hristos», označajučem «Isus [[Mesija]]» (doslovno Isus Pomazany), tak i samostojno kak «Hristos»<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pannenberg|title=Jesus God and Man|year=1968|pages=30–31|isbn=0-664-24468-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWfvlpURwiIC&pg=PA30|first=Wolfhart|language=en|author-link=Wolfhart Pannenberg}}</ref>. V rannějših tekstah [[Novy Zavět|Novogo Zavěta]] ([[Poslanja Pavla|poslanjah Pavla]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marcus-borg/a-chronological-new-testament_b_1823018.html|title=A Chronological New Testament|work=The Huffington Post|date=31 August 2012|first=Marcus|last=Borg|author-link=Marcus Borg|access-date=May 23, 2013|archive-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629231727/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marcus-borg/a-chronological-new-testament_b_1823018.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>, Isus često spominaje se kak «Isus Hristos» abo prosto «Hristos». Koncepcija Hristosa v hristijanstvu pojavila se iz koncepciji [[Mesija v judaizmu|Mesije v judaizmu]]. Hristijani věret, že Isus jest Mesija, prědskazany v [[Tanah|hebrejskoj Bibliji]] (hristijanskom [[Stary Zavět|Starom Zavětu]]). Ačekoli prědstavjenja o Mesiji v každoj religiji sut srodne, čestěje one imajut razliku iz-za razkola rannjego hristijanstva i judaizma v [[Hristijanstvo v I věku|{{-|I}} věku]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunn|first=James D. G.|year=1991|title=The Partings of the Ways: Between Christianity and Judaism and their Significance for the Character of Christianity|publisher=SCM Press|language=en}}</ref>. Ačekoli prvi [[Učenik (hristijanstvo)|poslědovatelji Isusa]] imenovali jego hebrejskym Mesijeju, napriklad, v «[[Vyznavanje Petra|Vyznavanju Petra]]», jego obyčajno imenovali «Isusom iz [[Nazaret|Nazareta]]» ili «Isusom, synom [[Josef iz Nazareta|Josefa]]»<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Isus Hristos|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=23 May 2013|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ|archive-date=May 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100711/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>. Medžu hristijanami on stal znajemy pod imenom «Isus Hristos», pokoliku oni věret, že jegovo [[Razpetje Isusa Hristosa|razpetje]] i [[Vozkrešenje Isusa Hristosa|vozkrešenje]] izpolnjajut [[Isus i mesijanske proročstva|mesijanske proročstva]] Starogo Zavěta, osoblivo proročstva, zapisane v Isaji 53 i Psalmu 22<ref>{{Cite web|title=Isaiah 53 Bible Commentary — Matthew Henry (concise)|website=www.christianity.com|archive-date=November 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111230706/https://www.christianity.com/bible/commentary/matthew-henry-concise/isaiah/53|url-status=live|url=https://www.christianity.com/bible/commentary/matthew-henry-concise/isaiah/53|access-date=2023-11-11|language=en}}</ref>. ==Etimologija== Slovo «Hristos» proizhodi od [[Grečsky jezyk|grečskogo]] slova {{lang|grc|χριστός}} (hristos), označajuče «[[Pomazanje|pomazany]]». Tuto slovo proizhodi od grečskogo glagola {{lang|grc|χρίω}} (hrio), označajuče «pomazyvati». V grečskoj [[Septuaginta|Septuagintě]] {{lang|grc|χριστός}} bylo je semantično pozajmanjem, izkoristanym dlja prěklada [[Hebrejsky jezyk|hebrejskogo]] slova {{lang|he|מָשִׁיחַ}} ({{-|Mašíaḥ}}, mesija), označjajuče «[toj, kto] jest pomazanym»<ref>{{Cite web|title=Messiah Meaning — Bible Definition and References|url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/messiah/|access-date=2025-07-15|website=Bible Study Tools|language=en|archive-date=February 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204015631/https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/messiah/|url-status=live}}</ref>. ==Prědhistorija i novozavětne referencije== [[File:Sargis Pitsak.jpg|thumb|upright|Prva stranica [[Evangelje od Marka|evangelja od Marka]] [[Sargis Pitsak|Sargisa Pitsaka]] ({{-|XIV}} věk): «Početok dobroj věsti Isusa Hristosa, Syna Boga»]] ===Donovozavětne referencije=== V Starom Zavětu pomazanje je bylo cerimonijalnym ritualom, prěznačenym za: * [[Kralji Izraela i Judy|Kraljev Izraela]] (1 Kraljev 19:16; 24:7, Psalom 17(18):51); * [[Kir Veliky|Kira Velikogo]] (Isaja 45:1); * [[Prvosvečennik|Prvosvečennika Izraela]] (3 Mojseja 8:12); * [[Praotci|Praotcev]] (Psalom 104(105):15); i * [[Prorok#Judaizm|Prorokov]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucg.org/bible-study-tools/booklets/jesus-christ-the-real-story/what-do-messiah-and-jesus-christ-mean|title=What Do 'Messiah' and 'Jesus Christ' Mean?. Both Christ and Messiah mean anointed or anointed one|date=January 26, 2011|access-date=Sep 17, 2018|language=en|quotation=Pomazanje je bylo obredom koronaciji v Siriji i Palestině v {{-|XIV}} věku do n.e.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622131408/https://www.ucg.org/bible-study-tools/booklets/jesus-christ-the-real-story/what-do-messiah-and-jesus-christ-mean|archive-date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>. V [[Septuaginta|Septuagintě]], v tekstu [[Vtorokanonične knigy|vtorokanoničnyh knig]], termin «Hristos» strěčaje se v [[Druga kniga Makavejska|2 Makavejev]] 1:10<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/2-Maccabees-Chapter-1_Original-1611-KJV/|title=Biblija Kralja Jamesa, 1611 god, 2 Kniga Makavejev, glava 1, stih 10|website=kingjamesbibleonline.org|language=en|archive-date=December 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224034225/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/2-Maccabees-Chapter-1_Original-1611-KJV|url-status=live|access-date=October 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=2Mc&ch=1&interlin=on|title=Grečska Septuaginta i Viki-prěklad na anglijsky, 2 Kniga Makavejev, glava 1|website=katabiblon.com|language=en, el|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145007/http://www.en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=2Mc&ch=1&interlin=on|archive-date=2018-10-04|url-status=live}}</ref> (odnosi se do [[Prvosvečennik|pomazanogo prvosvečennika Izraela]]) i v [[Kniga Siraha|knigě Siraha]] 46:19<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ecclesiasticus-Chapter-46_Original-1611-KJV/|title=Biblija Kralja Jamesa{{!}}, 1611 god, kniga Siraha, glava 46, stih 19|website=kingjamesbibleonline.org|language=en|access-date=October 5, 2018|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112549/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ecclesiasticus-Chapter-46_Original-1611-KJV/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=Sir&ch=46|title=Grečska Septuaginta i Viki-prěklad na anglijsky, kniga Siraha, glava 46|website=katabiblon.com|language=en, el|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112315/http://en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=Sir&ch=46|archive-date=2018-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref> odnosno [[Samuel|Samuela]], proroka i osnovatelja kraljevstva pri [[Saul|Saulu]]. V dobu Isusa ne jestvovalo jedinoj formy [[Judaizm Drugogo Hrama|judaizma Drugogo Hrama]], i medžu različnymi hebrejskymi grupami sut byli značime politične, socialne i religijne razliky<ref name=":1" />. Ale na proteženju časa hebreji koristali termin «mašiah» («pomazannik») za označenje očekyvajemogo jimi izbavitelja<ref name=":2" />. === Vvodne stroky iz evangelij od Marka i Mateja === V [[Evangelje od Marka|evangelju od Marka]] 1:1 («Početok dobroj věsti Isusa Hristosa, Syna Boga») Isus identifikujet se i kako Hristos, i kako [[Syn Boga (hristijanstvo)|Syn Boga]]. V [[Evangelje od Mateja|evangelju od Mateja]] 1:1 Hristos koristaje se kako ime, a v Mateja 1:16 tuto objasnjaje se je ješče raz: «Isus, ktorogo imenujut Hristosom». Koristanje oprěděljenogo člena prěd slovom «Hristos» i jegovo postupno prěvračenje vo vlastno ime pokazyvaje, že hristijani identifikovali Isusa s oběčivanym mesijeju judejev, ktory izpolnil vse [[Isus i mesijanske proročstva|mesijanske proročstva]] v najkomletněšem i najvyšnějšem smyslu, čim to bylo je dano jim [[Ravin|ravinami]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite encyclopedia|first=Charles, ed.|last=Herbermann|year=1913|title=Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ|publisher=New York: Robert Appleton Company|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref>. === Vyznavanje Petra (evangelja od Mateja, Marka i Luky) === Tako zvano «[[Vyznavanje Petra]]», zapisano v [[Sinoptične evangelja|sinoptičnyh evangeljah]] kak tvrdženje prvogo apostola Isusa [[Petr|Petra]] o tom, že Isus je byl Mesijeju, stalo znajemym proglašenjem věry posrěd hristijan s prvogo věka<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Ekstrand|first=Donald W.|year=2008|isbn=978-1-60477-929-5|title=Christianity|pages=147–150|language=en}}</ref>. === Izrěčenje Marty === V [[Evangelje od Joana|evangelju od Joana]] 11:27 Marta je skazala Isusu: «Ty jesi Hristos, Syn Boga, toj, ktory prihodi v svět», čto znači, že obadva titula sut byli konvencionalne (ale mněvali se različnymi) posrěd poslědovateljev Isusa do [[Vozkrešenje Lazara|vozkrešenja Lazara]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity|first=Donald W.|last=Ekstrand|year=2008|page=81|isbn=978-1-60477-929-5|publisher=Donald Ekstrand}}</ref>. === Sud Sinedriona nad Isusom (evangelja od Mateja, Marka i Luky) === V čas [[Sud nad Isusom v Sinedrionu|suda nad Isusom v Sinedrionu]], kak slěduje iz razkaza Mateja, Isus na početku odkazal se davati premy odgovor na pytanje prvosvečennika [[Kaiafa|Kaiafy]]: «Ty li Mesija, Syn Boga?», kde jegovy odgovor da se jedino kako {{lang|grc|Σὺ εἶπας}} (su eipas, «Ty [v jednině] skazal tuto»)<ref>Evangelje od Mateja 26:63–64.</ref>. Analogično, ale inako v evangelju od Luky vsi prisutni zapytyvajut Isusa: «Znači, ty jesi Syn Boga?», na čto Isus, kako povědyvaje se, odgovorjaje: {{Lang|grc|Ὑμεῖς λέγετε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι}} (hymeis legete hoti ego eimi), «Vy [v množině] govorite, že ja jesm»)<ref>Evangelje od Luky 22:70.</ref>. Jednakože v evangelju od Marka, kogda Kaiafa zapytyvaje Isusa: «Ty li jesi Mesija, Syn Blagoslovjenogo?», Isus govori Sinedrionu: {{Lang|grc|Ἐγώ εἰμι}} (ego eimi, «Ja jesm»)<ref>Evangelje od Marka 14:61–62.</ref>. V [[Hebrejska literatura|hebrejskoj literaturě]] strěčajut se priklady, kogda izraz «vy jeste skazali tuto» ekvivalentno «vy jeste pravy»<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Herbermann|first=Charles, ed.|title=Messiah|publisher=New York: Robert Appleton Company|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia}}</ref>. Mesijansko tvrdženje je bylo menje značimym, než pretendovanje na božstvo, ktoro je izzvalo užas i obvinjenje [[Prvosvečennik|prvosvečennika]] v [[Bogohulstvo|bogohulstvu]], a poslě i prizyv do smrtnoj kaznji. [[Sud Pilata|Prěd Pilatom]] že s osnovanjem dlja jegovogo osudženja stalo samo tvrdženje jegovoj [[Kralevstvo Božje|kralevskoj]] dostojnosti<ref name=":0" />. === Poslanja Pavla === Slovo «Hristos» jest těsno povezano s Isusom v [[Poslanja Pavla|poslanjah Pavla]], čto govori o tom, že [[Rannje hristijanstvo|rannjim hristijanam]] ne je bylo potrěbnym tvrditi, že Isus jest Hristos, pokoliku tuto je bylo široko prijeto medžu njimi. Slědovateljno, [[Pavl Apostol|Pavl]] može koristati termin «Hristos» bez zaměšivanja odnosno togo, k komu on odnosi s, i on može koristati take izrazy, kako «vo Hristosu» dlja označenja posljedovateljev Isusa, kak v 1 [[Poslanje Pavla Korintcam|Korintcam]] 4:15 i [[Poslanje Pavla Rimcam|Rimcam]] 12:5<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity|last=Hurtado|first=Larry W.|author-link=Larry Hurtado|year=2005|isbn=0-8028-3167-2|page=99|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans}}</ref>. Pavl proglasil jego [[Poslědny Adam|Poslědnym Adamom]], ktory je obnovil to, čto [[Adam]] je utratil prěz neposlušnost<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of theology: A concise Sacramentum mundi|isbn=0-86012-006-6|pages=730–739|last=Rahner|first=Karl|author-link=Karl Ranher|year=2004|publisher=A&C Black}}</ref>. Poslanja Pavla sut žrlom něktoryh ključnyh hristologičnyh svezij; napriklad, v poslanju k [[Poslanje Pavla Efescam|Efescam]] 3:17–19 [[ljubov Hristosa]] svezyvajet se s [[Uznanje Hristosa|uznanjem Hristosa]], i ljubov Hristosa ponimaje se kako neobhodno uslovje za uznanje jego<ref>{{Cite book|title=The letters to the Galatians and Ephesians|first=William|last=Barclay|author-link=William Barclay (theologian)|year=2002|isbn=0-664-22559-4|pages=152–153|publisher=Presbyterian Publishing Corporation}}</ref>. Takože v slovah i dějanjah Isusa sodržut se nejavne tvrdženja o tom, že on jest Hristosom<ref name=":0" />. === Koristanje titula Mesija v evangelju od Joana === [[Elinizacija]] {{lang|grc|Μεσσίας}} (messias) koristuje se v Novom Zavětu dvukratno v značenju «Mesija»: [[Učenik (hristijanstvo)|učenikom]] [[Andrej Apostol|Andrejem]] v [[Evangelje od Joana|Joana]] 1:41 i [[Samaritanka u studnje|samaritankoju u studnje]] v Joana 4:25. V obadvoh slučajah tekst směsta utočnjaje, že to označje «Hristos»<ref>{{Cite book|year=1957|first=Walter, et al., eds.|last=Bauer|publisher=Chicago: University of Chicago Press|title="Μεσσίας, ου, ὁ". A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (1 ed.)|language=en}}</ref>^:509. == Hristologija == Hristologija, doslovno «pojmanje Hristosa»<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last=Ehrman|first=Bart|year=2014|title=How Jesus became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee|publisher=Harper Collins}}</ref> jest izučenje prirody (ličnosti) i dějanij (rolje v spasenju) [[Isus v hristijanstvu|Isusa v hristijanstvu]]<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite book|author-link=Gerald O'Collins|last=O'Collins|first=Gerald|title=Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-955787-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Ramm|first=Bernard L.|year=1993|author-link=Bernard Ramm|chapter=Christology at the Center|title=An Evangelical Christology: Ecumenic and Historic|publisher=Regent College Publishing|isbn=9781573830089|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Bird|first1=Michael F.|last2=Evans|first2=Craig A.|last3=Gathercole|first3=Simon|year=2014|title=How God Became Jesus: The Real Origins of Belief in Jesus' Divine Nature&nbsp;– A Response to Bart Ehrman|chapter=Endnotes&nbsp;– Chapter 1|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=978-0-310-51961-4|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGy2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT134|language=en}}</ref>. Ona izučaje člověčsku i božsku prirodu Isusa Hristosa, a takože vzajemnu svez medžu tymi dvoma aspektami<ref name=":3" /> i rolju, ktoru on izpolnjaje v [[Spasenje v hristijanstvu|spasenju]]. S drugogo po pety věka odnošenje člověčskoj i božskoj prirody Hristosa je bylo jednym iz najglavnějših predmetov debatov v [[Rannje hristijanstvo|rannjej crkvi]] i na [[Sedm Vsesvětnyh soborov|prvyh sedmi Vsesvětnyh soborah]]. [[Halkedonsky sobor]] 451 goda je izdal definiciju [[Hipostatično jedinstvo|hipostatičnogo jedinstva]] dvoh prirod Hristosa, jednoj člověčskoj i jednoj božskoj, «ne sjedinjenyh ni s neporedkom, ni s razdělom»<ref name=":4">{{Citation|last=Davis|first=Leo Donald|year=1990|title=The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology (Theology and Life Series 21)|publisher=Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press|location=Collegeville, MN|isbn=978-0-8146-5616-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418}}</ref>. Věčinstvo osnovnyh větv zapadnogo hristijanstva i [[Pravoslavje|pravoslavja]] pridrživajut se tutoj definicije<ref name=":4" />, togda kak mnoge větvy [[Davnovozhodne pravoslavne crkvi|davnovozhodnyh pravoslavnyh crkvij]] odvrgajut jeju<ref>{{Citation|last1=Armentrout|first1=Donald S.|last2=Boak Slocum|first2=Robert|year=2005|title=An Episcopal dictionary of the church|publisher=Church Publishing|isbn=978-0-89869-211-2}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Espín|first1=Orlando O.|last2=Nickoloff|first2=James B.|year=2007|title=An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Beversluis|first=Joel Diederik|year=2000|title=Sourcebook of the world's religions|publisher=New World Library|isbn=978-1-57731-121-8|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookofworl00beve}}</ref> i pridrživajut se [[Miafizitizm|miafizitizma]]. Suglasno «[[Suma Teologiji|Sumě Teologiji]]» [[Tomaso Akvinsky|Tomy Akvinskogo]], v slučaju Isusa slovo «Hristos» imaje dvojno značenje, označajuče «kako pomazanje Božstva, tako i pomazanje člověčskoj prirody». Ono proizhodi od dvojnogo člověko-božskogo početka Hristosa ([[diofizitizm]]): [[Syn Člověčsky]] pomazyvaje se vslěd svojego utělesnjenogo těla, a Syn Božsky pomazyvaje se vslěd «[[Božstvo v hristijanstvu|Božstva]], ktoro on imaje s Otcem» ({{-|ST III, q. 16, a. 5}})<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Aquinas|translator=Fathers of the English Dominican Province|url=https://dhspriory.org/thomas/summa/TP/TP016.html|title=English translation of the "Summa Theologica", with Latin text|publisher=[[Benziger Bros]]|year=1947|access-date=26 July 2019|website=dhspriory.org|language=la, en|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>. == Žrla == {{Iztočniky}} == Vněšnje linky == {{Prěvod|en|Christ (title)|}} [[Kategorija:Religija]] [[Kategorija:Hristijanstvo]] crcb6rmqaptw74bjp00bmd9leqf1ja9 28312 28311 2026-07-07T19:51:45Z Ilja isv 10 /* */ 28312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{O|slovu Hristos|ličnosti Hrista|Isus}} [[File:Jesusicon.jpg|thumb|[[Ikona]] Hristosa [[Pantokrator|Pantokratora]] iz [[Makedoniji]], {{-|XIV}} věk]] [[Imena i tituly Isusa Hristosa v Novom Zavětu|Ime i titul]] '''«Hristos»''' v [[Hristijanin|hristijanskom]] razumenji jednoznačno odnoset se k [[Isus|Isusu]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Dictionary of Jewish-Christian Relations|last=Prager|first=Edward|year=2005|isbn=0-521-82692-6|page=85|publisher=Cambridge University Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Jesus of history, Christ of faith|first=Thomas|last=Zanzig|year=2000|isbn=0-88489-530-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/jesusofhistorych03edzanz/page/314 314]|url=https://archive.org/details/jesusofhistorych03edzanz/page/314|publisher=Saint Mary's Press|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=Introductory Dictionary of Theology and Religious Studies|first=Orlando|last=Espin|year=2007|isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7|page=231|publisher=Liturgical Press|language=en}}</ref>. Kako titul ono koristaje se v obratnom značenju kak «Isus Hristos», označajučem «Isus [[Mesija]]» (doslovno Isus Pomazany), tak i samostojno kak «Hristos»<ref>{{Cite book|last=Pannenberg|title=Jesus God and Man|year=1968|pages=30–31|isbn=0-664-24468-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zWfvlpURwiIC&pg=PA30|first=Wolfhart|language=en|author-link=Wolfhart Pannenberg}}</ref>. V rannějših tekstah [[Novy Zavět|Novogo Zavěta]] ([[Poslanja Pavla|poslanjah Pavla]])<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marcus-borg/a-chronological-new-testament_b_1823018.html|title=A Chronological New Testament|work=The Huffington Post|date=31 August 2012|first=Marcus|last=Borg|author-link=Marcus Borg|access-date=May 23, 2013|archive-date=June 29, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629231727/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/marcus-borg/a-chronological-new-testament_b_1823018.html|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>, Isus često spominaje se kak «Isus Hristos» abo prosto «Hristos». Koncepcija Hristosa v hristijanstvu pojavila se iz koncepciji [[Mesija v judaizmu|Mesije v judaizmu]]. Hristijani věret, že Isus jest Mesija, prědskazany v [[Tanah|hebrejskoj Bibliji]] (hristijanskom [[Stary Zavět|Starom Zavětu]]). Ačekoli prědstavjenja o Mesiji v každoj religiji sut srodne, čestěje one imajut razliku iz-za razkola rannjego hristijanstva i judaizma v [[Hristijanstvo v I věku|{{-|I}} věku]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dunn|first=James D. G.|year=1991|title=The Partings of the Ways: Between Christianity and Judaism and their Significance for the Character of Christianity|publisher=SCM Press|language=en}}</ref>. Ačekoli prvi [[Učenik (hristijanstvo)|poslědovatelji Isusa]] imenovali jego hebrejskym Mesijeju, napriklad, v «[[Vyznavanje Petra|Vyznavanju Petra]]», jego obyčajno imenovali «Isusom iz [[Nazaret|Nazareta]]» ili «Isusom, synom [[Josef iz Nazareta|Josefa]]»<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia|title=Isus Hristos|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=23 May 2013|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ|archive-date=May 3, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503100711/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/303091/Jesus-Christ|url-status=live|language=en}}</ref>. Medžu hristijanami on stal znajemy pod imenom «Isus Hristos», pokoliku oni věret, že jegovo [[Razpetje Isusa Hristosa|razpetje]] i [[Vozkrešenje Isusa Hristosa|vozkrešenje]] izpolnjajut [[Isus i mesijanske proročstva|mesijanske proročstva]] Starogo Zavěta, osoblivo proročstva, zapisane v Isaji 53 i Psalmu 22<ref>{{Cite web|title=Isaiah 53 Bible Commentary — Matthew Henry (concise)|website=www.christianity.com|archive-date=November 11, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111230706/https://www.christianity.com/bible/commentary/matthew-henry-concise/isaiah/53|url-status=live|url=https://www.christianity.com/bible/commentary/matthew-henry-concise/isaiah/53|access-date=2023-11-11|language=en}}</ref>. ==Etimologija== Slovo «Hristos» proizhodi od [[Grečsky jezyk|grečskogo]] slova {{lang|grc|χριστός}} (hristos), označajuče «[[Pomazanje|pomazany]]». Tuto slovo proizhodi od grečskogo glagola {{lang|grc|χρίω}} (hrio), označajuče «pomazyvati». V grečskoj [[Septuaginta|Septuagintě]] {{lang|grc|χριστός}} bylo je semantično pozajmanjem, izkoristanym dlja prěklada [[Hebrejsky jezyk|hebrejskogo]] slova {{lang|he|מָשִׁיחַ}} ({{-|Mašíaḥ}}, mesija), označjajuče «[toj, kto] jest pomazanym»<ref>{{Cite web|title=Messiah Meaning — Bible Definition and References|url=https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/messiah/|access-date=2025-07-15|website=Bible Study Tools|language=en|archive-date=February 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204015631/https://www.biblestudytools.com/dictionary/messiah/|url-status=live}}</ref>. ==Prědhistorija i novozavětne referencije== [[File:Sargis Pitsak.jpg|thumb|upright|Prva stranica [[Evangelje od Marka|evangelja od Marka]] [[Sargis Pitsak|Sargisa Pitsaka]] ({{-|XIV}} věk): «Početok dobroj věsti Isusa Hristosa, Syna Boga»]] ===Donovozavětne referencije=== V Starom Zavětu pomazanje je bylo cerimonijalnym ritualom, prěznačenym za: * [[Kralji Izraela i Judy|Kraljev Izraela]] (1 Kraljev 19:16; 24:7, Psalom 17(18):51); * [[Kir Veliky|Kira Velikogo]] (Isaja 45:1); * [[Prvosvečennik|Prvosvečennika Izraela]] (3 Mojseja 8:12); * [[Praotci|Praotcev]] (Psalom 104(105):15); i * [[Prorok#Judaizm|Prorokov]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ucg.org/bible-study-tools/booklets/jesus-christ-the-real-story/what-do-messiah-and-jesus-christ-mean|title=What Do 'Messiah' and 'Jesus Christ' Mean?. Both Christ and Messiah mean anointed or anointed one|date=January 26, 2011|access-date=Sep 17, 2018|language=en|quotation=Pomazanje je bylo obredom koronaciji v Siriji i Palestině v {{-|XIV}} věku do n.e.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622131408/https://www.ucg.org/bible-study-tools/booklets/jesus-christ-the-real-story/what-do-messiah-and-jesus-christ-mean|archive-date=June 22, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>. V [[Septuaginta|Septuagintě]], v tekstu [[Vtorokanonične knigy|vtorokanoničnyh knig]], termin «Hristos» strěčaje se v [[Druga kniga Makavejska|2 Makavejev]] 1:10<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/2-Maccabees-Chapter-1_Original-1611-KJV/|title=Biblija Kralja Jamesa, 1611 god, 2 Kniga Makavejev, glava 1, stih 10|website=kingjamesbibleonline.org|language=en|archive-date=December 24, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121224034225/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/2-Maccabees-Chapter-1_Original-1611-KJV|url-status=live|access-date=October 5, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=2Mc&ch=1&interlin=on|title=Grečska Septuaginta i Viki-prěklad na anglijsky, 2 Kniga Makavejev, glava 1|website=katabiblon.com|language=en, el|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004145007/http://www.en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=2Mc&ch=1&interlin=on|archive-date=2018-10-04|url-status=live}}</ref> (odnosi se do [[Prvosvečennik|pomazanogo prvosvečennika Izraela]]) i v [[Kniga Siraha|knigě Siraha]] 46:19<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ecclesiasticus-Chapter-46_Original-1611-KJV/|title=Biblija Kralja Jamesa{{!}}, 1611 god, kniga Siraha, glava 46, stih 19|website=kingjamesbibleonline.org|language=en|access-date=October 5, 2018|archive-date=October 5, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112549/https://www.kingjamesbibleonline.org/Ecclesiasticus-Chapter-46_Original-1611-KJV/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=Sir&ch=46|title=Grečska Septuaginta i Viki-prěklad na anglijsky, kniga Siraha, glava 46|website=katabiblon.com|language=en, el|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181005112315/http://en.katabiblon.com/us/index.php?text=LXX&book=Sir&ch=46|archive-date=2018-10-05|url-status=live}}</ref> odnosno [[Samuel|Samuela]], proroka i osnovatelja kraljevstva pri [[Saul|Saulu]]. V dobu Isusa ne jestvovalo jedinoj formy [[Judaizm Drugogo Hrama|judaizma Drugogo Hrama]], i medžu različnymi hebrejskymi grupami sut byli značime politične, socialne i religijne razliky<ref name=":1" />. Ale na proteženju časa hebreji koristali termin «mašiah» («pomazannik») za označenje očekyvajemogo jimi izbavitelja<ref name=":2" />. === Vvodne stroky iz evangelij od Marka i Mateja === V [[Evangelje od Marka|evangelju od Marka]] 1:1 («Početok dobroj věsti Isusa Hristosa, Syna Boga») Isus identifikujet se i kako Hristos, i kako [[Syn Boga (hristijanstvo)|Syn Boga]]. V [[Evangelje od Mateja|evangelju od Mateja]] 1:1 Hristos koristaje se kako ime, a v Mateja 1:16 tuto objasnjaje se je ješče raz: «Isus, ktorogo imenujut Hristosom». Koristanje oprěděljenogo člena prěd slovom «Hristos» i jegovo postupno prěvračenje vo vlastno ime pokazyvaje, že hristijani identifikovali Isusa s oběčivanym mesijeju judejev, ktory izpolnil vse [[Isus i mesijanske proročstva|mesijanske proročstva]] v najkomletněšem i najvyšnějšem smyslu, čim to bylo je dano jim [[Ravin|ravinami]]<ref name=":2">{{Cite encyclopedia|first=Charles, ed.|last=Herbermann|year=1913|title=Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ|publisher=New York: Robert Appleton Company|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia|language=en}}</ref>. === Vyznavanje Petra (evangelja od Mateja, Marka i Luky) === Tako zvano «[[Vyznavanje Petra]]», zapisano v [[Sinoptične evangelja|sinoptičnyh evangeljah]] kak tvrdženje prvogo apostola Isusa [[Petr|Petra]] o tom, že Isus je byl Mesijeju, stalo znajemym proglašenjem věry posrěd hristijan s prvogo věka<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Ekstrand|first=Donald W.|year=2008|isbn=978-1-60477-929-5|title=Christianity|pages=147–150|language=en}}</ref>. === Izrěčenje Marty === V [[Evangelje od Joana|evangelju od Joana]] 11:27 Marta je skazala Isusu: «Ty jesi Hristos, Syn Boga, toj, ktory prihodi v svět», čto znači, že obadva titula sut byli konvencionalne (ale mněvali se različnymi) posrěd poslědovateljev Isusa do [[Vozkrešenje Lazara|vozkrešenja Lazara]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Christianity|first=Donald W.|last=Ekstrand|year=2008|page=81|isbn=978-1-60477-929-5|publisher=Donald Ekstrand}}</ref>. === Sud Sinedriona nad Isusom (evangelja od Mateja, Marka i Luky) === V čas [[Sud nad Isusom v Sinedrionu|suda nad Isusom v Sinedrionu]], kak slěduje iz razkaza Mateja, Isus na početku odkazal se davati premy odgovor na pytanje prvosvečennika [[Kaiafa|Kaiafy]]: «Ty li Mesija, Syn Boga?», kde jegovy odgovor da se jedino kako {{lang|grc|Σὺ εἶπας}} (su eipas, «Ty [v jednině] skazal tuto»)<ref>Evangelje od Mateja 26:63–64.</ref>. Analogično, ale inako v evangelju od Luky vsi prisutni zapytyvajut Isusa: «Znači, ty jesi Syn Boga?», na čto Isus, kako povědyvaje se, odgovorjaje: {{Lang|grc|Ὑμεῖς λέγετε ὅτι ἐγώ εἰμι}} (hymeis legete hoti ego eimi), «Vy [v množině] govorite, že ja jesm»)<ref>Evangelje od Luky 22:70.</ref>. Jednakože v evangelju od Marka, kogda Kaiafa zapytyvaje Isusa: «Ty li jesi Mesija, Syn Blagoslovjenogo?», Isus govori Sinedrionu: {{Lang|grc|Ἐγώ εἰμι}} (ego eimi, «Ja jesm»)<ref>Evangelje od Marka 14:61–62.</ref>. V [[Hebrejska literatura|hebrejskoj literaturě]] strěčajut se priklady, kogda izraz «vy jeste skazali tuto» ekvivalentno «vy jeste pravy»<ref name=":0">{{Cite encyclopedia|last=Herbermann|first=Charles, ed.|title=Messiah|publisher=New York: Robert Appleton Company|encyclopedia=Catholic Encyclopedia}}</ref>. Mesijansko tvrdženje je bylo menje značimym, než pretendovanje na božstvo, ktoro je izzvalo užas i obvinjenje [[Prvosvečennik|prvosvečennika]] v [[Bogohulstvo|bogohulstvu]], a poslě i prizyv do smrtnoj kaznji. [[Sud Pilata|Prěd Pilatom]] že s osnovanjem dlja jegovogo osudženja stalo samo tvrdženje jegovoj [[Kralevstvo Božje|kralevskoj]] dostojnosti<ref name=":0" />. === Poslanja Pavla === Slovo «Hristos» jest těsno povezano s Isusom v [[Poslanja Pavla|poslanjah Pavla]], čto govori o tom, že [[Rannje hristijanstvo|rannjim hristijanam]] ne je bylo potrěbnym tvrditi, že Isus jest Hristos, pokoliku tuto je bylo široko prijeto medžu njimi. Slědovateljno, [[Pavl Apostol|Pavl]] može koristati termin «Hristos» bez zaměšivanja odnosno togo, k komu on odnosi s, i on može koristati take izrazy, kako «vo Hristosu» dlja označenja posljedovateljev Isusa, kak v 1 [[Poslanje Pavla Korintcam|Korintcam]] 4:15 i [[Poslanje Pavla Rimcam|Rimcam]] 12:5<ref>{{Cite book|title=Lord Jesus Christ: Devotion to Jesus in Earliest Christianity|last=Hurtado|first=Larry W.|author-link=Larry Hurtado|year=2005|isbn=0-8028-3167-2|page=99|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans}}</ref>. Pavl proglasil jego [[Poslědny Adam|Poslědnym Adamom]], ktory je obnovil to, čto [[Adam]] je utratil prěz neposlušnost<ref>{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of theology: A concise Sacramentum mundi|isbn=0-86012-006-6|pages=730–739|last=Rahner|first=Karl|author-link=Karl Ranher|year=2004|publisher=A&C Black}}</ref>. Poslanja Pavla sut žrlom něktoryh ključnyh hristologičnyh svezij; napriklad, v poslanju k [[Poslanje Pavla Efescam|Efescam]] 3:17–19 [[ljubov Hristosa]] svezyvajet se s [[Uznanje Hristosa|uznanjem Hristosa]], i ljubov Hristosa ponimaje se kako neobhodno uslovje za uznanje jego<ref>{{Cite book|title=The letters to the Galatians and Ephesians|first=William|last=Barclay|author-link=William Barclay (theologian)|year=2002|isbn=0-664-22559-4|pages=152–153|publisher=Presbyterian Publishing Corporation}}</ref>. Takože v slovah i dějanjah Isusa sodržut se nejavne tvrdženja o tom, že on jest Hristosom<ref name=":0" />. === Koristanje titula Mesija v evangelju od Joana === [[Elinizacija]] {{lang|grc|Μεσσίας}} (messias) koristuje se v Novom Zavětu dvukratno v značenju «Mesija»: [[Učenik (hristijanstvo)|učenikom]] [[Andrej Apostol|Andrejem]] v [[Evangelje od Joana|Joana]] 1:41 i [[Samaritanka u studnje|samaritankoju u studnje]] v Joana 4:25. V obadvoh slučajah tekst směsta utočnjaje, že to označje «Hristos»<ref>{{Cite book|year=1957|first=Walter, et al., eds.|last=Bauer|publisher=Chicago: University of Chicago Press|title="Μεσσίας, ου, ὁ". A Greek–English Lexicon of the New Testament and Other Early Christian Literature (1 ed.)|language=en}}</ref>^:509. == Hristologija == Hristologija, doslovno «pojmanje Hristosa»<ref name=":3">{{Citation|last=Ehrman|first=Bart|year=2014|title=How Jesus became God: The Exaltation of a Jewish Preacher from Galilee|publisher=Harper Collins}}</ref> jest izučenje prirody (ličnosti) i dějanij (rolje v spasenju) [[Isus v hristijanstvu|Isusa v hristijanstvu]]<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{cite book|author-link=Gerald O'Collins|last=O'Collins|first=Gerald|title=Christology: A Biblical, Historical, and Systematic Study of Jesus|location=Oxford|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2009|isbn=978-0-19-955787-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Ramm|first=Bernard L.|year=1993|author-link=Bernard Ramm|chapter=Christology at the Center|title=An Evangelical Christology: Ecumenic and Historic|publisher=Regent College Publishing|isbn=9781573830089|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Bird|first1=Michael F.|last2=Evans|first2=Craig A.|last3=Gathercole|first3=Simon|year=2014|title=How God Became Jesus: The Real Origins of Belief in Jesus' Divine Nature&nbsp;– A Response to Bart Ehrman|chapter=Endnotes&nbsp;– Chapter 1|publisher=Zondervan|isbn=978-0-310-51961-4|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JGy2AgAAQBAJ&pg=PT134|language=en}}</ref>. Ona izučaje člověčsku i božsku prirodu Isusa Hristosa, a takože vzajemnu svez medžu tymi dvoma aspektami<ref name=":3" /> i rolju, ktoru on izpolnjaje v [[Spasenje v hristijanstvu|spasenju]]. S drugogo po pety věka odnošenje člověčskoj i božskoj prirody Hristosa je bylo jednym iz najglavnějših predmetov debatov v [[Rannje hristijanstvo|rannjej crkvi]] i na [[Sedm Vsesvětnyh soborov|prvyh sedmi Vsesvětnyh soborah]]. [[Halkedonsky sobor]] 451 goda je izdal definiciju [[Hipostatično jedinstvo|hipostatičnogo jedinstva]] dvoh prirod Hristosa, jednoj člověčskoj i jednoj božskoj, «ne sjedinjenyh ni s neporedkom, ni s razdělom»<ref name=":4">{{Citation|last=Davis|first=Leo Donald|year=1990|title=The First Seven Ecumenical Councils (325–787): Their History and Theology (Theology and Life Series 21)|publisher=Michael Glazier/Liturgical Press|location=Collegeville, MN|isbn=978-0-8146-5616-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/firstsevenec_davi_1990_000_6702418}}</ref>. Věčinstvo osnovnyh větv zapadnogo hristijanstva i [[Pravoslavje|pravoslavja]] pridrživajut se tutoj definicije<ref name=":4" />, togda kak mnoge větvy [[Davnovozhodne pravoslavne crkvi|davnovozhodnyh pravoslavnyh crkvij]] odvrgajut jeju<ref>{{Citation|last1=Armentrout|first1=Donald S.|last2=Boak Slocum|first2=Robert|year=2005|title=An Episcopal dictionary of the church|publisher=Church Publishing|isbn=978-0-89869-211-2}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Espín|first1=Orlando O.|last2=Nickoloff|first2=James B.|year=2007|title=An introductory dictionary of theology and religious studies|publisher=Liturgical Press|isbn=978-0-8146-5856-7}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last=Beversluis|first=Joel Diederik|year=2000|title=Sourcebook of the world's religions|publisher=New World Library|isbn=978-1-57731-121-8|url=https://archive.org/details/sourcebookofworl00beve}}</ref> i pridrživajut se [[Miafizitizm|miafizitizma]]. Suglasno «[[Suma Teologiji|Sumě Teologiji]]» [[Tomaso Akvinsky|Tomy Akvinskogo]], v slučaju Isusa slovo «Hristos» imaje dvojno značenje, označajuče «kako pomazanje Božstva, tako i pomazanje člověčskoj prirody». Ono proizhodi od dvojnogo člověko-božskogo početka Hristosa ([[diofizitizm]]): [[Syn Člověčsky]] pomazyvaje se vslěd svojego utělesnjenogo těla, a Syn Božsky pomazyvaje se vslěd «[[Božstvo v hristijanstvu|Božstva]], ktoro on imaje s Otcem» ({{-|ST III, q. 16, a. 5}})<ref>{{cite book|author=Thomas Aquinas|translator=Fathers of the English Dominican Province|url=https://dhspriory.org/thomas/summa/TP/TP016.html|title=English translation of the "Summa Theologica", with Latin text|publisher=[[Benziger Bros]]|year=1947|access-date=26 July 2019|website=dhspriory.org|language=la, en|archive-date=21 October 2014|url-status=live}}</ref>. == Žrla == {{Iztočniky}} == Vněšnje linky == {{Prěvod|en|Christ (title)|}} [[Kategorija:Religija]] [[Kategorija:Hristijanstvo]] 8tl7jn9fwvqbla9anciex6me92715xi 4 4720 28295 28194 2026-07-07T17:50:40Z IJzeren Jan 9 b > c 28295 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fajl:Wikipedia-logo-v2-isv.svg | right | 250px]] '''Vikipedija je [[enciklopedija]]:''' vse stranice v glavnom prostoru Vikipedije sut enciklopedične članky, a vse ostale stranice služet k pomagan‌ju procesu jih tvorjen‌ja. Jednakože to ne znači, že cělj Vikipedije jest sodrživan‌je cělogo ljudskogo znan‌ja. Občina koristnikov razrěšaje, čto jest i čto ne jest dopustimo. Proiztekajuče ograničen‌ja sut rezumovane na tutoj stranici. === Sodržan‌je === Vikipedija '''ne je''': * '''Papirna enciklopedija'''. Nemaje praktičnyh ograničenij ni v kolikosti, ni v razměru člankov. Suglasno [[Vikipedija:Pet kolon|peti kolon Vikipedije]] jednakože istnujut oprěděljene ograničen‌ja čto se tyče prědmetov i sodržan‌ja člankov. * '''Slovnik'''. Enciklopedija povinna je prědstaviti znan‌je, ideje i razuměn‌je, ale ne objasnjaje slova kako to dělajut slovniky. Iz toj pričiny članky v Vikipediji ne sostojet ni iz samyh definicij slov, ni iz opisov ob etimologiji ili upotrěbě slov. Take opisy mogut byti čest članka, ale ne izključiteljno. Očevidno, na početku vsakogo članka povinen nahoditi se kratko oprěděljen‌je prědmeta. * '''Baza danyh'''. Čislny material, napriklad měrjen‌ja, statistiky, rezultaty izborov ili sportnyh mečev, absolutno mogut byti čest članka, ale ne imaje pravo istnovati kako samoistny članok. Tabely imajut smysl samo togda, kogda sut uměščene v pravom kontekstu. * '''Sbor vněšnjih linkov'''. Samorazumno vněšnje linky do glavnyh izvorov o prědmetu danogo članka sut potrěbne, da by čitatelji mogli najdti veče informacije o njim, ale krajno dolge spisky linkov na ine sajty sut nepožedane. Napriklad: deset linkov v članku treh redkov bylo by neproporcionalno. * '''Provodnik'''. Vikipedija opisyvaje prědmety, ale ne davaje instrukcije, sověty, sugestije, prědložen‌ja, recepty i tako dalje. * '''Spisok tekstov ili citatov'''. One mogut byti čest poněkojih člankov, ale samo kako dodatok i vsegda s pridrživan‌jem se avtorskyh prav. Vlastne teksty ili prěvody poem, pěsnjej i prozy mogut byti publikovane v [https://isv.miraheze.org/wiki/Sbornik:Glavna_stranica Vikisborniku]. * '''Novinarsky portal'''. Vikipedija ne služi za publikovan‌je informacij iz prvoj ruky ili vlastnogo izkušen‌ja i ne povinno je běgati za aktualnymi sobytjami. Važne sobytja možno je opisati pod uslovjem, že črěz dolžejši čas sut opisane v raznyh serioznyh, avtoritetnyh izvorah. Za točny, balansovany opis trěba uměti oddaliti se od prědmeta i različati medžu važnymi i podrednymi elementami, faktami i domyslami, pričinami i naslědkami. * '''Město za naučne traktaty i monografije'''. Ačekoli mnogo člankov tyče se naučnyh prědmetov, sodržan‌je v občem je odnositeljno menje podrobno i povinno je byti napisano tako, že daže laik može razuměti. * '''Město za prědstavjen‌je novyh idej, teorij ili iznahodok'''. Vikipedija je sostavjena iz značimogo, uže publikovanogo znan‌ja. Nove ideje, hipotezy i produkty kvalifikujut se samo pod uslovjem, že najprvo sut široko opisane v nezavisnyh, avtoritetnyh izvorah. * '''Podium'''. Vsaka enciklopedija sodrživaje biografije osob, tako i Vikipedija. Jednakože biografija oprěděljenogo člověka je dopustima samo pod uslovjem, že ta osoba imaje enciklopedičnu značimost. Cělj Vikipedije je pisati o znanyh ljudah i temah, a ne pričiniti, da by oni stali znani. Pisan‌je o sobě, svojej organizaciji ili svojih tvorbah – ačekoli ne je strogo zabranjeno – odsovětuje se, ibo v praktikě pridrživan‌je se nevtralnoj točky zrěn‌ja je mnogo trudno. Očevidno, koristniki Vikipedije mogut prědstaviti sebe na svojih koristničskyh stranicah. * '''Platforma za propagandu'''. Članok može prědstaviti stanovišča različnyh grup, čto v slučaju kontroversijnyh tem daže je neobhodimo, ale prěvaga jednoj točky zrěn‌ja nad drugymi je nepožedana. Usilujemy do maksimalnoj objektivnosti i nevtralnosti, pri čem ravnovaga medžu raznymi točkami zrěn‌ja je osoblivo važna. Kontroversijne tvrdžen‌ja imajut byti dobro dokumentovane i opirati se na avtoritetnyh izvorah. * '''Město za reklamu'''. Članky o firmah i produktah sut v poredku, pod uslovjem, že sut napisane nevtralno i bez naměra prodan‌ja čegokoli. Prědmety takyh člankov imajut byti prověrime v avtoritetnyh izvorah, nezavisnyh od samoj organizacije. Članky o malyh ili «garažnyh» prodavcah pravdopodobno budut odstranjene. Članky ne hvalet firmy ili produkty, ne podavajut cěny i ne linkujut na sajty, ktore sut izključiteljno směrjene na prodaž. * '''Kristalna kulja'''. Vikipedija ne prědpovědaje budučnost i ne je město neprověrimyh spekulacij. Spomněn‌ja o budučih sobytjah sut dopustime samo togda, kogda nastupjen‌je oprěděljenogo sobytja je (skoro) bezsporno i informacija o njim bazuje se na dostatočnoj kolikosti nezavisnyh, avtoritetnyh izvorov. === Občina === Vikipedija takože '''ne je''': * '''Besědny forum''' o inyh prědmetah neželi o enciklopedičnom sodržan‌ju. Izključen‌jami sut [[Vikipedija:Krčma|Krčma]] i besědne stranice koristnikov, ale daže tamo cěljem razgovorov je ulěpšen‌je enciklopedije. Čatovan‌je je možno v naših grupah na {{-|Discordu|Дискорду}}, {{-|Facebooku|Фејсбуку}} ili Telegramu. * '''Město do stavjen‌ja pytanij'''. Kto piše v Vikipediji děli se informacijeju o danom prědmetu i ne stavi pytan‌ja o njim. Črvene linky v člankov sut pozvan‌ja do napisan‌ja novogo članka, ne do uměščen‌ja pytalnyh znakov. * '''Spoločny eksperiment'''. Vikipedija ne je ni anarhija, ni demokracija, ni bjurokracija. Projekt je samoregulujuči, pravila sut ograničene do minimum, rěšen‌ja prijmaje se glavno posrědstvom iskan‌ja konsensusa. Jedine pravila, ktoryh vsaky koristnik je povinen se držati, sut oprěděljene v [[Vikipedija:Pet kolon|peti kolonah Vikipedije]]. Očevidno, zabranjene sut dějstva, ktore otegčajut funkcionovan‌je projekta ili sut protivne netiketě. * '''Obvezok'''. Vsaka rabota nad Vikipedijeju je dobrovoljna. Nikto ne može prinuditi drugogo koristnika do čegokoli, a vsaky koristnik imaje pravo završiti svoju dějateljnost ili sdělati sobě pauzu. * Nakonec, Vikipedija na medžuslovjanskom jezyku '''ne je konkurent''' za Vikipedije na drugyh slovjanskyh jezykah, ni za Vikipedije na drugyh umětnyh jezykah. My hočemo služiti kako cěnno dopolnjen‌je drugym slovjanskym Vikipedijam, podavajuči obširnu, razumlivu informaciju, ktora v drugyh slovjanskyh projektah je odsutna ili slabo prědstavjena, a takože sodrživati kratše, sžete i legko pročitajeme članky o prědmetah, ktore v slovjanskyh ekvivalentah sut opisane v dolgyh i često prěmnogo podrobnyh člankah. [[Kategorija:Pravila Vikipedije]] {{INTERWIKI|Q4345841}} 19swjrp6txytyhfmzpnf3pzttl4e24p 0 4730 28279 28262 2026-07-07T12:40:07Z Ilja isv 10 28279 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} }} '''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezija''' či '''Terezija-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lěsami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | agency = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pohled na Ostravu z Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''{{-|Emma Lucia}}'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | agency = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m, a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | agency = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu z Bolt Tower]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°{{-|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznikajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija {{-|RPG RE Land}}, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě".<ref>[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]</ref> Tuty zakaz byl odzvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě]</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | agency = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste ovde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černa luka (vystavka)|Černa luka]]}} (od [[Most Miloša Sikory|mosta Sikory]]), ili od [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Těm prvym je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťalkovicami]] (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Vněšnji linky === * {{-|[http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Prěvod|cs|Halda Ema}}}} [[Kategorija:Ostrava]] [[Kategorija:Tehnogenne objekty]] [[Kategorija:Evropejske skladky XX věka]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} thlcnlcwzeuthqkzuupq1gyvsevelnw 28280 28279 2026-07-07T12:40:29Z Ilja isv 10 /* Opis */ 28280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} }} '''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezija''' či '''Terezija-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lěsami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | agency = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pohled na Ostravu z Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''{{-|Emma Lucia}}'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | agency = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m, a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | agency = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu z Bolt Tower]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°{{-|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznikajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija {{-|RPG RE Land}}, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě".<ref>[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]</ref> Tuty zakaz byl odzvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě]</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | agency = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste ovde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černa luka (vystavka)|Černa luka]] (od [[Most Miloša Sikory|mosta Sikory]]), ili od [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Těm prvym je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťalkovicami]] (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Vněšnji linky === * {{-|[http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Prěvod|cs|Halda Ema}}}} [[Kategorija:Ostrava]] [[Kategorija:Tehnogenne objekty]] [[Kategorija:Evropejske skladky XX věka]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} jvotdehamndha8flo5w2cl24dkjx2io 28281 28280 2026-07-07T12:42:13Z Ilja isv 10 28281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} }} '''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezija''' či '''Terezija-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lěsami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | magazine = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pohled na Ostravu z Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''{{-|Emma Lucia}}'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | magazine = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m, a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | magazine = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu z Bolt Tower]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°{{-|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznikajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija {{-|RPG RE Land}}, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě".<ref>[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]</ref> Tuty zakaz byl odzvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě]</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | magazine = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste ovde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černa luka (vystavka)|Černa luka]] (od [[Most Miloša Sikory|mosta Sikory]]), ili od [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Těm prvym je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťalkovicami]] (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Vněšnji linky === * {{-|[http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Prěvod|cs|Halda Ema}}}} [[Kategorija:Ostrava]] [[Kategorija:Tehnogenne objekty]] [[Kategorija:Evropejske skladky XX věka]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} a3fcu71x3g3iyfadngtsq3r22eg529b 28282 28281 2026-07-07T12:43:50Z Ilja isv 10 /* Opis */ 28282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} }} '''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezija''' či '''Terezija-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lěsami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | magazine = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pohled na Ostravu z Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''{{-|Emma Lucia}}'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | magazine = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m, a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | magazine = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu z Bolt Tower]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°{{-|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznikajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija {{-|RPG RE Land}}, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě".<ref>{{-|[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]}}</ref> Tuty zakaz byl odzvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>{{-|[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě]}}</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | magazine = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste ovde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černa luka (vystavka)|Černa luka]] (od [[Most Miloša Sikory|mosta Sikory]]), ili od [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Těm prvym je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťalkovicami]] (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Vněšnji linky === * {{-|[http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Prěvod|cs|Halda Ema}}}} [[Kategorija:Ostrava]] [[Kategorija:Tehnogenne objekty]] [[Kategorija:Evropejske skladky XX věka]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} awghqds7v6rg3h8cmeh0ymzd1kcddtm 28283 28282 2026-07-07T12:46:03Z Ilja isv 10 /* Opis */ 28283 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} }} '''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezija''' či '''Terezija-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lěsami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | magazine = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pohled na Ostravu z Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''{{-|Emma Lucia}}'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | magazine = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m, a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | magazine = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu z Bolt Tower]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°{{-|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznikajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija {{-|RPG RE Land}}, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě".<ref>{{-|[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]}}</ref> Tuty zakaz byl odzvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot {{-|Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě}}]</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | magazine = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste ovde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černa luka (vystavka)|Černa luka]] (od [[Most Miloša Sikory|mosta Sikory]]), ili od [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Těm prvym je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťalkovicami]] (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Vněšnji linky === * {{-|[http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Prěvod|cs|Halda Ema}}}} [[Kategorija:Ostrava]] [[Kategorija:Tehnogenne objekty]] [[Kategorija:Evropejske skladky XX věka]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} 6ann2ffqohlnn8zs0bb3eo8x6jmt5ds 28284 28283 2026-07-07T12:47:23Z Ilja isv 10 28284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu odsypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} }} '''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezija''' či '''Terezija-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lěsami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | magazine = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pohled na Ostravu z Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''{{-|Emma Lucia}}'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | magazine = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m, a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | magazine = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu z Bolt Tower]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°{{-|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznikajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija {{-|RPG RE Land}}, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě".<ref>{{-|[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]}}</ref> Tuty zakaz byl odzvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot {{-|Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě}}]</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | magazine = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste ovde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černa luka (vystavka)|Černa luka]] (od [[Most Miloša Sikory|mosta Sikory]]), ili od [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Těm prvym je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťalkovicami]] (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Vněšnji linky === * {{-|[http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Prěvod|cs|Halda Ema}}}} [[Kategorija:Ostrava]] [[Kategorija:Tehnogenne objekty]] [[Kategorija:Evropejske skladky XX věka]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} pzyjrfslpyxk1vwqzna2ncx6jt0rlh5 28306 28284 2026-07-07T19:41:04Z Ilja isv 10 /* Opis */ 28306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu odsypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} }} '''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezija''' či '''Terezija-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lěsami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | magazine = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pogled na Ostravu z Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''{{-|Emma Lucia}}'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | magazine = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m, a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | magazine = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu z {{-|Bolt Tower}}, Vitkovice]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°{{-|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznikajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija {{-|RPG RE Land}}, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě".<ref>{{-|[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]}}</ref> Tuty zakaz byl odzvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot {{-|Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě}}]</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | magazine = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste ovde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černa luka (vystavka)|Černa luka]] (od [[Most Miloša Sikory|mosta Sikory]]), ili od [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Těm prvym je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťalkovicami]] (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Vněšnji linky === * {{-|[http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Prěvod|cs|Halda Ema}}}} [[Kategorija:Ostrava]] [[Kategorija:Tehnogenne objekty]] [[Kategorija:Evropejske skladky XX věka]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} j7kk921azwh8yk9kmbclmxyf8g2n8ss 28307 28306 2026-07-07T19:42:13Z Ilja isv 10 /* Opis */ 28307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu odsypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} }} '''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezija''' či '''Terezija-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lěsami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | magazine = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pogled na Ostravu s Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''{{-|Emma Lucia}}'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | magazine = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m, a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | magazine = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu s {{-|Bolt Tower}}, Vitkovice]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°{{-|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznikajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija {{-|RPG RE Land}}, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě".<ref>{{-|[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]}}</ref> Tuty zakaz byl odzvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot {{-|Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě}}]</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | magazine = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste ovde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černa luka (vystavka)|Černa luka]] (od [[Most Miloša Sikory|mosta Sikory]]), ili od [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Těm prvym je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťalkovicami]] (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Vněšnji linky === * {{-|[http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Prěvod|cs|Halda Ema}}}} [[Kategorija:Ostrava]] [[Kategorija:Tehnogenne objekty]] [[Kategorija:Evropejske skladky XX věka]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} pq0dvm809lpotxr6juqq49bt14j51e2 28308 28307 2026-07-07T19:43:14Z Ilja isv 10 /* Opis */ 28308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Městna interesnost | nazva = Halda Ema | vyšina = 306 m | država = [[Fajl:Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg|20px|link=Čehija|Čehija]] Čehija | fotografija = [[Fajl:Kouřící halda Ema.jpg|thumb|300px|center|Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu odsypky]] | podnadpis = Dym, vozhodeči na vrhu vysypky | grad = [[Fajl:Flag_of_Ostrava.svg|20px|link=Ostrava|Ostrava]] Ostrava | koordinaty = {{Coord|49|50|23|N|18|18|53|E|type:landmark}} }} '''Halda Ema''' (halda (odsypka) '''Trojica''', někokgda takože nazyvajema '''Ema-Terezija''' či '''Terezija-Ema''') je [[Ostrava|ostravska]] rudnična odsypka ("[[Odsypka|halda]]") v [[Ostrava|Slezskoj Ostravě]] na pravom břegu řeky [[Ostravice (řeka)|Ostravice]] v [[Moravskoslezský kraj|Moravskoslezskom kraju]]. Jej vrh byl ve vyšině 325 m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m., i očevidno byl takože najvysšeju točkoju [[Ostrava|Ostravy]]. Pod vplyvom progoranja, osědanja i gorničoj dějatelnosti, vyšina haldy Emy se postupno snižala, v lětu 2009 se vyšina měrila od 312 do 315 [[Nadmořská výška|m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m]],<ref name=":0">{{Cite news | last = Navrátil | first = Boleslav | title = Halda Ema není nejvyšším bodem Ostravy | agency = Moravskoslezský deník | date = 2009-07-19 | lang = cs | url = https://moravskoslezsky.denik.cz/zpravy_region/20090718_halda_ema_ostrava.html | access-date = 2021-04-14 }}</ref> a v lětu 2025 byla uže 306 metrov nad morjem. Tuta halda (odsypka) je popularnoju turističskoju interesnostju, zatože prědstavjaje faktično ljudmi stvorjeny vulkan, ktory živě svojim avtonomnym životom uže vyše, než sto lět. Ona je zarostla lěsami i prědkladaje pogled na Ostravu, okolne grady i sěla, [[Beskydy]], [[Jeseníky|Jeseniky]], [[Moravská brána|Moravske vrata]] i na [[Poljska|Poljsku]].<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Broulík | first = Petr | title = Ostrava do léta zvelebí haldu Ema. Přibudou jezírka i lavičky | magazine = Magazín Patriot | date = 2025-05-15 | access-date = 2025-05-16 | url = https://www.patriotmagazin.cz/ostrava-do-leta-zvelebi-haldu-ema-pribydou-jezirka-i-lavicky }}</ref> == Opis == [[Fajl:Výhled na Ostravu - panoramio.jpg|left|thumb|Pogled na Ostravu s Haldy Emy]]Najvysša halda se historično iměnuje Trojica<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Halda Ema | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/historie-halda-ema-ostrava/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> po nazvě blizkoj kopaljnje, iz ktoroj proizhodi skladajuči ju material, i nikoli Ema (''{{-|Emma Lucia}}'' byla mala šahta na oddaljenju s praktično neznačnym dobyvanjem i maloju haldoju).<ref>{{Cite book | last = Lukáš | title = Důl Ema a Lucie | url = https://www.historickaostrava.cz/dul-ema-a-lucie/ | date = 2022-10-24 | access-date = 2024-05-15 | lang = cs }}</ref> Ime Ema vsako bylo popularizovano širokoju spoločnostju, i zato je halda dnes znajema glavno pod tutoju nazvoju. Sučasny kompleks odvalov se skladaje iz glavnogo koničnogo vrha ''Trojicy (Emy)'', nižšej ''haldy Terezije''<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Důl Terezie - Bergschacht - Petr Bezruč | magazine = podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz | url = http://podzemi.solvayovylomy.cz/histhor/lokality/okr/40.htm | access-date = 2024-05-02 }}</ref> i razloženogo vokrug njih terasovanogo prstenja odvala ''Petr Bezruč''. Vměste jih površina stvarjaje jednu iz najobširnejših odvalovyh akumulacij v Ostravě, razlika vyšiny od osnovanja po vrh dosegaje 70 m, a město panoramnogo ogleda je tretjeju najvysšeju točkoju Ostravy.<ref>{{Cite magazine | title = Halda Ema v Ostravě – jedinečný pohled na město | magazine = Kudy z nudy | publisher = Česká centrála cestovního ruchu – CzechTourism | url = https://www.kudyznudy.cz/aktivity/halda-ema-v-ostrave-jedinecny-pohled-na-mesto | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref>[[Fajl:Pohled_na_Haldu_Emu.jpg|thumb|Pohled na Haldu Emu s ostanovjenoj vysokoj peči {{-|Bolt Tower}}, Vitkovice]] Stvarjajut ju miliony ton iztegnutoj [[Pusta gornina|pustoj gorniny]] z ostravskyh vugoljnyh kopaljnjej (areal: 82&nbsp;hektara, objem: nad 28&nbsp;mil.&nbsp;m³). Počatky jejnogo založenja pravdopodobno izhodet od doby prěd lětom 1920.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Štěpánek | first = Jan P. | title = halda Ema | url = https://www.hrady.cz/technicka-pamatka-dul-ema-a-lucie/texty?tid=50532&pos=300 | publisher = hrady.cz | access-date = 2008-08-29 }}</ref> Halda, kako prědže, bezprěryvno dějstvuje, zato z njej izlětajut běle oblačky gazov, sodrživajučih [[oksid sěry|oksid sěrny]]. Jej povrhnost je neustalo ogrěvana vnutrnymi procesami – vnutri goreči haldy dosegaje temperatura 900&nbsp;°{{-|C}}.<ref>{{Cite book | last = Hejma | first = Alan | title = Halda Ema vrchol slezské Ostravy | url = http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = rádio impuls | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211023858/http://www.impuls.cz/halda-ema-vrchol-slezske-ostravy/article.html?id=213150 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Pri tutoj temperaturě, mimo vsego, voznikajut neobyčne mineraly – [[porcelanit]]y i [[jaspis]]y. Iz tutoj pričiny na njej byl izprva vstup povolen samo na vlastnu odgovornost.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Regionální info-bulletin | url = http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = czechturism | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211024830/http://regionbulletin.czechtourism.cz/index.php?action=show&id=1675 | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> V lětu 2011 zabranila kompanija {{-|RPG RE Land}}, ktora byla vlastnikom ozemja, vstup na haldu. Zakaz osprosila se těm, že "nemožno jest zaručiti bezpečnost osob i imutka nahodečih se na haldě".<ref>{{-|[http://www.ostrava.cz/cs/o-meste/aktualne/na-haldu-ema-je-vstup-zakazan Na haldu Ema je vstup zakázán]}}</ref> Tuty zakaz byl odzvany 30. septembra 2012 lěta.<ref>[http://ostrava.idnes.cz/halda-ema-bude-opet-pristupna-verejnosti-fpd-/ostrava-zpravy.aspx?c=A120831_1823327_ostrava-zpravy_sot {{-|Turisté opět mohou stoupat na „zakázanou“ haldu Ema v Ostravě}}]</ref> Od lěta 2023 vlastni haldu grad Ostrava.<ref>{{Cite magazine | last = Carbolová | first = Lenka | title = Ostrava kupuje haldu Ema, turisty oblíbené místo chce více zpřístupnit | magazine = iDNES.cz | url = https://www.idnes.cz/ostrava/zpravy/halda-ema-asental-pokorna-antal-ostrava-koupe.A221005_686475_ostrava-zpravy_jog | date = 2022-10-05 | lang = cs | access-date = 2024-05-15 }}</ref> Blagodare teplu, ktoro izhodi iz gory, na haldě raste teplomilna flora.<ref name="Mavlast">{{Cite book | title = Halda Ema | url = http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = mavlast.cz | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081211031657/http://www.mavlast.cz/top-turisticke-cile.halda-ema | archive-date = 2008-12-11 | url-status = dead }}</ref> Strěčaje se tut takože stepna fauna. Na severnoj straně je gusty lěs, južna strana (ktora bezprěryvno progaraje) jest dopoka gola i vladaje na njej subtropična klima, kde se i v zimnyhh měsecah neostavaje sněg, ale raste ovde celoročno trava. K haldě možno dojdti od ostravskoj vystavky [[Černa luka (vystavka)|Černa luka]] (od [[Most Miloša Sikory|mosta Sikory]]), ili od [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|zoo]] po turističskoj trasě s žoltym znakom. [[Klub českých turistů|Klub češskih turistov]] tuto trasu nazval po imeni osnovatelja češskoj turistiky [[Adolf Podroužka|Adolfa Podroužka]].<ref>{{Cite book | last = Šárek | first = Jiří | title = Je ostravská halda Ema a její okolí pro občany i turisty atraktivní? | url = http://www.slezskaostrava.cz/tisk/data/0153.doc | format = doc | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Moravskoslezský deník }}</ref> Ema je tretjim najvysšym městom Ostravy. Těm prvym je vozvyšenost [[Nad Stádlem]] (334&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.) v [[Krásné Pole (Ostrava)|Krasnom Polju]] , drugo jest vozvyšenje nad [[Hošťálkovice|Hošťalkovicami]] (318&nbsp;m&nbsp;n.&nbsp;m.).<ref>{{Cite book | title = Charakteristika okresu Ostrava - město | url = http://www.czso.cz/xt/redakce.nsf/i/charakteristika_okresu_ostrava_mesto | access-date = 2008-08-29 | publisher = Český statistický úřad - Ostrava}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Vyše informacije == Halda nahodi se blizko [[Zoologičny sad i botaničny park Ostrava|Zoologičnogo sada i botaničnogo parka Ostrava]]. == Galerija == <gallery widths="140" heights="140"> Kouřící halda Ema2.jpg Heap Ema, Ostrava, Czech Republic 03.jpg </gallery> === Referencije === {{Iztočniky}} === Vněšnji linky === * {{-|[http://kolemnas.cz/halda/halda.html Virtuální prohlídka Haldy Ema] {{Prěvod|cs|Halda Ema}}}} [[Kategorija:Ostrava]] [[Kategorija:Tehnogenne objekty]] [[Kategorija:Evropejske skladky XX věka]] {{INTERWIKI|Q12018886}} i78qjv5wf7hcfwdigne86vjlo6dq0wv 1 4742 28291 28273 2026-07-07T17:04:07Z MwGamera 13 /* ńj */ Odgovor 28291 wikitext text/x-wiki == ńj == @[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]]: <div style="width:4ex;outline:1px dotted">Publikovan​ja, izslědovan​je, prědložen​je, zagrožen​jem, etc</div> Pravka [[Special:Diff/10781|10781]] opačno upotrěbjaje znak kontrolny Unikoda {{-|U+200B ZWSP}} označajuči, že děljen⁠je redka jest dozvaljano v tom městu, i to bez defisa. Aby odličiti «{{-|нј}}» od «{{-|њ}}» bez izkoristyvan⁠ja «{{-|ń}}», lěpje pisati {{-|U+2060 WJ}}, ktory, obratno, označaje, že děliti redok v tom město se ne dozvaljaje. (Abo {{-|U+00AD SHY}} jestli to dobre město děljena slova.) <span style="text-transform:lowercase;font-synthesis:none;display:inline-block">--[[User:MwGamera|Mw<span style="font-variant:petite-caps">G</span>amera]]</span> ([[User talk:MwGamera|besěda]]) 10:00, 7 julij 2026 (CEST) :Da, to je byla pogrěška iz mojej strany. Zaměsto U+200B ja htěl pisati U+200D. Ne znaju točno, kaka je razlika medžu U+200D i U+2060, ibo izgledaje na to, že dělajut tože samo. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 11:53, 7 julij 2026 (CEST) ::U+200D jesm napriklad koristal tu: [[Vikipedija:Čto Vikipedija ne je]]. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 11:59, 7 julij 2026 (CEST) ::{{-|U+200D ZWJ}} (i {{-|U+200C ZWNJ}}) tykaje se ligatur, a {{-|U+2060 WJ}} děljen⁠ja slov medžu redky. V toj funkciji, nevtralnogo znaka dozvaljajučego odličiti avtomatom dvě formy možlivo bez inyh postrannyh efektov, ja byh preferoval {{-|WJ}}, no jestli govorimo toliko o latinici i kirilici, to oba ravno dobre. {{-|ZW'''N'''J}} može navet vyše prědložlivy. ::No v [[Vikipedija:Čto Vikipedija ne je]], ja vidžu {{-|U+200B ZWSP}} (ktory jest granica slova i vplyvaje na laman⁠je redkov), a ne {{-|U+200D}}! Izkoristan⁠je {{-|U+200D}} kak v [[Pes]] jest funkcionalno okay. Prigadžal by se priručnik stilja. <span style="text-transform:lowercase;font-synthesis:none;display:inline-block">--[[User:MwGamera|Mw<span style="font-variant:petite-caps">G</span>amera]]</span> ([[User talk:MwGamera|besěda]]) 19:04, 7 julij 2026 (CEST) eb91s486bfoj9ao063p0plz105uw1jp 28294 28291 2026-07-07T17:48:51Z IJzeren Jan 9 /* ńj */ Odgovor 28294 wikitext text/x-wiki == ńj == @[[Koristnik:IJzeren Jan|IJzeren Jan]]: <div style="width:4ex;outline:1px dotted">Publikovan​ja, izslědovan​je, prědložen​je, zagrožen​jem, etc</div> Pravka [[Special:Diff/10781|10781]] opačno upotrěbjaje znak kontrolny Unikoda {{-|U+200B ZWSP}} označajuči, že děljen⁠je redka jest dozvaljano v tom městu, i to bez defisa. Aby odličiti «{{-|нј}}» od «{{-|њ}}» bez izkoristyvan⁠ja «{{-|ń}}», lěpje pisati {{-|U+2060 WJ}}, ktory, obratno, označaje, že děliti redok v tom město se ne dozvaljaje. (Abo {{-|U+00AD SHY}} jestli to dobre město děljena slova.) <span style="text-transform:lowercase;font-synthesis:none;display:inline-block">--[[User:MwGamera|Mw<span style="font-variant:petite-caps">G</span>amera]]</span> ([[User talk:MwGamera|besěda]]) 10:00, 7 julij 2026 (CEST) :Da, to je byla pogrěška iz mojej strany. Zaměsto U+200B ja htěl pisati U+200D. Ne znaju točno, kaka je razlika medžu U+200D i U+2060, ibo izgledaje na to, že dělajut tože samo. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 11:53, 7 julij 2026 (CEST) ::U+200D jesm napriklad koristal tu: [[Vikipedija:Čto Vikipedija ne je]]. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 11:59, 7 julij 2026 (CEST) ::{{-|U+200D ZWJ}} (i {{-|U+200C ZWNJ}}) tykaje se ligatur, a {{-|U+2060 WJ}} děljen⁠ja slov medžu redky. V toj funkciji, nevtralnogo znaka dozvaljajučego odličiti avtomatom dvě formy možlivo bez inyh postrannyh efektov, ja byh preferoval {{-|WJ}}, no jestli govorimo toliko o latinici i kirilici, to oba ravno dobre. {{-|ZW'''N'''J}} može navet vyše prědložlivy. ::No v [[Vikipedija:Čto Vikipedija ne je]], ja vidžu {{-|U+200B ZWSP}} (ktory jest granica slova i vplyvaje na laman⁠je redkov), a ne {{-|U+200D}}! Izkoristan⁠je {{-|U+200D}} kak v [[Pes]] jest funkcionalno okay. Prigadžal by se priručnik stilja. <span style="text-transform:lowercase;font-synthesis:none;display:inline-block">--[[User:MwGamera|Mw<span style="font-variant:petite-caps">G</span>amera]]</span> ([[User talk:MwGamera|besěda]]) 19:04, 7 julij 2026 (CEST) :::Da, imajete pravdu, U+200C bude najlěpše. Ako bude možnost, hoču dodati tu kombinaciju do Edittools. Hvala! {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 19:48, 7 julij 2026 (CEST) nekd8isi6dfk1c32b5jm4fxwbf1jdtj 0 4743 28288 2026-07-07T16:23:37Z IJzeren Jan 9 Stvorjena nova stranica s tekstom: «[[Fajl:Aleksandr Dulitšenko.JPG | thumb | 350px | Duličenko v 2005 g.]] {{-|'''Aleksandr Dmitrijevič Duličenko''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Александр Дмитриевич Дуличенко}}|'''Александр Дмитриевич Дуличенко''' ({{Jezyky|et|Aleksandr Dulitšenko}}}}; urodženy 30 oktobra 1941 g. v selu Vysokij, [[Krasnodarsky kraj]], [[Rosijska sovětska federativna socialistična republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] –...» 28288 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fajl:Aleksandr Dulitšenko.JPG | thumb | 350px | Duličenko v 2005 g.]] {{-|'''Aleksandr Dmitrijevič Duličenko''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Александр Дмитриевич Дуличенко}}|'''Александр Дмитриевич Дуличенко''' ({{Jezyky|et|Aleksandr Dulitšenko}}}}; urodženy 30 oktobra 1941 g. v selu Vysokij, [[Krasnodarsky kraj]], [[Rosijska sovětska federativna socialistična republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] – umrl 4 marca 2026 g. v [[Tartu]], [[Estonija]])<ref>{{Cite news | url = https://www.lem.fm/vmer-aleksandr-dulichenko-pionir-karpatorusinistiky-v-oblasti-lingvistiky/ | first = Петро | last = Медвідь | title = Вмер Александр Дуліченко. Піонір карпаторусиністікы в области лінґвістікы | date = 2026-03-09 | website = lem.fm | access-date = 2026-03-09 | language = rue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://inslav.ru/event/ushel-iz-zhizni-ad-dulichenko | title = Ушёл из жизни А. Д. Дуличенко | website = Институт славяноведения Российской академии наук (ИСл РАН) | date = 2026-03-06 | access-date = 2026-03-09}}</ref> byl sovětsky, a pozdněje estonsky jezykoznavec, znamenity specialist v oblastah teoretičnoj lingvistiky, [[slavistika|slavistiky]], [[interlingvistika|interlingvistiky]] i [[Esperanto|esperantologije]]. Byl člen Medžunarodnogo komiteta slavistov.<ref name="Vilnius">Профессору Тартуского университета Александру Дмитриевичу Дуличенко&nbsp;— 70 лет // Slavistica Vilnensis, 2011, 56 (2).&nbsp;— str. 167—169.</ref> == Žitje == Aleksandr Dmitrijevič Duličenko narodil se v selu Vysokij, v Kurganinskom rajonu [[Krasnodarsky kraj|Krasnodarskogo kraja]]. Poslě srědnjej školy, s naměrom izučati vozhodnyh jezykov i kultur, odpravil se v Ašhabad i v 1961 g. stal student v filologičnom fakultetu Turkmenskogo državnogo universiteta im. M. Gorkogo, kde dovršil studije v 1966 g. Ostal ješče deset lět v tamtoj česti Sovětskogo sojuza. V lětah 1966–1968 on rabotal učiteljem russkogo jezyka v srědnjej školě v oddaljenom karakumskom selu Kara-Vekilj v [[Turkmenistan|Turkmenskoj SSR]], potom stal asistentom v katedrě občego i rosijskogo jezykoznanja Samarkandskogo universiteta v [[Uzbekistan]]u.<ref name="Tripod">{{Cite web | url = http://rdsa.tripod.com/pisatrusij.htm | title = Русины. Малая энциклопедия | website = rdsa.tripod.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190408192205/https://rdsa.tripod.com/pisatrusij.htm | archive-date = 2019-04-08 | language = ru}}</ref> a poslě dvoh lět vrnul se v Kara-Vekilj na slědujuče šest lět. V tutom periodu Duličenko načel vesti korespondenciju s studentami i naučnikami v raznyh krajah i sbirati materialy o različnyh malyh slovjanskyh jezykah. Tym sposobom on takože zapoznal izvěstnogo slavista Nikity Iljiča Tolstoja, ktory stal jegovym naučnym rukovoditeljem i pobudil go, da by iz problematiky malyh jezykov učinil svojeju glavnoju naučnoju oblastju. Takto v 1974 g. Duličenko zaščitil v Institutu slovjanoznavstva i balkanistiky Akedemije Nauk SSSR v [[Moskva|Moskvě]] svoju kandidatsku disertaciju pod zaglavjem «Literaturny rusinsky jezyk Jugoslavije (skica fonetiky i morfologije)» ({{Jezyky|ru|Литературный русинский язык Югославии (очерк фонетики и морфологии)}}, posvečenu [[panonsko-rusinsky jezyk|panonsko-rusinskomu jezyku]].<ref name="Kapralj">{{Cite web | url = https://kapraly.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/dulichenkorecenzpraha.pdf | title = А. Д. Дуличенко: Письменность и литературные языки Карпатской Руси (XV-XX вв.). Вступительная статья, тексты, комментарии. Издательство В. Падяка, Ужгород, 2008, 908 с. | first = Михаил | last = Капраль | website = kapraly.wordpress.com | language = ru | pages = 1 | access-date = 2026-03-10}} (recenzija knigy)</ref> Uže v 1980 g. ona takože zaščitil svoju doktorsku disertaciju o 12 slovjanskyh mikrojezykah pod zaglavjem «Slovjanske literaturne mikrojezyky. Zapytanja formovanja i razvitja» ({{Jezyky|ru|Славянские литературные микроязыки. Вопросы формирования и развития}}).<ref name="Tripod" /> Od 1976 g. Duličenko žil v estonskom gradu [[Tartu]]. On rabotal v Tartuskom universitetu, najprvo kako starši učitelj russkogo jezyka (1976–1980), potom kako docent, a od 1982 g. kako profesor. Jegova naučna dějateljnost značno oprědělila razvitje slavistiky v Tartu v poslědnjej četvrti 20. i prvom desetilětju 21. stolětja. On igral ključnu rolju pri osnovanju katedry slovjanskoj filologije v 1992 g. i stal jejnym šefom.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Никитин | first = Олег Викторович | title = Международная конференция «200 лет русско-славянской филологии в Тарту». 10—12 октября 2002 года | url = http://russianedu.eir.ru/archive/2003/1_(183)/5307_%CC%E5%E6%E4%F3%ED%E0%F0%EE%E4%ED%E0%FF_%EA%EE%ED%F4%E5%F0%E5%ED%F6%E8%FF_%EB%E5%F2_%F0%F3%F1%F1%EA%EE%F1%EB%E0%E2%FF%ED%F1%EA%EE%E9_%F4%E8%EB%EE%EB%EE%E3%E8%E8_%E2_%D2%E0%F0%F2%F3/stat2003-1-5307.pdf | journal = Русский язык за рубежом | year = 2003 | issue = 1 | archive-date = 2015-02-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150205185548/http://russianedu.eir.ru/archive/2003/1_(183)/5307_%CC%E5%E6%E4%F3%ED%E0%F0%EE%E4%ED%E0%FF_%EA%EE%ED%F4%E5%F0%E5%ED%F6%E8%FF_%EB%E5%F2_%F0%F3%F1%F1%EA%EE%F1%EB%E0%E2%FF%ED%F1%EA%EE%E9_%F4%E8%EB%EE%EB%EE%E3%E8%E8_%E2_%D2%E0%F0%F2%F3/stat2003-1-5307.pdf | format = PDF | language = ru | page = 125}}</ref> Od 2010 g. Duličenko byl profesor-emeritus. == Iztočniky == {{Iztočniky}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duličenko, Aleksandr}} [[Kategorija:Rusi]] [[Kategorija:Jezykoznavci]] [[Kategorija:Esperantisti]] [[Kategorija:Medžuslovjansky]] 7sgw29ky1tehwxc6z4hfkbqeqp5fket 28289 28288 2026-07-07T16:24:58Z IJzeren Jan 9 28289 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fajl:Aleksandr Dulitšenko.JPG | thumb | 350px | Duličenko v 2005 g.]] {{-|'''Aleksandr Dmitrijevič Duličenko''' ({{Jezyky|ru|Александр Дмитриевич Дуличенко}}|'''Александр Дмитриевич Дуличенко''' ({{Jezyky|et|Aleksandr Dulitšenko}}}}; urodženy 30 oktobra 1941 g. v selu Vysokij, [[Krasnodarsky kraj]], [[Rosijska sovětska federativna socialistična republika|RSFSR]], [[Sovětsky Sojuz]] – umrl 4 marca 2026 g. v [[Tartu]], [[Estonija]])<ref>{{Cite news | url = https://www.lem.fm/vmer-aleksandr-dulichenko-pionir-karpatorusinistiky-v-oblasti-lingvistiky/ | first = Петро | last = Медвідь | title = Вмер Александр Дуліченко. Піонір карпаторусиністікы в области лінґвістікы | date = 2026-03-09 | website = lem.fm | access-date = 2026-03-09 | language = rue}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | url = https://inslav.ru/event/ushel-iz-zhizni-ad-dulichenko | title = Ушёл из жизни А. Д. Дуличенко | website = Институт славяноведения Российской академии наук (ИСл РАН) | date = 2026-03-06 | access-date = 2026-03-09}}</ref> byl sovětsky, a pozdněje estonsky jezykoznavec, znamenity specialist v oblastah teoretičnoj lingvistiky, [[slavistika|slavistiky]], [[interlingvistika|interlingvistiky]] i [[Esperanto|esperantologije]]. Byl člen Medžunarodnogo komiteta slavistov.<ref name="Vilnius">Профессору Тартуского университета Александру Дмитриевичу Дуличенко&nbsp;— 70 лет // Slavistica Vilnensis, 2011, 56 (2).&nbsp;— str. 167—169.</ref> == Žitje == Aleksandr Dmitrijevič Duličenko narodil se v selu Vysokij, v Kurganinskom rajonu [[Krasnodarsky kraj|Krasnodarskogo kraja]]. Poslě srědnjej školy, s naměrom izučati vozhodnyh jezykov i kultur, odpravil se v Ašhabad i v 1961 g. stal student v filologičnom fakultetu Turkmenskogo državnogo universiteta im. M. Gorkogo, kde dovršil studije v 1966 g. Ostal ješče deset lět v tamtoj česti Sovětskogo sojuza. V lětah 1966–1968 on rabotal učiteljem russkogo jezyka v srědnjej školě v oddaljenom karakumskom selu Kara-Vekilj v [[Turkmenistan|Turkmenskoj SSR]], potom stal asistentom v katedrě občego i rosijskogo jezykoznanja Samarkandskogo universiteta v [[Uzbekistan]]u.<ref name="Tripod">{{Cite web | url = http://rdsa.tripod.com/pisatrusij.htm | title = Русины. Малая энциклопедия | website = rdsa.tripod.com | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190408192205/https://rdsa.tripod.com/pisatrusij.htm | archive-date = 2019-04-08 | language = ru}}</ref> a poslě dvoh lět vrnul se v Kara-Vekilj na slědujuče šest lět. V tutom periodu Duličenko načel vesti korespondenciju s studentami i naučnikami v raznyh krajah i sbirati materialy o različnyh malyh slovjanskyh jezykah. Tym sposobom on takože zapoznal izvěstnogo slavista Nikity Iljiča Tolstoja, ktory stal jegovym naučnym rukovoditeljem i pobudil go, da by iz problematiky malyh jezykov učinil svojeju glavnoju naučnoju oblastju. Takto v 1974 g. Duličenko zaščitil v Institutu slovjanoznavstva i balkanistiky Akedemije Nauk SSSR v [[Moskva|Moskvě]] svoju kandidatsku disertaciju pod zaglavjem «Literaturny rusinsky jezyk Jugoslavije (skica fonetiky i morfologije)» ({{Jezyky|ru|Литературный русинский язык Югославии (очерк фонетики и морфологии)}}, posvečenu [[panonsko-rusinsky jezyk|panonsko-rusinskomu jezyku]].<ref name="Kapralj">{{Cite web | url = https://kapraly.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/dulichenkorecenzpraha.pdf | title = А. Д. Дуличенко: Письменность и литературные языки Карпатской Руси (XV-XX вв.). Вступительная статья, тексты, комментарии. Издательство В. Падяка, Ужгород, 2008, 908 с. | first = Михаил | last = Капраль | website = kapraly.wordpress.com | language = ru | pages = 1 | access-date = 2026-03-10}} (recenzija knigy)</ref> Uže v 1980 g. ona takože zaščitil svoju doktorsku disertaciju o 12 slovjanskyh mikrojezykah pod zaglavjem «Slovjanske literaturne mikrojezyky. Zapytanja formovanja i razvitja» ({{Jezyky|ru|Славянские литературные микроязыки. Вопросы формирования и развития}}).<ref name="Tripod" /> Od 1976 g. Duličenko žil v estonskom gradu [[Tartu]]. On rabotal v Tartuskom universitetu, najprvo kako starši učitelj russkogo jezyka (1976–1980), potom kako docent, a od 1982 g. kako profesor. Jegova naučna dějateljnost značno oprědělila razvitje slavistiky v Tartu v poslědnjej četvrti 20. i prvom desetilětju 21. stolětja. On igral ključnu rolju pri osnovanju katedry slovjanskoj filologije v 1992 g. i stal jejnym šefom.<ref>{{Cite journal | last = Никитин | first = Олег Викторович | title = Международная конференция «200 лет русско-славянской филологии в Тарту». 10—12 октября 2002 года | url = http://russianedu.eir.ru/archive/2003/1_(183)/5307_%CC%E5%E6%E4%F3%ED%E0%F0%EE%E4%ED%E0%FF_%EA%EE%ED%F4%E5%F0%E5%ED%F6%E8%FF_%EB%E5%F2_%F0%F3%F1%F1%EA%EE%F1%EB%E0%E2%FF%ED%F1%EA%EE%E9_%F4%E8%EB%EE%EB%EE%E3%E8%E8_%E2_%D2%E0%F0%F2%F3/stat2003-1-5307.pdf | journal = Русский язык за рубежом | year = 2003 | issue = 1 | archive-date = 2015-02-05 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150205185548/http://russianedu.eir.ru/archive/2003/1_(183)/5307_%CC%E5%E6%E4%F3%ED%E0%F0%EE%E4%ED%E0%FF_%EA%EE%ED%F4%E5%F0%E5%ED%F6%E8%FF_%EB%E5%F2_%F0%F3%F1%F1%EA%EE%F1%EB%E0%E2%FF%ED%F1%EA%EE%E9_%F4%E8%EB%EE%EB%EE%E3%E8%E8_%E2_%D2%E0%F0%F2%F3/stat2003-1-5307.pdf | format = PDF | language = ru | page = 125}}</ref> Od 2010 g. Duličenko byl profesor-emeritus. == Iztočniky == {{Iztočniky}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Duličenko, Aleksandr}} [[Kategorija:Rusi]] [[Kategorija:Jezykoznavci]] [[Kategorija:Esperantisti]] [[Kategorija:Medžuslovjansky]] {{INTERWIKI|Q3744093}} rdj215qf579w0eaoqjplnnj9od0jad8 0 4744 28290 2026-07-07T16:26:51Z IJzeren Jan 9 Prěnapravjenje stranice na [[Aleksandr Duličenko]] 28290 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Aleksandr Duličenko]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Дуличенко, Александр}} [[Kategorija:Руси]] [[Kategorija:Језыкознавци]] [[Kategorija:Есперантисти]] [[Kategorija:Меджусловјанскы]] eykwk8vkdv7ypce2z7co8p3rfhadtay 1 4745 28305 2026-07-07T19:30:06Z Ilja isv 10 /* Duličenko */ nova sekcija 28305 wikitext text/x-wiki == Duličenko == Učil jest mojego druga lingvista russkomu jezyku [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 21:30, 7 julij 2026 (CEST) gxs1rh586gqnch1pusmyoffdqkuxugw 28313 28305 2026-07-07T20:07:44Z IJzeren Jan 9 /* Duličenko */ Odgovor 28313 wikitext text/x-wiki == Duličenko == Učil jest mojego druga lingvista russkomu jezyku [[Koristnik:Ilja isv|Ilja isv]] ([[Besěda s koristnikom:Ilja isv|besěda]]) 21:30, 7 julij 2026 (CEST) :Mnogo mi jest zalj, že ne udalo mi se strěsti s njim, kogda byl jesm v Tartu. {{User:IJzeren Jan/Podpis}} 22:07, 7 julij 2026 (CEST) 4nty593x0acs3ml56oymqawitjlfwwu