Gathotkaca

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    <title>Gathotkaca</title>
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|-style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!style=&quot;background: #ffaf00;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|'''Gathotkaca'''
|-
|colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;|[[Gambar:Gathotkaca-paraga.png|240px|Duryodana]]&lt;br /&gt;Gathotkaca.
|-
!style=&quot;background: #ffaf00;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Jeneng miturut basa
|-
|'''Basa Sangskreta'''||Ghaṭotkaca
|-
!style=&quot;background: #ffaf00;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;|Jeneng miturut aksara
|-
|'''[[aksara Dewanagari|Dewanagari]]'''|| &lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;घटोत्कच&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|'''[[aksara Bali]]''' || ᬕᬢᬵᬢ᭄ᬓᬘ
|-
|'''[[aksara Jawa]]''' || ꦒꦛꦸꦠ꧀ꦏꦕ
|-
|}
'''Gathotkaca''' utawa '''Gathutkaca''' iku paraga wayang [[Mahabharata]]. Dhèwèké putrané [[Wrekodara|Wrekudara]].

== Lair ==
Gathotkaca kang kondhang kanthi sesebutan &quot;Satriya Pringgodani&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://oase.kompas.com/read/2010/11/24/06480746/Gatotkaca.Siap.ke.Sydney-5/ kompas.com]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(dipununduh tanggal 5 Maret 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; lan &quot;Alap-alap Pringgodani&quot; iku, nalika isih [[jabang bayi]] jenengé Tetuka utawa Tutuka. Gathotkaca iku putrané Radén [[Werkudara]] (satriya Panenggak Pandhawa) patutan klawan [[Arimbi|Dèwi Arimbi]], putrané Prabu [[Tremboko]], ratu buta ing nagara [[Pringgodani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;G1&quot;&gt;[http://www.oneearthmedia.net/ind/?p=373/ oneearthmedia.net]{{Pranala mati|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(dipununduh tanggal 5 Maret 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Sekawit Arimbi iku uga wujudé buta wadon (raseksi), nanging bareng didandani déning [[Dèwi Kunthi]] terus malih dadi kenya sing sulistya. Mula Werkudara iya Brataséna uga banjur gelem ngepèk bojo Arimbi.&lt;ref name=&quot;G1&quot;/&gt;

Bareng wis suwé anggoné jejodhoan, Arimbi banjur nggarbini lan sabanjuré mbabar putra kakung wujud bayi manungsa setengah buta. Déning ingkang éyang, Abiyasa, jabang bayi Tetuka banjur diparingi &quot;topeng&quot; aran topeng waja kang mapan ana sajeroning kulit sajabaning daging. Kanthi topeng waja iku, Gathotkaca malih dadi satriya kang bagus citrané. Nuli déning ramané, Brataséna, jabang Tetuka banjur kaparingan kekasih Radén Gathotkaca, kersané Radén Werkudara kinarya pepenget duk nalika tandhing pupuh klawan Prabu Arimba (kangmasé Dèwi Arimbi) kang kekaroné padha ngetog kekuwatan lan kadigdayan.

Tembung gathotkaca tegesé kumpuling kasantosan. Nalika lairé, nganti umur nembelas dina puseré jabang Tetuka ora bisa ditugel nganggo lelandhep wujud apa waé. Nanging wusanané puser mau bisa pugut (tugel) srana wrangkané Senjata Kuntha Wijayadanu (Kunta Druwasa) duwèké Radén Suryatmaja iya [[Karna|Adipati Karna]] nalika isih enom. Lan kaélokané, wrangka Senjata kuntha mau manjing ing puseré Gathotkaca, satemah muwuhi kasantosané Gathotkaca, Sanadyan mangkono, bab iku uga dadi pengapesané Gathotkaca. Mula samangsa perang ngadhepi manungsa kang darbé [[Kuntawijayandanu|Senjata KuntaWijayadanu]], Gathotkaca kudu ngati-ati. Sebab yèn nganti senjata Kunta dilepasaké, Gathotkaca mesthi mati. Nuhoni unen-unen &quot;Pusaka manjing Wrangka&quot;.

Lairé Gathotkaca ngepasi karo dumadiné ontran-ontran ing kayangan [[Jonggringsaloka]].Para déwa padha kocar-kacir amarga diamuk déning [[Prabu Kala Pracona]], ratu buta ing nagara [[Ngembatputihan]] kang arep njaluk bojo widodari. Nanging panjaluk sing ora samesthiné iku diduwa (ditolak) déning para Déwa saéngga ndadèaké peperangan. Para déwa padha keplayu banjur golèk &quot;pintasrayan&quot; menyang nagara [[Ngamarta]] (Amarta). Tekan nagara Ngamarta bayi Gathotkaca (Jabang Tetuka) kang lagi umur nembelas dina iku banjur diampil [[Bathara Narada]], digawa menyang kahyangan, didadèkaké jagoné para déwa, dimungsuhaké Prabu Kala Pracona lan Patihé Apraceka Ditya Kala Sekiputantra sawadyabalané.

Sadurungé diajokaké ana paprangan bocah sing lagi lair iki banjur dijedhi (dijenang) ana ing Kawah Candradimuka lan para déwa didhawuhi déning Bathara Guru (tetungguling para déwa) supaya nlorongaké gegaman kahyangan kang mawa pamor. Wasana bareng jabang Tetuka metu sak sajeroning kawah Candradimuka wus ora wujud bayi manèh, nanging wujud jejaka tumaruna, wus ngagem busana kasatriyan. Ya iki sebabé Gathotkaca banjur sinebut:satriya babaran kahyangan&quot; Déning Bathara Guru, Gathotkaca banjur pinaringan pusaka kanggo sipat kandel anggoné ngadhepi mungsuh ya iku Kotang Antakusuma, Caping Basunanda, lan Tlumpah Padhakacerma.

Nalika maju ana paprangan, tandangé Gathotkaca cukat trengginas, wusana Prabu Kala Pracona sawadyabalané padha mati kabèh. Sasirnané Prabu Kala Pracona, Gathotkaca banjur dijumenengaké nata ana ing kahyangan Tinjomaya saumuré jagung kanthi jejuluk Prabu Guruputra.

[[Gambar:Gatotkaca (wayang).JPG|thumb|Wayang Gathotkaca wanda Guntur utawa Dhukun kanggo jejeran]]
Ing [[Baratayudha|Perang Baratayuda]] Gathotkaca palastra amarga kena panah Kuntawijayandanu kagungané Adipati Karna. Panah kang diuculké iku sajatiné ora tekan amarga Gathotkaca aburé wis ana sadhuwuré méga sam pitu, ning banjur dicandhak lan disurung déning yitmané [[Ditya Kala Bendana]], bapa-pamané Gathotkaca kang wis tiwas amarga ditempiling déning ponakané iku, saéngga Gathotkaca palastra ana madyaning paprangan. Kuwandané Gathotkaca kumléyang saka gegana nibani krètané Adipati Karna nganti ajur sewalang-walang. Péranganing Baratayudha, Gathotkaca Gugur sumbaga wiratama, karan lakon &quot;Suluhan&quot; amarga dumadiné perang ing wayah bengi.

== Dasanama ==
Dasanamané Gathotkaca iku miturut padhalangan ya iku: 
# Kacanagara
# Jabang Tetuka
# Purubaya
# Bimasiwi
# Arimbiatmaja
# Kancingjaya
# Krincingwesi
# Guritna
# Guruputra
# Suryanaradha

== Bojo lan Anaké ==
Gathotkaca banjur dadi raja ing Pringgondani. 
Garwané raja enom iku ana telu, ya iku:
# [[Dèwi Sumpani]] utawa Dèwi Sumpaniwati, peputra Raden [[Arya Jayasumpena]].
# [[Dèwi Pregiwa]], putriné Raden Arjuna kang banjur peputra Raden [[Sasikirana]].
# [[Dèwi Suryawati]], peputra Raden [[Suryakaca]].

Ing [[sendratari]], Gathotkaca asring katon ing ''Gathotkaca Gandrung.'' Jogèd iki nggambarké nalika Gathotkaca wuyung marang Pregiwa.

== Gaman lan Aji-Ajiné ==
[[Gambar:Gathutkaca.jpg|thumb|200px|Wayang Gathotkaca wanda Thathit, kanggo adegan perang]]
Gathotkaca kondhang sektiné. Aji-ajiné:
* Narantaka = daya khasiyaté yèn ditamakaké gunung bisa jugrug lan sagara bisa asat. Jalma manungsa kang ketaman aji Narantaka sanalika bisa ajur-mumur kuwandané tan-kena kinukup.Iya aji Narantaka iku kang kinarya nyirnakaké Raden Dursala kang dadi senapatiné para Kurawa.
* Aji-aji Esmu Gunting kang daya kasektené yèn matèni mungsuh, Gathotkaca kanthi cara mancat pundhak lan nguntir guluné mungsuh nganti tugel. 
* Kotang utawa Klambi Antakusuma daya kasektèné: Gathotkaca bisa mabur utawa ngambah gegana kanthi rikat banget (kebat pindha kilat, kesit pindha tathit).Mula Gathotkaca uga banjur kajibah njaga katentraman nagara Ngamarta saka dirgantara (yèn jaman saiki Gathotkaca iku kadidéné Angkatan Udara). Iki uga dadi pralambang ing kaprajuritan, amarga sadulur liyané, [[Antareja]] lan [[Antasena]] kejibahan njaga dharatan lan laut.
* Aji Brajadenta. [[Brajadenta]] asliné pamané dhéwé, nanging banjur manuksma lumebu ing èpèk-èpèké Gathotkaca sing sisih tengen.
* Aji Brajalamatan. [[Brajalamatan]] uga jenengé pamané. Nalika palastra, Brajalamatan manuksma ing tangan kiwa Gathotkaca.
* Aji Brajamusti. [[Brajamusti]] iku uga pamané. Nalika palastra manjing ing tangan tengené.
* Aji Brajawikalpa. Kaya aji-aji liyané, [[Brajawikalpa]] iku saka pamané dhéwé kang manjing dadi rajah ing geger.

Para pamané kang dadi aji-ajiné, mauné ngraman ing Pringgondani nanging bisa ditumpes déning Gathotkaca. Ana salah sijining pamané kang mbela Gathotkaca, ya iku [[Kalabendana]]. Nanging Kalabendana iku jujur, lan sawijining dina dipatèni Gathotkaca amarga ngomong sanyatané ngenani Abimanyu. Carita iki ana ing lakon ''Gathotkaca Sraya.''

== Ing Bharatayudha ==
Ing [[Bharatayudha]], Gathotkaca bisa matèni [[Dursala]], anaké [[Dursasana]]. Raja Pringgondani iki pancen ora bisa dipatèni nganggo gaman, kejaba mung panah Senjata Kunta. Nalika nugel ari-ariné, sarung Senjata Kunta kéri ana ing awaké Gathotkaca, lumebu ing wudel. Gathotkaca mati déning Adipati Karna kang dibiyantu déning Kalabendana. Pamané iki wis janji ora arep munggah swarga tanpa bareng ponakan kang paling disenengi. Carita ''Gathotkaca Gugur'' kalebu carita sing miris lan kebak [[adegan]] perang kang apik.

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Mahabharata]]
* [[Adipati Kahana]]

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

{{Tokoh Mahabharata}}

[[Kategori:Paraga wayang]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Mahabharata]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jersey</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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|}
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{{Kapuloan Kanal}}
{{Éropah}}

[[Kategori:Dhépèndhensi ing Éropah]]
[[Kategori:Kapuloan Kanal]]


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    <title>Perang Donya II</title>
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      <text bytes="2597" sha1="irouo11mvjrcade7w964fzqwwfx559a" xml:space="preserve">{{multiscript|Perang Donya II|ꦥꦼꦫꦁꦢꦺꦴꦚ꧇꧒꧇}}
[[Gambar:WW2Montage.PNG|thumb|Gambar montase Perang Donya II. Miturut dom jam saka kiwa ndhuwur: Serdadu Pasamakmuran Britania ing Sahara; Warga China sing dikubur urip-urip déning Bala Dai Nippon; Bala Sovyèt nalika ofènsif mangsa adhem; Kapal indhuk Jepang sing nggawa montor-montor mabur; Serdadu Sovyèt ing Berlin; Kapal silem Jerman sing diserang.]]
[[Barkas:Imperial Rescript on the Termination of the War (full broadcast).ogg|jmpl|Jepang menyerah]]
'''Perang Donya II''' iku konflik paprangan gedhé dhéwé sing tau ana ing [[Bumi]]. Perang Donya II iku wiwité [[1 September]] [[1939]] lan rampungé [[15 Agustus]] [[1945]]. Sanadyan mangkono uga ana sing kandha yèn sajatiné perang iki wiwité ing Asia saka konflik Cina-Jepang ing taun [[1937]].

== Gladri (Perang Donya II ing Èropa 1939-1940) ==

&lt;gallery&gt;
Gambar:Pact Ribentropp-Molotov- secret protocol1.jpg|Secret [[Pact Ribentropp-Molotov]] from 24.08.1939 between [[Jerman|German]] and [[Rusia|Russian]] began The Second World War (Nyunting Perang Donya II)
Gambar:Schleswig Holstein firing Gdynia 13.09.1939.jpg|[[Jerman|German]] bettleship &quot;Schleswig Holstein&quot; attact Polish troops on the [[Westerplatte]] (1-7 IX 1939)

Gambar:Soviet invasion on Poland 1939.jpg|[[USSR|Soviet]] invasion on [[Poland]] (17.09.1939)
Gambar:Polish infantry marching 1939.jpg|Polish infantry marching to beat [[Jerman|German]] and [[Russian|Soviet]] enemy
Gambar:WBK -battle of Bzura 1939.jpg| Battle of the Bzura (09.09.1939 - 22.09.1939) Polish Cavalry attact [[Jerman|German]] troops
Gambar:Polish kid in the ruins of Warsaw September 1939.jpg|[[Warszawa]] after the [[Jerman|German]] air raid (1939)
Gambar:Polish POWs shot by Wehrmacht 1939.jpg|[[Jerman|German]] troops kill Polish people ([[Ciepielów]] 1939)
Gambar:Armia Czerwona, Wehrmacht 22.09.1939 wspólna parada.jpg|Common parade of [[Jerman|German]] [[Wehrmacht]] and [[Russian|Soviet]] Red Army on September 23, 1939 in [[Brześć|Brest]], Eastern Poland at the end of the Invasion of [[Polandia|Poland]]. At centre is Major General [[Heinz Guderian]] and at right is Brigadier Semyon Krivoshein.
Gambar:Nazi-parading-in-elysian-fields-paris-desert-1940.png|[[Jerman|German]] troops in [[Paris]] after the fall of France (1940)
Gambar:Second world war europe 1941-1942 map en.png|[[Jerman|German]] and other Axis conquests (in blue) in Europe, during World War II
&lt;/gallery&gt;

{{Militer-stub}}

[[Kategori:Perang]]
[[Kategori:Perang Donya II]]

{{Sajarah-stub}}

{{PDII-stub}}

{{Eropa-stub}}

{{Perang-stub}}</text>
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    <title>Jeneng Tionghoa</title>
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      <text bytes="5434" sha1="1oca81e6jbhmfq6urd53nqovf8quqm4" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Xingming.png|thumb|100px|right|Karakter Xingming sing tegesé jeneng lan jeneng kulawarga]]
'''Jeneng Tionghoa''' iku jeneng sing dipratélakaké kanthi [[karakter Han]] (Hanzi). Jeneng iki digunakaké déning warga nagara [[Républik Rakyat Tiongkok]], [[Républik Tiongkok]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Makau]] lan keturunan [[Tionghoa]] ing nagara-nagara liya.

Jeneng Tionghoa racaké dumadi saka 2 karakter nganti 4 karakter, sanadyan ana sing punjul 4 karakter, nanging lumrahé jeneng kaya iku njupuk saka pertalan basa liya saéngga ora dianggep jeneng Tionghoa.

Jeneng Tionghoa ngandhut [[jeneng kulawarga]] lan jeneng. [[Jeneng kulawarga Tionghoa]] dipasang ing ngarep jeneng, racaké 1 nganti 2 karakter; jeneng ana ing samburiné.
== Pratélan jeneng kulawarga Tionghoa sing wis diindonésiakaké ==
{{Pratélan durung pepak}}
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
! Jeneng kulawarga Tionghoa
! Diwaca
! Éjaan Latin [[Hokkian]]
! Pengindonésiaan
|-
| 欧阳/歐陽 ([[Ouyang|Oūyáng]])
| O Yang
| Auwjong 
| Ojong
|-
| 安 ([[An|Ān]])
| An
| &amp;nbsp;
| Anadra, Andy, Anita, Ananta,
|-
| 白, 柏 ([[Bai|Bái]])
| Pai
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| 薄 ([[Bo|Bó]])
| Po
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| 蔡 ([[Cai|Cài]])
| Jae
| Tjoa
| Cahyo, Cahyadi 
|-
|曹 ([[Cao]])
|Cao
|Tjo
|Cokro, Vonco
|-
| 程, 成 ([[Cheng|Chéng]])
| Jheng
| Seng
| Sengani
|-
| 叢/丛 ([[Cong|Cóng]])
| Jhong
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| 陈 ([[Chen]])
| Jen
| Tan, Tjhin 
| Tanto, Tanoto, Tanu, Tanutama, Soetanto, Cendana, Tanudisastro, Tandiono, Tanujaya, Santoso, Tanzil, Tanasal, Tanadi, Tanusudibyo, Tanamal, Tandy, Tantra, Intan, Natan, Virtandy 
|-
| 鄧/邓 ([[Deng]])
| Teng
| 
| Tenggara, Tengger, Ateng
|-
| 郭 ([[Guo]])
| Kuo
| Kwee, Kwik
| Kartawiharja, Kusuma, Kusumo
|-
| 韩 ([[Han]])
| Han
| Han
| Handjojo, Handaya, Handoyo, Handojo, Hantoro
|-
| 洪 ([[Hong (Chinese name)|Hong]])
| Hung
| Ang
| Anggawarsito, Anggakusuma, Angela, Angkiat, Anggoro, Anggodo, Angkasa, Angsana
|-
| 黄 ([[Huang]])
| Huang
| Oei, Oey&lt;!--, Ng (吴 Wu?)--&gt;
| Wibowo, Wijaya, Winata, Widagdo, Winoto, Willys, Wirya, Wiraatmadja, Winarto, Witoelar, Widodo
|-
| 江 ([[Jiang]])
| Ciang
| Kang/Kong
| Kangean
|-
| 李 ([[Li]])
| Lhi
| Li, Lie, Lee
| Lijanto, Liman, Liedarto, Rusli
|-
| 梁 ([[Liang]])
| Lhiang
| Nio
| Liangani, Liando, Liandow, Liandouw, Meliangan
|-
| 林 ([[Lin]])
| Lhin
| Liem, Lim
| Halim, Salim, Limanto, Limantoro, Limianto, Limijanto, Wanandi, Liemena, Alim, Limawan, Liemantika, Liman
|-
| 劉/刘 ([[Liu]])
| Lhiu
| Lau, Lauw
| Mulawarman, Lawang, Lauwita, Lawanto
|-
| 陆 ([[Lu]])
| Lhû
| Liok, Liuk
| Loekito, Loekman, Loekali
|-
| 吕 ([[Lü]])
| Liw
| Loe, Lu
| Loekito, Luna, Lukas, Lukita, Loeksono
|-
|  羅  /  罗 ([[Luo]])
| Lo
| Ro, Loe, Lou, Lo, Luo
| Lolang, Louris, Robert, Rowi, Robin, Rosiana, Rowanto, Rohani, Rohana, Samalo, Susilo,
|-
| 全 ([[Quan|Quán]])
| Jhiwyen
| &amp;nbsp;
| Kuanna
|-
| 施 ([[Shi]])
| Shi
| Sie
| Sidjaja, Sidharta
|-
| 司徒 ([[Situ]])
| Sê Dhu
| Sieto, Szeto, Seto, Siehu, Suhu
| Lutansieto, Suhuyanli, Suhuyanly
|-
| 苏 ([[Su]])
| Su
| Souw, So, Soe
| Soekotjo, Soehadi, Sosro, Solihin, Soeganda, Suker, Suryo, Surya, Soerjo
|-
| 王 ([[Wang]])
| Whang
| Ong, Wong
| Ongko, Wangsadinata, Wangsa, Radja, Wongsojoyo, Ongkowijaya, Setiawan
|-
| 温 ([[Wen]])
| Whên
| Oen, Boen, Woen 
| Benjamin, Bunjamin, Budiman, Gunawan, Basiroen, Bunda, Wendi, Unang
|-
| 吳/吴, 武, 伍, 仵, 烏, 鄔 ([[Wu]])
| Whu
| Go, Gouw, Goh, Ng
| Gono, Gondo, Sugondo, Gozali, Wurianto, Gunawan, Govino, Gotama, Utama, Widargo, Sumargo, Gossidhy, Bagus, Bagoes, Prayogo
|-
| 许 ([[Xu]])
| Xiw
| Kho, Khouw, Khoe
| Kosasih, Komar, Kurnia, Kusnadi, Kholil, Kusumo, Komara, Koeswandi, Kodinata 
|-
| 謝 ([[Xie]])
| Shie
| Cia/Tjia
| Tjiawijaya, Tjahyadi, Sudarmadi, Ciawi
|-
| 楊 / 杨 ([[Yang]])
| Yang
| Njoo, Nyoo, Jo, Yong
| Yongki, Yoso, Yohan, Yuwana
|-
| 叶 ([[Ye]])
| Ye
| Yap/Jap
| Japhar
|-
| 曾 ([[Zeng]])
| Ceng
| Tjan, Tsang
| Tjandra, Tjandrakusuma, Chandra, Chandrawinata, Candrakusuma
|-
| 张 ([[Zhang]])
| Chang
| Thio, Tio, Chang, Theo, Teo, Tjong
| Canggih, Setyo, Setio, Sulistio, Sutiono
|-
| 郑 ([[Zheng]])
| Cheng
| Te, The
| Tedyono, Suteja, Teja, Teddy, Tedjokumoro, Tejarukmana, Tejawati
|-
| 周 ([[Zhou]])
| Chou
| Tjio, Tjioe
| Tjokrorahardjo (Cokroraharjo), Tjokrowidjokso (Cokrowijokso)
|-
| 朱 ([[Zhū]])
| Chu
| &amp;nbsp;
| Zulkifri, Zuneng
|-
| {belum{{br}}dikelompokkan)
| &amp;nbsp;
| Djiaw, Gan, Hoo,{{br}}Keng, Pek, Poo,{{br}}Siauw, Sie, Siem, Sim, Shim, Shen,  Tjoa,{{br}}Tjun, Tjiam, Tong
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

== Pranala njaba ==

* [http://www.tionghoa.com Budaya, Tradisi &amp; Sejarah Tionghoa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227142445/https://www.tionghoa.com/ |date=2020-12-27 }} Budaya, Tradisi &amp; Sajarah Tionghoa
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/budaya_tionghua/message/15885 Peraturan ganti nama bagi warga nagara Indonésia jang memakai nama Tjina]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/budaya_tionghua/message/12961 Tentang penggunaan nama generasi]
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/budaya_tionghua Forum diskusi tentang ketionghoaan di Indonésia]
* [http://www.fib.ui.edu/index1.php?id=view_news&amp;ct_news=75 Ganti Nama di Kalangan Keturunan Tionghoa Peraturan dan Kebebasan ─ Irzanti Sutanto]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Jeneng}}

[[Kategori:Budaya Tionghoa]]
[[Kategori:Jeneng|Tionghoa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Influenza</title>
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      <text bytes="131540" sha1="i8wpe8ys434a8x12kvss3szouwzjx47" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Disease
|Name=Influenza
|Image=EM of influenza virus.jpg
|Caption=[[transmisi èlèktron mikroskopik|TEM]] saka [[virus]] influenza, digedhèkaké kurang luwih tikel kaping 100.000.
|Width=226
|DiseasesDB=6791
|ICD10={{ICD10|J|10||j|09}}, {{ICD10|J|11||j|09}}
|ICD9={{ICD9|487}}
|MedlinePlus=000080
|eMedicineSubj=med
|eMedicineTopic=1170
|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|ped|3006}}
|MeshID=D007251
}}
'''Influenza''', kang asring ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud [[lelara nular]] kang disebabaké déning [[Virus#Virus RNA|virus RNA]] saka [[famili]] [[Orthomyxoviridae]] (virus influenza), kang nyerang [[unggas]] lan [[mamalia]]. Tandha-tandha sing paling lumrah saka lelara iki yaiku ndredheg, mriyang, perih tenggorokane, perih otot, sirah abot, [[watuk]], lemes, lan [[malaise]].&lt;ref name=Merck&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198d.html
|title=Influenza: Viral Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition
|publisher=www.merck.com
|accessdate=2008-03-15
|last=
|first=
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan asring kijolan karo lelara mèmper influenza liyané, mligi [[selesma]], influenza wujud lelara kang luwih abot tinimbang selesma lan disababaké déning jinis virus kang béda&lt;ref name=Eccles&gt;{{cite journal |last=Eccles |first=R |title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=718–25 |year=2005 |pmid=16253889 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Influenza bisa njalari eneg, lan muntah, mligi ing bocah-bocah,&lt;ref name=Merck/&gt; nanging tandha-tandha mau luwih asring ana ing lelara [[gastroenteritis]], kang babar pisan ora ana gegandhèngané, kang uga sok-sok kanthi ora trep diarani &quot;flu weteng&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm Seasonal Flu vs. Stomach Flu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707074827/http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm |date=2011-07-07 }} by Kristina Duda, R.N.; Diakses 12 Maret 2007 (Website: &quot;About, Inc., A part of The New York Times Company&quot;).  So-called &quot;stomach flu&quot; is sometimes also called &quot;24-hour flu.&quot;  Neither one is actually flu and are instead unrelated [[gastroenteritis]].&lt;/ref&gt; Flu sok-sok bisa nimbulaké pneumonia  kanthi langsung uga njalari pneumonia bakterial sékundhèr.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ballinger-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ballinger | first1 = MN. | last2 = Standiford | first2 = TJ. | title = Postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia: host defenses gone awry. | journal = J Interferon Cytokine Res | volume = 30 | issue = 9 | pages = 643-52 |date=Sep 2010 | doi = 10.1089/jir.2010.0049 | PMID = 20726789 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lumrahé, influenza nular saka udara utawa wahin, sing bakal njalari ''[[aerosol]]'' sing ngandhut virus. Influenza uga bisa ditularraké merga tepungan karo ndemok tai manuk utawa [[umbel]], uga bisa liwat lumahan kang wis kena kontaminasi. Aerosol kang kagawa déning udara (airborne aerosols) dinuga nimbulaké sapérangan gedhé infèksi, sanajan jalur panularan endi kang paling duwé peran sajeroning lelara iki durung cetha temenan.&lt;ref name=Brankston/&gt; Virus influenza bisa diinaktivasi déning sinar [[srengéngé]], [[disinfektan]], lan [[deterjen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Suarez |first=D |author2=Spackman E, Senne D, Bulaga L, Welsch A, Froberg K |title=The effect of various disinfectants on detection of avian influenza virus by real time RT-PCR |journal=Avian Dis |volume=47 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=1091–5 |year=2003 |pmid=14575118 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1091}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/biofacts/avflu_human.html Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)]: Implications for [[Disease|Human Disease]]. Physical characteristics of influenza A viruses. UMN CIDRAP.&lt;/ref&gt;  Asring ngumbah tangan bakal ngurangi risiko infèksi amarga virus bisa diinaktivasi karo sabun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jefferson-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal  | last1 = Jefferson | first1 = T. | last2 = Del Mar | first2 = C. | last3 = Dooley | first3 = L. | last4 = Ferroni | first4 = E. | last5 = Al-Ansary | first5 = LA. | last6 = Bawazeer | first6 = GA. | last7 = van Driel | first7 = ML. | last8 = Nair | first8 = S. | last9 = Foxlee | first9 = R. | title = Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume =  | issue = 1 | pages = CD006207 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub3 | PMID = 20091588 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Influenza nyebar menyang saindhenging donya sajeroning [[epidemi]] mangsan, kang nimbulaké pepati 250.000 lan 500.000 wong saben tauné,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ Influenza (Seasonal)], [[World Health Organization]], April 2009. Diaksès 13-02-2010.&lt;/ref&gt; malah nganti mayuta-yuta wong ing sapérangan taun pandemik. Rata-rata 41.400 wong mati saben tauné ing [[Amérikah Sarékat]] sajeroning kurun wektu antara taun 1979 tekan 2001 amarga influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/163/2/181 |title=Mortality due to Influenza in the United States — An Annualized Regression Approach Using Multiple-Cause Mortality Data | author=[[Jonathan Dushoff]] | journal =[[American Journal of Epidemiology]] | volume = 163| issue = 2| pages = 181–7|accessdate=2009-10-29 |quote=The regression modhèl attributes an annual average of 41,400 (95% confidence interval: 27,100, 55,700) deaths to influenza over the period 1979–2001. |work= |pmid=16319291 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwj024 |year=2006 |first2=JB |first3=C |first4=DJ |first5=L |last2=Plotkin |last3=Viboud |last4=Earn |last5=Simonsen }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika taun 2010 [[Pusat Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara]] ing Amérikah Sarékat ngowahi carané nglapuraké prakiran pepati amarga influenza sajeroning 30 taun. Saiki Pusat Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara nglapuraké yèn ana kisaran angka pepati wiwit saka 3.300 nganti 49.000 pepati per tauné.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=[[Julie Steenhuysen]] |title=CDC backs away from decades-old flu death estimate |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE67P3NA20100826 |quote=Instead of the estimated 36,000 annual flu deaths in the United States... the actual number in the past 30 years has ranged from a low of about 3,300 deaths to a high of nearly 49,000, the CDC said on Thursday. |work=[[Reuters]] |date=August 26, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Telu pandemi influenza dumadi nalika abad karongpuluh lan wis niwasaké puluhan yuta wong. Saben pandemi mau disababaké déning munculé galur anyar [[virus]] iki ing manungsa. Asring uga, [[galur]] anyar iki muncul nalika virus flu kang wis ana nyebar ing manungsa saka [[spésies]] kéwan kang liya, utawa nalika galur virus influenza manungsa kang wis ana njupuk [[gen]] anyar saka virus kang lumrahé nginfèksi unggas utawa babi. Galur unggas kang diarani [[H5N1]] wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing [[Asia]] nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung [[évolusi]] dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Avian influenza (&quot;bird flu&quot;) fact sheet |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ |date=February 2006 |publisher=WHO |accessdate=2006-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu [[manungsa]], [[babi]], lan [[unggas]], kang ing awalé diarani &quot;[[flu babi]]&quot; lan uga ditepungi minangka [[Virus H1N1|influenza A/H1N1]], kang muncul ing [[Mèksiko]], [[Amérikah Sarékat]], lan sapérangan nagara liya. [[Organisasi Kaséhatan Donya]] (WHO) kanthi resmi ndhéklarasikaké wabah iki minangka pandemi nalika tanggal 11 Juni 2009 (delengen [[Wabah flu babi 2009|pandemi flu 2009]]). Dhéklarasi WHO ngenani pandemi tingkat 6 wujud indhikasi panyebaran virus, dudu abot-ènthèngé lelara, galur iki sajatiné duwé tingkat mortalitas kang luwih asor tinimbang wabah virus flu biyasa.&lt;ref&gt;World Health Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Vaksin influenza|Vaksinasi marang influenza]] lumrahé sumadiya kanggo wong-wong ing [[nagara ngrembaka]].&lt;ref name=WHOvaccines&gt;[http://www.who.int/wer/2005/wer8033.pdf WHO position paper: influenza vaccines] ''WHO weekly Epidemiological Record'' 19 August 2005, vol. 80, 33, hal. 277–288.&lt;/ref&gt; Kéwan ingon unggas asring divaksinasi kanggo nyegah tumpes tapisé kabèh kéwan ingon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Villegas |first=P |title=Viral diseases of the respiratory system |journal=Poult Sci |volume=77 |issue=8 |pages=1143–5 |year=1998 |pmid=9706079}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké yaiku vaksin influenza trivalen (''trivalent influenza vaccine'' [TIV]) kang ngandhut [[antigen]] kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. Lumrahé, vaksin jinis iki ngandhut matérial saka rong galur [[virus influenza A|virus influenza subtipe A]] lan [[virus influenza B|siji galur influenza subtipe B]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Horwood F, Macfarlane J |title=Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination: current situation and future prospects |journal=Thorax |volume=57 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=II24–II30 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12364707 |pmc=1766003 |url=http://thorax.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12364707}}&lt;/ref&gt; TIV ora duwé risiko nularaké lelara, lan duwé réaktivitas kang asor banget. Vaksin kang diformulasikaké kanggo setaun mungkin dadi ora èfèktif kanggo taun sabanjuré, amarga virus influenza ngalami évolusi kanthi rikat, lan galur anyar bakal rikat nggantèkaké galur kang sadurungé. Obat-obatan antivirus bisa dipigunakaké kanggo nambani influenza, ''[[neuraminidase inhibitor]]'' (kaya ta Tamiflu utawa Relenza).&lt;ref name=WHOmedrecDec2009&gt;World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response (GAR), [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/antivirals/definitions_use/en/index.html Antiviral drugs for pandemic (H1N1) 2009: definitions and use], 22 Dhésèmber 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--yang terutama efektif--&gt;.

== Klasifikasi ==
{{Flu}}
=== Jinis-jinis virus ===
Sajeroning [[Virus#Klasifikasi virus|klasifikasi virus]], virus influenza kalebu [[Virus#Virus RNA|virus RNA]] kang wujud telu saka lima [[genera]] sajeroning famili Oethomyxoviridae:&lt;ref name=Kawaoka&gt;{{cite book |author=Kawaoka Y (juru besut). |title=Influenza Virology: Current Topics |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=2006 |url=http://www.horizonpress.com/flu |isbn=978-1-904455-06-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Virus influenza A]]
* [[Virus influenza B]]
* [[Virus influenza C]]

Virus-virus mau duwé kakerabatan kang adoh karo [[virus parainfluenza manungsa]], kang wujud  virus RNA kang wujud péranganing famili [[Paramyxoviridae#Paramyxovirus|paramyxovirus]] kang wujud jalaran umum saka infèksi [[sistem ambegan|ambegan]] ing bocah, kaya ta [[croup]] (laryngotracheobronchitis),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Vainionpää R, Hyypiä T |title=Biology of parainfluenza viruses |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=265–75 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8055470 |pmc=358320 |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=8055470}}&lt;/ref&gt; nanging bisa uga nimbulaké lelara kang sarupa karo influenza ing wong diwasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hall CB |title=Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=344 |issue=25 |pages=1917–28 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11419430 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&amp;pmid=11419430&amp;promo=ONFLNS19 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200106213442507}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Virus influenza A ====
Genus iki duwé siji spésies, virus influenza A. Unggas akuatik alasan wujud inang alamiah kanggo pérangan gedhé variétas influenza A. Sok-sok, virus bisa ditularaké marang spésies liya lan bisa nimbulaké wabah kang duwé dhampak gedhé ing paternakan unggas dhomèstik utawa nimbulaké sawijining [[pandemi]] influenza manungsa.&lt;ref name=sobrino6&gt;{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|author=Klenk|display-authors=etal|year=2008|chapter=Avian Influenza: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Range|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn=978-1-904455-22-6|access-date=2012-03-18|archive-date=2016-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820202716/http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virus jinis A wujud patogèn manungsa paling virulen ing antarané katelu jinis influenza lan nimbulaké lelara kang paling abot. Virus influenza A bisa dipérang manèh dadi subdhivisi wujud [[serovar|serotipe-serotipe]] kang béda dhedhasar tanggepan [[antibodi]] marang virus iki.&lt;ref name=hay/&gt; Serotipe kang wis dikonfirmasi ing manungsa, diurutaké dhedhasar guènggung pepati pandemi ing manungsa, yaiku:
* [[H1N1]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Spanyol]] nalika taun 1918, lan [[Flu Babi]] nalika taun 2009
* [[H2N2]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Asia]] nalika taun 1957
* [[H3N2]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Hongkong]] nalika taun 1968
* [[H5N1]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Manuk]] nalika taun 2004
* [[H7N7]], kang duwé potènsi [[zoanatik]] kang ora biyasa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Fouchier |first=R |author2=Schneeberger P, Rozendaal F, Broekman J, Kemink S, Munster V, Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan G, Schutten M, Van Doornum G, Koch G, Bosman A, Koopmans M, Osterhaus A |title=Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/1356 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=1356–61 |year=2004 |pmid=14745020 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0308352100 |last12=Bosman |first12=A |last13=Koopmans |first13=M |last14=Osterhaus |first14=AD |pmc=337057}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[H1N2]], endemik ing manungsa, babi, lan unggas
* [[H9N2]]
* [[H7N2]]
* [[H7N3]]
* [[H10N7]]

==== Virus influenza B ====
Genus iki duwé siji spésies, yaiku virus influenza B. Influenza B mèh kanthi èksklusif mung nyerang manungsa&lt;ref name=hay&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hay |first=A |author2=Gregory V, Douglas A, Lin Y |title=The evolution of human influenza viruses |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |volume=356 |issue=1416 |pages=1861–70 |date=29 Dhésèmber 2001 |pmid=11779385 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0999 |pmc=1088562}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan luwih arang dibandhingaké karo influenza A. Kéwan liya kang dikawruhi bisa kena infèksi déning influenza B yaiku [[asu laut]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Osterhaus |first=A |author2=Rimmelzwaan G, Martina B, Bestebroer T, Fouchier R |title=Influenza B virus in seals |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5468 |pages=1051–3 |year=2000 |pmid=10807575 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5468.1051}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan [[garangan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jakeman KJ, Tisdale M, Russell S, Leone A, Sweet C |title=Efficacy of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibosides against influenza A and B viruses in ferrets |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1864–7 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7986023 |pmc=284652 |doi=|url=http://aac.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=7986023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jinis influenza iki ngalami mutasi kaping 2-3 luwih alon dibandhingaké jinis A&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Nobusawa |first=E |author2=Sato K |title=Comparison of the mutation rates of human influenza A and B viruses |journal=J Virol |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=3675–8 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16537638 |doi=10.1128/JVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006 |pmc=1440390}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan mula saka iku karagaman génétiké luwih sithik, mung ana siji serotipe influenza B.&lt;ref name=hay/&gt; Amarga ora ana karagaman [[antigen]]ik, sapérangan tingkat [[imunitas|kakebalan]] marang influenza B lumrahé dièntuki ing umur enom. Nanging, mutasi kang dumadi ing virus influenza B cukup kanggo gawé kakebalan permanèn dadi ora mungkin.&lt;ref name=webster&gt;{{cite journal |first=Webster |last=R |author2=Bean W, Gorman O, Chambers T, Kawaoka Y |title=Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses |pmc=372859 |journal=Microbiol Rev |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=152–79 |year=1992 |pmid=1579108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Owah-owahan antigèn kang alon, dikombinasikaké karo gunggung inang kang winates (ora mungkinaké [[pepindhahan antigèn]] antarspesies), agawé pandemi influenza B ora dumadi.&lt;ref name=Zambon&gt;{{cite journal |last=Zambon |first=M |title=Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza |journal=J Antimicrob Chemother |volume=44 Suppl B |issue=|pages=3–9 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10877456 |url=http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/44/suppl_2/3 |doi=10.1093/jac/44.suppl_2.3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Virus influenza C ====
Genus iki duwé siji spésies, virus influenza C, kang nginfèksi manungsa, asu, lan babi, sok-sok nimbulaké lelara kang abot lan èpidemi lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Matsuzaki&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Matsuzaki |first=Y |author2=Sugawara K, Mizuta K, Tsuchiya E, Muraki Y, Hongo S, Suzuki H, Nakamura K |title=Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza C viruses which caused two outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998 |pmc=153379 |journal=J Clin Microbiol |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=422–9 |year=2002 |pmid=11825952 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Taubenberger2008/&gt; Nanging, influenza C luwih arang dumadi dibandhingaké karo jinis liya lan lumrahé mung nimbulaké lelara ènthèng ing bocah-bocah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Matsuzaki |first=Y |author2=Katsushima N, Nagai Y, Shoji M, Itagaki T, Sakamoto M, Kitaoka S, Mizuta K, Nishimura H |title=Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=193 |issue=9 |pages=1229–35 |date=1 Mèi 2006|pmid=16586359 |doi=10.1086/502973}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Katagiri&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Katagiri |first=S |author2=Ohizumi A, Homma M |title=An outbreak of type C influenza in a children's home |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=51–6 |date=July 1983 |pmid=6309999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Struktur, sipat, lan tata jeneng subtipe ===
Virus influenza A, B, lan C sarupa banget ing struktur sakabèhé.&lt;ref&gt;International Committee on Taxanamy of Viruses descriptions of: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm Orthomyxoviridae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002234624/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm |date=2006-10-02 }}, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46040000.htm Influenzavirus B] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006034903/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46040000.htm |date=2007-10-06 }} and [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.02.htm Influenzavirus C] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231084902/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.02.htm |date=2009-12-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Partikel virus iki dhiameteré 80-120 [[nanometer]] lan lumrahé kurang-luwih wanguné kaya bal, sanadyan wangun filamèntosa mungkin waé ana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=International Committee on Taxanamy of Viruses |title=The Universal Virus Database, version 4: Influenza A |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2010-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113220345/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lamb&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lamb RA, Choppin PW |title=The gene structure and replication of influenza virus |journal=Annu. Rev. Biochem. |volume=52 |issue=|pages=467–506 |year=1983 |pmid=6351727 |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.002343}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangun filamèntosa iki luwih asring dumadi ing influenza C, kang bisa minangka struktur kaya bolah kanthi dawa tekan 500 [[mikrometer]] ing lumahan saka sèl kang kena infèksi.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Nanging, sanadyan manéka wanguné, partikel saka kabèh virus influenza duwé komposisi kang padha.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Komposisi mau wujud [[envelope virus]] kang ngandhut loro jinis [[glikoprotein]], kang mbungkus sawijining inti punjer. Inti punjer mau ngandhut [[genom]] [[RNA]] lan protèin viral liya kang mbungkus lan ngreksa RNA. RNA ''cenderung'' kapérang saka sauntaian nanging ing kasus-kasus mirunggan bisa wujud rong untaian.&lt;ref name=Lamb/&gt; Ing virus, génom virus ora kapérang saka rerangkèn [[asem nukleat]]; nanging lumrahé kapérang saka pitu utawa wolung pérangan RNA ''[[negative-sense]]'' kang kasègmèntasi, saben pérangan RNA ngandhut siji utawa loro gèn.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Contoné, génom influenza A ngandhut 11 gèn sajeroning wolung pérangan RNA, kang ngodhe 11 [[protèin]]: [[hemagglutinin]] (HA), [[neuraminidase]] (NA), [[nukleoprotein]] (NP), [[protèin M1|M1]], [[protèin M2|M2]], [[protèin NS1 influenza|NS1]],  NS2 (NEP: ''nuclear export protéin''), PA, PB1 (''polymerase basic'' 1), PB1-F2 lan PB2.&lt;ref name=Ghedin&gt;{{cite journal |last=Ghedin |first=E | last2 = Sengamalay | first2 = NA | last3 = Shumway | first3 = M | last4 = Zaborsky | first4 = J | last5 = Feldblyum | first5 = T | last6 = Subbu | first6 = V | last7 = Spiro | first7 = DJ | last8 = Sitz | first8 = J | last9 = Koo | first9 = H |title=Large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=437 |issue=7062 |pages=1162–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16208317 |doi=10.1038/nature04239 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hemagglutinin (HA) lan neuraminidase (NA) wujud loro flikoprotèin gedhé kang ana ing sanjabaning partikel virus. HA wujud [[lektin]] kang dadi mèdhiasi ikatan (binding) virus marang sèl targèt lan lumebuné génom virus ing sèl targèt, sauntara NA kalibat sajeroning uculé anak virus saka sèl kang kainfèksi, kanthi nyigar gula kang silih iket ing partikel virus diwasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Suzuki |first=Y |title=Sialobiology of influenza: molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf |journal=Biol Pharm Bull |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=399–408 |year=2005 |pmid=15744059 |doi=10.1248/bpb.28.399 |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2009-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112023059/http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oleh karena itu, protéin ini merupakan target bagi obat-obat antivirus.&lt;ref name=Itzstein&gt;{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=J |author2=von Itzstein M |title=Recent strategies in the search for new anti-influenza therapies |journal=Curr Drug Targets |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=389–408 |date=July 2003 |pmid=12816348 |doi=10.2174/1389450033491019}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Lan manèh, kaloroné wujud antigèn, ing endi antibodi marang antigèn mau bisa diriptakaké. Virus influenza A diklasifikasikaké dadi subtipe dhedhasar rèspons antibodi marang HA lan NA. Jinis-jinis HA lan NA mau wujud pambédan H lan N sajeroning pamènèhan jeneng virus, umpamané H5N1.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt; Ana 16 subtipe H lan 9 subtipe N kang wis dikawruhi, nanging mung H 1, 2, lan 3, sarta N 1 lan 2 kang lumrahé tinemu ing manungsa.&lt;ref name=Lynch&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lynch JP, Walsh EE |title=Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention |journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=144–58 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17458769 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-976487}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Réplikasi ===
Virus bisa nglakoni réplikasi mung ing sèl urip.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Smith AE, Helenius A |title=How viruses enter animal cells |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=5668 |pages=237–42 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15073366 |doi=10.1126/science.1094823}}&lt;/ref&gt; Infèksi lan réplikasi influenza wujud prosès mawa tahap: pisanan, virus kudu gawé ikatan karo sèl lan ngleboni sèl, banjur mindhahaké genomé ing sawijining papan ing endi virus mau bisa mrodhuksi dhuplikat saka protèin virus lan RNA, banjur nyusun komponèn-komponèn mau dadi partikel virus anyar, lan pungkasan, metu saka sèl inang.&lt;ref name=Bouvier&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bouvier NM,  [[Peter Palese|Palese P]] |title=The biology of influenza viruses |journal=Vaccine |volume=26 Suppl 4 |pages=D49–53 |date=September 2008 |pmid=19230160 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virus influenza gawé ikatan liwat [[hemagglutinin]] karo gula [[asem sialat]] ing lumahing [[epitelium|sèl èpitèl]], lumrahé ing irung, tenggorok, lan [[paru-paru]] mamalia, lan usus unggas (tahap 1 ing gambar infèksi).&lt;ref name=Wagner&gt;{{cite journal |last=Wagner |first=R |author2=Matrosovich M, Klenk H |title=Functional balance between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in influenza virus infections |journal=Rev Med Virol |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=159–66 |date=May 2002|pmid=11987141 |doi=10.1002/rmv.352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sawisé hemagglutinin [[proteolisis|dipecah]] déning [[protease]], sèl bakal nglebokaké virus liwat prosès [[endositosis]].&lt;ref name=Steinhauer&gt;{{cite journal |author=Steinhauer DA |title=Role of hemagglutinin cleavage for the pathogenicity of influenza virus |journal=Virology |volume=258 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10329563 |doi=10.1006/viro.1999.9716}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Sawisé ana ing njero sèl, kaanan asem sajeroning [[éndosom]] bakal njalari loro kedadèn dumadi: pisanan, péranganing protèin hemagglutinin bakal nyawijikaké envelope virus karo mèmbran vakuola, banjur [[kanal ion]] M2 bakal mungkinaké [[proton]] kanggo pindhah ngliwati envelope virus lan ngasamaké inti virus, kang bakal nyababaké inti dadi kaurai lan ngeculaké RNA virus lan protèin inti.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Molekul RNA virus (vRNA), protèin aksesoris, lan RNA polymerase kang gumantung ing RNA (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) bakal dieculaké ing sitoplasma (Tahap 2).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Lakadamyali |first=M |author2=Rust M, Babcock H, Zhuang X |title=Visualizing infection of individual influenza viruses |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=100 |issue=16 |pages=9280–5 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12883000 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0832269100 |pmc=170909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanal ion M2 bakal disekat (diblok) déning obat amantadine, kang bakal nyegah infèksi.&lt;ref name=Pinto&gt;{{cite journal |author=Pinto LH, Lamb RA |title=The M2 proton channels of influenza A and B viruses |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=281 |issue=14 |pages=8997–9000 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16407184 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R500020200 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16407184 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Protèin inti iki bebarengan karo vRNA bakal minangka komplèks kang bakal ditranspor menyang [[inti sèl]], ing endi polimerase RNA kang gumantung RNA bakal miwiti transkripsi vRNA komplemèntèr sense positif (langkah 3a lan b).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cros |first=J |author2=Palese P |title=Trafficking of viral genomic RNA into and out of the nucleus: influenza, Thogoto and Borna disease viruses |journal=Virus Res |volume=95 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–12 |date=September 2003 |pmid=12921991 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1702(03)00159-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; vRNA bisa metu nuju sitoplasma lan ngalami translasi (langkah 4) utawa tetep ''bertahan'' ing nukléus. Protèin virus kang anyar disintèsis bisa disèkrèsi liwat [[apparatus Golgi]] nuju lumahing sèl (ing neuraminidase lan hemagglutinin, langkah 5b) utawa ditranspor manèh nuju inti sèl kanggo gawé ikatan karo vRNA lan minangka partikel génom virus kang anyar (langkah 5a). Protèin virus liyané duwé makarya kang manéka ing sèl inang, kalebu ngurai [[mRNA]] sèlulèr lan migunakaké [[nukléotida]] bébas kanggo sintèsis vRNA lan uga nyandhet translasi mRNA lan uga nyandhet [[translasi (biologi)|translasi]] mRNA sèl inang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kash |first=J |author2=Goodman A, Korth M, Katze M |title=Hijacking of the host-cell response and translational control during influenza virus infection |journal=Virus Res |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=111–20 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16630668 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2005.10.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

vRNA ''negative-sense'' kang [[génom]] saka calon virus, RNA polimerase kang gumantung RNA (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), lan protèin virus liya bakal disusun dadi virion. Molekul hemagglutinin lan neuraminidase bakal gawé golongan minangka sawijining tonjolan ing lumahing sèl. vRNA lan protèin [[capsid|inti virus]] bakal ninggal inti sèl lan ngeboni panonjolan mèmbran iki (langkah 6). Virus diwasa bakal nglakokaké budding off saka sèl sajeroning sawijining wangun bal kang kapérang saka mèmbran fosfolipid inang, éntuk hemagglutinin lan neuraminidase kang kakandhut sajeroning lapisan mèmbran iki (langkah 7).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Nayak |first=D |author2=Hui E, Barman S |title=Assembly and budding of influenza virus |journal=Virus Res |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=147–65 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15567494 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.08.012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kaya sadurungé, virus bakal gawé ikatan liwat hemagglutinin; virus diwasa bakal ngeculaké dhiri yèn [[neuraminidase]]é wis mecah résidhu asem sialat saka sèl inang.&lt;ref name=Wagner/&gt; Obat kang nyandhet neuraminidase, kaya déné [[oseltamivir]], bakal nyegah uculé virus infèksius anyar lan nyegah réplikasi virus.&lt;ref name=Itzstein/&gt; Sawisé uculé virus influenza anyar, sèl inang bakal mati.

Amarga ora anané ènzim [[proofreading (biologi)|proofreading]] RNA, polimerase RNA kang gumantung RNA kang ngopi génom virus bakal nglakokaké kasalahan kurang luwih saben 10 éwu nukléotida, kang selaras karo rata-rata saka vRNA influenza. Mula saka iku, sapérangan gedhé saka virus influenza kang rampung dironcé iku mutan; iki bakal nimbulaké [[hanyutan antigèn]], kang wujud owah-owahan alon ing antigèn ing lumahing virus sairing karo lumakuné wektu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Drake |first=J |title=Rates of spontaneous mutation among RNA viruses |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=4171–5 |date=1 Mèi 1993|pmid=8387212 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.9.4171 |pmc=46468}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamisahan génom dadi wolu sègmèn vRNA kang kapisah mungkinaké panyampuran utawa [[reassortment]] saka vRNA yèn punjul sajinis virus influenza nginfèksi sawijining sèl tunggal. Iki bakal nimbulaké owah-owahan rikat saka génétika virus kang bakal nimbulaké [[papindhahan antigèn]], kang wujud owah-owahan dumadakan saka sawijining antigèn menyang antigèn liyané. Owah-owahan gedhé kang dadakan mungkinaké virus kanggo nginfèksi spésies inang anyar lan bisa kanthi rikat ngatasi kakebalan protèktif kang wis ana.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt;  Iki wigati sajeroning mékanisme munculé pandemi, kang didhiskusikaké ing ngisor iki sajeroning pérangan [[#Epidemiologi|Epidemiologi]].

== Tandha lan tandha-tandha ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; text-align:center; width:40%;&quot;
|+ Tandha-tandha kang paling sènsitif kanggo ndhiagnosis influenza &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15728170&quot;/&gt;
! Tandha-tandha: !! [[Sènsitivitas (pacoban)|Sènsitivitas]] !! [[Spésifisitas (pacoban)|Spésivisitas]]
|-
! Mriyang
|68–86% ||25–73%
|-
! Watuk
|84–98% || 7–29%
|-
! Irung mampet
|68–91% ||19–41%
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
&lt;small&gt;
* Katelu temuan mau, mligi mriyang, kurang sènsitif marang pasièn kanthi umur punjul 60 taun.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

Tandha-tandha influenza bisa diwiwiti kanthi rikat, sadina nganti rong dina sawisé infèksi. Lumrahé tandha-tandha pisanan yaiku ndrodhog utawa rumangsa adhem, nanging mriyang uga asring dumadi ing awal infèksi, kanthi suhu awak watara 38-39&amp;nbsp;°C (kurang luwih 100-103&amp;nbsp;°F).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Suzuki E, Ichihara K, Johnson AM |title=Natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=76–9 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17164515 |doi=10.1177/0009922806289588}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akèh wong krasa lara banget saéngga ora bisa tangi saka papan anggoné turu suwéné pirang-pirang dina, kanthi rasa lara lan nyeri saawak, kang krasa luwih abot ing tlatah geger lan sikil.&lt;ref name=Merck /&gt; Tandha-tandha influenza bisa ngambah:

* Mriyang lan krasa adhem kang èkstrem (ndrodhog, gumeter)
* Watuk
* Irung mampet
* Nyeri awak, mligi sendhi lan tenggorok
* Kekeselen
* Nyeri sirah
* Iritasi mata, mata mbanyu
* Mata abang, kulit abang (mligi rai), sarta semu abang ing tutuk, tenggorok, lan irung
* [[Ruam petechiae]] &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10476766&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Silva ME, Cherry JD, Wilton RJ, Ghafouri NM, Bruckner DA, Miller MJ |title=Acute fever and petechial rash associated with influenza A virus infection |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases: an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=453–4 |date=August 1999 |pmid=10476766 |doi=10.1086/520240}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ing bocah, tandha-tandha gastrointestinal kaya déné [[diare]] lan nyeri [[abdomen]],&lt;ref name=Richards/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Heikkinen T |title=Influenza in children |journal=Acta Paediatr. |volume=95 |issue=7 |pages=778–84 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16801171 |doi=10.1080/08035250600612272}}&lt;/ref&gt; (bisa dumadi parah ing bocah kanthi influenza B) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kerr AA, McQuillin J, Downham MA, Gardner PS |title=Gastric 'flu influenza B causing abdominal symptoms in children |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7902 |pages=291–5 |year=1975 |pmid=46444 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91205-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sok-sok angèl mbédakaké antarané [[selesma]] lan influenza ing tahap awal saka infèksi iki,&lt;ref name=Eccles/&gt; nanging flu bisa diidhèntifikasi yèn ana mriyang dhuwur ndadak kanthi rasa kesel kang èkstrém. Diare lumrahé dudu tandha-tandha saka influenza bocah,&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15728170&quot;/&gt; nanging iki bisa ditemoni ing sapérangan kasus &quot;flu manuk&quot; H5N1 ing manungsa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hui DS |title=Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection |journal=Respirology |volume=13 Suppl 1 |issue=|pages=S10–3 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18366521 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01247.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;  lan bisa dadi tandha-tandha ing bocah-bocah.&lt;ref name=Richards&gt;{{cite journal |author=Richards S |title=Flu blues |journal=Nurs Stand |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=26–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16295596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tandha-tandha kang paling asring ana ing influenza dituduhaké ing tabèl ing sisih tengen.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15728170&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W |title=Does this patient have influenza? |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=8 |pages=987–97 |year=2005 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987 |pmid=15728170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amarga obat-obat antivirus èfèktif sajeroning nambani influenza yèn diwènèhaké kawit awal (deleng pérangan [[#Terapi|terapi]] ing ngisor), wigati kanggo ngidhèntifikasi kasus kanthi gasik. Saka tandha-tandha-tandha-tandha kang disebutaké ing ndhuwur, kombinasi mriyang karo watuk, nyeri tenggorok lan/utawa irung mampet bisa ngundhakaké akurasi diagnositik.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11088084&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Monto A, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, Colopy M, Schweinle J |title=Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection |journal=Arch Intern Med |volume=160 |issue=21 |pages=3243–7 |year=2000 |pmid=11088084 | doi=10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243 |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/21/3243}}&lt;/ref&gt; Loro panalitèn analisis kaputusan&lt;ref name=&quot;pmif12361816&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Smith K, Roberts M |title=Cost-effectiveness of newer treatment strategies for influenza |journal=Am J Med |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=300–7 |year=2002 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01222-6 |pmid=12361816}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D |title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=139 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=321–9 |date=2 Sèptèmber 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/139/5_Part_1/321 |pmid=12965940 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nuduhaké yèn nalika ana wabah influenza lokal, [[prevalensi]]né punjul 70%,&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;/&gt; Mula pasièn kanthi salah siji kombinasi saka tandha-tandha mau bisa ditambani kanthi [[inhibitor neuraminidase]] tanpa pamriksan. Malah nalika ora anané wabah lokal, pangobatan bisa dibeneraké ing pasièn tuwa nalika mangsa influenza suwéné prévalènsiné punjul 15%.&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;/&gt;

Kasumadyan pamriksan laboratorium kanggo influenza terus ngalami paningkatan. [[Punjer Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara]] (CDC) Amérikah Sarékat, ngrangkum pamriksan laboratorium paling anyar kang cumawis.&lt;ref&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/ Lab Diagnosis of Influenza.] Diaksès 1 Mèi 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Miturut CDC, pamriksan diagnostik rikat (rapid diagnostic test) duwé sènsitivitas  70-75% lan spésifisitas 90-95% dibandhingaké karo kultur virus. Pamriksan iki mligi migunani ing mangsa influenza (prévalènsi = 25%) tanpa anané wabah langsung, utawa mangsa periinfluenza (prévalènsi = 10%&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;/&gt;).

== Mekanisme ==
=== Panularan ===
''Shedding'' virus influenza (wektu ing ngendi sawijining wong bisa nularaké virus marang wong liya) diwiwiti sadina sadurungé tandha-tandha muncul lan virus bakal diuculaké suwéné antara 5 tekan 7 dina, sanajan sapérangan wong mungkin ngeculaké virus suwéné périodhe kang luwih suwé. Wong kang katular influenza paling infèktif ing dina kaloro lan katelu sawisé infèksi.&lt;ref name=Carrat&gt;{{cite journal |author=Carrat F, Luong J, Lao H, Sallé A, Lajaunie C, Wackernagel H |title=A 'small-world-like' modhèl for comparing interventions aimed at preventing and controlling influenza pandemics |pmc=1626479 |journal=BMC Med |volume=4 |issue=|page=26 |year=2006|pmid=17059593 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-4-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gunggung virus kang diculaké katoné gegandhèngan karo mriyang, gunggung virus kang diculaké luwih gedhé nalika suhuné luwih dhuwur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|title = CDC H1N1 Flu : Updated Interim Recommendations for the Use of Antiviral Medications in the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza for the 2009-2010 Season|url=http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/recommendations.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bocah-bocah luwih infèksius tinimbang wong diwasa lan bocah mau ngeculaké virus sadurungé ngalami tandha-tandha nganti rong minggu sawisé infèksi.&lt;ref name=Carrat/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Mitamura K, Sugaya N |title=[Diagnosis and Treatment of influenza—clinical investigation on [[viral shedding]] in children with influenza] |journal=Uirusu |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=109–16 |year=2006 |pmid=17038819 |doi=10.2222/jsv.56.109}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panularan influenza bisa [[modhèl matématis lelara nular|dimodhèlaké kanthi matématis]], kang bakal mbantu sajeroning prédhiksi kepriyé virus nyebar sajeroning populasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Grassly NC, Fraser C |title=Mathematical models of infectious disease transmission |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=477–87 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18533288 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1845}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Influenza bisa disebaraké sajeroning telu cara utama:&lt;ref name=Weber&gt;{{cite journal |author=Weber TP, Stilianakis NI |title=Inactivation of influenza A viruses in the environment and modes of transmission: a critical review |journal=J. Infect. |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=361–73 |date=November 2008 |pmid=18848358 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2008.08.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hall CB |title=The spread of influenza and other respiratory viruses: complexities and conjectures |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=353–9 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17599315 |doi=10.1086/519433 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/519433}}&lt;/ref&gt; lumantar panularan langsung (nalika wong kang kainfèksi wahing, ana ilu irung kang lumebu kanthi langsung menyang mata, irung, lan tutuk saka wong liya); lumantar udara (nalika sawijining wong nyedhot aerosol (butiran cuwèran cilik sajeroning udara) kang diasilaké nalika wong kang kainfèksi watuk, wahing, utawa idu), lan lumantar panularan tangan-menyang-mata, tangan-menyang-irung, utawa tangan-menyang-tutuk, saka lumahan kang kakontaminasi utawa saka kontak personal langsung kaya déné salaman. Modhèl panularan endi kang paling wigati isih durung cetha, nanging kabèh duwé kontribusi sajeroning panyebaran virus.&lt;ref name=Brankston&gt;{{cite journal |author=Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M |title=Transmission of influenza A in human beings |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=257–65 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17376383 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Tellier R |title=Review of aerosol transmission of influenza A virus |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1657–62 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17283614 |doi=|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no11/06-0426.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing rute panularan udara, ukuran droplèt kang cukup cilik kanggo disedhot duwé dhiameter 0,5 nganti 5 [[Mikrometer|μm]] lan inhalasi sadroplèt mungkin cukup kanggo nimbulaké infèksi.&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt; Sanajan sapisan wahing bisa ngeculaké nganti 40.000 droplèt,&lt;ref name=Cole_1998&gt;{{cite journal |author=Cole E, Cook C |title=Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies |journal=Am J Infect Control |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=453–64 |year=1998 |pmid=9721404 | doi=10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; sapérangan gedhé saka droplèt mau cukup gedhé lan bakal ilang saka udara kanthi rikat.&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt; Pira suwéné virus influenza bisa tahan sajeroning droplèt udara katoné diprabawai déning kadhar kalembaban lan [[Ultraungu|radhiasi ultraviolèt]]: kalembaban asor lan kurangé [[cahya]] [[srengéngé]] ing [[mangsa adhem]] mbantu tahané virus iki.&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt;

Amarga virus influenza bisa tahan ing njaba awak, virus iki uga bisa ditularaké liwat lumahan kang kakontaminasi kaya déné lembaran [[dhuwit]],&lt;ref name=Thomas&gt;{{cite journal |author=Thomas Y, Vogel G, Wunderli W|display-authors=etal|title=Survival of influenza virus on banknotes |journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=74 |issue=10 |pages=3002–7 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18359825 |pmc=2394922 |doi=10.1128/AEM.00076-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; gagang lawang, saklar lampu, lan bandha-bandha rumah tangga liyané.&lt;ref name=Merck/&gt; Suwéné wektu virus bisa tahan marang sawijining lumahan manéka wektuné, virus bisa tahan suwéné sadina utawa rong dina ing lumahan kang atos lan ora duwé pori kaya déné [[plastik]] utawa métal, suwéné kurang luwih limalas menit ing [[kertas]] tissue garing, lan mung limang menit ing [[kulit]].&lt;ref name=Moore&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bean B, Moore BM, Sterner B, Peterson LR, Gerding DN, Balfour HH |title=Survival of influenza viruses on environmental surfaces |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=146 |issue=1 |pages=47–51 |date=July 1982 |pmid=6282993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, yèn virus ana sajeroning mukus/lendhir, lendhir mau bisa ngreksa virus saéngga tahan ing sajeroning wektu kang suwé (nganti 17 dina ing dhuwit kertas).&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt;&lt;ref name=Thomas/&gt; Virus flu manuk bisa tahan ing sajeroning wektu kang durung dikawruhi nalika ana sajeroning kaanan beku.&lt;ref name=cfsph&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/influenza.pdf |title=Influenza Factsheet|publisher=Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University}} hal. 7&lt;/ref&gt;  Virus ngalami inaktivasi déning pamanasan nganti 56&amp;nbsp;°C (133&amp;nbsp;°F) suwéné minimun 60 menit, lan uga déning asem (ing pH &lt;2).&lt;ref name=cfsph/&gt;

=== Patofisiologi ===
Mékanisme kepriyé infèksi influenza bisa nimbulaké tandha-tandha ing manungsa wis disinaoni kanthi intènsif. Salah saji mékanisme kang dipercaya yaiku kanthi inhibisi hormon adrenokortikotropik (ACTH/Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) kang nimbulaké pamudhunan kadhar hormon kortisol.&lt;ref name=jefferies1998&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jefferies WM, Turner JC, Lobo M, Gwaltney JM Jr. |title=Low plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone in patients with acute influenza. |journal=Clin Infect Dis. |volume=26 |issue=26 |pages=708–10 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/514594 |year=1998 |pmid=9524849 |pmc= |doi=10.1086/514594 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngawruhi gèn endi kang sok sajeroning galur virus tinentu bisa mbiyantu mrédhiksi kepriyé virus mau bisa nular lan sepira aboté infèksi kang bakal dumadi (mrédhiksi [[patofisiologi]] saka sawijining galur virus).&lt;ref name=Taubenberger2008&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Taubenberger | first1 = JK | last2 = Morens | first2 = DM |title=The pathology of influenza virus infections |journal=Annu Rev Pathol |volume=3 |issue=|pages=499–522 |year=2008 |pmid=18039138 |pmc=2504709 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Korteweg&gt;{{cite journal |author=Korteweg C, Gu J |title=Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=1155–70 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18403604 |pmc=2329826 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Contoné, péranganing prosès kang mungkinaké virus influenza nginvasi sawijining sèl yaiku panguraian saka protèin hemagglutinin virus déning salah saji ènzim [[protease]] manungsa.&lt;ref name=Steinhauer/&gt; Ing virus kang infèksiné asifat ringan lan avirulèn, struktur hémagglutinin kang ana mung bisa diurai déning protease kang tinemu sajeroning tenggorok lan paru, saéngga virus iki ora bisa nginfèksi jaringan liya. Nanging, ing galur kang virulèn banget, kaya ta H5N1, hémagglutinin kang kakandhut sajeroning virus bisa diurai déning variétas protease kang manéka, saéngga mungkinaké virus nyebar menyang sakabèhing awak.&lt;ref name=Korteweg/&gt;

Protèin hémagglutinin virus duwé tanggung jawab sajeroning nemtokaké spésiès endi kang bisa diinfèksi déning sawijining galur virus uga papan [[saluran ambegan]] endi kang bisa duwé ikatan karo sawijining galur virus influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Nicholls JM, Chan RW, Russell RJ, Air GM, Peiris JS |title=Evolving complexities of influenza virus and its receptors |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=149–57 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18375125 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2008.01.008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galur kang bisa ditularaké kanthi gampang saka manungsa-marang-manungsa duwé protèin hémagglutinin kang duwé ikatan karo résèptor ing saluran ambegan pérangan ndhuwur, kaya ta ing irung, tenggorok, lan tutuk. Suwaliké, strain H5N1 kang mbebayani banget duwé ikatan karo résèptor kang paling akèh tinemu ing njero paru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E|display-authors=etal|title=H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract |journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5772 |page=399 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16556800 |doi=10.1126/science.1125548}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prabédan ing papan infèksi iki mungkin wujud péranganing alesan ngapa galur H5N1 nimbulaké pnéumonia virus kang abot ing paru, nanging ora ditularaké kanthi gampang liwat watuk lan wahing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S, Ono M, Kasai N, Kawaoka Y |title=Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway |journal=Nature |volume=440 |issue=7083 |pages=435–6 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16554799 |doi=10.1038/440435a}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E|display-authors=etal|title=Human and avian influenza viruses target different cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and other mammals |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=1215–23 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17717141 |pmc=1988871 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2007.070248}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tandha-tandha kang asring ana ing flu kaya ta mriyang, sirak cekot-cekot, lan kekeselen wujud asil saka sapérangan gedhé [[sitokin]] lan [[chemokin]] proinflamasi (kaya ta [[interferon]] utawa ''[[tumor necrosis factor]]'' (TNF)) kang diprodhuksi déning sèl kang kainfèksi influenza.&lt;ref name=Eccles/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Schmitz N, Kurrer M, Bachmann M, Kopf M |title=Interleukin-1 is responsible for acute lung immunopathology but increases survival of respiratory influenza virus infection |journal=J Virol |volume=79 |issue=10 |pages=6441–8 |year=2005 |pmid=15858027 | doi=10.1128/JVI.79.10.6441-6448.2005 |pmc=1091664}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ora kaya rhinovirus kang nimbulaké selesma (common cold/masuk angin), influenza nimbulaké karusakan jaringan, saéngga tandha-tandha kang dumadi ora kabèh disebabaké déning rèspons inflamasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Winther B, Gwaltney J, Mygind N, Hendley J |title=Viral-induced rhinitis |journal=Am J Rhinol |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=17–20 |year=1998|pmid=9513654 |doi=10.2500/105065898782102954}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rèspons imun kang gedhé iki bisa nimbulaké “badai sitokin” kang bisa ngancam nyawa. Kadadéan iki dinuga wujud jalaran saka pati kang ora biyasa ing flu manuk H5N1,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Cheung CY, Poon LL, Lau AS|display-authors=etal|title=Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease? |journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9348 |pages=1831–7 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12480361 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11772-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan galur pandemik 1918.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K|display-authors=etal |title=Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus |journal=Nature |volume=445 |issue=7125 |pages=319–23 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17230189 |doi=10.1038/nature05495 |last12=Alimonti |first12=JB |last13=Fernando |first13=L |last14=Li |first14=Y |last15=Katze |first15=MG |last16=Feldmann |first16=H |last17=Kawaoka |first17=Y}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC|display-authors=etal|title=Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus |journal=Nature |volume=443 |issue=7111 |pages=578–81 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17006449 |pmc=2615558 |doi=10.1038/nature05181 |last12=Katze |first12=MG}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, kamungkinan liyané yaiku sapérangan gedhé sitokin kang diasilaké mung wujud asil saka réplikasi virus kang gedhé banget kang ditimbulaké déning galur mau, lan rèspons imun ora mènèhi kontribusi marang lelara.&lt;ref name=Beigel/&gt;

== Panyegahan ==
=== Vaksinasi ===
Vaksinasi marang influenza kanthi vaksin influenza asring dirékomendhasikaké marang golongan risiko dhuwur, kaya ta bocah-bocah lan lansia, utawa marang panandhang [[asma]], [[diabetes]], [[lelara jantung]], utawa wong-wong kang ngalami gangguan imun. Vaksin influenza bisa diprodhuksi liwat sapérangan cara; cara kang paling umum yaiku kanthi nuwuhaké virus ing endhog pitik kang wis diwohi. Sawisé dimurnèkaké, virus banjur bakal diaktivasi (upamané, mawa détergen) kanggo ngasilaké vaksin virus kang ora aktif. Minangka alternatif, virus bisa dituwuhaké ing endhog nganti kélangan virulensiné banjur virus kang avirulen diwènèhaké minangka vaksin urip.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt;  Èfèktivitas saka vaksin influenza iku manéka rupa. Amarga tingkat mutasi virus kang dhuwur banget, vaksin influenza tinentu lumrahé mènèhaké pangreksan suwéné ora punjul sapérangan dina. Saben tauné, WHO mrédhiksikaké galur virus endi kang paling mungkin sirkulasi ing taun sabanjuré, saéngga mungkinaké perusahaan farmasi kanggo ngembangaké vaksin kang bakal nyumadyakaké kakebalan kang paling apik marang galur mau.&lt;ref name=WHOrecommendation/&gt; Vaksin uga wis dikembangaké kanggo ngreksa sato iwèn unggas saka flu manuk. Vaksin iki bisa èfèktif marang sapérangan galur lan minangka strategi preventif, utawa dikombinasikaké karo culling (pamuliaan) minangka usaha kanggo nyuresaké wabah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Capua |first=I |author2=Alexander D |title=The challenge of avian influenza to the veterinary community |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a747651074&amp;fulltext=713240928 |journal=Avian Pathol |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=189–205 |year=2006 |pmid=16753610 |doi=10.1080/03079450600717174}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kamungkinan kena influenza sanajan wis divaksin. Vaksin bakal diformulasi ulang saben mangsa kanggo galur flu spésifik nanging ora bisa nyakup kabèh galur kang kanthi aktif nginfèksi kabèh manungsa ing mangsa mau. Merlokaké wektu suwéné enem sasi manèh manufaktur kanggo mformulasikaké lan mrodhuksi mayuta-yuta dosis kang diperlokaké kanggo ngadhepi epidemi mangsan; sok-sok, galur anyar utawa galur kang ora dinuga pinunjul ing wektu tinentu lan nginfèksi wong-wong sanajan wong-wong mau wis divaksinasi (kaya déné kang dumadi ing [[flu Fujian|Flu Fujian H3N2]] ing mungsa flu 2003-2004).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Holmes |first=E |author2=Ghedin E, Miller N, Taylor J, Bao Y, St George K, Grenfell B, Salzberg S, Fraser C, Lipman D, Taubenberger J |title=Whole-genome analysis of human influenza A virus reveals multiple persistent lineages and reassortment among recent H3N2 viruses |journal=PLoS Biol |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=e300 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16026181 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030300 |pmc=1180517}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uga ana kamungkinan éntuk infèksi sadurungé vaksinasi lan dadi lara déning galur kang kuduné dicegah déning vaksinasi, amarga vaksin merlokaké wektu rong minggu sadurungé dadi èfèktif.&lt;ref name=CDCkeyfacts/&gt;

Ing muangsa 2006-2007, CDC kaping pisanané ngrékomendasikaké bocah kang umuré kurang saka 59 sasi kanggo nampa vaksin influenza taunan.&lt;ref name=cdcreport&gt;{{cite journal
| author = Smith NM, Bresee JS, Shay DK, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Strikas RA
| title = Prevention and Control of Influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
| journal = [[MMWR Recomm Rep]]
| volume = 55
| issue = RR-10
| pages = 1–42
|date=July 2006
| pmid = 16874296
| url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5510.pdf
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vaksin bisa nimbulaké sistem imun kanggo réaksi nalika awak nampa infèksi kang sabeneré, lan tandha-tandha infèksi umum (akèh tandha-tandha selesma lan flu mung wujud tandha-tandha infèksi umum) bisa mijil, sanajan tandha-tandha mau lumrahé ora padha aboté utawa tahan suwéné influenza. Èfèk samping kang paling mbebayani yaiku réaksi alèrgi abot ing matérial virus uga résidu saka endhog pitik kang dipigunakaké kanggo nuwuhaké virus influenza; nanging réaksi mau arang banget.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/flushot.htm Questions &amp; Answers: Flu Shot] Publikasi CDC dianyaraké 24 Juli 2006. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Minangka tambahan saliyané vaksinasi marang influenza mangsan, paneliti ngupaya kanggo ngembangaké vaksin marang kamungkinan pandemi influenza. Perkembangan, prodhuksi, lan distribusi vaksin inluenza pandemik kang rikat bisa nylametaké nyawa mayuta-yuta wong nalika dumadi pandemi influenza. Amarga mung ana wektu kang cendhak antarané idhèntifikasi galur pandemik lan kabutuhan vaksinasi, para paneliti lagi nggolèk pilihan moda prodhuksi vaksin saliyané liwat endhog. Tèknologi vaksin urip kang diinaktivasi (kanthi basis endhog utawa kanthi basis sèl), lan tèknologi rékombinan (protèin lan partikel mèmper virus), bakal mènèhaké aksès wektu nyata (''real time'') kang luwih apik lan bisa diprodhuksi kanthi luwih kejangkau, saéngga ngundhakaké aksès kanggo wong-wong kang urip ing nagara-nagara kanthi pangasilan sedheng lan asor, ing endi dadi asal kamungkinan pandemi. Tekan Juli 2009, punjul 70 uji klinis kang dikawruhi wis ditindakaké utawa lagi ditindakaké ngenani vaksin influenza pandemi.&lt;ref&gt;World Health Organization. Tables on the Clinical trials of pandemic influenza prototype vaccines. Juli 2009. http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/immunogenicity/immunogenicity_table.xls&lt;/ref&gt; Ing sasi September 2009, Badan POM Amérikah Sarékat nyarujuki papat vaksin marang virus influenza H1N1 2009 (galur pandemik nalika wektu iku), lan njaluk stok vaksin mau sumadiya sajeroning sasi sabanjuré.&lt;ref&gt;US Food &amp; Drug Administration. FDA Approves Vaccines for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus Approval Provides Important Tool to Fight Pandemic. 15 September 2009. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm182399.htm&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangendhalian infèksi ===
Cara kang cukup èfèktif kanggo ngedhunaké panularan influenza salah sajiné yaiku njaga kaséhatan pribadi lan kabiyasan higiénis kang becik: kaya ta ora ndumuk mata, irung lan tutuk;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCQA&quot;&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/H1N1flu/qa.htm Center for Disease Control and Prevention: &quot;QUESTIONS &amp; ANSWERS: Novel H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) and You&quot;]. Diaksès 15 Dhésèmber 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; asring ngumbah tangan (mawa banyu lan sabun, utawa mawa cuwèran pangumbah kanthi basis alkohol);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Grayson ML, Melvani S, Druce J|display-authors=etal|title=Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=285–91 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19115974 |doi=10.1086/595845}}&lt;/ref&gt; nutup tutuk lan irung nalika watuk lan wahing, ngéndhani kontak cerak karo wong kang lara; lan tetep ana ing ngomahé dhéwé nalika lagi lara. Ora idu uga disaranaké.&lt;ref name=Aledort&gt;{{cite journal |author=Aledort JE, Lurie N, Wasserman J, Bozzette SA |title=Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions for pandemic influenza: an evaluation of the evidence base |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=7 |issue=|page=208 |year=2007 |pmid=17697389 |pmc=2040158 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-208 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan masker rai bisa mbiyantu nyegah panularan nalika ngrawat wong kang lara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=MacIntyre CR, Cauchemez S, Dwyer DE|display-authors=etal|title=Face mask use and control of respiratory virus transmission in households |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=233–41 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19193267 |pmc=2662657 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/15/2/pdfs/233.pdf |doi=10.3201/eid1502.081167}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bridges CB, Kuehnert MJ, Hall CB |title=Transmission of influenza: implications for control in health care settings |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=1094–101 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14523774 |doi=10.1086/378292}}&lt;/ref&gt; ana bukti-bukti kang matentangan ngenani mupangan babagan mau ing masarakat.&lt;ref name=Aledort/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/maskguidance.htm Interim Guidance for the Use of Masks to Control Influenza Transmission] ''Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases (CCID)'' 8 Agustus 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Ngrokok ngundhakaké risiko panularan influenza, lan uga nimbulaké tandha-tandha lelara kang luwih abot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| pmid = 16231688| volume = 72| issue = 10| pages = 916–920| last = Murin| first = Susan| author2 = Kathryn Smith Bilello| title = Respiratory tract infections: another reason not to smoke| journal = Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine| accessdate = 2009-10-01| year = 2005| url = http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/10/916.full.pdf | doi = 10.3949/ccjm.72.10.916}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1056/NEJM198210213071702| issn = 0028-4793| volume = 307| issue = 17| pages = 1042–1046| last = Kark| first = J D| author2 = M Lebiush, L Rannon| title = Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for epidemic a(h1n1) influenza in young men| journal = The New England Journal of Medicine| year = 1982 | pmid = 7121513}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amarga influenza nyebar liwat aerosol lan kontak karo lumahan kang kakontaminasi, pangresikan lumahan mau bisa mbiyantu nyegah sapérangan saka infèksi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hota B |title=Contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection? |journal=Clin Infect Dis |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1182–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15486843 | doi=10.1086/424667}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Alkohol]] wujud bahan sanitasi kang èfèktif marang virus influenza, sauntara senyawa amonium kuarterner bisa dipigunakaké bebarengan karo alkohol saéngga èfèk sanitasi mau bisa tahan luwih suwé.&lt;ref name=McDonnell&gt;{{cite journal |author=McDonnell G, Russell A |title=Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/12/1/147.pdf |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=147–79 |date=1 Januari 1999|pmid=9880479 |pmc=88911}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ing [[rumah sakit]], senyawa amonium kuarterner lan [[bahan pamutih]] dipigunakaké kanggo ngresiki ruwangan lan piranti kang sadurungé dipigunakaké déning pasièn kanthi tandha-tandha influenza.&lt;ref name=McDonnell/&gt; Ing ngomah, babagan mau bisa dilakokaké kanthi èfèktif kanthi migunakaké bahan pamutih chlorine kang dièncèraké.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/winter_2005/chlorine_bleach.html |title=Chlorine Bleach: Helping to Manage the Flu Risk |publisher=Water Quality &amp; Health Council |date=April 2009 |accessdate=2009-05-12 |archive-date=2009-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607164343/http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/winter_2005/chlorine_bleach.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing pandemi kapungkur, panutupan sekolah, gréja, lan biyoskup nyandhet panyebaran virus nanging ora duwé dampak kang gedhé marang angka pepati sakabèhé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hatchett RJ, Mecher CE, Lipsitch M |title=Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7582.full.pdf |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7582–7587 |year=2007 |pmid=17416679 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0610941104 |pmc=1849867}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bootsma MC, Ferguson NM |title=The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7588.full.pdf |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7588–7593 |year=2007 |pmid=17416677 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0611071104 |pmc=1849868}}&lt;/ref&gt; Durung bisa dipesthèkaké apa ngedhunaké patemon publik, upamané kanthi nutup sekolah lan papan makarya, bakal ngedhunaké panularan amarga wong kang nandhang influenza bisa waé isih pindhah saka sawijining papan menyang papan liyané; panyerakan kaya iki uga bakal angèl dilakokaké lan mungkin ora disenengi.&lt;ref name=Aledort/&gt; Yèn sapérangan cilik wong ngalami infèksi, ngisolasi wong kang lagi lara bisa ngurangi risiko panularan.&lt;ref name=Aledort/&gt;

== Pangobatan ==
Wong kang nandhang flu disaranaké kanggo akèh istirahat, minum akèh cuwèran, ngéndhani panggunaan [[alkohol]] lan [[rokok]], lan yèn diperlokaké, ngonsumsi obat kaya ta asetaminofen ([[parasetamol]]) kanggo ngredhakaké tandha-tandha mriyang lan perih otot kang gegandhèngan karo flu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000080.htm |title=Flu: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |access-date=7 Fèbruari 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bocah-bocah lan nom-noman kanthi tandha-tandha flu (mligi mriyang) sabeciké ngéndhani panggunaan [[aspirin]] nalika infèksi influenza (mligi influenza jinis B), amarga bisa nimbulaké [[Sindrom Reye]], sawijining lelara [[ati]] kang langka nanging duwé potènsi nimbulaké pepati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Glasgow |first=J |author2=Middleton B |title=Reye syndrome — insights on causation and prognosis |url=http://adc.bmj.com/content/85/5/351.full.pdf |journal=Arch Dis Child |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=351–3 |year=2001 |pmid=11668090 |doi=10.1136/adc.85.5.351 |pmc=1718987}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga influenza disababaké déning virus, antibiotik ora duwé prabawa marang infèksi; kajaba diwènèhaké kanggo [[infèksi sékundhèr]] kaya déné [[pneumonia]] baktérialis. Pangobatan antiviral bisa èfèktif, nanging sapérangan galur influenza bisa nuduhaké résistènsi marang obat-obat antivirus baku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hurt AC, Ho HT, Barr I |title=Resistance to anti-influenza drugs: adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors |journal=Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=795–805 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17140356 |doi=10.1586/14787210.4.5.795}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Loro kelas obat antivirus kang dipigunakaké marang influenza yaiku inhibitor neuraminidase lan inhibitor [[protéin M2]] (derivat [[adamantane]]). Inhibitor neuraminidase saiki luwih disenengi tumrap infèksi virus amarga kurang toksik lan luwih èfèktif.&lt;ref name=Beigel&gt;{{cite journal |author=Beigel J, Bray M |title=Current and future antiviral therapy of severe seasonal and avian influenza |journal=Antiviral Res. |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=91–102 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18328578 |pmc=2346583 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.01.003}}&lt;/ref&gt;  CDC ngrékomendhasikaké supaya ora migunakaké inhibitor M2 ing mangsa influenza 2005-06 amarga dhuwuré tingkat [[résistènsi obat]].&lt;ref&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/han011406.htm CDC Recommends against the Use of Amantadine and Rimantadine for the Treatment or Prophylaxis of Influenza in the United States during the 2005–06 Influenza Season.] 14 Januari 2006. Diaksès 1 Januari 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga wanita ngandhut katoné bakal kena dhampak kang luwih gedhé tinimbang populasi umum déning virus influenza H1N1 2009, pangobatan sacepeté kanthi obat-obat anti influenza wis dirékomendhasikaké.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jamieson|first=Denise J|last2=Honein|first2=Margaret A|last3=Rasmussen|first3=Sonja A|last4=Williams|first4=Jennifer L|last5=Swerdlow|first5=David L|last6=Biggerstaff|first6=Matthew S|last7=Lindstrom|first7=Stephen|last8=Louie|first8=Janice K|last9=Christ|first9=Cara M|date=Agustus 2009|title=H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673609613040|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=374|issue=9688|pages=451–458|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61304-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing Konferènsi Pèrs influenza H1N1 November 2009, WHO ngrékomendhasikaké wong ing golongan risiko dhuwur, kalebu wanita ngandhut, bocah umur kurang saka rong taun lan wong kanthi masalah ambegan, supaya wiwit ngonsumsi obat-obat antivirus sacepeté sawisé ngalami tandha-tandha flu.&lt;ref name=WHOpressconf12Nov2009&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/vpc_transcript_12_november_09_nikki_shindo.pdf Transcript of virtual press conference with Gregory Hartl, Spokesperson for H1N1, and Dr Nikki Shindo, Medical Officer, Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization], 12 November 2009. &quot;... persistent or rapidly worsening symptoms should also be treated with antivirals. These symptoms include difficulty breathing and a high fever that lasts beyond 3 days... [page 1]&quot; &quot;... The pandemic virus can cause severe pneumonia even in healthy young people... [page 2]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Obat anti virus kang dipigunakaké kalebu oseltamivir (Tamiflu) lan zanamivir (Relenza).

=== Inhibitor neuraminidase ===
Obat-obat antivirus kaya déné [[oseltamivir]] (mèrek dagang Tamiflu) lan [[zanamivir]] (mèrek dagang Relenza) wujud [[inhibitor neuraminidase]] kang didhesain kanggo nyandhet panyebaran virus ing awak.&lt;ref name=Neuraminidase_inhibitors&gt;{{cite journal |last=Moscona |first=A |title=Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra050740 | format = PDF |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=353 |issue=13 |pages=1363–73 |year=2005 |pmid=16192481 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra050740}}&lt;/ref&gt; Obat-obatan iki asring èfèktif marang influenza A lan B.&lt;ref name=Stephenson/&gt; ''[[Cochrane Collaboration]]'' ninjo manèh obat-obat iki lan nyimpulaké yèn obat-obat iki bisa ngurangi tandha-tandha lan komplikasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16855962&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Jefferson |first=T |author2=Demicheli V, Di Pietrantonj C, Jones M, Rivetti D |editor1-last=Jefferson |editor1-first=Tom |title=Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=3 |issue=|pages=CD001265 |year=2006|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001265.pub2 |pmid=16855962}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galur influenza kang béda duwé drajat résistènsi kang béda marang obat antivirus iki, lan ora mungkin kanggo mpédhiksi segedhé apa résistènsi kang diduwèni galur pandemik ing mangsa ngarep.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Webster |first=Robert G. |title=H5N1 Influenza — Continuing Evolution and Spread |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp068205 | format = PDF |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=355 |issue=21 |pages=2174–77 |year=2006 |pmid=17124014 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp068205 |first2=E. A. |last2=Govorkova}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inhibitor M2 (adamantanes) ===
Obat-obat antivirus [[amantadine]] lan [[rimantadine]] bakal mblokadhe [[kanal ion]] virus (protéin M2) lan nyegah virus kanggo nginfèksi sèl.&lt;ref name=Pinto/&gt; Obat-obatan mau sok-sok èfèktif marang influenza yèn diwènèhaké kawit awal ing infèksi nanging mesthi ora èfèktif marang influenza B amarga virus influenza B ora duwé molekul M2.&lt;ref name=Stephenson&gt;{{cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=I |author2=Nicholson K |title=Chemotherapeutic control of influenza |url=http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/1/6.full.pdf |journal=J Antimicrob Chemother |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=6–10 |year=1999 |pmid=10459804 |doi=10.1093/jac/44.1.6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Résistènsi kang kaukur tumrap amantadine lan rimantadine ing isolat Amerka saka H3N2 wis ngalami paningkatan tekan 91% nalika taun 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=|title=High levels of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses and interim guidelines for use of antiviral agents — United States, 2005–06 influenza season |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5502.pdf |journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=44–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16424859 |author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhuwuré tingkat résistènsi iki mungkin disababaké déning sumadyané wiyar saka amantadine minangka obat kang didol tanpa [[resèp dhokter]] kanggo pangobatan selesma ing nagara-nagara kaya déné Cina lan Ruslan,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Bright | first1 = Rick A | last2 = Medina | first2 = Marie-jo | last3 = Xu | first3 = Xiyan | last4 = Perez-Oranaz | first4 = Gilda | last5 = Wallis | first5 = Teresa R | last6 = Davis | first6 = Xiaohong M | last7 = Povinelli | first7 = Laura | last8 = Cox | first8 = Nancy J | last9 = Klimov | first9 = Alexander I | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67338-2 | title = Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern | journal = The Lancet | volume = 366 | issue = 9492 | pages = 1175–81 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16198766 }}&lt;/ref&gt; lan panggunaané kanggo nyegah wabah influenza ing kéwan ingon unggas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ilyushina NA, Govorkova EA, Webster RG |title=Detection of amantadine-resistant variants among avian influenza viruses isolated in North America and Asia |journal=Virology |volume=341 |issue=1 |pages=102–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16081121 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.003 |url=http://birdflubook.com/resources/0Ilyushinaxxx.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Parry J |title=Use of antiviral drug in poultry is blamed for drug resistant strains of avian flu |journal=BMJ |volume=331 |issue=7507 |page=10 |date=July 2005 |pmid=15994677 |pmc=558527 |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7507.10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prognosis ==
Prabawa influenza adoh luwih abot lan tahan luwih suwé tinimbang selesma. Sapérangan gedhé wong bakal mari dhéwé ing sajeroning wektu seminggu tekan rong minggu, nanging kang liyané bakal ngalami komplikasi kang ngancam nyawa (kaya déné pneumonia). Influenza misa njalari pepati, mligi ing wong kang lemah, enom lan tuwa, utawa ngalami lelara kronis.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt; Wong-wong kanthi sistem imun kang lemah, kaya déné panandhang infèksi [[HIV]] tingkat lanjut utawa pasièn panampa transplan (kang sistem imuné ditekan karo obat kanggo nyegah panulakan organ transplan), nandhang lelara kang luwih abot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hayden FG |title=Prevention and treatment of influenza in immunocompromised patients |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=102 |issue=3A |pages=55–60; discussion 75–6 |date=March 1997 |pmid=10868144 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(97)80013-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Golongan risiko dhuwur liyané yaiku wanita ngandhut lan bocah cilik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Whitley RJ, Monto AS. |title=Prevention and treatment of influenza in high-risk groups: children, pregnant women, immunocompromised hosts, and nursing home residents. |journal=J Infect Dis. |volume=194 S2 |pages=S133–8 |year=2006 |pmid=17163386 |doi=10.1086/507548 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/507548 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flu bisa nambah ala masalah kaséhatan kronis. wong-wong kanthi emfisema, bronkitis kronis utawa asma bisa ngalami [[dispnea|kangèlan ambegan]] nalika ngalami flu, lan influenza bisa nimbulaké saya alané lelara [[jantung koroner]] utawa [[gagal jantung kongestif]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Angelo SJ, Marshall PS, Chrissoheris MP, Chaves AM |title=Clinical characteristics associated with poor outcome in patients acutely infected with Influenza A |journal=Conn Med |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=199–205 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15095826}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngrokok wujud faktor risiko liya kang gegandhèngan karo lelara kang luwih abot lan mortalitas kang luwih dhuwur kang ditimbulaké déning influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Murin S, Bilello K |title=Respiratory tract infections: another reason not to smoke |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=72 |issue=10 |pages=916–20 |year=2005 |pmid=16231688 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.72.10.916}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miturut WHO: “Saben mangsa adhem, puluhan yuta wong kena flu. Sapérangan gedhé mung lara lan ora nyambut gawé suwéné seminggu, sauntara para lanjut usia duwé risiko pati kang luwih dhuwur amarga lelara iki. Awaké dhéwé ngawruhi yèn kurban mati ing saindhenging donya ngluwihi atusan èwu wong saben tauné, nanging malah ing nagara maju, gunggung mau ora bisa dipesthèkaké, amarha pihak mèdhis kang duwé kuwajiban lumrahé ora mvèrifikasi wong kang mati amarga influenza lan wong kang mati kanthi lelara-mèmper-flu.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Sandman | first1 = Peter M. | last2 = Lanard | first2 = Jody | year = 2005 | title = Bird Flu: Communicating the Risk  | url = http://www.paho.org/English/DD/PIN/Number22_article1.htm | journal = Perspectives in Health Magazine | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Malah wong séhat bisa kena, lan masalah sérius kang ditimbulaké déning influenza bisa dumadi ing umur pira waé. Wong kanthi umur punjul 50 taun, bocah kang enom banget, lan wong saka kabèh umur kanthi kaanan mèdhis kronis luwih mungkin kanggo éntuk komplikasi influenza, kaya déné pneumonia, [[bronkitis]], infèksi sinus lan kuping.&lt;ref name=CDCkeyfacts&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/keyfacts.htm Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) Vaccine] CDC publication. Published 17 October 2006. Diaksès 18 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing sapérangan kasus, réspons autoimun marang influenza bisa mènèhaké kontribusi marang [[sindrom Guillain-Barré]] (GBS).&lt;ref name=Sivadon-Tardy&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R|display-authors=etal|title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza virus infection |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=48–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19025491 |doi=10.1086/594124}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, amarga akèh infèksi liya kang bisa ngundhakaké risiko lelara iki, influenza wujud jalaran kang wigati mung nalika dumadi epidemi.&lt;ref name=Sivadon-Tardy/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jacobs BC, Rothbarth PH, van der Meché FG|display-authors=etal|title=The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a case-control study |journal=Neurology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1110–5 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9781538}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sindrom iki wis dipercaya uga minangka èfèk samping kang langka saka vaksin influenza. Sanajan sawijining lapuran panalitèn mènèhaké insidensi gedhéné sakasus per sayuta vaksinasi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vellozzi C, Burwen DR, Dobardzic A, Ball R, Walton K, Haber P |title=Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults: Background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring |journal=Vaccine |volume=27 |issue=15 |pages=2114–2120 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19356614 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.125}}&lt;/ref&gt; sawijining panalitèn gedhé ing Cina, kang dilapuraké ing [[NEJM]] kang nyakup mèh 100 yuta dosis vaksin marang flu”babi” H1N1 2009 mung tinemu sewelas kasus sindrom Guillain-Barré, (0,1%) saka total insidensi ing wong kang divaksin, sabeneré luwih asor saka tingkat kedadèyan lelara ing Cina, lan ora ana èfèk samping kang tinemu; &quot;rasio risiko-mupangat, kang biyasa ditrepaké ing vaksin lan kabèh sajeroning pangobatan médhis, banget luwih condong marang panggunaan vaksin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/DisplayHealthDay.asp?id=649531 |title=2009 H1N1 Flu Vaccine Was Safe |access-date=2012-06-22 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001728/http://www.wunderground.com/DisplayHealthDay.asp?id=649531 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Éntuk infèksi influenza dhéwé ngundhakaké risiko pepati (tekan 1 saka 10.000) lan ngundhakaké risiko ngalami GBS nganti tingkat kang luwih dhuwur tinimbang kang ditimbulaké déning panggunaan vaksin (kurang luwih kaping 10 ing panggunaan prakiran saiki).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L, Miller E |title=Investigation of the temporal association of Guillain-Barre syndrome with influenza vaccine and influenzalike illness using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=382–8 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19033158 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwn310 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/169/3/382.long}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R |display-authors=etal |title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza virus infection |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=48–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19025491 |doi=10.1086/594124 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/594124 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Epidemiologi ==
=== Variasi mangsan ===
Influenza nggayuh prévalènsi pucuk nalika [[mangsa adhem]], lan amarga [[wilahan bumi lor]] lan [[wilahan bumi kidul|kidul]] ngalami mangsa adhem ing wektu kang béda saben tauné, ana loro mangsa flu saben tauné. Mula WHO (dibantu déning National Influenza Centers) gawé rékomèndhasi kanggo loro formulasi vaksin saben tauné; siji kanggo wilahan bumi lor, lan siji kanggo kidul.&lt;ref name=WHOrecommendation&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060528111237/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/2007northreport.pdf Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2006–2007 influenza season] WHO report 2006-02-14. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wis suwé dadi pitakonan kenapa wabah flu dumadi kanthi mangsan, ora dumadi kanthi mangsan sadawané taun. Siji wedharan kang mungkin yaiku amarga wong ana sajeroning ruwangan luwih asring ing mangsa adhem, wong-wong mau ana sajeroning kontak cerak luwih asring, lan babagan mau ngundhakaké panularan saka wong-menyang-wong. Paningkatan tingkat lelaku amarga prèinan mangsa adhem ing wilahan bumi pérangan lor mungkin uga nyekel peranan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR2003-12-17&quot;&gt;[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1551913 Weather and the Flu Season] NPR Day to Day, 17 December 2003. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Faktor liyané yaiku suhu kang adhem njalari udara luwih adhem, kang bisa nggaringaké mukus/lendhir, nyegah awak kanggo ngusir partikel virus kanthi èfèktif. Virus uga tahan luwih suwé ing lumahan ing suhu kang luwih adhem lan transmisi aerosol saka virus paling dhuwur ing lingkungan kang adhem (kurang saka 5&amp;nbsp;°C) kanthi kalembaban rélatif kang asor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature | last1 = Lowen | first1 = AC | last2 = Mubareka | first2 = S | last3 = Steel | first3 = J | last4 = Palese | first4 = P | authorlink4 = Peter Palese | journal = PLoS Pathogens | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | page = e151 | url = http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0030151&amp;representation=PDF | format = PDF | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151 | pmc = 2034399 | pmid = 17953482 |date=October 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalembaban udara kang asor ing mangsa adhem katoné wujud jalaran utama saka transmisi influenza mangsan ing iklim sedheng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shaman J, Kohn M |title=Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=3243–8 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19204283 |pmc=2651255 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0806852106}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shaman J, Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Grenfell BT, Lipsitch M |editor1-last=Ferguson |editor1-first=Neil M. |title=Absolute humidity and the seasonal onset of influenza in the continental United States |journal=PLoS Biol. |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e1000316 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20186267 |pmc=2826374 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000316}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanging, owah-owahan mangsan ing tingkat infèksi uga dumadi ing wewengkon [[tropis]], lan ing sapérangan nagara pucuk infèksi katon mligi ing mangsa udan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S1526-0542(03)00024-1 | last1 = Shek | first1 = LP | last2 = Lee | first2 = BW | title = Epidemiology and seasonality of respiratory tract virus infections in the tropics. | journal = Paediatric respiratory reviews | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–11 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12758047 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Owah-owahan mangsan sajeroning tingkat kontak kang magepokan karo mangsa sekolah (semèster) wujud faktor utama sajeroning lelara anak liyané kaya déné [[campak]] lan [[pertussis]], mungkin uga nyekel peranan sajeroning kombinasi lelara flu. Kombinasi saka èfèk mangsan cilik iki bisa digedhèkaké kanthi résonansi dinamis siklus endogen lelara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Dushoff | first1 = J | last2 = Plotkin | first2 = JB | last3 = Levin | first3 = SA | last4 = Earn | first4 = DJ | title = Dynamical resonance can account for seasonality of influenza epidemics. | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 48 | pages = 16915–6 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15557003 | pmc = 534740 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0407293101 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  H5N1 nuduhaké pola mangsan ing [[manungsa]] lan unggas.&lt;ref name=WHOH5N1data&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040218103733/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/en/ WHO Confirmed Human Cases of H5N1] Data published by WHO Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR). Diaksès 24 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawijining hipotèsis alternatif kang njelasaké pola mangsan ing infèksi influenza yaiku èfèk kadhar [[vitamin D]] tumrap kakebalan marang virus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cannell |first=J |author2=Vieth R, Umhau J, Holick M, Grant W, Madronich S, Garland C, Giovannucci E |title=Epidemic influenza and vitamin D |journal=Epidemiol Infect |volume=134 |issue=6 |pages=1129–40 |year=2006 |pmid=16959053 |doi=10.1017/S0950268806007175 |pmc=2870528 |authorlink=John Cannell}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pendhapat iki pisanan diajokaké déning [[Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson]] nalika taun 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=HOPE-SIMPSON |first=R |title=The nature of herpes zoster: a long-term study and a new hypothesis |journal=Proc R Soc Med |volume=58 |issue=|pages=9–20 |year=1965|pmid=14267505 |pmc=1898279}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké ngajokaké yèn jalaran epidemi influenza ing mangsa adhem mungkin gegandhèngan karo fluktuasi mangsan vitamin D, kang timbul ing [[kulit]] ing sangisoré prabawa [[radhiasi UV]] [[srengéngé]] (utawa radhiasi artifisial). Iki bisa njelasaké kenapa influenza dumadi mligi nalika [[mangsa adhem]] lan ing [[mangsa udan]] ing tlatah tropis, nalika wong akèh ana sajeroning ruwangan, adoh saka sinar srengéngé, lan kadhar vitamin D-né ngalami pamudhunan.

=== Panyebaran epidemi lan pandemi ===
Amarga influenza disababaké déning manéka spésiès lan galur virus, saben tauné sapérangan galur bisa cures sauntara galur kang liyané nimbulaké epidemi, sauntara galur kang liyané nimbulaké pandemi. Lumrahé, loro mangsa flu taunan (siji sajeroning sawilahan bumi), ana telu nganti limang yuta kasus abot lan nganti 500.000 pepati ing saindhenging donya, kang nyukupi kritéria epidemi influenza taunan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ Influenza] WHO Fact sheet No. 211 revised March 2003. Diaksès 22 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan insidènsi influenza bisa banget manéka saka taun-menyang-taun, kurang luwih 36.000 pepati lan punjul 200.000 rawat inep gegandhèngan kanthi langsung karo influenza saben tauné ing Amérikah Sarékat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=W |author2=Shay D, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson L, Fukuda K |title=Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/289/2/179 |journal=JAMA |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=179–86 |year=2003 |pmid=12517228 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.179}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=W |author2=Shay D, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges C, Cox N, Fukuda K |title=Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/292/11/1333 |journal=JAMA |volume=292 |issue=11 |pages=1333–40 |year=2004 |pmid=15367555 |doi=10.1001/jama.292.11.1333}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kurang luwih kaping telu sajeroning saabad, dumadi pandemi, kang bakal nginfèksi sapérangan gedhé populasi donya lan bisa njalari patiné mayuta-yuta wong (delengen pérangan [[#sajarah|sajarah]]). Sawijining panalitèn mrakirakaké yèn sawijining galur kanthi virulènsi kang padha karo [[pandemi flu 1918|influenza 1918]] muncul saiki, mula virus mau bisa matèni 50 nganti 80 yuta wong.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Murray CJ, Lopez AD, Chin B, Feehan D, Hill KH |title=Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918-20 pandemic: a quantitative analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9554 |pages=2211–8 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17189032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69895-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virus influenza anyar ngalami [[évolusi]] spontan lumantar [[mutasi]] utawa lumantar reassortment.&lt;ref name=hay/&gt;  Mutasi bisa nimbulaké owah-owahan cilik ing [[hemagglutinin]] lan antigen [[neuraminidase]] ing lumahan virus. Iki diarani antigenic drift, kang kanthi alon-alon nimbulaké akèh variasi galur nganti salah siji bisa nginfèksi manungsa kang kebal marang galur kang wis ana sadurungé. Varian anyar iki banjur nggantèkaké galur kang luwih tuwa amarga galur mau kanthi rikat nyapu populasi manungsa – asring nimbulaké epidemi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wolf, Yuri I|title=Long intervals of stasis punctuated by bursts of positive selection in the seasonal evolution of influenza A virus |journal=Biol Direct |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=34 |year=2006 |pmid=17067369|doi=10.1186/1745-6150-1-34 |first2=C |first3=EC |first4=EV |first5=DJ |pmc=1647279 |last2=Viboud |last3=Holmes |last4=Koonin |last5=Lipman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, amarga galur kang ditimbulaké déning kèlinan mau bakal cukup sarupa karo galur sadurungé, sapérangan wong bakal isih imun marang virus mau. Suwaliké, yèn virus influenza ngalami reassortment, wong-wong bakal olèh antigen kang anyar – umpamané reassortment antarané galur unggas lan galur manungsa; iki diarani [[pepindhahan antigen]]. Yèn virus influenza manungsa duwé antigen kang anyar, saben wong bisa kena infèksi, lan virus influenza anyar mau bakal nyebar kanthi ora kakontrol lan nimbulaké pandemi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Parrish |first=C |author2=Kawaoka Y |title=The origins of new pandemic viruses: the acquisition of new host ranges by canine parvovirus and influenza A viruses |journal=Annual Rev Microbiol |volume=59 |issue=|pages=553–86 |year=2005|pmid=16153179 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121059}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Béda karo modhèl pandemi kang didhasaraké marang katutan lan pepindhahan antigen, sawijining panyerakan alternatif wis diajokaké ing endi pandemi périodik ditimbulaké déning interaksi saka sawijining rangkéyan galur virus kang tetep karo populasi manungsa kang kanthi konstan ngalami owah-owahan imunitas marang galur virus kang béda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Recker M, Pybus OG, Nee S, Gupta S |title=The generation of influenza outbreaks by a network of host immune responses against a limited set of antigenic types |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/104/18/7711 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7711–7716 |year=2007 |pmid=17460037 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0702154104 |pmc=1855915}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
=== Ètimologi ===
Tembung influenza asalé saka [[basa Italia]] kang tegesé “prabawa”, iki ngrujuk marang jalaran lelara; awalé lelara iki disebutaké disababaké déning prabawa [[astrologi]]s kang kurang apik.&lt;ref&gt;''Influenza'', [[Oxford English Dictionary|The Oxford English Dictionary]], second edition.&lt;/ref&gt; Owah-owahan pendhapat mèdhis njalari modhifikasi jeneng dadi influenza del freddo, kang tegesé “prabawa adhem”. Tembung influenza pisanan dipigunakaké sajeroning basa Inggris kanggo nyebut lelara kang awaké dhéwé kawruhi saiki nalika taun 1703 déning J Hugger saka Univèrsitas Edinburgh sajeroning thesisé kang judhulé &quot;''De Catarrho epidemio, vel influenza, prout in India occidentali sese ostendit''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Creighton, Charles (1965): A History Of Epidemics In Britain, With Additional Material By D.E.C. Eversley&lt;/ref&gt;

Istilah biyèn kang dipigunakaké kanggo influenza yaiku ''epidemic catarrh'', ''grippe'' (saka [[basa Prancis]], pisanan dipigunakaké déning Molyneaux nalika taun 1694&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | pmid=11576290 | last1=Potter | first1=CW | year=2001 | title=A history of influenza. | journal=Journal of applied microbiology | volume=91 | issue=4 |pages= 572–579 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;), ''sweating sickness'', lan mriyang Spanyol (mligi ing galur flu pandemi 1918).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=P|title=Swine Flu|journal=Croatian Medical Journal|doi= 10.3325/cmj.2009.50.412|year=2009|volume=50|page=412|pmid=19673043|issue=4|pmc=2728380}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pandemi ===
Tandha-tandha influenza manungsa dijlèntrèhaké kanthi cetha déning [[Hippocrates]] kurang luwih 2.400 taun kapungkur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=P |author2=Martin-Granel E |title=2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1263.htm#cit |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |date=Juni 2006 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pmid=16707055 |pages=976–80}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Hippocrates |author2=Adams, Francis |title=Of the Epidemics |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/epidemics.html |orig-date=400 BCE |accessdate=2006-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan virus katoné njalari epidemi sadawané sajarah manungsa, data historis ngenani influenza angèl kanggo diinterprétasikaké, amarga gejalané bisa sakrupa karo tandha-tandha lelara ambegan liyané.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| pmid = 1724803| volume = 13| issue = 2| pages = 223–234| last = Beveridge| first = W I| title = The chronicle of influenza epidemics| journal = History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences| year = 1991}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Potter/&gt; Lelara iki mungkin wis nyebar saka Éropah menyang Amérika nalika kolonisasi Amérika déning wong-wong Éropah; amarga mèh kabèh warga [[Antilles]] mati déning epidemi kang mèmper karo influenza kang nyebar nalika taun 1493, sawisé tekané [[Christopher Columbus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1171451|author=Guerra, Francisco |title=The Earliest American Epidemic: The Influenza of 1493 |year=1988 |journal=Social Science History |volume= 12 |issue= 3 | pages=305–325|pmid=11618144|jstor=1171451 }} (only the first page can be read for free, but that has enough information about influenza being the main disease brought by Columbus killing 90 % of the indiginous population)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| pmid = 7529930| volume = 15| issue = 3| pages = 313–327| last = Guerra| first = F| title = The European-American exchange| journal = History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences| year = 1993| doi = 10.1016/S1471-0846(02)80108-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lapuran pisanan kang nyakinaké ngenani pandemi influenza yaiku wabah nalika taun 1580, kang awalé ing Ruslan lan nyebar menyang Éropah liwat Afrika. Ing [[Roma]], punjul 8.000 wong mati, lan sapérangan kutha Spanyol mèh kabèh cures. Pandemi terus lumaku kanthi sporadis tekan abad ka 17 lan 18, kanthi pandemi 1830-1833 kang mligi nyebar kanthi wiyar; pandemi mau nginfèksi kurang luwih saprapat saka warga kang kapapar.&lt;ref name=Potter&gt;{{cite journal |author=Potter CW |title=A History of Influenza |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |date=October 2001 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=572–579 |pmid=11576290 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120718156/HTMLSTART |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wabah kang paling misuwur lan paling matèkaké yaiku pandemi flu 1918 (pandemi flu Spanyol) (influenza jinis A, subtipe H1N1), kang dumadi antarané taun 1918 tekan 1919. Ora dikawruhi kanthi cetha sapira akèhé pati kang ditimbulaké, nanging prakirané watara 20 nganti 100 yuta wong.&lt;ref name=Knobler&gt;{{cite book |editor=Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S |title=The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) |chapter=1: The Story of Influenza |pages=60–61 |chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11150&amp;page=58 |publisher=The National Academies Press |location=Washington, D.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Patterson1&gt;{{cite journal |last=Patterson |first=KD |author2=Pyle GF |title=The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic |journal=Bull Hist Med. |date=Spring 1991 |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=4–21 |pmid=2021692}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pandemi iki diarani “pambantéyan médhis gedhé dhéwé sajeroning sajarah” lan mungkin wis matèni wong padha akèhé karo [[Pepati Ireng]].&lt;ref name=Potter/&gt; Angka pepati kang gedhé banget iki disebabaké déning tingkat infèksi kang dhuwur banget ngancik 50% lan tingkat tandha-tandha kang abot banget, dinuga disababaké déning [[badai sitokin]].&lt;ref name=Patterson1/&gt;  Tandha-tandha flu nalika taun 1918 ora biyasa banget nganti influenza ing awalé salah didiagnosis minangka mriyang dengue, [[kolera]], utawa uga [[mriyang tifoid]]. Sawijining pangamat nulisaké, “Salah sawijining komplikasi kang paling abot yaiku panggetihan saka [[selaput lendhir]], mligi saka [[irung]], [[lambung]], lan [[usus]]. Panggetihan saka [[kuping]] lan panggetihan [[petechia]] uga dumadi.”&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt;  Mayoritas pepati disababaké déning [[pneumonia bakterial]], [[infèksi sékundhèr]] kang ditimbulaké déning influenza, nanging virus uga matèni wong kanthi langsung, nimbulaké panggetihan masif lan [[edema]] paru.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite journal | author = Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Janczewski TA, Fanning TG | title = Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus | journal = [[Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.]] | volume = 356 | issue = 1416 | pages = 1829–39 |date=December 2001 | pmid = 11779381 | pmc = 1088558 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2001.1020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pandemi flu 1918 (pandemi flu Spanyol) bener-bener mandonya, malah nyebar tekan Kutub Lor lan [[Kapuloan Pasifik]] kang adoh. Lelara kang abot banget matèni watara 2 nganti 20% saka panandhang kang kainfèksi, ora kaya tingkat pepati epidemi flu kang lumrahé mung 0,1%.&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Taubenberger&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Taubenberger |first=J |author2=Morens D |title=1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |year=2006 |pmid=16494711}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tandha-tandha liya saka pandemi iki yaiku kedadèyan iki sapérangan gedhé matèni wong diwasa enom, kanthi 99% pepati pandemi influenza dumadi ing wong-wong kanthi umur sangisoré 65, lan punjul setengahé umur 20 tekan 40 taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Simonsen |first=L |author2=Clarke M, Schonberger L, Arden N, Cox N, Fukuda K |title=Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=178 |issue=1 |pages=53–60 |date=July 1998 |pmid=9652423}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki ora biyasa amarga influenza lumrahé paling matèkaké ing umur enom banget (sangisoré umur 2 taun) lan ing umur tuwa banget (sandhuwuré 70 taun). Mortalitas total saka pandemi 1918-1919 ora dikawruhi, nanging diprakirakaké watara 2,5% nganti 5% saka kabèh populasi donya wis mati amarga flu iki. Akèhé 25 yuta mungkin wis mati sajeroning 25 minggu pisanan; minangka tetimbangan, [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] wis matèni 25 yuta panandhangé sajeroning 25 taun pisanan.&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt;

Pandemi flu kang dumadi sabanjuré ora duwé dampak gedhé banget. Pandemi mau yaiku [[Flu Asia]] 1957 (jinis A, galur [[H2N2]]) lan [[Flu Hongkong]] 1968 (Tipe A, galur [[H3N2]]), nanging wabah kang luwih cilik iki malah matèni mayuta-yuta wong. Ing pandemi kang dumadi ing samburiné antibiotik wis sumadiya kanggo ngendhalèkaké infèksi sékundhèr lan iku wis mbiyantu ngurangi mortalitas tinimbang Flu Spanyol 1918.&lt;ref name=Taubenberger/&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+ [[Pandemi flu]] kang wis dikawruhi&lt;ref name=Hilleman&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hilleman |first=M |title=Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control |journal=Vaccine |volume=20 |issue=25–26 |pages=3068–87 |date=19 Agustus 2002 |pmid=12163258 |doi=10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Potter/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TenThings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2005-10-14|title=Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza|accessdate=2009-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016015026/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|archivedate=2005-10-16|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Jeneng pandemi !! Wektu !!Pepati !! Tingkat pepati !! Subtipe kang duwé peran !! [[Tingkat Aboté Pandemi]]
|-
! [[Flu Ruslan|Flu (Ruslan) Asia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Valleron AJ, Cori A, Valtat S, Meurisse S, Carrat F, Boëlle PY |title=Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=107 |issue=19 |pages=8778–81 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20421481 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1000886107 |pmc=2889325}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1889–1890 ||1 yuta ||0,15% ||kamungkinan [[H3N8]] ||NA
|-
! [[Pandemi flu 1918]]&lt;br /&gt;(Flu Spanyol)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Mills CE, [[James Robins|Robins JM]], Lipsitch M |title=Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza |journal=Nature |volume=432 |issue=7019 |pages=904–6 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15602562 |doi=10.1038/nature03063 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1918–1920 ||20 nganti 100 yuta ||2%||[[H1N1]] ||5
|-
! [[Flu Asia]]
|1957–1958 ||1 nganti 1,5 yuta ||0,13%||[[H2N2]] ||2
|-
! [[Flu Hong Kong]]
|1968–1969 ||0,75 nganti 1 yuta ||&lt;0,1%||[[H3N2]] ||2
|-
! [[Pandemi flu 2009]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM|display-authors=etal |title=Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study |journal=BMJ |volume=339 |issue= |pages=b5213 |year=2009 |pmid=20007665 |pmc=2791802 |doi=10.1136/bmj.b5213}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2009–2010 ||18.000 ||0,03%||[[H1N1]] ||NA
|}
Virus influenza pisanan kang kasil diisolasi asalé saka unggas, nalika taun 1901 agèn kang nimbulaké lelara kang diarani “''fowl plague''” diliwataké lumantar [[filter Chamberland]], kang duwé pori kang ukurané cilik banget kanggo diliwati déning bakteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Heinen PP |url=http://www.vetscite.org/publish/articles/000041/print.html |title=Swine influenza: a zoanasis |journal=Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow |issn=1569-0830 |date=15 Sèptèmber 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Etiologi]] influenza, famili virus Orthomyxoviridae, pisanan tinemu ing babi déning [[Richard Shope]] nalika taun 1931.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Shimizu |first=K |title=History of influenza epidemics èand discovery of influenza virus |journal=Nippon Rinsho |date=October 1997 |volume=55 |issue=10|pages=2505–201 |pmid=9360364}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panemon iki banjur diumiluni déning isolasi virus saka manungsa déning saklompok panaliti kang dipanggedhèni déning [[Patrick Laidlaw]] saka [[Konsili Panalitèn Brtainia Raya]] nalika taun 1933.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=W |author2=Andrewes CH, Laidlaw PP |title=A virus obtained from influenza patients |journal=Lancet |year=1933 |volume=2 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78541-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, nalika taun 1935, nalika Wendell Stanley pisanan ngristalisasikaké [[tobacco mosaic virus]], sipat non sélulèr saka virus dikawruhi.

Laku signifikan pisanan sajeroning nyegah influenza yaiku dikembangaké vaksin virus mati kanggo influenza nalika taun 1944 déning [[Thomas Francis, Jr.]]. Iki wujud perkembangan saka karya [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]], sawijining wong Australia, kang nuduhaké yèn virus bakal kélangan virulènsiné nalika dhèwèké dikultur sajeroning endhog pitik kang wis dibagi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel&quot;&gt;[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet: Biography] The [[Nobel Foundation]]. Diaksès 22 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Aplikasi saka temon iki déning Francis mungkinaké dhèwèké lan tim panalitiné ing [[Universitas Michigan]] kanggo ngembangaké vaksin influenza pisanan, kanthi panjurung saka [[Angkatan Bersenjata Amérikah Sarékat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kendall |first=H |title=Vaccine Innovation: Lessons from World War II |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v27/n1/abs/3200064a.html |journal=Journal of Public Health Policy |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=38–57 |year=2006 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200064 |pmid=16681187 |access-date=2012-06-28 |archive-date=2014-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004142356/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v27/n1/abs/3200064a.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dinas Katentaraan duwé katerlibatan ing panalitèn iki amarga pengalaman ing influenza nalika [[Perang Donya I]], nalika èwonan wadya mati déning virus sajeroning étungan sasi.&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt; Dibandhingaké karo vaksin, perkembangan obat anti-influenza luwih alon, kanthi diwetokaké lisènsi [[amantadine]] nalika taun 1966, lan mèh telung puluh taun sabanjuré, golongan obat sabanjuré ([[inhibitor neruaminidase]]) dikembangaké.&lt;ref name=Lynch/&gt;

== Masarakat lan kabudayan ==
Influenza nimbulaké beban béya langsung amarga ilangé [[prodhuktivitas]] lan béya pangobatan mèdhis kang diakibataké, lan uga béya ora langsung wujud laku-laku prévèntif. Ing Amérikah Sarékat, influenza duwé tanggung jawab kanggo total beban gedhéné punjul 10 yuta dollar per taun, sauntara wis diprakirakaké yèn pandemi ing mangsa ngarèp bisa nimbulaké tuna atusan yuta dolar sajeroning wangun beban langsung lan ora langsung.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html Statement from President George W. Bush on Influenza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109011356/http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html |date=2009-01-09 }} Diakses 26 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, dampak [[ékanami]] saka pandemi kang sadurungé durung disinaoni kanthi intènsif, lan sapérangan panulis wis nduga yèn influenza Spanyol sabeneré duwé èfèk jangka dawa positif ing patuwuhan ''pendapatan per-kapita'', sanajan ana pamudhunan kang gedhé ing populasi punggawa lan èfèk déprèsi jangka cendhak kang abot.&lt;ref&gt;Brainerd, E. and M. Siegler (2003), &quot;The Ecanamic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic&quot;, ''CEPR Discussion Paper'', no. 3791.&lt;/ref&gt; Panalitèn liya wis ngupaya kanggo mrédhiksi beban béya saka sawijining pandemi kang padha aboté karo flu Spanyol 1918 ing ékanami Amérikah Sarékat, ing endi 30% saka kabèh punggawa dadi lara, lan 2,5% ngalami pati. Angka lelara watara 30% lan suwéné lelara watara telung minggu bakal ngedhunaké [[prodhuk dhomèstik bruto]] gedhéné 5%. Beban tambahan bisa muncul saka pangobatan mèdhis saka 18 yuta nganti 45 yuta wong, lan beban ékanami kabèh bakal dadi kurang luwih 700 yuta dolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Poland G |title=Vaccines against avian influenza—a race against time |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/13/1411 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=354 |issue=13 |pages=1411–3 |year=2006 |pmid=16571885 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe068047 |access-date=2012-06-29 |archive-date=2007-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230075940/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/13/1411 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Béya pancegahan uga dhuwur. Pamaréntah ing saindhenging donya wis ngentèkaké mayuta-yuta dolar Amérika sajeroning persiapan lan parencanaan sajeroning ngadhepi kamungkinan pandemi flu manuk H5N1, kanthi beban béya kang magepokan karo panukonan obat lan vaksin lan uga ngembangaké latihan bencana lan strategi sajeroning ngundhakaké [[pangawasan wewatesan]].&lt;ref name=Rosenthal/&gt; Pada 1 November 2005, [[Présidhèn Amérikah Sarékat]] [[George W. Bush]] mengeluarkan ''the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza'' (Strategi Nasional kanggo Ngreksa Bebaya Pandemi influenza)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109011356/http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html |date=2009-01-09 }} Whitehouse.gov Diaksès 26 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; kang dijurung déning panjaluk dana marang [[kongrès Amérikah Sarékat|kongrès]] gunggungé 7,1 yuta dollar kanggo miwiti implemèntasi rencana mau.&lt;ref&gt;[http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3 Bush Outlines $7 Billion Pandemic Flu Preparedness Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807204025/http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3 |date=2007-08-07 }} US Mission to the EU, Diaksès 12 Dhésèmber 2009 {{Wayback|url=http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3|date =2007-08-07|bot=DASHBot}}{{dead link|date=August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing donya internasional, ing tanggal 18 Januari 2006, nagara-nagara danar wis janji kanggo nyumbang 2 yuta dolar kanggo merangi flu manuk ing Konferènsi Prajanjian Internasional ngenani influenza Unggas lan Manungsa ''(International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Influenza)'' kang ditindakaké suwéné rong dina ing Cina.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2006/2006-01-18-02.asp Danar Nations Pledge $1.85 Billion to Combat Bird Flu] Newswire Diaksès 26 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sajeroning pambijian pandemi H1N1 2009 ing nagara-nagara kapilih ing wilahan bumi pérangan kidul, data nuduhaké yèn kabèh nagara ngalami dampak sosio/ékanami sajeroning wates wektu lan/utawa géografis tartamtu lan pamudhunan sauntara sajeroning kapariwisataan kang mligi disababaké déning kewedèn bakal lelara H1N1 2009. Isih awal banget kanggo nemtokaké apa pandemi H1N1 wis nimbulaké dampak ékanami jangka dawa.&lt;ref&gt;Assessment of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) Outbreak on Selected Countries in the Southern Hemisphere. 2009. http://flu.gov/professional/global/southhemisphere.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Panalitèn ==
[[Gambar:Influenza virus research.jpg|thumb|left|upright|200px|Dr. Terrence Tumpey mriksa virus [[flu Spanyol]] 1918.]]
Panalitèn ing influenza nyakup panalitèn ing [[virologi molekulèr]], kepriyé virus nimbulaké lelara ([[patogenesis]]), [[rèspon imun]] inang, génom virus, lan kepriyé panyebaran virus ([[epidemiologi]]). Panalitèn iki mbiyantu pangembangan laku nangkal influenza; contoné, pamahaman kang luwih becik ngenani rèspons sistem imun awak mbiyantu pangembangan vaksin, lan gambaran kang dhetil ngenani kepriyé influenza nyerang sèl mbiyantu dikembangaké obat-obat antivirus. Salah siji program panalitèn dhasar kang paling wigati yaiku ''Influenza Genome Sequencing Project'' (Proyèk panemton urutan génom influenza), kang nyiptakaké pustaka (pratélan kumpulan) sékuèns (gèn) influenza; pustaka iki bisa mbiyantu nemtokaké faktor endi kang gawé sawijining galur luwih matèkaké tinimbang galur liyané, gèn endi kang paling mangaruhi [[imunogenisitas]], lan kepriyé virus évolusi saka wektu menyang wektu sabanjuré.&lt;ref&gt;[http://msc.tigr.org/infl_a_virus/index.shtml Influenza A Virus Genome Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108045050/http://msc.tigr.org/infl_a_virus/index.shtml |date=2006-11-08 }} at The Institute of Genomic Research. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Panalitèn vaksin anyar wigati banget, amarga vaksin kang sumadiya saiki alon banget lan larang kanggo diprodhuksi lan kudu diformulasi ulang saben tauné. Panemton urutan (sequencing) saka génom influenza lan tèknologi [[DNA rékombinan]] bisa nyepetaké tinemu galur vaksin anyar kanthi mungkinaké panaliti ngganti antigèn anyar ing galur vaksin kang wis dikembangaké sadurungé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Subbarao K, Katz J |title=Influenza vaccines generated by reverse genetics |journal=Curr Top Microbiol Immunol |volume=283 |issue=|pages=313–42 |year=2004|pmid=15298174}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tèknologi anyar uga nembé dikembangaké kanggo nuwuhaké virus ing kultur sèl, kang njanjèkaké angka prodhuksi kang luwih dhuwur, béya kang luwih asor, kualitas kang luwih apik lan ''surge capacity'' kang luwih apik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bardiya N, Bae J |title=Influenza vaccines: recent advances in production technologies |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/jdt26gc39v4bwk9q/ |journal=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=299–305 |year=2005 |pmid=15660212 |doi=10.1007/s00253-004-1874-1 |access-date=2012-06-30 |archive-date=2020-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326073534/http://www.springerlink.com/content/jdt26gc39v4bwk9q/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Panalitèn ing vaksin influenza A universal, kang dituduhaké ing domain èksternal saka [[protéin M2]] transmémbran virus (M2e), nembé ditindakaké déning [[University of Ghent]] déning [[Walter Fiers]], [[Xavier Saelens]], lan klompoké&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Neirynck S, Deroo T, Saelens X, Vanlandschoot P, Jou WM, Fiers W |title=A universal influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of the M2 protéin |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1157–63 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10502819 |doi=10.1038/13484 }}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Fiers W, Neirynck S, Deroo T, Saelens X, Jou WM |title=Soluble recombinant influenza vaccines |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=356 |issue=1416 |pages=1961–3 |date=December 2001 |pmid=11779398 |pmc=1088575 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0980 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Fiers W, De Filette M, Birkett A, Neirynck S, Min Jou W |title=A &quot;universal&quot; human influenza A vaccine |journal=Virus Res. |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=173–6 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15163506 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.030 }}&lt;/ref&gt; lan saiki wis kasil ngliwati uji klinis fase 1.

Sapérangan ''[[biologic]]'', vaksin lan ''imunobiologic'' terapeutik uga nembé ditliti kanggo nambani infèksi kang disebabaké déning virus. Biologi terapeutik dirancang kanggo ngaktivasi rèspon imun tumrap virus utawa antigèn. Lumrahé ''biologic'' ora nargètaké [[jalur métabolik]] kaya déné obat-obat antivirus, nanging ngrangsang sèl imun kaya déné [[limfosit]], [[makrofag]], lan/utawa ''[[antigen presenting cells]]'' kanggo mènèhi rèspon imun tumrap èfèk [[sitotoksik]] marang virus. Modhèl influenza, kaya déné influenza mencit (''murine influenza'') wujud modhèl kang apik kanggo dipigunakaké kanggo nguji èfèk ''biologic'' profilaksis lan terapeutik. Contoné ''[[Lymphocyte T-Cell Immune Modulator]]'' nyandhet patuwuhan virus ing modhèl influenza mencit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |year=2008 |title=Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator: Review of the ImmunoPharmacology of a new Veterinary Biologic |journal=Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=61–68 | url=http://jarvm.com/articles/Vol6Iss2/Vol6Iss2Gingerich61-68.pdf |format=PDF | access-date=5 Dhésèmber 2010 |author=Gingerich, DA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infèksi ing kéwan liya ==
Influenza nginfèksi akèh spésiès [[kéwan]], lan transfer galur virus antar spésiès bisa dumadi. Unggas dinuga wujud inang kéwan utama saka virus influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Gorman O, Bean W, Kawaoka Y, Webster R |title=Evolution of the nucleoprotein gene of influenza A virus |pmc=249282 |journal=J Virol |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1487–97 |year=1990 |pmid=2319644}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nembelas wangun [[hémagglutinin]] lan sanga wangun [[néuraminidase]] wis diidhèntifikasi. Kabèh subtipe kang wis dikawruhi (HxNy) tinemu ing unggas, nanging akèh subtipe endemik ing [[manungsa]], [[asu]], [[jaran]], lan [[babi]]; populasi [[onta]], [[garangan]], [[kucing]], [[asu laut]], cerpelai (mink) lan [[iwak lodan]] uga nuduhaké bukti-bukti infèksi utawa paparan tumrap influenza.&lt;ref name=webster/&gt; Varian saka virus flu sok-sok dijenengi miturut spésiès ing endi galur mau endemik utawa adhaptasi. Varian utama saka jeneng-jeneng kang migunakaké konvènsi iki yaiku: flu unggas, flu manungsa, flu babi, [[flu jaran]], lan [[flu asu]]. ([[Flu kucing]] lumrahé ngrujuk marang [[rhinotracheitis virus kucing]] utawa ''[[Feline calicivirus]]'' lan dudu wujud infèksi kang asalé saka virus influenza.). Ing babi, jaran, lan asu, tandha-tandha influenza sarupa karo ing manungsa, mawa watuk, mriyang, lan [[anoreksia|kéhalangan nepsu mangan]].&lt;ref name=webster/&gt;  Frékuènsi lelara iki ing kéwan ora disinaoni padha apiké ing infèksi marang manungsa, nanging wabah influenza ing asu laut pelabuhan nimbulaké kurang luwih 500 patiné asu laut ing pasisir [[New England]] nalika taun 1979-1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hinshaw V, Bean W, Webster R, Rehg J, Fiorelli P, Early G, Geraci J, St Aubin D |title=Are seals frequently infected with avian influenza viruses? |pmc=255856 |journal=J Virol |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=863–5 |year=1984 |pmid=6471169}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ing sisih liya, wabah ing babi asring dumadi lan ora nimbulaké angka pepati kang abot.&lt;ref name=webster/&gt;

=== Flu unggas ===
Tandha-tandha flu ing unggas manéka lan mungkin ora spésifik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Elbers A, Koch G, Bouma A |title=Performance of clinical signs in poultry for the detection of outbreaks during the avian influenza A (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003 |journal=Avian Pathol |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=181–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16191700 | doi=10.1080/03079450500096497}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tandha-tandha kang ngetutaké infèksi flu unggas kanthi patogenesitas kang asor bisa wujud wulu kang morak-marik, pamudhunan cilik sajeroning prodhuksi endhog, utawa pamudhunan bobot awak dikombinasikaké karo [[lelara ambegan]] ènthèng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1=Capua| first1= I |last2= Mutinelli | first2= F. |chapter=Low pathogenicity (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) avian inﬂuenza in turkeys and chicken | title=A Colour Atlas and Text on Avian Inﬂuenza |publisher= Papi Editore |location= Bologna |year= 2001 |pages=13–20 | isbn=88-88369-00-7 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S1hEAAAACAAJ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga tandha-tandha kang ènthèng iki bisa gawé diagnosis ing lapangan dadi angèl, ngetutaké panyebaran flu unggas merlokaké uji laboratorium saka sampel kang asalé saka unggas kang kainfèksi. Sapérangan galur kaya déné [[H9N2]] Asia virulèn banget marang kéwan ingon unggas lan bisa nimbulaké tandha-tandha kang luwih èkstrém lan mortalitas kang signifikan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bano S, Naeem K, Malik S |title=Evaluation of pathogenic potential of avian influenza virus serotype H9N2 in chickens |journal=Avian Dis |volume=47 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=817–22 |year=2003 |pmid=14575070 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.817}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing wangun kang paling patogenik, influenza ing [[pitik]] lan [[kalkun]] nimbulaké munculé tandha-tandha ndadak lan pepati mèh 100% sajeroning rong dina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Swayne D, Suarez D |title=Highly pathogenic avian influenza |journal=Rev Sci Tech |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=463–82 |year=2000 |pmid=10935274}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga virus nyebar kanthi rikat ing kaanan kang padhet kaya déné ing paternakan intènsif pitik lan kalkun, wabah iki bisa nimbulaké dampak [[ékanami]] kang gedhé kanggo paternak unggas.

Galur H5N1 kang wis adhaptasi marang unggas lan patogèn banget (diarani HPAI A(H5N1), cekakan saka &quot;''highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1''&quot;) nimbulaké flu H5N1, kang lumrahé ditepungi minangka flu unggas, utawa &quot;flu manuk&quot;, lan endemik ing akèh populasi manuk, mligi ing [[Asia Kidul-wétan]]. Galur turunan Asia saka HPAI A (H5N1) nyebar kanthi global. Epizootik (epidemi ing makluk urip dudu manungsa) lan panzootik (lelara kang ngenani kéwan saka akèh spésiès, mligi sajeroning wewengkon kang wiyar banget), wis matèni puluhan yuta unggas lan njalari pepati disengaja atusan yuta unggas liya sajeroning upaya kanggo ngendhalèkaké panyebarané. Sapérangan gedhé réferènsi ing médhia marang “flu manuk” lan sapérangan gedhé réferènsi marang H5N1 yaiku ngenani galur spésifik iki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Li K, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith G, Xu K, Duan L, Rahardjo A, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen T, Estoepangestie A, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long H, Hanh N, Webby R, Poon L, Chen H, Shortridge K, Yuen K, Webster R, Peiris J |title=Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=6996 |pages=209–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15241415 | doi=10.1038/nature02746}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Li KS, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith GJ, Xu KM, Duan L, Rahardjo AP, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Estoepangestie AT, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long HT, Hanh NT, Webby RJ, Poon LL, Chen H, Shortridge KF, Yuen KY, Webster RG, Peiris JS. [http://www.nap.edu/books/0309095042/html/116.html &quot;The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready?&quot; Workshop Summary] The National Academies Press (2005) &quot;Today's Pandemic Threat: Genesis of a Highly Pathogenic and Potentially Pandemic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Eastern Asia&quot;, pages 116–130&lt;/ref&gt;

Saiki, HPAI A(H5N1) wujud lelara unggas, lan ora ana bukti kang nuduhaké panularan kang èfisièn manungsa-marang-manungsa saka HPAI A(H5N1). Ing mèh kabèh kasus, wong-wong kang kainfèksi wis ngalami kontak fisik kang èkstènsif karo unggas kang kainfèksi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Liu J |title=Avian influenza—a pandemic waiting to happen? |url=http://jmii.org/content/pdf/v39n1p4.pdf |journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=4–10 |year=2006 |pmid=16440117 |format=PDF |access-date=2012-07-01 |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216094539/http://jmii.org/content/pdf/v39n1p4.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing mangsa ngarep, H5N1 bisa mutasi utawa ngalami réassortment dadi galur kang mampu ditularaké antar manungsa kanthi èfisièn. Owah-owahan kang diperlokaké nganti iki dumadi durung dikawruhi kanthi becik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Salomon R, Webster RG |title=The influenza virus enigma |journal=Cell |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=402–10 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19203576 |pmc=2971533 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.029}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nanging, amarga dhuwuré angka pepati lan virulènsi H5N1, kaanan endemiknya, lan inang réservoir biologis kang gunggungé gedhé lan tansaya tambah, virus H5N1 wujud ancaman pandemi donya ing mangsa flu taun 2006-07, lan milyaran dolar wis diklumpukaké lan dientèkaké sajeroning nliti H5N1 lan ngrencanakaké kanggo kamungkinan pandemi influenza.&lt;ref name=Rosenthal&gt;{{cite news | last1=Rosenthal |first1= E. |last2= Bradsher |first2= K. |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/16/business/16bird.html?_r=1&amp;oref=slogin | title= Is Business Ready for a Flu Pandemic? |work= The New York Times |date=16 Maret 2006 |accessdate= 17 April 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Flu babi ===
Ing [[babi]], influenza babi nimbulaké mriyang, awak lemes, wahing, watuk, kangèlan ambegan, lan pemudhunan nepsu mangan.&lt;ref name=Kothalawala&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kothalawala H, Toussaint MJ, Gruys E |title=An overview of swine influenza |journal=Vet Q |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=46–53 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16841566}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing sapérangan kasus infèksi bisa nimbulaké aborsi. Sanajan mortalitas lumrahé asor, virus bisa nimbulaké pamudhunan bobot awak lan patuwuhan kang ala, nimbulaké dampak karugèn ékanami kanggo para paternak.&lt;ref name=Kothalawala/&gt; Babi kang kainfèksi bisa ngalami kélangan bobot watara 12 pon bobot awak sajeroning jangka wektu 3 nganti 4 minggu.&lt;ref name=Myers&gt;{{cite journal |author=Myers KP, Olsen CW, Gray GC |title=Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=1084–8 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17366454 |pmc=1973337 |doi=10.1086/512813 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika taun 2009, galur virus [[H1N1]] kang asalé saka babi, kang asring diarani “flu babi” njalari pandemi flu 2009, nanging ora ana bukti yèn virus iki èndemik ing babi (temenan wujud flu babi) utawa bisa nular saka babi menyang manungsa, nanging virus iki nyebar saka manungsa-marang-manungsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090427.htm|title=Press Release: A/H1N1 influenza like human illness in Mexico and the USA: OIE statement|author=Maria Zampaglione|publisher=[[World Organisation for Animal Health]]|date=April 29, 2009|accessdate=April 29, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430105521/http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090427.htm|archivedate=April 30, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/health/01name.html?scp=5&amp;sq=&amp;st=nyt |title=W.H.O. Gives Swine Flu a Less Loaded, More Scientific Name | work=The New York Times | first=Denise | last=Grady | date=2009-05-01 | accessdate=2010-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galur iki wujud réassortment saka sapérangan galur H1N1 kang lumrahé tinemu kanthi kapisah, ing manungsa, unggas, lan babi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/health/01origin.html?scp=2&amp;sq=&amp;st=nyt |title=Virus's Tangled Genes Straddle Continents, Raising a Mystery About Its Origins |format=| work=The New York Times | first=Donald G. | last=McNeil Jr. | date=2009-05-01 | accessdate=2010-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan sikil ==
{{reflist|2}}
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{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}
--&gt;

== Wacan terusan ==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-1-of-2}}
'''Umum'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM |display-authors=etal |title=Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans |journal=N Engl J Med. |volume=353 |issue=13 |pages=1374–85 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16192482 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052211 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374 |access-date=2012-02-09 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722104920/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374 |url-status=dead }}
* Bernd Sebastian Kamps, Christian Hoffmann and Wolfgang Preiser (Eds.) [http://www.InfluenzaReport.com/ Influenza Report], 225 pp, PDF, free download. Flying Publisher 2006
* {{cite book |author=Levine, Arnold J. |title=Viruses |publisher=Scientific American Library |location=New York |year=1992 |isbn=0-7167-5031-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Baron, Samuel |title=Medical microbiology |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |location=Galveston, Tex |year=1996 |isbn=0-9631172-1-1 |edition=4th |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed }}
* {{cite journal |author=Cox NJ, Subbarao K |title=Influenza |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9186 |pages=1277–82 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10520648 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01241-6}}
* ISBN 978-3-211-80892-4 The Influenza Viruses Hoyle L 1968 Springer Verlag
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'''Sajarah'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Kilbourne ED |last2=Zhang |first2=Yan B. |last3=Lin |first3=Mèi-Chen |title=Influenza pandemics of the 20th century |journal=Emerging Infect Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=9–14 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494710 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1254.htm }}
* {{cite book |author=Collier, Richard |title=The plague of the Spanish lady: the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1974 |isbn=0-333-13864-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Barry, John M. |title=The great influenza: the epic story of the deadliest plague in history |publisher=Viking |location=New York, N.Y |year=2004 |pages=|isbn=0-670-89473-7}}
{{Refend}}

'''Mikrobiologi'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y |title=Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses |journal=Microbiol Rev. |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=152–79 |date=1 Maret 1992|pmid=1579108 |pmc=372859 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=1579108 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Steinhauer DA, Skehel JJ |title=Genetics of influenza viruses |journal=Annu. Rev. Genet. |volume=36 |issue=|pages=305–32 |year=2002 |pmid=12429695 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.36.052402.152757}}
{{Refend}}

{{Col-2-of-2}}

'''Patogenesis'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=García-Sastre A |title=Antiviral response in pandemic influenza viruses |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=44–7 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494716 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1186.htm}}
* {{cite journal |author=Zambon MC |title=The pathogenesis of influenza in humans |journal=Rev Med Virol. |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=227–41 |year=2001 |pmid=11479929 |doi=10.1002/rmv.319}}
{{Refend}}

'''Epidemiologi'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Dowdle WR |title=Influenza pandemic periodicity, virus recycling, and the art of risk assessment |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=34–9 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494714 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1013.htm}}
* {{cite journal |author=Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y |title=Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=129–49 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11148006 |pmc=88966 |doi=10.1128/CMR.14.1.129-149.2001}}
* [http://www.who.int/wer/wer8126.pdf Epidemiology of WHO-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) infection]
{{Refend}}

'''Pananganan lan panyegahan'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Harper SA, Fukuda K, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Bridges CB |title=Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=54 |issue=RR-8 |pages=1–40 |date=July 2005 |pmid=16086456}}
* {{cite journal |author=Monto AS |title=Vaccines and antiviral drugs in pandemic preparedness |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=55–60 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494718 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1068.htm}}
{{Refend}}

'''Panelitèn'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Palese P |title=Making better influenza virus vaccines? |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=61–5 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494719 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1043.htm }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824004040/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/recommendationvaccine.pdf WHO (PDF) contains latest Evolutionary &quot;Tree of Life&quot; for H5N1] article ''Antigenic and genetic characteristics of H5N1 viruses and candidate H5N1 vaccine viruses developed for potential use as pre-pandemic vaccines'' published 18 August 2006
* [http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/WHO_CDS_EPR_GIP_2006_3C.pdf WHO's assessment of Flu Research] as of November 2006.
{{Refend}}
{{Col-end}}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{sisterlinks}}
{{Refbegin}}
* [http://www.ers-education.org/pages/default.aspx?id=331 ERS Online Course on Influenza]
* [http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx Swine and Seasonal Flu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727105753/http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx |date=2011-07-27 }}, [http://www.goodmedicine.org/ Institute for Good Medicine] at the [http://www.pamedsoc.org/ Pennsylvania Medical Society]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/ Info on influenza] at [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]
* [http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/the-flu/overview.html Summary of the disease] at the [[NYTimes]].
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/health/05virus.html 10 Genes, Furiously Evolving] [[NYTimes]] May 2009
* [http://www.outbreakalerts.com/ Outbreak Alerts] United States based communicable disease notification website
* [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/influenza/DS00081 Influenza (Mayo Clinic)]
* [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/index.html Fact Sheet] Overview of influenza at World Health Organization
* [http://origem.info/misms/index.php The Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study (MISMS)] [[Fogarty International Center]]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/flubiology.html Influenza Virus Resource] from the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]]
* [http://www.eiss.org/ European Influenza Surveillance Scheme]
* [http://www.google.org/flutrends/ Flu Trends] – flu activity across the U.S.
* [https://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/Sat/Topics/ColdsAndFlu.aspx?Host=Nhsd&amp;SyndicationPartnerGuid=d19370ea-a100-407d-9695-b73407f701c7&amp;TopicGuid=8c903315-a302-412a-bfae-9cb576d4b4cd Cold and flu advice] (NHS Direct)
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/6 Online video discussing influenza outbreaks and spread of other infectious diseases] (Vega Science Trust)
* [http://www.pandemicflu.gov/ Flu.gov: Know What To Do About the Flu]
* [http://www.path.org/vaccineresources/influenza.php PATH Vaccine Resource Library influenza resources]
* [http://www.fludb.org/ Influenza Research Database] – Database of influenza genomic sequences, serotypes, polymorphisms, structures, epitopes, drugs and related tools.
* [http://www.recombinomics.com/whats_new.html? Recombinomics - What's New]: Up to date details of circulating strains.
{{Refend}}
{{artikel pilihan}}

[[Kategori:Influenza| ]]
[[Kategori:Lelara nular]]
[[Kategori:Pulmanalogi]]
[[Kategori:Lelara ambegan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hanyu Pinyin</title>
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      <text bytes="13669" sha1="2znrw7plkuinc2fb3py86ifn53jpmcm" xml:space="preserve">{{Chinese|title=Pinyin|c={{linktext|拼音}}|p={{unicode|pīnyīn}}|poj=peng-im/pheng-im
|bpmf=ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ
|h=pin&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; im&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt;
|j=ping&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; jam&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|wuu=phin&lt;sup&gt;平&lt;/sup&gt; in&lt;sup&gt;平&lt;/sup&gt;
|altname=Scheme of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet|s2=汉语拼音方案|t2=漢語拼音方案|p2={{unicode|Hànyǔ pīnyīn fāng'àn}}
|bpmf2=ㄏㄢˋ ㄩˇ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄤ ㄢˋ
|h2=hon&lt;sup&gt;55&lt;/sup&gt; ngi&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; pin&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; im&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; fong&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; on&lt;sup&gt;55&lt;/sup&gt;
|poj2=hàn-gú pheng-im hong-àn
|j2=hon&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; jyu&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; ping&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; jam&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; fong&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; on&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|wuu2=hoe&lt;sup&gt;去&lt;/sup&gt; nyiu&lt;sup&gt;上&lt;/sup&gt; phin&lt;sup&gt;平&lt;/sup&gt; in&lt;sup&gt;平&lt;/sup&gt; faon&lt;sup&gt;平&lt;/sup&gt; oe&lt;sup&gt;去&lt;/sup&gt;}}
{{IPA notice}}

'''Hanyu Pinyin''' ({{zh|s=汉语拼音|t=漢語拼音|p=Hànyǔ Pīnyīn}}; {{IPAc-cmn|p|in|1|-||yin|1}}) iku tatalaku jawatjati (Ind: sistem resmi) kanggo angowahi aksara Cina menyang [[aksara Latin]] ing nagara [[Cina]], [[Republik Cina|Taiwan]]&lt;ref name=snowling&gt;{{cite book|first= Margaret J. |last= Snowling |first2= Charles |last2 = Hulme | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell |year= 2005 |isbn= 1-4051-1488-6 |title = The science of reading: a handbook | volume = 17 | series = Blackwell handbooks of developmental psychology) |url= http://books.google.com/?id=qV7s-Oyx13oC |pages = 320–22}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Singapura]], lan [[Malaysia]] kang uga karanan [[Romanisasi|caralatin]].  Tatalaku iki kerep dinggo amulang [[basa Mandarin|basa Mandharin]] angéja jeneng Cina ing publikasi manca lan kanggo [[lebonan]] (''input'') menyang komputer kang anganggo aksara Kan (Cina) (汉字 / 漢字, ''hànzì'').

Tatalaku iki digawé ing taun 1950 an M adhadhasar wangun caralatin sadurungé, lan dibabar déning pamaréntah Cina ing taun 1958 kanthi bola-bali dibenakake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |date=2008-02-11 |title = Pinyin celebrates 50th birthday |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/news/242463.htm |accessdate = 2008-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[International Organization for Standardization]] ajupuktrima (Ind: mengadopsi) pinyin saemper caralatin baku kanthi baunagara (Ind: international) ing taun 1982 M.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISO1982&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=13682|title=ISO 7098:1982 – Documentation – Romanization of Chinese |accessdate=2009-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tatalaku iki didadèkaké baku ing [[Taiwan]] ing taun 2009 M, lan lumrahé karan Tatalaku Swarajati Anyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;pinyin_tt&quot;&gt;{{cite news | publisher=Taipei Times |date=2008-09-18 |title=Hanyu Pinyin to be standard system in 2009 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/09/18/2003423528 |accessdate=2008-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pinyin_cp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |publisher=The China Post |date=2008-09-18 |title=Government to improve English-friendly environment |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national%20news/2008/09/18/175155/Gov%27t-to.htm |accessdate=2008-09-20 |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919054355/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national%20news/2008/09/18/175155/Gov%27t%2Dto.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hànyǔ'' tegesé basa pocapan saka [[Wong Han]] lan ''pinyin'' kanthi barès tegesé 'swarajati' utawa 'pocapan' (Ing: phonetics).&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbaugh&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://zhongwen.com/d/186/x126.htm|title=中文字普 (Chinese Characters: A Genealogy and Dictionary) |last= Harbaugh |first= Richard |year= 1998 |publisher= Zhongwen.com |accessdate= 2008-04-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Purwaksara ===
Ing saben kothakan ing ngisor, baris pisanan anuduhaké [[Pitulung:IPA|IPA]], baris kaloro aaanuduhaké pinyin.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
|-
|
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Konsonan bilabial|Bilabial]]
!|[[Konsonan labiodental|Labio-&lt;br /&gt;dental]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Konsonan alveolar|Alveolar]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Konsonan retroflex|Retroflex]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Konsonan alveolo-palatal|Alveolo-&lt;br /&gt;palatal]]
!|[[Konsonan palatal|Palatal]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Konsonan velar|Velar]]
|-
!style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;|[[Konsonan plosive|Plosive]]
|style=&quot;background: #cfc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[p]}}&lt;br /&gt;b
|style=&quot;background: #cfc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[pʰ]}}&lt;br /&gt;p
|
|style=&quot;background: #ccf;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[t]}}&lt;br /&gt;d
|style=&quot;background: #ccf;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[tʰ]}}&lt;br /&gt;t
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|
|style=&quot;background: #fcc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[k]}}&lt;br /&gt;g
|style=&quot;background: #fcc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[kʰ]}}&lt;br /&gt;k
|-
!style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;|[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|colspan=&quot;2;&quot; style=&quot;background: #cfc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[m]}}&lt;br /&gt;m
|
|colspan=&quot;2;&quot; style=&quot;background: #ccf;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[n]}}&lt;br /&gt;n
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
!style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;|[[Konsonan affricate|Affricate]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|
|style=&quot;background: #cff;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[ts]}}&lt;br /&gt;z
|style=&quot;background: #cff;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[tsʰ]}}&lt;br /&gt;c
|style=&quot;background: #ffc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[tʂ]}}&lt;br /&gt;zh
|style=&quot;background: #ffc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[tʂʰ]}}&lt;br /&gt;ch
|style=&quot;background: #fcf;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[tɕ]}}&lt;br /&gt;j
|style=&quot;background: #fcf;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}&lt;br /&gt;q
|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
!style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;|[[Konsonan fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|style=&quot;background: #cfc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[f]}}&lt;br /&gt;f
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #cff;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[s]}}&lt;br /&gt;s
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #ffc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[ʂ]}}&lt;br /&gt;sh
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #fcf;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[ɕ]}}&lt;br /&gt;x
|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #fcc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[x]}}&lt;br /&gt;h
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Konsonan liquid|Liquid]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
| colspan=&quot;2;&quot; style=&quot;background: #ccf;text-align: center;&quot; |{{IPA|[l]}}&lt;br /&gt;l
| colspan=&quot;2;&quot; style=&quot;background: #ffc;text-align: center;&quot; |{{IPA|[ɻ~ʐ]}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;r
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
!style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;|[[Semivowel]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[j]}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp; or {{IPA|[ɥ]}}&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;y&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{IPA|[w]}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;w
|}
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; {{IPA|/ɻ/}} bisa kanthi swarajati kocap {{IPA|[ʐ]}} (a [[voiced retroflex fricative]]). Pocapan iki owah miturut pamicara, lan dudu rong ''fonèm'' kang abéda.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Aksara &quot;w&quot; lan &quot;y&quot; ora kalebu ing tabel wiwitan iki. Ana ''konvènsi'' tatatulis tumrap medial &quot;i&quot;, &quot;u&quot; lan &quot;ü&quot; kang ora ana ing tabel wiwitan. Yèn &quot;i&quot;, &quot;u&quot; utawa &quot;ü&quot; pungkasan lan ora ana wiwitané, diwaca &quot;yi&quot;, &quot;wu&quot;, lan &quot;yu&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; &quot;y&quot; dipocapaké {{IPA|[ɥ]}} (a [[labial-palatal approximant]]) sadurungé &quot;u&quot;.

Urutan kanthi ''konvènsional'' (ora kalebu ''w'' lan ''y''), wiwitan saka tatalaku [[Bopomofo|Cuin]], yaiku:
:{|cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;background: #cfc;&quot;|b p m f
|style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;|d t n l
|style=&quot;background: #fcc;&quot;|g k h
|style=&quot;background: #fcf;&quot;|j q x
|style=&quot;background: #ffc;&quot;|zh ch sh r
|style=&quot;background: #cff;&quot;|z c s
|}

=== Wasanaksara ===
{{mandarin vowels}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=12|Kodhah
|-
!colspan=3|∅!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/i/}}!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/u/}}!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/n/}}!!colspan=3|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
!rowspan=4|Madyaksara
!∅
|{{IPA|[ɨ]}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;-i||{{IPA|[ɤ]}}&lt;br&gt;e&lt;br&gt;-e||{{IPA|[a]}}&lt;br&gt;a&lt;br&gt;-a
|{{IPA|[ei̯]}}&lt;br&gt;ei&lt;br&gt;-ei||{{IPA|[ai̯]}}&lt;br&gt;ai&lt;br&gt;-ai
|{{IPA|[ou̯]}}&lt;br&gt;ou&lt;br&gt;-ou||{{IPA|[au̯]}}&lt;br&gt;ao&lt;br&gt;-ao
|{{IPA|[ən]}}&lt;br&gt;en&lt;br&gt;-en||{{IPA|[an]}}&lt;br&gt;an&lt;br&gt;-an
|{{IPA|[ʊŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;-ong||{{IPA|[əŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;eng&lt;br&gt;-eng||{{IPA|[aŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;ang&lt;br&gt;-ang
|-
!{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|[i]}}&lt;br&gt;yi&lt;br&gt;-i||{{IPA|[i̯e]}}&lt;br&gt;ye&lt;br&gt;-ie||{{IPA|[i̯a]}}&lt;br&gt;ya&lt;br&gt;-ia
| ||
|{{IPA|[i̯ou̯]}}&lt;br&gt;you&lt;br&gt;-iu||{{IPA|[i̯au̯]}}&lt;br&gt;yao&lt;br&gt;-iao
|{{IPA|[in]}}&lt;br&gt;yin&lt;br&gt;-in||{{IPA|[i̯ɛn]}}&lt;br&gt;yèn&lt;br&gt;-ian
|{{IPA|[i̯ʊŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;yong&lt;br&gt;-iong||{{IPA|[iŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;ying&lt;br&gt;-ing||{{IPA|[i̯aŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;yang&lt;br&gt;-iang
|-
!{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{IPA|[u]}}&lt;br&gt;wu&lt;br&gt;-u||{{IPA|[u̯o]}}&lt;br&gt;wo&lt;br&gt;-uo &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;||{{IPA|[u̯a]}}&lt;br&gt;wa&lt;br&gt;-ua
|{{IPA|[u̯ei̯]}}&lt;br&gt;wei&lt;br&gt;-ui||{{IPA|[u̯ai̯]}}&lt;br&gt;wai&lt;br&gt;-uai
| ||
|{{IPA|[u̯ən]}}&lt;br&gt;wen&lt;br&gt;-un||{{IPA|[u̯an]}}&lt;br&gt;wan&lt;br&gt;-uan
| ||{{IPA|[u̯əŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;weng&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;||{{IPA|[u̯aŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;wang&lt;br&gt;-uang
|-
!{{IPA|/y/}}
|{{IPA|[y]}}&lt;br&gt;yu&lt;br&gt;-ü &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ||{{IPA|[y̯e]}}&lt;br&gt;yue&lt;br&gt;-üe &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;||
| ||
| ||
|{{IPA|[yn]}}&lt;br&gt;yun&lt;br&gt;-ün &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;||{{IPA|[y̯ɛn]}}&lt;br&gt;yuan&lt;br&gt;-üan &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| || ||
|}
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; {{IPA|[ɑɻ]}} iku katulis ''er''. Kanggo kabeh wasanaksara kang antuk wasanaksara-r, ora ana tatatulis kang umligi. Kandhawara angenani wasanakasara-r, bisa diwaca ing [[Pranata Erhwà|Pranata Êrhwà]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &quot;ü&quot; tinulis &quot;u&quot; sabubare j, q, x, utawa y.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; &quot;uo&quot; tinulis &quot;o&quot; sabubare b, p, m, utawa f.

Kanthi tehnis, ''i, u, ü'' tanpa dieloni aksara swara iku wasanaksara, dudu madyaksara, lan amarga saka iku nganggo sandhangan laras. Saliyané iku, ''ê'' {{IPA|[ɛ]}} (欸, 誒) lan anuswara swarajati (Ing: syllabic nasal) ''m'' (呒, 呣), ''n'' (嗯, 唔), ''ng'' (嗯, 𠮾) kanggo [[interjection]].

== Paripustaka ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Wacan ==
*Yin Binyong 尹斌庸 and Mary Felley (1990). ''Chinese Romanization''. Pronunciation and Orthography (Hanyu pinyin he zhengcifa 汉语拼音和正词法). Beijing: Sinolingua. ISBN 7-80052-148-6 / ISBN 0-8351-1930-0.
*Gao, J. K. (2005). ''Pinyin shorthand: a bilingual handbook = [Pinyin su ji fa]''. Dallas, TX: Jack Sun. ISBN 1-59971-251-2
*Kimball, R. L. (1988). ''Quick reference Chinese: a practical guide to Mandarin for beginners and travelers in English, Pinyin romanization, and Chinese characters''. San Francisco, CA: China Books &amp; Periodicals. ISBN 0-8351-2036-8
*{{cite book |last=Uy |first=Dr. Tim and Jim Hsia (ed.) |title=Webster's Digital Chinese Dictionary: Advanced Reference Edition|year=2009 |publisher=Loqu8 Press |location=Mountain View, CA}}
*Wu, C.-j. (1979). ''The Pinyin Chinese–English dictionary''. Hong Kong: Commercial Press. ISBN 0-471-27557-3

== Pranala njaba ==
*[http://www.zdic.net/appendix/f43.htm (Proper sound of pinyin from zdic.net with sounds, require java script turned on)]
*[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin/Vocabulary Pinyin-Hanzi-English Chinese-English dictionary]
*[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin/Pinyin-English_News_Summary Pinyin-English news summary for learners of Chinese language]
*[http://chineseandbeyond.com/pinyin Free Pinyin Tutorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123064700/http://chineseandbeyond.com/pinyin |date=2012-01-23 }} (Chinese &amp; Beyond)
*[http://www.chinesestudies.hawaii.edu/media/pdf/abc/appendix1.pdf Basic Rules for Hanyu Pinyin Orthography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803030805/http://www.chinesestudies.hawaii.edu/media/pdf/abc/appendix1.pdf |date=2012-08-03 }} (National Standard of the People's Republic of China (ICS 01.140.10), 1996)
*[http://www.quickmandarin.com/chinesepinyintable/ Interactive Pinyin Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106003931/http://www.quickmandarin.com/chinesepinyintable/ |date=2011-01-06 }}
*[http://www.archchinese.com/arch_pinyin_table.html Standard Mandarin Pinyin Chart]
*[http://sites.google.com/site/pinyinsite/pinyinaid-1 pinyinAID] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229122340/http://sites.google.com/site/pinyinsite/pinyinaid-1 |date=2011-12-29 }}
*[http://pinyin.info/readings/zyg/rules.html Basic Rules of Hanyu Pinyin Orthography] by [[Zhou Youguang]] (Pinyin.info)
*[http://pinyin.info/rules/initials_finals.html Table of Combinations of Initials and Finals] (Pinyin.info)
*[http://mandarinspot.com/annotate Chinese text annotation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101021837/http://mandarinspot.com/annotate |date=2010-11-01 }}
*[http://www.StandardMandarin.com/ Free Chinese Pronunciation Online]
*[http://www.sayjack.com/advanced/pinyin/quiz/ Pinyin Listening Test for 4 Tones]
*[http://pinyin.quickmandarin.com/learn_chinese_quiz/blue/ Pinyin Tone Recognition Test] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413045550/http://pinyin.quickmandarin.com/learn_chinese_quiz/blue/ |date=2021-04-13 }}
*[http://www.hakenberg.de/language/mandarin/pinyin.zip Pinyin audio of Google Translate (mp3 files)] 1243 different syllables and tones
* [http://szotar-magyar.hu/azsianet/nyelv/kinainyelvpinyinvonasatalakito.html pinyin converter (shui3→shuǐ)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113210557/http://szotar-magyar.hu/azsianet/nyelv/kinainyelvpinyinvonasatalakito.html |date=2012-01-13 }}
* [http://www.ichineseflashcards.com/pinyin.asp Refresh how to pronounce a word in Pinyin]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[Romanization of Chinese|Official romanization adopted&lt;br /&gt; by the People's Republic of China]]|before=[[Gwoyeu Romatzyh]] | after=current|years=1958-}}
{{succession box|title=[[Romanization of Chinese|de facto used romanization &lt;br /&gt; by the People's Republic of China]]|before=[[Wade-Giles]] | after=current|years=1978-}}
{{succession box|title=[[Romanization of Chinese in Taiwan|Official romanization adopted&lt;br /&gt; by the Republic of China (Taiwan)]]|before=[[Tongyong Pinyin]] | after=current|years=2009-}}
{{s-end}}

{{ISO standards}}

[[Kategori:Standar ISO]]
[[Kategori:Romanisasi Cina]]
[[Kategori:Abjad fonètik]]</text>
      <sha1>2znrw7plkuinc2fb3py86ifn53jpmcm</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Filem Koréa</title>
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      <text bytes="2021" sha1="9ahg3uzoj2gpy7m19p6x729urourvpu" xml:space="preserve">'''Film Koréa''' inggih punika jinising filem ingkang dipundamel utawi istilahipun dipun-[[produksi]] wonten ing [[Koréa]].

Film ingkang kapisan dipun-rilis wonten Koréa inggih punika filem kanthi irah-irahan ''Righteous Revenge'' taun 1919. Filem punika gabungan antawisipun [[drama]] lan tontonan [[panggung]]. Filem layar lebar kapisan Koréa dipun-rilis taun 1923, kanthi irah-irahan ''Oath Under the Moon''. Wonten ing taun 1926, [[sutradara]] Na Un-gyu damel filem [[bisu]] kanthi irah-irahan ''Arirang''.

Sasampunipun [[perang]] [[Koréa]] kapungkasan nalika taun 1953, indhustri [[filem Koréa]] punika dados gadhah pangembangan satemah dumugi ing masa [[emas]]. Wonten ing kalih dekade salajengipun, indhustri [[filem Koréa]] dados ''stagnasi'' amargi saking kathahipun tiyang ingkang gadhah [[TV]]. Tuladhanipun filem [[Koréa]] inggih punika:
* [[Way Home]]
* [[Wonderfull Radio]]
* [[Wedding Dress]] &lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.koreanmovie.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101101712/http://www.koreanmovie.com/ |date=2012-11-01 }}, Korean movie (dipun-akses tanggal 29 Oktober 2012).&lt;/ref&gt;
* lan sanès-sanèsipun.

[[Film|Filem]] uga gadhah teges ingkang sami kaliyan [[drama]]. Nanging, sajatosipun filem kaliyan drama punika bènten, amargi drama punika kalebet [[filem]] ingkang wujudipun [[serial]] utawi cariyos kasambung. Kathah drama [[Koréa]] ingkang dipunremeni déning [[masarakat]] mliginipun priyantun èstri enèm. Drama [[Koréa]] ingkang kawentar inggih punika:
* [[Boys Before Flower]]
* [[Endless Love]]
* [[Dream High]]
* [[Princess Hours]]
* [[Love Rain]]
* [[Playfull kiss]]
* [[The King 2 Heart]]
* [[City Hunter]] &lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.korean-drama-guide.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121029114613/http://www.korean-drama-guide.com/ |date=2012-10-29 }}, Korean drama guide (dipun-akses tanggal 29 Oktober 2012).&lt;/ref&gt;
* lan taksih kathah malih.

==Cathetan suku==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Filem]]
[[Kategori:Koréa]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kasultanan Banjar</title>
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      <text bytes="18195" sha1="iygtkajehlwgac36bsj2kisuogriry6" xml:space="preserve">{| border=1 align=right cellpadding=4 cellspacing=0 width=250 style=&quot;margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;&quot;
|+&lt;big&gt;'''Kesultanan Banjar'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
|-align=center
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Gambar:Kesultanan Banjar 1826-1860.PNG|250px]]{{br}}''Wewengkon kapungkasan Kesultanan Banjar antwis taun 1826-1860 ingkang sampun nyusut, amargi wewengkon sekelilingipun sampun dipunserahakèn datèng perusahaan [[VOC]] Walandi déning [[Sultan Banjar]]. Wewengkon Banjar ingkang langkung kino terbentang saking [[Tanjung Sambar]] ngantos [[Tanjung Aru, Tanjung Harapan, Paser|Tanjung Aru]]&lt;ref&gt;{{nl}} {{cite book|pages=9|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=zTwsAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=aroeng%20van%20pagattan&amp;pg=PA9#v=onepage&amp;q=aroeng%20van%20pagattan&amp;f=false |title=De bandjermasinsche krijg van 1859-1863: met portretten, platen en een terreinkaart|volume=1|first=Willem Adriaan |last=van Rees|publisher=D. A. Thieme|year=1865}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;(1846){{cite book|pages=506  |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=3ZRCAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Banjirmassin&amp;hl=id&amp;pg=PA506#v=onepage&amp;q=Banjirmassin&amp;f=false |title=The Chinese repository|volume=15|editor=Elijah Coleman Bridgman, Samuel Wells Williams}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/borneoc19-1.html |title=Borneo, 1800-1857 |access-date=2013-02-21 |archive-date=2012-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505140826/http://www.indonesianhistory.info/map/borneoc19-1.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;''
|-valign=top
| '''Madeg'''
| [[1520]]-[[1905]]
|-valign=top
| '''Dipundahului déning'''
| [[Karajan Nagara Daha]]
|-valign=top
| '''Dipungsntod déning'''
| [[Pagustian]]
|-valign=top
| '''[[Kutha krajan]]'''
| [[Kuin Utara, Banjarmasin Lor, Banjarmasin|Kuin, Banjarmasin]] (1520){{br}}[[Pemakuan, Sungai Tabuk, Banjar|Pemakuan]] (1612)&lt;ref&gt;Saksampune ing  Pemakuan, karaton naté dipunyasa ing Amuntai nanging batal dipundiami amargi Marhum Panembahan  angsal mimpi manawi Pangeran Suryanata nglarang dadosaken Amuntai dados kutha krajan malih amargi nagari lawas punika sampun rusak (Hikayat Banjar)&lt;/ref&gt;{{br}}[[Martapura Barat, Banjar|Tambangan]]/[[Telok Selong Ulu, Martapura Barat, Banjar|Batang Banyu Mangapan]] (1622){{br}}[[Martapura, Banjar|Martapura]] (1632) {{br}}[[Pangeran, Banjarmasin Utara, Banjarmasin|Sungai Pangeran, Banjarmasin]] (1663){{br}} [[Kayu Tangi]] (1680){{br}}[[Karaton, Martapura, Banjar|Bumi Kencana]] (1771)&lt;ref name=&quot;J. H. Moor&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first=Moor | last=J. H.  |url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=fHhNAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=Sultan%20Soliman%20Shahid%20Alia%20to%20Martapura&amp;pg=RA1-PA98#v=onepage&amp;q=Sultan%20Soliman%20Shahid%20Alia%20to%20Martapura&amp;f=false  |title=Notices of the Indian archipelago &amp; adjacent countries: being a collection of papers relating to Borneo, Celebes, Bali, Java, Sumatra, Nias, the Philippine islands... | publisher=Singapore: F.Cass &amp; co. | year=1837}}&lt;/ref&gt; utawi [[Karaton, Martapura, Banjar|Bumi Selamat]] (1806)&lt;ref&gt;Dengan kapanggih deposit batubara ing laladan cerak Bumi Selamat/Martapura, mila pamaréntah Indhiya Nèderlan ngrencanakalen mendet alih Martapura lan nggantos kutha krajan Kesultanan Banjar ing kutha Nagara, tilas kutha krajan ing era Karajan Hindhu Nagara Daha&lt;/ref&gt;{{br}} [[Seberang Masjid, Banjarmasin Tengah, Banjarmasin|Sungai Mesa, Banjarmasin]](1857){{br}}[[Murung Raya|Baras Kuning]] (1865)
|-valign=top
| '''[[Basa]]'''
| [[Basa Banjar|Banjar]]
|-valign=top
| '''[[Agama]]'''
| [[Islam]] [[Sunni]] [[madahab Syafi'i]] (resmi)&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;{{br}}[[Kaharingan]]{{br}}[[Konghucu]]{{br}}[[Nasrani]]
|-valign=top
| style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot; | '''Papréntahan'''{{br}}-Sultan kapisan{{br}}-Sultan terakhir&lt;/div&gt;
| style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot; | [[Monarki]]{{br}}Sultan [[Suriansyah]] (1526-1550){{br}}[[Sultan]] [[Muhammad Seman]] ([[1862]]-[[1905]])
|-valign=top
| style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot; | '''Sajarah'''{{br}}-Didirikan{{br}}-Jaman kejayaan{{br}}-Protektorat VOC {{br}}-Krisis suksesi{{br}}-Akhir papréntahan darurat
| style=&quot;white-space: nowrap;&quot; | {{br}}[[1520]], mlebet Islam [[1526]]{{br}}[[1526]]-[[1787]]{{br}}sejak 1787{{br}}[[1857]]{{br}}1905&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.co.id&quot;&gt;{{en icon}} {{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=2jlBMOBuV7MC&amp;lpg=PA156&amp;dq=sultan%20sintang&amp;pg=PA156#v=onepage&amp;q=sultan%20sintang&amp;f=false |pages=156 | title=International law in the Netherlands|volume =1  |first= H. F. |last=van Panhuys|author2=T.M.C. Asser Instituut|publisher=BRILL|year= 1978 |isbn=9028601082}} ISBN 978-90-286-0108-6&lt;/ref&gt;
|-valign=top
| '''Catatan'''
|(1526-1548 sebagai bawahan [[Kesultanan Demak|Demak]])
|}
[[Gambar:Kraton-van-de-sultan-te-Ban.jpg|thumb|200px|Gambar kraton/pura kenagaraan Kesultanan Banjar di Martapura di taun 1843.]]
[[Gambar:Bangsawan Banjar Museum Lambung Mangkurat.JPG|thumb|200px|Profil [[Bangsawan]] Banjar sawatawis taun [[1850]] koleksi [[Museum Lambung Mangkurat]].]]
[[Gambar:Gadis Banjar Museum Lambung Mangkurat.JPG|thumb|200px|Profil gadis Banjar sawatawis taun [[1850]] koleksi [[Museum Lambung Mangkurat]].]]
'''Kesultanan Banjar''' utawi '''Kesultanan Banjarmasin'''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=geZDAAAAYAAJ&amp;dq=banjarmassin&amp;hl=id&amp;pg=PA571#v=onepage&amp;q=banjarmassin&amp;f=false |title=The New American encyclopaedia: a popular dictionary of general knowledge|volume=2|pages=571|publisher=D. Appleton|year=1865}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|pages=647 |url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=p5U3AAAAIAAJ&amp;lpg=PA646&amp;ots=OKojkL1DDV&amp;dq=CONTRACT%20MET%20DE%20SULTAN%20BANDJARMASIN&amp;pg=PA647#v=onepage&amp;q=CONTRACT%20MET%20DE%20SULTAN%20BANDJARMASIN&amp;f=false|title=E. J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam 1913-1936|first=M. Th. |last=Houtsma|publisher=BRILL|isbn=9004082654}}ISBN 978-90-04-08265-6&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hubert-herald.nl/IndoKalSel.htm KALIMANTAN SELATAN ]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://eprints.lib.ui.ac.id/12976/1/82338-T6811-Pulitik%20dan-TOC.pdf Pulitik dan Perdagangan Lada di Kesultanan Banjar]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|pages=85|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=HiZvFZbm6sgC&amp;lpg=PA86&amp;ots=OVLQW4MnBZ&amp;dq=kutha%20krajan%20indonesia%20banjarmasin&amp;hl=id&amp;pg=PA85#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|title=Sajarah nasional Indonésia: Jaman pertumbuhan dan perkembangan kraton-kraton Islam di Indonésia|authors=Marwati Djoened Poesponegoro, Nugroho Notosusanto|publisher=PT Balai Pustaka|year=1992|isbn=9794074098}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}ISBN 978-979-407-409-1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{nl}} {{cite book|pages= |url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=0GM-AAAAcAAJ&amp;dq=Hidayat%20Oellah&amp;pg=PA201#v=onepage&amp;q=Hidayat%20Oellah&amp;f=false |title=Bydragen tot de kennis van verschillende overzeesche landen, volken, enz|volume=1|first=J. B. J |last=Van Doren|publisher=J. D. Sybrandi|year=1860}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|pages=211|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&amp;lpg=PA211&amp;dq=bandjarmasin&amp;pg=PA211#v=onepage&amp;q=bandjarmasin&amp;f=false |title=Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor|volume=3|first=Keat Gin |last=Ooi|publisher=ABC-CLIO, 2004|isbn=1576077705}}ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|pages=73 |url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=EbzVAAAAMAAJ&amp;dq=bendermassing&amp;pg=PA73#v=onepage&amp;q=bendermassing&amp;f=false |title=Brookes's Universal gazetteer: re-modelled and brought down to the present time|first=Richard |last=Brookes|publisher=E.H. Butler|year=1843}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://obp.tanap.net/pdf/files/3C3DAF148D0C9FC5DEC709F70DD5C841.pdf |title=Reconstructie van het archief van de VOC-vestiging |access-date=2013-02-21 |archive-date=2014-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221223129/http://obp.tanap.net/pdf/files/3C3DAF148D0C9FC5DEC709F70DD5C841.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (madeg 1520, dipunhapusakén sepihak déning Walanda ing tanggal 11 Juni 1860. Nanging rakyat Banjar mnéika ndérék wonten papréntahan darurat/pelarian ingkang énggal ing kapungkasan 24 Januari 1905. Nanging ngantos 24 Juli 2010, Kesultanan Banjar gésang malih kaliyan dipunlantik Sultan Khairul Saleh.
Karajan Banjar inggih punika sebuah [[kesultanan]] tlatah ing wanci punika ing provinsi [[Kalimantan Selatan]], [[Indonésia]]. Kesultanan punika berkutha krajan ing [[Banjarmasin]] lajéng dipunpindah ing pintén-pintén pangénan lan kapungkasan ing [[Martapura]]. ing kutha krajan ing Martapura dipunsébat ugi [[Karajan Kayu Tangi]].

Ing kutha krajan taksih ing [[Banjarmasin]], mila kesultanan punika dipunsébat '''Kesultanan Banjarmasin'''. Kesultanan Banjar punika penerus saking [[Karajan Nagara Daha]] inggih punika kraton Hindhu ingkang kutha krajan ing kutha Nagara, sapunika kutha krajan kacamatan [[Daha Selatan, Hulu Sungai Selatan]].

Bendera Nagara Banjar warninipun kuning ing inggil cemeng ing bicolour horisontal. (John McMeekin, 15 Januari 2011).* [http://flagspot.net/flags/id_banjr.html Bendera Banjar ]

== Sajarah ==
Miturut mitologi [[suku Maanyan]] (suku tertua ing Kalimantan Selatan), kraton kawiwitan ing Borneo Selatan inggih punika [[Karajan Nan Sarunai]] ingkang dipunperkirakaken wewengkon kekuasaanipun terbentang luas wiwit saking laladan [[Tabalong]] ngantos ing laladan [[Pasir]]. Keberadaan mitologi Maanyan ingkang nyiptakaken babagan mangsa-mangsa keemasan Karajan Nan Sarunai sebuah kraton purba ingkang rumiyen mempersatukan ètnis Maanyan ing laladan punika lan sampun nglampahi gegayutan kaliyan pulau Madagaskar. Karajan punika angsal serangan saking [[Majapait]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://basamaanyan.blogspot.com/2008/08/nansarunai-usak-jawa.html Syair tradhisional Maanyan babagan serangan saking Jawi]&lt;/ref&gt; pramila pérangan rakyat nyingkir ing pedalaman (wewengkon [[suku Lawangan]]). Salah satunggaling tilas arkéologis ingkang asalipun saking jaman punika ya iku [[Candhi Agung]] ingkang manggèn ing kutha [[Amuntai]]. Ing taun [[1996]], sampun dipunlampahi pengujian C-14 kaliyan sampel arang Candhi Agung ingkang ngasilaken angka taun kaliyan kisaran 242-226 SM (Kusmartono lan Widianto, 1998:19-20).
Nggadahi saking angka taun dipunmaksud mila [[Karajan Nan Sarunai]]/Karajan Tabalong/Karajan Tanjungpuri usianya langkung tuwa 600 taun dipunbandingaken kaliyan [[Karajan Kutai|Karajan Kutai Martapura]] ing Kalimantan Wétan.

Miturut [[Hikayat Sang Bima]], wangsa ingkang nurunaken ratu-ratu Banjar inggih punika [[Sadewa|Sang Déwa]] bersaudara kaliyan wangsa ingkang nurunaken ratu-ratu [[Kesultanan Bima|Bima]] ([[Bima|Sang Bima]]), ratu-ratu Bali ([[Nakula|Sang Kuala]]), ratu-ratu [[Kesultanan Dompu|Dompu]]([[Prabu Dharmawangsa|Darmawangsa]]), ratu-ratu [[Kesultanan Gowa|Gowa]] ([[Arjuna|Sang Rajuna]]) ingkang kaping gangsal bersaudara putera-putera saking [[Pandudewanata|Maharaja Pandu Dewata]].&lt;ref&gt;{{id icon}} {{cite book|url=http://books.google.co.id/books?id=6Q71wFB4YxQC&amp;lpg=PA121&amp;dq=pulau%20Banjar&amp;pg=PA121#v=onepage&amp;q=pulau%20Banjar&amp;f=false |pages=121 |title=Karajan Bima dalam sastra dan sajarah  |first= Henri |last=Chambert-Loir |author2=Wisamarta,Lukman (Khatib.) |publisher=Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia|year= 2004 |isbn=9799100119}} ISBN 978-979-9100-11-5&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{id icon}} {{cite book|first=H. Abdullah |last=Tajib|title= Sajarah Bima Dana Mbojo|publisher= Harapan Masa PGRI |location=Jakarta|year= 1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Jumbuh kaliyan Tutur Candhi (Hikayat Banjar versi II), ing Kalimantan sampun madeg suatu papréntahan saking wangsa kraton (karaton) ingkang kalajengaken ngantos tlatah ing salebeting [[Indhiya Nèderlan]] ing [[11 Juni]] [[1860]], inggih punika:
# Karaton wiwit dipunsebat [[Karajan Kuripan]]
# Karaton I dipunsebat [[Karajan Nagara Dipa]]
# Karaton II dipunsebat [[Karajan Nagara Daha]]
# Karaton III dipunsebat [[Kesultanan Banjar]]
# Karaton IV dipunsebat Karajan Martapura/Kayu Tangi
# Karaton V dipunsebat [[Pagustian]]

Maharaja Sukarama, Raja Nagara Daha sampun berwasiat supados wigatine inggih punika cucunipun [[Radèn Samudera]], anak saking putrinipun Puteri Galuh Intan Sari. Ayah saking Radèn Samudera ingih punika Radèn Manteri Jaya, putra saking Radèn Begawan, saudara Maharaja Sukarama. Wasiat mau nyebabagen Radèn Samudera terancam keselamatanipun amargi para putra Maharaja Sukarama ugi berambisi dados ratu inggih punika Pangeran Bagalung, Pangeran Mangkubumi lan Pangeran Tumenggung.
== Wewengkon Kesultanan Banjar == Wewengkon Kesultanan Banjar Ing jaman kejayaane, dheweke nguwasani wilayah Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Timur, Kalimantan Utara, lan Sabah (Malaysia) - Kepulauan Sulu (Filipina).

== Sistem Papréntahan ==
# [[Raja]]: bergelar [[Sultan]]/[[Panambahan]]/[[Ratu]]/[[Susuhunan]]
# [[Putra Makutha]]: bergelar [[Ratu Anum]]/[[Pangeran Ratu]]/[[Sultan Muda]]
# [[Mahamantri]]: dipunsebat Perdana Mantri/[[Mangkubumi]]/[[Wazir]], ing ngandap Mangkubumi: Mantri Panganan, Mantri Pangiwa, Mantri Bumi dan 40 orang Mantri Sikap, setiap Mantri Sikap gadhah 40 tiyang pengawal.
# [[Lalawangan]]: kepala dhistrik, kedudukannya sami kados ta ing mangsa [[Hindia Walandi]].
# Sarawasa, Sarabumi lan Sarabraja: Kepala Urusan karaton
# Mandung lan Raksayuda: Kepala Balai Longsari lan Bangsal lan Benteng
# Mamagarsari: Pengapit ratu duduk ing Situluhur
# Parimala: Kepala urusan dagang lan pekan (pasar). Dipunbantu Singataka lan Singapati.
# Sarageni lan Saradipa: Kuasa ing urusan senjata (tombak, ganjur), duhung, tameng, badik, parang, badil, meriam dll.
# Puspawana: Kuasa ing urusan tanaman, hutan, perikanan, ratu-kaya, lan mbeburu
# Pamarakan lan Rasajiwa: Pengurus umum babagan keperluan pedalaman/pura
# Kadang Aji: Ketua Balai tani lan Perumahan. Nanang minangka Pembantu
# Wargasari: Pengurus besar tentang persediaan bahan makanan dan lumbung padi, kesejahteraan
# Anggarmarta: Juru Bandar, Kepala urusan pelabuhan
# Astaprana: Juru tabuh-tabuhan, kesenian lan kesusasteraan.
# Kaum Mangkumbara: Kepala urusan upacara
# Wiramartas: Mantri Dagang, berkuasa ngawontenaken gegayutan dagang kaliyan jawi nagari, kaliyan persetujuan Sultan.
# Bujangga: Kepala urusan yasan rumah, agami lan rumah ngibadah
# Singabana: Kepala ketenteraman umum.
== Sultan Banjar ==
{{:Sultan Banjar}}

== Rujukan ==
* Paul Michel Munoz, Karajan-kraton Awal Kapuloan Indonésia dan Ujung Malaysia, Mitra Abadi, Maret 2009.
* [[Hikayat Banjar]]
* Han Knapen, Forests of fortune?: the environmental history of Southeast Borneo, 1600-1880, Jilid 189 dari Verhandelingen van het Koninklijk Instituut voor Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde, KITLV Press, 2001, ISBN 90-6718-158-7, 9789067181587

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://banjarmasin.tribunnews.com/2012/11/25/20-tokoh-dapat-gelar-dari-kesultanan-banjar 20 Tokoh Dapat Gelar dari Kesultanan Banjar]
* [http://www.antaranews.com/berita/344469/kesultanan-banjar-pertahankan-aksara-arab-melayu-banjar Kesultanan Banjar Pertahankan aksara Arab Melayu Banjar ]
* [http://tripwow.tripadvisor.co.id/tripwow/ta-0635-498e-8a7e Sultan Adam al Watsiqubillah ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306173458/http://tripwow.tripadvisor.co.id/tripwow/ta-0635-498e-8a7e |date=2016-03-06 }}
* [http://www.crwflags.com/fotw/flags/id_banjr.html Banjar Kesultanan, Indonésia ]
* [http://kesultananbanjar.com/ Lembaga Adat dan Kekerabatan Kesultanan Banjar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181223124012/http://kesultananbanjar.com/ |date=2018-12-23 }}
* [http://web.raex.com/~obsidian/seasiaisl.html#Bandjarmasin Daftar Sultan Banjar dalam Regnal Chronologies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111003919/http://web.raex.com/~obsidian/seasiaisl.html#Bandjarmasin |date=2018-01-11 }}
* [http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Indonésia_princely_states2.html#Banjarmasin Daftar Sultan Banjar dalam Indonésian Traditional States II]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://en.rodovid.org/wk/Special:Tree/76953 Silsilah Sultan Banjar-Pulau Laut versi Gusti Abdul Aziz]
* [http://history.melayuonline.com/?a=UnV3L29QTS9VenVwRnRCb20%3D= Sejarah Kerajaan Banjar di MelayuOnline.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071121101156/http://history.melayuonline.com/?a=UnV3L29QTS9VenVwRnRCb20%3D= |date=2007-11-21 }}
* [http://kerajaanbanjar.wordpress.com/ Kerajaan Banjar]
* [http://www.l.u-tokyo.ac.jp/IAS/HP-e2/eventreports/mansurnoor.html Territorial Expansion and Contraction in the Malay Traditional Polity as Reflected in Contemporary Thought and Administration]
* [http://putraaceh.multiply.com/journal/item/80 Zaman Baru] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100404125532/http://putraaceh.multiply.com/journal/item/80 |date=2010-04-04 }}
* [http://basamaanyan.blogspot.com/2008/08/hubungan-raja-raja-banjar-dan-pengetua.html HUBUNGAN RAJA-RAJA BANJAR DAN PENGETUA KAMPUNG JAAR-SANGGARWASI]
* [http://basamaanyan.blogspot.com/2008/08/balai-adat-jadi-lambang-persaudara.html Balai Adat Jadi Lambang Persaudaraan Orang Maanyan, Banjar dan Madagaskar]
* [http://deka.blog.niwakarya.com/2008/06/24/asal-mula-kerajaan-banjar/ Asal Mula Kerajaan Banjar] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926085848/http://deka.blog.niwakarya.com/2008/06/24/asal-mula-kerajaan-banjar/ |date=2010-09-26 }}
* [http://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl.php?mod=browse&amp;op=read&amp;id=ksptiain-gdl-grey-2001-ratna-666-danauundan&amp;q=Penelitian Kepercayaan Masyarakat Talan Terhadap Danau Undan di Kacamatan Banua Lawas Kabupatèn Tabalong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709233755/http://digilib.itb.ac.id/gdl.php?mod=browse&amp;op=read&amp;id=ksptiain-gdl-grey-2001-ratna-666-danauundan&amp;q=Penelitian |date=2017-07-09 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100404045148/http://adoem-poeboe84.blogspot.com/2009/03/sinopsis-hikayat-carita-raja-banjar-dan_06.html Sejarah Nagara Dipa]
* [http://www.scribd.com/doc/58028899/Ban-Jar Kerajaan Banjar ]
* {{nl}} [http://www.vocsite.nl/geschiedenis/handelsposten/bandjarmasin.html Banjer-Massin - Overzicht van de vestigingen van de Verenigde Oostindische Compagnie]

== Catatan Suku ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Karajan di Kalimantan}}

[[Kategori:Suku Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Karajan di Nusantara|Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Karajan di Kalimantan Selatan|Banjar]]
[[Kategori:Kesultanan Banjar| ]]
[[Kategori:Bekas nagara di Borneo]]</text>
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    <title>Iga Mawarni</title>
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      <text bytes="5859" sha1="e7md5sngx57hhk4gjisjhf2rqujlnn4" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Iga mawarni 015.jpg|thumb|200px|Iga Mawarni]]

'''Iga Mawarni''' ya iku penyanyi [[jazz]] lan penari saka [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt; Dhèwèké lair ing [[Bogor]] [[24]] [[Juli]] [[1973]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;&gt;[http://lirik.kapanlagi.com/artis/iga_mawarni/kasmaran Iga Mawarni]{{Pranala mati|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 28 September 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karier ==
Wiwit cilik, Iga wis cedhak karo seni.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Sanajan lair ing Bogor nanging rikala cilik dhèwèké manggon ing Sala.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Ana ing kutha iku, Iga sinau nari.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Saben acara Pekan Ulah raga dan Seni (Porseni) tingkat SD, dhèwèké menang kabèh kategori canang seni.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Wiwit saka nyanyi, marching band, ulah raga, nari lan maca geguritan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;

Prestasi iku diterusake nganti SMA. Ana ing Porseni tingkat SMA, dhèwèké mèlu lomba nyanyi lan nari tingkat provinsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Iga juara kaloro Bintang Radio lan Televisi Tingkat nasional taun 1989. Predikat iku nggawa dhèwèké menyang dapur rekaman.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Iga uga nandatangani kontrak rekaman karo prusahaan rekaman JK Record.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Bareng prusahaan iki, Iga wis ngentokake 2 album, album ''ramai-ramai'' lan kang kapindho judhule ''Kasmaran''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Lagu &quot;Kasmaran&quot; kang ndadèkaké dhèwèké misuwur ing taun [[1991]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;

Liyane vokal, Iga uga terjun ing seni peran.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Tahun 1998 putri saka Saliman T Siswoyo iki dadi wartawan ing sinétron &quot;Tajuk&quot; kang disutradarai déning Slamet Raharjo.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Iga uga ora ninggal seni jogèd kang wis dilakoni wiwit cilik.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Iga tahu mèlu nyengkuyung pentas jogèd &quot;Ketika Anggrek Hitam Berbunga&quot; karya saka koreografer Deddy Luthan, Pentas drama jogèd &quot;Cut Nyak... Perempuan itu ada&quot;, lan pergelaran jogèd kontemporer &quot;Jalan Panjang Tubuh dan Pikiranku&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;

Iga Mawarni uga kereb nganakake acara.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Kaya taun 2007 dadi Ketua Pelaksana Nugraha Bhakti Musik Indonésia (NBMI) kaping 4.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Acara mau dianakake saben taun mawa wujud anghargyan kang paling dhuwur kanggo aktifis musik kang duwé andil ing ngrembakane musik Indonésia.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Iga uga dadu Skretaris Umum &quot;Sala International Ethnic Music Festival and Conference&quot; (SIEMFC) ing Benteng Vastenburg, [[Sala]] rikala tanggal 1-5 [[September]] 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; 8 nagara kang ngirimake sesulih kanggo mèlu ya iku [[Walanda]], [[Irak]], [[Yunani]], [[Bangali]], [[Koréa]], [[India]], [[Filipina]] lan [[Australia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Acara mau diisi déning musisi-musisi etnik saka [[Kalimantan]], [[Papua]], [[Makassar]], [[Ujungpandang]], [[Madura]], [[Acèh]], [[Bandung]], lan [[Sala]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;

Saiki bareng karo [[Rieka Roeslan]], [[Nina Tamam]], [[Andien Aisyah Hariadi|Andien]], lan [[Yuni Shara]] mbentuk kelompok vokal kang anggotane wong 5 lan diwènèhi jenng 5 Wanita.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;

Tanggal 21 Maret 2013 pemutaran perdana [[filem]] pungkasane Iga, [[Hasduk Berpola]] bareng karo [[Idris Sardi]] karyané Harris Nizam.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;&gt;[http://www.tokohindonesia.com/tokoh/article/351-selebriti/3464-iga-mawarni tokoh indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416012517/http://www.tokohindonesia.com/tokoh/article/351-selebriti/3464-iga-mawarni |date=2012-04-16 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 28 September 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pendhidhikan ==
Iga mentingake banget babagan pendhidhikan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Malah dhèwèké tahu kecathet dadi mahasiswa jurusan Sastra [[Walanda]], [[Universitas Indonésia]], Iga nulak akèh tawanan maen filem, kaya saka Garin lan tawanan nyanyi liya amarga ''middle test''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;

== Lakune Urip ==
Iga digedhegake ing kulawarga [[Katulik]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Iga mamang karo agama kang wis dinut wiwit cilik sawisé ana diskusi bareng kanca-kanca sakagama ing kampus.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Iku kang nyebabake Iga Mawarni pindhah menyang agama Islam lan ngucapake syahadat ing tanggal [[23]] [[Maret]] [[1994]] ing [[Malang]], [[Jawa Timur]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;&gt;[http://www.mualaf.com/index.php/kisah-muallaf-tokoh-public-figure/item/415-iga-mawarni-memeluk-islam-karena-berdebat Iga Mawarni Mualaf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127204223/http://www.mualaf.com/index.php/kisah-muallaf-tokoh-public-figure/item/415-iga-mawarni-memeluk-islam-karena-berdebat |date=2013-01-27 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 28 September 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

Iga nikah karo pangusaha ing babagan jasa pesawat terbang [[Charles Rubiyan Arifin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Dhèwèké nikah tanggal [[21]] [[Mèi]] [[2000]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Saka kawinane iku lair anak lanang ing [[22]] [[Fèbruari]] [[2001]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

Iga uga tahu dadi salah sijining direktur prusahan/studio [[animasi]] ing [[Jakarta]], kang jenenge Bening Uro-Uro bareng kaliyan [[George Kamrullah]], [[El Manik]], sarta [[Ali Reza]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://selebriti.kapanlagi.com/indonesia/i/iga_mawarni/ Kapanlagi] (dipunundhuh tanggal 28 September 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diskografi ==
* ''Kasmaran''&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
* ''Iga Lagi'' &lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
* ''Triangle Of Love''&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;

== Filmografi ==
* ''[[Get Married]]'' (2007)&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;
* ''[[The Tarix Jabrix]]'' (2008)&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;
* ''[[Lastri (filem)|Lastri]]'' (2008)&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://status-selebritis.com/seleb/iga-mawarni Status Selebritis]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 28 September 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Penyanyi Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gustave Eiffel</title>
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|image=Gustave Eiffel 1888 Nadar2.jpg
|caption=Eiffel ing taun [[1888]], potografi déning Félix Nadar
|nationality=[[Prancis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf14&quot;/&gt; 
|birth_name= Alexandre Gustave Bönickhausen
|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1832|12|15}}
|birth_place= [[Dijon]], [[Prancis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf14&quot;/&gt; 
|death_date={{death date and age|df=yes|1923|12|27|1832|12|15}}&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf14&quot;/&gt; 
|death_place=[[Paris]], [[Prancis]]&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf14&quot;/&gt; 
|spouse=Marie Gaudelet ([[1862]]–[[1877]])&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf14&quot;/&gt; 
|children=3 putra èstri (Claire, Laure, Valentine), 2 putra jaler (Edouard, Albert)&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf14&quot;/&gt; 
|significant_awards=[[Legion of Honour|Officer of the Légion d'Honneur]]&lt;ref&gt;Harvie 2006 p.124&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br /&gt; Samuel Langley Medal ([[Smithsonian Institute]])
|practice_name=
|significant_buildings= 
|significant_projects=[[Garabit viaduct]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Eiffel Tower]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Statue of Liberty]]
|parents = Alexandre lan Catherine Eiffel&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf14&quot;/&gt; 
|signature=Gustave Eiffel signature.svg
|}}

'''Gustave Eiffel''' utawi jangkepipun '''Alexandre Gustave Eiffel''' inggih punika insinyur saking [[Prancis]] ingkang ngrancang lan ngawasi yasanipun [[menara Eiffel]] ing taun [[1889]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf&quot;/&gt; Gustave Eiffel yasa [[menara Eiffel]] kanggé ''Paris World's Fair''.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf1&quot;/&gt; Kanggé mèngeti 100 taun [[Revolusi|Révolusi]] [[Prancis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf1&quot;/&gt; ''World's Fair'' utawi ''Universal Exposition'' ing taun [[1889]] (''Exposition Universelle de'' [[1889]]) dados paméran internasional ingkang suksès sanget lan salah satunggaling paméran ing donya ingkang bathinipun kathah.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf1&quot;/&gt; Ing pamèran punika ingkang paling misuwur inggih punika [[menara Eiffel]], yasan logam ingkang ngantos 300 mèter déning Gustave Eiffel.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf1&quot;&gt;[http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bleiffeltower.htm ''Gustave Eiffel'']{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 5 April 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;
Taun [[1855]], sasampunipun lulus saking ''College of Art'' lan ''Manufaktur'', Eiffel miwiti nyinaoni babagan konstruksi logam, ingkang mligi babagan kreteg.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf&quot;/&gt;

== Wiwitan pagesanganipun ==
Alexandre Gustave Eiffel miyos ing Dijon, [[Prancis]] surya kaping [[15]] [[Désèmber]] [[1832]] lan séda surya kaping [[27]] [[Désèmber]] [[1923]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Gustave Eiffel putra kaping satunggal déning [[Alexandre Eiffel]] lan [[Catherine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf14&quot;&gt;[http://www.nndb.com/people/425/000031332/ Gustave Eiffel] (dipunundhuh tanggal 24 April 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Piyambakipun trahipun Jean-Rene Bönickhausen, ingkang ''émigrasi'' saking [[Jerman]] kutha [[Nettersheim|Marmagen]],&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; lan mapan ing [[Paris]] nalika wiwitan [[abad 18]].&lt;ref&gt;Loyrette 1985, p.21&lt;/ref&gt; Kulawarga ngginakaken asma Eiffel saking nama gunung [[Eifel]] ingkang wonten ing laladan punika.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Sanajan kulawarga nganggé asma Eiffel, nanging nalika miyos Gustave dipundaftaraken minangka Bönickhausen,&lt;ref&gt;État-civil de la Côte-d'Or, Dijon, Registres d'état civil 1832, p. 249&lt;/ref&gt; lan dipun-gantos dados Eiffel ngantos [[15]] [[Désembèr]] [[1880]],&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf18&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Harvie 2006 p.1&lt;/ref&gt; amargi nalika samanten boten angsal nganggé asma Bönickhausen.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf18&quot;/&gt;

Bapakipun Gustave Eiffel ingkang naté dados bala, minangka administrator bala [[Prancis]],&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf18&quot;&gt;[http://www.gobatak.com/menara-eiffel-la-tour-eiffel-paris/ Menara Eiffel “La Tour Eiffel” Paris] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608145325/http://www.gobatak.com/menara-eiffel-la-tour-eiffel-paris/ |date=2013-06-08 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 24 April 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;  nanging boten dangu sasampunipun miyosipun Gustave Eiffel, Ibunipun gadhah bisnis areng. Dipunlajengaken déning Gustave Eiffel dados distribusi batubara, sasampunipun bapakipun pinsiyun lan mbiyantu Eiffel.  Amargi bisnisipun, Gustave gesang boten gesang kaliyan ibunipun nanging kaliyan simbahipun, jalaran saking punika taksih saged caket kaliyan ibunipun ngantos ibunipun séda ing taun [[1878]]. Bisnis punika saged suksès kanggé Caterine Eiffel.&lt;ref&gt;Harvie 2006, p.3&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika taksih alit, Eiffel boten kalebet laré ingkang sregep sinau.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Rumaosipun, kelasipun ing Lycée Royal, Dijon mboseni lan mbuwang-mbuwang wekdal.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Wiwitanipun sregep sinau, amargi angsal panyurung saking guru sujarah lan sastra, piyambakipun pikantuk ijasah ''humanities'' lan ''science''.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Ingkang gadhah prabawa ing pendhidhikanipun Eiffel inggih punika pamanipun, Jean-Baptiste Mollerat.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Ingkang gadhah pamanggih ''prosès penyulingan cuka'' lan gadhah karya kimia ingkang ageng ing laladan ingkang caket [[Dijon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; lan salah satunggaling kanca pamanipun, ingkang ''Ahli Kimia'', Michel Perret.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Nalika Eiffel taksih alit, kekalihipun maringi wekdal ingkang kathah kanggé Eiffel.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Nyinaoni sadaya ngenani manéka warna babagan kimia lan pertambangan lan ingkang wonten gegayutanipun kaliyan téyologi lan filsafat.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;

Eiffel ngrawuhi adiacara ing pawiyatan luhur Sainte-Barbe, kanggé nyiapaken nggarap tes ingkang awrat déning pawiyatan luhur tèhnik ingkang paling misuwur ing Prancis.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Eiffel gadhah pangajeng-ajeng supados saged mlebet ing ''[[École polytechnique|École Polytechnique]]'', nanging miturut ara-araipun Eiffel langkung saé manawi mlebet ing ''[[CentraleSupélec|École Centrale des Arts et Manufactures]]'' ing [[Paris]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
Mlebet taun kaping kalih, piyambakipun mendhet jurusan ingkang langkung mligi inggih punika kimia.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; lan lulus wonten ing rangking 13 saking 80 tiyang, nalika taun [[1855]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Ing taun punika uga, ing [[Paris]] wonten ''World's Fair'' ingkang kaping satunggal, lan Eiffel dipunpundhutaken tikèt semusim déning ibunipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;

== Padamelan ing Babagan Teknik ==
=== Wiwitan Padamelanipun ===
[[File:Bordeaux passerelle Eiffel.jpg|thumb|Kreteg Bordeaux, karya agengipun Eiffel ingkang kaping satunggal.]]
Saksampunipun lulus, Eiffel gadhah pangajeng-ngajeng supados saged nyambut damel kaliyan paklékipun ing Dijon, nanging boten saged amargi wonten masalah ing kulawarganipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf1&quot;/&gt; Saksampunipun nyambut damel dados ''asisten'' ipenipun piyambak ingkang mandhégani ngecor wesi, Eiffel boten dipunparingi opah.&lt;ref&gt;Loyrette 1985, p.30&lt;/ref&gt; Lajeng Eiffel ndhèrèk [[Charles Nepveu]] inggih punika insyinyur margi sepur, ingkang maringi opah ingkang kaping satunggal minangka sekretaris pribadi.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Boten dangu, persahaanipun [[Charles Nepveu]] bangkrut. Nanging Eiffel dipunpadosaken padamelan énggal inggih punika ndhèrèk ''Chemins de Fer de l'Ouest''. Kaliyan pabrik punika Eiffel ndamel rancangan kreteg ingkang kaping satunggal.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Inggih punika kreteg wesi kanggé stasiun [[Germaine]] ingkang ambanipun 22 mèter. Perusahaanipun Nepveu lajeng dipunopèni déning ''Compagnie Belge de Matériels de Chemin de Fer''. Nepveu dados direktur kalih kumpeni ing [[Paris]] lan Eiffel dipuntaweni padamelan mandégani ''departemen'' babagan panalitèn. Taun 1857, Nepveu nyetujoni kontrak yasa kreteg ing nginggil kali Garonne,[[Bordeaux]], ingkang nyambungaken Paris-Bordeaux lan Sète-Bayonne, ingkang diyasa kreteg wesi 500 mèter, kaliyan 6 pasang watu dermaga ing dhasar kali. Proyèk punika diyasa kanthi tèhnik inovatif ing mangsa riyin inggih punika diyasa kanthi tèhnik ''compressed air caissons'' lan ''hydraulic rams''. Eiffel wiwitanipun angsal tanggel jawab ngrakit wesi, nanging sasampunipun Nepveu medal saking padamelanipun ing [[Maret]] [[1860]],&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Loyrette 1985, p.33&lt;/ref&gt; Eiffel tanggel jawab sadaya proyek ingkang dipunasta déning Nepveu.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
Saksampunipun ngrampungaken proyèk miturut jadwal ingkang sampun dipunrancang, Eiffel dados insinyur utama ing ''Belge Compagnie''. Padamelanipun angsal kawigatosan saking tiyang ingkang salajengipun maringi pandamelan kangem piyambakipun inggih punika ''Stanslas de la Roche Toulay'', ingkang nyiyapaken rancangan kanggé proyèk [[Bordeax]], [[Jean Baptiste Krantz]] lan [[Wilhelm Nordling]]. Eiffel sampun ndhèrèk promosi saking kumpeni nanging kumpeninipun sampun wiwitan katingal bangkrut. Ing taun [[1865]], Eiffel mirsani manawi wonten mrika boten wonten pangajeng-ajeng salajengipun. Lajeng Eiffel medal saking padamelan lan nyobi dados  insinyur konsultan pribadi. Piyambakipun sampun nyambut damel piyambak, inggih punika ing proyek yasa kalih stasiun, ing [[Toulouse]] lan [[Agen]]. Ing taun [[1866]] piyambakipun angsal kontrak ngawasi pembangunan 33 lokomotif kanggé Mesir. Ing wekdal ingkang sami Eiffel ugi nyambut damel dados asistenipun [[Jean-Baptiste Kranz]] nalika ngrancang ndamel ruwang pameran kanggé ''Exposition Universelle'' ing taun [[1867]]. Padamelanipun Eiffel ingkang pokok inggih punika ndamel balok-balok lengkung ''Galerie des Machines''. Kanggé nglajengaken padamelan punika Eiffel lan [[Henri Treca]], direktur saking ''Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers'' nglampahi panalitèn ngenani kaanan struktural logam.

=== Eiffel Co ===
[[File:Budapest-Nyugati railway station, built by Eiffel, in 1875. - BudapestGare001.jpg|thumb|Stasiun ing [[Budapest]]]]
Ing wekasaning taun [[1866]] Eiffel kasil ngampil arta ingkang cekap kanggé ndamel ruwang nyambut damel piyambak ing Rue [[Fouquet]] 48, [[Levallois]]-[[Perret]].&lt;ref&gt;Loyrette 1985, p. 37&lt;/ref&gt; Proyek ingkang sepindah kanggé ndamel kalih kreteg margi sepur antawisipun [[Lyons]] lan [[Bordeaux]] lan kumpeninipun ugi nglampahi pakaryan kanggé nagara sanès, kados ta gerèja San Marcos ing [[Arica]], [[Chili]]. Inggih punika yasan logam ingkang siyap dipuntata, dipundamel ing [[Prancis]] dipunkintun tumuju [[Amérika Kidul]] lajeng disusun ing papanipun.

Tanggal [[6]] [[Oktober]] [[1868]] piyambakipun gabung kaliyan [[Theophile Seyrig]]. [[Theophile Seyrig]] ugi lulusan saking [[CentraleSupélec|École Centrale]], sami kaliyan Eiffel lan ndamel kumpeni ingkang dipunwastani Eiffel Co. Taun [[1875]] Eiffel Co pikantuk kontrak ingkang wigati, ingkang satunggal ndamel margi sepur saking [[Wina]] dumugi [[Budapest]] lan ingkang satunggal ndamel kreteg nginggil lèpèn Douro ing [[Portugal]].&lt;ref&gt;Loyrette 1985, p.57&lt;/ref&gt;
Stasiun ing Budapest kalebu rancangan inovatif. Pola ingkang sepindah kanggé terminal paling ujung inggih punika ndelikaken struktur baja ing wingking fasad ingkang dipunpirsakaken. Desain [[Budapest]] Eiffel ngginakaken struktur baja minangka kerangka tengah yasan, saben sisih dipunapit kaliyan watu ingkang padatan lan kantor administratif ingkang dipundamel saking struktur bata.
[[File:Ponte Maria Pia - Porto.JPG|thumb|left|Kreteg [[Maria Pia]]]]

Kreteg ing nginggil lepèn Doure inggih punika asil saking kompetisi ingkang dipunwontenaken déning ''Royal Portuguese Railroad Compani''. Saben anggota pikantuk jejibahan: amargi lèpènipun santer, lebetipun 22 mèter (kinten-kinten 66 kaki), lan tanggul ingkang bentukipun kados lapisan lebet kanthi struktur kerikil ingkang mokal manawi konstruksi dermaga ing nginggil lèpèn, lan ugi kreteg kedah gadhah rentang tengah kinten-kinten 160 mèter (520 kaki), punika rentang kreteg ingkang paling dawa ing jaman rumiyin.&lt;ref&gt;Loyrette 1985, p.60&lt;/ref&gt;
Proposal Eiffel inggih punika nawèkaken kreteg ingkang landasanipun dipunsangga déning gangsal dermaga wesi, pangkal kreteg ganda ing pinggir lèpèn ugi kalebet saka panyangga utama. Kinten-kinten reginipun Eiffel inggih punika FF 965.000, tebih sanet kaliyan sainganipun ingkang paling caket, lan awit punika piyambakipun pikantuk jejibahan mau, ewasemanten awit kumpeninipun kaanggep kirang pengalaman tinimbang pesaing ingkang sanès, pamaréntah [[Portugal]] nunjuk komite supados nglaporaken manawi sampun skéca nyambut damel kaliyan kumpeni Eiffel Co. Anggotanipun kados ta [[Jean-Baptiste Krantz]], [[Henri Dion]] lan [[Leon Molinos]], tiyang ingkang sampun ngertos lan tepang [[Eiffel]]: laporanipun jumbuh, lan Eiffel resmi pikantuk jejibahan punika. Pakaryan ingkang sepindah dipunwiwiti [[Januari]] [[1876]] lan saged dipunrampungaken ing wekasaning [[Oktober]] [[1877]]: kreteg punika dipunbikak kanthi ''seremonial'' déning [[Raja Luis I]] lan [[Ratu Maria Pia]], lajeng asma kekalihipun dados nama ktreteg mau ing tanggal [[4]] [[November]].

Jalaran pameran ''Universelle'' taun [[1878]], reputasinipun Eiffel misuwur minangka insinyur. Sarta kumpeninipun mameraken model lan gambar asil kriyanipun Eiffel, lan tanggeljawapipun Eiffel ngrancang gedhong-gedhong pameran.&lt;ref&gt;Loyrette 1985, p.71&lt;/ref&gt; Salah satunggaling inggih punika paviliun kanggé ''Paris Gas Company'', inggih punika kolaborasi Eiffel ingkang sepindah kaliyan [[Stephen Sauvestre]], ing salajengipun dados kepala utawi ingkang mandhégani kantor arsitèktur kumpeni.

Tun [[1879]] kekancanan kaliyan [[Seyrig]] rusak, lan nama kumpeni dipun-gantos minangka ''Compagnie des Etablissements Eiffel''.&lt;ref&gt;Loyrette 1985, p.42&lt;/ref&gt; Ing taun ingkang sami, kumpeni dipunparingi jejibahan kanggé ndamel [[Garabit viaduct]], kreteg kanggé margi caket kaliyan [[Ruynes en Margeride]] ing departemèn [[Cantal]]. Eiffel pikantuk jejibahan punika tanpa wonten kompetisi menapa-manapa, amargi sampun kasil ig jejibahan ing Deuro.&lt;ref&gt;Loyrette 1985, p.77&lt;/ref&gt;

Perusahaan Eiffel Co sapunika sampun boten aktif. Proyek-proyekipun inggih punika &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf13&quot;&gt;[http://en.structurae.de/firms/data/index.cfm?id=f000034 Eiffel et Cie] (dipunundhuh tanggal 23 April 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;:
*''Beira Alta Railroad Line'' ([[1881]])
*''Briare Canal Bridge'' ([[1896]]) 
*''Casa de Fierro'' ([[1890]]) 
*''Chézeau Bridge'' ([[1879]])
*''Cris Bridge''
*''Cubzac Bridge'' ([[1883]]) 
*''Dao Bridge''
*''Eiffel Tower'' ([[1889]]) 
*''Galerie des machines'' ([[1889]]) 
*''Galliera Museum'' ([[1894]]) 
*''Garabit Viaduct'' ([[1884]]) 
*''Giza Zoo Suspension Bridge''
*''Kalpaka Bridge'' ([[1906]]) 
*''Maria Pia Bridge'' ([[1877]]) 
*''Meligioso Bridge''
*''Mortagua Bridge''
*''Neuvial Viaduct'' ([[1868]]) 
*''Nice Observatory'' ([[1886]]) 
*''Passerelle dans le Parc des Buttes-Chaumont'' ([[1867]]) 
*''Passerelle de Bry'' ([[1894]])
*''Pedestrian Truss Bridge at Girona'' ([[1877]]) 
*''Pont sur le Roubian à Montélimar'' ([[1887]])
*''Rouzat Viaduct'' ([[1869]]) 
*''Souleuvre Viaduct'' ([[1889]]) 
*''Szegedin Road Bridge'' ([[1883]])
*''Tardes Viaduct'' ([[1884]]) 
*''Thouars Viaduct'' ([[1873]]) 
*''Trezoi Bridge'' ([[1881]]) 
*''Venaco-Vivario Viaduct'' ([[1894]]) 
*''Verzeas Bridge''
*''Viana do Castelo Bridge'' ([[1878]]) 
*''Western Railway Station'' ([[1877]])

==== Menara Eiffel ====
[[Image:Maurice koechlin pylone.jpg|thumb|Dipungambar déning Koechlin kanggé [[Menara Eiffel]]]]
Salah satunggaling proyek [[menara Eiffel]] ingkang kaping satunggal inggih punika ing taun [[1858]], nalika piyambakipun ngawasi ndamel kretek wesi ing [[Bordeaux]], lan ing taun [[1866]] Eiffel gadhah kumpeni piyambak.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf&quot;/&gt; Nalika piyambakipun ngrancang ''Gallery of Machines'' utawa Gladri melengkung, kanggé ''Paris Exhibition'' utawa Pameran Paris ing taun [[1867]] reputasinipun dipunpadetaken.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf&quot;/&gt;

[[Menara Eiffel]] inggih punika menara wesi ingkang wonten ing ''Champ de Mars''' ing piggir lèpèn Seine, [[Paris]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf8&quot;/&gt; Menara punika sampun dados 'ikon global' [[Prancis]] lan salah satunggaling struktur misuwur ing donya.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf8&quot;/&gt; Menara kang inggilipun 300 mèter punika jumeneng ing taun 1889 kanggé ''International Exposition'', simbul kitha [[Paris]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf8&quot;&gt;[http://www.zvelite.com/2013/01/sang-arsitek-wangunan-pencakar-langit.html Sang Arsitek Wangunan pencakar langit &quot;Tour Eiffel&quot;]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 18 April 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Menara Eiffel]], dipunparingi nama déning insinyur [[Prancis]] Alexandre Gustave Eiffel.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf7&quot;/&gt; Inggih punika salah satunggaling yasan kang misuwur ing [[Prancis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf7&quot;&gt;[http://id.prmob.net/menara-eiffel/paris/dunia-fair-2793104.html ''Menara Eiffel''] (dipunundhuh tanggal 18 April 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[Menara Eiffel]] digambar déning [[Maurice Koechlin]] lan [[Emile Nouguier]], ingkang ngrembug ide kang utami kanggé ''Exposition Universelle'' ing taun [[1889]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf&quot;&gt;[http://www.biography.com/people/gustave-eiffel-9285294 ''Gustave Eiffel biography''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130404220224/http://www.biography.com/people/gustave-eiffel-9285294 |date=2013-04-04 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 31 Maret 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Image:Caricature_Gustave_Eiffel.png|thumb|left|Caricature of Eiffel, published in 1887 at the time of &quot;The Artist's Protest&quot;]]
Mèi [[1884]] Koechlin, nyambut damel wonten griya. Ndamel sketsanipun, dipungambaraken déning Koechlin kados ta, tonggak ingkang ageng, wonten tigang balok ingkang nyangga kisi ingkang ngadeg mencar, lajeng gabung dados satunggal ing tengah ngantos inggil, dipundadosaken satunggal kaliyan baja ingkang jarakipun sampun diatur. Wiwitanipun, Eiffel gadhah antusiasme, sanajan piyambakipun nglampahi studi salajengipun kanggé proyek punika, lan kalih teknisi lajeng nyuwun Stephen Sauvestre nambahaken sisih arsitèktur. Sauvestre nambahaken lengkung-lengkung dekoratif ing pérangan dhasar, pavilyun kaca ing tingkat ingkang kaping satunggal lan kubah ing puncakipun. Ide ingkang sampun ngrembaka punika njalari Eiffel angsal panjurung ingkang kathah kanggé ngrampungaken proyek punika, lan Eiffel mundhut hak paten gambar rancanganipun [[Koechlin]], [[Nougier]] lan [[Sauvestre]]. Desain dipunpamerake ing Pameran Seni Dekorasi ing mangsa palastra taun [[1884]],  tanggal [[30]] [[Maret]] [[1885]] Eiffel maos makalah ngenani proyek kanggé Société des Ingénieurs Civils. Saksampunipun ngrembug babagan masalah teknisipun lan paedah praktisipun menara, piyambakipun ngrampungaken ngendikan kanthi ngendika manawi menara punika minangka pratanda. Mekaten pangandhikanipun:

''&quot;not only the art of the modhèren engineer, but also the century of Industry and Science in which we are living, and for which the way was prepared by the great scientific movement of the eighteenth century and by the Revolution of 1789, to which this monument will be built as an expression of France's gratitude.&quot;''

Ingkang tegesipun,
&quot;Boten namung seni tèhnik modhèren, nanging ugi abad indhustri lan Ngelmu minangka piranti kita sadaya saged lan ingkang dipunsiyapaken déning obahan ngèlmu ingkang misuwur ing abad 18 lan Revolusi 1789, awit punika monumen punika badhé dipunyasa minangka raos agunging panuwunipun Prancis&quot;

&lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Construction tour eiffel.JPG|[[18]] [[Juli]] [[1887]]
Image:Construction tour eiffel2.JPG|[[7]] [[Dhésèmber]] [[1887]]
Image:Construction tour eiffel3.JPG|[[20]] [[Maret]] [[1888]]
Image:Construction tour eiffel4.JPG|[[15]] [[Mèi]] [[1888]]
Image:Construction tour eiffel5.JPG|[[21]] [[Augustus]] [[1888]]
Image:Construction tour eiffel6.JPG|[[26]] [[Dhésèmber]] [[1888]]
Image:Construction tour eiffel8.JPG|[[Maret]] 1889
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Skandal Panama ====
[[File:Eiffel-lock.png|thumb|Illustration of Eiffel's lock design from a contemporary magazine]]
Ing taun [[1887]], Eiffel ndhèrèk [[Prancis]] ngadegaken kanal ing Tanah Genting [[Panama]]. Perusahaan Kanal [[Panama]] [[Prancis]] dipunpandegani déning [[Ferdinand de Lesseps]]. Rencananipun badhé dipunyasa terusan Panama, nanging boten kalampahan. Rencananipun owah dados satunggal kaliyan Lock, Eiffel wonten ing jejibahan ngrancang lan yasa. Locks dipuntambahi ngantos 11 mèter.&lt;ref&gt;Loyrette 1985, p. 193&lt;/ref&gt; Eiffel nyambut damel boten ngantos satunggal taun ngantos kumpeni boten medalaken opah ngantos [[14]] [[December]] [[1888]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | date =15 Dhésèmber 1888|title=The Panama Canal Company |journal=The Times|issue= 32570|pages=7 |access-date=10 Maret 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan boten dangu kalebet ing likuidasi. Reputasi Eiffel rusak amargi wonten ing jejibahan punika, katingal ndhèrèk kesandung ing polahing arta lan pulitik. Sanajan namung kontraktor, piyambakipun didakwa minangka nylewengaken dana kaliyan direktur. Ing [[9]] [[Fèbruari]] [[1893]] Eiffel kabukti salah, dipundenda 20,000 francs lan mlebet kunjara kalih taun,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | date =10 Fèbruari 1893 |title=Heavy Sentences On The Panama Defendants|journal=The Times|issue= 33871|pages=5 |access-date=24 Maret 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; sanajan bébas saking dakwaan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/teiffel/uk/documentation/dossiers/page/gustave_eiffel.html ''Gustave Eiffel''], dipunundhuh tanggal 24 April 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Boten dangu sadèrèngipun sidang, Eiffel ngumumaken niyatipun medal saking Dewan Direksi ''Compagnie des Établissements Eiffel'', dan ngumumaken ing  Rapat Umum tanggal [[14]] [[Fèbruari]], ngendikanipun:

''&quot;I have absolutely decided to abstain from any participation in any manufacturing business from now on, and so that no one can be misled and to make it most evident that I intend to remain absolutely uninvolved with the management of the establishments which bear my name, I wish to that my name should disappear from the name of the company.&quot;'' &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url =http://www.gustaveeiffel.com/L_association/les_m_moires_.html | title =Historique des Établissements Eiffel | date = | publisher =Association des Descendants de Gustave Eiffel – gustaveeiffel. | language =French | access-date =24 Maret 2012 | quote =&quot;Je suis absolument décidé de m'abstenir désormais d'une participation quelconque dans une affaire industrielle, et afin que personne ne puisse s'y tromper et pour marquer de la façon la plus manifeste que j'entends rester désormais absolument étranger à la gestion des établissements qui portent mon nom, je tiens expressément à ce que mon nom disparaisse de la désignation de la société.&quot; | archive-date =2008-04-11 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20080411060027/http://www.gustaveeiffel.com/L_association/les_m_moires_.html | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Perusahaan nggantos namanipun dados ''La Société Constructions Levallois-Perret'', Maurice Koechlin minangka directoripun. Taun 1937 owah malih dados ''Anciens Établissements Eiffel''.&lt;ref&gt;Harvie 2006, p.40&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karyanipun ==
=== Wangunan lan Strukturipun ===
[[File:Catedral de tacna.JPG|thumb|right|Cathedral of [[San Pedro de Tacna]], [[Peru]].]]
[[Image:Grand Hotèl Traian31.jpg|right|thumb|The &quot;Grand Hotèl Traian&quot; from [[Iaşi]], is Gustave Eiffel's link to [[Romania]]]]
[[Image:Izmir from konak pier.jpg|thumb|The Konak Pier ing İzmir]]
[[File:Freiheitsstatue NYC full.jpg|thumb|Patung Liberty lan Pulo Liberty]]
[[File:Coupole Bischoffsheim.jpg|thumb|Observatorium Nice ing [[Nice]], [[Prancis]]]]
*Stasiun sepur ing [[Toulouse]], [[Prancis]] ([[1862]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;chat6&quot;/&gt;
*Stasiun sepur ing [[Agen]], [[Prancis]] &lt;ref name=&quot;chat6&quot;&gt;[http://www.newsfinder.org/site/more/alexandre_gustave_eiffel_1832_1923/ Alexandre Gustave Eiffel (1832-1923) by Jim Down] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160109114754/http://www.newsfinder.org/site/more/alexandre_gustave_eiffel_1832_1923 |date=2016-01-09 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 16 April 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;
*Gréja Notre Dame des Champs, [[Paris]] ([[1867]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;chat7&quot;&gt;[http://www.inetours.com/Photographs/Notre-Dame.html Notre Dame Cathedral (Notre Dame de Paris) — Photo Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505113106/http://inetours.com/Photographs/Notre-Dame.html |date=2013-05-05 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 17 April 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;
*Radosan Synagogue ing Pasarelles, [[Paris]] ([[1867]])
*Teater Folies, [[Paris]] ([[1868]])
*Gasworks, La Paz, [[Bolivia]] ([[1873]])
*Gasworks, Tacna, [[Peru]] ([[1873]])
*Gréja San Marcos, Arica, Chile ([[1875]])
*Cathedral of San Pedro de Tacna, [[Peru]] ([[1875]])
*Gréja San Sebastian, [[Manila]], [[Philippines]] ([[1875]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*Lycée Carnot, [[Paris]] ([[1876]])
*Stasiun, [[Budapest]], [[Hungary]] ([[1877]])
*Ornamental Fountain of the Three Graces, [[Moquegua]], [[Peru]] ([[1877]])
*Ruhnu Lighthouse at [[Ruhnu]] island, [[Éstlan]] ([[1877]])
*Grand Hotèl Traian, [[Iaşi]], [[Romania]] ([[1882]])
*[[Observatorium Nice]], [[Nice]], [[Prancis]] ([[1886]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*Patung Liberty, Pulo Liberty, [[New York]], [[United States]] ([[1886]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*[[Menara Eiffel]], [[Paris]], [[Prancis]] ([[1889]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*Gedung teter Paradis Latin, [[Paris]], [[Prancis]] ([[1889]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*[[Casa de Fierro]], [[Iquitos]], [[Peru]] ([[1892]])
*Church of Santa Barbara, Santa Rosalia, [[Meksiko]] ([[1896]])
*Aérodynamique EIFFEL (wind tunnel), [[Paris]] (Auteuil), [[Prancis]] ([[1911]])
*Peken Eiffel utawi ''Mercado Adolpho Lisboa'' &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*[[Estación Central railway station|Estación Central]] (main railway station), [[Santiago]], [[Chile]]
*Konak Pier &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*Pura ''[[Palacio de Hierro]]'', [[Orizaba]] [[Veracruz]], [[Mèksiko]] &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*Palácio de Ferro (Iron Palace) in [[Maputo]], [[Mozambique]]
*Pura ''[[Palácio de Ferro]]'', [[Luanda]], [[Angola]] ([[1901]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*Catedral de Santa María, [[Chiclayo]], [[Peru]]
*Condominio Acero, [[Monterrey]], [[Mèksiko]]
*Kantor Pos ing Ho Chi Minh City, [[Vietnam]] &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*Combier Distillery, [[Saumur]] (Loire Valley), France
[[File:Terminal de Autobuses (4).JPG|right|thumb| [[La Paz]] Bus Station]]
*[[Estacion de Trenes de La Paz|La Paz Train Station]], [[La Paz]], [[Bolivia]] (now La Paz Bus Station)
*Church in [[Coquimbo, Chile]]
*Fenix Theatre, [[Arequipa]], [[Peru]]
*San Camilo Market, [[Arequipa]], [[Peru]]
*Church at [[Santa Rosalía, Baja California Sur]], [[Baja California Sur]], [[Mèksiko]]
*Farol de São Thomé, [[Campos dos Goytacazes|Campos]], [[Brazil]]
*Dome (Salon Royale) of [[Hotèl Negresco]], Nice, France
*Pabellon de la Rosa [[Piriapolis]], [[Uruguay]]
*Mercado Municipal, Manaus, Brazil
*La Cristalera, old portuary storage, [[El Puerto de Santa María]], Spain
*Clock Tower, Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic
*''Plaza del Mercado'' (local produce market), [[Mayagüez]], [[Puerto Rico]]

=== Kreteg ===
[[Image:Ponte Eiffel em Caminha.jpg|thumb|Eiffel bridge in [[Caminha]]]]
[[Image:Eiffel Bridge Ungheni.jpg|thumb|Eiffel Bridge in [[Ungheni]]]]

*Kreteg ing kali Garonne, caket kaliyan [[Bordeaux]] ([[1861]]), inggih punika proyek ingkang kaping satunggal nalika yuswanipun eiffel 25 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*Viaduct over the river [[Sioule]] ([[1867]])
*Viaduct at [[Neuvial]] ([[1867]])
*Swing bridge at [[Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe]] ([[1870]])
*''Pont de Ferro'' or ''Pont Eiffel'' in [[Girona]], [[Spain]]. ([[1876]])
*Kreteg Maria Pia utawi Porto Viaduct ([[1877]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*[[Cubzac]] bridge over the [[Dordogne River]], France ([[1880]])
*Road bridge over the river [[Tisza]] near [[Szeged]], Hungary ([[1881]])
*Garabit Viaduct, [[Prancis]] ([[1884]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chat3&quot;&gt;[http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Garabit_Viaduct Garabit_Viaduct] (dipunundhuh tanggal 16 April 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;
*Imbaba Bridge over the [[Nile river]], [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]] ([[1892]])
*The [[Eiffel Bridge, Zrenjanin|Eiffel Bridge]] in [[Zrenjanin]] ([[1904]]) (dismantled in the 1960s and currently being rebuilt.)
*Radosan (D50), kreteg ing nginggil kali Lay ing Lavaud, [[Vendée]], [[Prancis]]  &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*Birsbrucke, Munchenstein, Switzerland.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Ingkang ambruk tanggal [[14]] Juni [[1891]], Wonten kurban 70 tiyang ingkang séda.&lt;ref name=&quot;chat5&quot;&gt;[http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/426987/view Munchenstein rail disaster, 1891] (dipunundhuh tanggal 16 April 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;
*Bridge over [[Scheldt|the Schelde]] in [[Temse]], Belgium
*Souleuvre Viaduct ([[1893]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chat4&quot;&gt;[http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/Souleuvre_Viaduct Souleuvre Viaduct] (dipunundhuh tanggal 16 April 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;
*Kreteg ing Viana do Castelo's Marina, inggih punika proyek Eiffel saking taun ([[1878]]) &lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*Kreteg kanggé radosan sepur ing kali Coura ing Caminha, [[Portugal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*[[Eiffel Bridge, Ungheni|Eiffel Bridge]] in [[Ungheni]], between [[Moldova]] and [[Romania]] ([[1877]])
*[[Eiffel Bridge, Zrenjanin|Great bridge]] over the [[Begej]] in [[Zrenjanin]], [[Serbia]], built in [[1904]], dismantled and replaced by concrete bridge in [[1969]]
*Ajfel Bridge On Skenderija [[Sarajevo]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
*Kreteg Long Bien, [[Hanoi]], [[Vietnam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*Kreteg Truong Tien ing kali Huong, Hue, [[Vietnam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;
*Bolívar Bridge, at [[Arequipa]], [[Peru]]
*''Puente Ferroviario Banco de Arena'' Railway Bridge near [[Constitución, Chile]]
*Bridge in [[Trujillo Alto]] (still there but not used anymore), [[Puerto Rico]]
*Puente Libertador, San Cristóbal, Venezuela.

=== Ingkang boten Disetujoni ===
*(Bridge over the [[Cuyuni River]], southern Venezuela)
*Santa Efigênia Viaduct, São Paulo, Brazil ([[1913]])
*[[Santa Justa Lift]] (Carmo Lift), in [[Lisbon]], Portugal ([[1901]])
*Dam on Great Bačka Canal, Bečej, Vojvodina, Serbia ([[1900]])
*[[Malleco Viaduct]], [[Chile]] ([[1890]])
*The Chateau de [[Villersexel]], France (c. [[1871]])
*&quot;Vuelta al Mundo&quot;, Córdoba, [[Argentina]]
*Watermill, Dolores, Cordoba, [[Argentina]]
*Casa del Cura (also called Casa Eiffel), in [[Ulea]], [[Spain]] ([[1912]])

=== Proyek Ingkang Boten Dados (Boten ''Terealisasi'') ===
*Kreteg Trinity, [[Saint Petersburg]], Eiffel nglebetaken proyek ing kontès, nanging proyek boten siyos dados, utawa boten terealisasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;&gt;[http://www.reference.com/browse/alexandre+gustave+eiffel ''Alexandre Gustave Eiffel''] (dipunundhuh tanggal 15 April 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Warisan Eiffel ingkang kedah dipunlestantunaken ==
Karya Gustave Eiffel sapunika wonten ingkang sampun badhé musna. Pinten-pinten wonten ingkang sampun rusak, kados ta ing [[Vietnam]].
Proposal kanggé mbongkar kreteg ing [[Bordeaux]] (utawi ''passerelle St Jean''), Asil karya agengipun Gustave Eiffel, pikantuk panyaruwe ingkang kathah saking babrayan. Nglestantunaken kreteg punika katindakaken awit wiwitanipun taun 2002 déning ''Association of the Descendants of Gustave Eiffel'',&lt;ref&gt;http://www.gustaveeiffel.com&lt;/ref&gt; Taun 2005 asosiasi ''Sauvons la Passerelle Eiffel'' (''Save the Eiffel Bridge'') ndhèrèk gabung. ing 2010 kekalihipun mandhégani, ngantos ngasilaken putusan manawi kretekipun Eiffel, inggih punika kreteg Bordeaux mlebet salah satunggaling Monumen Sajarah Prancis.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gustaveeiffel.com/L_association/bulletins_05.html site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525191831/http://www.gustaveeiffel.com/L_association/bulletins_05.html |date=2013-05-25 }} ADGE news bulletin (in French)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
*[http://www.gustaveeiffel.com Official website of the Association of the descendants of Gustave Eiffel]
*[http://www.paris-eiffel-tower-news.com/eiffel-tower-stories/paris-story-gustave-eiffel.htm Gustave Eiffel: The Man Behind the Masterpiece] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706071015/http://www.paris-eiffel-tower-news.com/eiffel-tower-stories/paris-story-gustave-eiffel.htm |date=2007-07-06 }}
*{{Structurae person|id=d000009|name=Gustave Alexandre Eiffel}}
*[http://www.bernd-nebel.de/bruecken/4_désaster/birs/birs.html Einsturz der Birsbrücke bei Münchenstein (Basel)]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
*[http://www.aerodynamiqueeiffel.fr/ Aérodynamique EIFFEL] [http://maps.google.com/maps/ms?hl=en&amp;ie=UTF8&amp;msa=0&amp;msid=103015796427039682952.00046ac5940f4335f749d&amp;ll=48.841969,2.262915&amp;spn=0.003714,0.008186&amp;z=17 (map location)]
*[http://www.tour-eiffel.fr Eiffel Tower website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205121142/http://www.tour-eiffel.fr/teiffel/uk/ |date=2010-12-05 }}
*[http://www.tour-eiffel.net/gustave-eiffel Gustave Eiffel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317131515/http://www.tour-eiffel.net/gustave-eiffel |date=2013-03-17 }}

[[Kategori:Tokoh Prancis]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1832]]</text>
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    <title>François I saking Prancis</title>
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      <text bytes="17169" sha1="e2pd45ti0w7uxuimes1mtwb1uu7gkf3" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox royalty
| type         = monarch
| name            = François I 
| image           = Francis1-1.jpg
| caption         = '''François I saking Prancis'''
| succession      = Raja Prancis &lt;small&gt;
&lt;/small&gt;
| reign           = [[1 Januari]] [[1515]] – [[31 Maret]] [[1547]]
| Jumeneng nata      = 936 ing Laon
| cor-type        = [[Prancis]]
| othertitles     = 
| full name       = 
| predecessor     = [[Louis XII saking Prancis|Louis XII]]
| successor       = [[Henry II saking Prancis|Henry II]]
| spouses         = [[Claudia saking Saksoni]]
| Dalemipun       = [[Wangsa Valois]]
| royal anthem    = 
| father          = [[Charles, Pangéran Angoulême]]
| mother          = [[Louise saking Savoy]]
| birth_date      = [[12 Séptember]] [[1494]]
| birth_place     = 
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1547|3|31|1494|9|12}}
| death_place  = [[Château de Rambouillet]], France
| signature    = King Francis I Signature.svg
|}}

'''François I''' utawi '''François saking Angoulême''' (ing [[basa Prancis]]: '''François d'Angoulême''') ([[12 September|12 Séptember]] [[1494]] – [[31 Maret]] [[1547]]) inggih punika raja [[Prancis]] taun [[1515]]–[[1547]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/francis1.htm |title=''FRANCIS I'' |author= Encyclopedia Britannica, 11th Ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Pres. |year=1910 |publisher= luminarium.org |access-date=11 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/216656/Francis-I |title=''Francis I'' |author= Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc|year=2013 |publisher= global.britannica.com |access-date=11 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
François I putranipun [[Charles Valois]], François I ajejuluk '''Pangéran Angoulême''' utawi '''Louise saking Savoy''', miyos ing [[Cognac]] 12 Séptember 1494.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran&quot;/&gt; François I ugi taksih gadhah trah Raja [[Charles V saking Prancis|Charles V]] (tilar donya [[1496]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran&quot;/&gt; Wekdal [[Louis XII saking Prancis|Louis XII]] mandhap saking kalungguhan raja ing taun [[1498]], François dipundhapuk dados pawaris karajan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran&quot;/&gt; Louis ngutus François maréntah wewengkon Kadipaten [[Valois]], lan dipunparingi pambiyantu [[Marshal de Gie]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran&quot;/&gt; François palakrami kaliyan [[Claude]] tanggal [[18 Mèi|18 Méi]] [[1514]], salajengipun François I nggantosaken Raja Louis XII wiwit tanggal [[1 Januari]] [[1515]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran&quot;/&gt;

== Papréntahan ==
[[Gambar:Chambre des comptes du roi François Ier.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Koin/[[Dhuwit|arta rècèh]] jaman Fraçois I]]
Sistem papréntahan François I dipunyasa kados papréntahanipun Louis XI.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran7&quot;/&gt; Wekdal Francois maréntah Prancis, Francois ngatur wontenipun padudon antawisipun [[monarki]] lan kaum bangsawan ing [[Perang|paprangan]] [[Agama|agami]] ing Prancis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran7&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/F1.htm|title=''Francis''|author=historylearningsite.co.uk|year=|publisher=historylearningsite.co.uk|access-date=13 April 2013|archive-date=2 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402201336/http://www.historylearningsite.co.uk/F1.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Papréntahan François I dipundhominasi panyebaran [[monarki]] absolut, humanisme lan [[Protèstan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran7&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran8&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://global.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/216656/Francis-I|title=''Francis I'' |author= global.britannica.com|year=  |publisher= global.britannica.com |access-date=19 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; François I pitados lan remen kaliyan idhéologi utawi pamikiran absolut.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran7&quot;/&gt; Panjenenganipun dados raja kapisan [[Prancis]] ingkang dipunsebat kanthi asma &quot;Ingkang Mulya&quot;, ingkang sadèrèngipun namung dipunanggé ing [[Kakaisaran Romawi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran7&quot;/&gt;
François ugi damel Dhéwan Raja ''Couseil du Roi'' ingkang ngatur sadaya padamelan raja lan ngatur [[dhuwit|arta]] nagara, lan pengadilan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran7&quot;/&gt; Pamaréntah François I ugi minggahaken pajeg kanggé mbeyayani kabijakan mancanegari Prancis, babagan pajeg Prancis dipunpasrahaken dhateng kanselir Antoine Duprat.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran7&quot;/&gt; Sedaya pangempalan pajeg lan [[dhuwit|arta]] nagara dipunatur administrasi nagara ing sangandhaping pangawas pajeg ingkang tliti.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran7&quot;/&gt;

Rodha papréntahan karajan dipunmantepaken lan dipunwiyaraken kanthi cara absolut.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt; Kanggé nindakaken sadaya padamelanipun, François dipunbiyantu [[kanselir]] [[Antoine du Prat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt; François ngetrepaken cara punika ing wewengkon [[Bologna]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt; Taun 1535 wewengkon Brittany dipunatur kanthi kapisah déning garwa kapisan François ingkang asma Ratu Claudia, kanthi kontrol administratif langsung saking raja.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt;

== Paprangan ==
=== Paprangan mengsah Italia ===
[[Gambar:Francis-1515-Marignano.jpg|thumb|left|200px|François I ing [[Paprangan Marignan]] 1515.]]
Wekdal papréntahanipun Farnçois I maréntahaken [[prajurit]] [[Prancis]] supados perang mengsah [[Italia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran4&quot;/&gt; Ing paprangan punika François lan prajuritipun saged menang ing [[Marignan]] taun [[1515]] lan saged nguwaosi Kitha [[Milan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran4&quot;/&gt; François badhé dipundadosaken calon kaisar [[Romawi]] ing taun [[1519]], nanging dipungagalaken déning Raja [[Spanyol]] Charles V.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran4&quot;/&gt; Taun [[1520]] François pikantuk panjurung saking Raja [[Henry VIII saking Inggris]] kanggé mbiyantu mengsah kaisar [[Romawi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/francis-i-king-france-wars-with-holy-roman-emperor.html|title=''King Francis I of France'' |author= infoplease.com|year=  |publisher= infoplease.com |access-date=12 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Sanajan dèrèng pikantuk paserujukan kaliyan raja Inggris, François tetep ngawontenaken paprangan mengsah kaisar Romawi (1521-1525).&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran4&quot;/&gt; Ing paprangan punika François kawon ing Kitha [[La Bicocca]] ([[1522]]) lan ing Kitha Pavia ([[1525]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran4&quot;/&gt; François I kawon lan dipuncepeng déning prajurit Romawi ing Kitha Pavia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran4&quot;/&gt; François dipunbébasaken sasampunipun ngawontenaken prajanjén [[Madrid]] ([[1526]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran4&quot;/&gt; Salah satunggal saking isi prajanjén kasebat inggih punika François masrahaken [[Burgundi]] dhateng Italia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran9&quot;&gt;{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier/120185|title=''François Ier'' |author= larousse.fr|year=  |publisher= larousse.fr |access-date=19 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dipunsebabaken prajanjén [[Madrid]] punika Prancis kecalan sprapat saking wewengkon kakuwaosanipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran6&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.france.fr/en|title=''François 1st (1494-1547)'' |author= france.fr|year=  |publisher= france.fr |access-date=13 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; François I nilaraken wewengkon kakuwaosanipun ing Italia, masrahaken [[Burgundi]], [[Flanders]] lan [[Artois]] dhateng Raja Charles V.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran4&quot;/&gt;

Sasampunipun kondur dhateng Prancis, François gadhah pikajeng nerak prajanjén Madrid awit prajanjén kasebat dipunsarujuki kanthi kapeksa.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; Prajurit Prancis ingkang dipuntahan déning Charles V ugi sampun dipunbebasaken kanthi arta tebusan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; Éwadéné wewengkon [[Burgundi]] ingkang dipunsuwun Charles, boten kersa uwal saking Prancis lan nggabung kaliyan Karajanipun Charles V.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; François mbudidaya badhé mbales nyerang Charles V kanthi ngempalaken prajurit bayaran lan pasekutonan kaliyan Inggris.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; François ugi sekutonan kaliyan Kaisar [[Jerman]] lan [[Turki]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt;

Salajengipun François damel pakempalan [[Liga Cognac]] ([[1526]]) kaliyan [[Paus Clement VII]], [[Henry VIII]], [[Venice]], lan [[Florence]], lan miwiti paprangan ingkang kaping kalihipun (1527-1529) mengsah Charles V.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran4&quot;/&gt; Sanèsipun punika Francois ugi nyuwun biyantu dhateng para pangarsaning Agami [[Protèstan]] [[Jerman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran6&quot;/&gt; Wonten ing paprangan punika François kawon lan sarujuk napakasmani Prajanjén Cambrai lan nyarujuki genjatan senjata ''Crepy-en-Laonnois'' (1544).&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran6&quot;/&gt;
{{clear}}

=== Paprangan mengsah Charles V ===
[[Gambar:Peter Paul Rubens - Charles V in Armour - WGA20378.jpg|150px|thumb|right|Charles V, Kaisar Romawi Suci mengsah utami François I]]
Prekawis ageng ingkang kapisan dipuntindakaken François I sasampunipun dados raja inggih punika badhé nelukaken [[Milan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt; Sasampunipun ngalahaken [[Switserlan]] ing [[Marignan]] ([[1515]]), salajengipun François tindak dhateng Italia saperlu ngawontenaken prajanjen kaliyan [[Paus]], Konfederasi Switserlan, kaisar Suci Romawi [[Maximilian I]], panguwaos [[Walanda]] lan pawaris karajan Aragon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt;

Sasampunipun Maxilian tilar donya, François ndheklarasikaken piyambakipun minangka calon tahta kakaisaran Prancis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt; Nanging boten pikantuk paserujukan saking Charles V Raja Aragon lan Castile.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.answers.com/topic/francis-i|title=''Francis I of France'' |author= answers.com|year=  |publisher= answers.com |access-date=19 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sampun ping sekawan ([[1522]], [[1527]], [[1536]], lan [[1542]]) François perang mengsah [[Charles V, Kaisar Romawi Suci|Charles V]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt; Ing paprangan kasebat Francois nemahi kawon.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt; Milan dipunpasrahaken dhateng Charles V taun [[1522]], lan badhé dipunrebat malih taun 1525 nanging Francois kawon malih ing Pavia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt; [[Prajurit]] Prancis dipunsembelih, lan François dipuntawan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt;

== François I lan Turki ==
[[Gambar:Francois I Suleiman.jpg|thumb|200px|right|François I lan Suléiman I]]
Wekdal papréntahan [[Suléiman I]] ([[1520]] - [[1566]]), [[Kakaisaran Ottoman]] wewengkonipun awit saking [[Iran]] ngantos [[Maroko]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; Ing [[Éropa]] prajurit Turki sampun nelukaken [[Honggari]] lan ngepung [[Wina]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; François I gadhah tali kekancan ingkang saé kaliyan Sultan Suléiman II.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; Suléiman I nyarujuki paring biyantu François kanggé nyerang Charles V.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt;
Taun 1535, kanthi panjurung François lan Suleiman I, Prancis ingkang dados satunggaling kakiyatan ing [[Éropa]] pikantuk idin kanggé niyaga ing Turki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Turki&quot;/&gt; Kapal Prancis dipunparingi idin layar ing wewengkon sagara Turki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Turki&quot;/&gt; Sanèsipun punika Prancis pikantuk idin yasa kapél ing [[Istanbul]] Turki.&lt;ref name=&quot;Turki&quot;&gt;{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.histoiredumonde.net/Francois-Ier.html|title=''François Ier'' |author= histoiredumonde.net|year=  |publisher= histoiredumonde.net |access-date=20 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagiyatan Seni ==
[[Gambar:FontainebleauGalerieFrancoisI.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Galéri François I ing [[Pura Fontainebleau]] [[Prancis]]]]
Sanajan kawon ing paprangan, papréntahan François I saged ngembangaken kasenian ingkang sinebat mangsa [[Abad Renaisans|Rénaisans]] [[Prancis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran3&quot;/&gt; François I kalebet raja Prancis ingkang remen kaliyan donyaning [[seni]] ngantos-ngantos panjenenganipun pikantuk nama &quot;Raja Renaisans&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://historymedren.about.com/od/fwho/p/who_francis1.htm|title=''King Francis I of France''|author=historymedren.about.com|year=|publisher=historymedren.about.com|access-date=12 April 2013|archive-date=13 April 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413104457/http://historymedren.about.com/od/fwho/p/who_francis1.htm|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panjenenganipun paring panjurung dhateng para seniman kados [[Leonardo da Vinci]], [[Benvenuto Cellini]], lan [[Andrea del Sarto]] kanggé ngripta karya kasenian ing Prancis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran5&quot;/&gt; François lan rayinipun ingkang asma [[Margaret saking Navarre]] remen kaliyan karya seni karyanipun [[François Rabelais]], [[Clément Marot]], lan [[Guillaume Bude]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran5&quot;/&gt; François ugi damel wangunan Colloge de France, wangunan Chateaus Loire ingkang dados monumén papréntahan Prancis, lan [[Pura Fontainebleau]] ingkang dados pralambanging [[Renaisans|rénaisans]] [[Prancis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran6&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran5&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.infoplease.com/encyclopedia/people/francis-i-king-france-the-french-renaissance.html|title=''Francis I The French Renaissance'' |author= infoplease.com|year=  |publisher= infoplease.com |access-date=12 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Padudon antawisipun François I kaliyan Charles ugi sumebar ing babagan pasinaon lan kasenian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt; François I sinau bab ngèlmu humanis dhateng [[Jacques Lefevre d'Etaples]] lan [[Guillaume Bude]], sinau bab syair dhateng [[Clément Marot]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt; [[Lefevre]] kadhapuk minangka guru spiritual lan ngawasi putranipun François I.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt; François I ugi yasa pabukon karajan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt; Perpustakaan kasebat nyimpen lan ngempalaken manéka koléksi naskah karajan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fran10&quot;/&gt;

== Warisan François I ==
François tilar donya [[31 Maret]] [[1547]] kanthi nilaraken impén nelukaken [[Italia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; Impén kasebat ndadosaken François mbucal kathah [[dhuwit|dana]] karajan.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; François ugi boten saged ngalahaken Charles V, [[Ostenrik]], lan [[Spanyol]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; Tigang dasa taun sistem monarki ingkang dipunterapaken François sampun damel kemajenganing Prancis.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; Kamajengan punika kados katingal saking manéka wangunan tilaran papréntahan François, kados [[Pura Fontainebleau]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt;
=== Pura Fontainebleau ===
[[Gambar:Palace of Fontainebleau, France - July 2011.jpg|350px|thumb|right|Pura Fontainebleau, tilaranipun François I]]
Pura Fontainbleau inggih punika satunggaling pura kanggé panguwaos Prancis saking Francois I ngantos [[Napoléon III]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; François mutusaken damel wangunan punika minangka bètèng [[renaisans]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; Nimbali seniman saking Italia kanggé damel konstruksi lan dhékorasi pura.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; François damel satunggaling karya renaisans Pura Fontainebleau ingkang dipunjangkepi kanthi manéka warni piranti-piranti [[seni]], [[lukisan]], lan [[reca]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; Pura punika kandhangkala dipunsebat ''Roma Énggal''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; Sadangunipun [[Révolusi Prancis]] Pura Fontainebleau dipunsuwungaken, éwah dados barak lan kunjara.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; Taun [[1804]] Napoléon ngrénovasi pura punika lan dipunparingi piranti [[opera]] lan [[téater]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; Taun [[1814]] Napoléon napakasmani mandhapipun saking kalungguhan raja Prancis ing pura punika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt;

== Salamandher, tetengeripun François I ==
[[Gambar:Salamandre de François Ier.jpg|thumb|200px|right|Salamandher, tetengeripun François I ing Kastil Chambord]]
[[Salamander geger abang|Salamandher]] dados tetenger utawi lambang Raja Francois I, mralambangaken kakiyatan [[geni|latu]], tiyang kakung lan donya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; ''Moto Nutrisco &amp; extinguo'' (&quot;kula nedha lan kula mejahaken&quot;) ingkang asring kaserat ing lambang salamandher punika minangka pralambanging kakiyatan latu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;/&gt; Lambang salamandher asring kapanggih ing témbok [[Kastil Chambord]] lan Kitha [[La Havre]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Salamandher&quot;&gt;{{fr}}{{cite web |url=http://www.histoire-france.net/temps/francois-ier.html|title=''François Ier'' |author= histoire-france.net|year=  |publisher= histoire-france.net |access-date=13 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tilar Donya ==
François I tilar donya [[31 Maret]] [[1547]] amargi nandhang gerah.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tilar Donya&quot;/&gt; Panjenenganipun nilaraken garwa Claude (tilar donya [[1524]]), tiga putra kakung lan sekawan [[wadon|èstri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Tilar Donya&quot;/&gt; Putranipun ingkang asma Louise séda wekdal taksih bayi, Charlotte séda wekdal yuswa wolung taun, [[Henry II saking Prancis|Henry]] minangka gantosing François dados raja Prancis, Madeleine ingkang dados ratu [[Sekotlan]], Charles (tilar donya 1545), lan Margarét.&lt;ref name=&quot;Tilar Donya&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/francis1.htm|title=''francis 1'' |author= luminarium.org|year=  |publisher= luminarium.org|access-date=18 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
* {{fr}} [http://www.publius-historicus.com/fr1.htm Jatidiri François I] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027160630/http://www.publius-historicus.com/fr1.htm |date=2007-10-27 }}
* [http://historymedren.about.com/gi/o.htm?zi=1/XJ&amp;zTi=1&amp;sdn=historymedren&amp;cdn=education&amp;tm=1027&amp;f=00&amp;su=p284.13.342.ip_&amp;tt=11&amp;bt=4&amp;bts=4&amp;zu=http%3A//www.newadvent.org/cathen/06207a.htm Francis I]{{Pranala mati|date=April 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* {{fr}} [http://www.linternaute.com/biographie/francois-ier/biographie/ François Ier]
* [http://www.luminarium.org/encyclopedia/francis1.htm Biografi]

[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]
[[Kategori:Raja Prancis]]</text>
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    <title>Hodag</title>
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      <text bytes="5388" sha1="1dufzzjqsfpbbsu9ww3a947ba47i4cg" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Hodag critter.jpg|300px|thumb|right|Gambarané Hodag]]
'''Hodag''' iku sawijining folklor ngenani sawijining sato kéwan sing ana ing praja [[Amérika Sarékat|Amérikah]], yaiku [[Wisconsin]]. Sujarahé iku mligi nyungku wewengkon ing saubengé kutha Rhinelander ing Wisconsin lor, sing dipitaya minangka papan weweruhané Hodag mau. Makluk iki uga tau disebutaké ing sawenèh carita [[Paul Bunyan]].

== Mulabukané ==
Ing taun 1893, sawenèh pawarta nglapuraké tetemonan Hodag ana ing Rhinelander, Wisconsin. Makluk iku dnuwéni &quot;sirah kodhok, kanthi rupa kaya gajah raseksa sing lagi merngongos, sukuné lemu lan cendhak lan duwé cakar gedhé sing lancip, gegeré kaya dhinosaurus, lan buntut sing dawa kanthi lawung ing ujungé&quot;. Lapuran kuwi or liya diadon-adoni karo tukang survei palemahan, tukang ukur balok kayu, lan tukang akal-akal sing kondhang ana ing Wisconsin, ajeneng Eugene Shephard,&lt;ref name=&quot;kearney&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lumberwoods.com/hodagthebook.htm |title=Kearney, Lake Shore. |access-date=2016-08-21 |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402010200/http://www.lumberwoods.com/hodagthebook.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; sing ngumpulaké sagolongan wong kanggo mbekuk kéwan mau.&lt;ref name=&quot;tryon&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.lumberwoods.com/p25.htm |title=Tryon, Henry Harrington. |access-date=2016-08-21 |archive-date=2012-11-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109025338/http://www.lumberwoods.com/p25.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wong-wong kuwi kalapuraké yèn dhèwèké butuhaké dhinamit kanggo matèni kéwan kuwi.&lt;ref name=&quot;UWJournalism&quot;&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation journal&quot;&gt;Holly Hilgenberg. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Poto-poto saka turahané kéwan kuwi sing angus kobong dibabar menyang médhia. Kéwan kuwi minangka &quot;sarba sing paling galak, paling aèng, lan paling ngegirisi sing ana ing sakurebing langit. Kéwan kuwi pundhes nalika sumber pangan mligi, yaiku kabèh bulldog putih, dadi arang ing wewengkon kana.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;UWJournalism&quot;/&gt;

== Hoaks ==
Shephard ngakoni yèn dhèwèké uwis tau mbekuk hodag liya ing taun 1896, lan sing iki dhèwèké mbekuk nalika kéwan kuwi isih urip. Miturut lapurané Shepard, dhèwèké lan sawenèh pagelut bruwang mblonyohaké kloroform ing ujungé sawijining galah dawa, sing sabanjuré digawa menyang jero guwa papané makluk kuwi ditelukaké.

Dhèwèké mamèraké hodag mau sing kawitan ana ing pamèran Oneida County. Éwonan wong teka saperlu deleng hodag kuwi ana ing pamèran utawa ana ing omahé Shephard sajeroning sawijining rompok. Shephard bakal ngobah-obahaké makluk kuwi mawa sawenèh kawat sing dikaitaké menyang makluk apus-apusan kuwi, sing lumrahé bakal gawé wong-wong sing delok lumayu amarga kawedèn.

Sawenèh pawarta lokal, nuli wiwit mawartakaké ngenani carita bab makluk urip sing mandra iki, sawijining golongan ilmuwan saka Institusi Smithsonian ing [[Washington, D.C.]] mbiwaraké yèn dhèwèké bakal lunga menyang Rhinelander saperlu nitipriksa tetemon sing cetha mau. Pambiwara iki mungkasi anané carita ngenani hodag iki, bebarengan karo Shepard sing akiré kepeksa ngakoni yèn carita bab hodag kuwi amung hoaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;UWJournalism&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zienert, Karen.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Akibaté ==
[[Gambar:Hodag_002.jpg|jmpl|Hodag sing digambaraké ing reca iki, sing ana ing sangarepé kamar dagangé Rhinelander. ]]
Hodag iki dadi pralambang resminé kutha Rhinelander, Wisconsin. Hodag dadi maskot saka SMA Rhinelander, lan jenengé uga dadi jeneng saka sawenèh papan bisnis lan organisasi. Sana jaringané kutha Rhinelander uga dijenengi &quot;The Home of the Hodag&quot; utawa &quot;Omahing Hodag&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;[http://www.rhinelandercityhall.org/ &quot;City of Rhinelander&quot;]&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Sawijining reca hodag saka kaca serat sing luwih gedhé saka wujud asliné, sing digawé déning seniman lokal, ana ing sangarepé Kamar Dagang Rhinelander sing narik kawigatèné para tetamu ing kutha mau. Glanggang Ès Rhinelander Arena dadi papané hodag cacah loro, sing siji reca makluk kuwi wutuh sak awak sajeroning sekèthèng, lan sing sijiné manèh yaiku reca awujud sirahé hodag sing gedhené ngluwihi asliné lagi ngepus asep lan nduwé mripat abang mencorong, ana ing pojokan sajeroning ès.

Jenengé lan wujudé hodag kuwi uga dadi jeneng lan ikon sawijining karaméan, ''Hodag Country Festival'', sawijining karaméan musik country taunan sing salah sawijining acara gedhéné brayan-brayan ing Rhinelander, lan sponsoré karaméan musik mau, WHDG, sing njenengi awaké minangka &quot;Hodag Country&quot;. Karaméan musik iki narik kawigatèné punjul 70.000 wong saben taun lan lumrahé panyanyi sing mèlu ing karaméan kuwi kaya déné Charlie Daniels, Neal McCoy, Little Big Town, Kellie Pickler, lan Reba McEntire.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;div class=&quot;reflist&quot; style=&quot; list-style-type: decimal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://video.wpt.org/video/1627468606/ Hodag History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924020554/http://video.wpt.org/video/1627468606/ |date=2015-09-24 }} Video produced by Wisconsin Public Television
* [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4576475/the_rhinelander_daily_news/ JFK's Hodag] - newspaper article about Hodag given to John F. Kennedy on his trip to Rhinelander in 1960

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'''Prancis''' iku sawiji nagara kang maju ing indhustri desain fesyen, karo nagara-nagara liyané kaya Itali, Jérman, Karajan Manunggal, Jepang lan, Amérikah Sarékat. [[Fèsyen]] iku salah sawijining pérangan kang wigati ing kabudayan nagara-nagara iku mau lan masyarakaté, lan Prancis iku misuwur amarga duwéné rasa kang agung ing fèsyen. '''''[[Haute couture]]''''' lan theee '''''prêt-à-porter (ready-to-wear) '''utawa sandhangan siyap kanggo'', antara gagrag-gagrag fèsyen liyané, isih dadi pérrangané kabudayan tradhisional Prancis. Prancis dhuwé akèh desainer-desainer kawentar.

Desain Prancis dadi wigati nalika abad angka 15 tekan saiki. Industri fesyen dadi barang èkspor budaya kang wigati important saka Prancis awit abad angka 17 lan ''haute couture ''kang modherniku baka mulané ing taun 1860an.

[[Paris]] lumaku minangka sèntralé indhustri fèsyen ing nagara iku. Karo kutha-kutha kaya [[New York|New York City]], [[London]] lan [[Milano|Milan]], paris kaanggep kutha krajané fèsyen kang misuwur. Paris iku omahé fèsyen desainer-desainer kang utama lan kawentar kalebu [[Chanel]], Pierre Cardin, Céline, Chloe, Dior, Givenchy, [[Jean-Paul Gaultier|Jean Paul Gaultier]], Hermès, Lanvin, Rochas, Vuitton, lan [[Yves Saint Laurent (desainer)|Yves Saint Laurent]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://womens-fashion.lovetoknow.com/Why_is_Paris_the_Capital_of_Fashion Why is Paris the Capital of Fashion] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101194233/http://womens-fashion.lovetoknow.com/Why_is_Paris_the_Capital_of_Fashion |date=2018-01-01 }} - LoveToKnow - Women's Fashion&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.parisdigest.com/paris/french-fashion-paris.htm French fashion facts]- Paris Digest&lt;/ref&gt;

Akèh kutha-kutha ing Prancis, kalebu [[Lyon]], [[Marseille]], Toulouse, Lille, [[Strasbourg]], [[Bordeaux]], [[Nantes]] or Rennes, iku dhistrik-dhistrik lan panggonan-panggonan kang méwah. Ing akir abad-abad iki, kutha-kutha iku mau uwis owah dad iku kutha-kutha maju lan produsèn-produsèn lan konsumèn-konsumèn barang-barang méwah. [[Île-de-France]], Manosque, La Gacilly (cedhak kutha Rennes), lan Vichy mimpin majuning [[Kosmètik|indhustri kosmètik]], dadi omah kanggo mèrek-mèrek kaéndahan kaloka kanthi internasional kaya ta L'Oreal, Lancôme, Guerlain, Clarins, Yves Rocher, L'Occitane, Vichy, dkk.

Kutha-kutha kaya [[Nice]], Cannes, St. Tropez, antara kutha-kutha liyané kang ing laladan French riviera, iku uga kaloka minangka panggonané kaméwahan, kang saben taun akèh dhayoh-dhayoh sèlebriti-sèlebriti saka médhia internasional, pamengku-pamengku, lan bilyunèr.

== Sajarah ==

=== Abad angka 17, ''Barroque'' lan ''Klassisisme'' ===
[[Gambar:Rigaud Hyacinthe - Louis XIV, roi de France.jpg|ka|jmpl|322x322px|[[Louis XIV saka Prancis|Louis XIV]], diarani &quot;Sun king&quot; ya iku sawiji Ratu monarkiné Prancis, gawé prajané dadi wasésané Éuropah lan dadi idola fèsyené ing jama [[Barok|Barroque]].]]
Gandhèngané nagara Prancis karo fèsyen lan mode (gagrag) (''la mode'') iku ana mligi ing nalika anyaké Prancis ing ngisor wewengkoné [[Louis XIV saka Prancis|Louis XIV]] &lt;ref&gt;Kelly, 181.&lt;/ref&gt;. Nalika iku, industrie-industrie barang-barang méwah ing Prancis dadi kawasésa déning kaum ningrat lan pangadilan radya Prancis dadi, bisa dianggep, juru panemtuné gagrag lan rasa ing Éropah.  Munggahing kautamané fèsyen Prancis digandhengaké marang panciptaning pawarta-pawarta bab fèsyen ing awal taun 1670an (amarga Jean Donneau de Visé), kang ngowahi indhustri fèsyen kanthi ngadhol desain-desain kanggo masarakat njabaning pangadilan Prancis&lt;ref&gt;DeJean, pp. 35–6, 46–7, 95.&lt;/ref&gt; lan kanthi misuwuraké gagasan-gagasan kaya ta &quot;mangsa&quot; fèsyen lan gonta-gantining gagrag.&lt;ref&gt;DeJean, 48.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan ==
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&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

== Wewacan sabajuré==
* Bourhis, Katell le: ''[http://libmma.contentdm.oclc.org/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p15324coll10/id/12622/rec/18 The Age of Napoleon: Costume from Revolution to Empire, 1789-1815]'', Metropolitan Musiyum of Art, 1989. ISBN 0870995707
* {{Cite book}} CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link)

[[Kategori:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list|Category:CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list]]
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}}
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== Survey (proposed direction for Wishlist) ==

Apologies if this has not yet been translated into your wiki's language. {{int:Please-translate}}.

You are invited to voice your opinion on a new [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|community-proposed direction]] for the [[m:Community Wishlist|Community Wishlist]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Parembugan Naraguna:MediaWiki message delivery|rembugan]]) 29 Mèi 2026 03.07 (UTC)
&lt;/bdi&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:기나ㅏㄴ@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:%EA%B8%B0%EB%82%98%E3%85%8F%E3%84%B4/MassMessage&amp;oldid=30604233 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: May 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 5 • May 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/May 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities|Teaching innovation with Wikimedia. Shared experiences in Spanish Universities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania|Editing Wikipedia with Viktor Hygo High School in Albania]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Debating free license in Brazil|Debating free license in Brazil]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India|Microclimatic Explainers: A short-form media approach to build micro-level environmental awareness in India]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects|Ukraine publishes the first academic collection of papers on Wikipedia and Wikimedia Projects]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges|Wiki Digital Youth Club Launches in Tanzania: Youth Build Digital Skills Through Competitive Quest Challenges]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem|Wiki Youth Participation in Building Rwanda’s Open Knowledge Ecosystem]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria|Wikimedia Digi-Youth Club in Nigeria]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikimedia MKD's Education News &amp; Activities|Wikimedia MKD's Education News &amp; Activities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/May 2026/Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year|Wikipedia Serbia's interns and Wiki Ambassadors provide crucial support towards end of the school year]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 1 Juni 2026 16.53 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=30604297 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-23&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience|Tim Pengalaman Pembaca]] sedang menjalankan sebuah eksperimen untuk menampilkan fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists|daftar bacaan]], yang saat ini masih dalam tahap pengembangan, kepada pembaca seluler yang belum masuk log. Tujuannya adalah untuk menguji apakah fitur tersebut dapat mendorong pembuatan akun dengan tingkat yang lebih tinggi dibandingkan tombol bintang pantauan. [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Experience/Reading lists#Experiment timeline|Eksperimen ]]ini diluncurkan pada 18 Mei di wiki bahasa Jerman, Spanyol, Italia, Portugis, Polandia, Belanda, Turki, dan Urdu, serta akan berlangsung selama satu bulan.
* Tim Aplikasi Wikimedia telah merilis [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Fase 1]] dari beranda yang telah didesain ulang pada aplikasi Android Beta. Beranda baru ini mencakup tab &quot;Komunitas&quot; yang diperbarui serta tab &quot;Untuk Anda&quot; yang dipersonalisasi, yang menampilkan rekomendasi bacaan yang diperbarui setiap hari. Perancangan ulang ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk meningkatkan penemuan konten serta menciptakan pengalaman belajar yang lebih menarik di aplikasi Wikipedia.
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:18}} {{PLURAL:18|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah yang menyebabkan gambar gagal dimuat pada beberapa suntingan yang disarankan di [[w:Special:Homepage|Special:Homepage]], sehingga keluku (''thumbnail'') terus berada dalam keadaan memuat, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T424048]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.5|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/23|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W23&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 1 Juni 2026 21.08 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30613639 --&gt;

== Books &amp; Bytes – Issue 74 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot;&gt; &lt;div style = &quot;font-size: 1.5em; margin: 0 100px&quot;&gt; [[File:Bookshelf.jpg|right|175px]]&lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style = &quot;line-height: 1.2&quot;&gt; &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 2em; font-family: Copperplate, 'Copperplate Gothic Light', serif&quot;&gt;'''The Wikipedia Library''': ''Books &amp; Bytes''&lt;/span&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Issue 74, March–April 2026 &lt;/div&gt; &lt;div style = &quot;margin-top: 1.5em; border: 3px solid #ae8c55; border-radius: .5em; padding: 1em 1.5em; font-size: 1.2em&quot;&gt; 
* New partnership: Swissdox
* User survey results
&lt;big&gt;'''[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Newsletter/March-April 2026|Read the full newsletter]]'''&lt;/big&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;/div&gt; &lt;small&gt;Sent by [[m:User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of The Wikipedia Library team – 2 Juni 2026 10.35 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Samwalton9 (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Wikipedia_Library/Newsletter/Recipients&amp;oldid=30576650 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-24&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* Wikimedia Enterprise telah meningkatkan batas penggunaan gratis layanan API yang ditawarkannya. Batas permintaan bulanan untuk API Berdasarkan Permintaan (''On-Demand API'') meningkat dari 5.000 menjadi 50.000 permintaan, sedangkan batas untuk API Salinan Data (''Snapshot API'') meningkat dari 15 menjadi 30 permintaan per bulan. Selain itu, salinan data Konten Terstruktur (''Structured Contents snapshot'') kini juga tersedia bagi akun gratis. Perubahan ini memperluas akses terhadap data Wikimedia Enterprise bagi pengembang, peneliti, dan organisasi yang memanfaatkan konten Wikimedia. [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/enhanced-free-api]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Explore Feed Refresh/Phase 1|Umpan Jelajah (''Explore Feed'') yang telah diperbarui]] dan kini bernama Umpan Beranda (''Home Feed'') mulai diluncurkan kepada 50% pengguna aplikasi Wikipedia untuk Android. Umpan Beranda membantu pembaca menemukan konten yang relevan melalui dua tab baru, yaitu Komunitas (''Community'') dan Untuk Anda (''For You''). Tab Komunitas menyediakan aliran konten yang dapat digulir berisi materi pilihan dan pembaruan dari komunitas dan gerakan Wikimedia secara luas. Sementara itu, tab Untuk Anda menawarkan pengalaman layar penuh yang dapat dijelajahi dengan menggeser layar, menampilkan konten yang disesuaikan dengan minat pengguna. Perancangan ulang ini merupakan bagian dari upaya yang lebih luas untuk meningkatkan kemudahan menemukan informasi serta memperkaya pengalaman belajar di aplikasi Wikipedia.
* Permainan kuis harian [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Apps/Team/iOS/&quot;Which came first?&quot; Game|Mana yang lebih dulu?]] (''Which came first?'') kini tersedia dalam versi beta aplikasi Wikipedia untuk iOS dalam bahasa Inggris, Jerman, Prancis, Portugis, Rusia, Spanyol, Arab, Tionghoa, dan Turki. Permainan ini memanfaatkan peristiwa-peristiwa sejarah dari konten Wikipedia &quot;Pada Hari Ini&quot; dan menantang pembaca untuk menebak peristiwa mana yang terjadi lebih dahulu di antara dua pilihan yang diberikan. Sebelumnya, permainan ini telah dirilis untuk Android. Komunitas yang ingin menghadirkan permainan tersebut dalam bahasa mereka dapat [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Apps/Team/Games#Game availability by language|membaca petunjuk dan persyaratan yang tersedia]].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Subreferensi]], fitur baru MediaWiki yang memungkinkan penyunting menggunakan kembali referensi yang sama dengan penjelas yang berbeda, akan mulai diluncurkan ke wiki Wikimedia setelah sukses melewati tahap uji coba. Penerapan akan dimulai pada 8 Juni untuk sebagian besar [[wikitech:Deployments/Train#Wednesday|wiki Kelompok 1]] dan Wikipedia bahasa Prancis, kemudian diperluas ke edisi Wikipedia dalam bahasa lain selama beberapa bulan mendatang. Komunitas dianjurkan untuk melakukan persiapan dengan [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special%3ATranslate&amp;group=ext-cite&amp;language=en&amp;action_source=search&amp;filter=%21translated&amp;optional=1&amp;action=translate memeriksa apakah masih ada pesan ekstensi Cite yang belum diterjemahkan] ke dalam bahasa mereka, dan meninjau penggunaan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reference Tooltips|Reference Tooltips]] yang mungkin memerlukan [[:phab:T416304#11668731|pembaruan]] agar mendukung fungsi baru tersebut. Wiki yang menggunakan [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Reference Previews|Reference Previews]] tidak perlu melakukan tindakan apa pun. Komunitas juga dapat mempertimbangkan untuk membuat [[Special:TrackingCategories|kategori pelacakan]] ''cite-tracking-category-ref-details'' sebagai kategori tersembunyi menggunakan &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__HIDDENCAT__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt; (atau templat khusus), lalu menghubungkannya dengan butir Wikidata yang sesuai, yaitu [[d:Q129764848]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T425662]
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Mobile page previews#Experimentation|Eksperimen Pratayang Halaman (''Page Previews'')]] di Wikipedia versi web seluler telah berakhir. Tim memutuskan untuk tidak meluncurkan fitur tersebut secara luas setelah hasil percobaan menunjukkan bahwa fitur ini tidak memberikan dampak yang signifikan secara statistik terhadap tingkat retensi pembaca, yang merupakan metrik keberhasilan utama. Pratayan Halaman, yang saat ini sudah tersedia pada versi desktop dan aplikasi, menampilkan keluku, paragraf pembuka, dan pranala menuju artikel lengkap ketika pembaca mengetuk pranala berwarna biru. Eksperimen ini menguji pengalaman tersebut pada versi web seluler di enam Wikipedia.
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Codex/Design/Icons|Pustaka ikon antarmuka pengguna]] akan [[phab:T399175|diperbarui pada pekan ini atau pekan depan]]. Sebagian besar dari sekitar 300 ikon yang ada telah mengalami penyempurnaan kecil, dan sekitar 30 ikon baru telah ditambahkan. Perubahan ini bertujuan menjadikan ikon lebih konsisten, lebih mudah dipahami, serta memiliki keseimbangan visual yang lebih baik ketika digunakan secara berkelompok.
* Antarmuka [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector|Pemilih Bahasa Universal]] (''Universal Language Selector'' atau ULS) di MediaWiki, yang membantu pengguna memilih konten dalam bahasa lain, telah diperbarui. Versi terbaru ini menghadirkan peningkatan kecepatan dan aksesibilitas. Pengguna proyek Wikimedia kini juga dapat menyematkan bahasa tertentu agar proses berpindah bahasa menjadi lebih cepat. Penerapan ke situs-situs Wikimedia akan dilakukan secara bertahap dalam beberapa minggu ke depan. Fitur ini sudah dapat diuji sebagai [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|fitur beta]] melalui pengaturan preferensi profil, dan masukan dapat disampaikan melalui [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Language Selector/New ULS|halaman proyek terkait]]. 
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:21}} {{PLURAL:21|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]]. Sebagai contoh, masalah pada dasbor Pageviews Analysis di pageviews.wmcloud.org, yang menyebabkan data grafik berhenti diperbarui sejak Mei 2026 dan memengaruhi seluruh pengguna, kini telah diperbaiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427171]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Tanda tangan fungsi (''function signature'') untuk &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; kini telah disederhanakan. Pengembang sekarang dapat memberikan sebuah objek konfigurasi sebagai parameter, menggantikan daftar parameter posisi yang sebelumnya digunakan saat membuat pranala portlet. Format lama tetap didukung demi menjaga kompatibilitas dengan skrip yang sudah ada. Sebagai contoh, alih-alih menggunakan: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', '#', 'Stub', 'ca-stubtag', 'Add a stub tag to this page');&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;, pengembang kini dapat menggunakan: &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;mw.util.addPortletLink('p-cactions', { href: '#', text: 'Stub', id: 'ca-stubtag', tooltip: 'Add a stub tag to this page' });&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt;. Para pemelihara skrip dianjurkan untuk meninjau penggunaan &lt;bdi lang=&quot;zxx&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;&lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;addPortletLink()&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;&lt;/bdi&gt; yang sudah ada dan memperbaruinya bila diperlukan. Perubahan ini akan tersedia di seluruh wiki mulai 11 Juni. Terima kasih kepada sukarelawan komunitas Gerges yang telah berkontribusi dalam pengembangan peningkatan ini. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427945]
* '''Diskusi Daftar Harapan Komunitas:''' Tim Produk dan Teknologi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates#May 20, 2026: Community Tech becomes a program|memperkenalkan sejumlah perubahan]] yang ditujukan untuk meningkatkan jumlah dan kompleksitas usulan komunitas yang dapat diwujudkan, termasuk pembubaran tim Teknis Komunitas. Saat ini sedang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|berlangsung diskusi]] dengan anggota komunitas mengenai [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist#Proposed direction for Wishlist|arah baru yang diusulkan untuk program daftar harapan tersebut]]. Topik yang dibahas mencakup cara menyusun pemungutan suara tahunan, peningkatan pelacakan usulan, penghapusan fokus area tertentu, serta pembaruan mengenai [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist/Updates|penugasan staf]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.6|MediaWiki]]

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/24|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W24&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 8 Juni 2026 21.29 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:STei (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30650573 --&gt;

== ''This Month in GLAM'': May 2026 ==

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| valign=&quot;top&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; style=&quot;border:1px gray solid; padding:1em;&quot; |
{| align=&quot;center&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | [[File:This Month in GLAM logo 2018.png|350px|center|link=outreach:GLAM/Newsletter]]&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;&gt;[[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026|&lt;span style=&quot;color:darkslategray;&quot;&gt;This Month in GLAM – Volume XVI, Issue V, May 2026&lt;/span&gt;]]&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;hr /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;

|- style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
| &lt;span style=&quot;font-size:12pt; font-family:Times New Roman;&quot;&gt; '''&lt;u&gt;Headlines&lt;/u&gt;'''&lt;/span&gt;
|- style=&quot;font-size:10pt; font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center;&quot;
| &lt;div style=&quot;text-align:left; column-count:2; column-width:28em; vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;

* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/From the team|From the team]]: May Global GLAM Call Recording and June Call Announcement
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Australia report|Australia report]]: Celebrating #1Lib1Ref Australasia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Brazil report|Brazil report]]: GLAM Connection: Fashion, History, and Biodiversity in May
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/France report|France report]]: New Wikimedian in Residence
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Italy report|Italy report]]: Connecting the Arctic and Sicily through Wikimedia Projects
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Mexico report|Mexico report]]: How the cultural, governmental, educational, and museum sectors contributed in unison to Wikimedia projects
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Netherlands report|Netherlands report]]: Setting up your own platform (part 1): from wish to the creation of a wiki
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/New Zealand report|New Zealand report]]: ESEAP Conference 2026 and the NZBSI WiR update
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|North Macedonia report]]: Wikimedia MKD Shares GLAM Experience at International Conferences 
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Poland report|Poland report]]: Partnerships, Participation, and Open Knowledge
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Serbia report|Serbia report]]: May in Wikimedia Serbia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Spain report|Spain report]]: El Prado en femenino III
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Switzerland report|Switzerland report]]: Museum for Communication, Panel IMD, Wikipedia Day
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/UK report|UK report]]: Early Qurans on the front page of Wikipedia
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]]: Updates on work by BHLWiki Working Group members
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Special story|Special story]]: New tools for multilingual audio, video and metadata
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Memory of the World report|Memory of the World report]]: New articles in Urdu
* [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Contents/Events|Calendar]]: June's GLAM events

&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;font-family:Times New Roman; text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; | [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter|Read this edition in full]] &amp;bull; [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/May 2026/Single|Single-page]]
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;padding:0.5em; font-family:Times New Roman;text-align:center; font-size:85%;&quot; |
To assist with preparing the newsletter, please visit the [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Newsroom|newsroom]]. Past editions may be viewed [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/Archives|here]].
|-
|}
|}
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:GLAM/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in GLAM'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/GLAM|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · [[:m:User:Romaine|Romaine]] 12 Juni 2026 21.21 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Romaine@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/GLAM&amp;oldid=30636889 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-25&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth|Tim Pertumbuhan Pembaca]] telah meluncurkan fitur beta [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|Penjelajahan Gambar]] (''Image Browsing'') pada versi web seluler di seluruh Wikipedia. Fitur ini menampilkan korsel gambar di bagian atas artikel yang memiliki tiga gambar atau lebih. Para penyunting dapat mengatur fitur ini melalui beberapa kontrol yang tersedia. Untuk menyembunyikan gambar tertentu dari suatu halaman, gunakan &lt;code&gt;class=notpageimage&lt;/code&gt; agar gambar tersebut tidak ditampilkan dalam pratinjau keluku, atau gunakan &lt;code&gt;class=noviewer&lt;/code&gt; agar gambar tersebut tidak tersedia di MediaViewer. Korsel gambar juga dapat dinonaktifkan sepenuhnya pada suatu halaman dengan menggunakan kata magis &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;__NOMEDIAVIEWERCAROUSEL__&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;. Untuk memberikan masukan atau melaporkan galat, silakan kunjungi [[mw:Talk:Readers/Reader Growth/Image Browsing|halaman proyek terkait]]. 
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Tables#class=&quot;wikitable&quot;|Tabel wiki]] (''wikitable'') kini dapat langsung [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Sortable tables#Forcing the initial sort direction|diurutkan dalam urutan menurun]] pada klik pertama dengan menambahkan &lt;code dir=ltr&gt;data-sort-order=&quot;desc&quot;&lt;/code&gt; pada sel tajuk. Sebelumnya, secara bawaan, klik pertama pada tajuk kolom akan mengurutkan data dalam urutan menaik. Penambahan ini memberikan kendali dan fleksibilitas yang lebih besar dalam pengaturan tabel, sementara perilaku bawaan untuk klik berikutnya tetap tidak berubah. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T398416]

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Fitur [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance|Panduan artikel]] (''Article guidance'') saat ini sedang diuji coba kepada sebagian penyunting yang membuat artikel baru di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris Sederhana, Wikipedia bahasa Prancis, dan Wikipedia bahasa Turki. Dalam waktu dekat, uji coba juga akan dimulai di Wikipedia bahasa Arab dan Wikipedia bahasa Bengali. [[w:simple:Special:NewArticle|Fitur ini]] menyediakan panduan yang disusun dan dikurasi oleh komunitas untuk membantu penyunting membuat artikel yang sesuai dengan standar komunitas setempat. Para penyunting berpengalaman dapat terus membuat atau menyesuaikan kerangka artikel untuk jenis-jenis artikel tertentu yang umumnya dibuat oleh kontributor yang lebih baru. Kerangka tersebut berfungsi sebagai panduan agar penyunting yang kurang berpengalaman dapat menghasilkan artikel berkualitas tinggi. Panduan singkat mengenai markah yang digunakan dalam kerangka artikel tersedia di [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance/Test feature guide#Markups in outlines|halaman ini]]. [[w:simple:Wikipedia:Article Guidance|Contoh kerangka]] yang dapat disesuaikan beserta petunjuk penyesuaiannya juga tersedia pada [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Article guidance#Adapting a sample outline in a Wikipedia|bagian terkait]] di halaman proyek tersebut.
* Wiki yang ingin mengganti tombol &quot;indefinitely&quot; pada halaman Special:Block untuk akun sementara (misalnya wiki yang hanya memblokir pengguna sementara hingga masa berlaku akun berakhir) kini dapat melakukannya dengan membuat halaman [[MediaWiki:ipb-indefinite-expiry-temporary-account]] dan menentukan durasi pemblokiran yang diinginkan. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427125]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:41}} {{PLURAL:41|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]].

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Mulai akhir Juni, pengunduhan data arsip (''dump data'') secara otomatis dari situs dumps.wikimedia.org akan mewajibkan penggunaan untaian ''user-agent'' yang sahih. Permintaan otomatis yang menggunakan ''user-agent'' umum atau kosong akan diblokir. Kebijakan ini merupakan [[phab:T400119|perluasan dari penegakan]] [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Wikimedia Foundation User-Agent Policy|kebijakan ''user-agent'']] yang telah lama berlaku. Akses terhadap arsip melalui Layanan Awan Wikimedia (''Wikimedia Cloud Services'') tidak akan mengalami perubahan.
* Penerapan [[mw:Wikimedia APIs/Rate limits|batas laju API]] global kini telah selesai sepenuhnya. Batas tersebut sudah diberlakukan pada seluruh API sesuai tingkat yang telah didokumentasikan untuk setiap kelompok pengguna. Bot yang berjalan di Toolforge atau Wikimedia Cloud Services (WMCS), maupun bot yang memiliki hak pengguna bot pada wiki mana pun, tetap dikecualikan dari pembatasan ini. Seluruh bot tetap dianjurkan mengikuti praktik terbaik yang telah didokumentasikan untuk menghindari pembatasan laju permintaan.
* [https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/Main_Page Wiki Portal API] akan beralih ke mode hanya-baca mulai pekan ini (15–18 Juni). Pada pekan berikutnya (22–25 Juni), seluruh URL API Portal akan dialihkan ke dokumentasi [[mw:Wikimedia APIs|Wikimedia APIs di mediaWiki.org]]. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di [[wikitech:API Portal/Deprecation|halaman proyek tersebut]].
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.7|MediaWiki]]

'''Pertemuan dan acara'''
* Pada 17 Juni pukul 18.00 UTC, Wikimedia Foundation akan menyelenggarakan panggilan Discord yang berfokus pada proses tinjauan kode (''code review''). Berdasarkan hasil [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Developer Satisfaction Survey/2026|Survei Kepuasan Pengembang]], banyak sukarelawan menyampaikan bahwa mereka mengalami kesulitan dalam proses tinjauan kode. Melalui diskusi ini, Wikimedia Foundation berharap dapat memahami pengalaman tersebut dan menemukan solusi yang dapat diterapkan. Siapa pun yang berminat dapat bergabung [https://discord.gg/wikipedia?event=1514727511102062664 melalui peladen Discord Komunitas Wikimedia].
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Conferencia Wikimedia de América Latina 2026|Konferensi Wikimedia Amerika Latin]] akan menyelenggarakan sebuah ''hackathon'' regional yang mempertemukan komunitas teknis gerakan Wikimedia, termasuk pengembang, pengurus sistem, ilmuwan data, dan pengguna dengan hak akses lanjutan. Kontributor teknis yang berminat dapat [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSf4osJzTHBJjQbYJk7TMVEJjTEQv7IgtsUDfP-o-qTgeRQQxw/viewform mengajukan beasiswa] partisipasi hingga 21 Juni pukul 00.00 waktu Bolivia (UTC−4).
* Pendaftaran Tantangan Tim Wikimania kini telah dibuka. Kegiatan khusus ini akan berlangsung secara daring maupun luring pada 21–22 Juli, menjelang konferensi Wikimania. Semua orang dipersilakan untuk berpartisipasi, tanpa memandang tingkat keterampilan ataupun status pendaftaran Wikimania. Setiap tim akan bekerja sama menyelesaikan sepuluh tantangan penting yang mendukung komunitas Wikimedia. Informasi lebih lanjut tersedia di [[wmania:Special:MyLanguage/2026:Team challenges|halaman Tantangan Tim]] dan [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/teamchallenges/ mendaftar di sana]. Pendaftaran akan ditutup pada 20 Juni pukul 23.00 UTC. 

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/25|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W25&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 15 Juni 2026 16.48 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:UOzurumba (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30689604 --&gt;

== ''The Signpost'': 21 June 2026 ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot; class=&quot;mw-content-ltr&quot; style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[File:WikipediaSignpostIcon.svg|40px|right]] ''News, reports and features from the English Wikipedia's newspaper''&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;column-count:2;&quot;&gt;
* From the editors: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/From the editors|Ways for beginners to support ''The Signpost'' community journalism]]

* News and notes: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/News and notes|Community Tech development team disbanded]]

* Disinformation report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Disinformation report|PR for the people?]]

* Recent research: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Recent research|Proposed tagging system for AI involvement; successful and unsuccessful AI tools for contributors]]

* In the media: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/In the media|Who won a 14th century battle and who won the 2026 Iran war?]]

* Community view: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Community view|Putting the Wish into the Wishlist]]

* In focus: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/In focus|A global standard for Neutral Point of View]]

* On the bright side: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/On the bright side|Flowers, blue helmets, reefs, pride, and Juneteenth]]

* Op-ed: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Op-ed|Breathe, Don’t Panic, there is a different story about Wikimedia + AI futures]]

* Opinion: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Opinion|Wikimedia Foundation staff develop union and Wikimedia user community reacts]]

* Technology report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Technology report|Community Tech team is disbanded, controversy erupts]]

* Traffic report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Traffic report|'Cause this is thriller, thriller night]]

* WikiConference report: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/WikiConference report|Report of Volunteer Supporters Network Annual Meeting 2026]]

* Comix: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Comix|Take your turn]]

* Humour: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost/2026-06-21/Humour|Group of banned T-shirt makers comes out of hiding to sell new Wikipedia-themed merchandise]]

&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;'''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia Signpost|Read this Signpost in full]]''' · [[w:en:Wikipedia:Signpost/Single|Single-page]] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Signpost|Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Global message delivery|Global message delivery]] 21 Juni 2026 03.21 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Sent via script ([[w:en:User:JPxG/SPS]]) --&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Bri@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Signpost&amp;oldid=30604303 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Berita Teknis: 2026-26&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;technews-2026-W26&quot;/&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;
'''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' terkini dari komunitas teknis Wikimedia. Harap beritahu pengguna lain mengenai perubahan ini. Tidak semua perubahan akan berdampak pada Anda. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Terjemahan]] telah tersedia.

'''Sorotan mingguan'''
* [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Growth/Feature summary|Fitur-fitur Pertumbuhan]] [[phab:T418115|kini telah tersedia di Wikidata]]. Pembaruan ini memungkinkan akses ke fitur Mentorship ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Growth/Mentorship|jika telah diatur]]), modul Dampak, Panel Bantuan, dan Beranda Pendatang Baru yang disederhanakan (tanpa fitur Suntingan yang Disarankan). Para pengurus Wikidata saat ini masih mengatur fitur-fitur tersebut melalui Konfigurasi Komunitas.

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor'''
* Halaman khusus [[{{#special:RangeCalculator}}]] telah dibuat. Halaman ini memungkinkan pengguna menemukan rentang alamat IP tanpa perlu mengandalkan perkakas eksternal. Sebelumnya, perkakas ini hanya tersedia bagi pengguna dengan hak Pemeriksa. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T268429]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing|Subreferensi]] merupakan fitur baru MediaWiki yang memungkinkan penyunting menggunakan kembali suatu rujukan dengan informasi yang berbeda-beda. Fitur ini akan diterapkan pada sebagian besar Wikipedia bahasa berukuran kecil dan menengah pada 23 Juni. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/WMDE Technical Wishes/Sub-referencing#deployment|Halaman Tanya Jawab]] (FAQ) memuat berbagai langkah yang dapat dilakukan di wiki Anda untuk mendukung penerapan tersebut. [[:phab:T414094|Rencana peluncuran]] juga tersedia untuk melihat tahapan penerapan berikutnya. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T428902]
* Mulai pekan depan, pengguna akan menerima pemberitahuan ketika mereka diblokir atau dicabut pemblokirannya dari penyuntingan, atau apabila terdapat perubahan terhadap pemblokiran tersebut. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T100974]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Lihat {{formatnum:32}} {{PLURAL:32|tugas}} yang diajukan oleh komunitas yang [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Recently resolved community tasks|telah berhasil diselesaikan pada pekan lalu]].

'''Berita terbaru untuk para kontributor teknis'''
* Mulai pekan depan, penyaring penyalahgunaan yang diatur untuk &quot;memerlukan verifikasi CAPTCHA&quot; juga akan berlaku bagi pengguna yang memiliki hak &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt;, termasuk sebagian besar pengguna yang telah terkonfirmasi secara otomatis (''autoconfirmed''). Bot dikecualikan dari perubahan ini. Perubahan tersebut hanya memengaruhi suntingan yang memicu suatu penyaring penyalahgunaan. Hak &lt;code&gt;skipcaptcha&lt;/code&gt; tetap akan membebaskan pengguna dari keharusan menyelesaikan CAPTCHA dalam penggunaan wiki sehari-hari. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T402595]
* Dokumentasi rujukan untuk [[wikitech:Machine_Learning/LiftWing/API|Lift Wing API]] telah dipindahkan dari Portal API ke [https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?api=lift-wing&amp;title=Special%3ARestSandbox REST Sandbox] yang bersifat interaktif.
* Wiki Portal API kini telah ditutup. Untuk dokumentasi API, silakan merujuk ke [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_APIs|API Wikimedia di MediaWiki]]. Seluruh URL wiki Portal API (https://api.wikimedia.org/wiki/) akan dialihkan ke halaman mediawiki.org mulai 22 Juni. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T427537]
* [[File:Reload icon with two arrows.svg|12px|link=|class=skin-invert|Perihal berulang]] Pembaruan kode lengkap yang akan tersedia pada akhir pekan ini: [[mw:MediaWiki 1.47/wmf.8|MediaWiki]]

'''Pertemuan dan acara'''
* Bergabunglah dalam pertemuan daring pada 25 Juni pukul 14.30 UTC untuk berkenalan dengan para pemagang Wikimedia saat ini dalam program [[mw:Google_Summer_of_Code/2026|Google Summer of Code]] dan [[mw:Outreachy/Round_32|Outreachy]]. Para peserta magang akan memberikan gambaran umum mengenai proyek yang mereka kerjakan dan pemaparan singkat tentang hasil pekerjaan mereka sejauh ini. Para peserta yang hadir juga didorong untuk [[mw:event:Google_Summer_of_Code/Summer_2026_June_Internship_open_session|berbagi gagasan dan menjalin koneksi dengan komunitas masing-masing]].

'''''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Berita teknis]]''' disiapkan oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/Writers|Penulis berita teknis]] dan dikirim oleh [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|bot]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News#contribute|Kontribusi]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News/2026/26|Terjemahkan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Tech|Minta bantuan]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Talk:Tech/News|Berikan pendapat]]&amp;nbsp;• [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|Berlangganan atau batalkan langganan]].''
&lt;/div&gt;&lt;section end=&quot;technews-2026-W26&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]]&lt;/bdi&gt; 23 Juni 2026 13.04 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Tech_ambassadors&amp;oldid=30722494 --&gt;

== RFC about AI-generated content in Wikimedia Commons ==

&lt;bdi lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English, please help translate this message to your language. You are invited to participate in a [[c:Commons:Requests for comment/Policy update for AI content|request for comment on Wikimedia Commons about a policy update for AI content]]. This may affect files that are uploaded to Wikimedia Commons for use on this project. Thank you. [[m:User:Codename Noreste|Codename Noreste]] ([[m:User talk:Codename Noreste|parembugan]])&lt;/bdi&gt; 23 Juni 2026 17.11 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Codename Noreste@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&amp;oldid=30513860 --&gt;

== &lt;span lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Penerapan halaman kontak Legal dan Keamanan di bagian bawah wiki Anda&lt;/span&gt; ==

&lt;div lang=&quot;id&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;
&lt;section begin=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
'''Kontak Legal dan Keamanan'''

Halo, rekan-rekan kontributor! Wikimedia Foundation telah menyediakan [[wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Legal:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contact Information|halaman kontak legal dan keamanan]] yang akan ditambahkan di bagian bawah wiki. Halaman tersebut sudah diterjemahkan ke dalam bahasa Inggris, Italia, Jerman, Spanyol, dan sebagainya. Untuk bahasa lainnya akan segera tersedia. Silakan kunjungi [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Legal_and_Safety_Contacts_FAQ|halaman proyek]] untuk informasi selengkapnya, serta kami harapkan kesediaannya untuk meninggalkan komentar di bawah ini atau di [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Wikimedia Foundation Legal and Safety Contacts FAQ|halaman pembicaraan]].

&lt;section end=&quot;Message&quot;/&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;

-- [[User:Sannita (WMF)|User:Sannita (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Sannita (WMF)|talk]]) 25 Juni 2026 13.29 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:Sannita (WMF)@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Sannita_(WMF)/Mass_sending_test&amp;oldid=30731267 --&gt;

== This Month in Education: June 2026 ==

&lt;div class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; lang=&quot;en&quot; dir=&quot;ltr&quot;&gt;Apologies for writing in English. Please help to translate in your language.
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;&gt;
&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:2.9em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt;This Month in Education&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold; color:#00A7E2; font-size:1.4em; font-family:'Helvetica Neue', Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;&quot;&gt; Volume 15 • Issue 6 • June 2026&lt;/span&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1; border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1; padding:0.5em; font-size:larger; margin-bottom:0.2em&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2026|Contents]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/June 2026/Headlines|Headlines]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe]]&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;color:white; font-size:1.8em; font-family:Montserrat; background:#92BFB1;&quot;&gt;In This Issue&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;text-align: left; column-count: 2; column-width: 35em;&quot;&gt;
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wikipedia Editathon at Dinajpur Govt. College: Empowering Graduate Students in the Open Knowledge Movement|Wikipedia Editathon at Dinajpur Govt. College: Empowering Graduate Students in the Open Knowledge Movement]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wikimedia Serbia prepares for Edu Wiki camp 2026|Wikimedia Serbia prepares for Edu Wiki camp 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Wiki Digi-Youth Clubs pilot explores challenge-based learning across three countries|Wiki Digi-Youth Clubs pilot explores challenge-based learning across three countries]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Why the EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education|Why the EduWiki Hub Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Portuguese Universities adopt free knowledge tools: Wikipedia is the favorite|Portuguese Universities adopt free knowledge tools: Wikipedia is the favorite]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Translating on Wikipedia used as extra – credit assignment in University of Prishtina, Kosovo|Translating on Wikipedia used as extra – credit assignment in University of Prishtina, Kosovo]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Strengthening Wikimedia Education Through Community Learning and Digital Literacy Initiatives|Strengthening Wikimedia Education Through Community Learning and Digital Literacy Initiatives]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Small Group, Big Impact: Building Skills Through the Wikimedia Volunteer Focus Group in Botswana|Small Group, Big Impact: Building Skills Through the Wikimedia Volunteer Focus Group in Botswana]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/&quot;25x25 Project – Celebrating Wikipedia&quot; in Córdoba, Argentina|&quot;25x25 Project – Celebrating Wikipedia&quot; in Córdoba, Argentina]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Mapping and gathering educational activities on Wiki in Brazilian universities|Mapping and gathering educational activities on Wiki in Brazilian universities]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Growing Wiki Education in the Philippines: Highlights from Bikol WikiConference 2026|Growing Wiki Education in the Philippines: Highlights from Bikol WikiConference 2026]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/From Mentee to Builder: Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program|From Mentee to Builder: Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/EduWiki Hub publishes its first Community Newsletter|EduWiki Hub publishes its first Community Newsletter]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Click, Capture, and Contribute: Scaling Open Knowledge Through Mobile Photography|Click, Capture, and Contribute: Scaling Open Knowledge Through Mobile Photography]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Education in Action: Limkokwing School Adoption Program 2026 and Wikimedia Learning Outcomes|Education in Action: Limkokwing School Adoption Program 2026 and Wikimedia Learning Outcomes]]
* [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/News/June 2026/Impact of Wiki Digi youth Clubs initiative in education of Rwanda|Impact of Wiki Digi youth Clubs initiative in education of Rwanda]]
&lt;/div&gt;

&lt;div style=&quot;margin-top:10px; text-align: center; font-size:90%; padding-left:5px; font-family:Georgia, Palatino, Palatino Linotype, Times, Times New Roman, serif;&quot;&gt;[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Education/Newsletter/About|About ''This Month in Education'']] · [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/This Month in Education|Subscribe/Unsubscribe]] · [[m:Special:MyLanguage/MassMessage|Global message delivery]] · For the team: [[:m:User:ZI Jony|ZI Jony]] 28 Juni 2026 04.15 (UTC)&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;!-- Pesan dikirim oleh Pengguna:ZI Jony@metawiki dengan menggunakan daftar di https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/This_Month_in_Education&amp;oldid=30725833 --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Siti Aisyah Hilal</title>
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      <text bytes="7588" sha1="ozs2d164ua5th9xp9sb8mcs03365n3l" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Makam Siti Aisyah Hilal.jpg|jmpl|Maesan Siti Aisyah Hilal ing Pemakaman Karangkajen, Kota Yogyakarta]]
'''Siti Aisyah Hilal''' ya iku salah siji anggota [[Aisyiyah]] kang lair ing Kampung Kauman, [[Ngupasan, Gandamanan, Kutha Ngayogyakarta|Kalurahan Ngupasan, Kacamatan Gandamanan, Provinsi Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aisyiyah.or.id/id/page/tokoh/hal/8.html|title=Siti Umniyah|last=Pimpinan Pusat Aisyiyah|first=|date=2019-08-11|website=Pimpinan Pusat Aisyiyah|access-date=2019-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.suaramuhammadiyah.id/2019/07/15/kamaludiningrat-penghulu-reformis-dari-kauman/|title=Kamaluddiningrat: Penghulu Reformis dari Kauman|last=Mu’arif|first=|date=2019-07-15|website=Suara Muhammadiyah|access-date=2019-08-11|archive-date=2019-08-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190811020637/http://www.suaramuhammadiyah.id/2019/07/15/kamaludiningrat-penghulu-reformis-dari-kauman/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://sangpencerah.id/2015/04/mengenal-sosok-kh-muhammad/|title=Mengenal Sosok K.H. Muhammad Kamaluddiningrat (Anggota Muhammadiyah Pertama)|last=Mu’arif|first=|date=2019-04-25|website=Sang Pencerah|access-date=2019-08-11|archive-date=2023-08-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828185547/https://sangpencerah.id/2015/04/mengenal-sosok-kh-muhammad/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aisyiyah.or.id/id/page/tokoh/hal/3.html|title=Moendjijah|last=Pimpinan Pusat Aisyiyah|first=|date=2020-04-05|website=Pimpinan Pusat Aisyiyah|access-date=2020-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ibtimes.id/siti-bariyah-perempuan-pertama-penafsir-ideologi-muhammadiyah/|title=Siti Bariyah: Perempuan Pertama Penafsir Ideologi Muhammadiyah|last=Mu'arif|first=|date=2019-04-13|website=Redaksi Ibtimes|access-date=2020-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ibtimes.id/para-gadis-kauman-perintis-perubahan/|title=Para Gadis Kauman Perintis Perubahan|last=Ibtimes|first=|date=2020-02-21|website=Redaksi Ibtimes|access-date=2020-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/id/content-48-cam-organisasi-otonom.html|title=Organisasi Otonom|last=Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah|first=|date=2020-04-05|website=Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah|access-date=2020-04-05|archive-date=2020-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200401213531/http://www.muhammadiyah.or.id/id/content-48-cam-organisasi-otonom.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Uga delengen ==

* [[Nyai Ahmad Dahlan]]
* [[Siti Badilah Zubair]]
* [[Siti Baroroh Baried]]
* [[Siti Bariyah]]
* [[Siti Hayinah Mawardi]]
* [[Siti Munjiyah]]
* [[Siti Umniyah]]

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Kapustakan ==
{{refbegin|2}}
'''Buku'''

* {{Cite book|title=Matahari Pembaruan: Rekam Jejak K.H. Ahmad Dahlan|last=Anshoriy|first=Muhammad Nasruddin|publisher=Jogja Bangkit Publisher|year=2010|isbn=978-602-9703-21-4|location=Yogyakarta|page=|ref={{sfnref|Anshoriy|2010}}}}
* {{Cite book|title=Sejarah Kauman: Menguak Identitas Kampung Muhammadiyah|last=Darban|first=Ahmad Adaby|publisher=Tarawang|year=2000|isbn=978-979-8681-26-4|location=Yogyakarta|page=|ref={{sfnref|Darban|2000}}}}
* {{Cite book|title=Marhaenis Muhammadiyah: Ajaran dan Pemikiran K.H. Ahmad Dahlan|last=Mulkhan|first=Abdul Munir|date=|publisher=Galang Pustaka|year=2013|isbn=978-602-9431-27-8|location=Yogyakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Mulkhan|2013}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|url=|title=Profil 1 Abad Muhammadiyah|last=Nashir|first=Haedar, dkk|date=|publisher=Lembaga Pustaka dan Informasi PP. Muhammadiyah|year=2010|isbn=978-979-7094-98-0|location=Jakarta|page=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Nashir, dkk|2010}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=Gerakan Modern Islam di Indonesia 1900–1942|last=Noer|first=Deliar|publisher=LP3ES|year=1988|isbn=978-019-6382-54-8|location=Jakarta|page=|ref={{sfnref|Noer|1988}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=Srikandi-Srikandi Aisyiyah|last=Setyowati|first=Hajar Nur|last2=Mu'arif|publisher=Suara Muhammadiyah|year=2014|isbn=978-979-3708-97-3|location=Yogyakarta|page=|ref={{sfnref|Setyowati|Mu'arif|2014}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=Politik Islam Hindia-Belanda|last=Suminto|first=Husnul Aqib|date=|publisher=LP3ES|year=1985|isbn=978-979-8015-10-6|location=Jakarta|page=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Suminto|1985}}|url-status=live}}

'''Priksa'''

* {{Cite book|title=Haji Fachrodin|last=Anis|first=Junus|date=1969|publisher=PT. Percetakan Persatuan|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Anis|1969}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=Kitab Tauhid|last=Fauzan|first=Al|date=|publisher=Yayasan Al-Sofwa|year=2001|isbn=|location=Jakarta|page=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Fauzan|2001}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=Pembaharuan Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Islam yang Diselenggarakan Oleh Pergerakan Muhammadiyah|last=Hamzah|first=Amir|date=|publisher=Penyelenggara Publikasi Pembaruan Pendidikan/Pengajaran Islam|year=1962|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|page=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Hamzah|1962}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=Sejarah Nasional Indonesia Jilid III|last=Kartodirdjo, Sartono, dkk|first=|date=|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|year=1975|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Kartodirdjo, dkk|1975}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=Kyai Haji Ahmad Dahlan|last=Kutoyo|first=Sutrisno|date=|publisher=Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional|year=1983|isbn=|location=Jakarta|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Kutoyo|1983}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=Beberapa Studi Tentang Sejarah Islam di Indonesia 1900–1950|last=Pijper|first=Guillaume Frédéric|publisher=Universitas Indonesia Press|year=1984|isbn=|location=Jakarta|page=|ref={{sfnref|Pijper|1984}}|url-status=live}}
* {{Cite book|title=Muhammadiyah dan Pendirinya|last=Sudja|first=|publisher=PP. Muhammadiyah Majelis Pustaka|year=1989|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|page=|ref={{sfnref|Sudja|1989}}}}
* {{Cite book|title=Nyai Ahmad Dahlan Pahlawan Nasional: Amal dan Perjuangannya|last=Suratmin|first=|publisher=PP. Aisyiyah Seksi Khusus Penerbitan dan Publikasi|year=1990|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|page=|ref={{sfnref|Suratmin|1990}}}}
* {{Cite book|url=http://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/13009/1/BIOGRAFI%20TOKOH%20KONGRES%20PEREMPUAN%20INDONESIA%20PERTAMA.pdf|title=Biografi Tokoh Kongres Perempuan Indonesia Pertama|last=Suratmin|first=dkk|date=|publisher=Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional Proyek Inventarisasi dan Dokumentasi Sejarah Nasional|year=1991|isbn=|location=Jakarta|page=|pages=|ref={{sfnref|Suratmin, dkk|1991}}|url-status=live}}

'''Jurnal'''

* {{Cite journal|last=Rohman|first=Fandy Aprianto|year=2019|title=K.H. Sangidu, Penghulu Penemu Nama Muhammadiyah|url=https://patrawidya.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/patrawidya/article/view/155|journal=Patra Widya|volume=20|issue=2|pages=|doi=|issn=2598-4209|ref={{sfnref|Rohman|2019}}}}
* {{Cite journal|last=Seniwati|first=|last2=Lestari|first2=Tuti Dwi|year=2019|title=Sikap Hidup Wanita Muslim Kauman: Kajian Peranan Aisyiyah dalam Kebangkitan Wanita di Yogyakarta Tahun 1914–1928|url=https://jurnalwalasuji.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/walasuji/article/view/11|journal=Walasuji|volume=10|issue=2|pages=|doi=|issn=2502-2229|ref={{sfnref|Seniwati|Lestari|2019}}|access-date=2021-04-15|archive-date=2020-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216190043/https://jurnalwalasuji.kemdikbud.go.id/index.php/walasuji/article/view/11|url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}

[[Kategori:Tokoh Aisyiyah]]
[[Kategori:Wong saka Ngayogyakarta]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Jawa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jaringan Pangilangan Polutan Internasional</title>
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'''Jaringan Pangilangan Polutan Internasional''' ({{lang-en|International Pollutants Elimination Network}}, dicekak IPEN) (sadurungé aran Jaringan Pangilangan POP Internasional, ''International POPs Elimination Network'') ya iku sawiji jaringan global lembaga swadaya masarakat kang ngabdi marang tujuan nyawiji saperlu ngilangi polutan, kaya ta timbal ing [[cèt]], mèrkuri lan timbal ing lingkungan, [[polutan organik persisten]] (POP), bahan kimia kang ngganggu [[sistem endokrin]], lan dat-dat mbebayani liyané.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=New Name Better Reflects Breadth of IPEN's Work |url=https://ipen.org/news/new-name-better-reflects-breadth-ipens-work |website=IPEN |accessdate=12 Mèi 2023 |archive-date=2023-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430181739/https://ipen.org/news/new-name-better-reflects-breadth-ipens-work |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite|url=https://www.unido.org/sites/default/files/2012-08/GPGLO03012_IPEP_UNEP-UNIDO-TermEval-2007_0.pdf|title=International POPs Elimination Project (IPEP) Final Performance Report|date=2006|last=DiGangi|first=Joseph}}&lt;/ref&gt;

IPEN dumadi saka lembaga-lembaga swadaya masarakat kanggo kapentingan umum kang nyengkuyung pangilangan POP skala global lumantar Konvènsi Stockholm, makarya kanggo mangaribawani patrapan konvènsi [[Konvènsi Rotterdam|Rotterdam]] lan [[Konvènsi Basel|Basel]], saha [[Konvènsi Minamata babagan Mèrkuri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;about-ipen&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=IPEN |url=https://ipen.org/about-ipen |website=IPEN |accessdate=12 Mèi 2023 |archive-date=2023-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230430181802/https://ipen.org/about-ipen |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

IPEN ndarbèni punjul 550 lembaga swadaya masarakat ing 120 nagara kang makarya bebarengan ngilangi polutan mbebayani kanthi gelis saha adil sacara sosial. Misi iki ancasé supaya nagara-nagara ing dunya mrodhuksi lan nganggo bahan kimia kang ora mbebayani kasarasaning manungsa lan lingkungan manèh, saha polutan organik persisten (POP) lan bahan-bahan kimia sajinisé ora nyemari lingkungan enggonan lan global.&lt;ref name=&quot;about-ipen&quot; /&gt;

== Uga delengen ==
* ''[[Center for International Environmental Law]]'' (CIEL)
* [[Protokol Aarhus babagan Polutan Organik Persisten]]
* [[Konvènsi Stockholm]]
* [[Konvènsi Minamata babagan Mèrkuri]]
* [[Konvènsi Basel]]
* [[Konvènsi Rotterdam]]

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.ipen.org/ Situs wèb resmi IPEN]

{{Authority control}}
{{stub}}

[[Kategori:Organisasi internasional]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hisnul Muslim</title>
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      <text bytes="4990" sha1="6zctgnruupl5jxlhsb5wrdroejzfi5o" xml:space="preserve">[[Berkas:Hisnulmuslimindo.jpg|ka|jmpl|271x271px| Buku Hisnul Muslim ing macem-macem media lan basa. Buku panjelasan (ndhuwur), basa Indonesia (kiwa lan tengah), basa Arab (tengen), lan versi aplikasi Android (ngisor).]]
'''''Hisnul Muslim''''' ( {{Lang-ar|حصن المسلم}}) utawa kanthi jangkep &quot; ''Hishnul Muslim min Adzkaril Kitabi Was Sunnah'' &quot; ya iku kitab sing disusun déning Sa'id bin 'Ali bin Wahf Al-Qahthani.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.iiph.com.sa/iiph-Sa%E2%80%98eed_%E2%80%98Ali_Wahf_al_Qahtani-m14.html|title=Salinan arsip|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130803184536/http://www.iiph.com.sa/iiph-Sa%E2%80%98eed_%E2%80%98Ali_Wahf_al_Qahtani-m14.html|archive-date=2013-08-03|dead-url=yes|access-date=2013-08-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; Buku saku (kutaib) kang misuwur lan wis diterjemahake ing maneka basa ing saindenging jagad iki isine kumpulan [[donga]], waosan lan wirid sing dianggep penting kanggo diapalake lan diamalake dening umat Islam.

== Katrangan ==
Buku saku iki dijenengi Perisai/Benteng amarga kanthi nindakake isine wong Islam bisa kajaga sadina-dina, kayata nalika ana wong ngungsi ing beteng utawa ing mburi tameng. Dunga-dunga sing ana ing njerone kalebu kabeh kegiatane manungsa wiwit tangi turu nganti turu maneh. Sumber donga lan dzikir ing kitab iki mung asale saka hadits-hadits Nabi saka Kitab Ibu Hadits kanthi riwayat sahih tanpa kalebu donga sing ditulis dening ulama tartamtu. Iki kalebu wirid-wirid sing misuwur kayata: Zikir-dzikir nalika tangi turu, maca donga, dzikir sawise sholat, dzikir esuk sore, donga mlebu jamban, donga kanggo ngubur jasad lan donga liyane sing gunggunge sekitar 130 shalat, dzikir lan wirid. Buku saku iki wis diomentari ing buku penjelasan lan elaborasi (Syarh) kanthi irah-irahan ''Syarah Hisnul Muslim'' dening Majdi bin 'Abdil Wahhab Ahmad.&lt;ref&gt;Syarah Hishnul Muslim min Adzkari Al-Kitab wa As-Sunnah, Majdi bin Abdil Wahhab Ahmad, Pustaka Ar-Rayyan ISBN 979-1309-15-8&lt;/ref&gt;

== Aplikasi kanggo piranti seluler ==
{{Infobox software|name=Hisnul Muslim|logo=|screenshot=[[Berkas:Hisnulmuslimapp.jpg|210px|Hisnul Muslim di Android]]|caption=Salah siji contoh aplikasi Hisnul Muslim|developer=|released=|programming language=|platform=Lintas ''platform''|language=[[Bahasa Arab]], [[Bahasa Inggris]], [[Bahasa Indonesia]], [[Bahasa Melayu]]|genre=|license=Beragam|website=}}
Saliyane awujud buku fisik lan buku elektronik, buku iki uga wis diadaptasi dadi aplikasi portabel sing luwih praktis. Aplikasi gratis lan berbayar babagan shalat saben dina iki umume diarani padha karo buku asline, yaiku ''Hisnul Muslim'', utawa Adzkar (dzikir), utawa diterjemahake menyang basa lokal, sawetara aplikasi basa Inggris nyebutake Benteng / Benteng Muslim. Aplikasi iki mlaku ing piranti seluler ing macem-macem ''platform'' kayata ''telpon'' lan ''tablet'' Android, iPhone lan iPad, uga Jawa.

Aplikasi Hisnul Muslim umume nduweni fungsi minangka piranti kanggo maca, ngapalake, nglacak lan nggoleki donga saben dina ing basa lan teks asli, yaiku basa Arab, uga diiringi terjemahan ing basa liya kayata Inggris lan Indonesia.&lt;ref&gt;Salah satu sebabnya adalah karena besarnya jumlah pemeluk agama Islam di Indonesia sehingga kebanyakan aplikasi-aplikasi tersebut juga menyediakan terjemahannya&lt;/ref&gt; Sawetara aplikasi kasebut uga nyedhiyakake bacaan audio wacan donga kanggo nggampangake pangguna sing ora bisa maca teks, kayata mualaf, bocah, wong tuwa, lan wong sing duwe kabutuhan khusus.

== Referensi ==
&lt;references responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt;
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==

* {{Id icon}} [http://hisnulmuslimorg.ipage.com/books/indonesian/index.html Hisnul Muslim versi online multi bahasa, tersedia dalam bahasa Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210505014002/http://hisnulmuslimorg.ipage.com/books/indonesian/index.html |date=2021-05-05 }}
* [http://www.hisnulmuslim.com/index-page-liste-lang-en.html Hisnul Muslim versi online multi bahasa] Diarsipkan 2013-08-08 di Wayback Machine.
* {{En icon}} [http://www.kalamullah.com/Books/Hisnul-Muslim.pdf Buku elektronik Hisnul Muslim berbahasa Inggris]
* {{En icon}} [http://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PL3B07DB0259C5ED25 Video bacaan doa-doa dalam Hisnul Muslim]
* {{Id icon}} [http://www.kajian.net/kajian-audio/Doa/Sa'ad%20Al%20Ghomidi/Doa%20Hisnul%20Muslim Audio bacaan doa-doa dalam Hisnul Muslim]
* {{En icon}} [http://play.google.com/store/search?q=hisnul%20muslim&amp;c=apps Pilihan Aplikasi Android pada Google Play]
* {{Id icon}} [http://www.binwahaf.com/portal/books/download/897/zip.html Hisnul Muslim terjemahan bahasa Indonesia dari situs resmi Sa'id bin Wahf al-Qahthani] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130220515/https://www.binwahaf.com/portal/books/download/897/zip.html |date=2021-11-30 }}
{{Doa, Zikir, dan Wirid}}{{Doa, Zikir, dan Wirid}}{{Perangkat lunak Islami}}{{Perangkat lunak Islami}}{{Authority control}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Hisnul Muslim}}
[[Kategori:Ucapan Islami]]
[[Kategori:Ibadah Islam]]
[[Kategori:Dunga]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Crita kayal</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-27T19:48:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
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      <comment>sithik</comment>
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      <text bytes="2328" sha1="47owsvnq2esp9ucm9i80pjf035qzmhx" xml:space="preserve">[[File:The_Whirlwind_Seizes_the_Wreath.jpg|jmpl|Gegambaran &quot;The Whirlwind Seizes the Wreath&quot; ateges &quot;Angin Topan Ngrebut Reroncen Kembang&quot; (saka crita &quot;The Fairy Aurora&quot;)]]
'''Crita kayal''' utawa '''fantasi''' yaiku sawijiné [[lagak]] [[crita rekan dadalih]] (''fiksi spekulatif'') sing mawa bebakal [[adikodrati]] (''supernatural'') utawa [[Kasaktèn|kasektèn]]. Asringé uga nuduhaké [[jagad rekan]] lan [[makluk gugon tuhon]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Fantasy|title=Fantasy|website=[[The Free Dictionary]]|access-date=2023-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/fantasy|title=Definition of FANTASY|date=3 September 2024|website=www.merriam-webster.com|language=en|access-date=4 September 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Punjeré lagak ini iki ana ing [[Sastra kayal|sastra-sastra kayal]] lan drama. Wiwit abad rong puluh lan saterusé, lagak iki ngrembaka lumebu ing manéka médhia, kaya ing filem, télévisi, [[novel gambar]], [[Manga|komik Jepang]], [[animasi]], lan [[gim vidéo]].

Tetembungan ''sastra fantastis'' asring digunakaké kanggo lagak iki dening para pangritik sastra basa Inggris. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Fantastic in Literature|last=Rabkin|first=Eric|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1975|location=Princeton}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Fantasy: The Literature of Subversion|last=Jackson|first=Rosemary|publisher=Methuen|year=1981|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Theorising the Fantastic|last=Armitt|first=Lucy|publisher=Arnold|year=1996|location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Fantastic Literature: A Critical Reader|last=Sandner|first=David|publisher=CT: Praeger.|year=2004|location=Westport}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Crita kayal ketara séjé karo crita [[Fiksi sains|rekan èlmiah]] lan wewedi (''horor'') amarga ora piguna underan èlmiah utawa barang-barang medeni, sanajan bebakal iki bisa isih ana ing crita kayal. Ing [[kabudayan kondhang]] (''pop culture''), lagak kayal umumé nampilake latar sing nggambaraké Bumi sing nyata, nanging mawa rasa &quot;Bumi nanging Bumi liya&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The readers' advisory guide to genre fiction|last=Saricks|first=Joyce G.|date=2001|publisher=American Library Association|isbn=0-8389-0803-9|pages=36–60|oclc=46769544}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Fiksi]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gethuk Nyimut</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>200407</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-27T18:03:21Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="3658" sha1="cfbm1dg08v28pb7eeb5zerkhe2vedsb" xml:space="preserve">'''Gethuk Nyimut''' yaiku jajanan tradhisional khas [[Kudus, Kudus|Kudus]] sing digawe saka [[Ketéla pohung|téla pohung]]. Bentuke cilik-cilik bunder lan biasane ana isine gula, coklat, utawa rasa liyane. Jeneng “nyimut” dijupuk saka tembung “imut” amarga wujude cilik lan lucu. Jajanan iki duweni rasa manis, gurih, lan cocok dipangan nalika anget. 

== Sujarah lan Filosofi ==
Gethuk nyimut asalé saka daerah Kajar, Dawe, Kudus, ing lereng Gunung Muria. Wiwit biyen, masyarakat nggunakke singkong dadi panganan alternatif amarga gampang ditemokake lan murah regane. 

Jeneng “Gethuk Nyimut” dijupuk saka tembung “gethuk” yaiku panganan saka singkong sing ditumbuk, dene “nyimut” nduweni arti nikmat utawa enak. Jeneng iki nggambarake jajanan tradhisional saka singkong sing nduweni rasa manis lan disenengi akeh wong.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jurnal.unugha.ac.id/index.php/twd/article/view/1709?utm_source|title=FILOSOFI GETHUK SEBAGAI CARA HIDUP MASYARAKAT JAWA: DISPOSISI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM|last=Al Halim &amp; El Syam|first=Adibudin &amp; Robingun|date=2025-08-05|access-date=2026-05-26}}{{Pranala mati|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bahan lan Cara Gawe ==
Bahan utama kanggo nggawé gethuk nyimut yaiku singkong utawa téla kaspo sing dipilih apik lan empuk. Saliyane kuwi uga nggunakké gula pasir utawa gula jawa kanggo isèn-isèn, uyah sethithik, lan minyak goreng. Ana uga sing nambahi daun pandan utawa vanili supaya ambuné luwih wangi.

Cara nggawéné yaiku singkong dikukus utawa direbus nganti empuk, banjur ditumbuk nalika isih panas nganti alus lan kalis. Sawisé alus, adonan dibentuk bunder banjur diisi gula ing tengahé utawa rasa liyane, Sing pungkasan, adonan digoreng ing lenga panas nganti warnané kuning kecoklatan. Gethuk nyimut luwih enak yen dipangan nalika isih anget.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://cookpad.com/id/resep/9215461|title=Resep Gethuk Nyimut Khas Kudus oleh DaruDewi|last=Dewi|first=Daru|date=2019-06-11|website=|language=|access-date=2026-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Perkembangan lan inovasi ==
Saiki gethuk nyimut wis dadi salah siji jajanan khas Kudus sing cukup dikenal masyarakat. Sing biyen mung didol ing warung-warung cilik, saiki gethuk nyimut wis dadi kuliner khas sing kerep digoleki wisatawan nalika dolan menyang daerah Muria.

Owahan sing paling katon ana ing variasi rasa lan tampilane. Wiwitane gethuk nyimut mung isi gula, nanging saiki wis ana rasa coklat, keju, durian, nangka, nganti saus alpukat lan gethuk krispi. Inovasi iki nggawe gethuk nyimut luwih disenengi bocah enom lan isa saingan karo jajanan modern liyane.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://muria.inews.id/read/36640/gethuk-nyimut-jajanan-murah-meriah-khas-kudus?utm_source|title=Gethuk Nyimut Jajanan Murah Meriah Khas Kudus|last=Muffidah|first=Aisyah|date=2022-01-27|access-date=2026-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Saliyane kuwi, promosi gethuk nyimut saiki uga luwih maju amarga dipromosikake liwat media sosial lan dikembangake dadi usaha UMKM. Mula, gethuk nyimut ora mung dadi jajanan tradhisional, nanging uga dadi salah siji kuliner khas Kudus sing tetep lestari nganti saiki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Marka|first=Mira Meilia|date=2021|title=Improving Business Performance of Getuk Nyimut SMEs in Kudus Regency by Marketing, Capital, Production Technology and Product Diversification|url=https://www.mendeley.com/catalogue/afec9349-e266-39a0-b1b5-986b9d7e8e73/?utm_source|journal=BISNIS : Jurnal Bisnis dan Manajemen Islam|language=en-GB|volume=9|issue=1|pages=undefined–undefined|doi=10.21043/bisnis.v9i1.10306|issn=2442-3718}}&lt;/ref&gt;     

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Olah-olahan Jawa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gwynyth Walsh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>200517</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1750941</id>
      <parentid>1750855</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T22:47:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5</comment>
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      <text bytes="1444" sha1="5zujosi88r5p3fglnubk48pdql5owmz" xml:space="preserve">'''Gwynyth Walsh''' (lair taun 1956) iku aktris Kanada sing kawentar olèhé maragakaké B'Etor, salah sijiné para sadulur wadon Duras sisters ing ''[[Star Trek]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://ca.startrek.com/database_article/walsh-gwynyth startrek.com]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.timescolonist.com/entertainment/former-star-trek-klingon-moves-into-another-universe-1.2194449 ''Times Colonist'']&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké uga tau maragakaké Nimira ing ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]'' épisodhe &quot;Random Thoughts&quot;, lan ngisi swara karakter Grey Mother, ing ''video game'' [[The Long Dark]]. Walsh éntuk gelar Sarjana Seni Rupa ing [[Universitas Alberta]] lan miwiti kariré tampil ing panggung ing saindenging Kanada lan ing Amérika Sarékat ing sawatara karya klasik.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.northernstars.ca/walsh_gwynyth/ |title=Northern Stars |access-date=2026-06-18 |archive-date=2022-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220125203747/https://www.northernstars.ca/walsh_gwynyth/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; For [[Shakespeare]]'s ''Much Ado About Nothing'' she won a Dramalogue Award - Best Actress for her portrayal of [[Beatrice (Much Ado About Nothing)|Beatrice]]. Olèhé main kapisan iku ing film télévisi ing taun 1983 lan judhulé ''Pajama Tops''.

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
*{{IMDb name|0909657|Gwynyth Walsh}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Walsh, Gwynyth}}
[[Kategori:Lair 1956]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipédia:Rembugan pambusakan kaca/Torsten Haß</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-27T12:05:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>typo</comment>
      <origin>1750930</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="383" sha1="ja261lsq50vlkivhwkjb27h32q4afqm" xml:space="preserve">Ana sing ngusulaké liwat e-mail menawa artikel iki kudu dibusak, awit iki dianggep ''spam'' lintas wiki. [[User:Meursault2004|Meursault2004]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:Meursault2004|ngobrol]]&lt;/sup&gt; 27 Juni 2026 09.31 (UTC)
==== Sarujuk ====

==== Ora sarujuk ====

==== Nétral ====
# [[User:Meursault2004|Meursault2004]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:Meursault2004|ngobrol]]&lt;/sup&gt; 27 Juni 2026 09.31 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>ja261lsq50vlkivhwkjb27h32q4afqm</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1750931</id>
      <parentid>1750930</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T12:07:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
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      <comment>+ pranala</comment>
      <origin>1750931</origin>
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      <text bytes="400" sha1="sx8oaurk2zh36m2ncrf6mxw38bxtt3l" xml:space="preserve">Ana sing ngusulaké liwat e-mail menawa artikel [[Torsten Haß]] iki kudu dibusak, awit iki dianggep ''spam'' lintas wiki. [[User:Meursault2004|Meursault2004]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:Meursault2004|ngobrol]]&lt;/sup&gt; 27 Juni 2026 09.31 (UTC)
==== Sarujuk ====

==== Ora sarujuk ====

==== Nétral ====
# [[User:Meursault2004|Meursault2004]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:Meursault2004|ngobrol]]&lt;/sup&gt; 27 Juni 2026 09.31 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>sx8oaurk2zh36m2ncrf6mxw38bxtt3l</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>1750933</id>
      <parentid>1750931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-06-27T13:28:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Badak Jawa</username>
        <id>49077</id>
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      <comment>/* Sarujuk */</comment>
      <origin>1750933</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="633" sha1="ka0wq7u0r7s2wdg62q596fgndiyczmk" xml:space="preserve">Ana sing ngusulaké liwat e-mail menawa artikel [[Torsten Haß]] iki kudu dibusak, awit iki dianggep ''spam'' lintas wiki. [[User:Meursault2004|Meursault2004]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:Meursault2004|ngobrol]]&lt;/sup&gt; 27 Juni 2026 09.31 (UTC)
==== Sarujuk ====
{{Sarujuk}} karena artikel tersebut merupakan artikel spam lintas wiki yang telah di hapus oleh pengurus Wikipedia bahasa lain [[Naraguna:Badak Jawa|Badak Jawa]] ([[Parembugan Naraguna:Badak Jawa|rembugan]]) 27 Juni 2026 13.28 (UTC)

==== Ora sarujuk ====

==== Nétral ====
# [[User:Meursault2004|Meursault2004]]&lt;sup&gt;[[User_talk:Meursault2004|ngobrol]]&lt;/sup&gt; 27 Juni 2026 09.31 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jeffrey Combs</title>
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      <minor />
      <comment>sithik</comment>
      <origin>1750929</origin>
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      <text bytes="166" sha1="htuydb6et69h3ln29rzkz23jlb2khl3" xml:space="preserve">{{inuse}}
'''Jeffrey Alan Combs''' (lair 9 Sèptèmber 1954) iku aktor Amérika Sarékat.

[[Kategori:Lair 1954]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wewengkon Kesultanan Banjar</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-06-28T07:21:52Z</timestamp>
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        <username>~2026-37270-17</username>
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      <comment>Kaca anyar: Wewengkon Kesultanan Banjar Nalika jaman kejayaane, dheweke nguwasani wilayah Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Utara, lan Sabah (Malaysia)–Kepulauan Sulu (Filipina).</comment>
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      <text bytes="220" sha1="c4whpjis9v51bekctcnrd8kxeuobqkj" xml:space="preserve">Wewengkon Kesultanan Banjar Nalika jaman kejayaane, dheweke nguwasani wilayah Kalimantan Selatan, Kalimantan Tengah, Kalimantan Timur, Kalimantan Barat, Kalimantan Utara, lan Sabah (Malaysia)–Kepulauan Sulu (Filipina).</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sonja Sohn</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>200552</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1750955</id>
      <timestamp>2026-06-28T11:42:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rintisan saka [[:en:</comment>
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      <text bytes="19" sha1="jnqzdgd5ezdhgkvlopz6m4nyixxh5tt" xml:space="preserve">Inuse 


sonja Sohn</text>
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