Wikipédia jvwiki https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Médhia Mirunggan Parembugan Naraguna Parembugan Naraguna Wikipédia Parembugan Wikipédia Barkas Parembugan Barkas MédhiaWiki Parembugan MédhiaWiki Cithakan Parembugan Cithakan Pitulung Parembugan Pitulung Kategori Parembugan Kategori Gapura Parembugan Gapura TimedText TimedText talk Modhul Parembugan Modhul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 954 1751474 1733793 2026-07-15T04:10:37Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751474 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | name = Kelinci; Luthuk | fossil_range = [[Eosen]] Wekasan-[[Holosen]], {{Fossil range|53|0}} | image = Rabbit_in_montana.jpg | image_width = 250px | image_caption = Kelinci ing [[Montana]], [[Amérikah Sarékat]] | regnum = [[Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordata]] | subphylum = [[Vertebrata]] | classis = [[Mammalia]] | ordo = [[Lagomorpha]] | familia = [[Leporidae]]<br><small>sapérangan</small> | subdivision_ranks = Genera | subdivision = {{columns-list|2|{{plainlist| *''[[Pentalagus]]'' *''[[Bunolagus]]'' *''[[Nesolagus]]'' *''[[Romerolagus]]'' *''[[Brachylagus]]'' *''[[Sylvilagus]]'' *''[[Kelinci Eropa|Oryctolagus]]'' *''[[Poelagus]]'' }}}}}} '''Kelinci''', utawa '''luthuk''' (saka [[basa Kawi|basa Jawa kuna]]: <big>ꦭꦸꦛꦸꦏ꧀</big> ''luṭuk'') kalebu bangsaning ''Mamalia'' utawa [[kéwan]] nyusoni, lan tansah sapaduluran karo [[Truwèlu]] lan [[Pika]].<ref name="internet1"/> Kelinci wis kasebar saindhenging jagad kajaba ing tlatah [[Antartika]].<ref name="internet1"/> Jeneng latiné ya iku ''Oryctolagus cuniculus''.<ref name="internet1">[http://sentralternak.com/index.php/2008/02/18/ternak-kelinci/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222133239/http://sentralternak.com/index.php/2008/02/18/ternak-kelinci/ |date=2010-12-22 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 19 April 2011)</ref> Kelinci bisa nglairaké anak kurang luwih nganti ping [[5]]-[[7]] saben setaun.<ref name="internet1"/> Cacahé anaké kelinci saben nglairaké ya iku [[5]]-[[8]] kelinci.<ref name="internet1"/> Rata-rata saben manak '''kelinci''' nglairaké anak cacahé 6.<ref name="internet1"/> == Tetengering Kelinci == Kelinci boboté bisa nganti [[5]] [[kilo]] yèn dadi raja kaya, lan ing [[alas]] mung nganti [[3]],[[5]] [[kilo]].<ref name="internet5"/> Kelinci duwé|duwé [[kuping]] dawa kang bisa dianggo ngrungokaké swara saka kadohan, rupané lucu dadi bisa didadèkaké dolanan utawa klangenan.<ref name="internet5"/> Kelinci uga duwé sikil kang kuwat kanggo mencolot lan awaké buntek tur lucu.<ref name="internet5">[http://berita.liputan6.com/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120713010753/http://berita.liputan6.com/ |date=2012-07-13 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 19 April 2011)</ref> Anakané kelinci lumrahé lair ora duwé [[wulu]] lan [[wuta]], ora kaya anaké [[truwèlu]].<ref name="internet5"/> == Uriping Kelinci == Kelinci ing alas lumrahé urip ing bolongan-bolongan siti, utawa wit-witan.<ref name="internet5"/> Kelinci alasan utawa kelinsi alasan lumrahé ngedhuk lemah kanggo susuhané lan ngasuh anak-anaké ing kana.<ref name="internet5"/> Uga, kelinci misuwur amarga cacah lairé kang dhuwur banget.<ref name="internet5"/> Kelinci wis bisa kawin wiwit umur wulanan lan bisa [[meteng]] [[31]]-[[35]] [[dina]].<ref name="internet5"/> Anak kang dilairaké bisa loro nganti 12 iji.<ref name="internet5"/> Kelinci uga [[kéwan]] kang paling énggal ngepaské kahananing [[alam]], dadi rikat duwé anak.<ref name="internet5"/> Ing [[Australia]], saking akèhé, kelinci wis dadi ama kang nyusahaké amarga mangani asil [[kebon]] para [[tani]] ing kana.<ref name="internet5"/> == Pakan == Kelinci kalebu [[''hèrbivor'']] utawa mangan [[tetuwuhan]].<ref name="internet4"/> Ing [[peternakan]], kelinci saliyané dipakani [[tetuwuhan]], dhèwèké uga dipakani [[pèlèt]] lan campuran-campuran tambahan kanggo kesehataning kéwan iki.<ref name="internet4"/> [[Suket]], wortel, [[kangkung]], lan sapanunggalané apik kanggo uripé kelinci.<ref name="internet4">[http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/warintek/?mnu=6&ttg=4&doc=4a10] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123235842/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/warintek/?mnu=6&ttg=4&doc=4a10 |date=2010-11-23 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 19 April 2011)</ref> == Jinising Kelinci == Kelinci saindhenging jagat rupa-rupa, ana kang jinis [[buntut]] [[kapas]], [[angora]], nganti ana kang wuluné dawa. Ing [[Indonésia]], kelinci akèh-akèhané diimpor saka nagara|nagari manca.<ref name="internet3"/> == Kelinci ing uriping manungsa == Kelinci lumrahé didadèkaké kéwan raja kaya, kanggo pakan, nganti dadi [[klangenan]].<ref name="internet3"/> Kelinci kang didadèkaké panganan lumrahé nduwé ukuran kang gedhé, lan kang dadi klangenan lumrahé nduwé wulu kang apik.<ref name="internet3"/> Panganan saka [[daging]] kelinci kang paling misuwur ya iku [[saté]] kelinci.<ref name="internet3">[http://www.trubus-online.co.id/trindo7/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110402034934/http://www.trubus-online.co.id/trindo7/ |date=2011-04-02 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 19 april 2011)</ref> == Ternak kelinci == Méh kabéh hasil saka [[ternak]] kelinci bisa dimanfaataké, kalebu kotoran lan [[urin]]e.<ref name="internet2"/> Asil kang dimanfaatke iki bisa langsung dimanfaatké utawa diolah dhisik.<ref name="internet2"/> * [[Karkas]]: [[daging]] kelinci kanthi kualitas apik bisa kanggo sumber [[gizi]] lan sumber [[protéin]]. Mulané saiki akèh kang dodolan [[''hotplate'']] [[saté]] kelinci, [[bakso]] kelinci, lan liya-liyané.<ref name="internet2"/> [[Balung]] kelinci uga bisa digawé [[glepung]] kang bisa kanggo pakan [[ternak]].<ref name="internet2">[http://www.sinartani.com/peluangusaha/meneliti-untung-ternak-kelinci-1229920399.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228200252/http://sinartani.com/peluangusaha/meneliti-untung-ternak-kelinci-1229920399.htm |date=2009-02-28 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 19 April 2011)</ref> * [[Kulit]] lan [[sikil]]: [[kulit]] kelinci bisa dimanfaataké kanggo bahan kanggo nggawé [[topi]], [[jaket]], rerenggan dinding, [[tas]], [[sepatu]], [[alas]], gantungan kunci lan pelapis perabot rumah tangga.<ref name="internet2"/> * [[Endhas]]: [[endhas]] kelinci bisa kanggo pakan [[kéwan]] kaya ta [[asu]], [[kucing]], lan liya-liyané.<ref name="internet2"/> Saliyané iku, [[utek]] kelinci uga bisa dimanfaataké kanthi digawé [[vaksin]] tumrap perusahaan [[farmasi]].<ref name="internet2"/> * [[Kotoran]] lan [[urin]]: kanggo bahan nggawé [[gas]] [[methane]], [[média]] kanggo nandur [[jamur]], kanggo bahan [[pupuk]] [[kompos]], lan [[urin]] kelinci bisa dimanfatké kanggo [[pupuk]] [[kembang]] [[anggrék]].<ref name="internet2"/> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Gladri kelinci == <gallery> Gambar:Coelho-5829.jpg|kelinci Gambar:Domestic Rabbit-fr.svg|kelinci lucu Gambar:Breakfast Buffet at Rattla Corner^ - geograph.org.uk - 722737.jpg|kelinci apik Gambar:Eastern Cottontail 20090602-2 jhansonxi.jpg|truwelu Gambar:Conejo astronomo.png|gambar kelinci Gambar:Hauskaninchen.jpg|rabbit </gallery> == Gladri asil olahan kelinci == <gallery> Gambar:Mie ayam Kelinci.JPG|mi ayam kelinci Gambar:Mi goreng Grand Kelinci.JPG|mi goreng kelinci Gambar:Nasi goreng Bakmi Kelinci.JPG|nasi goreng kelinci Gambar:Sate kambing.JPG|sate kelinci lagi dibakar Gambar:Sate Suranadi.jpg|sate kelinci </gallery> {{Commons category|Rabbits}} [[Kategori:Sato kéwan]] [[Kategori:Kéwan ingon-ingon]] 34sv9wedmnxaxfcuizhk19clqqv6bzg 0 19298 1751478 1738328 2026-07-15T08:35:55Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751478 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox_begin | color = lightgreen| name = Kelapa}} <br />{{StatusSecure}} {{Taxobox_image | image = [[Gambar:Coconut.jpg|240px]] | caption = Klapa}} {{Taxobox_begin_placement | color = lightgreen}} {{Taxobox_regnum_entry | taxon = [[Tetuwuhan|Plantae]]}} {{Taxobox_divisio_entry | taxon = [[Tetuwuhan ngembang|Magnoliophyta]]}} {{Taxobox_classis_entry | taxon = [[Liliopsida]]}} {{Taxobox_ordo_entry | taxon = [[Arecales]]}} {{Taxobox_familia_entry | taxon = [[Arecaceae]]}} {{Taxobox_genus_entry | taxon = ''Cocos''}} {{Taxobox_species_entry | taxon = ''C. nucifera''}} {{Taxobox_end_placement}} {{Taxobox_section_binomial_botany | color = lightgreen| binomial_name = Cocos nucifera| author = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]}} {{Taxobox_end}} '''Krambil''' utawa '''klapa''' iku sawijining [[tuwuhan]] saka kulawarga ''[[Arecaceae]]''. [[Wit]] iki siji-sijining spésies ing génus ''Cocos'', lan wité bisa nganti [[30]] [[mèter]] dhuwuré. Krambil utawa [[klapa]] uga ngarané wohé wit iki sing kulité atos lan dagingé awerna [[putih]]. [[Wit]] '''krambil''' kalebu tuwuhan saka laladan [[tropis]], bisa tuwuh kanthi apik ing laladan pasisir sanajan uga bisa urip ing laladan nggunung kang dhuwure [[1000]] saka sagara nanging asile kurang apik. [[Kembang]] klapa arané [["manggar"]].<ref name="internet5"/> Saliyané bisa dadi [[woh]], [[manggar]] uga bisa di[[dèrès]] kanggo dijupuk [[legen]]é lan digawé [[Gula Jawa|gula jawa]].<ref name="internet5"/> [[Woh]] [[klapa]] uga dienggo dadi bahan [[panganan]].<ref name="internet5"/>[[Sari]] [[daging]] [[klapa]] sing diperes diarani [[santen]].<ref name="internet5"/> Banjur [[godhong]] '''krambil''' uga dienggo dadi [[bungkus]] panganan lan kagunan liya-liyané.<ref name="internet5"/>[[Godhong]] krambil sing isih [[enom]] lan wernané [[kuning]] diarani [["janur"]], sauntara sing wis [[ijo]] wernané utawa wis tuwa diarani [["blarak"]].<ref name="internet5"/> Saliyané iku [[wit]] [[klapa]] kang aran [[glugu]] uga dienggo dadi bahan [[yasan]] sing cukup apik.<ref name="internet5"/> Kayu wit klapa diarani [["glugu"]] ing [[Tanah Jawa]].<ref name="internet5"/> [[Gambar:Coconut trunk.jpg|thumb|Pokok klapa]] == Arane Pérangan wit klapa == === Wit === * [[oyot]] * [[glugu]] === Godhong === * [[Janur]] * [[papah]] * [[blarak]] * [[bongkok]] * [[sada]]/[[sunduk]] * [[emput]] === kembang lan woh === * [[manggar]] * [[mancung]] * [[bluluk]] * [[cengkir]] * [[degan]] * krambil ==== Perangane Krambil ==== # [[kepeng]] # [[sepet]] # [[cempol]] # [[bathok]] # krambil # [[banyu krambil]] # [[kenthos]] == Asil olahan == === Santen klapa === [[Santen]] klapa kalebu cuwèran kang bébas [[kolésterol]], awit [[lemak]] kang ana ing [[santen]] [[klapa]] kalebu [[lemak]] [[nabati]].<ref name="internet1">[http://www.kohalal.com/content/santan-kelapa-m-s](dipunundhuh tanggal 18 April 2011)</ref> [[Santen]] bisa digunakaké ing akèh masakan.<ref name="internet1"/> [[Santen]] uga bisa dadi bahan dhasar masakan.<ref name="internet1"/> Tuladhané masakan [[kari]],[[nasi lemak]],[[kuih-muih]],[[kek]], [[biskut]], [[kaya]], lan liya-liyané.<ref name="internet1"/> Saliyané iku uga akèh masakan [[tradhisional]] kang nggunakaké [[santen]] kanggo kuah utawa bahan dhasar kanggo ngencéraké.<ref name="internet1"/> Kaya ta sega gandhul, [[sega gandhul]] iki masakan khas [[Pati]].<ref name="internet1"/> Conto liyané yaiku soto.<ref name="internet1"/> Méh saben laladan nduwé masakan [[soto]], dadi ana kang diarani soto [[Kebumén]], soto [[Kudus]], soto [[kebo]], [[soto]] [[ayam]], soto [[kanjengan]] lan liya–iyané.<ref name="internet1"/> Soto kang nggunakaké santen lumrahé diarani soto [[butheg]], déné soto [[bening]] lumrahé soto kang ora nganggo santen.<ref name="internet1"/> Santen kang wis di[[stéril]] luwih gampang digunakaké.<ref name="internet1"/> Santen iki lumrahé diarani santen instan.<ref name="internet1"/> Saiki akèh pabrik-pabrik kang mroduksi [[santen]] [[instan]].<ref name="internet1"/> Santen instan luwih praktis amarga ora usah [[marut]] lan [[meres]] [[klapa]], mung kari nyuwék bungkusé lan dicampur ing masakan.<ref name="internet1"/> Santen instan utawa santen siyap paké iki bisa awét nganti telung dina sawisé dibukak, nanging kudu disimpen ing kulkas supaya ora mambu.<ref name="internet1"/> Sadurungé nyampuraké santen masakan, kudu diocak-ocak dhisik.<ref name="internet1"/> Tujuwané supa sari utawa santen bisa nyampur kabéh ora menep utawa pecah yèn dimasak.<ref name="internet1"/> [[Santen]] [[instan]] rasané uga ora kalah [[gurih]] karo santen kang asalé saka peresan langsung.<ref name="internet1"/> [[Santen kani]] yaiku santen kang [[kenthel]].<ref name="internet1"/> Lumrahé santen iki asil peresan kang sepisanan.<ref name="internet1"/> Dadi klapa kang wis diparut utawa diselépna banjur diperes nganggo [[banyu]], asil peresan kang sepisanan iki kang diarani [[santen]] [[kani]].<ref name="internet1"/> Santen kani rasané luwih [[gurih]] lan luwih [[butheg]] utawa [[kenthel]].<ref name="internet1"/> === Gula Jawa === [[Gula]] [[jawa]] lumrahé diarani uga [[gula]] [[abang]], [[gula]] [[palem]] lan [[gula]] [[arèn]].<ref name="internet2"/> Gula iki asalé saka deresan [[kembang]] klapa utawa kang diarani [[manggar]].<ref name="internet2"/> Dèrèsan [[manggar]] banjur diolah utawa dimasak nganti pekat lan dicithak dadi setengan lingkaran.<ref name="internet2"/> [[Gula]] [[jawa]] rasané [[legi]] rada [[gurih]].<ref name="internet2"/> [[Gula]] [[jawa]] lumrahé digawé [[bumbu]] [[rujak]] lan kanggo [[bumbu]] masakan liyané.<ref name="internet2"/> Gula jawa uga kena kanggo campuran bumbu lan marakaké [[sedhep]].<ref name="internet2"/> Umpamané [[bumbu]] [[cemedhing]], [[bumbu]] [[oséng]]-[[oséng]] [[kangkung]], lan liya-liyané.<ref name="internet2"/> Kanggo para wanita [[gula jawa]] uga kena kanggo perawatan wajah.<ref name="internet2"/> Lumrahé wong wadon kepéngin nduwé praupan kang resik lan cerah.<ref name="internet2"/> Nanging kadang thukul [[jerawat]], [[pori-pori]] wajah kang gedhé lan [[penuaan dini]].<ref name="internet2"/> Akéh-akéhé para wadon nggunakaké perawatan salon kaya ta [[''facial'']] lan [[totok wajah]].<ref name="internet2"/> Nanging ana cara [[alami]] kang ora mbebayani kanggo ngatasi pori-pori besar lan rai kang rada kusam. Carane yaiku nggunakaké [[gula]] [[jawa]]. Lumrahé [[gula jawa]] pancén kanggo gawé jajanan utawa bolu lan kanggo nggawé juruh bubur blowok.<ref name="internet2"/> Nanging saliyne iku, gula palem uga kena kanggo peremajaan [[kulit]], saéngga kulit katon luwih [[seger]].<ref name="internet2"/> Gula iki bisa kanggo nyilikake pori-pori saéngga [[kulit]] katon luwih [[alus]].<ref name="internet2"/> Carané gampang lan praktis.<ref name="internet2"/> [[Gula jawa]] dicampur [[madu]] banjur kanggo [[masker]]an utawa [[scrub]].<ref name="internet2"/> Kanggo asil kang maksimal luwih becik yèn perawatan iki dilakokaké rong dina sapisan.<ref name="internet2">[http://www.kabarinews.com/article/Berita_Indonesia/Mode_Gaya/Manfaat_Gula_Palem/36059](dipunundhuh tanggal 18 April 2011)</ref> Saiki [[gula jawa]] ora mung diprodhuksi dadi [[gula]] kang padat kang dhapuré setengah lingkaran, nanging uga aana kang digawé butiran utawa serbuk kayak [[gula]] [[pasir]] kang rupané [[coklat]].<ref name="internet2"/> === ''Jelly'' klapa === [[Jeli]] [[klapa]] uga kena diarani [[nata de coco]].<ref name="internet3"/> Jeli iki asil perméntasi banyu klapa. Nata de coco lumrahé digawé [[és]] utawa [[ager-ager]].<ref name="internet3"/> Saliyané iku nata de coco uga kanggo campuran nggawé [[puding]][[.<ref name="internet3">[http://www.femina.co.id/main/default.asp] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902042812/http://www.femina.co.id/main/default.asp |date=2011-09-02 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 18 April 2011)</ref> === És degan === Es ''kelapa mudha'' utawa és [[degan]] nduwé jeneng ''ngetrén'' [[és klamud]].<ref name="internet4">[http://www.tabloidnova.com/[[id}}[http://www.tabloidnova.com/](dipunundhuh tanggal 18 April 2011)</ref> És klamud iki énak yèn diombe wayah awan.<ref name="internet4"/> Lumrahé es [[klamud]] uga dicampuri [[sirup]] kanggo nambahai rasa [[legi]].<ref name="internet4"/> Klapa klamud iku istilah kanggo klapa kang kemlamud utawa [[klapa bayi]] kang isih empuk lan rasané kaya-kaya bisa dipangan kanthi diklamuti.<ref name="internet4"/> === Asil liyané === Olahan primer [[daging]] [[klapa]] kang mateng kena kanggo substitusi utawa pengganti [[glepung]] kanggo nggawé [[jajanan]].<ref name="internet5"/> Jajanan iki kaya ta [[roti]], [[biskuit]] dan [[kué]]-kué kering, [[permén]], [[és krim]] lan liya-liyané.<ref name="internet5"/> Wujud olahan primér kang akèh digawé yaiku klapa parut kering[[''desiccated coconut'']].<ref name="internet5"/> Saliyané iku, bisa uga [[glepung]] [[klapa]] kang digawé saka [[ampas]] [[klapa]] kang wis diperes santené.<ref name="internet5"/> === Pigunan saka wit klapa === Saben pérangan wit krambil bisa kagunakake. == Banyu Limbah Industri == Limbah industri pangolahan klapa yaiku limbah cair sing diasilake sajrone proses pangolahan klapa kanggo ngasilake produk kayata minyak klapa, santen, bubuk klapa, utawa produk liyane. Sampah iki bisa duwe macem-macem komponen sing bisa ngrusak lingkungan yen ora dikelola kanthi bener: [https://www.pengolahanlimbah.com/2023/07/baku-mutu-air-limbah-industri.html Baku mutu air limbah industri pengolahan kelapa]. == Jinis == === Klapa sawit === Klapa sawit [[''Elaeis'']] yaikun [[tuwuhan]] kang bisa ngasilaké [[lenga]] [[karbolin]].<ref name="internet5"/> Lenga iki bisa minangka ngoréng panganan.<ref name="internet5"/> Klapa sawit uga kalebu tuwuhan indhustri kang wigati awit bisa ngasilaké lenga masak lan lenga indhustri, uga bahan bakar [[''biodiese'']].<ref name="internet5"/> Indonesia kalebu nagara kang ngasilaké klapa sawit paling akèh ing donya.<ref name="internet5"/> Klapa [[sawit]] bisa urip ing [[Indonésia]] kaya ta ing laladan [[Acéh]], pasisir timur [[Sumatra]], [[Jawa]] lan [[Sulawesi]].<ref name="internet5">[http://www.sinartani.com/agriprosesing/jenis-kelapa-bahan-baku-makanan-ringan-1266292176.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101216112230/http://www.sinartani.com/agriprosesing/jenis-kelapa-bahan-baku-makanan-ringan-1266292176.htm |date=2010-12-16 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 18 April 2011)</ref> Kanggo industri sing ana gandhengane karo minyak sawit, ana syarat babagan banyu limbah, contone [https://www.pasirsilika.com/2023/07/peraturan-baku-mutu-air-limbah-industri.html peraturan baku mutu air limbah industri minyak sawit]. === Klapa kuning === Klapa [[kuning]] yaiku [[klapa]] kang kulité wernané [[kuning]].<ref name="internet5"/> Klapa iki lumrahé diarani klapa [[gadhing]].<ref name="internet5"/> Klapa [[gadhing]] bisa kanggo masak lan digawé [[és]] [[degan]].<ref name="internet5"/> === Klapa ijo === Klapa [[ijo]] yaiku [[klapa]] buah kang kulité sing paling njaba wernané [[ijo]].<ref name="internet5"/> Klapa ijo kena uga diarani [[klapa obat]], amarga [[banyu]] [[klapa]] [[ijo]] iki bisa kanggo penawar [[racun]].<ref name="internet5"/> dadi yèn ana wong keracunan banjur diombéni banyu klapa [[ijo]], bakal mari lan seger manéh.<ref name="internet5"/> == Gladri == <gallery> Gambar:Sabut Kelapa Outbound.JPG|wit klapa Gambar:Kelapa utuh.jpg|klapa wutuh Gambar:Gula kelapa.jpg|gula klapa Gambar: Kelapa yang dibelah dua.jpg|klapa Gambar:Gelugu (coconut wood) in Klaten, Java.jpg|Glugu Gambar:Coconut notches.jpg|wit krambil di[[tataran|tatar]] kanggo nggampangake menek Gambar:Coconut_wall.jpg|tumpukan [[sepet]] Gambar:Coconut_Palm_flowers.jpg|[[Manggar]], kembang krambil Gambar:Coconut_germinating_on_Black_Sand_Beach,_Island_of_Hawaii.JPG|[[Cikal]], krambil kang nembé thukul </gallery> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.coconut-info.com/ Informasi bab klapa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517023723/http://coconut-info.com/ |date=2014-05-17 }} * [http://cocos.arecaceae.com/ Coconut Time Line] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213015327/http://cocos.arecaceae.com/ |date=2007-12-13 }} * [http://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/duke_energy/Cocos_nucifera.html Cocos nucifera L.] {{Woh-wohan}} [[Kategori:Woh-wohan]] [[Kategori:Tetuwuhan pangan]] m9g0ofhiyt8oaru4up3pojyng5enxu9 0 78211 1751472 1734486 2026-07-15T01:52:06Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751472 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Solo Batik Carnival.jpg|thumb|250px|Sala Batik Carnival minangka ajang promosi [[bathik]] ing kutha [[Sala]]]] '''Karnaval Bathik Sala''' utawa '''Sala Batik Carnival''' yaiku [[karnaval]] nganggo [[kostum]] bathik kang dijahit kanthi manéka wujud kreasi lan modhel, dianakaké ing kutha [[Sala]] minangka adicara taunan.<ref name="satu">[http://www.surakarta.go.id/id/news/solo.bathik.carnivalsbc.html Solo Batik Carnival ing situs resmi Pemkab Surakarta]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ancasing adicara kang digelar saben taun iki minangka budidaya ngundhakaké lan ngukuhkaké ''brand'' Sala minangka ''Spirit of Java''.<ref name="tiga">[http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2009/01/11/22301637/solo.bathik.carnival.2.digelar.26-28.juni.2009 Solo Batik Carnival 2 Digelar 26-28 Juni 2009]</ref> Adicara iki wiwitané ana jalaran ''terinspirasi'' déning [[Jember Fashion Carnival]] (JFC), yaiku sawijining parade maragakaké busana utawa sandhangan ing dalanan.<ref name="dua">[http://solo.yogyes.com/id/see-and-do/performance/solo-bathik-carnival/ Solo Batik Carnival]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Awit saka iku, konsèp kekarone meh padha.<ref name="dua" /> Sing mbedakaké yaiku bahan kanggo nggawe kostum.<ref name="dua" /> Karnaval Bathik Sala nganggo [[bathik]] minangka bahan utama nggawe kostum.<ref name="dua" /> Sala Batik Carnival (SBC) iku dianakaké déning ''Sala Center Point Foundation'' lan Pamaréntah Kota [[Surakarta]].<ref name="dua" /> Sadurungé mèlu karnaval, para panyarta kudu mèlu ''workshop'' ngrancang kostum kang digelar pirang-pirang sasi sadurungé karnaval. Kostum kang dirancang iku bakal dianggo dhéwé déning para panyarta nalika Karnaval Bathik Sala kalaksanan.<ref name="dua" /> Karnaval iki dianakaké ing sadawaning dalan [[Slamet Riyadi]] nganti tekan Kantor Balai Kota Sala. Sala Batik Carnival (SBC) kang ana wiwit taun [[2008]] iki, saben taun duwé téma kang bédha.<ref name="dua" /> Tema-tema kang wus tau diusung déning SBC yaiku ''[[Wayang]]'' (2008)''[[Topeng]]'' (2009), ''Sekar Jagad'' ([[2010]]),lan ''Keajaiban Legenda'' ([[2011]]).<ref name="tiga" /><ref name="dua" /> Sala Batik Carnaval (SBC) kaping 16 resmi dibukak dening Walikota Sala, Respati Adi ing Setu, 12 Juli 2025 nganti ngusung téma Samuhita Sobosukawonosraten, maknane semangat nyatukaké budaya lan pariwisata Sala raya.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://surakarta.go.id/detail-berita/solo-batik-carnival-2025-resmi-dibuka-parade-budaya-pikat-ribuan-penonton-2054|title=Pemerintah Kota Surakarta|website=surakarta.go.id|access-date=2025-09-13}}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Uga delengen == [[Jember Fashion Carnival]] == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Karnaval]] {{Stub}} 36lmi35vgqub70vdmhiuz1e0pmk88ov 0 79626 1751479 1665217 2026-07-15T08:47:57Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751479 wikitext text/x-wiki {{coord|30|45.43|N|121|58.13|E|scale:125000|display=title}} [[Gambar:Donghai Bridge Construction.jpg|thumb|Kreteg Donghai nalika dibangun]] [[Gambar:Donghai Bridge.jpg|thumb|Kreteg Donghai]] '''Kreteg Donghai''' ({{海大桥|t=東海大橋|p=Dōnghǎi Dàqiáo|l=East Sea Grand Bridge}}) iku [[kreteg]] sagara kang paling dawa ana ing [[donya]] nganti [[Kreteg Teluk Hangshou]] wiwit di bukak ing tanggal 1 Mèi 2008. Kreteg Donghai dibangun ing tanggal 10 [[Dhésèmber]] [[2005]]. Donghai duwé dawa 32,5 kilomèter uga ngubungake [[Shanghai]] ing daratan lan pelabuhan [[sagara]] [[Yangshan]] ing [[Républik Rakyat Cina]]. Wujud saka kreteg Donghai wujud [[viaduct]]. Ugaawujud pérangan [[kreteg kabel]] kang bisa diliwati [[kapal]] sangisoré kanthi amba 420 mèter. == Uga delengen == * [[Pelabuhan Shanghai]] * [[Pratélan kreteg kabel paling dawa]] == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.donghai-bridge.com.cn Official site in Chinese] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124042834/http://www.donghai-bridge.com.cn/ |date=2005-11-24 }} * [http://www.chinapage.com/bridge/shanghai/donghai/donghaibridge.html Pictures of the Donghai Bridge] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060316061610/http://www.chinapage.com/bridge/shanghai/donghai/donghaibridge.html |date=2006-03-16 }} * [http://home.wangjianshuo.com/archives/20060502_exciting_donghai_bridge_and_new_habor_city.htm Exciting Donghai Bridge and New Habor City] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207001758/http://home.wangjianshuo.com/archives/20060502_exciting_donghai_bridge_and_new_habor_city.htm |date=2009-02-07 }} * [http://enggifamelloestrada.wordpress.com/2010/03/12/199/ Jembatan Donghai, Jembatan Terpanjang Dalam Sejarah]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[Kategori:Kreteg ing Républik Rakyat Cina]] [[Kategori:Kreteg]] {{yasan-stub}} jiouvzb3cm20lwxj4yagl5wpe0fqwvt 0 94185 1751480 1645330 2026-07-15T09:46:46Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751480 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} [[File:Kumi Yagami.jpg|thumb|270px|Kumi Yagami]] {{Infobox musical artist | name = Kumi Yagami<br />矢神 久美 | image_size = | background = solo_singer | image = | caption = | Alias = {{nihongo|Kumin|くーみん}}, {{nihongo|Ku-chan|くーちゃん}} | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1994|6|13}} | Origin = [[Prefektur Aichi]] | Genre = [[J-pop]] | Associated_acts = [[SKE48]] Tim S | Years_active = | Label = }} {{Nihongo|'''Kumi Yagami'''|矢神 久美|Kumi Yagami|{{lahirmati|[[Prefektur Aichi]]|13|6|1994}}}} ya iku anggota grup [[idola Jepang]] [[SKE48]] Tim S. Deèwèké kalebu salah siji saka telu anggota SKE48 kang mesti kapilih minangka anggota ''senbatsu'', wiwit saka ''singel'' pertama nganti singel ke-9. Rong anggota liané ya iku [[Rena Matsui]] lan [[Jurina Matsui]]. == Karièr == Dèwèké mèlu Audisi Anggota Pendiri SKE48 (angkatan sapisan), lan ditampa ing 31 Juli 2008. Sajeroning audisi mau, namung 22 wong kang ditampa saka 2.670 pelamar. Yagami kapilih minangka salah siji saka 16 anggota ''senbatsu'' kanggo pertunjukan teater SKE48 kang pertama, [[Team S 1st Stage "Party ga Hajimaru yo"]]. Dèwèké munggah panggung teater SKE48 kanggo sepisanan ing 5 Oktober 2008. Tim S diwangun ing Maret 2009, anggotané asalé dari 16 anggota ''senbatsu'' pertunjukan teater sepisanan SKE48, kalebu Kumi Yagami. Kabèh anggota Tim S ''diikutsertakan'' ing singel perdana, "[[Tsuyoki Mono yo]]" kang dirilis 5 Agustus 2009. Ing 25 Dhésèmber 2009, Yagami bareng [[Manatsu Mukaida]] lan [[Yui Matsushita]] kapilih kapilih minangka anggota Keroro Girls, suporter kanggo filem ''[[Keroro Gunso the Super Movie: Creation! Ultimate Keroro, Wonder Space-Time Island]]''. Keteluné mèlu minangka pengisi suara sajeroning filem anime kang wiwit diédaraké 27 Fèbruari 2010.<ref>{{cite news |title=SKE48がケロロガールズ結成「声優に挑戦するであります!!」 |author= |url=http://natalie.mu/music/news/27644 |newspaper=Natalie |access-date=2012-11-13 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304131523/http://natalie.mu/music/news/27644 |url-status=dead }}(Kaunduh 13/11/12)</ref> Drama televisi ''[[Majisuka Gakuen]]'' di [[TV Tokyo]] kang wiwit ditayangaké 12 Fèbruari 2010 ya iku pengalaman pertaman anggoné berakting. Peran kang dimainaké jenengé Dance. Nalika SKE48 pertama kaliné nerapaké sistem ''senbatsu'', Yagami kalebu salah siji saka 7 anggota ''senbatsu'' kanggo singel kapindho "[[Aozora Kataomoi]]". Singel mau dirilis 24 Maret 2010, lan wujud singel kanti anggota ''senbatsu'' paling sithik ing antarané kabèh grup AKB48. Bebarengan [[Rena Matsui]], Yagami kapilih minangka anggota Under Girls kanggo lagu sisih B "Nusumareta Kuchibiru" ing singel ke-16 AKB48, "[[Ponytail to Shushu]]". Singel mau wujud kesempatan pertama kanggone dèwèké minangka partisipan ing singel AKB48. Ing [[Pilihan umum Singel kang kaping-17 AKB48|Pilihan umum Kapindo AKB48]] kang berlangsung saka Mèi nganti Juni 2010, jenenge lumebu ing urutan kaping-38, lan kasil lumebu minangka anggota Under Girls. Lagu kang tembangaké minangka Under Girls ya iku lagu sisih B "Namida no Seesaw Game" ing singel ke-17 AKB48, "[[Heavy Rotation (lagu AKB48)|Heavy Rotation]]". Ing dhuwur panggung konsèr [[a-nation]] bersama SKE48, 13 Agustus 2011, sikilé kesleo. Cedera ligamen kang dialami telung taun sadurungé kemungkinan kumat manèh. Ing acara salam-salaman 15 Agustus 2011, dèwèké mung bisa nemoni penggemar kanti njagong. Hasil diagnosis meksa kudu cuti lara nganti enam minggu kaétung 16 Agustus 2011,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ske48.co.jp/?id=20110816174417340&writer=secretariat |title=矢神休演、珠理奈の状態 |author= |work= |publisher=SKE48 }}(Kaunduh 13/11/12)</ref> lan ora tampil ing pertunjukan teater nganti September 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ske48.co.jp/news/?id=1313487761 |title=矢神久美休演について |date= |publisher=SKE48 |access-date=2012-11-13 |archive-date=2011-08-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110831062037/http://www.ske48.co.jp/news/?id=1313487761 |url-status=dead }}(Kaunduh 13/11/12)</ref> Dèwèké tampil manèh ing pertunjukan teater ing 13 Oktober 2011.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ameblo.jp/ske48official/entry-11047227659.html |title=☆笑顔は人の心を動かず魔法★KUMI |date=2011-10-13 |publisher=SKE48 Official }}(Kaunduh 13/11/12)</ref> Yagami lan Jurina Matsui kapilih minangka peran utama filem komèdi ''[[Waya! Uchuu Ichi no Osekkai Daisakusen]]'' kang wiwit diédaraké 29 Oktober 2011.<ref>{{cite news |title=WAYA！宇宙一のおせっかい大作戦 |author= |url=http://eiga.com/movie/56944/ |newspaper=Eiga.com |date= }}(Kaunduh 13/11/12)</ref> Kkaloroné kapilih léwat audisi kang dipéloni 57 anggota SKE48,<ref>{{cite news |title=ＳＫＥ看板娘がコメディーで銀幕デビュー |url=http://www.nikkansports.com/entertainment/news/p-et-tp1-20110726-810648.html |newspaper=Nikkan Sports |date=2011-07-26 }}(Kaunduh 13/11/12)</ref> sisan pengalaman pertama kanggo kaloroné main filem. Yagami lolos audisi pengisi suara sèri anime ''[[AKB0048]]'' ing 13 Dhésèmber 2011. Audisi mau dipèloni déning 200 anggota grup AKB48.<ref>{{cite news |title=アニメ「AKB0048」公開オーディションで声優選抜9名決定 |author= |url=http://natalie.mu/music/news/61195 |newspaper=Natalie |access-date=2012-11-13 |archive-date=2013-05-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130521141104/http://natalie.mu/music/news/61195 |url-status=dead }}(Kaunduh 13/11/12)</ref> Dèwèké kapilih minangka salah satu saka sanga pengisi suwara AKB0048. Perané inangka siswi angkatan 77 jenengé Sonata Shinonome. ==Diskografi== === Bareng SKE48=== * "[[Tsuyoki Mono yo]]" * "[[Aozora Kataomoi]]" * "[[Gomen ne, Summer]]" * "[[1! 2! 3! 4! Yoroshiku!]]" ** {{nihongo|"Seishun wa Hazukashii"|青春は恥ずかしい}} bareng Akagumi * "[[Banzai Venus]]" * "[[Pareo wa Emerald]]" ** {{nihongo|"Tsumiki no Jikan"|積み木の時間}} ** {{nihongo|"Hanabi wa Owaranai"|花火は終わらない}} bareng Selection 8 * "[[Okey Dokey (lagu SKE48)|Okey Dokey]]" ** {{nihongo|"Hatsukoi no Fumikiri"|初恋の踏切}} ** {{nihongo|"Utaouyo, Bokutachi no Kouka"|歌おうよ、僕たちの校歌}} (bareng Selection 8) * "[[Kataomoi Finally]]" ** {{nihongo|"Kyou made no Koto, Korekara no Koto"|今日までのこと、これからのこと}} ** {{nihongo|"Kamoku na Tsuki"|寡黙な月}} bareng Selection 8 * "[[Aishiteraburu!]]" === Bareng AKB48 === * Sajeroning "[[Ponytail to Shushu]]" ** {{nihongo|"Nusumareta Kuchibiru"|盗まれた唇}} * Sajeroning "[[Heavy Rotation (lagu AKB48)|Heavy Rotation]]" ** {{nihongo|"Namida no Seesaw Game"|涙のシーソーゲーム}} (bareng Under Girls) * Sajeroning "[[Beginner]]" ** {{nihongo|"Boku dake no Value"|僕だけのvalue}} (bareng Under Girls) * Sajeroning "[[Sakura no Ki ni Narou]]" ** {{nihongo|"Guuzen no Juujirou"|偶然の十字路}} (bareng Under Girls) * Sajeroning "[[Everyday, Katyusha]]" ** {{nihongo|"Hito no Chikara"|人の力}} (bareng Under Girls) === Pertunjukan teater === ; [[Team S 1st Stage "Party ga Hajimaru yo"]] ** "Classmate" ** "Skirt, Hirari" ; [[Team S 2nd Stage "Te o Tsunaginagara"]] ** "Wimbledon e Tsureteitte" (1st Unit) ** "Glory Days" (2nd Unit) ; [[Team S 3rd Stage "Seifuku no Me"]] ** "Ookami to Pride" (1st Unit) ** "Onna no Ko no Dairokkan" (2nd Unit) ==Penampilan == === Acara varietas === * ''[[AKBingo!]]'' (17 Dhésèmber Januari 2008– , ora tetep, [[Nippon Television]]) * ''[[Shukan AKB]]'' (24 Juli 2009– , ora tetep, [[TV Tokyo]]) * ''Research'' (21 November 2008–26 Maret 2009, [[Tokai Television Broadcasting]]) * ''[[SKE48 Gakuen]]'' (3 Oktober 2009– , [[Enta!371]]) * ''AKB48 [[Nemousu Terebi]] Special 2009 (28 Dhésèmber 2009, [[Family Gekijo]]) * ''[[Shitte Kaiketsu! SKEtto Net]]'' (5 April 2010– , [[NHK General Television]], produksi NHK Nagoya * ''[[Star Hime Sagashi Tarou]]'' (25 September 2010–24 September 2011, ora tetep, TV Tokyo) * ''[[SKE48 no Idol×Idol]]'' (6, 13 Dhésèmber 2010, [[Chukyo TV Broadcasting]]) * ''[[SKE48 Musume ni Ikaga!?]]'' (12 Agustus 2011, Tokai Television Broadcasting) * ''[[SKE48 no Sekai Seifuku Joshi]]'' (3 Oktober 2011– , [[Chukyo TV Broadcasting]]) === Drama televisi === * ''[[Majisuka Gakuen]]'' (12 Fèbruari 2010–26 Maret 2010, TV Tokyo) * ''[[Mousou Deka]]'' (12 Januari 20111–30 Maret 2011, Tokai Television) * ''[[Majisuka Gakuen 2]]'' (15 April 2011–1 Juli 2011, TV Tokyo) * ''[[SKE48 no Magical Radio 2]]'' (3 April 2012– , Nippon Television) === Anime === * ''[[AKB0048]]'' === Radio === * ''[[SKE48 Kanransha e Youkoso!!]]'' (4 April 2009– , tidak tetap, [[CBC Radio]]) * ''[[SKE48 1+1 wa 2 janai yo]]'' (10 Dhésèmber 2010, [[Tokai Radio Broadcasting]]) ==Cathetan sikil== {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Yagami, Kumi}} [[Kategori:Anggota SKE48]] [[Kategori:Idola Jepang]] [[Kategori:Jepang]] 1sp5n1xk7ep4xozm99xvnhtaq52bbfu 0 99886 1751476 1749602 2026-07-15T07:47:07Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751476 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Logo Komune Perancis.png|thumb|Logo Komune Prancis]] [[Gambar:La Défense depuis l'Arc de Triomphe Janvier 2023.jpg|thumb|[[Paris]]]] [[Gambar:Marseille.jpg|thumb|[[Marseille]]]] [[Gambar:Lyon kompressed.JPG|thumb|[[Lyon]]]] [[Gambar:Toulouse toits depuis Boulbonne.jpg|thumb|[[Toulouse]]]] [[Gambar:Vue_du_Vieux-Nice.jpg|thumb|[[Nice]]]] [[Gambar:Absolute place Kleber 02.jpg|thumb|[[Strasbourg]]]] [[Gambar:Montpellier fg06.jpg|thumb|[[Montpellier]]]] [[Gambar:Bordeaux Miroir 001.jpg|thumb|[[Bordeaux]]]] '''''Commune''''' minangka tingkat paling andhap saking pérangan administratif wonten ing [[Prancis|Républik Prancis]].<ref name="internet1">Constitution française du 4 octobre 1958(Constitution du 6 octobre 1950), article 72, alinéa {{1er}}: « Les collectivités territoriales de la République sont les communes, les [[département français|départements]], les [[région française|régions]], les collectivités à statut particulier et les collectivités d'outre-mer régies par l'article 74 [de la Constitution]. Toute autre collectivité territoriale est créée par la loi, le cas échéant en lieu et place d'une ou de plusieurs collectivités mentionnées au présent alinéa. ».</ref> Tembung ''commune'' wonten ing basa Prancis medal wonten ing abad kaping 12, saking [[Basa Latin Pertengahan]], ''[[komune pertengahan|communia]]'', ateges sekempalan alit tiyang ingkang sami wonten ing pagesangan saben dinten, saking [[Basa Latin]] ''communis'', satunggaling bab ingkang dipuntindakaken sesarengan. Komune Prancis sami kaliyan [[kotamadya]]/kutha wonten ing [[Amérikah Sarékat]] utawi ''[[Praja ing Jerman#Gemeinden|Gemeinden]]'' wonten ing [[Jerman]]. Komune Prancis boten gadhah pepadhan wonten ing [[Karajan Manunggal]], gadhah status wonten ing sawijining papan antawising [[dhistrik non-metropolitan|dhistrik]] lan [[paroki sipil]] [[Inggris]]. Sawijining komune Prancis saged wujud kutha kanthi penduduk 2 juta jiwa kados ta [[Paris]], kutha alit kanthi cacahing penduduk 10.000 jiwa, utawi namung désa kanthi penduduk 10 jiwa. == Karakteristik umum == === Cacahing Komune === Rikala tanggal [[1]] [[Maret]] [[2007]], wonten udakawis 36.780 komune ing [[Prancis]], 36.568 antawisipun wonten ing [[Prancis Metropolitan]]<ref name="internet2"> {{Lien web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/cog/telechargement.asp |titre=Code Officiel Géographique |site= le site de l'Insee |consulté le= 22 April 2013 }}.</ref><ref name="inseemo"> {{Lien web |url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/cog/recherche_historique.asp?debut=2011&fin=2012&dep=00&mod=M0 |titre=Modifications de communes en 2011 et 2012 |site= le site de l'Insee |consulté le= 22 April 2013 }}.</ref> lan 212 ingkang sanès wonten ing sebrang laut.<ref name="internet4">{{fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/cog/documentation.asp| title=Code officiel géographique&nbsp;— Présentation|first=[[Government of France]]| last=[[INSEE]]|accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref><ref name="internet5">{{fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=nomenclatures/cog/outremer.htm| title=Code des collectivités d'outre-mer (COM)|first=[[Government of France]]| last=[[INSEE]]|accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref><ref name="internet11"/><ref name="internet76"/> Cacah punika dipunanggep langkung inggil tinimbang [[nagara]] [[Éropa]]<ref name="internet74">{{Cite web |url=http://statistik.ptkpt.net/_a.php?_a=area&info1=6 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-23 |archive-date=2013-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608073111/http://statistik.ptkpt.net/_a.php?_a=area&info1=6 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ingkang sanès. Bab punika dipunandharaken kanthi gambalang wonten ing pérangan sajarah ing ngandhap; komune Prancis sampun nggantosaken pamérangan Prancis dados désa utawi [[paroki]] nalika [[Revolusi Prancis]] langkung saking kalih abad kapengker. {| class="wikitable" width=285px align="center" |+ style="font-weight: bold; font-size: 0.9em; margin-bottom: 0.5em"|Éwah-éwahaning cacah Komune<ref name="internet6">{{fr icon}} {{cite web|url=http://projetbabel.org/gl/cog.pdf| title=Le code officiel géographique (COG), avant, pendant et autour (Version 3, volume 1)|first=[[Government of France]]| last=[[INSEE]]|accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref> |- !width="33.33%"| !! width="33.33%"|&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Prancis Metropolitan]]<ref name="internet2"/>!! width="33.33%"|&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Prancis Sebrang Laut]]<ref name="internet11">http://www.outre-mer.gouv.fr/</ref><ref name="internet76">http://outremer.mnhn.fr/les-outre-mer{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- ! 1 Jan. 1999 | align=center|36,565 || align=center|214 |- ! 1 Jan. 2000 | align=center|36,566 || align=center|214 |- ! 1 Jan. 2001 | align=center|36,563 || align=center|214 |- ! 1 Jan. 2002 | align=center|36,565 || align=center|214 |- ! 1 Jan. 2003 | align=center|36,564 || align=center|214 |- ! 1 Jan. 2004 | align=center|36,568 || align=center|214 |- ! 1 Jan. 2005 | align=center|36,570 || align=center|214 |- ! 1 Jan. 2006 | align=center|36,571 || align=center|214 |- ! 1 Jan. 2007 | align=center|36,569 || align=center|214 |- ! 1 Mar. 2007 | align=center|36,568 || align=center|212 |} Ugi perlu dipunmangertosi bilih, boten kados nagara ingkang sanès kalebet [[Amérikah Sarékat]]<ref name="internet 72">http://www.anneahira.com/nagara-bagian-amerika-serikat.htm{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>, sadaya tèritori Républik Prancis, ing njawi sapérangan jajahan sebrang laut alit, kapérang dados komune. Wonten ing tèritori [[Républik Prancis]] boten wonten ing wewengkon ingkang kapisah ingkang dipunpimpin déning sawijining [[kabupatèn]] utawi tataran ingkang langkung inggil (Punika sami kaliyan [[New England]]<ref name="internet 73">http://www.discovernewengland.org/</ref> wonten ing Amérikah Sarékat). Pérangan lemah pundi kémawon wonten ing Républik Prancis minangka péranganing sawijining komune, kekalihipun wonten ing [[Prancis Metropolitan]]<ref name="internet2"/> lan sebrang laut (kalebet pagunungan utawi "hutan hujan" ingkang boten wonten pendudukipun), kanthi pengecualian tumrap: * COM (''collectivité d'outre-mer'', ateges ''jajahan sebrang laut'') [[Saint-Martin]] (33.102 jiwa).<ref name="internet90">http://www.geographia.com/st-martin/</ref> Sadèrèngipun wujud komune wonten ing ''[[région ing Prancis|région]]'' [[Guadeloupe]]<ref name="internet7">{{Cite web |url=http://www.guadeloupe-islands.com/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-20 |archive-date=2013-04-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130422052941/http://guadeloupe-islands.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Struktur komune punika dipunbisak nalika Saint-Martin dados jajahan sebrang laut rikala tanggal [[22]] [[Fèbruari]] [[2007]]. Sapunika dados salah satunggal saking tigang tèritori kanthi penduduk permanèn saking Républik Prancis tanpa struktur komune. * COM [[Wallis lan Futuna]] (14.944 jiwa), ingkang taksih kapérang dados tigang kesukuan tradhisional. Sapunika dados salah satunggal saking tigang tèritori kanthi penduduk permanèn saking Républik Prancis ingkang boten kapérang dados komune<ref name="internet8">{{Cite web |url=http://www.dfat.gov.au/geo/wallis_futuna/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-20 |archive-date=2013-04-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130420170525/http://dfat.gov.au/geo/wallis_futuna/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>. * COM [[Saint-Barthélemy]] (6.852 jiwa)<ref name="internet9">http://www.st-barths.com/en/home.html</ref>. Sadèrèngipun wujud komune wonten ing region Guadeloupe. Struktur komune punika dipunbisak nalika Saint-Martin dados jajahan sebrang laut rikala tanggal 22 Fèbruari 2007. Sapunika dadosi salah satunggal saking tigang tèritori kanthi penduduk permanèn saking Républik Prancis tanpa struktur komune<ref name="internet10">{{Cite web |url=http://countrycode.org/saintbarthelemy |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-20 |archive-date=2013-05-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523162335/http://countrycode.org/saintbarthelemy |url-status=dead }}</ref>. * TOM (''territoire d'outre-mer'', atages ''teritori sebrang laut'') Daratan Kidul lan Antarktika Prancis (tanpa penduduk permanèn, sakitar 200 ilmuwan, wadya lan pengamat cuaca)<ref name="internet11"/>. * [[Pulo Clipperton]] wonten ing Samudera Pasifik (tanpa penduduk)<ref name="internet12">http://wn.com/id_Pulau_Clipperton</ref>. === Wiyar daratan komune biyasa === Wonten ing [[Prancis]] Metropolitan, wiyar rerata sawijining komune taun [[2004]] inggih punika [[1 E7 m²|14.88 km²]] (5.75 mil pasagi, utawi 3.676 ekar). Wiyar mèdian komune Prancis Metropolitan (wonten ing sensus [[1999]]) langkung alit, inggih punika [[1 E7 m²|10.73 km²]] (4.14 mil pasagi, utawi 2.651 ekar). Wiyar mèdian inggih punika pangukuran wewengkon ingkang langkung saé kanggé komune Prancis biyasa. Wiyar mèdian punika langkung alit tinimbang laladan-laladan wonten ing nagara [[Éropa]], kados ta [[Italia]] ing pundi wiyar mèdian komune-nipun (''[[comuni]]'')<ref name="internet81">{{Cite web |url=http://www.italia.it/en/home.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-23 |archive-date=2009-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018203348/http://www.italia.it/en/home.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 22&nbsp;km² (8.5 mil pasagi, [[Bèlgi]] 40&nbsp;km² (15.5 mil pasagi)<ref name="internet79">http://www.belgia.com/</ref>, [[Spanyol]] 35&nbsp;km² (13.5 mil pasagi)<ref name="internet80">http://www.e-spanyol.hu/</ref>, utawi [[Jerman]] ing pundi kathah-kathahipun ''[[Praja ing Jerman|Länder]]''<ref name="internet82">{{Cite web |url=http://www.internetpolyglot.com/swedish/lesson-3104701210 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-23 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304193513/http://www.internetpolyglot.com/swedish/lesson-3104701210 |url-status=dead }}</ref> gadhah komune (''[[Praja ing Jerman|Gemeinden]]'') kanthi wiyar median ing sanginggilipun 15&nbsp;km² (5.8 mil pasagi). Wiyar komune Prancis ingkang alit sanget punika dipunsebabaken amargi cacahing komune ingkang inggil, sampun dipunandharaken ing nginggil, wonten ing tèritori kanthi ukuran manengah kados ta Prancis. Taun [[2000]], [[Switserlan]]<ref name="internet78">http://www.swiss.com/web/EN/Pages/index.aspx?Country=US</ref> lan ''[[Praja ing Jerman|Länder]]'' [[Rheinland-Pfalz]]<ref name="internet13">http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/Germany/rheinland-pfalz.htm</ref>, [[Schleswig-Holstein]]<ref name="internet14">{{Cite web |url=http://www.schleswig-holstein.de/Portal/EN/Portal_node.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-20 |archive-date=2013-04-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403202140/http://schleswig-holstein.de/Portal/EN/Portal_node.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>, lan [[Thüringen]]<ref name="internet15">http://www.thueringen.info/</ref> ing [[Jerman]] dados satunggalipun laladan ing Éropa ing pundi komune-nipun gadhah wiyar mèdian ingkang langkung alit saking komune [[Prancis]]. Komune [[département d'outre-mer|''département'' sebrang laut]] kados ta [[Réunion]]<ref name="internet77">http://www.reunion.fr/en/</ref> lan [[Guyana Prancis]]<ref name="internet16">http://binvenueafrance.blogspot.com/2011/11/pembagian-administratif.html</ref> langkung ageng saking baku Prancis, langkung ageng saking komune Prancis Metropolitan. Limrahipun kagolongaken dados komune ingkang sami awujud sapérangan désa lan kutha alit. Wonten ing [[Réunion]]<ref name="internet77"/>, pawiyaran démografi lan urbanisasi ingkang nyebar sampun ngasilaken pamérangan administratif awujud ''communes''. === Cacahing penduduk komune biyasa === Cacahing penduduk mèdian komune Prancis Metropolitan wonten ing sensus [[1999]] inggih punika 380 jiwa. Punika ugi minangka cacah ingkang paling sakedhik, lan ing ngriki Prancis taksih tebih saking Éropa, kanthi cacahing pendduuk mèdian komune paling sakedhik saking sadaya [[nagara Éropa]] (komune ing [[Switserlan]]<ref name="internet78"/> utawi [[Rheinland-Pfalz]] gadhah wiyar ingkang langkung alit, kaandharaken ing nginggil, nanging langkung padet). Cacahing penduduk mèdian andhap komune Prancis punika saged kabandhaingaken kaliyan [[Italia]] ing pundi cacahing penduduk mèdian komune-nipun wonten ing taun [[2001]] dumugi angka 2.343 jiwa<ref name="internet81"/>, [[Bèlgi]] 11.265 jiwa<ref name="internet79"/>, punapa déné [[Spanyol]] kanthi cacah 564 jiwa.<ref name="internet80"/> Cacah penduduk mèdian ing ngriki boten nyingedaken kasunyatan bilih béda ukuran ingkang ageng antawisipun komune ing Prancis. Kados ingkang sampun kaandharaken ing pérangan awal, sawijining komune saged wujud kutha kanthi 2.000.000 jiwa kados Paris<ref name="internet82"/>, kutha alit kanthi 10.000 jiwa<ref name="internet82"/>, utawi désa kanthi 10 jiwa. Punapa ingkang dipungendikakaken cacahing penduduk mèdian minangka pratandha bilih kathah-kathahipun komune Prancis namung gadhah kalih atus komune; nanging ugi wonten sapérangan alit komune ingkang padhet pendudukipun. [[Gambar:Alsace Adve3.png|thumb|250px|Region [[Alsace]]: 8,280 km² daratanipun kapérang dados 904 komune. Bab ingkang limrah wonten ing [[Prancis Metropolitan]].]] Wonten ing Prancis Metropolitan, wonten 20.982 komune ingkang cacahipun penduduk kirang saking 500 jiwa<ref name="internet82"/>, ing pundi 57.4% saking sadaya komune. 20.982 komune punika namung gadhah penduduk 4.638.000 jiwa, utawi 7.7% saking cacahing sadaya penduduk [[Prancis]] Metropolitan. Kanthi makaten, namung 7.7% penduduk Prancis ingkang dumunung wonten ing 57.4% komune<ref name="internet82"/>, déné 92.3% penduduk ingkang netetp ing angka 42.6% komune ing Prancis.<ref name="internet82"/> === Tuladha ingkang Limrah: Alsace === [[Gambar:Alsace.jpg|thumb|Region Alsace]] [[Region ing Prancis|Region]] [[Alsace]]<ref name="internet17">http://www.lalsace.fr/</ref>, kanthi wiyar [[1 E+9 m²|8.280 km²]] (3.197 mil pasagi), minangka règion paling alit wonten ing [[Prancis Metropolitan]], nanging kapérang dados 904 komune (903 komune dumugi taun [[2006]], nanging komune [[Bosselshausen]]<ref name="internet83">http://www.francethisway.com/places/a/kirrwiller-bosselshausen-bas-rhin.php</ref> lan [[Kirrwiller]]<ref name="internet84">http://www.maplandia.com/france/alsace/bas-rhin/saverne/kirrwiller/</ref>, ingkang sampun dipungabung wiwit taun [[1974]], dipunpisah malih tanggal [[1]] [[Januari]] [[2007]], cacahipun dados 904). Cacahipun komune punika boten istiméwa manawi kabandhingaken kaliyan région ingkang sanès wonten ing [[Prancis Metropolitan]], nanging nalika dipunlebetaken wonten ing tingkat Éropa, cacah punika katingal istiméwa kanggé komune Prancis. Kanthi 904 komune, règion alit Alsace sampun gadhah kotamadya ingkang cacahipun kaping tiga langkung kathah tinimbang [[krajan]] [[Swèdhen]], ingkang tèritori paling agengipun gadhah wiyar 449.964&nbsp;km² (173.732 mil pasagi) namung kapérang dados 290 kotamadya (''[[kotamadya ing Swèdhen|kommuner]]''). Alsace gadhah cacah kaping kalih langkung kathah saking kotamadya ing [[Walanda]], éwadéné cacahing penduduk Walanda kaping sanga langkung kathah lan wiyaripun kaping sekawan langkung ageng saking Alsace, namung kapérang dados 443 kotamadya (''[[kotamadya ing Walanda|gemeenten]]'')<ref name="internet18">{{Cite web |url=http://www.vlaanderen.be/nl/ontdek-vlaanderen/provincies-en-gemeenten |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-20 |archive-date=2013-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130415034814/http://www.vlaanderen.be/nl/ontdek-vlaanderen/provincies-en-gemeenten |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Éwadéné wonten budaya Jerman ing Alsace, kathahipun komune Alsace sampun medal saking manéka komune ing règion Prancis sanès saking ''penolakan'' tumrap ukum Prancis ingkang maksa komune saperlu nggabungaken dhiri kaliyan komune ingkang sanès, ing pundi kathah [[praja ing Jerman]] ingkang winatesan kaliyan Alsace, kotamadya-nipun (''[[kotamadya ing Jerman|Gemeinden]]'') sampun kagabung wonten ing manéka gelombang wiwit 1960-an, lan kanthi langsung ngirangi cacahipun. Wonten ing praja [[Baden-Württemberg]]<ref name="internet19">http://www.baden-wuerttemberg.de/en/home/</ref>, sebrang [[Kali]] [[Rhine]]<ref name="internet20">http://www.tripadvisor.co.id/ShowUserReviews-g188568-d229236-r118765294-NH_Rijnhotèl-Arnhem_Gelderland_Province.html</ref>, cacahipun ''Gemeinden'' samsaya kirang, saking 3.378 rikala taun [[1968]]<ref name="internet21">{{de icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.landtag-bw.de/wp12/drucksachen/5000/12_5490_d.pdf| title=25 Jahre Gemeindereform Baden-Württemberg; hier: Neuordnung der Gemeinden| author=Parliament (Landtag) of Baden-Württemberg| format=PDF| accessdate=2013-04-22| archive-date=2012-05-13| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513230012/http://www9.landtag-bw.de/wp12/drucksachen/5000/12_5490_d.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> dados 1.108 rikala September 2007.<ref name=German_Gemeinden>{{de icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/dtland/dtland.htm| title=Gemeinden in Deutschland| author=gemeindeverzeichnis.de| accessdate=2013-04-22| archive-date=2018-10-16| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016132547/http://www.gemeindeverzeichnis.de/dtland/dtland.htm| url-status=dead}}</ref> Minangka perbandhingan, cacah komune wonten ing Alsace namung kirang saking 945 taun [[1971]]<ref name="internet22">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://splaf.free.fr/67his.html| title=Historique du Bas-Rhin| author=SPLAF| accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref><ref name="internet23">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://splaf.free.fr/68his.html| title=Historique du Haut-Rhin| author=SPLAF| accessdate=2013-04-22}}</ref> (sadèrèngipun ukum Marcellin ingkang miwiti komune Prancis kagabung satunggal kaliyan sanèsipun, pirsani pérangan [[Komune ing Prancis#Perdebatan|perdebatan]] ing ngandhap) dados 904 rikala wulan Januari 2007. Kasilipun, règion Alsace, kanthi wiyar ingkang namung seperlima wiyar Baden-Württemberg lan cacahing penduduk namung seperenem Baden-Württemberg, gadhah kathah kotamadya tinimbang praja ing Jerman. Règion alit Alsace gadhah langkung saking kaping kalihipun cacah kotamadya ing praja paling ageng lan ingkang kathah piyambak pendudukipun [[Nordrhein-Westfalen]] (396 ''Gemeinden'' rikala September 2007)ing pundi panggabungan kotamadya dipuntindakaken langkung rikat saking Baden-Württemberg, lan kotamadya ing praja paling ageng [[Niedersachsen]]<ref name="internet24">http://www.niedersachsen.de/portal/</ref> (1.022 ''Gemeinden'' rikala September 2007).<ref name=German_Gemeinden /> === Status komune === Amargi pabédan ingkang ageng wonten ing cacahing penduduk, saben komune ing Républik Prancis ngangkat satunggaling wali kutha (''maire'') lan déwan kotamadya (''conseil municipal'') ingkang ngatur komune saking ''[[Hôtel de Ville|mairie]]<ref name="internet25">http://www.devillehotèl.com.pa/{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>'' ([[balai kutha (administrasi)|balai kutha]]), kanthi kakuwasan ingkang sami éwadéné agengipun komune boten sami (kanthi kutha Paris minangka pangecualian, ing pundi pulisi kutha dipuntindakaken pamaréntah punjer, sanès wali kutha Paris). Kaseragaman status punika minangka kasil jelas saking Revolusi Prancis, ingkang nglajengaken kabiyasan lokal ingkang kadamel wonten ing kraton Prancis. Wiyaripun komune taksih dados perkawi, nanging, wonten ing kalih alesan: ukum Prancis netepaken ukuran [[dewan kotamadya]] miturut cacahing penduduk komune, lan ukuran cacah penduduk ateges ing pundi prosès pamilihan dipun-ginakaken kanggé pamilihan déwan kotamadya papanipun piyambak-piyambak. Wiwit Hukum PML taun 1982 dipunsahaken, tigang komune Prancis ugi gadhah status istiméwa ing pundi tigang komune punik kapérang dados [[arondisemen kotamadya ing Prancis|arondisemen kotamadya]]: inggih punika [[Paris]]<ref name="internet26">http://www.paris.com/</ref>, [[Marseille]]<ref name="internet27">http://www.marseille.fr/sitevdm/versions-etrangeres/english--discover-marseille</ref>, lan [[Lyon]]<ref name="internet28">http://www.en.lyon-france.com/</ref>. [[Arondisemen kotamadya]] minangka satunggalipun unit administratif wonten ing sangandhapipun komune ing Républik Prancis, nanging namung katetetapaken kanggé tigang komune mau. Arondisemen kotamadya punika boten nyinggung [[arondisemen Prancis|arondisemen]] ingkang minangka subdivisi saking ''[[département]]'' Prancis. Komune Prancis gadhah "kapribadén" ukum wiwit taun [[1837]]: dipunanggep [[badan yuridis|badan ukum]], lan gadhah kapasitas ukum. Arondisemen kotamadya boten gadhah kapribadén ukum, lan tanpa pameroléhan pribadi. Hukum lan obligasi komune dipunatur déning ''Code général de collectivités territoriales (CGCT)'' ingkang nggantosaken ''Code des communes''<ref name="internet29">http://www.legifrance.gouv.fr/affichCode.do?cidTexte=LEGITEXT000006070162</ref> (kejawi kanggé prakawis pribadi) kanthi pangesahan ukum tanggal [[21]] [[Fèbruari]] [[1996]] kanggé législasi lan kaputusan nomer 2000-318 tanggal [[7]] [[April]] [[2000]] kanggé régulasi.<ref name="internet30">{{Cite web |url=http://www.droit.org/code/index-CGCTERRL.html |title=Legislation |access-date=2013-04-16 |archive-date=2005-01-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050103093724/http://www.droit.org/code/index-CGCTERRL.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="internet31">{{Cite web |url=http://www.droit.org/code/index-CGCTERRM.html |title=Decree |access-date=2013-04-16 |archive-date=2005-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112200608/http://www.droit.org/code/index-CGCTERRM.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [1] (http://www.droit.org/code/index-CGCTERRL.html) Legislasi * [2] (http://www.droit.org/code/index-CGCTERRM.html) Dudutan == Sajarah Komune Prancis == [[Gambar:060905 Overlooking Old Town and Harbour.JPG|thumb|[[La Rochelle]]]] [[Gambar:Antibesbordmer.JPG|thumb|[[Antibes]]]] Komune Prancis wiwit dumadi rikala wiwitanipun [[Revolusi Prancis]] taun [[1789]]-[[1790]].<ref name="internet32">http://www.marxists.org/indonesia/archive/trotsky/1921-PelajaranKomune.htm</ref> === Karajan Prancis === [[Gambar:Cannes France.jpg|thumb|left|[[Cannes]]]] [[Gambar:Duchesse Anne du Ciel.jpg|thumb|[[Dunkerque]]]] Sadèrèngipun Revolusi Prancis, dèrèng wonten pambentukan komune ingkang sami kaliyan komune wonten ing jaman sapunika. Tingkatan paling andhap saking pamérangan administratif inggih punika [[paroki]] (''paroisse''), saha wonten sakitar 60.000 paroki wonten ing [[Krajan]] [[Prancis]]. Sawijining paroki namung awujud sawijining gréja, papan dunung wonten ing sakitaripun (kaloka kanthi nama désa), lan lahan tetanèn wonten ing sakitaring désa. Kedah dipunémut bilih [[Prancis]] minangka nagara ingkang cacah pendudukipun ingkang kathah piyambak wonten ing wewengkon [[Éropa]] dumugi ing abad kaping 19, [[Ruslan]] kanthi 25 yuta penduduk sadèrèngipun [[Revolusi Industri]]<ref name="internet114"/>, ([[Inggris]] namung udakawis 6 yuta penduduk sadèrèngipun Revolusi Industri)-punika dipunsebabaken amargi cacahing paroki ingkang kathah sanget wonten ing Karajan Prancis. Raja Prancis asring maringi gelar tumrap panguwasa paroki kanthi sebutan "kakuwasan saking 100.000 menara gréja". Nanging paroki punika namung sakedhik anggénipun gadhah struktur kotamadya komune sadèrèngipun Revolusi. Limrahipun namung wonten ''komite pambangunan'' (''conseil du fabrique'' ing pundi 'fabrique' gegayutan kaliyan tembung 'fabricate' mbiyangun wonten ing [[basa Inggris]]), kasusun saking penduduk désa, ingkang nindakaken pambangunan gréja paroki, plataran gréja, lan manéka papan dunung saha properti gréja-lan kadang kala nyamektakaken pambiyantu tumrap fakir miskin, utawi ngemunah griya sakit utawi sekolah paroki. Pendeta ingkang nyambut damel wonten ing paroki punika ugi perlu nyathet pembaptisan, palakrama, lan bab pepatèn, wiwit [[Peraturan Villers-Cotterêts]]<ref name="internet33">http://www.mairie-villerscotterets.fr/</ref> taun [[1539]] déning [[François I saking Prancis|François I]]. Kajawi kanggé tugas mau, désa dipuntilaraken kanggé ngurusi prakawis sanès manawi dipunkeparengaken. Ingkang limrah, penduduk désa sami kempal kanggé ngrembag prakawis ingkang wigati ingkang gegayutan kaliyan wewengkon punika, kados ta panganggoan lahan tetanèn, nanging dèrèng madeg badan kotamadya ingkang permanèn. Wonten ing kathah papan, tuan tanah lokal (''seigneur'')<ref name="internet115">http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/seigneur</ref><ref name="internet116">http://www.thefreedictionary.com/seigneur</ref> wonten ing papan dunungipun taksih dipuntindakaken campurtangan tumrap prakawis wonten ing désa, mendhet pajeg saking penduduk désa lan meksa penduduk nyambut damel dados [[corvée]], taksih nemtokaken lahan tetanèn pundi ingkang badhé dipun-ginakaken lan kapan, sarta cacahing kasil panèn ingkang kedah dipunparingaken dhateng piyambakipun. Wonten ing sisih ingkang sanès, sampun dipunbentuk kutha prajanjèn ingkang sampun dipunsarujuki sadanguning Éra Pertengahan, saking ratu piyambak, utawi bangsawan lokal (kados déné kutha [[Toulouse]] ingkang dipunsarujuki déning bangsawan Toulouse). Kutha-kutha mau dipundhirikaken saking sapèrangan paroki (dumugi atusan paroki kanggé kutha [[Paris]]<ref name="internet34">http://saridarnita.wordpress.com/2013/01/26/sejarah-kota-paris/</ref>), lan dipunklilingi déning ''témbok pertahanan''. Kutha-kutha punika sampun kabébasaken saking kakuwasanipun tuan tanah rikala abad kaping 12 lan kaping 13, ingkang sampun gadhah badan kotamadya ingkang ngatur kutha, lan kamiripan kaliyan komune ingkang sampun kabangun sadanguning Revolusi Peranis kejawi kanggé kalih titik wigati: 1-badan kotamadya punika boten démokratis, ingkang limrah dipuntangani déning kulawarga bourgeois ingkang sugih, ingkang kasugihanipun ngundhang kathah prakawis, saèngga kulwarga punika dipuncap minangka ''golongan ingkang gadhah kuwasa'' tinimbang dhémokrasi kotamadya; 2-boten wonten status seragam kanggé kutha prajanjèn punika, ingkang gadhah status piyambak-piyambak lan organisasi tartamtu. Wonten ing sisih lèr Prancis, kutha dipunatur déning ''échevin'' (saking [[basa Jerman]] kuna ingkang ateges hakim), déné kutha-kutha ingkang wonten ing kidul Prancis dipunatur déning ''consul''<ref name="internet35">http://www.thefreedictionary.com/consul</ref> (sami kaliyan mangsa Romawi), nanging [[Bordeaux]]<ref name="internet37"/> dipunpimpin déning ''[[jurat]]''<ref name="internet36">http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/jurat</ref> (kanthi ètimologi ateges "priyantun kakung ingkang dipunsumpah") lan [[Toulouse]]<ref name="internet100">{{Cite web |url=http://www.toulouse-visit.com/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-23 |archive-date=2013-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413044644/http://www.toulouse-visit.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> déning ''capitouls'' ("priyantun kakung pengawal"). Limrahipun, boten wonten wali kutha nalika mangsa modhèren; sadaya ''échevin'' utawi ''consul''<ref name="internet117">http://www.linternaute.com/dictionnaire/fr/definition/echevin/</ref> wonten ing tingkat ingkang sami, lan medalaken kaputusan kanthi kolegial; nanging kanggé prakawis ingkang sanès namung wonten satunggaling ''échevin''<ref name="internet117"/> utawi ''consul'' ing ngandhapipun ingkang sanès, dados sajinis wali kutha, éwadéné boten kanthi kakuwasan èksekutif ingkang sami kados déné wali kutha modhèren. "Walikota" punika dipunsebut: [[wali kutha (sipil)|wali kutha para saudagar]] (''prévôt des marchands'')<ref name="internet118">http://www.linternaute.com/dictionnaire/fr/definition/prevot-des-marchands/</ref> wonten ing [[Paris]]<ref name="internet26"/> lan [[Lyon]]<ref name="internet28"/>; ''maire'' ing [[Marseille]]<ref name="internet27"/>, Bordeux<ref name="internet37">{{Cite web |url=http://www.bordeaux.com/uk |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-20 |archive-date=2013-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425083840/http://www.bordeaux.com/uk |url-status=dead }}</ref>, [[Rouen]]<ref name="internet38">http://www.rouen.fr/</ref>, [[Orléans]]<ref name="internet39">http://www.orleans.fr/accueil.htm</ref>, [[Bayonne]]<ref name="internet40">http://www.bayonnenj.org/</ref> lan sapèrangan kutha sanèsipun; ''mayeur'' wonten ing [[Lille]]; ''premier capitoul'' ing Toulouse; ''viguier'' ing [[Montpellier]]<ref name="internet41">http://www.montpellier.fr/</ref>; ''premier consul'' wonten ing sapèrangn kutha ing sisih kidul Prancis; ''prêteur royal''<ref name="internet119">http://www.chapters.indigo.ca/books/M%C3%A9moire-Klinglin-Pr%C3%A9teur-Royal-Ville-Fran%C3%A7ois-christophe-honor%C3%A9-D-Klinglin-Giroud/9781272774417-item.html{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ing [[Strasbourg]]<ref name="internet42">http://www.strasbourg.com/</ref>; ''maître échevin'' ing [[Metz]]<ref name="internet43">http://www.metz.de/en/</ref>; ''maire royal'' ing [[Nancy]]<ref name="internet44">{{Cite web |url=http://www.nancy-tourisme.fr/nancy-tourism/discover/history-and-heritage/unesco/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-20 |archive-date=2013-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423132757/http://www.nancy-tourisme.fr/nancy-tourism/discover/history-and-heritage/unesco/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>; utawi ''prévôt'' ing [[Valenciennes]]<ref name="internet45">{{Cite web |url=http://www.valenciennes.fr/fr/accueil.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-20 |archive-date=2013-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130425223215/http://www.valenciennes.fr/fr/accueil.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>. === Revolusi Prancis === Tanggal [[14]] [[Juli]] [[1789]]<ref name="internet46">http://perancis09upi.wordpress.com/2010/01/03/sejarah-terjadinya-revolusi-perancis-ratu-ayu-christine-p-1a-0902419/</ref>, rikala wekdal sampun sonten, sasampunipun panyerangan kunjara [[Bastille]]<ref name="internet107">{{Cite web |url=http://www.anneahira.com/sejarah-perancis.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-23 |archive-date=2013-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130608055430/http://www.anneahira.com/sejarah-perancis.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="internet107"/>, wali kutha para pedagang Paris, [[Jacques de Flesselles]]<ref name="internet70">http://www.linternaute.com/ville/ville/lycee/25152/detail/lycee_professionnel_jacques_de_flesselles.shtml</ref>, dipuntembak rikala kaanan ramé wonten ing anak tangga Balai Kota Paris. Éwadéné wonten ing Éra Pertengahan wali kutha pedagang nandhani kamardikaning [[Paris]] lan miwiti pamberontaken tumrap Raja [[Charles V saking Prancis|Charles V]]<ref name="internet101">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/106985/Charles-V</ref>, kantoripun ingkang sampun dipuntutup déning ratu, lajeng dipunbikak malih nanging wonten panjagan ingkang ketat saking [[ratu]], saèngga para pamberontak sampun mungkasi pamanggih publik minangka perwakilan lokal [[ratu]] ingkang sanès, lan minangka parwujudan kotamadya mardika.<ref name="internet101"/> Sasampunipun prastawa punika, sawijining "komune" ing [[Paris]] langsung dipundhirikaken kanggé nggantosaken kutha prajanjèn [[Paris]] ingkang dangu rumiyin, lan panjaga kotamadya dipunbentuk kanggé njagi [[Paris]] saking sadaya usaha Raja [[Louis XVI saka Prancis|Louis XVI]]<ref name="internet47">http://windiloviyo.blogspot.com/2011/03/revolusi-perancis.html</ref> kanggé mungkasi révolusi ingkang saweg kadadosan.<ref name="internet48">http://mustaqimzone.wordpress.com/2012/06/27/revolusi-perancis/</ref> Sapérangan kutha ingkang sanès wonten ing [[Prancis]] nindakaken cara ingkang sami, lan komune madeg wonten ing pundi-pundi, kanthi panjaga kotamadya piyambak-piyambak. Tanggal [[14]] [[Dhésèmber]] [[1789]], [[Majelis Konstituen Nasional|Majelis Nasional]] (''Assemblée Nationale'')<ref name="internet85">http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/</ref> ngesahaken ukum pambentukan komune, minangka tingkat paling andhap wonten ing pamérangan administratif [[Prancis]], ingkang nguwaosi komune independen punika, nanging ugi minangka komune-nipun piyambak.<ref name="internet85"/> Wonten ing laladan ingkang sanès, tugas Majelis Nasional inggih punika, micanten saperlunipun, kanthi révolusionèr: boten ngrujuk dhateng éwah-éwahaning sadaya kutha prajanjèn dados komune, Majelis Nasional ugi mutuskan ngéwahi sadaya paroki désa dados komune kanthi status jangkep.<ref name="internet85"/> Para Revolusioner kainspirasi déning pamanggihipun [[Rene Descartes|Descartes]] ugi filosofi [[Masa Pencerahan|Pancerahan]] (''les Lumières'')<ref name="internet86">http://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/si%C3%A8cle_des_Lumi%C3%A8res/130660</ref>. Para Revolusioner kapèngin nglajengaken cara mangsa rumiyin lan minangka masarakat ingkang makmur, ing pundi sadayanipun sami lan tetep miturut alesan, tinimbang tradisi utawi konservasi.<ref name="internet85"/> Para Revolusioner lajeng netepaken pamérangan administratif ingkang seragam kanggé sadaya nagara: sadaya wewengkon Prancis badhé dipunpérang dados ''[[départements]]'', lajeng [[arondisemen Prancis|arondisemen]], [[kanton ing Prancis|kanton]], lan komune, tanpa pangecualian.<ref name="internet103">http://carapedia.com/sistem_pemerintahan_nagara_perancis_info219.html</ref> Sedaya komune gadhah status ingkang sami, gadhah satunggaling wali kutha (''maire'')<ref name="internet87">http://www.paris.fr/</ref> minangka pamimpin, lan déwan kotamadya (''conseil municipal'')<ref name="internet90"/> ingkang dipunpilih penduduk komune. Punika minangka révolusi nyata kanggé puluhan èwu désa ingkang boten naté ngraosaken pagesangan kotamadya ingkang teratur sadèrèngipun. Sawijining griya komunal (''[[Hôtel de Ville|mairie]]'')<ref name="internet88">http://www.mairie4.paris.fr/mairie04/jsp/site/Portal.jsp</ref> dipunyasa wonten ing saben désa, ing pundi dipunadani pepanggihan déwan kotamadya ugi administrasi komune. Sapérangan Majelis Nasional nentang pamérangan Prancis dados puluhan èwu komune, nanging [[Honoré Mirabeau|Mirabeau]]<ref name="internet89">http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Mirabeau</ref> lan pamanggihipun ngèngini satunggal komune kanggé saben paroki sampun lumampah. Tanggal [[20]] [[September]] [[1792]], pancathetan lair, palakrama, lan pati ugi dipunbisak saking pandhita paroki lan dados tanggel jawab wali kutha. Palakrama sipil dipuntetepaken lan dipuntindakaken wonten ing ''mairie''<ref name="internet87"/> kanthi upacara ingkang béda saking cara gréja tradhisional, kanthi wali kutha nggantosaken pandhita, lan nama ukum nggantosaken nama Gusti ("''Au nom de la loi, je vous déclare unis par les liens du marriage.''" – "Kanthi nama ukum, kula netepaken kekalih punika nyawiji kanthi palakrama punika."). Pendeta dipunpaksa mandhegaken pembaptisan, palakrama, lan buku bab pati ingkang kala rumiyin, ingkang dipunsimpen wonten ing ''mairie''. Éwah-éwahan ndadak punika ngasoraken sanget umat Katulik, lan Prancis badhé mlebet mangsa [[perang sipil]],<ref name="internet104">http://lib.ugm.ac.id/exec.php?app=simpus&act=search&lokasi=12&kriteria=subyek&kunci=Perang+Sipil+-+Perancis{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kaliyan region ingkang gadhah keagamaan ingkang kiyat ing sisih kilèn [[Prancis]] minangka pusatipun. Bab punika badhé ndhèrèkaken [[Napoleon I]]<ref name="internet102">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/402943/Napoleon-I</ref> kanggé damel prajanjèn damai wonten ing [[Prancis]], nyeimbangaken sistem adminsitratif énggal, lan ndadosaken bab punika dipuntampi déning sadaya rakyat. Napoleon ugi mbisak pamilihan déwan kotamadya, ingkang sapunika dipunpilih déning [[prefek]], perwakilan lokal pamarèntah punjer.<ref name="internet102"/> ===Éwah-éwahan sasampunipun Repolusi Prancis === [[Gambar:Levallois 246.JPG|thumb|[[Levallois-Perret]]]] [[Gambar:Val de Seine.jpg|thumb|[[Issy-les-Moulineaux]]]] [[Gambar:Centre culturel Louis de Broglie 20090202.jpg|thumb|[[Neuilly-sur-Seine]]]] Ing wekdal punika, wonten ing pamanggihipun tiyang mrika, komune [[Prancis]] taksih sami kaliyan ingkang dipundhirikaken ing purwakaning révolusi Prancis. Éwah-éwahan ingkang paling ageng kadadosan ing taun [[1831]], nalike Parlemèn Prancis<ref name="internet105">http://www.parlement.fr {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210401030302/http://www.parlement.fr/ |date=2021-04-01 }} Official site of the Parlement français</ref><ref name="internet106">http://www.parlements.org Site of the CHPP (Comité d'histoire parlementaire et politique) and of ''Parlement(s), Revue d'histoire politique''</ref> damel ulang aturan pokok pamiliyan déwan kotamadya, lan ing taun [[1837]] nalika komune [[Prancis]] dipunpringi kapribadèn kukum ingkang sapunika dipunanggep [[badan kukum]] kanthi kapasitas kukum. Pendukung [[Jacobin (pulitik)|Jacobin]] ajrih tumrap kekiyatan lokal indepènden, ingkang dipuntingali minangka konservatif lan nantang révolusi, lan ngagungaken pamarèntah punjer ingkang langkung kumawasa. Nalika para révolusionér minangka komune, dèrèng kaparingan "kapribadèn" ukum (tuladhanipun ''[[département]]''), kanthi pamarèntah punjer ingkang gadhah "kapribadèn" ukum. Taun [[1837]] kaanan punika dipunbiwarakaken boten praktis, amargi wali kutha lan déwan kotamadya boten saged kerjasama wonten ing pangadilan. Akibat saking wéah-éwahan punika, puluhan éwu désa ingkang dèrèng naté gadhah "kapribadèn" ukum (sebrangan kaliyan kutha prajanjèn) dumadakan dados badan ukum ingkang angka pisanan sadanguning sajarahipun. Punika taksih dados prakawis dumugi sapunika. Sadanguning [[Révolusi Prancis]] sakitar 41.000 komune dipunbentuk<ref name="internet49">{{Cite web |url=http://big.chez.com/lpcornu/servstats01.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-16 |archive-date=2004-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040901002739/http://big.chez.com/lpcornu/servstats01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>, wonten ing sawijining téritori ingkang ngrujuk dhateng wates nagara nagara Prancis sapunika (cacah 41.000 mau nglingkupi komune wonten ing departemén [[Savoie (departemen)|Savoie]]<ref name="internet110">http://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-g499089-Savoie_Rhone_Alpes-Vacations.html</ref>, [[Haute-Savoie]]<ref name="internet111">http://www.haute-savoie-tourisme.org/</ref> lan [[Alpes-Maritimes]]<ref name="internet112">{{Cite web |url=http://www.alpes-maritimes.pref.gouv.fr/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-date=2018-09-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911165131/http://www.alpes-maritimes.pref.gouv.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="internet113">http://www.provenceweb.fr/e/alpmarit.htm</ref> ingkang dipunanèksasi taun [[1975]], nanging boten kalebet departemén wonten ing [[Bèlgi]] lan [[Jerman]] ing kilèn [[Rhein]], ingkang naté dados péranganing [[Prancis]] antawis taun [[1795]] lan [[1815]]). Kirang saking 60.000 paroki ingkang madeg sadèrèngipun révolusi (wonten ing kutha, paroki kagabungaken dados komune tunggal; ing padésan, sapérangan paroki alit kagabungaken kaliyan ingkang ageng), nanging 41.000 taksih minangka angka ingkang ageng sanget, tanpa perbandingan ing donya nalika punika, kejawi wonten ing kamaharajan [[Tiongkok]] (ing mrika, namung tingkat [[kabupatèn]] lan ing nggilipun ingkang gadhah administrasi permanen). Wiwit punika, éwah-éwahan ageng sampun ngéwahi [[Prancis]], ugi sadaya wewengkon ing Éropa: [[Revolusi Industri]]<ref name="internet114">{{Cite web |url=http://www.anneahira.com/sejarah-revolusi-industri.htm |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-date=2013-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130505041536/http://www.anneahira.com/sejarah-revolusi-industri.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>, 2 [[perang donya]], lan ''perpindahan pedalaman'', sadayanipun ingkang ngosongaken padésan lan samsaya miyaraken wewengkon kutha. Pamérangan administratif [[Prancis]], taksih kaku lan boten éwah. Dinten punika sakitar 90% komune lan departemèn dipunbentuk sami kaliyan nalika kadadosan Revolusi Prancis langkung saking 200 taun kapungkur, kanthi wates ingkang sami. Akibatipun, komune padésan ingkang boten kaétang lan gadhah atusan penduduk rikala [[Revolusi Prancis]] sapunika namung gadhah satunggal atus penduduk utawi kirang. Ing sisih sanès, kutha sampun ngrembaka kanthi rikat déné wewengkon ingkang nindakaken [[urbanisasi]] samsaya wiyar langkung saking wates komune ingkang dumadi rikala révolusi. Tuladhanipun inggih punika [[Paris]], ing pundi wewengkon urbanisasi dumugi angka 296 komune. [[Paris]] minangka salah satunggal saking sapérangan komune [[Prancis]] ing pundi watesanipun dipunwiyaraken kanggé wewengkon urbanisasi. Komune [[Paris]] ingkang énggal lan langking ageng dipunmadegaken ing sangandhapipun parèntah Kaisar [[Napoléon III]]<ref name="internet108">http://www.biography.com/people/napoleon-iii-9420342</ref><ref name="internet109">http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/403129/Napoleon-III</ref> taun [[1859]], nanging sasampunipun [[1859]] wates [[Paris]] boten éwah. Boten kados nagara Éropa ingkang sanès, ingkang nggabungaken komune-nipun kanggé ngirangi kepadatan populasi sapunika (kados ta [[Jerman]] lan [[Italia]] sakitar taun [[1970]]), kanthi drastis ngirangi cacahing komune wonten ing prosésipun-''[[Praja ing Jerman|Gemeinden]]''<ref name=German_Gemeinden /> ing [[Jerman Barat]] kirang saking angka 24.400 dados 8.400 kanthi wekdal sapérangan taun-[[Prancis]] nindakaken wonten ing pertengahan, lan kathah-kathahipun, sadanguning abad kaping 19. Saking cacah 41.000 komune rikala Revolusi Prancis, cacahipun kirang dados 37.963 taun [[1921]], lan 36.568 taun [[2004]] (ing Prancis Metropolitan). [[Prancis]] dados nagara kanthi cacahing komune ingkang kathah piyambak ing Éropa. Kanggé tuladha, [[Jerman]] ingkang nyawiji pendudukipun namung sepertiga langkung kathah saking [[Prancis]]) namung gadhah 12.291 komune (''Gemeinden'', tanggal [[30]] [[September]] [[2007]], sampun kirang, saking 46.300 komune taun [[1900]] dumugi nyawijinipun [[Jerman]] taun [[1990]]),<ref name=German_Gemeinden /> lan [[Italia]] (cacah pendudukipun nyelaki [[Prancis]]) kanthi 8.101 komune (''[[comune|comuni]]'', miturut sénsus Italia [[2001]]). Wonten ing Éropa, namung [[Switserlan]] ingkang gadhah kepadatan [[kotamadya ing Switserlan|komune]] kados Prancis, lan ugi wonten pergerakan penggabungan ageng ingkang dipunwiwiti sedasa taun pungkasan. Kanggé seserepan ingkang langkung kathah ngèngingi bab cacahing komune wonten ing [[Prancis]], wonten kalih perbandingan: 1-[[Uni Éropa]] (15 anggota, sadèrèngipun [[Mèi]] [[2004]]) kasusun saking 75.000 komune, lan Prancis Metropolitan piyambak kanthi 35.568 komune, ingkang ateges 47.5% komune ing Uni Éropa wonten ing Prancis Metropolitan (16% penduduk Uni Éropa saking 15 anggota dumunung wonten ing Prancis). 2-[[Amérikah Sarékat]], kanthi tèritori kaping 14 langkung ageng saking Républik Prancis, lan kaping gangsal langkung kathah pendudukipun, gadhah 35.937 [[pemerintah kotamadya|kotamadya]] kagabung lan [[kotapraja sipil|kotapraja]] miturut Sensus Pamarèntah [[2002]], langkung sakedhik saking 36.782 komune kagunganipun Républik Prancis. === Padudon === [[Gambar:Troyes 2008 PD.JPG|thumb|[[Troyes]]]] [[Gambar:Flers_eglise_St-Pierre.JPG|thumb|[[Villeneuve-d'Ascq]]]] [[Gambar:Lorient.jpg|thumb|[[Lorient]]]] Dangunipun langkung saking 30 taun, wonten rantaman wonten ing Prancis kanggé panggabungan komune kanthi skala ageng, kalebet swanten kinurmatan saking présidhèn ''[[Cour des Comptes]]'' (badan audit administratif punjer wonten ing Prancis).<ref name="internet120">http://www.courdescomptes.nat.tn/</ref><ref name="internet121">{{Cite web |url=http://eca.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eca_main_pages/home |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-date=2009-12-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222231135/http://eca.europa.eu/portal/page/portal/eca_main_pages/home |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="internet122">{{Cite web |url=http://www.ccomptes.fr/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-date=2012-05-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120528084750/http://www.ccomptes.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Satebih punika, konservatisme lokal samsaya kiyat, lan tanpa proposal panggabungan wajib ingkang kasil wiwit komite wonten ing Parlemèn Prancis. Taun [[1971]] [[ukum Marcellin]] maringi panjurung lan dana saking pamarèntah kanggé narik komune saperlu kagabung kanthi bébas satunggallan sanèsipun, nanging ukum mau gagal sadaya (namung sakitar 1.300 komune ingkang sarujuk mbisak wewengkonipun klan nyawiji kaliyan komune ingkang sanès). Saèngga, pamanggih panggabungan ngendika bilih [[kutha|kutha-kutha]] Prancis gadhah wiyar ingkang sempit manawi kabandhingaken kaliyan nagara Éropa ingkang sanès, amargi wates wewengkonipun katetepaken 200 taun kapungkur. Tuladhanipun, kutha [[Lyon]] minangka sawijining komune alit kanthi géografis kanthi penduduk 465.300 jiwa ingkang dumunung wonten ing wates administratif, mapan wonten ing parèngkat ing ngandhapipun kutha-kutha Éropa ingkang sanès, ing pundi kasunyatanipun [[aire urbaine|wewengkon metropolitan]] [[Lyon]] gadhah 1.7 yuta jiwa lan minangka salah satunggaling metropolis paling ageng wonten ing Éropa, sami kaliyan wewengkon metropolitan kados [[Munich]]. Cacahing penduduk lan èkonomi wewengkon metropolitan Munich sami kaliyan [[Lyon]], nanging cacahing penduduk kutha (''Gemeinde'') [[Munich]] sakitar 1.320.000 jiwa, mèh kaping tiga langkung kathah saking komune [[Lyon]], mbetahaken téritori kotamadya [[Munich]] ingkang langkung ageng (310&nbsp;km²/120 mil pasagi), kaping 6.5 langkung ageng saking téritori kotamadya [[Lyon]] (48&nbsp;km²/18.5 mil pasagi). Walikota wonten ing [[Prancis]] asring sambat bilih kawontenanipun boten dipunakoni nalika sami tindakaken wonten ing njawi rangkah [[Prancis]], amargi kasunyatan bilih para walikota namung jumeneng madeg wonten ing téritori alit wonten ing tengah wewengkon métropolitan ingkang wiyar. Tuladha saé kanggé prakawis punika inggih punika [[Paris]]: éwadéné wewengkon métropolitan [[Paris]] minangka salah satunggaling ingkang kathah piyambak pendudukipun wonten ing donya, kanthi 10 yuta jiwa, cacah penduduk wonten ing kutha Paris piyambak inggih punika 2.145.000 jiwa, kirang saking cacahing penduduk kutha [[Roma]] (2.550.000 jiwa), ingkang wewengkon métropolitanipun gadhah 3.5 yuta penduduk langkung kathah saking wewengkon métropolitan [[Paris]]. Wonten ing sisih ingkang sanès, wonten sapérangan komune padésan ingkang ''èksodus padésan''ipun sampun nilaraken sapérangan tiyang, lan gadhah prakawis anggénipun ngemunah layanan umum kados ta nglampahaken irigasi, prakawis sampah, utawi margi komune ingkang dèrèng dipunaspal.<ref name="internet120"/> Panggabungan, boten gampil kanggé dipunrengkuh.<ref name="internet120"/> Perkawis kapisan inggih punika, bilih manawi komune ngirangi cacahing kalungguhan ingkang kapilih ingkang kasamekta, lan boten kondhang kanthi pulitikus lokal. Perkawis ingkang langkung wigati inggih punika manawi warga nagara saking satunggal désa boten badhé ngarepaken layanan lokal ing mrika ingkang kalampahaken déning satunggaling badan èksekutif wonten ing désa ingkang sanèsipun, ingkang mbok manawi boten perduli bab kabetahan lokal.<ref name="internet120"/> Èkspresi "antarkomune" (''intercommunalité'')<ref name="internet123">http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/default.asp?page=zonages/intercommunalite.htm</ref><ref name="internet124">{{Cite web |url=http://www.adcf.org/5-339-Intercommunalites-le-mensuel.php |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-date=2013-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516131022/http://www.adcf.org/5-339-Intercommunalites-le-mensuel.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> ateges sapérangan pambentukan kerjasama antar komune. Kerjasama kados punika ingkang kapisanan dipunlaksanakaken wonten ing pungkasaning abad kaping 19 wonten ing ukum tanggal [[22]] [[Maret]] [[1890]] ingkang dipunsahaken kanggé pambentukan asosiasi antarkomune tunggal. Ingkang damel UU [[Prancis]] sampun kuwatos wiwit dangu tumrap kekirangan struktur komune ingkang dipunwarisaken saking [[Revolusi Prancis]] kanggé njumbuhaken kaliyan cacahing komune, [[ukum Chevènement]] tanggal [[12]] [[Juli]] [[1999]] inggih punika pangkuran paling énggal lan majeng ingkang katujokaken wonten ing panyampurnan èkspresi punika. Wonten ing taun-taun pungkasan punika sampun samsaya mundhak komune kanggé kagabung wonten ing [[konsorsium]] antarkomune kanggé ancas kacukupanipun layanan kados ta pamungutan sampah lan suplai toya.<ref name="internet120"/> Komune pinggiran asring bekerjasama kaliyan kutha wonten ing wewengkon urbanipun kanggé minangka laladan ingkang dipunjangkepi kanthi angkudan umum utawi ngemunah pamungutan pajeg lokal.<ref name="internet120"/> === Antarkomune === [[Gambar:Stadhuis Saint Quentin.JPG|thumb|[[Saint-Quentin]]]] [[Gambar:Fort balaguier.jpg|thumb|[[La Seyne-sur-Mer]]]] [[Gambar:Ivry-sur-Seine town hall under snow 2005-02-23.jpeg|thumb|[[Ivry-sur-Seine]]]] [[Gambar:Beauvais fontaine (angle rue Carnot et rue des Jacobins) 1.jpg|thumb|[[Beauvais]]]] [[Gambar:Hyeres at night p1140907.jpg|thumb|[[Hyères]]]] [[Gambar:Cholet - Place Travot.JPG|thumb|[[Cholet]]]] Èkspresi "antarkomune" (''intercommunalité'')<ref name="internet123"/> ateges sapérangan pambentukan kerjasama antar komune. Kerjasama kados punika ingkagn kapisanan dipunlaksanakaken wonten ing pungkasaning abad kaping 19 wonten ing ukum tanggal [[22]] [[Maret]] [[1890]] ingkang dipunsahaken kanggé pambentukan asosiasi antarkomune tunggal. Ingkang damel UU [[Prancis]] sampun kuwatos wiwit dangu tumrap kekirangan struktur komune ingkang dipunwarisaken saking [[Revolusi Prancis]] kanggé njumbuhaken kaliyan cacahing komune, [[ukum Chevènement]] tanggal [[12]] [[Juli]] [[1999]] inggih punika pangkuran paling énggal lan majeng ingkang katujokaken wonten ing panyampurnan èkspresi punika. Wonten ing taun-taun pungkasan punika sampun mundhak cacahing komune kanggé kagabung wonten ing ''konsorsium'' antarkomune kanggé njangkepi layanan kados ta pamungutan sampah lan suplai toya. Komune pinggiran asring kerjasama kaliyan kutha wonten ing wewengkon urbanipun kanggé minangka laladan ingkang dipunjangkepi kanthi angkudan umum utawi ngemunah pamungutan pajeg lokal.<ref name="internet120"/> Hukum Chevènement mungkasi sadaya praktik punika, mbisak sapérangan struktur lan damel ingkang énggal. Kanthi tambahan, ukum punika maringi kauangan pamarèntah punjer ingkang katujokaken kanggé narik komune supados kagabung wonten ing struktur antarkomune. Boten kados katetepan taun [[1966]] ingkang kasil sepalihipun lan ingkang ngeparengaken komune urban minangka wewengkon urban, utawi kalepatan [[ukum Marcellin]] taun 1971, ukum Chevènement dumugi ing kasuksèsan ageng, saèngga kathah-kathahipun komune [[Prancis]] kagayut wonten ing struktur antarkomune. Wonten kalih jinis struktur antarkomune: * Tanpa kekiyatan fiskal. Punika minangka wujud antarkomune gagal. Kategori punika ngambah sindikat komune tradhisional. Komune kagabung lan nyumbang kanthi kauangan dhateng perkumpulan, nanging sindikat boten saged medalaken pajakipun piyambak. Komune saged medal saking sindikat wonten ing sawayah-wayah. Sindikat saged madeg kanggé kapreluan tartamtu utawi mungkasan sapérangan prakawis. Struktur tanpa kekiyatan fiskal punika sampun dipuntilaraken boten kasènggol déning ukum Chevènement, lan struktur punika samsaya boten kondhang. * Struktur kanthi kekiyatan fiskal. Punika kènging punapa ingkang dipunandharaken ukum Chevènement. Hukum ngregani tigang struktur kanthi kekiyatan fiskal: Perkumpulan Komune (''[[commonauté de communes]]'')<ref name=DGCl_source>{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/donneeschiffrees/interco/stat2007/repart_EPCI_FP_departement.pdf| title=Répartition des EPCI à fiscalité propre par département au 01/01/2007| first=Ministry of the Interior| last=Direction générale des collectivités locales (DGCL)| format=PDF| accessdate=2013-04-24| authorlink=Minister of the Interior (France)| archive-date=2008-06-26| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080626204744/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/donneeschiffrees/interco/stat2007/repart_EPCI_FP_departement.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref>, katujokaken dhateng komune padésan; Perkumpulan Aglomerasi (''[[commonauté d'agglomération]]'')<ref name="internet125">{{Cite web |url=http://www.cergypontoise.fr/jcms/en_23126/en/navigation-principale |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-date=2013-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527162108/http://www.cergypontoise.fr/jcms/en_23126/en/navigation-principale |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="internet126">http://www.dracenie.com/</ref>, katujokaken dhateng kutha alit lan kutha menangah wonten ing pinggiranipun; lan Perkumpulan Urban (''[[commonauté urbaine]]'')<ref name="internet127">{{Cite web |url=http://www.communaute-urbaine-alencon.fr/index.asp |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-date=2013-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223045420/http://www.communaute-urbaine-alencon.fr/index.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref>, katujokaken dhateng kutha ageng lan pinggiranipun. [[Gambar:Nancy2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Nancy]]]] Tigang struktur punika dipunparingi tingkat kekiyatan fiskal ingkang béda, kanthi Perkumpulan Aglomerasi lan Perkumpulan Urban ingkang gadhah kekiyatan fiskal langkung ageng, maringi pajeg lokal tumrap parusahan (''taxe professionnelle'') kanthi namanipun saking nama komune, lan kanthi tingkay perpajakan ingkang sami wonten ing sadaya komune ing perkumpulan mau, kados pamungutan sampah utawi angkudan, kados sindikat ingkang dangu, nanging ukum ugi damel punika minangka kuwajiban kanggé perkumpulan kanggé ngemunah sèktor ingkang sanès kados ta rantaman èkonomi lan pambangunan, proyèk perumahan, utawi pelestarian lingkungan. Perkumpulan Komune dipunsuwun ngemunah sajumlah wewengkon, kanthi maring kabébasan dhateng komune supados langkung otonomi, déné Perkumpulan Urban nangani kathah bab, mbébasaken komune ing lebetipun kirang kakuwasan otonomi. [[Gambar:Normandie Seine Rouen2 tango7174.jpg|thumb|left|[[Rouen]]]] Wonten ing pambentukan perkumpulan, pamarèntah ngalokasikaken dana dhateng perkumpulan miturut cacahing penduduk, maringi surungan dhateng komune kanggé kerjasama lan minangka perkumpulan. Perkumpulan Komune dipunparingi sakedhik dana saben tiyang, déné Perkumpulan Urban dipunparingi kathah dana saben tiyang, lan ngguggah komune saperlu damel perkumpulan manawi gadhah kekiyatan ingkang kirang, para komune sampun nolak nindakaken manawi boten pikantuk dana ingkang asalipun saking pamarèntah.<ref name="internet127"/> Hukum Chevènement sampun suksés ageng ingkang dipuntandhani kanthi kathahipun komune Prancis ingkang sapunika sampun kagabung kaliyan struktur antarkomune énggal: boten asring wonten ing sawijining nagara konservatif kados ta [[Prancis]]. Tanggal [[1]] [[Januari]] [[2007]], wonten 2.573 pakempalan kados punika wonten ing [[Prancis Metropolitan]] (kalebet 5 [[syndicats d'agglomération nouvelle]], sawijining kategori ingkang saweg dipunéwahi), kasusun saking 33.327 komune (91.1% saking sadaya komune Prancis Metropolitan), lan 52.86 yuta jiwa, 86.7% cacahing penduduk Prancis Metropolitan.<ref name="internet50">{{fr icon}} {{cite web| url=http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/donneeschiffrees/interco/stat2007/repart_EPCI_FP_departement.pdf| title=Répartition des EPCI à fiscalité propre par département au 01/01/2007| first=[[Menteri Dalam Negeri (Prancis)|Kementerian Dalam Negeri]]| last=Direction générale des collectivités locales (DGCL)| format=PDF| accessdate=2013-04-19| archive-date=2007-07-01| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701014149/http://www.dgcl.interieur.gouv.fr/donneeschiffrees/interco/stat2007/repart_EPCI_FP_departement.pdf| url-status=dead}}</ref> Nanging kasil punika saged nyingedaken kasunyatan ingkang surem. Wonten ing wewengkon padésan, kathah komune sampun mlebet ing pakempalan Komune namung kanggé pikantuk kauntungan saking dana pamarèntah. Sindikat lokal sampun dipunéwahi kanthi resmi dados Pakempalan Komune, Pakempalan Komune ingkang nembé ngemunah layanan ingkang sadèrèngipun dipunkelola sindikat, kalawanan kaliyan ukum ingkang sampun netepaken struktur antarkomune énggal kanggé damel jaringan wiyar aktivitas tinimbang dipunpendhet alih déning sindikat ingkang dangu. Sapérangan tiyang ngendika bilih, pamindhahan dana pamarèntah kedahipun dipunpungkasi, kathah pakempalan Komune wangsul dhateng status sindikatipun ingkang dangu, utawi ical sadayanipun wonten ing papan ing pundi boten wonten sindikat wonten ing ukum. [[Gambar:CaenCentre.JPG|thumb|left|[[Caen]]]] Wonten ing wewengkon urban, struktur antarkomune énggal langkung jelas, dipunbentuk déning pendamel kaputusan lokal tebih saking kapitadosan umum wonten ing kauntungan ingkang kerjasama wonten ing wewengkon urban. Nanging wonten ing sapérangan papan, tuan tanah lokal samsaya kathah, lan boten mungkin madegaken sawijining struktur antarkomune kanggé sadaya wewengkon urban: sapérangan komune nolak kanggé gabung, utawi damel strukturipun piyambak, kados wewengkon urban Marseille ing pundi sampun jumeneng sekawan struktur antarkomune.<ref name="internet127"/><ref name="internet128">{{Cite web |url=http://www.marseille-provence.com/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-date=2015-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207000756/http://www.marseille-provence.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wonten ing kathah wewengkon, komune sugih kagabung kaliyan komune sugih ingkang sanès lan nolak gabung kaliyan komune ingkang miskin, kuwatos manawi warganipun dipunparingi pajeg langkung kanggé kauntungan pinggiran kutha miskin wonten ing wewengkon urban. Sanèsipun, struktur antarkomune wonten ing kathah wewengkon urban taksih énggal, lan boten stabil: kategangan kadadosan antar komune; kutha wonten ing tengah wewengkon urban asring dipunduga ngrantam dominasi saking komune pinggiran kutha; komune saking sisih pulitik ingkang sebrangan ugi saged nindakakaken bab ingkang sami tumrap sanèsipun. [[Gambar:Place du Général de Gaulle, Lille.JPG|thumb|left|[[Lille]]]] [[Gambar:Rennes6.JPG|thumb|left|[[Rennes]]]] Kalih tuladha ingkang saé inggih punika [[Toulouse]]<ref name="internet129">http://www.toulouse-metropole.fr/collectivite/decouvrir-la-metropole</ref> lan [[Paris]]. Wonten ing [[Toulouse]]<ref name="internet129"/>, wonten ing mrika wonten 6 struktur antarkomune, pakempalan utama [[Toulouse]] lan pinggiranipun namung sawijining Pakempalan Aglomerasi, éwadéné [[Toulouse]] lumayan ageng kanggé damel Pakempalan Urban miturut ukum.<ref name="internet129"/> Punika amargi kamune wonten ing pinggiran kutha nolak Pakempalan Urban amargi kuwatos kicalan kakuwasanipun, lan milih Pakempalan Aglomerasi, déné Pakempalan Aglomerasi nampi sakedhik dana pamarèntah tinimbang Pakempalan Urban. Tumrap [[Paris]], boten wonten struktur antarkomune ingkang dipundhirikaken wonten ing mrika, pinggiran kutha Paris boten pitados konsèp "Paris Raya", lan pemisahan taksih dados peraturan wonten ing wewengkon metropolitan [[Paris]], kanthi pinggiran [[Paris]] ingkang minangka struktur antarkomune ingkang béda kejawi kutha [[Paris]]. Satunggal prakawis ageng ngèngigi antarkomune, asring dipunageng-agengaken, inggih punika kasunyatan bilih struktur antarkomune boetn gadhah perwakilan ingkang dipunpilih langsung déning rakyat, saèngga struktur punika minangka perwakilan saking saben komune ingkang jumeneng wonten ing struktur énggal.<ref name="internet127"/> Akibatipun, wakil rakyat lan birokrat minangka pihak-pihak ingkang damel agénda lan nindakaken, kanthi perwakilan kapilih saking komune ingkang namung nyengkuyung kaputusan kunci. Wonten ing tingkat lokal, kaanan punika kados ingkang kadadosan wonten ing Brussels, ing pundi kakuwasan kapérang déning manéka nagara Éropa mardika sampun njalari kakuwasan punika dinggé dolanan déning birokrasi ingkang boten kapilih déning rakyat.<ref name="internet127"/> === Masa Ngajeng === [[Gambar:Hotèl Groslot.jpg|thumb|left|[[Orléans]]]] [[Gambar:Mulhousedepuisrebberg.jpg|thumb|left|[[Mulhouse]]]] Gangsal taun kapisanan wonten ing abab kaping 21 minangka éwah-éwahan ageng tumrap tingkat komune wonten ing Prancis, nanging kahananipun taksih dèrèng dipuntetepaken. Struktur antarkomune, dipunbentuk kanggé mungkasi prakawis nagara kanthi kathah sanget komune alit, sampun dumugi ing kasuksèsanipun, nanging kakuwasan merak—ugi gegayutan kaliyan komune wonten ing ngandhapipun lan ''[[départements]]'' ing nginggilipun—taksih kedah dipundandai malih wonten ing kasunyatanipun. Dèrèng jelas ing pundhi bab punika badhé lumampah. Punapa badhé struktur antarkomune gadhah perwakilan ingkang dipunpilih langsung déning rakyat wonten ing jaman samangké, kados déné Laporan [[Pierre Mauroy|Mauroy]] rikala taun [[2000]]? Anananging, punapa malah boten nilarakaken komune minangka unit administratif ingkang samar? Sapérangan wali kutha ingkang kaloka wonten ing kutha ageng Prancis (komune) sampun nilaraken kursi wali kotanipun saperlu dados présidhèn Perkumpulan Urban, tuladhanipun [[Perkumpulan Urban Lille Métropole]].<ref name="internet127"/><ref name="internet131">http://www.emploipublic.fr/fiche_recruteur/EP/c_u_lille_metropole/index.php</ref><ref name="internet132">http://www.lillemetropole.fr/index.php?p=10</ref> Utawis punapa badhé struktur antarkomune punika kapecah, ingkang tundhanipun, sasampunipun nagara mandhagaken pambiyantu dana? Utawi mungkin, ukum Chevènement namung minangka tahap kapisanan panggabungan ageng komune, sawijining usaha supados komune nyambut damel sesarengan lan pikantuk kauntunganipun, sadèrèngipun komune-komune punika dipungabungaken. Wonten ing bab punika, pirembagan badhé dipuntindakaken wonten ing taun-taun ingkang badhé kalampahan. == Fakta sanèsipun == [[Gambar:Place_du_Parvis,_Reims(1).jpg|thumb|left|[[Reims]]]] [[Gambar:LeHavre.jpg|thumb|left|[[Le Havre]]]] === Komune kanthi penduduk ingkang kathah piyambak lan paling sakedhik === Komune ingkang kathah piyambak pendudukipun wonten ing Républik [[Prancis]] inggih punika komune [[Paris]]: 2.125.246 jiwa rikala Maret [[1999]]. * Enem saking ''(désa Prancis ingkang risak wonten ing jaman Perang Donya I)'' boten naté dipunyasa malih. Sedayanipun wonten ing ''département'' [[Meuse]]<ref name="internet51">http://www.lameuse.be/</ref>, lan risak sadangunipun ''Paprangan Verdun'' taun [[1916]].<ref name="internet133">{{Cite web |url=http://www.beritaunik.net/top-10/10-pertempuran-paling-berdarah-selama-perang-dunia-i.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-date=2013-06-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601125217/http://www.beritaunik.net/top-10/10-pertempuran-paling-berdarah-selama-perang-dunia-i.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sasampunipun perang, dipunputusaken bilih wewengkon ingkang dipundunungi sadèrèngipun wonten ing désa ingkang risak boten badhé diungabungaken dhateng komune ingkang sanès, minangka pepènget dhateng désa mau ingkang sampun "mati kanggé Prancis", kados nalika dipunbiyangun, lan mangayubagya kanggé désa mau. Komune punika boten gadhah penghuni lan dipunatur déning sawijining déwan kanthi anggota tigang tiyang, dipilih déning [[préfet|prefek]] Meuse<ref name="internet51"/>: ** [[Beaumont-en-Verdunois]]<ref name="internet52">{{Cite web |url=http://www.lagenealogie.com/histoire-ville-village-commune/beaumont-en-verdunois-55039.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-22 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304222848/http://www.lagenealogie.com/histoire-ville-village-commune/beaumont-en-verdunois-55039.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ** [[Bezonvaux]]<ref name="internet60">http://www.conseil-general.com/en/map-town-hall/map-town-hall-bezonvaux-55100.htm</ref> ** [[Cumières-le-Mort-Homme]]<ref name="internet61">http://www.intellicast.com/Local/Weather.aspx?location=FRLO0337</ref> ** [[Fleury-devant-Douaumont]]<ref name="internet62">http://www.map-france.com/Fleury-devant-Douaumont-55100/</ref> ** [[Haumont-près-Samogneux]]<ref name="internet63">http://www.map-france.com/Haumont-pres-Samogneux-55100/</ref> ** [[Louvemont-Côte-du-Poivre]]<ref name="internet64">http://www.map-france.com/Louvemont-Cote-du-Poivre-55100/</ref> * Tebih saking bab-bab ingkang istiméwa, komune kanthi penduduk paling sakedhik wonten ing Républik Prancis inggih punika: ** komune [[Rochefourchat]]<ref name="internet65">http://www.map-france.com/Rochefourchat-26340/</ref><ref name="internet134">{{Cite web |url=http://starbetzone.com/rochefourchat-kota-berpenghuni-1-jiwa-di-perancis |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-date=2023-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008011830/http://www.starbetzone.com/rochefourchat-kota-berpenghuni-1-jiwa-di-perancis |url-status=dead }}</ref>, ing ngandhap [[gunung]] [[Alpen]]<ref name="internet66">http://www.tripadvisor.co.id/AllLocations-g190434-Places-Austrian_Alps.html</ref> Prancis, 1 jiwa wonten ing sensus 1999 (satunggaling priyantun kakungn 38 taun ingkang sampun pisahan kaliyan garwanipun). ** komune [[Leménil-Mitry]]<ref name="internet67">http://www.conseil-general.com/mairie/mairie-lemenil-mitry-54740.htm</ref>, ing alas [[Lorraine (région)|Lorraine]] wonten ing sisih wétan Prancis, 2 jiwa rikala sensus 1999 (priyantun kakung 42 taun lan garwanipun 38 taun, dados pamilik sadaya griya wonten ing komune mau, asalipun saking kulawarga tuan tanah ing mrika). ** komune [[Rouvroy-Ripont]]<ref name="internet68">{{Cite web |url=http://maps.apocalx.com/communes-de-france/commune-51470-rouvroy-ripont.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-22 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304204710/http://maps.apocalx.com/communes-de-france/commune-51470-rouvroy-ripont.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>, caket laladan [[Champagne (provinsi)|Champagne]]<ref name="internet69">http://www.champagnedirect.co.uk/</ref>, 2 jiwa wonten ing sensus 1999 (priyantun kakung 60 taun lan 73 taun ingkang dèrèng palakrama). === Téritori komune paling ageng lan paling alit === * Komune paling ageng wonten ing Républik Prancis inggih punika [[Maripasoula]]<ref name="internet135">http://www.franceguyane.fr/regions/guyane/maripasoula-etrange-epidemie-chez-les-garimpeiros-155693.php</ref><ref name="internet136">{{Cite web |url=http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/019/article_9146.asp |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-date=2011-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215081017/http://www.rfi.fr/actufr/articles/019/article_9146.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="internet137">http://www.annuaire-mairie.fr/ville-maripasoula.html</ref> (3.710 jiwa) wonten ing ''département'' [[Guyana Prancis]]: [[1 E10 m²|18.360 km²]] (7.089 mil pasagi). * Wonten ing [[Prancis Metropolitan]] komune paling ageng inggih punika komune [[Arles]] (50.513 jiwa) caket [[Marseille]], téritorinipun ngambah sapérangan [[delta kali|delta]] [[Kali Rhône]]: [[1 E8 m²|759 km²]] (293 mil pasagi), utawi kaping 8.7 langkung wiyar saking wiyaripun kutha Paris (boten kalebet taman [[Bois de Boulogne]]<ref name="internet138">{{Cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/pratique/paris-au-vert/bois-de-boulogne/p6567 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-date=2013-04-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130429143411/http://www.paris.fr/pratique/paris-au-vert/bois-de-boulogne/p6567 |url-status=dead }}</ref> lan [[Bois de Vincennes]])<ref name="internet139">{{Cite web |url=http://www.paris.fr/english/parks-woods-gardens-and-cemeteries/woods/bois-de-vincennes/rub_8211_stand_34153_port_18985 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-24 |archive-date=2013-05-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518191946/http://www.paris.fr/english/parks-woods-gardens-and-cemeteries/woods/bois-de-vincennes/rub_8211_stand_34153_port_18985 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. * Komune paling alit wonten ing Républik Prancis inggih punika [[Castelmoron-d'Albret]] (62 jiwa) caket [[Bordeaux]]: [[1 E4 m²|0.0376 km²]] (0.0145 mil pasagi utawi 9.3 ekar). === Komune paling inggil=== Komune paling inggil wonten ing Républik Prancis (lan Éropa) inggih punika [[Saint-Véran]]<ref name="internet141"/> (267 jiwa), wonten ing Pegunungan [[Alpen]] Prancis: inggilipun désa wonten ing tengah komune inggih punika 1.990 mèter (6.529 kaki) lan 2.040 mèter (6.693 kaki) ing nginggiling lumah laut.<ref name="internet141">http://www.saintveran.com/</ref> === Komune paling tebih saking kutha krajan Prancis === * Komune Républik Prancis ingkang paling tebih saking Paris inggih punika komune [[L'Île-des-Pins]]<ref name="internet142">http://www.ile-des-pins.com/</ref> (1.840 jiwa) wonten ing [[Kaledonia Baru]]: 16.841&nbsp;km (10.465 mil) saking punjer kutha Paris.<ref name="internet143">http://www.tripadvisor.com.au/Tourism-g298359-Ile_Des_Pins-Vacations.html</ref> * Wonten ing daratan Prancis (Prancis Éropa kejawi [[Corsica]])<ref name="internet144">http://www.visit-corsica.com/en</ref>, komune paling tebih saking [[Paris]] inggih punika [[Coustouges]]<ref name="internet145">http://www.coustouges.fr/</ref> (134 jiwa) lan [[Lamanère]]<ref name="internet146">http://lamanere.fr/</ref> (44 jiwa) wonten ing wates [[Spanyol]]: kekalihipun gadhah jarak 721&nbsp;km (448 mil) saking punjer kutha Paris satebihipun manuk gagak miber. [[Gambar:Comunne Y picardhiv68.jpg|thumb|250px|Marka margi dados panandha watesing komune [[Y, Somme|Y]] ing ''[[département di Prancis|département]]'' [[Somme]], [[Picardie]].]] === Nama komune paling cekak lan dawa === * Komune Républik Prancis kanthi nama paling cekak inggih punika komune [[Y, Somme|Y]] (89 jiwa). * Wonten tiga komune ing Républik Prancis ingkang gadhah nama paling dawa (38 huruf): ** komune [[Saint-Germain-de-Tallevende-la-Lande-Vaumont]] (1731 jiwa)<ref name="internet147">http://www.saint-germain-de-tallevende.fr/</ref> ** komune [[Saint-Remy-en-Bouzemont-Saint-Genest-et-Isson]] (592 jiwa)<ref name="internet148">http://www.saintremyenbouzemont.fr/</ref> ** komune [[Beaujeu-Saint-Vallier-Pierrejux-et-Quitteur]] (739 jiwa)<ref name="internet149">http://fr.mappy.com/carte/70/beaujeu-saint-vallier-pierrejux-et-quitteur#d={{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 70100 Beaujeu-Saint-Vallier-Pierrejux-et-Quitteur&p=map</ref> == Nama komune wonten ing basa kejawi Prancis == Nama komune Prancis limrahipun wonten ing [[Basa Prancis]]. Wonten ing wewengkon ing pundi basa sanès saking Prancis dipunlafalaken, namanipun sampun dipunéwahi wonten ing pangucapan lan pangejaan Prancis, kados ta [[Toulouse]] (''Tolosa'' wonten ing [[Basa Occitan]]), [[Strasbourg]] (''Straßburg'' wonten ing [[Basa Alemanik Jerman|Basa Alemanik]]), utawi [[Perpignan]] (''Perpinyà'' wonten ing [[Basa Katalan]]). Nanging, kathah komune alit ingkang taksih migunakaken nama aslinipun. Punika tuladha nama asli wonten ing basa ingkang naté dipunngendikakaken, utawi taksih dipun-ginakaken, wonten ing tèritori Républik Prancis: [[Gambar:Panneau Mittelhausbergen.JPG|thumb|350px|Marka margi panandha lawang mlebet [[Mittelhausbergen]] ing ''[[departemen ing Prancis|département]]'' [[Bas-Rhin]], [[Alsace]].]] * [[Basa Jerman]]: komune [[Mittelhausbergen]] (1.690 jiwa) * [[Basa Walanda]]: komune [[Steenvoorde]] (4.024 jiwa) * [[Basa Breton]]: komune [[Kermoroc'h]] (324 jiwa) * [[Basa Occitan]]: komune [[Belcastel]] (251 jiwa) * [[Basa Basque]]: komune [[Ustaritz]] (4.984 jiwa) * [[Basa Katalan]]: komune [[Banyuls-dels-Aspres]] (1.007 jiwa) * [[Basa Korsika]]: komune [[San-Gavino-di-Carbini]] (738 jiwa) * [[Basa Komoro]]: komune [[M'Tsangamouji]] (5.028 jiwa) * [[Basa Polinesia]]: komune [[Hitiaa O Te Ra]] (8.683 jiwa) * Sapérangan [[Basa Austronesia]] ing [[Kaledonia Baru]]: komune [[Kouaoua]] (1.586 jiwa) * Sapérangan [[Basa Amérika Asli|Basa Indian Amérika]]: komune [[Kourou]] (19.107 jiwa) ==Klasifikasi== INSEE Kode<ref name="internet53">http://www.insee.fr/fr/methodes/nomenclatures/cog/</ref>: INSEE maringi kodhe pangindèksan numèrik wonten ing manéka éntitas wonten ing Prancis<ref name="internet54">http://www.insee.fr/fr/publications-et-services/default.asp?page=services/faq/q22_2insee.htm</ref>, mliginipun komune (ingkang boten sami kaliyan kodhe pos)<ref name="internet55">http://www.galichon.com/codesgeo/</ref>. Kode 'jangkep' gadhah wolu (8) digit lan tiga ruwang lebet, nanging wonten ing ingkang dipunprasajakaken kodenipun kanthi gangsal (5) angka lan boten mawi ruwang lebet<ref name="internet56">http://www.francogene.com/france/insee.php</ref><ref>http://www.dcode.fr/code-postal-insee-communes</ref>: * Kalih digit (département) lan tiga digit (commune) kanggé 96 département Prancis 'métropolitaine'. * Tigang digit (département utawi kolèktivitas) lan kalih digit (commune) kanggé departemèn Luar Negeri, Jajahan lan Nagara Luar Negeri. Ugi pirsani: fr: Kode INSEE # Kode komunal. ==Komune-Komune ing Prancis== Punika minangka pratélan komune ingkang wonten ing Prancis kanthi cacahing penduduk ingkang langkung saking 20.000 jiwa rikala sénsus 2006<ref name="internet57">INSEE: [http://www.insee.fr/fr/ppp/bases-de-donnees/recensement/populations-legales/default.asp ''Polulations légales 2006'']</ref>. Sedaya cacah punika migunakaken métode pangétangan ''sans doubles comptes'' [[INSEE]] (''population municipale''). [[Gambar:Toulon place de la liberté-fontaine.jpg|thumb|[[Toulon]]]] [[Gambar:Massif du Taillefer.JPG|thumb|[[Grenoble]]]] [[Gambar:Angers maine chateau.jpg|thumb|[[Angers]]]] [[Gambar:Dijon-PalaisDucBourgogne.jpg|thumb|[[Dijon]]]] [[Gambar:Chateau de Brest et Tour Tanguy.jpg|thumb|[[Brest, Prancis|Brest]]]] [[Gambar:Nîmes, Centre ville.jpg|thumb|[[Nîmes]]]] [[Gambar:Montagne Sainte-Victoire towards roofs of Aix-en-Provence.jpg|thumb|[[Aix-en-Provence]]]] [[Gambar:Clermont vu de Montjuzet.JPG|thumb|[[Clermont-Ferrand]]]] [[Gambar:Tudor buildings in Tours, France.jpg|thumb|[[Tours]]]] [[Gambar:Limoges décorée pour les Ostensions 2009.JPG|thumb|[[Limoges]]]] [[Gambar:Villeurbanne gratteciel placechanoineboursier (3).jpg|thumb|[[Villeurbanne]]]] [[Gambar:Quai belu amiens.JPG|thumb|[[Amiens]]]] [[Gambar:Metz Theatre 2003.jpg|thumb|[[Metz]]]] {{div col|colwidth=15em}} # [[Paris]]<ref name="internet26"/> # [[Marseille]]<ref name="internet27"/> # [[Lyon]]<ref name="internet28"/> # [[Toulouse]]<ref name="internet100"/> # [[Nice]] # [[Nantes]] # [[Strasbourg]]<ref name="internet42"/> # [[Montpellier]]<ref name="internet41"/> # [[Bordeaux]]<ref name="internet37"/> # [[Lille]] # [[Rennes]]<ref name="internet91">http://www.tourisme-rennes.com/en/home.aspx</ref> # [[Reims]]<ref name="internet92">http://www.reims-tourism.com/</ref> # [[Le Havre]] # [[Saint-Étienne]]<ref name="internet93">http://www.saintetienne.com/</ref> # [[Toulon]] # [[Grenoble]]<ref name="internet94">http://www.grenoble-tourism.com/{{Pranala mati|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> # [[Angers]]<ref name="internet95">http://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-g187197-Angers_Maine_et_Loire_Anjou_Loire_Valley_Pays_de_la_Loire-Vacations.html</ref> # [[Dijon]]<ref name="internet96">http://www.visitdijon.com/en/</ref> # [[Brest]]<ref name="internet97">http://www.tripadvisor.com/Tourism-g187095-Brest_Finistere_Brittany-Vacations.html</ref> # [[Nîmes]]<ref name="internet98">{{Cite web |url=http://france-for-visitors.com/france-maps/languedoc/nimes-map.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2013-04-23 |archive-date=2012-10-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023030720/http://www.france-for-visitors.com/france-maps/languedoc/nimes-map.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> # [[Le Mans]]<ref name="internet99">http://www.tripadvisor.co.uk/Tourism-g187195-Le_Mans_Sarthe_Pays_de_la_Loire-Vacations.html</ref> # [[Aix-en-Provence]] # [[Clermont-Ferrand]] # [[Saint-Denis]] # [[Tours]] # [[Limoges]] # [[Villeurbanne]] # [[Amiens]] # [[Metz]]<ref name="internet43"/> # [[Besançon]] # [[Perpignan]] # [[Orléans]]<ref name="internet39"/> # [[Mulhouse]] # [[Caen]] # [[Boulogne-Billancourt]] # [[Rouen]]<ref name="internet38"/> # [[Nancy]]<ref name="internet44"/> # [[Argenteuil]] # [[Montreuil]] # [[Saint-Paul]] # [[Roubaix]] # [[Saint-Denis]] # [[Avignon]] # [[Tourcoing]] # [[Fort-de-France]] # [[Créteil]] # [[Poitiers]] # [[Nanterre]] # [[Versailles]] # [[Courbevoie]] # [[Pau]] # [[Vitry-sur-Seine]] # [[Asnières-sur-Seine]] # [[Colombes]] # [[Aulnay-sous-Bois]] # [[Rueil-Malmaison]] # [[La Rochelle]] # [[Antibes]] # [[Saint-Maur-des-Fossés]] # [[Calais]] # [[Champigny-sur-Marne]] # [[Saint-Pierre]] # [[Aubervilliers]] # [[Béziers]] # [[Bourges]] # [[Cannes]] # [[Le Tampon]] # [[Dunkerque]] # [[Saint-Nazaire]] # [[Drancy]] # [[Colmar]] # [[Mérignac]] # [[Valence]] # [[Quimper]] # [[Ajaccio]] # [[Levallois-Perret]] # [[Issy-les-Moulineaux]] # [[Neuilly-sur-Seine]] # [[Troyes]] # [[Noisy-le-Grand]] # [[Villeneuve d'Ascq]] # [[Antony, Hauts-de-Seine]] # [[Les Abymes]] # [[Sarcelles]] # [[Lorient]] # [[Niort]] # [[Cayenne]] # [[Chambéry]] # [[Pessac]] # [[Vénissieux]] # [[Clichy]] # [[Cergy]] # [[Saint-Quentin]] # [[La Seyne-sur-Mer]] # [[Ivry-sur-Seine]] # [[Beauvais]] # [[Hyères]] # [[Cholet]] # [[Montauban]] # [[Pantin]] # [[Bondy]] # [[Maisons-Alfort]] # [[Vannes]] # [[Évry]] # [[Charleville-Mézières]] # [[Arles]] # [[Saint-André]] # [[Fontenay-sous-Bois]] # [[Sartrouville]] # [[Épinay-sur-Seine]] # [[Fréjus]] # [[Évreux]] # [[Laval]] # [[Le Blanc-Mesnil]] # [[Sevran]] # [[Annecy]] # [[Belfort]] # [[Narbonne]] # [[La Roche-sur-Yon]] # [[Clamart]] # [[Villejuif]] # [[Brive-la-Gaillarde]] # [[Saint-Malo]] # [[Saint-Louis]] # [[Meaux]] # [[Grasse]] # [[Albi]] # [[Chelles]] # [[Blois]] # [[Cagnes-sur-Mer]] # [[Bobigny]] # [[Châteauroux]] # [[Vincennes]] # [[Carcassonne]] # [[Chalon-sur-Saône]] # [[Saint-Brieuc]] # [[Martigues]] # [[Châlons-en-Champagne]] # [[Tarbes]] # [[Montrouge]] # [[Meudon]] # [[Aubagne]] # [[Bayonne]]<ref name="internet40"/> # [[Boulogne-sur-Mer]] # [[Suresnes]] # [[Saint-Herblain]] # [[Bastia]] # [[Castres]] # [[Gennevilliers]] # [[Sète]] # [[Puteaux]] # [[Saint-Ouen]] # [[Wattrelos]] # [[Douai]] # [[Alfortville]] # [[Le Cannet]] # [[Valenciennes]]<ref name="internet45"/> # [[Angoulême]] # [[Istres]] # [[Compiègne]] # [[Arras]] # [[Mantes-la-Jolie]] # [[Livry-Gargan]] # [[Caluire-et-Cuire]] # [[Saint-Germain-en-Laye]] # [[Rosny-sous-Bois]] # [[Thionville]] # [[Corbeil-Essonnes]] # [[Talence]] # [[Cherbourg-Octeville]] # [[Saint-Priest]] # [[Vaulx-en-Velin]] # [[Massy]] # [[Bourg-en-Bresse]] # [[Salon-de-Provence]] # [[Chartres]] # [[Alès]] # [[Montluçon]] # [[Le Lamentin]] # [[Garges-lès-Gonesse]] # [[Marcq-en-Barœul]] # [[Bagneux]] # [[Bron]] # [[Noisy-le-Sec]] # [[Nevers]] # [[Le Port]] # [[Gagny]] # [[Melun]] # [[Anglet]] # [[Auxerre]] # [[Rezé]] # [[Gap]] # [[Savigny-sur-Orge]] # [[Vitrolles]] # [[Draguignan]] # [[La Courneuve]] # [[Joué-lès-Tours]] # [[Choisy-le-Roi]] # [[Roanne]] # [[Poissy]] # [[Échirolles]] # [[Saint-Chamond]] # [[Villepinte]] # [[Lens]] # [[Tremblay-en-France]] # [[Saint-Martin-d'Hères]] # [[Haguenau]] # [[Stains]] # [[Pontault-Combault]] # [[Châtellerault]] # [[Six-Fours-les-Plages]] # [[Villefranche-sur-Saône]] # [[Mâcon]] # [[Bagnolet]] # [[Sainte-Geneviève-des-Bois]] # [[Épinal]] # [[Montigny-le-Bretonneux]] # [[Montélimar]] # [[Saint-Raphaël]] # [[Agen]] # [[Saint-Laurent-du-Maroni]] # [[Conflans-Sainte-Honorine]] # [[Dieppe]] # [[Saint-Joseph]] # [[Creil]] # [[Neuilly-sur-Marne]] # [[Saint-Benoît]] # [[Romans-sur-Isère]] # [[Franconville]] # [[Marignane]] # [[Dreux]] # [[Maubeuge]] # [[Les Mureaux]] # [[Cambrai]] # [[Liévin]] # [[La Ciotat]] # [[Colomiers]] # [[Châtillon]] # [[Le Perreux-sur-Marne]] # [[Châtenay-Malabry]] # [[Plaisir]] # [[Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy]] # [[Viry-Châtillon]] # [[Schiltigheim]] # [[Thonon-les-Bains]] # [[Houilles]] # [[Nogent-sur-Marne]] # [[Athis-Mons]] # [[Vallauris]] # [[Sainte-Marie]] # [[Malakoff]] # [[Villeneuve-Saint-Georges]] # [[L'Haÿ-les-Roses]] # [[Palaiseau]] # [[Mont-de-Marsan]] # [[Goussainville]] # [[Vienne]] # [[Saint-Laurent-du-Var]] # [[Sotteville-lès-Rouen]] # [[Villenave-d'Ornon]] # [[Orange]] # [[Rillieux-la-Pape]] # [[Périgueux]] # [[Le Chesnay]] # [[Trappes]] # [[Aurillac]] # [[Chatou]] # [[Clichy-sous-Bois]] # [[Saint-Cloud]] # [[Villiers-sur-Marne]] # [[Thiais]] # [[Saint-Leu]] # [[Meyzieu]] # [[Draveil]] # [[Pontoise]] # [[Saumur]] # [[Annemasse]] # [[Yerres]] # [[Lambersart]] # [[Alençon]] # [[Soissons]] # [[Charenton-le-Pont]] # [[Villemomble]] # [[Guyancourt]] # [[Vierzon]] # [[Ermont]] # [[Baie-Mahault]] # [[Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray]] # [[Bergerac]] # [[Menton]] # [[Bezons]] # [[Cachan]] # [[Élancourt]] # [[Pierrefitte-sur-Seine]] # [[Carpentras]] # [[Aix-les-Bains]] # [[Le Gosier]] # [[La Garenne-Colombes]] # [[Bois-Colombes]] # [[Villiers-le-Bel]] # [[Saint-Dizier]] # [[Sens]] # [[Saint-Médard-en-Jalles]] # [[Vanves]] # [[Biarritz]] # [[Ris-Orangis]] # [[Montbéliard]] # [[Saintes]] # [[Laon]] # [[Béthune]] # [[Taverny]] # [[Illkirch-Graffenstaden]] # [[Vigneux-sur-Seine]] # [[Rochefort]] # [[Sucy-en-Brie]] # [[La Possession]] # [[Le Grand-Quevilly]] # [[Gonesse]] # [[Montfermeil]] # [[Vichy]] # [[Grigny]] # [[Sannois]] # [[Hénin-Beaumont]] # [[Brunoy]] # [[Herblay]] # [[Cavaillon]] # [[Oullins]] # [[Rambouillet]] # [[La Garde]] # [[Fresnes]] # [[Le Kremlin-Bicêtre]] # [[Tournefeuille]] # [[Romainville]] # [[Savigny-le-Temple]] # [[Les Ulis]] # [[La Teste-de-Buch]] # [[Armentières]] # [[Décines-Charpieu]] # [[Dole]] # [[Matoury]] # [[Villeneuve-la-Garenne]] # [[Miramas]] # [[Saint-Sébastien-sur-Loire]] # [[Champs-sur-Marne]] # [[Épernay]] # [[Bègles]] # [[Chaumont]] # [[Orvault]] # [[Abbeville]] # [[Rodez]] # [[Vernon]] # [[Fontenay-aux-Roses]] # [[Lunel]] # [[Le Robert]] # [[Bruay-la-Buissière]] # [[Le Creusot]] # [[Kourou]] # [[Sèvres]] # [[Bourgoin-Jallieu]] # [[Eaubonne]] # [[Muret]] # [[Oyonnax]] # [[Villeneuve-sur-Lot]] # [[Le Bouscat]] # [[Lisieux]] # [[Le Plessis-Robinson]] # [[Villeparisis]] # [[Libourne]] # [[Cenon]] # [[Montgeron]] # [[Sainte-Anne]] # [[Coudekerque-Branche]] # [[Gradignan]] # [[Fontaine]] # [[Montigny-lès-Metz]] # [[Hérouville-Saint-Clair]] # [[Brétigny-sur-Orge]] # [[La Madeleine]] # [[Saint-Ouen-l'Aumône]] # [[Lanester]] # [[Étampes]] # [[Maisons-Laffitte]] # [[Frontignan]] # [[Mons-en-Barœul]] # [[Torcy]] # [[Saint-Mandé]] # [[Sainte-Foy-lès-Lyon]] # [[Millau]] # [[Le Petit-Quevilly]] # [[Saint-Pol-sur-Mer]] # [[Les Lilas]] # [[La Valette-du-Var]] # [[Forbach]] # [[Gif-sur-Yvette]] # [[Beaune]] # [[Sarreguemines]] # [[Morsang-sur-Orge]] # [[Sainte-Suzanne]] # [[Saint-Dié-des-Vosges]] # [[Combs-la-Ville]] # [[Auch]] # [[Cormeilles-en-Parisis]] # [[Saint-Gratien]] # [[Schœlcher]] # [[Fleury-les-Aubrais]] # [[Montmorency]] # [[Loos]] # [[Grande-Synthe]] # [[Agde]] # [[Roissy-en-Brie]] # [[Deuil-la-Barre]] # [[La Celle-Saint-Clou]] # [[Blagnac]] # [[Orly]] # [[Manosque]] # [[Petit-Bourg]] # [[Hazebrouck]] # [[Vertou]] # [[Gardanne]] # [[Longjumeau]] # [[Olivet]] # [[Le Moule]] # [[Lormont]] # [[Fougères]] # [[Croix]] # [[Mandelieu-la-Napoule]] # [[Dammarie-lès-Lys]] # [[Dax]] # [[Voiron]] # [[Mont-Saint-Aignan]] # [[Moulins]] # [[Le Mée-sur-Seine]] # [[Denain]] # [[Les Pennes-Mirabeau]] # [[Les Pavillons-sous-Bois]] # [[Ozoir-la-Ferrière]] # [[Lagny-sur-Marne]] # [[Cahors]] # [[Saint-Michel-sur-Orge]] # [[Vélizy-Villacoublay]] {{div col end}} == Cathetan suku == {{reflist|2}} * {{fr icon}} ''[[La Documentation française]]'' ''[http://www.ladocumentationfrancaise.fr/dossiers/intercommunalite/index.shtml Le développement de l'intercommunalité&nbsp;: la révolution discrète]'' * {{fr icon}} Maryvonne Bonnard, ''Les collectivités territoriales en France'', 2005, ''La Documentation française'', ISBN 2-11-005874-9 == Uga delengen == * [[Pratélan komune ing Prancis]] * [[Komune (subdivisi)]] * [[Comune]] (Italia) * [http://www.lescommunes.com/ Daftar lengkap kota dan kotamadya di Perancis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710203844/https://www.lescommunes.com/ |date=2019-07-10 }} [[Kategori:Komune]] [[Kategori:Prancis]] 5bf0xr9n7ui8o9p7su2uro5po2xq7i8 10 135638 1751473 1107923 2026-07-15T03:51:28Z Milenioscuro 14942 1751473 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#switch:{{{1}}} | name = Éritréa | top = 18.4 | bottom = 12.0 | left = 36.0 | right = 43.8 | image = Eritrea adm location map.svg | image1 = Eritrea relief location map.svg }}<noinclude><!-- -- The above switch-statement branches by text in parameter #1, -- returning the associated value after each equals sign ("="). --> {{Location map/Info}} {{Documentation}} [[Kategori:Cithakan kar pernah miturut nagara|Éritréa]] </noinclude> sen5q5qfkm2kwsq9zfhpiy04o7kzmpi 0 152892 1751469 1644506 2026-07-15T00:21:44Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751469 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox disputed islands | plural = yes | name = Kapuloan Kuril | image name = Sea of Okhotsk map with state labels.png | image caption = Lokasi Kapuloan Kuril ing [[Samodra Pasifik|Pasifik Kulon]] antara Jepang lan Ujung Kamchatka, Ruslan | image size = 300px | locator map = | map_custom = | native name = Курильские острова<br>千島列島 | native name link = | other_names = | location = Lautan Teduh | coordinates = {{Coord|46|30|N|151|30|E|region:RU_type:isle_dim:1000000|display=inline,title}} | archipelago = | total islands = 56 | major islands = | area = {{convert|10,503.2|km2|acre sqmi|abbr=on}} | length = | width = | coastline = | highest mount = [[Pulo Atlasov|Alaid]] | elevation = {{convert|2339|m|ft}} | country claim = Ruslan | country claim divisions title = [[Raion|Dhistrik]] | country claim divisions = [[Dhistrik Severo-Kurilsky|Severo-Kurilsky]], [[Dhistrik Kurilsky|Kurilsky]] lan [[Dhistrik Yuzhno-Kurilsky]], ([[Sakhalin Oblast]]) | country claim capital city = | country claim largest city = | country claim largest city population = | country claim leader title = | country claim leader name = | country 1 claim = Jepang | country 1 claim divisions title = [[Sub-prefektur Hokkaido|Sub-prefektur]] | country 1 claim divisions = [[Sub-prefektur Nemuro]] ([[Hokkaido]]) (sebagiyan, kapuloan paling kidul) | country 1 claim capital city = | country 1 claim largest city = | country 1 claim largest city population = | country 1 claim leader title = | country 1 claim leader name = | country = Ruslan | country admin divisions title = [[Raion|Dhistrik]] | country admin divisions = [[Dhistrik Severo-Kurilsky|Severo-Kurilsky]], [[Dhistrik Kurilsky|Kurilsky]] lan [[Dhistrik Yuzhno-Kurilsky]], ([[Sakhalin Oblast]]) | country capital city = | country largest city = | country largest city population = | country leader title = | country leader name = | population = 19.434 | population as of = 2010 | density = | ethnic groups = | additional info = }} [[Gambar:Matua.jpg|jmpl|[[Pulo Matua]] kadeleng seka [[Raikoke]].]] '''Kapuloan Kuril''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ʊər|ɪ|l}}, {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|jʊər|ɪ|l}}, or {{IPAc-en|k|j|ʊ|ˈ|r|iː|l}}; {{lang-rus|Кури́льские острова́|r=Kurilskiye ostrova|p=kʊˈrʲilʲskʲɪjə ɐstrɐˈva}} utawa {{lang-rus|островá Тисима|r=ostrova Tisima}}; [[Basa Jepang]]: {{nihongo3|"Kapuloan Kuril"|クリル列島|Kuriru rettō}} utawa {{nihongo3|"Kapuloan Chishima"|千島列島|Chishima rettō}}, ing [[Oblast Sakhalin]], [[Ruslan]], yaiku [[kapuloan]] vulkanik kang ngabentang dawané {{convert|1300|km|mi|abbr=on}} wiwit lor-wétan [[Hokkaido]], [[Jepang]], nganti [[Ujung KamchatkaKamchatka]], [[Ruslan]], kapisah déning [[Sagara Okhotsk]] saka [[Samodra Pasifik Lor]]. Ana 56 pulo lan karang.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0/ |title=GSE |access-date=2018-02-20 |archive-date=2013-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130424164845/http://slovari.yandex.ru/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0/%D0%91%D0%A1%D0%AD/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5%20%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ambané laaldan iki ana {{convert|10,503.2|km2|sqmi}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sakhalin.ru/Engl/Region/geography.htm|title=Archived copy|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110114103636/http://www.sakhalin.ru/Engl/Region/geography.htm|archivedate=2011-01-14|url-status=dead|accessdate=2011-02-01|df=}}</ref> lan gunggung cacah jiwané ana 19.434 wong.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/japan/8101395/Kuril-Islands-factfile.html|title=Kuril Islands: factfile|date=November 1, 2010|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London}}</ref> Kapuloan Kuril dikuwasani déning Ruslan. Jepang ngeklaim loro pulo paling kidul yaiku [[Iturup]] lan [[Kunashir]] minangka pérangan saka wewengkoné, kaya [[Shikotan]] lan [[Habomai]] kang isih [[Sengketa Kapuloan Kuril|dipersengkétakaké]]. Kapuloan kang dipersengkétakaké ing Jepang dijuluki minangka "Teritorial Paling Lor Nagara".<ref name="Japan’s Russian Dilemma">{{cite web|url=http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/yuriko-koike-regards-vladimir-putin-s-invasion-of-ukraine-in-light-of-japan-s-own-territorial-disputes|title=Japan’s Russian Dilemma|last=Koike|first=Yuriko|date=31 Maret 2014|publisher=}}</ref> == Étimologi == Jeneng ''Kuril'' dijupuk saka [[Basa Ainu]]: "kur", artiné wong. Ing [[Basa Jepang]], kapuloan iki sinebut '''Kapuloan Chishima''' ([[Kanji]]: {{lang|ja|千島列島}} {{lang|ja-Latn|''Chishima Rettō''}} {{IPA-ja|tɕi̥ɕima ɾettoː|pron}}, tegesé, ''Kapuloan Sewu''), uga sinebut Kapuloan Kuriru ([[Katakana]]: {{lang|ja|クリル列島}} {{lang|ja-Latn|''Kuriru Rettō''}} {{IPA-ja|kɯɾiɾɯ ɾettoː|}}, literally, ''Kapuloan Kuril''). == Dhaftar Pulo == [[Gambar:Signalny_Rock.jpg|jmpl|Karang [[Signalny]], kadeleng seka [[Cape Nosappu]], Jepang]] Tabèl ing ngisor iki nuduhaké informasi ngenani pulo-pulo wiwit ka lor nganti kidul: {| class="wikitable sortable" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" ! style="background: #CCC;" class="unsortable" |Pulo ! style="background: #CCC;" class="unsortable" |{{lang-ru|Name}}Jeneng ! style="background: #CCC;" class="unsortable" |{{lang-ja|Jeneng}} ! style="background: #CCC;" class="unsortable" |Jeneng Alternatif ! style="background: #CCC;" class="unsortable" |Gugus Kapuloan ! style="background: #CCC;" class="unsortable" |Ibukotha ! style="background: #CCC;" class="unsortable" |Kutha Liyane ! style="background: #CCC;" |Jembar&nbsp; (km²) ! style="background: #CCC;" |Populasi |- style="background:#AEE0F2;" |[[Dhistrik Severo-Kurilsky]] | | |Kuril Lor |'''[[Kuril Lor|Kuril Lor (Kita-chishima / 北千島)]]''' |[[Severo-Kurilsk]] |[[Shelikovo]], [[Podgorny]], [[Baikovo]] | align="right" |3.504,00 | align="right" |2.560 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Shumshu]] |Шумшу |占守島 |Shumushu |'''Kuril Lor''' |[[Baikovo]] | | align="right" |388.0 | align="right" |20 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Pulo Atlasov|Atlasov]] |Атласова |阿頼度島 |Oyakoba, Araido |'''Kuril Lor''' |Pesisir Alaidskaya | | align="right" |150.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Paramushir]] |Парамушир |幌筵島 |Paramushiru, Horomushiro |'''Kuril Lor''' |[[Severo-Kurilsk]] |[[Shelikovo]], [[Podgorny]] | align="right" |2,053.0 | align="right" |2,540 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Pulo Antsiferov|Antsiferov]] |Анциферова |志林規島 |Shirinki |'''Kuril Lor''' |Pesisir Antsiferov |Cape Terkut | align="right" |7.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Makanrushi]] |Маканруши |磨勘留島 |Makanru |'''Kuril Lor''' |Jakat | | align="right" |50.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Pulo Awos|Awos]] |Авось |帆掛岩 |Hokake, Hainoko |'''Kuril Lor''' | | | align="right" |0.1 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Onekotan]] |Онекотан |温禰古丹島 | |'''Kuril Lor''' |Mussel |Kuroisi, Nemo, Shestakov | align="right" |425.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Kharimkotan]] |Харимкотан |春牟古丹島 |Harimukotan, Harumukotan |'''Kuril Lor''' |Sunazhma |Pesisir Severgin | align="right" |70.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Ekarma]] |Экарма |越渇磨島 |Ekaruma |'''Kuril Lor''' |Kruglyy | | align="right" |30.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Chirinkotan]] |Чиринкотан |知林古丹島 | |'''Kuril Lor''' |Cape Ptichy | | align="right" |6.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Shiashkotan]] |Шиашкотан |捨子古丹島 |Shasukotan |'''Kuril Lor''' |Makarovka | | align="right" |122.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Lowuschki Rocks]] |Ловушки |牟知列岩 |Mushiru |'''Kuril Lor''' | | | align="right" |1,5 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Raikoke]] |Райкоке |雷公計島 | |'''Kuril Lor''' |Raikoke | | align="right" |4.6 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Pulo Matua|Matua]] |Матуа |松輪島 |Matsuwa |'''Kuril Lor''' |Sarychevo | | align="right" |52.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Rasshua]] |Расшуа |羅処和島 |Rashowa, Rasutsua |'''Kuril Lor''' |Arches Point | | align="right" |67.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Srednego]] |Среднего |摺手岩 |Suride |'''Kuril Lor''' | | | align="right" | | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Ushishir]] |Ушишир |宇志知島 |Ushishiru |'''Kuril Lor''' |Kraternya |Ryponkicha | align="right" |5.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Ketoy]] |Кетой |計吐夷島 |Ketoi |'''Kuril Lor''' |Storozheva | | align="right" |73.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#AEE0F2;" |[[Dhistrik Kurilsky District]] | | | Kuril Tengah (Naka-chishima / 中千島) |ana ing tengah-tengah |[[Kurilsk]] |[[Reidovo]], [[Kitovyi]], [[Rybaki (Kuril )|Rybaki]], [[Goryachiye Klyuchi]], [[Kasatka]], [[Bandara Burevestnik|Burevestnik]], [[Shumi-Gorodok]], [[Gornyy, Russia|Gornyy]] | align="right" |5,138.4 | align="right" |6,606 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Simushir]] |Симушир |新知島 |Shimushiru, Shinshiru |'''Kuril Lor''' |[[Kraternyy]] |Srednaya bay | align="right" |360.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Broutona]] |Броутона |武魯頓島 |Buroton, Makanruru |'''Kuril Lor''' |Nedostupnyy | | align="right" |7.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Chirpoy]] |Чирпой |知理保以島 |Chirihoi, Chierupoi |'''Kuril Lor''' |Peschanaya Bay | | align="right" |21.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Chyornie Bratya|Brat Chirpoyev]] |Брат Чирпоев |知理保以南島 |Chirihoinan |'''Kuril Lor''' |Garovnikova |Semenova | align="right" |16.0 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Urup]] |Уруп |得撫島 |Uruppu |'''Kuril Lor''' |Mys [[Kastrikum]] |Mys Van-der-Lind | align="right" |1,450.0 | align="right" |~4 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |Other | | | |'''Kuril Lor''' | | | align="right" |4.4 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Iturup]] |Итуруп |択捉島 |Etorofu |'''[[Kuril Kidul|Kuril Kidul (Minami-chishima / 南千島)]]''' |[[Kurilsk]] |[[Reidovo]], [[Kitovyi]], [[Rybaki (Kuril )|Rybaki]], [[Goryachiye Klyuchi]], [[Kasatka]], [[Burevestnik Airport|Burevestnik]], [[Shumi-Gorodok]], [[Gornyy, Russia|Gornyy]] | align="right" |3,280.0 | align="right" |6,602 |- style="background:#AEE0F2;" |[[Yuzhno-Kurilsky District]] | | |Kuril Kidul |'''Kuril Kidul''' |[[Yuzhno-Kurilsk]] |[[Malokurilskoye]], [[Rudnaya (Kuril )|Rudnaya]], [[Lagunnoye]], [[Otrada]], [[Goryachiy Plyazh]], [[Aliger]], [[Mendeleyevo]], [[Dubovoye]], [[Polino]], [[Golovnino]] | align="right" |1,860.8 | align="right" |10,268 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Kunashir]] |Кунашир |国後島 |Kunashiri |'''Kuril Kidul''' |[[Yuzhno-Kurilsk]] |[[Rudnaya (Kuril )|Rudnaya]], [[Lagunnoye]], [[Otrada]], [[Goryachiy Plyaz]]h, [[Aliger]], [[Mendeleyevo]], [[Dubovoye]], [[Polino]], [[Golovnino]] | align="right" |1,499.0 | align="right" |7,800 |- style="background:#AAA0F2;" |[[Shikotan]] Group |Шикотан |色丹列島 | |'''Kuril Kidul''' |[[Malokurilskoye]] |[[Dumnova]], [[Otradnaya]], [[Krabozavodskoye]] (Anama), [[Zvezdnaya]], [[Voloshina]], [[Kray Sveta]] | align="right" |264.13 | align="right" |2,440 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |[[Shikotan]] |Шикотан |色丹島 | |'''Kuril Kidul''' |[[Malokurilskoye]] |[[Dumnova]], [[Otradnaya (Kuril )|Otradnaya]], [[Krabozavodskoye]] (formerly Anama), [[Zvezdnaya]], [[Voloshina]], [[Kray Sveta]] | align="right" |255.00 | align="right" |2,440 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |Other | | | |'''Kuril Kidul''' | |[[Ayvazovskovo]] | align="right" |9.1 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#AAA0F2;" |[[Khabomai]] |Хабомаи |歯舞群島 |Habomai |'''Kuril Kidul''' |Zorkiy |[[Zelyonyi]], [[Polonskogo]] | align="right" |97.70 | align="right" |28 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |** [[Polonskogo]] |Полонского |多楽島 |Taraku |'''Kuril Kidul''' |Pesisir Moriakov | | align="right" |11.57 | align="right" |2 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |** [[Oskolki ()|Oskolki]] |Осколки |海馬島 |Todo, Kaiba |'''Kuril Kidul''' | | | align="right" | | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |** [[Zelyonyi]] |Зелёный |志発島 |Shibotsu |'''Kuril Kidul''' |Glushnevskyi station | | align="right" |58.72 | align="right" |3 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |** [[Kharkar]] |Харкар |春苅島 |Harukaru, Dyomina |'''Kuril Kidul''' |Haruka | | align="right" |0.8 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |** [[Yuri ()|Yuri]] |Юрий |勇留島 |Yuri |'''Kuril Kidul''' |Kalernaya | | align="right" |10.32 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |** [[Anuchina]] |Анучина |秋勇留島 |Akiyuri |'''Kuril Kidul''' |Bolshoye Bay | | align="right" |2.35 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |** [[Tanfilyeva]] |Танфильева |水晶島 |Suishō |'''Kuril Kidul''' |Zorkiy |Tanfilyevka Bay, Bolotnoye | align="right" |12.92 | align="right" |23 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |** [[Storozhevoy ()|Storozhevoy]] |Сторожевой |萌茂尻島 |Moemoshiri |'''Kuril Kidul''' | | | align="right" |0.07 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |** [[Rifovy]] |Рифовый |オドケ島 |Odoke |'''Kuril Kidul''' | | | align="right" | | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |** [[Signalny]] |Сигнальный |貝殻島 |Kaigara |'''Kuril Kidul''' | | | align="right" |0.02 | align="right" |0 |- style="background:#FFFFFF;" |** Other | | | |'''Kuril Kidul''' | |[[Opasnaga]], [[Udivitelnaya]] | align="right" |1.0 | align="right" |0 |- |- style="background:#F2E0CE;" class="sortbottom" |Total | | | | | | | align="right" |10,503.2 | align="right" |19,434 |} == Deleng Uga == {{Portal|Ruslan|Kapuloan}}{{div col}} * [[Gempa Kapuloan Kuril 2006]] * [[Gempa Kapuloan Kuril 2007]] * [[Provinsi Chishima]] * [[Zemlyak]] {{div col end}} == Rujukan == {{Reflist|30em}} == Uga wacanen == {{refbegin}} * Gorshkov, G. S. ''Volcanism and the Upper Mantle Investigations in the Kurile Island Arc''. Monographs in geoscience. New York: Plenum Press, 1970. {{ISBN|0-306-30407-4}} * Krasheninnikov, Stepan Petrovich, and James Greive. The History of Kamtschatka and the Kurilski Islands, with the Countries Adjacent. Chicago: Quadrangle Books, 1963. * Rees, David. ''The Soviet Seizure of the Kuriles''. New York: Praeger, 1985. {{ISBN|0-03-002552-4}} * Takahashi, Hideki, and Masahiro Ōhara. ''Biodiversity and Biogeography of the Kuril Islands and Sakhalin''. Bulletin of the Hokkaido University Museum, no. 2-. Sapporo, Japan: Hokkaido University Museum, 2004. * Hasegawa, Tsuyoshi. Racing the Enemy: Stalin, Truman, and the Surrender of Japan. 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-674-02241-6}}. * Alan Catharine and Denis Cleary. ''Unwelcome Company. ''A fiction thriller novel set in 1984 Tokyo and the Kuriles featuring a light aircraft crash and escape from Russian-held territory. On Kindle. {{refend}} == Pranala njaba == {{commonscat|Kuril Islands}}{{Wikivoyage|Kuril Islands}} * [https://www.academia.edu/23500963/SOUTHERN_KURILES_NORTHERN_TERRITORIES_A_STUMBLING-BLOCK_IN_RUSSIA-JAPAN_RELATIONSHIP Southern Kuriles / Northern Territories: A Stumbling-block in Russia-Japan Relationship], history and analysis by Andrew Andersen, Department of Political Science, University of Victoria, May 2001 * http://depts.washington.edu/ikip/index.shtml (Kuril Island Biocomplexity Project) * {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223043232/http://www.oceandots.com/pacific/kuril/|date=December 23, 2010|title=Kuril Islands at Ocean Dots.com}} (includes space imagery) * [http://www.nhpfund.org/nominations/kuril.html Kuril Islands] at [http://www.nhpfund.org/ Natural Heritage Protection Fund] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20020211225504/http://artedi.fish.washington.edu/okhotskia/ikip/index.htm The International Kuril Island Project] * http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/europe/russia/territory/index.html * [http://www.forcedmigration.org/video/chishima Chishima: Frontiers of San Francisco Treaty in Hokkaido] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070528025311/http://www.forcedmigration.org/video/chishima/ |date=2007-05-28 }} Short film on the disputed islands from a Japanese perspective * [https://earthquake.usgs.gov/eqcenter/recenteqsww/Maps/region/Asia.php USGS Map showing location of Magnitude 8.3 Earthquake 46.616°N, 153.224°E Kuril Islands region, November 15, 2006 11:14:16 UTC] * [http://www.pictures-of-cats.org/kurilian-bobtail.html Pictures of Cats – Kurilian Bobtail] * [http://englishrussia.com/?p=2213 Pictures of Kuril Islands] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201190627/http://englishrussia.com/?p=2213 |date=2010-02-01 }} * [https://www.britannica.com/place/Kuril-Islands Kuril Islands] at [[Encyclopædia Britannica]] {{Kuril Islands}} {{Sea of Okhotsk Islands}}{{Authority control}} 8p4h8kuv93mrvyvi1fejzk3c3yxv3v4 0 164127 1751482 1720631 2026-07-15T11:55:10Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751482 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Lambretta | logo = <!--Lambretta logo.png--> | image = 1966 Innocenti Lambretta Li125 Special Metallic Blue 1.jpg | image_caption = 1966 Lambretta Li 125 Spesial | defunct = 1972 | fate = Resurrected via Innocenti S.A. Lugano, [[Switserlan]] | key_people = [[Ferdinando Innocenti]] | industry = [[Scooter (motorcycle)|skuter]] | products = Lambretta, Lambro, Serveta lan Siambretta | num_employees = | parent = [[Innocenti]] | subsid = Lambretta Licensing Ltd. lan Lambretta GmbH | website = {{URL|lambretta.com}} | foundation = {{Start date and age|1947|df=yes}} | location = [[Milan]], [[Italia]] }} '''{{PAGENAME}}''' (ꦭꦩ꧀ꦧꦿꦺꦠ꧀ꦠ) ({{IPA-it|lamˈbretta}}) yaiku [[pit montor]] [[skuter]] sing wiwitani diprodhuksi saka kutha [[Milan (disambiguasi)|Milan]], [[Italia]] dening [[Innocenti]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambrettascooters.com/about/|title=Lambretta Scooters - About|website=Lambretta|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-16|archive-date=2020-04-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200408081601/https://www.lambrettascooters.com/about/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jeneng "Lambretta" dijupuk saka aran bengawan Lambro kang liwati distrik Lambrate, jeneng "Lambretta" ugi dijupuk saka tembung "Lambrus" kang dhuwé erti 'énthéng (boboté), gesit lan cepet'.<ref name=":0" /> ==Modél misuwur== {| class="wikitable" |+Perbedaan Spesifikasi Lambretta V125<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambrettascooters.com/v125-special/|title=Lambretta Scooters - V125 Special|website=Lambretta|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-02|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603152510/https://www.lambrettascooters.com/v125-special/|url-status=dead}}</ref> dan V200<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambrettascooters.com/v200-special/|title=Lambretta Scooters - V200 Special|website=Lambretta|language=en-US|access-date=2020-01-02|archive-date=2019-09-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190924210710/https://www.lambrettascooters.com/v200-special/|url-status=dead}}</ref> !Fitur !Model V125 !Model V200 |- |Tipe mesin |Single cylinder, 4-stroke, air cooled |Single cylinder, 4-stroke, air cooled |- |Displacement |124,7&nbsp;cm³ |169&nbsp;cm³ |- |Daya Maksimum |7,5&nbsp;kW@8500 rpm |8,8&nbsp;kW@8000 rpm |- |Ignition |ECU |ECU |- |Kecepatan Maks |95&nbsp;km/h |100&nbsp;km/h |- |Panjang |1890&nbsp;mm |1890&nbsp;mm |- |Lebar |695&nbsp;mm |695&nbsp;mm |- |Tinggi |1115&nbsp;mm |1115&nbsp;mm |- |Tinggi kursi |~ 800&nbsp;mm |~ 800&nbsp;mm |- |Kapasitas tangki |6 L ± 0,2 L |6 L ± 0,2 L |- |Rem Depan |Hydraulic disc: Ø 226&nbsp;mm |Hydraulic disc: Ø 226&nbsp;mm (ABS) |- |Rem Belakang |Hydraulic disc: Ø 220&nbsp;mm (CBS) |Hydraulic disc: Ø 220&nbsp;mm |- |Konsumsi bahan bakar |2,8 l/100&nbsp;km |2,9 l/100&nbsp;km |} ==Sejarah== Lambretta awit nalika Ferdinando Innocenti gawé pabrik baja ing Roma ing taun 1922. Innocenti banjur nggedhekake kanthi mbangun pabrik tabung baja sing luwih gedhé ing Milan ing taun 1931. Pabrik baja iku dhuwé pegawé udhakara 6.000 uwong. Nanging pabrik-pabik kasebut ancur saka dibom amarga [[Perang Donya II|Perang Dunya II]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.idntimes.com/automotive/motorbike/dwi-agustiar/kisah-lambretta-kembalinya-legenda-skuter-pesaing-vespa|title=Kisah Lambretta, Kembalinya Legenda Skuter Pesaing Vespa|last=Times|first=I. D. N.|last2=Agustiar|first2=Dwi|website=IDN Times|language=id|access-date=2020-01-16}}</ref> {{Infobox company |name = Automobile Products saka India / Scooters India Ltd |logo = |caption = |founder = |foundation = 1972 |location_city = [[Bombay]] / [[Lucknow]] |location_country = India |key_people = |num_employees = |industry = [[Scooter (motorcycle)|Skuter]] |products = Lambretta, Lamby, Vijay, Vikram, Lambro |revenue = |parent = |owner = |net_income = |homepage = {{URL|http://www.scootersindia.com}} }} == Garis waktu saka modél == === Italia === ==== Innocenti ==== *[[Lambretta Model A|Model A]], 1947–1948 *[[Lambretta Model B|Model B]], 1948–1950 *[[Lambretta Model C|Model C & LC]], 1950–1951 *Model D, 1951–1957 *Model LD, 1951–1958 *Model E, 1953–1954 *Model F, 1954–1955 *[[Lambretta TV200|TV Series 1]], 1957–1959 *Li Series 1, 1958–1959 *Li Series 2, 1959–1961 *[[Lambretta TV200|TV Series 2]], 1959–1962 *Li Series 3, 1961–1968 *[[Lambretta TV200|TV/GT Range]], 1962–1965 *[[Lambretta Li 125 Special|Li Special]], 1963–1969 *J Range, 1964–1971 *[[Lambretta SX200|SX Range]], 1966–1969 *Li Series 4, 1967-1968 *Lui/Vega/Cometa, 1968–1970 *[[Lambretta GP/DL|GP/DL Range]], 1969–1971 ==== Innocenti S.A ==== [[Lambretta V-Special|V-Special]], 2017-present ''sumber: Den Of The Lambretta, Buyers Guide''<ref name="DenOfTheLambrettaBuyersGuide">{{cite web |author=Paul Sachelari |title=Den Of The Lambretta, Buyers Guide |url=http://scooterlounge.com/lambretta/buyers-guide/index.shtml |website= |publisher= |date=2007–2009 |accessdate= |archive-date=2020-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207220426/http://scooterlounge.com/lambretta/buyers-guide/index.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref> Lambretta Club of Great Britain<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ilambretta.co.uk/lambrettascooters/|title=Lambretta Scooters|website=www.ilambretta.co.uk|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> British Lambretta Archives<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.britishlambrettaarchive.co.uk/|title=Home|website=www.britishlambrettaarchive.co.uk|access-date=2019-09-24}}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Lambretta Official<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lambretta.com/home/|title=Home|language=en-US|access-date=2019-09-24}}</ref> <!--information on each model's production dates is at the bottom of its individual page--> ==Galeri== <gallery mode="packed"> File:125 Al.jpg|Model Original Lambretta saka Cesare Pallavicino File:Lambretta Roller.JPG|Lambretta GT 200 File:Lambretta 150 ld (2).JPG|Lambretta 150 ld File:NSU Lambretta, 149 cm³, 6 PS, Bj. 1955 (Sp).JPG|NSU Lambretta saka taun 1955 File:Lambretta 48.jpg|Lambretta 48 Moped File:1960 Lambretta Li 175 Series 2.jpg|1960 Lambretta Li (Lambro) 175 Seri 2 </gallery> == Réferénsi == {{reflist|2}} ==Pranala jaba== *{{commons category inline|Lambretta scooters}} {{Major Italian motorcycle manufacturers}} [[Kategori:Kendaraan]] cmgqjexbjpjdh54n61dq05462mjveve 0 164585 1751477 1751030 2026-07-15T07:49:32Z Makenzis 33569 /* Skuat */ https://zalgiris.lt/naujienos/is-fk-kauno-zalgirio-d-pavlovicius-keliasi-i-prancuzija 1751477 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Kotak info klub bal-balan |clubname = FK Kauno Žalgiris |current = Mangsa 2026 FK Kauno Žalgiris |image = |fullname = Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris |nickname = ''spirdžiai'' |shortname = Kauno Žalgiris |founded = {{Start date and age|2004||}} |ground = [[Dariaus ir Girėno stadionas]], <br />[[Kaunas]], [[Litowen]] |capacity = 15.000 |chairman = {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Mantas Kalnietis]] |mgrtitle = Manajer|manager = {{flagicon|LTU}} |league = [[TOPLYGA]]<ref>[https://toplyga.lt/naujiena/naujasis-lietuvos-futbolo-cempionato-pavadinimas-toplyga/9300 Naujasis Lietuvos futbolo čempionato pavadinimas – TOPLYGA]</ref> |season = 2025 |position = [[A lyga]], Ke-1 |website = https://zalgiris.lt/komandos/fk-kauno-zalgiris |pattern_la1=_hummelauthentic20gg |pattern_b1=_hummelauthentic20gg |pattern_ra1=_hummelauthentic20gg |pattern_sh1=_hummelauthentic20gg |pattern_so1=_hummel20gg |leftarm1=00FF00 |body1=00FF00 |rightarm1=00FF00 |shorts1=00FF00 |socks1=00FF00 |pattern_la2=_hummelcoreXKwb |pattern_b2=_hummelcoreXKwb |pattern_ra2=_hummelcoreXKwb |pattern_sh2=_hummelcoreXKwb |pattern_so2=_hummel20w |leftarm2=FFFFFF |body2=FFFFFF |rightarm2=FFFFFF |shorts2=FFFFFF |socks2=FFFFFF }} '''Futbolo klubas Kauno Žalgiris''' inggih punika sawijining klub [[ulah raga]] [[Litowen]]. == Performa di liga == ;FK Spyris {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |- !Musim !Tingkat !Liga !Tempat !@ |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2013''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2013.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2014''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | bgcolor="#F4DC93" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[Pirma lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2014.html#1lyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''2015''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2015.html#alyga</ref> |- |} ; FK Kauno Žalgiris {| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;" |- !Säsong !Nivå !Liga !Placering !Webbplats |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''2016''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''8.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2016.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''2017''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''8.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2017.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''2018''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''5.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2018.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''2019''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2019.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''2020''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#ddffdd" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#DEB678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2020.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2021''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#DEB678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2021.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2022''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#BBBBBB" style="text-align:center;"| '''2.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2022.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2023''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''4.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2023.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2024''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#DEB678" style="text-align:center;"| '''3.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2024.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2025''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[A lyga]]''' | bgcolor="#FFDD00" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2025.html#alyga</ref> |- | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''2026''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''1.''' | bgcolor="#DDFFDD" style="text-align:center;"| '''[[TOPLYGA]]''' | bgcolor="#F5F5F5" style="text-align:center;"| '''.''' | <ref>http://www.rsssf.com/tablesl/lito2026.html#alyga</ref> |- |} == Skuat == {{updated|2026-07-15}} {{fs start}} {{Fs player|no=22|nat=LTU|pos=GK|name=[[Joris Aliukonis]]}} {{Fs player|no=22|nat=LTU|pos=GK|name=[[Deividas Mikelionis]]}} {{Fs player|no=55|nat=LTU|pos=GK|name=[[Tomas Švedkauskas]]}} |----- ! colspan="9" bgcolor="#B0D3FB" align="left" | |----- bgcolor="#DFEDFD" {{Fs player|no= 2|nat=LTU|pos=DF|name=[[Tautvydas Burdzilauskas]]}} {{Fs player|no= 3|nat=GEO|pos=DF|name=[[Anton Tolordava]]}} {{Fs player|no= 4|nat=DEN|pos=DF|name=[[Luka Račić]]}} {{Fs player|no=37|nat=AUT|pos=DF|name=[[Nosa Iyobosa Edokpolor|Nosa Edokpolor]]}} {{Fs player|no=45|nat=FRA|pos=DF|name=Joris Moutachy}} {{Fs player|no=66|nat=LTU|pos=DF|name=[[Eduardas Jurjonas]]}} {{Fs player|no=77|nat=LTU|pos=DF|name=[[Rokas Lekiatas]]}} |----- ! colspan="9" bgcolor="#B0D3FB" align="left" | |----- bgcolor="#DFEDFD" {{Fs player|no= 7|name=[[Amine Benchaib]]|nat=BEL|pos=MF}} {{Fs player|no= 8|nat=JPN|pos=MF|name=[[Yukiyoshi Karashima]]}} {{Fs player|no=10|nat=LTU|pos=MF|name=[[Gratas Sirgėdas]]}} {{Fs player|no=11|nat=LTU|pos=MF|name=[[Fedor Černych]]}} {{Fs player|no=15|nat=BRA|pos=MF|name=Léo Ribeiro}} {{Fs player|no=17|pos=FW|nat=NGR|name=Oyinlola Kayode}} {{Fs player|no=24|nat=LTU|pos=MF|name=[[Motiejus Burba]]}} {{fs player|no=70|pos=MF|nat=FRA|name=[[Fabien Ourega]]}} |----- ! colspan="9" bgcolor="#B0D3FB" align="left" | |----- bgcolor="#DFEDFD" {{Fs player|no=11|nat=LTU|pos=FW|name=Fedor Černych}} {{Fs player|no=47|nat=LTU|pos=FW|name=Vėjas Pocius}} |----- ! colspan="9" bgcolor="#B0D3FB" align="left" | |----- bgcolor="#DFEDFD" {{fs end}} == Cathetan suku == {{Reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * {{Official|https://zalgiris.lt/komandos/fk-kauno-zalgiris}} * [https://www.facebook.com/fkkaunozalgiris FK Kauno Žalgiris: facebook] * [https://toplyga.lt/komanda/k-zalgiris FK Kauno Žalgiris: toplyga.lt] * [https://int.soccerway.com/teams/lithuania/spyris-kaunas/8413/ FK Kauno Žalgiris: Soccerway] * [https://globalsportsarchive.com/team/soccer/fk-kauno-zalgiris/15855/ Globalsportsarchive] [[Kategori:Tim bal-balan Litowen|Kauno]] 4qhafdxp8kdbmal71dg8v1uaqhv4xnk 0 173199 1751475 1644996 2026-07-15T05:55:11Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751475 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox food|name=Soft Khichuri|image=ꠁꠍꠔꠣꠞꠤ ১১.jpg|caption=traditional Sylheti iftari with Kisuri|alternate_name=Norom Kisuri|region=[[Sylhet]]|country={{flag|Bangladesh}}|course=main and side dish|served=|main_ingredient=[[rice]], [[dal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=গরম গরম খিচুড়ি |url=https://www.prothomalo.com/life-style/article/1245861/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AE-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%9C%E0%A6%BF|website=[[Prothom Alo]]|language=bn| access-date=24 January 2019 |date=11 July 2017}}</ref>|variations=|other=}}'''Khichuri lunak''', uga dikenal kanthi jeneng '''Norom Kisuri''' ( Sylheti: ꠙꠣꠔꠟꠣ / ꠟꠦꠐꠟꠦꠐꠣ ꠇꠤꠌꠥꠠꠤ) minangka salah sawijining jinis panganan adhedhasar nasi sing padha karo konsistensi bubur, sajian sing populer ing wilayah Sylhet ing [[Banggaladésa|Bangladesh]] . Iki minangka panganan tradisional ing masakan Sylheti sing disajikake ing meja makan paling gedhe sajrone wulan Ramadhan suci. <ref name="bdpratidin">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bd-pratidin.com/last-page/2016/06/12/150507|title=সিলেটের ঐতিহ্য আখনি ও পাতলা খিচুড়ি|date=19 June 2016|publisher=[[Bangladesh Pratidin]]|language=bn|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-date=18 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118152459/https://www.bd-pratidin.com/last-page/2016/06/12/150507|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dadi panganan pokok kanggo buka puasa, ''Soft Khichuri'' ing omah lan Akhni kanggo ngladeni tamu minangka tradhisi Sylhet. <ref name="bhorerkagoj">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2018/06/02/194708.php|title=আখনি খিচুড়ি ও 'ফুরির বাড়ি ইফতারি' সিলেটের ঐতিহ্য|date=2 June 2018|website=Bhorer Kagoj|language=bn|access-date=24 January 2019|archive-date=18 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200618105338/http://www.bhorerkagoj.com/print-edition/2018/06/02/194708.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Nyawiji aromatik karo campuran rempah-rempah kalebu [[Lenga samin|ghee]], kalozira lan fenugreek kanggo masak Kisuri. Ana rong jinis Soft Khichuri; ''khichuri alus putih'' (jau / zau) lan ''khichuri alus kuning'' (kisuri). Chana, Chickpea, piyaju, Bakarkhani, [[Bakarkhani|potong]] kentang, [[Bakarkhani|potong]] endhog, [[Béguni|Beguni]], sayuran lan [[pakora]] godhong, [[Jalébi|Jalebi]], Sharbat ( rooh afza ), phirni minangka bahan sampingan barang-barang Ifl Sylheti. <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.prothomalo.com/home/article/27054/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0-%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC-%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF-%E0%A6%93-%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BF|title=ইফতারে সিলেটিদের প্রিয় আখনি ও খিচুড়ি|date=20 July 2013|website=Prothom Alo|language=bn|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> Antarane sweet sweet, spesialisasi Sylhet yaiku Imarti . Iki digawe khusus tanpa warna panganan kanggo Iftari. <ref name="sylheterdak">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sylheterdak.com.bd/details.php?id=8949|title=ঐতিহ্যে সিলেটি ইফতার|date=31 May 2017|publisher=[[Sylheter Dak]]|language=bn|access-date=19 April 2020|archive-date=5 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200605063715/http://www.sylheterdak.com.bd/details.php?id=8949|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sanajan katon jilapi, ana bedane ing ukuran lan rasa. <ref name="Difference between Jalebi & Imarti">{{Cite web|url=https://recipes.timesofindia.com/articles/food-facts/difference-between-jalebi-amp-imarti/the-sweet-difference/photostory/60255898.cms|title=Difference between Jalebi & Imarti|website=recipes.timesofindia.com|publisher=Times Food|access-date=19 April 2020}}</ref> Beras lan denyut nadi kudu diresiki kanthi suwene setengah jam sadurunge masak. <ref name="khadizaskitchen2">{{Cite web|url=https://khadizaskitchen.com/category/rice-and-grains/khichuri/|title=Pachmishali Daal er Bhuna Khichuri ( Khichri with 5 types of lentils)|website=khadizaskitchen.com|access-date=5 March 2020}}</ref> Banjur wajan, lebokake pari, pulsa, bawang lan banyu sak bahane. Sawetara godhong teluk uga dilebokake ing kana. Nalika banyune wiwit nggodhok, geni kudu diturunake lan copot tutupe supaya jurang. Sawise suwe, tutup maneh ditutupi aduk campuran. Yen saya diaduk, saya akeh beras bakal pecah lan campurane bakal luwih enak. Ing pungkasan, tambahake trikatuka lan goreng karo minyak utawa mentega ing wajan, aduk kanthi becik lan mateni geni. == Referensi == 5ee0qw13l96fdb6txrmd8oh8ib12kxq 0 187163 1751466 1699538 2026-07-14T16:12:39Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751466 wikitext text/x-wiki {{for|kabiskopan sing nduweni jeneng padha ing Indiana|Kabiskopan Lafayette ing Indiana}} {{Infobox diocese | jurisdiction = Kabiskopan<!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --> | name = Lafayette | latin = Dioecesis Lafayettensis | local = <!-- Name in the native language --> | image = CoA Roman Catholic Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana.svg | image_size = 175px | image_alt = | caption = <!---- Locations ----> | country = {{flag|Amerika Sarekat}} | province = [[Kabiskopan Agung New Orleans]] | coordinates = <!-- Use {{coord}} --> <!---- Statistics ----> | area_sqmi = 5,779 <!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --> | population = 629,000 | population_as_of = 2013 | catholics = 330,000<!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --> | catholics_percent =52.5 | parishes = 121<!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --> | churches = <!-- Number of churches in the diocese --> | congregations = <!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --> | schools = <!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --> | members = <!-- Number of members in the diocese --> <!---- Information ----> | denomination = [[Katulik Roma]] | rite = [[Ritus Roma]] | established = 11 Januari 1918 | cathedral = [[Katedral Santo Yohanes Panginjil ing Lafayette|Katedral Santo Yohanes Panginjil]] | cocathedral = | patron = [[Dikandung Tanpa Noda]] | priests = 190<!-- Number of priests in the diocese --> <!---- Current leadership ----> | pope = {{Incumbent pope}} | bishop = ''[[J. Douglas Deshotel]]'' | metro_archbishop = [[Gregory Michael Aymond]] | coadjutor = | auxiliary_bishops = | vicar_general = | emeritus_bishops = [[Charles Michael Jarrell]] <!---- Map ----> | map = Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana map.PNG | map_alt = | map_caption = <!---- Website ----> | website = [http://www.diolaf.org www.diolaf.org ] }} [[Barkas:Lafayette Louisiana Stjohnchurch.jpg|jmpl|Katedral Santo Yohanes Panginjil, Lafayette]] '''Kabiskopan Lafayette ing Louisiana''' yaiku divisi [[grejawi]] [[Greja Katulik]] ing [[Amerika Sarekat]]. Greja paling tuwa ing [[kabiskopan]] kasebut menika greja [[paroki]] [[St. Martinville, Louisiana|St. Martinville]], sing asline saka taun 1765. == Cathetan == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.diolaf.org/ Roman Catholic Diocese of Lafayette in Louisiana Official Site] * [http://www.lafayettetravel.com/ldd/display.cfm?category=museums&id=21 Brief description of the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060508130707/http://www.lafayettetravel.com/ldd/display.cfm?category=museums&id=21 |date=2006-05-08 }} * [http://www.neworleanschurches.com/lafcath/stjohnlaf.htm Photos of the Cathedral of St. John the Evangelist] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210918105502/http://neworleanschurches.com/lafcath/stjohnlaf.htm |date=2021-09-18 }} {{kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat}} {{coord|30|12|50|N|92|01|46|W|source:plwiki|display=title}} [[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat|Lafayette Louisiana]] blz39o7h6lxlz6noq38scjk15bys48z 0 187249 1751465 1699234 2026-07-14T12:32:23Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751465 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox diocese | jurisdiction = Kabiskopan Agung<!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --> | name = New Orleans | latin = Archidioecesis Novae Aureliae | local = <!-- Name in the french language -->''Archidiocèse de La Nouvelle-Orléans''<br><!-- Name in the spanish language -->''Arquidiócesis de Nueva Orleans'' | image = Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans.svg | image_size = 175px | image_alt = | caption = Lambang Kabiskopan Agung New Orleans <!---- Locations ----> | country = [[Amerika Sarekat]] | province = Kabiskopan Agung New Orleans | coordinates = <!-- Use {{coord}} --> <!---- Statistics ----> | area_sqmi = 4,208 | population = 1,238,228 | population_as_of = 2013 | catholics = 520,056 | catholics_percent = 42 | parishes = 107 | churches = ~137 | congregations = <!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --> | schools = +25 | members = <!-- Number of members in the diocese --> <!---- Information ----> | denomination = [[Katulik]] | rite = [[Ritus Roma]] | established = 25 April 1793 ({{age|1793|04|25}} taun kepungkur) | cathedral = [[St. Louis Cathedral, New Orleans|Cathedral Basilica of Saint Louis]] | cocathedral = | patron = [[Louis IX saka Prancis|St. Louis]]<br>[[Our Lady of Prompt Succor]] | priests = <!-- Number of priests in the diocese -->387 <!---- Current leadership ----> | pope = {{Incumbent pope}} <!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --> | bishop_title = [[Biskop Agung]] | bishop = [[Gregory Michael Aymond]] | coadjutor = | auxiliary_bishops = [[Fernand J. Cheri]] | vicar_general = | emeritus_bishops = [[Alfred Clifton Hughes]] <!---- Map ----> | map = Archdiocese of New Orleans map 1.jpg | map_alt = | map_caption = <!---- Website ----> | website = [http://www.arch-no.org/ arch-no.org] | footnotes = }} '''Kabiskopan Agung New Orleans''', ([[Basa Latin|Latin]]: ''Archidioecesis Novae Aureliae'', [[Basa Prancis|Prancis]]: ''Archidiocèse de la Nouvelle-Orléans'', [[Basa Spanyol|Spanyol]]: ''Arquidiócesis de Nueva Orleans''), yaiku [[kabiskopan|wilayah grejawi]] [[Greja Katulik Roma]] sing diurus saka [[New Orleans, Louisiana|New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]]. Kabiskopan kasebut menika kabiskopan paling tuwa kapindho ing [[Amerika Sarekat]] saiki, ditingkatke dadi kabiskopan ing 25 April 1793 dening [[Paus Pius VI]]. == Referensi == {{Reflist}} {{catholic|wstitle=Archdiocese of New Orleans}} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.arch-no.org Roman Catholic Archdiocese of New Orleans Official Site] * Nolan, Charles E. [http://www.archdiocese-no.org/history/french.htm A History of the Archdiocese of New Orleans] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004174648/http://www.archdiocese-no.org/history/french.htm |date=2006-10-04 }} May 2001 * [http://www.archdiocese-no.org/about/missionstatement.html Archdiocesan Statistics.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061011124513/http://www.archdiocese-no.org/about/missionstatement.html |date=2006-10-11 }} * [http://www.ccano.org/ Catholic Charities of New Orleans.] * ''[http://www.clarionherald.org/ The Clarion Herald,]'' the official newspaper of the Archdiocese of New Orleans. * John and Kathleen DeMajo. [http://www.neworleanschurches.com/ Gallery of New Orleans Churches] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220516192417/http://neworleanschurches.com/ |date=2022-05-16 }}, including numerous Catholic Churches. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070929001525/http://www.stopthemerger.net/ Organizational website devoted to the opposition of merging Archbishop Blenk and Immaculata high schools] {{kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat}} {{coord|29|57|27|N|90|06|56|W|type:landmark_source:kolossus-plwiki|display=title}} {{DEFAULTSORT:New Orleans}} [[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Amérika Sarékat|New Orleans]] [[Kategori:Organisasi Kristen sing didegaké taun 1793]] dwra3w8q18eto8as2fb8v4mjpy0j8qb 0 198621 1751483 1725886 2026-07-15T11:56:54Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 1751483 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Family name hatnote|Nasraoui|Ebana|lang=Spanish}} '''Lamine Yamal Nasraoui Ebana''' (lair 13 Juli 2007) ya iku juru main [[bal-balan]] profesional [[Spanyol]] sing main dadi pemain sayap kanggo klub [[La Liga]] [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] lan [[Tim nasional bal-balan Spanyol|tim nasional Spanyol]]. Dikenal amarga bakat, nggawe kesempatan, lan kemampuan shooting sing tepat, dheweke dianggep minangka salah sawijining pemain paling apik ing donya lan salah sawijining pemain bal-balan remaja paling gedhe. {{Infobox football biography | name = Lamine Yamal | image = Lamine Yamal, Sánchez se reunió con los futbolistas de la selección española tras ganar la Eurocopa 2024 (3) (cropped).jpg | caption = Yamal ngrayakake gelar UEFA Euro 2024 karo Spanyol | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|2007|7|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Esplugues de Llobregat]], Spanyol | height = 1,80 m<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/players/129404/lamine-yamal-nasraoui-ebana |title=Lamine Yamal |publisher=FC Barcelona |access-date=13 October 2024 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725165350/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/players/129404/lamine-yamal-nasraoui-ebana |url-status=live }}</ref> | position = [[Winger (association football)|Winger]] | currentclub = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | clubnumber = 19 | youthyears1 = 2012–2014 | youthclubs1 = La Torreta | youthyears2 = 2014–2023 | youthclubs2 = [[FC Barcelona (youth)|Barcelona]] | years1 = 2023 | clubs1 = [[FC Barcelona Atlètic|Barcelona B]] | caps1 = 1 | goals1 = 0 | years2 = 2023– | clubs2 = [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]] | caps2 = 72 | goals2 = 14 | nationalyears1 = 2021 | nationalteam1 = [[Spain national under-15 football team|Spain U15]] | nationalcaps1 = 6 | nationalgoals1 = 3 | nationalyears2 = 2022 | nationalteam2 = [[Spain national under-16 football team|Spain U16]] | nationalcaps2 = 4 | nationalgoals2 = 1 | nationalyears3 = 2022–2023 | nationalteam3 = [[Spain national under-17 football team|Spain U17]] | nationalcaps3 = 10 | nationalgoals3 = 8 | nationalyears4 = 2022 | nationalteam4 = [[Spain national under-19 football team|Spain U19]] | nationalcaps4 = 1 | nationalgoals4 = 0 | nationalyears5 = 2023– | nationalteam5 = [[Spain national football team|Spain]] | nationalcaps5 = 19 | nationalgoals5 = 4 | medaltemplates = {{MedalSport|Men's [[Association football|football]]}} {{MedalCountry|{{fb|ESP}}}} {{MedalCompetition|[[UEFA European Championship]]}} {{Medal|W|[[UEFA Euro 2024|2024 Germany]]|}} | module = {{Infobox person | signature = File:Lamine Yamal (Signature).svg | signature_alt = Lamine Yamal signature}} }} Yamal minangka anggota akademi pemuda, La Masia, sadurunge mlebu ing skuad tim utama Barcelona ing musim 2023-24. Dheweke dadi pemain paling enom sing dinominasiake kanggo [[Ballon d'Or]] (ing umur 17 taun) lan uga menang Piala Kopa ing taun 2024, diwenehake kanggo pemain enom paling apik ing donya. Ing musim sabanjure, Yamal dadi integral kanggo Barcelona menangake treble domestik saka gelar La Liga, Copa del Rey, lan Supercopa de España; ing 17 taun, pagelaran kang wis mimpin kanggo claims nyebar dening pundits lan pemain sing iku pemain paling apik ing donya. Yamal wis makili Spanyol internasional ing macem-macem tingkat muda, lan miwiti debut kanggo tim senior ing 2023, dadi pemain paling enom kanggo makili lan ngetung kanggo negara ing umur 16. Dheweke kapilih kanggo UEFA Euro 2024, muter peran penting ing bantuan Spanyol menang judhul kaping papat, nalika uga menang ing turnamen Young Player Award. Dheweke nyekel pirang-pirang rekor ing karir internasional, kalebu pemain paling enom sing tampil ing final Kejuaraan Eropa UEFA (ing umur 17 taun), pemain paling enom ing Kejuaraan Eropa (ing umur 16 taun), lan pencetak gol paling enom ing Kejuaraan Eropa (ing umur 16 taun). ==Pakurmatan== '''Barcelona''' *[[La Liga]]: [[2022–23 La Liga|2022–23]],<ref>{{cite news |date=14 May 2023 |title=FC Barcelona, Liga champions 2022/23! |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/football/first-team/news/3344756/fc-barcelona-liga-champions-202223 |publisher=FC Barcelona |access-date=14 May 2023 |archive-date=2 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202111602/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref> [[2024–25 La Liga|2024–25]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-15 |title=Barcelona Win La Liga, Complete 2024-25 Domestic Treble |url=https://www.si.com/soccer/barcelona-win-la-liga-complete-2024-25-domestic-treble |access-date=2025-05-15 |website=SI |language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Copa del Rey]]: [[2024–25 Copa del Rey|2024–25]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-04-26 |title=FC Barcelona crowned Cup Kings in classic encounter |url=https://rfef.es/en/noticias/match-report-fc-barcelona-crowned-cup-kings-in-classic-encounter |access-date=2025-04-26 |website= |publisher=[[Real Federación Española de Fútbol]] |language=en |archive-date=26 April 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250426235908/https://rfef.es/en/noticias/match-report-fc-barcelona-crowned-cup-kings-in-classic-encounter |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[Supercopa de España]]: [[2025 Supercopa de España|2025]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-01-13 |title=FC Barcelona win the Super Cup in a final for the history books (2-5) |url=https://rfef.es/en/noticias/match-report-fc-barcelona-win-the-super-cup-in-a-final-for-the-history-books-2-5 |access-date=2025-01-13 |website= |publisher=[[Real Federación Española de Fútbol]] |language=en |archive-date=13 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250113012625/https://rfef.es/en/noticias/match-report-fc-barcelona-win-the-super-cup-in-a-final-for-the-history-books-2-5 |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Spain''' *[[UEFA European Championship]]: [[UEFA Euro 2024|2024]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Spain 2-1 England |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2036211--spain-vs-england/ |date=14 July 2024 |access-date=14 July 2024 |website=[[UEFA]] |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |archive-date=14 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240714205859/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuro/match/2036211--spain-vs-england/ |url-status=live }}</ref> '''Individual''' *[[UEFA European Championship awards#Young Player of the Tournament|UEFA European Championship Young Player of the Tournament]]: [[UEFA Euro 2024#Awards|2024]]<ref>{{cite news |date=14 July 2024 |title=Lamine Yamal named Euro 2024 Young Player of the Tournament |website=[[UEFA]] |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028f-1b5e5e91b6e6-b9784b9e13fb-1000--lamine-yamal-named-euro-2024-young-player-of-the-tournament/ |access-date=14 July 2024 |archive-date=15 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240715145905/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028f-1b5e5e91b6e6-b9784b9e13fb-1000--lamine-yamal-named-euro-2024-young-player-of-the-tournament/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[UEFA European Championship awards#Goal of the Tournament|UEFA European Championship Goal of the Tournament]]: [[UEFA Euro 2024#Awards|2024]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028f-1b61b696019f-f9f4c91eea25-1000--lamine-yamal-wins-uefa-euro-2024-goal-of-the-tournament/ |title=Lamine Yamal wins UEFA Euro 2024 Goal of the Tournament |website=[[UEFA]] |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=16 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024}}</ref> *La Liga U23 Player of the Season: [[2023–24 La Liga#Annual awards|2023–24]]<ref>{{cite news|title=Official: FC Barcelona winners at the LALIGA Awards|publisher=FC Barcelona|date=28 May 2024|url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/club/news/4029590/fc-barcelona-winners-at-the-laliga-awards|access-date=28 May 2024|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002747/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/club/news/4029590/fc-barcelona-winners-at-the-laliga-awards|url-status=live}}</ref> *[[La Liga Player of the Month]]: [[2024–25 La Liga#Monthly awards|September 2024]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/lamine-yamal-wins-player-of-the-month-for-september|publisher=La Liga|date=4 October 2024|title=Lamine Yamal wins Player of the Month for September|access-date=4 October 2024}}</ref> *[[La Liga Player of the Month#La Liga U23 Player of the Month|La Liga U23 Player of the Month]]: [[2023–24 La Liga#Monthly awards|August 2023]], [[2024–25 La Liga#Monthly awards|August 2024]],<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/lamine-yamal-is-laliga-ea-sports-u23-player-of-the-month-for-august|publisher=La Liga|date=10 September 2024|title=Lamine Yamal is LaLiga EA Sports U23 Player of the Month for August|access-date=10 September 2024|archive-date=26 September 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240926114958/https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/lamine-yamal-is-laliga-ea-sports-u23-player-of-the-month-for-august|url-status=live}}</ref> February 2025<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/lamine-yamal-laliga-ea-sports-best-u-23-player-for-february|publisher=La Liga|date=25 February 2025|title=Lamine Yamal, LALIGA EA SPORTS Best U-23 Player for February|access-date=25 February 2025|archive-date=6 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250306104613/https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/lamine-yamal-laliga-ea-sports-best-u-23-player-for-february|url-status=live}}</ref> *[[La Liga Goal of the Month]]: [[2023–24 La Liga#Monthly awards|March 2024]]<ref>{{cite news |date=26 March 2024 |title=Lamine Yamal wins LaLiga EA Sports Goal of the Month for March |url=https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/lamine-yamal-wins-laliga-ea-sports-goal-of-the-month-for-march |access-date=26 March 2024 |publisher=La Liga |archive-date=28 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328103219/https://www.laliga.com/en-GB/news/lamine-yamal-wins-laliga-ea-sports-goal-of-the-month-for-march |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[IFFHS World's Best Player#The Men's Player of the Month|IFFHS Men's Player of the Month]]: April 2025<ref>{{cite news|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/4344|publisher=IFFHS|date=1 May 2025|title=IFFHS MEN'S PLAYER OF THE MONTH APRIL 2025|access-date=1 May 2025|archive-date=23 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523213253/https://iffhs.com/posts/4344|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[Golden Boy (award)|Golden Boy]]: 2024<ref>{{cite news |date=27 November 2024 |title=Barcelona and Spain's Lamine Yamal wins 2024 Golden Boy award |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c20gwy2wgq4o |access-date=27 November 2024 |website=BBC Sport |archive-date=27 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127172159/https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/articles/c20gwy2wgq4o |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[Kopa Trophy]]: [[2024 Ballon d'Or#Kopa Trophy|2024]]<ref>{{cite news |date=28 October 2024 |title=Ballon d'Or 2024 : Lamine Yamal remporte le trophée Kopa |language=fr |trans-title=Ballon d’Or 2024: Lamine Yamal wins the Kopa trophy |work=L'Équipe |url=https://www.lequipe.fr/Football/Actualites/Ballon-d-or-2024-lamine-yamal-remporte-le-trophee-kopa/1516897 |access-date=28 October 2024 }}</ref> *[[IFFHS#The World's Best Youth (U20) Player|IFFHS Men's World's Best Youth Player]]: 2024<ref>{{cite web |date=14 December 2024 |title=IFFHS AWARDS 2024 - LAMINE YAMAL, MEN'S WORLD BEST YOUTH PLAYER |url=https://iffhs.com/posts/4059 |access-date=15 December 2024 |publisher=IFFHS |archive-date=15 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241215102324/https://iffhs.com/posts/4059 |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[Tuttosport#The Youngest Award|''Tuttosport's'' The Youngest Award]]: 2023<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/club/news/3788705/aitana-bonmati-and-lamine-yamal-win-golden-boy-2023-awards |title=Aitana Bonmatí and Lamine Yamal win Golden Boy 2023 awards |publisher=FC Barcelona |date=17 November 2023 |archive-date=18 November 2023 |access-date=18 November 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118194220/https://www.fcbarcelona.com/en/club/news/3788705/aitana-bonmati-and-lamine-yamal-win-golden-boy-2023-awards |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[Globe Soccer Awards#2024 – Europe Edition|Globe Soccer Awards – Emerging Player]]: 2024 (Europe Edition),<ref>{{cite web |date=28 May 2024 |title=Lamine Yamal (Emerging Player) |url=https://www.globesoccer.com/winners/lamine-yamal-emerging-player-2024/ |access-date=29 May 2024 |website=[[Globe Soccer Awards]] |archive-date=29 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240529073640/https://www.globesoccer.com/winners/lamine-yamal-emerging-player-2024/ |url-status=live }}</ref> 2024 (Dubai Edition)<ref>{{cite web |date=27 December 2024 |title=Lamine Yamal (Emerging Player) |url=https://www.globesoccer.com/winners/lamine-yamal-emerging-player-2024-2/ |access-date=13 January 2025 |website=[[Globe Soccer Awards]] |archive-date=28 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241228055937/https://www.globesoccer.com/winners/lamine-yamal-emerging-player-2024-2/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[Laureus World Sports Award for Breakthrough of the Year]]: 2025<ref>{{cite web|date=21 April 2025|url=https://www.laureus.com/news/biles-duplantis-and-nadal-take-centre-stage-at-25th-anniversary-laureus-world-sports-awards|website=laureus.com|title=Biles, Duplantis and Nadal take centre stage at 25th anniversary Laureus World Sports Awards|access-date=22 April 2025|archive-date=1 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250501034022/https://www.laureus.com/news/biles-duplantis-and-nadal-take-centre-stage-at-25th-anniversary-laureus-world-sports-awards|url-status=live}}</ref> *UEFA European Under-17 Championship top scorer: [[2023 UEFA European Under-17 Championship#Goalscorers|2023]] (4 goals)<ref>{{cite news|title=2023 Under-17 EURO: Top scorers|url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0281-180c7c9f5b3a-1c2b2785d1e8-1000--2023-under-17-euro-top-scorers/|website=[[UEFA]] |publisher=Union of European Football Associations|date=2 June 2023|access-date=28 November 2023|archive-date=15 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215211504/https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0281-180c7c9f5b3a-1c2b2785d1e8-1000--2023-under-17-euro-top-scorers/|url-status=live}}</ref> * UEFA European Championship top assist provider: [[UEFA Euro 2024#Awards|2024]] (4 assists)<ref>{{cite web |title=Player stats: Attacking |website=[[UEFA]] |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/statistics/players/attacking/ |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=25 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002802/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/statistics/players/attacking/ |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[UEFA European Championship awards#Team of the Tournament|UEFA European Championship Team of the Tournament]]: [[UEFA Euro 2024#Awards|2024]]<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028f-1b61a0e91074-427664e9bbfe-1000--uefa-euro-2024-team-of-the-tournament/ |title=UEFA Euro 2024 Team of the Tournament |website=[[UEFA]] |publisher=Union of European Football Associations |date=16 July 2024 |access-date=16 July 2024 |archive-date=20 July 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240720155433/https://www.uefa.com/euro2024/news/028f-1b61a0e91074-427664e9bbfe-1000--uefa-euro-2024-team-of-the-tournament/ |url-status=live }}</ref> * The Best FIFA Men's 11: [[The Best FIFA Football Awards 2024#FIFA Men's World 11|2024]]<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.fifa.com/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/2024/articles/mens-11-vote |title=Five Real Madrid stars named in The Best FIFA Men's 11 |publisher=FIFA |date=17 December 2024 |access-date=23 December 2024 |archive-date=8 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250208070030/https://www.fifa.com/en/the-best-fifa-football-awards/2024/articles/mens-11-vote |url-status=live }}</ref> *[[IFFHS World Team#Men's winners|IFFHS Men's World Team]]: 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=IFFHS WORLD TEAMS 2024|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/4086|date=26 December 2024|website=IFFHS|access-date=26 December 2024|archive-date=26 December 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241226180022/https://iffhs.com/posts/4086|url-status=live}}</ref> *[[IFFHS]] Men's UEFA Team: 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=IFFHS CONTINENTAL TEAMS 2024 - UEFA MEN|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/4119|date=15 January 2025|website=IFFHS|access-date=24 May 2025|archive-date=22 May 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250522145814/https://iffhs.com/posts/4119|url-status=dead}}</ref> *[[IFFHS]] Men's Youth (U20) World Team: 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=IFFHS MEN'S YOUTH (U20) WORLD TEAM 2024|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/4090|date=28 December 2024|access-date=15 January 2025|archive-date=12 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412094734/https://iffhs.com/posts/4090|url-status=live}}</ref> *[[IFFHS]] Men's Youth (U20) UEFA Team: 2023,<ref>{{cite web|title=IFFHS Men's Youth (U20) UEFA Team 2023|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/3387|date=5 February 2024|website=IFFHS|access-date=19 February 2024|archive-date=25 July 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240725002754/https://iffhs.com/posts/3387|url-status=live}}</ref> 2024<ref>{{cite web|title=IFFHS MEN'S YOUTH (U20) CONTINENTAL TEAMS 2024 - UEFA|url=https://iffhs.com/posts/4161|date=1 February 2025|website=IFFHS|access-date=1 February 2025|archive-date=12 April 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250412094734/https://iffhs.com/posts/4161|url-status=live}}</ref> *UEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the Tournament: [[2023 UEFA European Under-17 Championship#Team of the Tournament|2023]]<ref>{{cite news|title=2023 UEFA European Under-17 Championship Team of the Rezwan Tournament|url=https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0282-1838df4ead94-bd5ca598e6c8-1000--2023-uefa-european-under-17-championship-team-of-the-tourn/|website=[[UEFA]] |publisher=Union of European Football Associations|date=10 June 2023|access-date=28 November 2023|archive-date=9 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231209191823/https://www.uefa.com/under17/news/0282-1838df4ead94-bd5ca598e6c8-1000--2023-uefa-european-under-17-championship-team-of-the-tourn/|url-status=live}}</ref> *[[La Liga Awards#Team of the season|La Liga Team of the Season]]: [[2024–25 La Liga|2024–25]]<ref>{{cite news|title=EA Sports FC 25 La Liga Team of the season 2024-25|url=https://www.ea.com/games/ea-sports-fc/fc-25/tots/laliga |date=24 May 2025|access-date=24 May 2025|publisher=LaLiga}}</ref> ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} rd38c5f80g4cq45zwfu4egyjgfjjnf0 0 200598 1751467 1751455 2026-07-14T21:23:36Z Meursault2004 3 Sithik 1751467 wikitext text/x-wiki {{inuse}} '''Kellie Waymire''' (27 Juli 1967 – 13 Novèmber 2003) iku sawijiné aktris sandiwara, télévisi, lan film Amérika Sarékat. Dhèwèké kawentar olèhé main ing ''Six Feet Under'', ''Friends'', lan ''Star Trek: Enterprise''. 9r9d929g82eml1e5lrx30xdjazngnhz 1751468 1751467 2026-07-14T23:51:19Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan [[en:Kellie Waymire|]] 1751468 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kellie Waymire''' (27 Juli 1967 – 13 Novèmber 2003) iku sawijiné aktris sandiwara, télévisi, lan film Amérika Sarékat. Dhèwèké kawentar olèhé main ing ''Six Feet Under'', ''Friends'', lan ''Star Trek: Enterprise''. [[Kategori:Lair 1967]] [[Kategori:Pati 2003]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] k53dv6d2nlfetdqt4tetepkox75ysmn 0 200599 1751481 1751459 2026-07-15T11:46:13Z ~2026-28075-19 72577 nggawe kaca anyar 1751481 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Prabu Sumarma''' iku ratu ing negara [[Malawa]]. Ratu sabrang, tegese ratu bangsa manca. Srayane [[Duryodana|Prabu Duryudana]]. Biyen nate dadi muride [[Drona|Pandhita Drona]]. Nunggal sapaguron karo [[Kurawa]] lan [[Pandhawa]]. Wujude Prabu Sumarma: narendra setengah yaksa (buta). Duwe siyung ing pojok tutuke kang gedhene sagedhang emas. Katon mingis-mingis mawa wisa. Rema (rikma, rambut) diore nganti tekan bokong. Saperangan tumumpang pundhak. Prabu Sumarma duwe rayi loro, yaiku [[Raden Kretipeya]] (Kartipeya) lan [[Raden Satupremeya]]. Titihane Prabu Sumarma wujud gajah, jenenge [[Hesthitama]]. Gajah kang gedhene ora lumrah. Tokoh Prabu Sumarma iki mung tinemu ing crita padhalangan lakon Drona Gugur. Ing sawijining dina Prabu Sumarma nampa sowane [[Aswatama|Bambang Aswatama]], kang diutus Pandhita Drona supaya atur kabar marang Sang Prabu yen perang [[Bharatayuda]] wis dumadi. Wektu iku wis tumapak 14 dina. Pandhita Drona isih pinercaya jumeneng Mahasenapati, mandhegani wadyabala Ngastina. Prabu Sumarma kasuwun supaya paring pambiyantu kanthi ngerigake wadyabala Malawa. Midhanget ature Bambang Aswatama, Prabu Sumarma katon gumregah lan bungah penggalihe. Apa sing diangen-angen sasuwene iku saiki wis cetha. Mula pamundhute bapa guru gage dileksanani. Bengi iku uga kabeh balane diirid tumuju [[Kurusetra|Tegal Kurusetra]]. Ing pangajab, byar padhang sesuk esuk wis bisa mangsah yuda mungsuh Pandhawa sawadyabalane. Tekade mung siji, yaiku nedya ngrebut misuwure jeneng [[Wrekodara|Wrekudara]] lan [[Janaka]]. Yen Prabu Sumarma bisa mateni Wrekudara lan Janaka, mesthi bakal kondhang ing jagad. Kondhang ratu digdaya. Esuke ing dina kaping 15, wiwit saka pletheking surya nganti bedhug tengange, pangamuke Mahasenapati Kurawa Pandhita Drona kang dibantu Prabu Sumarma sabalane bisa gawe rusak wadyabalane Pandhawa. Pepati tanpa wilangan, pating glasah pindha babatan pacing. Priksa rusaking wadyabalane Pandhawa, [[Kresna|Prabu Kresna]] sigra paring dhawuh marang Raden Wrekudara supaya enggal-enggal mateni Prabu Sumarma lan gajah titihane. Klakon Prabu Sumarma lan Hesthitama sirna digeceg gada Rujakpolo. Sawise iku, Prabu Kresna dhawuh marang [[Petruk]] supaya ngondhangake ing saindhenging palagan yen Aswatama mati. Amarga anane kabar apus-apusan iku, Pandhita Drona dadi nglokro, bingung, lan entek pengarep-arepe. Satemah bisa ditigas janggane dening [[Drustajumena|Raden Trusthajumena]]. == Kapethik saking == Mulyantara.n.d.''Majalah Jaka Lodhang'' (cover Tokoh Wayang). Yogyakarta: Jaka Lodhang Press. [[Kategori: Paraga Mahabharata]] [[Kategori: Paraga wayang]] [[Kategori: Paraga Wayang]] ncm3w86x4jy0p7k116t9gbxzytzt4ro 0 200600 1751470 2026-07-15T01:36:25Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan [[:en:John Rhys-Davies]] 1751470 wikitext text/x-wiki John Rhys-Davies iku sawijine aktor Britani Agung. 0snbxbvowoj315twwj746l3ffc0g8tw 1751471 1751470 2026-07-15T01:37:41Z Meursault2004 3 Sithik 1751471 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Inuse}} John Rhys-Davies iku sawijine aktor Britani Agung. 0l0mzpndxa4tui0um76k7yag4axnjys