Wikipédia jvwiki https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Pendhapa MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Médhia Mirunggan Parembugan Naraguna Parembugan Naraguna Wikipédia Parembugan Wikipédia Barkas Parembugan Barkas MédhiaWiki Parembugan MédhiaWiki Cithakan Parembugan Cithakan Pitulung Parembugan Pitulung Kategori Parembugan Kategori Gapura Parembugan Gapura TimedText TimedText talk Modhul Parembugan Modhul Acara Pembicaraan Acara Jawa 0 619 1759110 1738518 2026-10-25T03:02:12Z ~2026-57191-62 75214 /* Basa */ vandalism 1759110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiscript|Jawa|ꦗꦮ}} {{Infobox Islands |name = Jawa |image name = Java Topography.png |image caption = Topografi Jawa |locator map = Java location inkscape.svg |native name = |native name link = Bahasa Indonésiya |location = [[Asia Kidul-Wétan]] |coordinates = {{coor dms|7|30|10|S|111|15|47|E|type:isle_region:ID_scale:8100000}} |archipelago = [[Kapulowan Sundha Gedhé]] |area = {{km2 to mi2|126700|abbr=yes}} |highest mount = [[Semèru]] |elevation = {{m to ft|3676|abbrv=yes}} |country = [[Indonésia]] |country admin divisions title = Provinsi |country admin divisions = [[Banten]],<br />[[Jakarta|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta]],<br />[[Jawa Kulon]],<br />[[Jawa Tengah]],<br />[[Jawa Wétan]],<br />[[Yogyakarta|Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta]] |country largest city = [[Jakarta]] |country largest city area = 661.52&nbsp;km² |population = 124 yuta |population as of = 2005 |density = 979 |ethnic groups = [[Wong Jawa|Jawa]], [[Suku Sundha|Sundha]], [[Suku Tengger|Tengger]], [[Badui]], [[Using]], [[Suku Banten|Banten]], [[Suku Cirebon|Cirebon]], [[Batawi]]}} '''Jawa''' ([[Basa Jawa|basa jawa]]: ꦗꦮ, translit. jåwå, [[Tulisan Jawi|jawi]]: جاوا, [[Aksara Pégon|pegon]]: جاوه, [[hanzi]]: 爪哇, [[Basa Arab|basa arab:]] جاوة‎, [[Basa Hindi|hindi]]: जावा, [[Basa Tamil|basa tamil]]: ஜாவா, [[Basa Sundha|basa sunda]]: ᮏᮝ, [[Basa Madura|basa madura]]: jhâbâh, [[Basa Bali|basa bali]]: ᬚᬯ) punika asma klintu sawijiné [[pulo]] lebet [[indonésia]], jembaré wonten 132,000&nbsp;km², kaliyan pendhudhuké wonten 114 yuta jiwa. pulo menika pulo ingkang padhet kaliyan kebak dhéwé lebet [[Indhonésia|indonésia]]. kapadhetané wonten 864 jiwa sa-km². yèn pulo menika nagari, wus dados nagari ingkang padhet nomer kalih sedunia. == Pambagéyan Administratif == === Pamaréntah Provinsi === Pulo Jawa kapérang dados enem Pamaréntah Provinsi (Sadurungé Otonomi Laladan jenengé Laladan Tingkat I/Laladan Istimewa) * [[Banten]] * [[Jakartah|Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta]] * [[Jawa Kulon]] * [[Jawa Tengah]] * [[Jawa Wétan]] * [[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta]] === Pamaréntah Kabupatèn/Kota === Saben provinsi ing Jawa mau banjur kapérang manèh dadi tlatah sing luwih cilik yaiku [[kabupatèn]] lan [[kutha]] (sadurungé Otonomi Laladan jenengé Pamaréntah Daerah Tingkat II Kabupatèn utawa Kotamadya). == Padunung == Ana 2 suku gedhé ing pulo iki yaiku [[wong Jawa]] lan [[wong Sundha]]. Wong Jawa lumrahé manggon ing Jawa Tengah (uga Yogyakarta) lan Jawa Wétan, wong Sundha ing Jawa Barat. Suku gedhé liyané ing pulo Jawa yaiku, [[wong Madura]], [[wong Baduy]], [[wong Samin]] lan [[wong Tengger]]. == Budaya == '''''Kanggo tulisan sabanjuré, pirsani [[Budaya Jawa]]''''' [[Budaya]] sing urip ing pulo Jawa lumrahé asalé saka budaya [[India]] sing lumebu ing pulo Jawa liwat agama [[Hindhu]] lan [[Buda]] iku watara taun 400 [[Masehi|M]], sadurungé iku budaya sing urip yaiku [[budaya primitif|budaya/peradhaban primitif]]. Saliyané saka India, uga ana prabawa budaya saka [[Républik Rakyat Cina|Cina]], [[Arab]] lan liyané uga saka agama-agama [[Islam]], [[Kristen]] lan agama/kepercayaan primitif kaya [[Animisme]], [[Kajawèn]] lan liyané. === Basa === * [[Basa Jawa]], dituturaké ing mèh sakabèh laladan ing pulo iki. Ing pasisir lor Jawa Wétan, saka [[Banten]], [[Jakarta]], [[Kabupatèn Karawang|Karawang]], [[Kabupatèn Indramayu|Indramayu]], [[Kabupatèn Cirebon|Cerbon]], tekan [[Banyuwangi]]. * [[Basa Sunda]], dituturaké déning kurang luwih 27 yuta jiwa ing tanah [[Pasundan]]. === Kagunan === == Deleng uga == * [[Kasultanan Mataram]] * [[Pratélan Ratu Mataram Enggal]] {{pulo utama Indonésia}} [[Kategori:Jawa]] [[Kategori:Pulo ing Indonésia]] {{indo-geo-stub}} 3cz17tlwd2v13zmdp9x3ejqvin7xu7p Soeharto 0 8035 1759098 1754510 2026-10-24T20:59:47Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 1 book for (20261024) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 1759098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_President |honorific-prefix = |name = Soeharto<br>ꦯꦸꦲꦂꦡ |nationality = [[Indonésia]] |image = President_Suharto,_1993.jpg |order = [[Présidhèn Indonésia|Présidhèn Indonésia ke-2]] |term_start = 12 Maret 1967 |term_end = 21 Mèi 1998 ({{age|1967|3|12|1998|5|21}} taun) |vicepresident = [[Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX]] (1973 - 1978) <br />[[Adam Malik]] (1978 - 1983) <br /> [[Umar Wirahadikusumah]] (1983 - 1988) <br /> [[Sudharmono]] (1988 - 1993) <br /> [[Try Sutrisno]] (1993 - 1998) <br /> [[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie|B.J. Habibie]] (1998) |predecessor = [[Soekarno]] |successor = [[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie]] |order2 = [[Mantri Pertahanan Républik Indonésia|Mantri Pertahanan kaping 14]] |term_start2 = [[28 Maret]] [[1966]] |term_end2 = [[17 Oktober]] [[1967]] |president2 = [[Soekarno]] |predecessor2 = [[Abdul Haris Nasution]] |term_start3 = [[17 Oktober]] [[1967]] |term_end3 = [[28 Maret]] [[1973]] |president3 = Soeharto |successor3 = [[Maraden Panggabean]] |birth_date = {{birth date|1921|6|8}} |birth_place = {{flagicon|Walanda}} [[Kemusuk]], [[Bantul]], [[Yogyakarta]], [[Indhiya Nèderlan]] |death_date = {{death date and age|2008|1|27|1921|6|8}} |death_place = {{flagicon|Indonesia}} [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]] |nationality = {{flag|Indonesia}} |party = [[Golkar]] |spouse = [[Siti Hartinah]] |children = [[Siti Hardijanti Rukmana]] (Tutut) <br /> [[Sigit Harjojudanto]] (Sigit) <br /> [[Bambang Trihatmodjo]] (Bambang) <br /> [[Siti Hediati Hariyadi]] (Titiek) <br /> [[Hutomo Mandala Putra]] (Tommy) <br /> [[Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih]] (Mamiek) |occupation = [[Militer]], [[Politisi]] |religion = [[Islam]] |signature = Suharto signature.svg }} '''Soeharto''' (lair ing Dusun Kemusuk, [[Argamulya, Sedayu, Bantul|Désa Argamulya]], [[Sedayu, Bantul|Kacamatan Sedayu]], [[Kabupatèn Bantul]], 8 Juni 1921 - [[Jakarta Kidul]], 27 Januari 2008) yaiku [[Présidhèn]] [[Indonesia]] sing kaping loro sawisé [[Soekarno]]. Ing mancanagara dhèwèké misuwur kanthi sebutan '''''The Smiling General''''' ([[basa Jawa]]: ''Jenderal kang mèsèm'') amarga dhèwèké asring mèsèm ing sangarepé [[wartawan]] saben acara kang resmi. Sadurungé dadi présidhèn dhèwèké dadi pimpinan militèr nalika jaman [[Jepang]] lan [[Walanda]], kanthi pangkat Mayor Jendral. Sawisé tanggal [[30 September]], Soeharto mratélakaké PKI iku kudu diresikake, lan dhèwèké dadi pimpinan oprasi iku. Operasi iki ngentèkaké 500.000 nyawa.<ref>Ricklefs (1991), p. 288; Friend (2003), p. 113; Vickers (2005), p. 159; {{cite journal |title=Unresolved Problems in the Indonésian Killings of 1965 - 1966 |author=Robert Cribb |journal=Asian Survey |volume=42 |issue=4 |date=2002 |pages=550–563 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/as.2002.42.4.550}}</ref> Dhèwèké dadi présidhèn sawisé [[Supersemar]] kang dadi ''kontrovèrsial'' ing masarakat, ing tanggal 12 Maret 1967. Nalika iku dhèwèké dadi Pejabat Sementara Présidhèn lan dipilih dadi Présidhèn ing tanggal [[21 Maret]] [[1967]] déning [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Sementara]]. Jèndral Soeharto dipilih déning [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat]] ing taun 1973, 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, lan 1998. Ing taun [[1998]], dhèwèké mundur saka présidhèn ing tanggal 21 Mèi taun 1998, bebarengan karo prastawa [[Geger Mèi 1998]]. Dhèwèke dadi présidhèn paling suwé ing [[Indonesia]]. Sawisé Soeharto lengser saka jabatane minangka présidhèn, nganti saiki isih akèh kang diperkarakaké. Nalika [[Orde Baru]], jaman Soeharto mimpin akèh pangyasa kang ndadèkaké majuné nagara kang ayem, ékonomi maju lan infrastruktur. Soharto uga matesi warganagara Indonésia keturunan [[Tionghoa]], nguwasani [[Timor Timur]], lan dianggep dadi rézim paling [[korupsi]] kanthi $AS 15 miliar tekan $AS 35 miliar.<ref>[http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0921295.html Sepuluh pemimpin paling korup di Dunia], infoplease.com (diakses tanggal 13 Juni 2012)</ref> Usaha kanggo nggawa Soeharto ing pengadhilan ora kasil amarga lara. Amarga lara, Soeharto kapundhut ing Jakarta tanggal 27 Januari 2008. == kulawarga == [[Gambar:Suharto family.jpg|thumb|250px|left|Soeharto lan kulawargané]] Jèndral Soeharto dhaub karo [[Siti Hartinah|Ibu Tien]] ing [[Sala]] nalika tanggal 26 Dhésèmber 1947, lan duwé putra cacahé nem, ya iku [[Sigit Harjojudanto]], [[Siti Hardijanti Rukmana]] (Tutut), [[Bambang Trihatmodjo]], [[Siti Hediati Hariyadi]] (Titiek), [[Hutomo Mandala Putra]] (Tommy), kaliyan [[Siti Hutami Endang Adiningsih]] (Mamiek). == Kauripane lan sekolahé == Nalika tanggal 8 Juni 1921, Sukirah nglairaké anak lanang ing omah biyasa ing Dhusun Kemusuk, Désa Argomulyo, Kacamatan Sedayu, Bantul, Yogyakarta. Lairé Soeharto diréwangi déning [[dhukun bayi]] kang asmané Mbah Kromodiryo, adhine simbahe Sakirah, Mbah Kertoirono. Déning bapaké, Kertoredjo aliyas Wagiyo aliyas Panjang aliyas Kertosudiro bayi lanang iki dijenengi Soeharto. Dhèwèké iku anak nomer telu saka Kertosudiro karo Sukirah. Karo bojo sing pisanan, Kertosudiro ngasilaké anak loro. Kertosudiro lan Sukirah ora suwé banjur pegatan saka lairé Soeharto. Sukirah nikah manèh karo Pramono lan dikaruniai anak pitu, salah sijiné Probosutedjo. Durung genep 40 dina, Soeharto digawa menyang omahé Mbah Kromo, amarga ibune lara lan ora bisa nyusoni. Awit cilik Soeharto dimong déning Mbah Kromo. Disinauni ngadek, lumaku, lumayu, lan dolanan ing sawah. Soeharto asring dijak Mbah Kromo ing sawah. Ing sawah Soeharto uga seneng nalika diajak Mbah Kromo ing sawah, apa manèh nalika Mbah Kromo lagi [[luku|ngluku]] lan mecuti [[kebo]]né. Awit saka kono Soehaarto sinau dadi pemimpin. Saliyané iku Soeharto uga seneng golèk [[welut]], kecèk dolanan [[banyu]]. Nalika gedhé Soeharto urip bareng mbahe lanang, Mbah Atmosudiro, bapaké ibuné. Soeharto sekolah nalika umur wolung taun, nanging asring ngaléh sekolahé. Wiwitané ing [[Sekolah Dasar|SD]] Désa Puluhan, [[Godhéan, Sléman|Godhéan]]. Banjur ngalèh ing SD Pedes ([[Yogyakarta]]) amarga bapak lan ibu tiriné, Pramono pindhah omah ing Kemusuk Kidul. Kertosudiro banjur mindhah Soeharto ing [[Wuryantara, Wanagiri]], [[Jawa Tengah]]. Soeharto dititipaké ing omahé buliké kang nikah karo mantri tani jenengé Prawirowihardjo.<ref name="Soeharto2">[http://vetonews.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=561%3APerjalanan+Panjang+Pulitik+Mantan+Presiden+Soeharto&Itemid=34 Perjalanan Panjang Pulitik Mantan Presidhèn Soeharto] (diakses tanggal 17 Juni 2012)</ref> Soeharto ditampa minangka putra tuwa dhéwé. Soeharto banjur disekolahaké. Soeharto seneng tetanèn wiwit urip ing Wuryantara, lan asring diwarahi Pak Liké sing dadi mantri tani. Bali sekolah, Soeharto sinau ngaji ing langgar karo kanca-kancané tekan wengi. Saliyané iku dhèwèké mèlu Hizbul Wathan. Ing kono Soeharto wiwit nepungi [[Kartini|Radèn Ajeng Kartini]] lan [[Pangéran Dipanagara]] saka koran tekan désa. Sawisé lulus saka (SR) patang taun, Soeharto disekolahake ing [[Wanagiri]]. Sawisé umur 14 taun, Soeharto urip ing omahé Hardjowijono. Pak Hardjowijono iku kancané bapaké. Amarga asring diajak, Soeharto ngrewangi Kiyai Darjatmo nggawé resèp obat tradhisional kanggo nambani wong lara. Soeharto bali ing Kemusuk, lan nerusaké sekolahé ing [[Sekolah Menengah Pertama]] Muhammadiyah ing [[Yogyakarta]]. Ing sekolahan mau para siswane éntuk migunakaké sarung lan tanpa nganggo sepatu, utawa diéntuké nggunakaké [[sandhal]]. Ssawisé lulus SMP, Soeharto péngin nerusaké ing [[Sekolah Menengah Atas|SMA]] nanging, kahanan ékonominé ora njurung. Banjur Soeharto mbalik ing [[omahé]] buliké ing Wuryantara. Ing kono dhèwèké makarya ing Bank Désa (Volk-bank). Ora suwé anggoné makarya banjur Soeharto metu. Nalika taun 1942, Soeharto maca ana selèksi murid ''het Koninklijke Nederlands-Indische Leger (KNIL)''. KNIL iku wadya karajan [[Hindia-Walanda]]. Dhèwèké ndhaftar lan ketampa. Dhèwèké wis tau dadi sérsan nalika Walanda nyerah marang [[Jepang]]. Sersan Soeharto banjur mbalik ing Dhusun Kemusuk. Saka kono Soeharto miwiti uripé ing militèr. == Urip ing militèr == Tanggal 1 Juni 1940, Soeharto ditampa minangka murid ing sekolah militèr ing Gombong, [[Jawa Tengah]]. Sasuwéne nem sasi ngalkoni sinau dhasar militèr, dhèwèké lulus minangka lulusan paling apik, lan olèh pangkat kopral. Dhèwèké dadi prajurit pilihan lan teldhan ing Sekolah Bintara, Gombong lan resmi dadi anggot TNI tanggal 5 Oktober 1945. Dhèwèké mèlu anggota prajurit kolonial Walanda, KNIL. Nalika [[Perang Donya II]] taun 1942, Soeharto dikirim ing menyang [[Bandung]] dadi wadya cadhangan ing Markas Besar Angkatan Darat seminggu. Sawisé pangkaté dadi sersan wadya KNIL, Soeharto banjur dadi komandhan peleton, komandan kompi ing militèr kang dipanggedhèni [[Jepang]] kang misuwur minangka PETA, komandan resimen kanthi pangkat mayor, lan komandan batalyon kanthi pangkat letnan kolonel. Sawisé Perang Kamardhikan rampung, Soeharto dadi Komandan Brigade Garuda Mataram kanthi pangkat letnan kolonel. Soeharto mimpin Brigade Garuda Mataram ing operasi mungsuh pambrontak [[Andi Azis]] ing [[Sulawesi]]. Banjur Soeharto dipilih minangka Komadan APRIS (Angkatan Perang Républik Indonésia Serikat) Sektor [[Makasar|Kutha Makasar]] kang duwé kuwajiban ngamanke kutha saka mantan KNIL/KL. Nalika tanggal 1 Maret 1949, Soeharto mèlu oprasi kang kasil ngrebut kutha [[Yogyakarta]] suwéné nem jam. Usul iku saka [[Hamengkubuwana IX|Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwono IX]] marang kepada [[Soedirman|Panglima Besar Soedirman]] yèn Brigade X kang dipanggedhèni déning Letkol Soeharto supaya énggal nyerang Yogyakarta lan nguwasai kutha mau suwéné nem jam kanggo mbuktèkaké yèn [[Indonésia|Républik Indonésia]] isih ana. Nalika umur 32 taun, Soeharto dipindhah ing Markas Divisi lan diangkat dadi Komandan Rèsimèn Infenteri 15 kanthi pangkat letnan kolonel (1 Maret 1953). Nalika tanggal [[3 Juni]] [[1956]], Dhèwèké diangkat dadi Kepala Staf Panglima Wadya lan Teritorium IV Diponegoro ing [[Semarang]]. Saka Kepala Staf, Soeharto diangkat dadi punggawa Panglima Wadya lan Teritorium IV Diponegoro. Tanggal 1 Januari 1957, pangkaté dadi kolonel. Soeharto uga wis tau dipecat [[Abdul Harris Nasution|Jenderal Nasution]] saka Pangdam Diponegoro.<ref name="suharto1">[http://news.okezone.com/read/2008/01/28/1/78644/pernah-dipecat-nasution-hingga-berkuasa-30-tahun Pernah dipecat Nasution hingga berkuasa 30 tahun]; (diakses tanggal 16 Juni 2012)</ref> Kedadéyan mau nalika tanggal 17 Oktober 1959.<ref name="suharto1"/> Soeharto dipecat amarga nggunakaké jabatané kanggo nggolèk [[dhuwit]] kanggo awaké dhéwé kanthi cara njaluk dhuwit marang perusahaan ing Semarang.<ref name="suharto1"/> Banjur Soeharto dipindhahaké ing Sekolah Staf lan Komando Angkatan Darat (SESKOAD) ing [[Bandung]], [[Jawa Kulon]]. Nalika umur 38 taun, Soeharto mèlu kursus C SSKAD (Sekolah Staf dan Komando AD) ing Bandung lan pangkaté mundhak dadi brigadir jenderal nalika 1 Januari 1960. Banjur Soeharto diangkat dadi Deputi I Kepala Staf Angkatan Darat nalika umur 39 taun. Nalika 1 Oktober 1961, Soeharto nduwé kalungguhan rangkep, ya iku Panglima Korps Wadya I Caduad (Cadangan Umum AD) lan Panglima Kohanudad (Komando Pertahanan AD). Nalika taun 1961 Soeharto olèh tugas dadi Atase Militer Républik Indonésia ing [[Beograd]], [[Paris]] ([[Prancis]]), lan Bonn ([[Jerman]]). Ing umur 41 taun, pangkaté mundhak dadi mayor jenderal (1 Januari 1962) lan dadi Panglima Komando Mandala Pembebasan Irian Barat lan ngrangkep dadi Deputi Wewengkon Indonésia Wétan ing [[Makasar]]. Bali saka Indonésia Wétan, Soeharto kang wis munggah pangkat dadi mayor jenderal, ditarik bali ing markas ABRI déning Jenderal A.H. Nasution. Ing taun 1962, Soeharto diangkat minangka Panglima Komando Cadangan Strategis Angkatan Darat (Kostrad) nganti 1965. Nalika tanggal 2 Januari 1962, Brigadir Jenderal Soeharto diangkat dadi Panglima Komando Mandala Pembebasan Irian Barat. Mayor Jenderal Soeharto dilantik minangka Mantri Panglima Angkatan Darat lan diwènèhi tugas supaya numpes [[Parté Kuminis Indonésia]] (PKI) lan antek-anteke. Sawisé diangkat dadi Panglima Komando Strategis Angkatan Darat (Kostrad) nalika tanggal 1 Mèi 1963, Soeharto ngadegaké Komando Operasi Pemulihan Keamanan lan Ketertiban (Kopkamtib) kanggo ngimbangi G-30-S kang gégér 1 Oktober 1965. Tanggal 3 Oktober 1965, Mayjen Soeharto diangkat dadi Panglima Kopkamtib. == Dadi Présidhèn == Nalika tanggal 1 Oktober 1965, gégér prakara [[G-30-S/PKI]]. Soeharto dadi pimpinan Angkatan Darat. Saliyané dadi Pangad, Jenderal Soeharto uga diangkat dadi Pangkopkamtib déning [[Soekarno|Présidhèn Soekarno]]. Sasi Maret 1966, Jenderal Soeharto nampa [[Layang Préntah Sewelas Maret]] saka Présidhèn Soekarno lantaran jenderal Basuki Rachmat, Amir Machmud, lan M Yusuf. Isiné Supersemar ya iku mènèhi kuwasa marang Soeharto kanthi atas nama Présidhèn/Panglima Tertinggi/Panglima Besar Revolusi supaya ngamanake kabèh pérangan kanggo gawé ayemé papréntahan lan lumakuné révolusi. Tugasé, mbalikaké ayem lan tentremé lan gawé ayemé ajarané Bung Karno.<ref name="Soeharto3"/> Sedina sawisé prastawa sipersemar, 12 Maret 1966, Menpangad Letjen Soeharto mbubaraké PKI lan mutuské yèn PKI dilarang ing Indonésia. Marga kahanan pulitik kang rusuh, amarga gègèr G-30-S/PKI, sidang Istimewa MPRS, Maret 1967, milih Pak Harto minangka [[Présidhèn]]. Soeharto dadi Prèsidhen RI kapindho, nalika sasi Maret 1968. Soeharto dadi présidhèn kurang luwih telung puluh taun, utawa kaping nem mngliwati Pemilu. Soeharto mundur saka présidhèn tanggal 21 Mèi 1998.<ref name="Soeharto3">[http://biografi.rumus.web.id/2010/10/biografi-presiden-soeharto.html Biografi Presiden Soeharto] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623103342/http://biografi.rumus.web.id/2010/10/biografi-presiden-soeharto.html |date=2012-06-23 }} (diakses tanggal 17 Juni 2012)</ref> Jénderal Soeharto dadi présidhèn tanggal 12 Maret 1967 sawisé lapuran pertanggungjawabané Présidhèn Soekarno (NAWAKSARA) ora ditampa déning MPRS. Banjur Soeharto dadi présidhèn lantaran asil Sidhang Umum MPRS (Tap MPRS No XLIV/MPRS/1968) tanggal 27 Maret 1968. Saliyané iku dhèwèké uga ngrangkep kalungguhan dadi dadi Mantri Pertahanan/Keamanan. Awit tanggal 1 Juni 1968 diarani [[Orde Baru]]. Susunan kabinèt kang diumumké tangal 10 Juni 1968 diarani Kabinèt Pangyasa kang nggawé program ''Rencana Pangyasa Lima Tahun I''. Nalika tanggal 15 Juni 1968, Présidhèn Soeharto mbéntuk Tim Ahli Ékonomi Présidhèn, Prof Dr Widjojo Nitisastro, Prof Dr Ali Wardhana, Prof Dr Moh Sadli, Prof Dr Soemitro Djojohadikusumo, Prof Dr Subroto, Dr Emil Salim, Drs Frans Séda, dan Drs Radius Prawiro. Nalika tanggal 3 Juli 1971, présidhèn nglantik 100 anggota [[Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat|DPR]] saka Angkatan Bersenjata lan mènèhi 9 kursi wakil Provinsi Irian Kulon kanggo wakil saka [[Parté Golongan Karya|Golkar]]. Sawisé bisa nggandhèng parté pulitik Soeharto kepilih dadi Présidhèn lantaran Sidhang Umum MPR (Tap MPR No IX/MPR/1973) tanggal 23 Maret 1973. Ing jabatané sing kapindho, [[Hamengkubuwana IX|Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana IX]] dipilih dadi [[wakil présidhèn]]. Nalika umur 55 taun, Soeharto wis wayahé pènsiun saka militèr (Keprres No 58/ABRI/1974). Ing wayah iku Soeharto wis dadi panguwasa. Sawisé dadi panguwasa Soeharto wiwit nglakokaké tumindak kang ngetokaké kekuwatané. Nalika 20 Januari 1978, Présidhèn Soeharto nglarang nerbitaké pitu kalawarti, ya iku [[Kompas]], [[Sinar Harapan]], [[Merdeka]], [[Pelita]], [[The Indonésian Times]], [[Sinar Pagi]], lan [[Pos Sore]]. Nalika tangal 22 Maret 1978, Soeharto dilantik manèh dadi présidhèn kang kaping telu lan [[Adam Malik]] kang dadi wakil prèsidhèné. Sidhang Umum [[Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat|MPR]] 1 Maret 1983 mutusaké yèn Soeharto dadi présidhèn kang kaping papat lan [[Umar Wirahadikusumah]] minangka wakil présidhèn. Lantaran Tap MPR No V taun 1983, MPR ngangkat Soeharto minangka Bapak Pangyasa Républik Indonésia. Nalika 16 Maret 1983, Présidhèn Soeharto gawé wara-wara susunan Kabinèt Pangyasa IV kang isiné ana 21 mantri, 3 mantri koordinator, mantri mudha 8, lan punggawa satingkat mantri 3. Nalika 1 Januari 1984, Présidhèn Soeharto ngisi formulir arep dadi anggota Golkar lan wiwit iku dhèwèké dadi anggota Golkar. == Mundhun saka Keprèsidhènnan == Taun [[1997]], miturut [[Bank Dunia]], 20 tekan 30% dhuwit kanggo yasa Indonésia disalahgunaké. ''Krisis finansial'' [[Asia]] ing taun mau ndadèkaké Soeharto kudu utang lan kudu dipriksa déning [[IMF]]. Sanajan dhèwèké wis ora péngin manèh dadi présidhèn ing pèriode 1998 - 2003, nanging Soeharto tetep kapilih dadi présidhèn déning parlemèn ing sasi Maret 1998. Bareng ana kedadéan dhémonstrasi, rerusuh, kahanan pulitik lan militèr, lan pucuké nalika gedhong DPR/MPR RI dikuwasani déning para dhémonstran, Présidhèn Soeharto mundur tanggal 21 Mèi 1998. Wakil Présidhèn Républik Indonésia, B.J. Habibie, nggantèni dadi Présidhèn. Ing Credentials Room, [[Istana Merdeka]], dalan Medan Merdeka Utara, [[Jakarta]], Présidhèn Soeharto maca pidhato pungkasanékang isiné kaya mangkéné: {{cquote|''Sejak beberapa waktu terakhir, saya mengikuti dengan cermat perkembangan situasi nasional kita, terutama aspirasi rakyat untuk mengadakan reformasi di segala babagan panguripan berbangsa dan bernagara. Atas dhasar seserepan saya yang mendalam terhadap aspirasi tersebut dan terdorong olèh keyakinan bahwa reformasi perlu dilaksanakan kanthi tertib, damai, dan konstitusional.'' ''Demi terpeliharanya persatuan dan kesatuan bangsa sarta kelangsungan pangyasa nasional, saya telah menyatakan rencana pembéntukan Komite Reformasi dan mengubah susunan Kabinet Pangyasa VII. Namun demikian, kenyataan hingga hari ini menunjukkan Komite Reformasi tersebut tidak dapat terwujud karena tidak adanya tanggapan yang memadai terhadap rencana pembéntukan komite tersebut.'' ''Dalam keinginan untuk melaksanakan reformasi dengan cara sebaik-baiknya tadi, saya menilai bahwa dengan tidak dapat diwujudkannya Komite Reformasi, maka owahan susunan Kabinet Pangyasa VII menjadi tidak diperlukan lagi.'' ''Dengan memperhatikan keadaan di atas, saya berpendapat sangat sulit bagi saya untuk dapat menjalankan tugas papréntahan nagara dan pangyasa dengan baik. Oleh karena itu, dengan memperhatikan ketentuan Pasal 8 UUD 1945 dan kanthi sungguh-sungguh memperhatikan pandangan pimpinan DPR dan pimpinan fraksi-fraksi yang ada di dalamnya, saya memutuskan untuk menyatakan berhenti dari kalungguhan saya sebagai Présidhèn RI terhitung sejak saya bacakan tetélan ini padha hari Kamis, 21 Mèi 1998.'' ''Pernyataan saya berhenti dari kalungguhan sebagai Présidhèn RI saya sampaikan di hadapan saudara-saudara pimpinan DPR dan juga ya iku pimpinan MPR padha kesempatan silaturahmi. Sesuai Pasal 8 UUD 1945, maka Wakil Présidhèn RI, Prof. Dr. Ing. BJ Habibie yang akan melanjutkan sisa waktu kalungguhan Présidhèn/Mandataris MPR 1998-2003. Atas bantuan dan panjurung rakyat selama saya memimpin nagara dan bangsa Indonésia ini saya ucapkan terima kasih dan minta maaf bila ada kesalahan dan kekurangan-kekurangannya semoga bangsa Indonésia tetap jaya dengan Pancasila dan UUD 1945.'' ''Mulai hari ini pula Kabinet Pangyasa VII demisioner dan kepada para mantri saya ucapkan terima kasih. Oleh karena keadaan tidak memungkinkan untuk menyelenggarakan pengucapan sumpah di hadapan DPR, maka untuk menghindari kekosongan pimpinan dalam menyelenggarakan papréntahan nagara, kiranya saudara wakil présidhèn sekarang juga akan melaksanakan sumpah kalungguhan présidhèn di hadapan Mahkamah Agung RI.''}} Sawisé nglakoni sumpah kalungguhan, [[Bacharuddin Jusuf Habibie|BJ Habibie]] resmi dadi Présidhèn angka 3 RI. Ora suwé Mantri Pertahanan Keamanan kang ngrangkep Panglima ABRI Jéndral [[TNI]] Wiranto nguda rasa yèèn: {{cquote|''kapisan, memahami situasi yang tumuwuh dan aspirasi masarakat, ABRI mendukung dan menyambut baik permintaan berhenti Bapak Soeharto sebagai Présidhèn RI sarta berdasarkan konstutusi mendukung Wakil Présidhèn Bapak BJ Habibie sebagai Présidhèn RI.'' ''Kedua, ABRI yang tetap kompak dan satu berharap dan mengajak kepada seluruh rakyat Indonésia untuk menerima kehendak pribadi Présidhèn Soeharto tersebut yang telah sesuai dengan konstitusi, yakni Pasal 8 UUD 1945. Ketiga, dalam hal ini, ABRI akan tetap berperan aktif guna mencegah penyimpangan dan hal-hal lain yang dapat mengancam keutuhan bangsa.'' ''Keempat, menjunjung tinggi aji luhur budaya bangsa, ABRI akan tetap menjaga keselamatan dan kehormatan para mantan Présidhèn/Mandataris MPR kalebu Bapak Soeharto beserta keluarganya. Kelima, ABRI mengajak semua pihak agar bersikap tenang, mencegah terjadinya haruhara dan tindak sikara yang akhirnya akan merugikan masarakat sendiri. ''}} == Ngupadaya kahanan kang lagi krisis lan anané oposisi == [[Gambar:Suharto resigns.jpg|thumb|300px|[[Pidhato]] Présidhèn Soeharto tanggal 21 Mèi 1998]] Krisis monetèr kang lagi usum ing [[Asia]] ing taun 1997 uga dirasakaké [[Indonesia]]. Krisis iku uga kena ing babagan ékonomi. Tanggal 8 Oktober 1997, Présidhèn njaluk tulung ing IMF lan [[Bank Dunia]] kanggo ngurangi krisis. Présidhèn njaluk supaya warga masarakat ora bingung lan sabar ngadhepi krisis monetèr (29 November 1997). Ing kahanan krisis kang tambah ngrekasaké warga masarakat, akèh kang padha nganakaké protès marang Présidhèn. Tanggal 10 Maret 1998, MPR gawè putusan nganggkat Soeharto dadi présidhèn kang nomer pitu. Ing taun iki kang dadi wakil Prof Ing BJ Habibie. Tanggal 17 Maret 1998, Soeharto menehaké gajiné kanggo ngurangi rekasané warga amarga krisis moneter. Saliyané iku uga dhèwèké njaluk para mantri supaya gaji pokoké diwènèhaké kanggo ngurangi rekasané warga amarga krisis moneter. Ngadhepi tuntutan supaya dhèwèké mundur saka Présidhèn, tanggal 1 Mèi 1998, Soeharto ngendika réformasi disiyapaké wiwit taun 2003. Nalika ing [[Mesir]] tanggal 13 Mèi 1998, Présidhèn Soeharto gelem mundur yèn pancèn rakyat Indonésia njlauk dhèwèké mundur. Sewelas mantri babagan ékonomi lan indhustri (''ekuin'') Kabinèt Pangyasa VII mundur awit tanggal 20 Mèi 1998. Krisis ékonomi nggawé kahanan ing pamarintah kang dipanggedhèni dhèwèké kocar-kacir. 70 dina sawisé dilantik dadi Présidhèn kaping pitu Soeharto mundur saka jabatané. Présidhèn Soeharto mudhun tanggal 21 Mèi 1998. Pas jam 09.00 WNIKB (Wekdal Nuswantara Iréng Kilèn), Soeharto mudhun saka jabatané minangka présidhèn. Nalika iku acara télévisi nyiaraké kadadéan iku. Tanggal 12 - 20 Mèi 1998 dadi dina-dina kang nemtokaké marang nasibé kalungguhan Présidhèn Indonésia. Mahasiswa kang protès nyebar ing saben laladan ing Indonésia. Mahasiswa Trisaksi, [[Jakarta]] nganakaké dhémo lumaku tumuju Gedhung MPR/DPR kang. Tanggal 12 Mèi 1998, krungu kabar papat mahasiswa Trisakti mati. Matiné mahasiswa Trisakti kasebar ing ngendi-endi plantaran pawarta, kalawarti lan sapanunggalané. Dina [[Kemis]], 14 Mèi 1998, kutha [[Jakarta]] rusuh gedhé, dhémo ing ngendi-endi. Tanggal 15 Mèi 1998, rombongan Présidhèn tekan ing pangkalan udara utama TNI AU Halim Perdanakusuma saka [[Kairo]], [[Mesir]] saperlu [[Konfrensi Tingkat Tinggi]] (KTT) Golongan 15 (Group 15/G-15). Wiwit tanggal 16 Mèi 1998, Présidhèn nganakaké rembugan karo pimpinan-pimpinan [[Déwan Perwakilan Rakyat|DPR]]. Tanggal 17 Mèi 1998, Mantri Pariwisata, Seni, lan Budaya [[Abdul Latief]] ngajokaké surat mundur saka kalungguhan mantri. Tanggal 18 Mèi 1998, kurang luwih éwon mahasiswa ngroyok Gedhung MPR/DPR. Kedadéyan mau mandheg sawisé Soeharto mundur saka Présidhèn tanggal 21 Mèi 1998. == Uga delengen == * [[Pratélan Présidhèn Indonésia]] * [[Pratélan buku ngenani utawa déning Soeharto]] == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} == Kapustakan == * {{cite news |date=22 February 2006 |title=Two former strongmen, Soeharto-Lee Kuan Yew meet again |publisher=ANTARA |access-date=22 February 2006 |url=http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 |archive-date=25 March 2007 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20070325054315/http://www.antara.co.id/en/seenws/?id=9296 }} * {{cite book |last=Aarons |first=Mark |date=2008 |chapter=Justice Betrayed: Post-1945 Responses to Genocide |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA69 |editor1=David A. Blumenthal |editor2=Timothy L. H. 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{{cite book |last=Ricklefs |first=M.C. |date=1991 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia since c. 1300 |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni0000rick_i0z4 |edition=2nd |publisher=Stanford University Press |isbn=0-333-57690-X}} * {{cite book |last=Rock |first=Michael T. |date=2003 |title=The Politics of Development Policy and Development Policy Reform |others=William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 632 |publisher=The University of Michigan Business School |url=http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3 |access-date=11 June 2013 |archive-date=12 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212120254/http://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/handle/2027.42/40018/wp632.pdf?sequence=3 |url-status=live }} * {{cite book |last=Purdey |first=Jemma |date=2006 |title=Anti-Chinese Violence in Indonesia, 1996–1999 |location=[[Honolulu]] HI |publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|isbn=9780824830571}} *{{cite book |last=Robinson |first=Geoffrey B. |date=2018 |title=The Killing Season: A History of the Indonesian Massacres, 1965-66 |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=9781400888863 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jW0wDwAAQBAJ }} * John Roosa, Pretext for Mass Murder: 30 September Movement & Suharto's Coup D'état. The University of Wisconsin Press, 2006. {{ISBN|978-0-299-22034-1}}. * {{cite news| last=Simpson| first=Brad| title=Indonesia's 1969 Takeover of West Papua Not by "Free Choice"| date=9 July 2004| publisher=National Security Archive| url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| access-date=17 June 2005| archive-date=5 February 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130205191327/http://www.gwu.edu/%7Ensarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB128/index.htm| url-status=live}} * {{cite book |last=Schwarz |first=Adam |date=1994 |title=A Nation in Waiting: Indonesia in the 1990s |publisher=Westview Press |isbn=9780813388816 |url=https://archive.org/details/nationinwaitingi00schw }} * {{cite book |last=Simpson |first=Bradley |date=2010 |title=Economists with Guns: Authoritarian Development and U.S.–Indonesian Relations, 1960–1968 |url=https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |location= |publisher=[[Stanford University Press]] |isbn=978-0804771825 |access-date=21 November 2021 |archive-date=25 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213245/https://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=7853 |url-status=live }} * {{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| title=Suharto tops corruption rankings| work=BBC News| date=25 March 2004| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=13 November 2020| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201113042444/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/3567745.stm| url-status=live}} * {{cite news| title=Sukarno Removes His Defense Chief| work=[[New York Times]]| date=22 February 1966}} * {{cite news| title=Tapol Troubles: When Will They End?| date=April–June 1999| publisher=Inside Indonesia| url=http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120305190845/http://insideindonesia.org/index.php/component/content/693?task=view| archive-date=5 March 2012| df=dmy-all}} * {{cite book| author=Pramoedya Ananta Toer| title=The Mute's Soliloquy: A Memoir| url=https://archive.org/details/mutessoliloquyme0000toer| publisher=Penguin|date=2000| isbn=0-14-028904-6}} * {{cite web| title=United Nations High Commission on Human Rights resolution 1993/97: Situation in East Timor| url=http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| publisher=United Nations| access-date=4 February 2006| archive-date=4 February 2012| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204035327/http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/81427c9bacaf9847c1256c6800603ff2?Opendocument| url-status=live}} *{{Cite book |last=Vickers |first=Adrian |date=2005 |title=A History of Modern Indonesia |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521542623 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/historyofmoderni00adri }} * {{cite book |last=Wanandi |first=Jusuf |author-link=Jusuf Wanandi |date=2012 |title=Shades of Grey: A Political Memoir of Modern Indonesia 1965–1998 |url=https://archive.org/details/shadesofgreypoli0000wana |location=Singapore |publisher=Equinox Publishing |isbn=9789793780924 }} * {{cite book| title=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA| last=Weiner| first=Tim| publisher=Doubleday| place=New York|date=2007| isbn=978-3-596-17865-0| chapter=Chapter 15, CIA and Indonesia| title-link=Legacy of Ashes: The History of the CIA}} * {{cite journal| last1=Wertheim| first1=W.F.| title=Whose plot?-New light on the 1965 events| url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-contemporary-asia_1979_9_2/page/197| journal=Journal of Contemporary Asia|date=1979| volume=9| issue=2| pages=197–215| doi=10.1080/00472337985390191}} * {{cite book |last=Wiranto |author-link=Wiranto |date=2011 |title=7 Tahun Menggali Pemikiran dan Tindakan Pak Harto 1991–1997 |trans-title=7 Years Exploring the Thoughts and Actions of Pak Harto 1991–1997 |location=Jakarta |publisher=PT Citra Kharisma Bunda |isbn=9786028112123}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Soeharto}} [[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]] [[Kategori:Lair 1921]] [[Kategori:Pati 2008]] [[Kategori:Pratélan tokoh Indonésia kang ana ing prangko]] [[Kategori:Tokoh Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Tokoh militèr]] [[Kategori:Biografi]] [[Kategori:Présidhèn Indonésia]] bs75efg3mus4hqquadup7tf6dl7lqgz Provinsi Ragusa 0 20507 1759115 1648327 2026-10-25T05:38:59Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox_ProvinceIT | fullname = Provinsi Ragusa| name = Ragusa| region = [[Sicily]] | capital = [[Ragusa, Italy|Ragusa]] | commune = 12 | area = 1,614 | population_as_of = (2001) | population = 295,246 | populationdensity = 183 | vehicle = RG | postal_code = 97100, 97010-97015, 97017-97019 | telephone_prefix = 0932 | ISTAT = 088 | president = Giovanni Francesco Antoci | map = [[Gambar:Ragusa posizione.png|150px| ]]| coatofarms = | }} '''Provinsi Ragusa''' ([[basa Italia]]: '''''Provincia di Ragusa'''''; [[basa Sisilia]]: '''''Pruvincia di Rausa''''') iku sawijing [[Provinsi Italia|provinsi]] ing region otonomi pulo [[Sisilia]] ing [[Italia]]. Ragusa dumunung ing sisih kidul-wétan pulo. Kutha krajané ya iku [[kutha]] [[Ragusa, Italia|Ragusa]]. Jembar wewengkon 1,614&nbsp;km², lan total populasi 295,264 (2001). Ana 12 [[comune]] (basa Italia: ''comuni'') ing provinsi iki. [http://www.upinet.it/indicatore.asp?id_statistiche=6 Upinet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807094512/http://www.upinet.it/indicatore.asp?id_statistiche=6 |date=2007-08-07 }}, delengen [[Comuni ing Provinsi Ragusa]]. Miturut cacahing sing ndunungi antarané: {| class="wikitable" !Commune !Populasi |- |[[Ragusa, Italy|Ragusa]] | align="right" |71,712 |- |[[Vittoria, Italy|Vittoria]] | align="right" |60,918 |- |[[Modica]] | align="right" |53,448 |- |[[Comiso]] | align="right" |29,489 |- |[[Scicli]] | align="right" |25,855 |- |[[Pozzallo]] | align="right" |18,393 |- |[[Ispica]] | align="right" |14,823 |- |[[Santa Croce Camerina]] | align="right" |9,397 |- |[[Acate]] | align="right" |8,340 |- |[[Chiaramonte Gulfi]] | align="right" |8,085 |- |[[Monterosso Almo]] | align="right" |3,357 |- |[[Giarratana]] | align="right" |3,255 |- |} <!-- [[Tourism]] seems to have now replaced the [[fishing]] and [[farming]] [[industries]] as the principal source of [[employment]]. ==Geography== From [[Scoglitti]] to [[Pozzallo]], the Ragusan coastline, is approximately 50 kilometres long, along the Ragusan coast are many fishing villages such as [[Kaukana]], [[Punta Secca]], [[Marina di Ragusa]] and [[Marina di Modica]]. The skyline of Ragusa is frequently punctuated by the [[tower]]s, [[dome]]s and [[cupola]]s of the many exquisite churches for which the [[province]] is famed. The area is mostly unspoilt, during the [[19th century]] and early [[20th century]] there was large migration from Ragusa to the more prosperous areas of Italy and abroad. Ragusa has changed dramatically over the last 20 years largely due to tourism, however, in many places it remains untouched by the last two centuries, and has escaped unscathed from the excesses of discovery by the travelling world. In places the atmosphere of the [[18th century]] still pervaded. ==Sights== The city of [[Ragusa, Italy|Ragusa]] contains many examples of baroque architecture. At Acate is the Castle of the [[Prince of Biscari]] constructed originally in [[1494]], it is a commanding feature of the [[town square]]. The construction of the castle was ordered by [[Baron Guglielmo Raimondo]], its golden coloured stone work has been modified many times during is long history, it now appears more as an [[18th century]] [[palazzo]] than a castle, although some crenelations and towers remain. --> == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.provincia.ragusa.it/ Situs resmi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220915020637/http://www.ragusa-sicilia.it/english/ Propinsi Ragusa] * [http://www.sentieridelbarocco.it/RAGUSA/foto/RAGUSA.htm Gambar Ragusa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080406140642/http://www.sentieridelbarocco.it/RAGUSA/foto/RAGUSA.htm |date=2008-04-06 }} * [http://sicilia.indettaglio.it/eng/provincie/rg/provrg.html Info Ragusa] * [http://www.ragusainrete.it Ragusa on line] {{Provinsi Ragusa}} {{Sisilia}} {{Italia}} <br /> [[Kategori:Provinsi Italia|Ragusa]] [[Kategori:Provinsi Ragusa| ]] {{geo-stub}} 1z9t3s3re51yj355dofqw8g0htehfnf Kali Mekong 0 21440 1759092 1734287 2026-10-24T16:28:45Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759092 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:mekong delta.jpg|thumb|280px|Dèlta Kali Mekong saka akasa, [[Fèbruari]] [[1996]] (kidul ana ing ndhuwur)]][[Gambar:MekongSouthernLaos.jpg|thumb|280px|right|Kali Mekong ing Laos kidul.]] '''Kali Mekong''' iku sawijining kali utama ing donya. Kali iki minangka kali kang dawané nomer 11 sadonya, lan nomer 12 ing babagan cacahing banyu kang diilèkaké. (Kali iki ngilèkaké banyu {{convert|475|cukm|cumi|0|abbr=on|disp=/|lk=on}} setaun). Dawané kali iki watara {{convert|4880|km|mi|0|abbr=on}}, lan nggaringaké tlatah kang jembaré{{convert|810000|sqkm|sqmi|-3|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/mekong/mekongsource/IGSNRR2001.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2008-01-30 |archive-date=2010-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100914094214/http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/mekong/mekongsource/IGSNRR2001.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Saka [[Tibetan Plateau]] kali iki mili ngliwati Provinsi [[Yunan]] ing nagara [[Cina]], nagara [[Burma]], [[Thailand]], [[Laos]], [[Kamboja]] lan [[Vietnam]]. Kabèh mau kajaba Cina lan Burma ana ing sangisoré [[Komisi Kali Mekong]]. Sawijining asosiasi regional Asia Kidul, ''[[Mekong-Ganga Cooperation]]'' dijenengaké miturut jenengé kali iki. Variasi musiman kang èkstrim bab ilining banyu lan ananing [[jeram]] lan [[grojogan]] ndadèkaké kali iki angèl dilayari. == John Baptista Amadeo Putra Tanaya (D0423028) == Kali iki asalé dijenengaké déning kang ndunungi lokal [[Tai]] kanthi jeneng Mae Nam Khong, Mae Khong kanggo cekaké, tegesé Kali Kong utawa "Ibuné kabèh kali". Jeneng iki banjur dijupuk lan diserap déning basa Cina dadi ''Méigōng Hé'' (湄公河), kanthi ora sadhar yèn tegesé dadi "Kali Kong Kali", redandensi iki uga kadaéyan ing jeneng basa Inggris. Ing Cina mèh sadawané kali iki diarani "Kali Lancang" (澜沧江, ''Láncāng Jiāng''). Ing [[Basa Burma|Burma]], kali iki diarani ''Mae Khaung,'' <!-- please insert the Burmese original name, if you can --> déné ing [[Basa Thai|Thai]] diarani ''Mae Nam Khong'' (แม่น้ำโขง), ing [[Basa Laotian|Laotian]] (ແມ່ນ້ຳຂອງ) ''Mènam Khong'', ing [[Basa Kamboja|Kambodja]] ''Mékôngk'' utawa ''Tonle Thom'' lan ing [[Basa Vietnam|Vietnam]] ''Sông Cửu Long''. Ing Thai, Kong ({{lang-th|โขง}}) iku sawijining spésies [[baya]]; sawatara wong percaya yèn tembung iki minangka plèsèdan saka ({{lang-th|คค}}) Kod, utawa ({{lang-th|โค้ง}}) kong, kakaroné adjektif kanggo mratélakaké lengkungan lan ménggak-mènggoké kali utawa dalan.<ref>[http://www.thaifolk.com/doc/literate/payanak/payanak_e.htm Budya Thai folk : Kawruh cara urip ing Thai]</ref> == Ilèn == Sumberé kali, lan kanthi mangkono uga dawané kang persis, durung diweruhi kanthi akurat, amarga anané sawatara anak utawa cawang kali ([[tributary]]) ing tlatah kang angèl ditekani. Miturut survé Asosiasi Èksplorasi Èlmu Cina, sumber kali iki saka sumber banyu ''Lasagongma spring'', ana ing elevasi {{convert|5224|m|ft|0}}.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.jac.or.jp/english/jan/vol2/mekong.pdf |title=Archive copy |access-date=2008-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071031160226/http://www.jac.or.jp/english/jan/vol2/mekong.pdf |archive-date=2007-10-31 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Sumber banyu iku dumunung ing [[Gunung Guozongmucha]], lan awangun [[Zayaqu]], kang wis dikenali déning Akademi Èlmu Cina minangka sumber banyu kali Mekong, ing Provinsi [[Qinghai]]. Èkspedisi sadurungé déning Michel Piessel wis ngenali Zanaqu minangka sumber banyu (''headwater''), ing Rupsa-La pass (luwih mangulon, ana ing elevasi {{convert|4975|m|ft|0|abbr=on|disp=/}}).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/mekong/mekongsource/GJcorrespondence2002.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2008-01-30 |archive-date=2007-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071227184427/http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/mekong/mekongsource/GJcorrespondence2002.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Minangka akibat saka angèlé nemtokaké lokasi sumber banyu, angka dawané Kali Mekong banjur dadi warna-warna, wiwit saka {{convert|4350|km|mi|0|abbr=on|}} nganti {{convert|4909|km|mi|0|abbr=on|}}. Watara setengah saka dawané kali iki dumunung ana ing nagara Cina, ya iku diarani ''Dza Chu'' ing Tibet, ing tlatah ilèn kang luwih dhuwur ing Tibet ({{zh-cp|c=扎曲|p=Zá Qū}}), lan luwih lumrahé diarani ''Lancang'' ing basa [[Basa Cina|Cina]] ({{zh-stp|s=澜沧江|t=瀾滄江|p=Láncāng Jiāng}}), kang tegesé "Kali turbulen". Sapérangan ilèné awujud [[jurang]] kang jero, lan kali iki ninggal tlatah Cina ing elevasi mung {{convert|500|m|ft|-1|spell=us}}. Sadawaning kali iki karan ''Meigong'' ing basa Cina ({{zh-cp|c=湄公河|p=Méigōng Hé}}). Kali iki sabanjuré dadi tapel wates antara Burma lan Laos kang dawané {{convert|200|km|mi|-1}}, ing pungkasané kali iki ketemi (gabung) karo anak kali [[Kali Ruak]] ing papan kang diarani "wajik Emas" utawa ''[[Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)|Golden Triangle]]''. Titik iki uga dadi tandha pamérangan antara Mekong dhuwur lan Mekong Ngisor. [[Gambar:Mekong river, near the Golden Triangle.jpg|thumb|400px|none|Kali Mekong cedhak Wajik Emas]] == Wadhuk == [[Pambangunan Cina Kulon]]<ref>Probe International 30.06.2006 [http://www.probeinternational.org/catalog/content_fullstory.php?contentId=6465&cat_id=68 Grojogan gawéan Hydrolancang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529033633/http://www.probeinternational.org/catalog/content_fullstory.php?contentId=6465&cat_id=68 |date=2009-05-29 }}</ref> {| class="prettytable sortable" |- ! class="unsortable"|Mekong Dam||Rampung||MW||class="unsortable"|Koordinat |- |Gongguoqiao Dam||2008||align="right"|750|| {{coor dms|25|36|43.7|N|99|17|45.6|E|type:waterbody|region:CN|name=Gongguoqiao Dam}} |- |[[Xiaowan Dam]]||2013||align="right"|4200|| {{coor dms|24|42|19.1|N|100|5|31.8|E|type:waterbody|region:CN|name=Xiaowan Dam}} |- |[[Manwan Dam]]||1996||align="right"|1500|| {{coor dms|24|37|20.2|N|100|26|56.4|E|type:waterbody|region:CN|name=Manwan Dam}} |- |[[Dachaoshan Dam]]||2003||align="right"|1350|| {{coor dms|24|1|40.3|N|100|22|9.8|E|type:waterbody|region:CN|name=Dachaoshan Dam}} |- |Nuozhadu Dam||2017||align="right"|5850|| |- |[[Jinghong Dam]]||2010||align="right"|1750|| {{coor dms|21|50|48|N|100|58|21.4|E|type:waterbody|region:CN|name=Jinghong Dam}} |- |Ganlanba Dam||n/a||align="right"|150|| |- |Mengsong Dam||n/a||align="right"|600|| |} == Anak utawa cawang kali == [[Gambar:Mekong system color.png|thumbnail|right|350px|Mekong lan anak kaliné.]] Anak kali ing ngisor iki lumebu ing Kali Mekong. Jeneng nagara ing mburiné nuduhaké panggonan anak kali mau nggabung Kali Mekong. * [[Kali Ing]] (Thailand) * [[Kali Ruak]] (Thailand) * [[Kali Mun]] (Thailand) ** [[Kali Chi]] (Thailand) ** [[Kali Dom Noi]] (Thailand) * [[Kali Kok]] (Thailand) * [[Kali Lam Ta Klong]] (Laos/Thailand) * [[Kali Sekon]] (Kamboja) * [[Kali Sesan]] (Kamboja) * [[Kali Srepok]] (Kamboja-Vietnam) ** [[Kali Krong No]] (Vietnam) ** [[Kali Krong Ana]] (Vietnam) ** [[Kali Ea H'leo]] (Kamboja) * [[Kali Tonlé Sap]] (Kamboja) == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist}} == Rujukan == * Milton Osborne. 1976. ''River Road to China: The Mekong River Expedition 1866-1873''. George Allen & Unwin. * Milton Osborne. 2000. ''The Mekong, Turbulent Past, Uncertain Future'' Atlantic Monthly Press, New York. ISBN 0-87113-806-9 * Edward A. Gargan. 2002. ''The River's Tale''. First published by Alfred A. Knopf. * Fredenburg, P. and B. Hill. 2006. Sharing Rice for Peace and Prosperity in the Greater Mekong Subregion. Sid Harta Publishers, Victoria. ISBN 1-921206-08-X. pp271. == Pranala njaba == {{Commons category|Mekong}} * [http://www.mrcmekong.org Mekong River Commission] * [http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water Bibliography on Water Resources and International Law] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110209113341/http://www.ppl.nl/bibliographies/all/?bibliography=water |date=2011-02-09 }} See '''Mekong River'''. Peace Palace Library * [http://cantho.cool.ne.jp/mekong/outline/mekong_river_e.html Outline of the Mekong River] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070903122840/http://cantho.cool.ne.jp/mekong/outline/mekong_river_e.html |date=2007-09-03 }} * [http://www.ntu.edu.sg/idss/WorkingPapers/wp69.pdf Institute of Defense and Strategic Studies, Singapore] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050525005148/http://www.ntu.edu.sg/idss/workingpapers/wp69.pdf |date=2005-05-25 }} "China in the Mekong River Basin: The Regional Security Implications of Resource Development on the Lancang Jiang" by Evelyn Goh, Working Paper No. 69 * [http://www.mouthtosource.net/ Mouth to Source] Follow The Mekong, in 360 degree panoramas (QTVR), from the mouth in Viet Nam to the border with China in Northern Laos. * [http://www.stern.de/mekong Multinational Team repeating the French Mekong Expedition of 1866] * [http://travel2.nytimes.com/2005/10/02/travel/02mekong.html?ex=1135918800&en=a95ad80eb0ed0815&ei=5070 NYTimes: The Mysterious Mekong Starts to Reveal Itself] * [http://www.tharum.info/2006/03/15/musing-on-the-mekong/ Musing on the Mekong] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403020836/http://tharum.info/2006/03/15/musing-on-the-mekong/ |date=2008-04-03 }} * [http://www.wittick.com/photos/album/Travels/Laos/Mekong%20Laos/index.html Mekong in northern Laos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027123417/http://www.wittick.com/photos/album/Travels/Laos/Mekong%20Laos/index.html |date=2007-10-27 }} * [http://www.shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/mekong/mekongsummary.html First raft and kayak descents of the Mekong in China, 1994 - 2004] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412055230/http://shangri-la-river-expeditions.com/1stdes/mekong/mekongsummary.html |date=2009-04-12 }} * {{GeoGroupTemplate}} [[Kategori:Kali ing Tibet]] [[Kategori:Kali ing Cina]] [[Kategori:Kali ing Burma]] [[Kategori:Kali ing Thailand]] [[Kategori:Kali ing Laos]] [[Kategori:Kali ing Kamboja]] [[Kategori:Kali ing Vietnam]] 93hluny8undybmtxpi0g1gg2hu3xayd Pratélan kutha gedhé ing Jepang 0 23643 1759114 1758976 2026-10-25T04:48:49Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759114 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Orphan|date=Maret 2016}} '''Pratélan''' [[kutha]] ing [[nagara]] [[Jepang]]. __NOTOC__ {|border=0 class="toccolours plainlinks" |- valign="top" ! {{MediaWiki:Toc}}: |[[#top|top]] - [[#Aichi|Aichi]] - [[#Akita|Akita]] - [[#Aomori|Aomori]] - [[#Chiba|Chiba]] - [[#Ehime|Ehime]] - [[#Fukui|Fukui]] - [[#Fukuoka|Fukuoka]] - [[#Fukushima|Fukushima]] - [[#Gifu|Gifu]] - [[#Gunma|Gunma]] - [[#Hiroshima|Hiroshima]] - [[#Hokkaidō|Hokkaidō]] - [[#Hyōgo|Hyōgo]] - [[#Ibaraki|Ibaraki]] - [[#Ishikawa|Ishikawa]] - [[#Iwate|Iwate]] - [[#Kagawa|Kagawa]] - [[#Kagoshima|Kagoshima]] - [[#Kanagawa|Kanagawa]] - [[#Kōchi|Kōchi]] - [[#Kumamoto|Kumamoto]] - [[#Kyoto|Kyoto]] - [[#Mi|Mi]] - [[#Miyagi|Miyagi]] - [[#Miyazaki|Miyazaki]] - [[#Nagano|Nagano]] - [[#Nagasaki|Nagasaki]] - [[#Nara|Nara]] - [[#Niigata|Niigata]] - [[#Ōita|Ōita]] - [[#Okayama|Okayama]] - [[#Okinawa|Okinawa]] - [[#Osaka|Osaka]] - [[#Saga|Saga]] - [[#Saitama|Saitama]] - [[#Shiga|Shiga]] - [[#Shimane|Shimane]] - [[#Shizuoka|Shizuoka]] - [[#Tochigi|Tochigi]] - [[#Tokushima|Tokushima]] - [[#Tokyo|Tokyo]] - [[#Tottori|Tottori]] - [[#Toyama|Toyama]] - [[#Wakayama|Wakayama]] - [[#Yamagata|Yamagata]] - [[#Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi]] - [[#Yamanashi|Yamanashi]] |} == Aichi == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.aichi.jp/toukei/ 月報　あいちの人口]. Toyokawa's data is adopted the total of Otowa, Mito, and Toyokawa before the recent merger.</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! Jeneng kutha !! Padunung !! Amba !! Kapadhetan !! Pangadegan !! Situs wèb resmi |- |align="left"|[[Nagoya, Aichi|Nagoya]]||2,239,464||326.45||6,860||1889-10-01||[http://www.city.nagoya.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toyohashi, Aichi|Toyohashi]]||377,045||261.35||1,443||1906-08-01||[http://www.city.toyohashi.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309065441/http://www.city.toyohashi.aichi.jp/ |date=2010-03-09 }} |- |align="left"|[[Okazaki, Aichi|Okazaki]]||371,380||387.24||959||1916-07-01||[http://www.city.okazaki.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100107142409/http://www.city.okazaki.aichi.jp/tagengo/pgide/guide_en/index_e.html |date=2010-01-07 }} |- |align="left"|[[Ichinomiya, Aichi|Ichinomiya]]||375,939||113.91||3,300||1921-09-01||[http://www.city.ichinomiya.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Seto, Aichi|Seto]]||132,311||111.61||1,185||1929-10-01||[http://www.city.seto.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Handa, Aichi|Handa]]||117,927||47.24||2,496||1937-10-01||[http://www.city.handa.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011065058/http://www.city.handa.aichi.jp/joho/shigoto/welcometohanda/e-shichou/index.shtml |date=2007-10-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kasugai, Aichi|Kasugai]]||300,713||92.71||3,244||1943-06-01||[http://www.city.kasugai.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toyokawa, Aichi|Toyokawa]]||161,595||150.71||1,072||1943-06-01||[http://www.city.toyokawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsushima, Aichi]]||65,646||25.08||2,617||1947-03-01||[http://www.city.tsushima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hekinan, Aichi|Hekinan]]||73,024||35.86||2,036||1948-04-05||[http://www.city.hekinan.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kariya, Aichi|Kariya]]||145,117||50.45||2,876||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.kariya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]]||420,286||918.47||458||1951-03-01||[http://www.city.toyota.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Anjo</span>[[Anjō, Aichi|Anjō]]||176,046||86.01||2,047||1952-05-05||[http://www.city.anjo.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nishio, Aichi|Nishio]]||106,643||75.78||1,407||1953-12-15||[http://www.city.nishio.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gamagori</span>[[Gamagōri, Aichi|Gamagōri]]||82,264||56.81||1,448||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.gamagori.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225813/http://www.city.gamagori.aichi.jp/ |date=2007-09-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Inuyama, Aichi|Inuyama]]||75,304||74.97||1,004||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.inuyama.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tokoname, Aichi|Tokoname]]||52,837||55.63||950||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tokoname.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Konan</span>[[Kōnan, Aichi]]||100,064||30.17||3,317||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.konan.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komaki, Aichi|Komaki]]||149,060||62.82||2,373||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.komaki.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inazawa, Aichi|Inazawa]]||137,475||79.30||1,734||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.inazawa.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokai</span>[[Tōkai, Aichi|Tōkai]]||106,708||43.36||2,461||1969-04-01||[http://www.city.tokai.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Obu</span>[[Ōbu, Aichi|Ōbu]]||83,097||33.68||2,467||1970-09-01||[http://www.city.obu.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chita, Aichi|Chita]]||84,782||45.43||1,866||1970-09-01||[http://www.city.chita.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Chiryu</span>[[Chiryū, Aichi|Chiryū]]||68,216||16.34||4,175||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.chiryu.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Owariasahi, Aichi|Owariasahi]]||79,197||21.03||3,766||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.owariasahi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takahama, Aichi|Takahama]]||43,467||13.00||3,344||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.takahama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwakura, Aichi|Iwakura]]|||48,042||10.49||4,580||1971-12-01||[http://www.city.iwakura.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toyoake, Aichi|Toyoake]]||69,124||23.18||2,982||1972-08-01||[http://www.city.toyoake.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031010071331/http://www.city.toyoake.aichi.jp/ |date=2003-10-10 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nisshin, Aichi|Nisshin]]||80,921||34.90||2,319||1994-10-01||[http://www.city.nisshin.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tahara, Aichi|Tahara]]||66,698||188.81||353||2003-08-20||[http://www.city.tahara.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Aisai, Aichi|Aisai]]||65,481||66.63||983||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.aisai.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kiyosu, Aichi|Kiyosu]]||56,635||13.31||4,255||2005-07-07||[http://www.city.kiyosu.aichi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shinshiro, Aichi|Shinshiro]]||51,326||499.00||103||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.shinshiro.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024121645/http://www.city.shinshiro.lg.jp/ |date=2007-10-24 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kitanagoya, Aichi|Kitanagoya]]||80,112||18.37||4,361||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.kitanagoya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yatomi, Aichi|Yatomi]]||43,145||48.92||882||2006-04-01||[http://www.city.yatomi.aichi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060509222602/http://city.yatomi.aichi.jp/ |date=2006-05-09 }} |} == Akita == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.akita.lg.jp/icity/browser?ActionCode=content&ContentID=1132639874531&SiteID=0 |title={{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018231802/ |date=2007-10-18 }} 美の国あきたネット &#91;秋田県の人口と世帯(月報)過去データ&#93;<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-10-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071018231802/http://www.pref.akita.lg.jp/icity/browser?ActionCode=content&ContentID=1132639874531&SiteID=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Akita, Akita|Akita]]||329,287||905.67||364||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.akita.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Odate</span>[[Ōdate, Akita|Ōdate]]||80,587||913.70||88.2||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.odate.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kazuno, Akita|Kazuno]]||35,543||707.34||50.2||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.kazuno.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Daisen, Akita|Daisen]]||91,143||866.67||105||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.daisen.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126235821/http://www.city.daisen.akita.jp/ |date=2021-01-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Katagami, Akita|Katagami]]||35,460||97.96||362||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.katagami.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100326092156/http://www.city.katagami.akita.jp/ |date=2010-03-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kitaakita, Akita|Kitaakita]]||38,543||1,152.57||33.4||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.kitaakita.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Oga, Akita|Oga]]||34,194||240.80||142||2005-03-22||[http://www2.city.oga.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210214619/http://www2.city.oga.akita.jp/ |date=2007-12-10 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yurihonjo</span>[[Yurihonjō, Akita|Yurihonjō]]||87,525||1,209.04||72.4||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.yurihonjo.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yuzawa, Akita|Yuzawa]]||53,588||790.72||67.8||2005-03-22||[http://www.city-yuzawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Semboku, Akita|Semboku]]||30,885||1,093.64||28.2||2005-09-20||[http://www.city.semboku.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yokote, Akita|Yokote]]||101,234||693.60||146||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.yokote.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nikaho, Akita|Nikaho]]||28,422||240.61||118||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.nikaho.akita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Noshiro, Akita|Noshiro]]||61,295||426.74||144||2006-03-21||[http://www.city.noshiro.akita.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230153645/http://www.city.noshiro.akita.jp/ |date=2019-12-30 }} |} == Aomori == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/tokei/major/jinko.html |title=青森県人口移動統計調査 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924115557/http://www.pref.aomori.lg.jp/tokei/major/jinko.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Hachinohe, Aomori|Hachinohe]]||241,613||305.17||792||1929-05-01||[http://www.city.hachinohe.aomori.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kuroishi, Aomori|Kuroishi]]||37,585||216.96||173||1954-07-01||[http://www.net.pref.aomori.jp/kuroishi/] |- |align="left"|[[Misawa, Aomori|Misawa]]||42,535||119.97||355||1958-09-01||[http://www.net.pref.aomori.jp/misawa/] |- |align="left"|[[Mutsu, Aomori|Mutsu]]||62,220||863.79||72.0||1959-09-01||[http://www.city.mutsu.aomori.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814123142/http://www.city.mutsu.aomori.jp/ |date=2012-08-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Towada, Aomori|Towada]]||66,834||688.60||97.1||2005-01-01||[http://www.net.pref.aomori.jp/city/towada/index.html] |- |align="left"|[[Tsugaru, Aomori|Tsugaru]]||38,919||253.85||153||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.tsugaru.aomori.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Goshogawara, Aomori|Goshogawara]]||60,788||404.58||150||2005-03-28||[http://www.goshogawara.net.pref.aomori.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070113011255/http://www.goshogawara.net.pref.aomori.jp/ |date=2007-01-13 }} |- |align="left"|[[Aomori, Aomori|Aomori]]||305,884||824.52||371||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.aomori.aomori.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hirakawa, Aomori|Hirakawa]]||34,638||345.81||100||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.hirakawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hirosaki, Aomori|Hirosaki]]||185,865||523.60||355||2006-02-27||[http://www.city.hirosaki.aomori.jp/] |} == Chiba == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/syozoku/b_toukei/joujuujinkou/census-j.html |title=毎月常住人口調査月報インデックス<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014143831/http://www.pref.chiba.lg.jp/syozoku/b_toukei/joujuujinkou/census-j.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]]||938,695||272.08||3,450||1921-01-01||[http://www.city.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Choshi</span>[[Chōshi, Chiba|Chōshi]]||72,348||83.91||862||1933-02-11||[http://www.city.choshi.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ichikawa, Chiba|Ichikawa]]||470,149||57.40||8,191||1934-11-03||[http://www.city.ichikawa.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425105135/http://www.city.ichikawa.chiba.jp/ |date=2020-04-25 }} |- |align="left"|[[Funabashi, Chiba|Funabashi]]||586,762||85.64||6,851||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.funabashi.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214030110/http://www.city.funabashi.chiba.jp/koho/eng/index.htm |date=2006-12-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tateyama, Chiba|Tateyama]]||49,987||110.21||454||1939-11-03||[http://www.city.tateyama.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kisarazu, Chiba|Kisarazu]]||123,743||138.73||892||1942-11-03||[http://www.city.kisarazu.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Matsudo, Chiba|Matsudo]]||477,603||61.33||7,787||1943-04-01||[http://www.city.matsudo.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Noda, Chiba|Noda]]||153,422||103.54||1,482||1950-05-03||[http://www.city.noda.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mobara, Chiba|Mobara]]||93,032||100.01||930||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.mobara.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Narita, Chiba|Narita]]||124,773||213.84||583||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.narita.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakura, Chiba]]||171,472||103.59||1,655||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.sakura.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Togane</span>[[Tōgane, Chiba|Tōgane]]||61,591||89.34||689||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.togane.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Narashino, Chiba|Narashino]]||159,758||20.99||7,611||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.narashino.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashiwa, Chiba|Kashiwa]]||389,036||114.90||3,386||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.kashiwa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katsuura, Chiba|Katsuura]]||21,413||94.20||227||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.katsuura.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011174244/http://www.city.katsuura.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-10-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Ichihara, Chiba|Ichihara]]||279,591||368.20||759||1963-05-01||[http://www.city.ichihara.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nagareyama, Chiba|Nagareyama]]||156,686||35.28||4,441||1967-01-01||[http://www.city.nagareyama.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yachiyo, Chiba|Yachiyo]]||184,655||51.27||3,602||1967-01-01||[http://www.city.yachiyo.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023065947/http://www.city.yachiyo.chiba.jp/ |date=2007-10-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Abiko, Chiba|Abiko]]||133,533||43.19||3,092||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.abiko.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kamagaya, Chiba|Kamagaya]]||104,564||21.11||4,953||1971-09-01||[http://www.city.kamagaya.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kimitsu, Chiba|Kimitsu]]||89,350||318.83||280||1971-09-01||[http://www.city.kimitsu.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100617020736/http://www.city.kimitsu.chiba.jp/ |date=2010-06-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Futtsu, Chiba|Futtsu]]||48,973||205.35||238||1971-09-01||[http://www.city.futtsu.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060217111505/http://www.city.futtsu.chiba.jp/ |date=2006-02-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Urayasu, Chiba|Urayasu]]||159,312||17.29||9,214||1981-04-01||[http://www.city.urayasu.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121214957/http://www.city.urayasu.chiba.jp/ |date=2013-01-21 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yotsukaido</span>[[Yotsukaidō, Chiba|Yotsukaidō]]||85,738||34.70||2,471||1981-04-01||[http://www.city.yotsukaido.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sodegaura, Chiba|Sodegaura]]||59,443||94.92||626||1991-04-01||[http://www.city.sodegaura.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030806000844/http://www.city.sodegaura.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-08-06 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yachimata, Chiba|Yachimata]]||75,369||74.87||1,007||1992-04-01||[http://www.city.yachimata.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inzai, Chiba|Inzai]]||60,280||53.51||1,127||1996-04-01||[http://www.city.inzai.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030920011457/http://www.city.inzai.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-09-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Shiroi, Chiba|Shiroi]]||57,151||35.41||1,614||2001-04-01||[http://city.shiroi.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030927182101/http://city.shiroi.chiba.jp/ |date=2003-09-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tomisato, Chiba|Tomisato]]||51,590||53.91||957||2002-04-01||[http://www.city.tomisato.chiba.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050822172721/http://www.city.tomisato.chiba.jp/ |date=2005-08-22 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kamogawa, Chiba|Kamogawa]]||35,792||191.30||187||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.kamogawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Asahi, Chiba|Asahi]]||69,971||129.91||539||2005-07-01||[http://www.city.asahi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Isumi, Chiba|Isumi]]||41,605||157.50||264||2005-12-05||[http://www.city.isumi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Sosa</span>[[Sōsa, Chiba|Sōsa]]||41,361||101.78||406||2006-01-23||[http://www.city.sosa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Minamiboso</span>[[Minamibōsō, Chiba|Minamibōsō]]||43,553||230.22||189||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.minamiboso.chiba.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katori, Chiba|Katori]]||85,193||262.31||325||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.katori.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sanmu, Chiba|Sanmu]]||57,806||146.38||395||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.sammu.lg.jp/] |} == Ehime == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.ehime.jp/toukeibox/toukeika-01.htm |title=愛媛県統計BOX 推計人口 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-03-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080308113720/http://www.pref.ehime.jp/toukeibox/toukeika-01.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Matsuyama, Ehime|Matsuyama]]||515,068||429.03||1,201||1889-12-15||[http://www.city.matsuyama.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Niihama, Ehime|Niihama]]||123,329||234.30||526||1937-11-03||[http://www.city.niihama.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shikokuchuo</span>[[Shikokuchūō, Ehime|Shikokuchūō]]||91,688||420.10||218||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.shikokuchuo.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Seiyo, Ehime|Seiyo]]||43,476||514.79||84.5||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.seiyo.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Toon</span>[[Tōon, Ehime|Tōon]]||35,517||211.45||168||2004-09-21||[http://www.city.toon.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Saijo</span>[[Saijō, Ehime|Saijō]]||112,543||509.05||221||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.saijo.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ozu</span>[[Ōzu, Ehime|Ōzu]]||49,543||432.20||115||2005-01-11||[http://www.city.ozu.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Imabari, Ehime|Imabari]]||170,986||419.85||407||2005-01-16||[http://www.city.imabari.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yawatahama, Ehime|Yawatahama]]||40,010||132.98||301||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.yawatahama.ehime.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iyo, Ehime|Iyo]]||38,890||194.47||200||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.iyo.ehime.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061214045746/http://www.city.iyo.ehime.jp/ |date=2006-12-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Uwajima, Ehime|Uwajima]]||86,819||469.52||185||2005-08-01||[http://www.city.uwajima.ehime.jp/] |} == Fukui == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://toukei.pref.fukui.jp/www/toppage/0000000000000/APM03000.html |title=福井県の人口と世帯（推計） |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214003845/http://toukei.pref.fukui.jp/www/toppage/0000000000000/APM03000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Fukui, Fukui|Fukui]]||268,574||536.17||501||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.fukui.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsuruga, Fukui|Tsuruga]]||68,188||250.75||272||1937-04-01||[http://www.ton21.ne.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220201023841/http://www.ton21.ne.jp/ |date=2022-02-01 }} |- |align="left"|[[Obama, Fukui|Obama]]||31,486||232.86||135||1951-03-30||[http://www.city.obama.fukui.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051013061933/http://www.city.obama.fukui.jp/ |date=2005-10-13 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ono</span>[[Ōno, Fukui]]||36,763||872.30||42.1||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.ono.fukui.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katsuyama, Fukui|Katsuyama]]||26,333||253.68||104||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.katsuyama.fukui.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sabae, Fukui|Sabae]]||67,430||84.75||796||1955-01-15||[http://www.city.sabae.fukui.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Awara, Fukui|Awara]]||30,765||116.99||263||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.awara.fukui.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090413055722/http://www.city.awara.fukui.jp/ |date=2009-04-13 }} |- |align="left"|[[Echizen, Fukui|Echizen]]||87,116||230.75||378||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.echizen.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakai, Fukui]]||92,420||209.91||440||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.fukui-sakai.lg.jp/] |} == Fukuoka == * population:2008-01-01<ref>http://www.toukei.pref.fukuoka.jp/search/1/1004.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205185609/http://www.toukei.pref.fukuoka.jp/search/1/1004.html |date=2008-02-05 }} 月報「福岡県の人口と世帯（推計）」</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Fukuoka, Fukuoka|Fukuoka]]||1,430,371||340.96||4,195||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kurume, Fukuoka|Kurume]]||305,147||229.84||1,328||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kurume.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Omuta</span>[[Ōmuta, Fukuoka|Ōmuta]]||127,474||81.55||1,563||1917-03-01||[http://www.city.omuta.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050112081211/http://www.city.omuta.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2005-01-12 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nogata</span>[[Nōgata, Fukuoka|Nōgata]]||57,319||61.78||928||1931-01-01||[https://web.archive.org/web/20120716234634/http://www.city.nogata.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tagawa, Fukuoka|Tagawa]]||50,484||54.52||926||1943-11-03||[http://www.joho.tagawa.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yanagawa, Fukuoka|Yanagawa]]||72,798||76.90||947||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.yanagawa.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yame, Fukuoka|Yame]]||42,241||98.66||428||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.yame.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chikugo, Fukuoka|Chikugo]]||48,281||41.85||1,154||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.chikugo.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050911043927/http://www.city.chikugo.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2005-09-11 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Okawa</span>[[Ōkawa, Fukuoka|Ōkawa]]||38,266||33.61||1,139||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.okawa.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yukuhashi, Fukuoka|Yukuhashi]]||70,064||69.83||1,003||1954-10-10||[http://www.city.yukuhashi.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Buzen, Fukuoka|Buzen]]||27,578||111.17||248||1955-04-10||[http://www.city.buzen.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nakama, Fukuoka|Nakama]]||45,549||15.98||2,850||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.nakama.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000422061603/http://www.city.nakama.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2000-04-22 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kitakyushu</span>[[Kitakyūshū]]||986,998||487.71||2,024||1963-02-10||[http://www.city.kitakyushu.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ogori</span>[[Ogōri, Fukuoka|Ogōri]]||58,460||45.50||1,285||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.ogori.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chikushino, Fukuoka|Chikushino]]||98,914||87.78||1,127||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.chikushino.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasuga, Fukuoka|Kasuga]]||107,845||14.15||7,622||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.kasuga.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Onojo</span>[[Ōnojō, Fukuoka|Ōnojō]]||94,037||26.88||3,498||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.onojo.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Munakata, Fukuoka|Munakata]]||94,877||119.66||793||1981-04-01||[http://www.city.munakata.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Dazaifu, Fukuoka|Dazaifu]]||68,561||29.58||2,318||1982-04-01||[http://www.city.dazaifu.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919150110/http://www2.city.dazaifu.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2003-09-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Maebaru, Fukuoka|Maebaru]]||68,025||104.50||651||1992-10-01||[http://www.city.maebaru.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040828064434/http://www.city.maebaru.fukuoka.jp/ |date=2004-08-28 }} |- |align="left"|[[Koga, Fukuoka]]||57,084||42.11||1,356||1997-10-01||[http://www.city.koga.fukuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104031644/http://www.city.koga.fukuoka.jp/eng/ |date=2007-01-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Fukutsu, Fukuoka|Fukutsu]]||55,123||52.70||1,046||2005-01-24||[http://www.city.fukutsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ukiha, Fukuoka|Ukiha]]||32,277||117.55||275||2005-03-20||[http://www.city.ukiha.fukuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyawaka, Fukuoka|Miyawaka]]||30,793||139.99||220||2006-02-11||[http://www.city.miyawaka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Asakura, Fukuoka|Asakura]]||57,881||246.73||235||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.asakura.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iizuka, Fukuoka|Iizuka]]||132,208||214.13||617||2006-03-26||[http://www.city.iizuka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kama, Fukuoka|Kama]]||44,431||135.18||329||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.kama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyama, Fukuoka|Miyama]]||42,219||105.12||402||2007-01-29||[http://www.city.miyama.lg.jp/] |} == Fukushima == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/toukei/html/01/m-jinko/gepo.html |title=ふくしま統計情報ボックス 福島県の推計人口<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2012-09-07 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20120907214634/http://www.pref.fukushima.jp/toukei/html/01/m-jinko/gepo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Aizuwakamatsu, Fukushima|Aizuwakamatsu]]||129,388||383.03||338||1899-04-01||[http://www.city.aizuwakamatsu.fukushima.jp/.] |- |align="left"|[[Fukushima, Fukushima|Fukushima]]||289,355||746.43||388||1907-04-01||[http://www.city.fukushima.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Koriyama</span>[[Kōriyama, Fukushima|Kōriyama]]||339,395||757.06||448||1924-09-01||[http://www.city.koriyama.fukushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516201456/http://www.city.koriyama.fukushima.jp/063000/koho/yoran.html |date=2017-05-16 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sukagawa, Fukushima|Sukagawa]]||80,336||279.55||287||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.sukagawa.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Soma</span>[[Sōma, Fukushima|Sōma]]||38,543||197.67||195||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.soma.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwaki, Fukushima|Iwaki]]||349,947||1,231.34||284||1966-10-01||[http://www.city.iwaki.fukushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411210504/http://www.city.iwaki.fukushima.jp/gaikokugo/english/ |date=2010-04-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tamura, Fukushima|Tamura]]||42,221||458.30||92.1||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.tamura.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shirakawa, Fukushima|Shirakawa]]||65,665||305.30||215||2005-11-07||[http://www.city.shirakawa.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nihonmatsu, Fukushima|Nihonmatsu]]||61,698||344.65||179||2005-12-01||[http://www.city.nihonmatsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Minamisoma</span>[[Minamisōma, Fukushima|Minamisōma]]||71,761||398.50||180||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.minamisoma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Date, Fukushima]]||67,487||265.10||255||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.date.fukushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060110075417/http://www.city.date.fukushima.jp/ |date=2006-01-10 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kitakata, Fukushima|Kitakata]]||54,684||554.67||98.6||2006-01-04||[http://www.city.kitakata.fukushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Motomiya, Fukushima|Motomiya]]||31,737||87.94||361||2007-01-01||[http://www.city.motomiya.lg.jp/] |} == Gifu == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/pref/s11111/data/jinko/jinko.htm |title=岐阜県統計課（岐阜県の人口・世帯数 調査結果）<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-10-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014004928/http://www.pref.gifu.lg.jp/pref/s11111/data/jinko/jinko.htm#new |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Gifu, Gifu|Gifu]]||412,779||202.89||2,034||1889-07-01||[http://www.city.gifu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ogaki</span>[[Ōgaki, Gifu|Ōgaki]]||163,047||206.52||789||1918-04-01||[http://www.city.ogaki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takayama, Gifu|Takayama]]||94,879||2,177.67||43.6||1936-11-01||[http://www.city.takayama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tajimi, Gifu|Tajimi]]||114,866||91.24||1,259||1940-08-01||[http://www.city.tajimi.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030927115157/http://www2.city.tajimi.gifu.jp/ |date=2003-09-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Seki, Gifu|Seki]]||92,896||472.84||196||1950-10-15||[http://www.city.seki.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nakatsugawa, Gifu|Nakatsugawa]]||83,116||676.38||123||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.nakatsugawa.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mino, Gifu]]||22,912||117.05||196||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.mino.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mizunami, Gifu|Mizunami]]||41,556||175.00||237||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.mizunami.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hashima, Gifu|Hashima]]||67,167||53.64||1,252||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.hashima.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914053231/http://www.city.hashima.gifu.jp/ |date=2008-09-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Minokamo, Gifu|Minokamo]]||53,988||74.81||722||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.minokamo.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204112654/http://www.city.minokamo.gifu.jp/home/ENGLISH/e_top.html |date=2007-02-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Toki, Gifu|Toki]]||61,393||116.01||529||1955-02-01||[http://www.city.toki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kakamigahara, Gifu|Kakamigahara]]||145,126||87.77||1,653||1963-04-01||[http://www.city.kakamigahara.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kani, Gifu|Kani]]||99,318||87.60||1,134||1982-04-01||[http://www.city.kani.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110820225543/http://www.city.kani.gifu.jp/ |date=2011-08-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yamagata, Gifu]]||29,857||222.04||134||2003-04-01||[http://www.city.yamagata.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mizuho, Gifu|Mizuho]]||51,230||28.18||1,818||2003-05-01||[http://www.city.mizuho.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hida, Gifu|Hida]]||28,112||792.31||35.5||2004-02-01||[http://www.city.hida.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Motosu, Gifu|Motosu]]||34,729||374.57||92.7||2004-02-01||[http://www.city.motosu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gujo</span>[[Gujō, Gifu|Gujō]]||46,338||1,030.79||45.0||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.gujo.gifu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Gero, Gifu|Gero]]||37,455||851.06||44.0||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.gero.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ena, Gifu|Ena]]||54,844||504.19||109||2004-10-25||[http://www.city.ena.gifu.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020134059/http://www.city.ena.gifu.jp/ |date=2016-10-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kaizu, Gifu|Kaizu]]||38,532||112.31||343||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.kaizu.lg.jp/] |} == Gunma == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://toukei.pref.gunma.jp/IDJ.htm |title=基本統計・群馬県移動人口調査<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071102214607/http://toukei.pref.gunma.jp/IDJ.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Maebashi, Gunma|Maebashi]]||318,058||241.22||1,319||1892-04-01||[http://www.city.maebashi.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takasaki, Gunma|Takasaki]]||341,838||401.01||852||1900-04-01||[http://www.city.takasaki.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kiryu</span>[[Kiryū, Gunma|Kiryū]]||124,892||274.57||455||1921-03-01||[http://www.city.kiryu.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Isesaki, Gunma|Isesaki]]||204,240||139.33||1,466||1940-09-13||[http://www.city.isesaki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ota</span>[[Ōta, Gunma|Ōta]]||214,049||176.49||1,213||1948-05-03||[http://www.city.ota.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Numata, Gunma|Numata]]||52,319||443.37||118||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.numata.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tatebayashi, Gunma|Tatebayashi]]||79,023||60.98||1,296||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tatebayashi.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujioka, Gunma|Fujioka]]||68,710||180.09||382||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.fujioka.gunma.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shibukawa, Gunma|Shibukawa]]||86,134||240.42||358||2006-02-20||[http://www.city.shibukawa.gunma.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080604061226/http://www.city.shibukawa.gunma.jp/ |date=2008-06-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Annaka, Gunma|Annaka]]||62,270||276.34||225||2006-03-18||[http://www.city.annaka.gunma.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704214107/http://www.city.annaka.gunma.jp/ |date=2007-07-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tomioka, Gunma|Tomioka]]||53,332||122.90||434||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.tomioka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Midori, Gunma|Midori]]||51,964||208.23||250||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.midori.gunma.jp/] |} == Hiroshima == * population:2008-01-01<ref>http://db1.pref.hiroshima.jp/data/geppou/jinkou/saisin/jinkou_gaiyou.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221101232/http://db1.pref.hiroshima.jp/data/geppou/jinkou/saisin/jinkou_gaiyou.htm |date=2008-02-21 }} 推計人口（甲調査）第３表</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Hiroshima, Hiroshima|Hiroshima]]||1,163,806||905.13||1,286||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Onomichi, Hiroshima|Onomichi]]||148,085||284.85||520||1898-04-01||[http://www.city.onomichi.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kure, Hiroshima|Kure]]||246,118||353.74||696||1902-10-01||[http://www.city.kure.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukuyama, Hiroshima|Fukuyama]]||461,368||518.07||891||1916-07-01||[http://www.city.fukuyama.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mihara, Hiroshima|Mihara]]||103,209||471.03||219||1936-11-15||[http://www.city.mihara.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Fuchu</span>[[Fuchū, Hiroshima]]||44,212||195.71||226||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.fuchu.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyoshi, Hiroshima]]||58,264||778.19||74.9||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.miyoshi.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shobara</span>[[Shōbara, Hiroshima|Shōbara]]||41,747||1,246.60||33.5||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.shobara.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Otake</span>[[Ōtake, Hiroshima|Ōtake]]||29,665||78.55||378||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.otake.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takehara, Hiroshima|Takehara]]||29,803||118.30||252||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.takehara.hiroshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061221045238/http://www.city.takehara.hiroshima.jp/english_m.jsp |date=2006-12-21 }} |- |align="left"|[[Higashihiroshima, Hiroshima|Higashihiroshima]]||187,711||635.32||295||1974-04-20||[http://www.city.higashihiroshima.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hatsukaichi, Hiroshima|Hatsukaichi]]||115,184||489.36||235||1988-04-01||[http://www.city.hatsukaichi.hiroshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akitakata, Hiroshima|Akitakata]]||32,323||537.79||60.1||2004-03-01||[http://www.akitakata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Etajima, Hiroshima|Etajima]]||28,601||100.97||283||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.etajima.hiroshima.jp/] |} == Hokkaidō == * population:2007-12-31<ref>[http://www.pref.hokkaido.lg.jp/sk/tuk/900brr/index.htm 住民基本台帳人口・世帯数<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Sapporo, Hokkaidō|Sapporo]]||1,882,609||1,121.12||1,679||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190915231600/http://www.city.sapporo.jp/city/ |date=2019-09-15 }} |- |align="left"|[[Hakodate, Hokkaidō|Hakodate]]||290,154||677.89||428||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.hakodate.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Otaru, Hokkaidō|Otaru]]||138,876||243.30||571||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.otaru.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030920134255/http://www.city.otaru.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2003-09-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Asahikawa, Hokkaidō|Asahikawa]]||357,228||747.60||478||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.asahikawa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Muroran, Hokkaidō|Muroran]]||97,568||80.65||1,210||1922-08-01||[http://www.city.muroran.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Obihiro, Hokkaidō|Obihiro]]||170,066||618.94||275||1933-04-01||[http://www.city.obihiro.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yubari</span>[[Yūbari, Hokkaidō|Yūbari]]||12,203||763.20||16.0||1943-04-01||[http://www.city.yubari.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020831161059/http://www.city.yubari.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2002-08-31 }} |- |align="left"|[[Iwamizawa, Hokkaidō|Iwamizawa]]||92,364||481.10||192||1943-04-01||[http://www.city.iwamizawa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Abashiri, Hokkaidō|Abashiri]]||40,341||471.00||85.6||1947-02-11||[http://www.city.abashiri.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Rumoi, Hokkaidō|Rumoi]]||26,295||297.44||88.4||1947-10-01||[http://www.e-rumoi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tomakomai, Hokkaidō|Tomakomai]]||173,986||561.49||310||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.tomakomai.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Wakkanai, Hokkaidō|Wakkanai]]||40,629||760.83||53.4||1949-04-01||[http://www.city.wakkanai.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Bibai, Hokkaidō|Bibai]]||27,849||277.61||100||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.bibai.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ashibetsu, Hokkaidō|Ashibetsu]]||18,310||865.02||21.2||1953-04-01||[http://www.city.ashibetsu.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ebetsu, Hokkaidō|Ebetsu]]||123,671||187.57||659||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.ebetsu.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akabira, Hokkaidō|Akabira]]||13,874||129.88||107||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.akabira.hokkaido.jp/index.php] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060220111235/http://www.city.akabira.hokkaido.jp/index.php |date=2006-02-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Monbetsu, Hokkaidō|Monbetsu]]||25,873||830.70||31.1||1954-07-01||[http://mombetsu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mikasa, Hokkaidō|Mikasa]]||11,454||302.64||37.8||1957-04-01||[http://www.city.mikasa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nemuro, Hokkaidō|Nemuro]]||30,882||512.63||60.2||1957-08-01||[http://www.city.nemuro.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chitose, Hokkaidō|Chitose]]||92,924||594.95||156||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.chitose.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905165529/http://www.city.chitose.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2016-09-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Takikawa, Hokkaidō|Takikawa]]||44,895||115.82||388||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.takikawa.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309110101/http://www.city.takikawa.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2010-03-09 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sunagawa, Hokkaidō|Sunagawa]]||19,641||78.69||250||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.sunagawa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Utashinai, Hokkaidō|Utashinai]]||4,988||55.99||89.1||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.utashinai.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukagawa, Hokkaidō|Fukagawa]]||24,777||529.23||46.8||1963-05-01||[http://www.city.fukagawa.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231134526/http://www.city.fukagawa.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2009-12-31 }} |- |align="left"|[[Furano, Hokkaidō|Furano]]||24,890||600.97||41.4||1966-05-01||[http://www.city.furano.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Noboribetsu, Hokkaidō|Noboribetsu]]||53,340||212.11||251||1970-08-01||[http://www.city.noboribetsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Eniwa, Hokkaidō|Eniwa]]||68,604||294.87||233||1970-11-01||[http://www.city.eniwa.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Date, Hokkaidō]]||37,476||444.28||84.4||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.date.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitahiroshima, Hokkaidō|Kitahiroshima]]||61,094||118.54||515||1996-09-01||[http://www.city.kitahiroshima.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ishikari, Hokkaidō|Ishikari]]||61,474||721.86||85.2||1996-09-01||[http://www.city.ishikari.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shibetsu, Hokkaidō|Shibetsu]]||23,197||1,119.29||20.7||2005-09-01||[http://www.city.shibetsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kushiro, Hokkaidō|Kushiro]]||190,890||1,362.75||140||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.kushiro.hokkaido.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060323035246/http://www.city.kushiro.hokkaido.jp/ |date=2006-03-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Hokuto, Hokkaidō]]||49,506||397.30||125||2006-02-01||[http://www.city.hokuto.hokkaido.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitami, Hokkaidō|Kitami]]||127,328||1,427.56||89.2||2006-03-05||[http://www.city.kitami.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nayoro, Hokkaidō|Nayoro]]||31,300||535.23||58.5||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.nayoro.lg.jp/] |} == Hyōgo == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://web.pref.hyogo.jp/ac08/ac08_5_000000004.html |title=兵庫県/推計人口<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013000756/http://web.pref.hyogo.jp/ac08/ac08_5_000000004.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Kobe]]||1,530,847||552.23||2,772||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kobe.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Himeji, Hyōgo|Himeji]]||536,170||534.27||1,004||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.himeji.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190907223328/http://www.city.himeji.hyogo.jp/ |date=2019-09-07 }} |- |align="left"|[[Amagasaki, Hyōgo|Amagasaki]]||461,202||49.77||9,267||1916-04-01||[http://www.city.amagasaki.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akashi, Hyōgo|Akashi]]||292,162||49.24||5,933||1919-11-01||[http://www.city.akashi.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031019194909/http://www.city.akashi.hyogo.jp/ |date=2003-10-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nishinomiya, Hyōgo|Nishinomiya]]||477,056||99.96||4,772||1925-04-01||[http://www.nishi.or.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ashiya, Hyōgo|Ashiya]]||92,828||18.47||5,026||1940-11-10||[http://www.city.ashiya.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090627031903/http://www.city.ashiya.hyogo.jp/ |date=2009-06-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Itami, Hyōgo|Itami]]||194,488||24.97||7,789||1940-11-10||[http://www.city.itami.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Aioi, Hyōgo|Aioi]]||31,973||90.45||353||1942-10-01||[http://www.city.aioi.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827184359/http://www.city.aioi.hyogo.jp/ |date=2005-08-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Toyooka, Hyōgo|Toyooka]]||87,555||697.66||125||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.toyooka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kakogawa, Hyōgo|Kakogawa]]||267,631||138.51||1,932||1950-06-15||[http://www.city.kakogawa.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030930010510/http://www.city.kakogawa.hyogo.jp/ |date=2003-09-30 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ako</span>[[Akō, Hyōgo|Akō]]||51,277||126.88||404||1951-09-01||[http://www.city.ako.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050822230242/http://www.city.ako.hyogo.jp/ |date=2005-08-22 }} |- |align="left"|[[Takarazuka, Hyōgo|Takarazuka]]||222,071||101.80||2,181||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.takarazuka.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323000426/http://www.city.takarazuka.hyogo.jp/foreign/en/index.html |date=2010-03-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Miki, Hyōgo|Miki]]||83,244||176.58||471||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.miki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takasago, Hyōgo|Takasago]]||94,198||34.40||2,738||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.takasago.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111064811/http://www.city.takasago.hyogo.jp/ |date=2010-01-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kawanishi, Hyōgo|Kawanishi]]||157,461||53.44||2,947||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.kawanishi.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ono, Hyōgo]]||49,664||92.92||534||1954-12-01||[http://www.city.ono.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sanda, Hyōgo|Sanda]]||113,600||210.22||540||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.sanda.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasai, Hyōgo|Kasai]]||48,435||150.95||321||1967-04-01||[http://www.city.kasai.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sasayama, Hyōgo|Sasayama]]||44,345||377.61||117||1999-04-01||[http://www.city.sasayama.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100205231832/http://www.city.sasayama.hyogo.jp/ |date=2010-02-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yabu, Hyōgo|Yabu]]||27,428||422.78||64.9||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.yabu.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tamba, Hyōgo|Tamba]]||69,233||493.28||140||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.tamba.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050519012346/http://www.city.tamba.hyogo.jp/ |date=2005-05-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Minamiawaji, Hyōgo|Minamiawaji]]||51,069||229.18||223||2005-01-11||[http://www.city.minamiawaji.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Asago, Hyōgo|Asago]]||34,084||402.98||84.6||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.asago.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Awaji, Hyōgo|Awaji]]||47,849||184.21||260||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.awaji.hyogo.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shiso</span>[[Shisō, Hyōgo|Shisō]]||42,302||658.60||64.2||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.shiso.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nishiwaki, Hyōgo|Nishiwaki]]||43,126||132.47||326||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.nishiwaki.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050831112740/http://www.city.nishiwaki.hyogo.jp/ |date=2005-08-31 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tatsuno, Hyōgo|Tatsuno]]||80,988||210.93||384||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.tatsuno.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111070620/http://www.city.tatsuno.hyogo.jp/ |date=2010-01-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sumoto, Hyōgo|Sumoto]]||48,631||182.47||267||2006-02-11||[http://www.city.sumoto.hyogo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100111034013/http://www.city.sumoto.hyogo.jp/ |date=2010-01-11 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kato</span>[[Katō, Hyōgo|Katō]]||39,935||157.49||254||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.kato.lg.jp/] |} == Ibaraki == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/tokei/betu/jinko/getsu/index.htm |title=茨城県の人口と世帯（推計）<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-03-25 |archive-date=2008-03-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080325190656/http://www.pref.ibaraki.jp/tokei/betu/jinko/getsu/index.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Mito, Ibaraki|Mito]]||264,062||217.43||1,214||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.mito.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hitachi, Ibaraki|Hitachi]]||195,844||225.55||868||1939-09-01||[http://www.city.hitachi.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050904224525/http://www.city.hitachi.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2005-09-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tsuchiura, Ibaraki|Tsuchiura]]||143,986||113.82||1,265||1940-11-03||[http://www.city.tsuchiura.ibaraki.jp/]{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yuki</span>[[Yūki, Ibaraki|Yūki]]||52,065||65.84||791||1954-03-15||[http://www.city.yuki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ryugasaki</span>[[Ryūgasaki, Ibaraki|Ryūgasaki]]||79,295||78.20||1,014||1954-03-20||[http://www.city.ryugasaki.ibaraki.jp/toppage.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080918222403/http://www.city.ryugasaki.ibaraki.jp/toppage.html |date=2008-09-18 }} |- |align="left"|[[Shimotsuma, Ibaraki|Shimotsuma]]||45,918||80.88||568||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.shimotsuma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Joso</span>[[Jōsō, Ibaraki|Jōsō]]||65,858||123.52||533||1954-07-10||[http://www.city.joso.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hitachiota</span>[[Hitachiōta, Ibaraki|Hitachiōta]]||58,461||372.01||157||1954-07-15||[http://www.city.hitachiota.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takahagi, Ibaraki|Takahagi]]||32,031||193.65||165||1954-11-23||[http://www.city.takahagi.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitaibaraki, Ibaraki|Kitaibaraki]]||48,437||186.55||260||1956-03-31||[http://www.city-kitaibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080208195100/http://www.city-kitaibaraki.jp/ |date=2008-02-08 }} |- |align="left"|[[Toride, Ibaraki|Toride]]||109,953||69.96||1,572||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.toride.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ushiku, Ibaraki|Ushiku]]||79,254||58.88||1,346||1986-06-01||[http://www.city.ushiku.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031013035340/http://www.city.ushiku.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2003-10-13 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tsukuba, Ibaraki|Tsukuba]]||207,314||284.07||730||1987-11-30||[http://www.city.tsukuba.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050826064935/http://www.city.tsukuba.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2005-08-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Hitachinaka, Ibaraki|Hitachinaka]]||155,338||99.04||1,568||1994-11-01||[http://www.city.hitachinaka.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashima, Ibaraki]]||65,193||92.96||701||1995-09-01||[http://www.city.kashima.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Itako, Ibaraki|Itako]]||31,103||62.67||496||2001-04-01||[http://www.city.itako.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Moriya, Ibaraki|Moriya]]||57,793||35.63||1,622||2002-02-02||[http://www.city.moriya.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hitachiomiya</span>[[Hitachiōmiya, Ibaraki|Hitachiōmiya]]||46,729||348.38||134||2004-10-16||[http://www.city.hitachiomiya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Naka, Ibaraki|Naka]]||54,618||97.80||558||2005-01-21||[http://www.city.naka.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823124000/http://www.city.naka.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2016-08-23 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Bando</span>[[Bandō, Ibaraki|Bandō]]||57,128||123.18||464||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.bando.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inashiki, Ibaraki|Inashiki]]||48,125||178.12||270||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.inashiki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chikusei, Ibaraki|Chikusei]]||110,813||205.35||540||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.chikusei.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasumigaura, Ibaraki|Kasumigaura]]||44,450||118.77||374||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.kasumigaura.ibaraki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081017095928/http://www.city.kasumigaura.ibaraki.jp/ |date=2008-10-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kamisu, Ibaraki|Kamisu]]||93,538||147.24||635||2005-08-01||[http://www.city.kamisu.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Namegata, Ibaraki|Namegata]]||39,117||166.33||235||2005-09-02||[http://www.city.namegata.ibaraki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Koga, Ibaraki]]||144,392||123.58||1,168||2005-09-12||[http://www.city.ibaraki-koga.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ishioka, Ibaraki|Ishioka]]||80,502||213.38||377||2005-10-01||[http://city.ishioka.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220154144/http://city.ishioka.lg.jp/ |date=2008-12-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sakuragawa, Ibaraki|Sakuragawa]]||47,480||179.78||264||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.sakuragawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hokota, Ibaraki|Hokota]]||50,869||203.90||249||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.hokota.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasama, Ibaraki|Kasama]]||80,646||240.27||336||2006-03-19||[http://www.city.kasama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsukubamirai, Ibaraki|Tsukubamirai]]||41,957||79.14||530||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.tsukubamirai.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Omitama, Ibaraki|Omitama]]||52,834||140.21||377||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.omitama.lg.jp/] |} == Ishikawa == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://toukei.pref.ishikawa.jp/search/min.asp?sc_id=10 いしかわ統計指標ランド 石川県の統計情報ポータルサイト<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Kanazawa, Ishikawa|Kanazawa]]||455,595||467.77||974||1889-04-01||[http://www4.city.kanazawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nanao, Ishikawa|Nanao]]||60,140||317.96||189||1939-07-20||[http://www.city.nanao.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komatsu, Ishikawa|Komatsu]]||109,285||371.13||294||1940-12-01||[http://www.city.komatsu.ishikawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031018035511/http://www.city.komatsu.ishikawa.jp/ |date=2003-10-18 }} |- |align="left"|[[Suzu, Ishikawa|Suzu]]||17,111||247.20||69.2||1954-07-15||[http://www.city.suzu.ishikawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hakui, Ishikawa|Hakui]]||23,963||81.96||292||1958-07-01||[http://www.city.hakui.ishikawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kahoku, Ishikawa|Kahoku]]||34,747||64.76||537||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.kahoku.ishikawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hakusan, Ishikawa|Hakusan]]||110,563||755.17||146||2005-02-01||[http://www.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219135937/http://www.city.hakusan.ishikawa.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nomi, Ishikawa|Nomi]]||48,106||83.85||574||2005-02-01||[http://www.city.nomi.ishikawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090521152917/http://www.city.nomi.ishikawa.jp/english/ |date=2009-05-21 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kaga, Ishikawa|Kaga]]||73,745||306.00||241||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kaga.ishikawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Wajima, Ishikawa|Wajima]]||31,532||426.25||74.0||2006-02-01||[http://www.city.wajima.ishikawa.jp/] |} == Iwate == * population:2008-01-01<ref>http://www2.pref.iwate.jp/h/hp0206/ToukeiDB.nsf/A_ResultChousa?OpenAgent&C=I002 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218143311/http://www2.pref.iwate.jp/h/hp0206/ToukeiDB.nsf/A_ResultChousa?OpenAgent&C=I002 |date=2006-02-18 }} 毎月人口推計の概要</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Morioka, Iwate|Morioka]]||299,746||886.47||338||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.morioka.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kamaishi, Iwate|Kamaishi]]||41,348||441.42||93.7||1937-05-05||[http://www.city.kamaishi.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ofunato</span>[[Ōfunato, Iwate|Ōfunato]]||42,119||323.28||130||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.ofunato.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Rikuzentakata, Iwate|Rikuzentakata]]||23,961||232.29||103||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.rikuzentakata.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitakami, Iwate|Kitakami]]||94,806||437.55||217||1991-04-01||[http://www.city.kitakami.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyako, Iwate|Miyako]]||58,342||696.82||83.7||2005-06-06||[http://www.city.miyako.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hachimantai, Iwate|Hachimantai]]||29,993||862.25||34.8||2005-09-01||[http://www.city.hachimantai.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ichinoseki, Iwate|Ichinoseki]]||123,155||1,133.10||109||2005-09-20||[http://www.city.ichinoseki.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tono</span>[[Tōno, Iwate|Tōno]]||30,587||825.62||37.0||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.tono.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hanamaki, Iwate|Hanamaki]]||103,718||908.32||114||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.hanamaki.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ninohe, Iwate|Ninohe]]||30,685||420.31||73.0||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.ninohe.iwate.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100309140524/http://www.city.ninohe.iwate.jp/ |date=2010-03-09 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oshu</span>[[Ōshū, Iwate|Ōshū]]||128,273||993.35||129||2006-02-20||[http://www.city.oshu.iwate.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kuji, Iwate|Kuji]]||37,824||623.14||60.7||2006-03-06||[http://www.city.kuji.iwate.jp/] |} == Kagawa == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/toukei/Population.htm |title=統計速報(香川県推計人口及び人口移動)<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080129073738/http://www.pref.kagawa.jp/toukei/Population.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Takamatsu, Kagawa|Takamatsu]]||418,557||375.11||1,116||1890-02-15||[http://www.city.takamatsu.kagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Marugame, Kagawa|Marugame]]||110,550||111.79||989||1899-04-01||[http://www.city.marugame.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakaide, Kagawa|Sakaide]]||56,501||92.46||611||1942-07-01||[http://www.city.sakaide.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Zentsuji</span>[[Zentsūji, Kagawa|Zentsūji]]||35,180||39.88||882||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.zentsuji.kagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sanuki, Kagawa|Sanuki]]||54,832||158.90||345||2002-04-01||[http://www.city.sanuki.kagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashikagawa, Kagawa|Higashikagawa]]||34,953||153.35||228||2003-04-01||[http://www.higashikagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mitoyo, Kagawa|Mitoyo]]||69,997||222.66||314||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.mitoyo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kan'onji, Kagawa|Kan'onji]]||64,020||117.47||545||2007-03-12||[http://www.city.kanonji.kagawa.jp/] |} == Kagoshima == * population:2008-01-01<ref>http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/tokei/bunya/jinko/suikei/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080311024207/http://www.pref.kagoshima.jp/tokei/bunya/jinko/suikei/index.html |date=2008-03-11 }} 鹿児島県毎月推計人口</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Kagoshima, Kagoshima|Kagoshima]]||605,196||547.06||1,106||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kagoshima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kanoya, Kagoshima|Kanoya]]||105,673||448.33||236||1941-05-27||[http://www.e-kanoya.net/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918223533/http://www.e-kanoya.net/ |date=2007-09-18 }} |- |align="left"|[[Makurazaki, Kagoshima|Makurazaki]]||24,400||74.88||326||1949-09-01||[http://www.city.makurazaki.kagoshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akune, Kagoshima|Akune]]||24,166||134.30||180||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.akune.kagoshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Izumi, Kagoshima]]||56,851||330.06||172||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.izumi.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030928012037/http://www.city.izumi.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2003-09-28 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Okuchi</span>[[Ōkuchi, Kagoshima|Ōkuchi]]||21,504||291.89||73.7||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.okuchi.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040323151701/http://www.city.okuchi.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2004-03-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Ibusuki, Kagoshima|Ibusuki]]||45,455||149.01||305||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.ibusuki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minamisatsuma, Kagoshima|Minamisatsuma]]||40,386||283.35||143||1954-07-15||[http://www.city.minamisatsuma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nishinoomote, Kagoshima|Nishinoomote]]||17,666||205.75||85.9||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.nishinoomote.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011212628/http://www.city.nishinoomote.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2003-10-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tarumizu, Kagoshima|Tarumizu]]||18,078||162.01||112||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.tarumizu.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222130952/http://www.city.tarumizu.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2007-02-22 }} |- |align="left"|[[Satsumasendai, Kagoshima|Satsumasendai]]||100,730||683.50||147||2004-10-12||[http://www.city.satsumasendai.kagoshima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041020012842/http://www.city.satsumasendai.kagoshima.jp/ |date=2004-10-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Hioki, Kagoshima|Hioki]]||51,472||253.06||203||2005-05-01||[http://www.city.hioki.kagoshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Soo, Kagoshima|Soo]]||41,179||390.39||105||2005-07-01||[http://www.city.soo.kagoshima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ichikikushikino, Kagoshima|Ichikikushikino]]||32,079||112.04||286||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.ichikikushikino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kirishima, Kagoshima|Kirishima]]||127,726||603.68||212||2005-11-07||[http://www.city-kirishima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shibushi, Kagoshima|Shibushi]]||34,105||289.93||118||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.shibushi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Amami, Kagoshima|Amami]]||48,116||306.20||157||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.amami.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Minamikyushu</span>[[Minamikyūshū, Kagoshima|Minamikyūshū]]||40,891||357.85||114||2007-12-01||[http://www.city.minamikyushu.lg.jp/] |} == Kanagawa == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/tokei/tokei/204/jinko.html |title=神奈川県の人口と世帯 : 神奈川県<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2012-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424041142/http://www.pref.kanagawa.jp/tokei/tokei/204/jinko.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Yokohama]]||3,631,236||437.38||8,302||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.yokohama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yokosuka, Kanagawa|Yokosuka]]||421,397||100.68||4,186||1907-02-15||[http://www.city.yokosuka.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]]||1,373,630||142.70||9,626||1924-07-01||[http://www.city.kawasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hiratsuka, Kanagawa|Hiratsuka]]||260,419||67.83||3,839||1932-04-01||[http://www.city.hiratsuka.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kamakura, Kanagawa|Kamakura]]||173,588||39.60||4,384||1939-11-03||[http://www.city.kamakura.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa]]||402,628||69.51||5,792||1940-10-01||[http://www.city.fujisawa.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Odawara, Kanagawa|Odawara]]||198,841||114.09||1,743||1940-12-20||[http://www.city.odawara.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chigasaki, Kanagawa|Chigasaki]]||231,005||35.71||6,469||1947-10-01||[http://www.city.chigasaki.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Zushi, Kanagawa|Zushi]]||58,654||17.34||3,383||1954-04-15||[http://www.city.zushi.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sagamihara, Kanagawa|Sagamihara]]||706,342||328.84||2,148||1954-11-20||[http://www.city.sagamihara.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miura, Kanagawa|Miura]]||49,371||32.28||1,529||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.miura.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hadano, Kanagawa|Hadano]]||169,201||103.61||1,633||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.hadano.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Atsugi, Kanagawa|Atsugi]]||225,163||93.83||2,400||1955-02-01||[http://www.city.atsugi.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yamato, Kanagawa|Yamato]]||223,127||27.06||8,246||1959-02-01||[http://www.city.yamato.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Isehara, Kanagawa|Isehara]]||100,779||55.52||1,815||1971-03-01||[http://www.city.isehara.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ebina, Kanagawa|Ebina]]||126,035||26.48||4,760||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.ebina.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Zama, Kanagawa|Zama]]||127,582||17.58||7,257||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.zama.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minamiashigara, Kanagawa|Minamiashigara]]||44,285||76.93||576||1972-04-01||[http://www.city.minamiashigara.kanagawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ayase, Kanagawa|Ayase]]||82,083||22.28||3,684||1978-11-01||[http://www.city.ayase.kanagawa.jp/] |} == Kōchi == * population:2008-02-29<ref>[http://www.pref.kochi.jp/~toukei/index.htm 住民基本台帳人口移動]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kochi</span>[[Kōchi, Kōchi|Kōchi]]||342,944||309.22||1,109||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kochi.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sukumo, Kōchi|Sukumo]]||23,771||286.11||83.1||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.sukumo.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Aki, Kōchi|Aki]]||20,555||317.34||64.8||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.aki.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tosashimizu, Kōchi|Tosashimizu]]||17,421||266.54||65.4||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.tosashimizu.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Susaki, Kōchi|Susaki]]||25,679||135.46||190||1954-10-01||[http://www.city.susaki.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tosa, Kōchi|Tosa]]||29,726||91.59||325||1959-01-01||[http://www.inforyoma.or.jp/tosashi/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051212060935/http://www.inforyoma.or.jp/tosashi/ |date=2005-12-12 }} |- |align="left"|[[Muroto, Kōchi|Muroto]]||17,683||248.25||71.2||1959-03-01||[http://www.city.muroto.kochi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nankoku, Kōchi|Nankoku]]||50,315||125.35||401||1959-10-01||[http://www.city.nankoku.kochi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031008163502/http://www.city.nankoku.kochi.jp/ |date=2003-10-08 }} |- |align="left"|[[Shimanto, Kōchi|Shimanto]]||37,182||632.42||58.8||2005-04-10||[http://www.city.shimanto.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kami, Kōchi|Kami]]||29,144||538.22||54.1||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.kami.kochi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121031134322/http://www.city.kami.kochi.jp/ |date=2012-10-31 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Konan</span>[[Kōnan, Kōchi]]||34,084||126.49||269||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.kochi-konan.lg.jp/] |} == Kumamoto == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/statistics/jinko/jinko/geppo.htm |title=熊本県の人口と世帯数 月報<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2001-11-20 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20011120195824/http://www.pref.kumamoto.jp/statistics/jinko/jinko/geppo.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Kumamoto, Kumamoto|Kumamoto]]||670,348||267.23||2,509||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kumamoto.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423003228/http://www.city.kumamoto.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2003-04-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yatsushiro, Kumamoto|Yatsushiro]]||134,491||680.59||198||1940-09-01||[http://www.city.yatsushiro.kumamoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hitoyoshi, Kumamoto|Hitoyoshi]]||36,556||210.55||174||1942-02-11||[http://www.city.hitoyoshi.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401162749/http://www.city.hitoyoshi.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2010-04-01 }} |- |align="left"|[[Arao, Kumamoto|Arao]]||55,505||57.15||971||1942-04-01||[http://www.city.arao.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050829091234/http://www.city.arao.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2005-08-29 }} |- |align="left"|[[Minamata, Kumamoto|Minamata]]||28,123||162.88||173||1949-04-01||[http://www.minamatacity.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tamana, Kumamoto|Tamana]]||70,747||152.55||464||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tamana.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yamaga, Kumamoto|Yamaga]]||56,741||299.67||189||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.yamaga.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050126040213/http://city.yamaga.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2005-01-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kikuchi, Kumamoto|Kikuchi]]||51,471||276.66||186||1958-08-01||[http://www.city.kikuchi.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919121754/http://www.city.kikuchi.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2011-09-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Uto, Kumamoto|Uto]]||37,897||74.19||511||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.uto.kumamoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716212732/http://www.city.uto.kumamoto.jp/ |date=2012-07-16 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kamiamakusa, Kumamoto|Kamiamakusa]]||31,051||126.13||246||2004-03-31||[http://www.kamiamakusa-c.kumamoto-sgn.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090224085647/http://www.kamiamakusa-c.kumamoto-sgn.jp/ |date=2009-02-24 }} |- |align="left"|[[Uki, Kumamoto|Uki]]||62,718||188.56||333||2005-01-15||[http://www.city.uki.kumamoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Aso, Kumamoto|Aso]]||29,149||376.25||77.5||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.aso.kumamoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Koshi</span>[[Kōshi, Kumamoto|Kōshi]]||53,490||53.17||1,006||2006-02-27||[http://www.city.koshi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Amakusa, Kumamoto|Amakusa]]||93,047||683.17||136||2006-03-27||[http://www.city.amakusa.kumamoto.jp/] |} == Kyoto == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/tokei/data/a0300i.html |title=Archive copy |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080225175115/http://www.pref.kyoto.jp/tokei/data/a0300i.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Kyoto, Kyoto|Kyoto]]||1,468,906||827.90||1,774||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.kyoto.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukuchiyama, Kyoto|Fukuchiyama]]||80,836||552.57||146||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.fukuchiyama.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Maizuru, Kyoto|Maizuru]]||90,461||342.15||264||1943-05-27||[http://www.city.maizuru.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ayabe, Kyoto|Ayabe]]||37,081||347.11||107||1950-08-01||[http://www.city.ayabe.kyoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210163241/http://www.city.ayabe.kyoto.jp/ |date=2007-02-10 }} |- |align="left"|[[Uji, Kyoto|Uji]]||191,297||67.55||2,832||1951-03-01||[http://www.city.uji.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyazu, Kyoto|Miyazu]]||20,565||169.32||121||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.miyazu.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kameoka, Kyoto|Kameoka]]||93,641||224.90||416||1955-01-01||[http://www.city.kameoka.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Joyo</span>[[Jōyō, Kyoto|Jōyō]]||80,795||32.74||2,468||1972-05-03||[http://www.city.joyo.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Muko</span>[[Mukō, Kyoto|Mukō]]||55,137||7.67||7,189||1972-10-01||[http://www.city.muko.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nagaokakyo</span>[[Nagaokakyō, Kyoto|Nagaokakyō]]||79,031||19.18||4,120||1972-10-01||[http://www.city.nagaokakyo.kyoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051125110930/http://www.city.nagaokakyo.kyoto.jp/ |date=2005-11-25 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yawata, Kyoto|Yawata]]||73,822||24.37||3,029||1977-11-01||[http://www.city.yawata.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kyotanabe</span>[[Kyōtanabe, Kyoto|Kyōtanabe]]||65,211||42.94||1,519||1997-04-01||[http://www.kyotanabe.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121013120104/http://www.kyotanabe.jp/ |date=2012-10-13 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kyotango</span>[[Kyōtango, Kyoto|Kyōtango]]||60,980||501.84||122||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.kyotango.kyoto.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121008195221/http://www.city.kyotango.kyoto.jp/ |date=2012-10-08 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nantan, Kyoto|Nantan]]||35,937||616.31||58.3||2006-06-01||[http://www.city.nantan.kyoto.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kizugawa, Kyoto|Kizugawa]]||66,783||85.12||785||2007-03-12||[http://www.city.kizugawa.lg.jp/] |} == Mi == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.mie.jp/DATABOX/library.htm#jinko |title=みえDataBox（データライブラリ）毎月調査<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-03-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080306000722/http://www.pref.mie.jp/databox/library.htm#jinko |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Yokkaichi, Mi|Yokkaichi]]||306,584||205.53||1,492||1897-08-01||[http://www.city.yokkaichi.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Matsusaka, Mi|Matsusaka]]||169,571||623.82||272||1933-02-01||[http://www.city.matsusaka.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kuwana, Mi|Kuwana]]||140,816||136.61||1,031||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.kuwana.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Suzuka, Mi|Suzuka]]||197,437||194.67||1,014||1942-12-01||[http://www.city.suzuka.mie.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217195322/http://www.city.suzuka.mie.jp/ |date=2007-02-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nabari, Mi|Nabari]]||81,184||129.76||626||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.nabari.mie.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070222100242/http://www.city.nabari.mie.jp/ |date=2007-02-22 }} |- |align="left"|[[Owase, Mi|Owase]]||21,272||193.16||110||1954-06-20||[http://www.city.owase.mie.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706130035/http://www.city.owase.mie.jp/ |date=2007-07-06 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kameyama, Mi|Kameyama]]||50,304||190.91||263||1954-10-01||[http://www.city.kameyama.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toba, Mi|Toba]]||22,286||107.98||206||1954-11-01||[http://www.city.toba.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Inabe, Mi|Inabe]]||46,676||219.58||213||2003-12-01||[http://www.city.inabe.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shima, Mi|Shima]]||56,758||179.70||316||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.shima.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iga, Mi|Iga]]||99,662||558.17||179||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.iga.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ise, Mi|Ise]]||133,547||208.53||640||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.ise.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kumano, Mi|Kumano]]||20,477||373.63||54.8||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.kumano.mie.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsu, Mi|Tsu]]||289,215||710.81||407||2006-01-01||[http://www.info.city.tsu.mie.jp/] |} == Miyagi == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/toukei/toukeidata/zinkou/jinkou/suikei_top/suikei_top.htm |title=宮城県/統計課/統計データ/宮城県推計人口（月報）<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2011-03-22 |archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110322131800/http://www.pref.miyagi.jp/toukei/toukeidata/zinkou/jinkou/suikei_top/suikei_top.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Sendai, Miyagi|Sendai]]||1,029,552||783.54||1,314||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.sendai.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ishinomaki, Miyagi|Ishinomaki]]||163,840||555.77||295||1933-04-01||[http://www.city.ishinomaki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shiogama, Miyagi|Shiogama]]||58,057||17.86||3,251||1941-11-23||[http://www.city.shiogama.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shiroishi, Miyagi|Shiroishi]]||38,629||286.47||135||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.shiroishi.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Natori, Miyagi|Natori]]||69,610||100.06||696||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.natori.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kakuda, Miyagi|Kakuda]]||32,559||147.58||221||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.kakuda.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tagajo</span>[[Tagajō, Miyagi|Tagajō]]||63,200||19.65||3,216||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.tagajo.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwanuma, Miyagi|Iwanuma]]||44,595||60.72||734||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.iwanuma.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tome, Miyagi|Tome]]||86,940||536.38||162||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.tome.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kurihara, Miyagi|Kurihara]]||77,862||804.93||96.7||2005-04-01||[http://www.kuriharacity.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashimatsushima, Miyagi|Higashimatsushima]]||43,238||101.86||424||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.higashimatsushima.miyagi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kesennuma, Miyagi|Kesennuma]]||64,578||226.67||285||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.kesennuma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Osaki</span>[[Ōsaki, Miyagi|Ōsaki]]||137,164||796.76||172||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.osaki.miyagi.jp/] |} == Miyazaki == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/contents/org/honbu/toukei/jinko-setai/index.html |title=市町村別人口と世帯数 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080219020019/http://www.pref.miyazaki.lg.jp/contents/org/honbu/toukei/jinko-setai/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Miyazaki, Miyazaki|Miyazaki]]||369,473||596.80||619||1924-04-01||[http://www.city.miyazaki.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Miyakonojo</span>[[Miyakonojō, Miyazaki|Miyakonojō]]||169,384||653.31||259||1924-04-01||[http://www.city.miyakonojo.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nobeoka, Miyazaki|Nobeoka]]||132,480||867.97||153||1933-02-11||[http://www.city.nobeoka.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nichinan, Miyazaki|Nichinan]]||43,264||294.46||147||1950-01-01||[http://www.city-nichinan.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113133737/http://www.city-nichinan.jp/ |date=2008-01-13 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kobayashi, Miyazaki|Kobayashi]]||40,514||474.23||85.4||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.kobayashi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hyuga</span>[[Hyūga, Miyazaki|Hyūga]]||63,066||336.29||188||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.hyuga.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kushima, Miyazaki|Kushima]]||21,386||294.96||72.5||1954-11-03||[http://www.city.kushima.miyazaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saito, Miyazaki|Saito]]||33,290||438.56||75.9||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.saito.miyazaki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030928215807/http://www.city.saito.miyazaki.jp/ |date=2003-09-28 }} |- |align="left"|[[Ebino, Miyazaki|Ebino]]||22,445||283.00||79.3||1970-12-01||[http://www.city.ebino.lg.jp/] |} == Nagano == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www3.pref.nagano.jp/toukei1/jinkou/jinkou_1.htm |title=毎月人口異動調査結果 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614041638/http://www3.pref.nagano.jp/toukei1/jinkou/jinkou_1.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Matsumoto, Nagano|Matsumoto]]||227,392||919.35||247||1907-05-01||[http://www.city.matsumoto.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Okaya, Nagano|Okaya]]||53,722||85.14||631||1936-04-01||[http://www.city.okaya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Suwa, Nagano|Suwa]]||52,671||109.06||483||1941-08-10||[http://www.city.suwa.nagano.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050617013039/http://www.city.suwa.nagano.jp/ |date=2005-06-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Suzaka, Nagano|Suzaka]]||53,097||149.84||354||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.suzaka.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komoro, Nagano|Komoro]]||45,333||98.66||459||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.komoro.nagano.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914050105/http%3A//www.city.komoro.nagano.jp/ |date=2002-09-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Komagane, Nagano|Komagane]]||34,696||165.92||209||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.komagane.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Omachi</span>[[Ōmachi, Nagano|Ōmachi]]||31,276||564.99||55.4||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.omachi.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iiyama, Nagano|Iiyama]]||24,155||202.32||119||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.iiyama.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iida, Nagano|Iida]]||107,129||658.76||163||1956-09-30||[http://www.city.iida.nagano.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831091330/http://www.city.iida.nagano.jp/ |date=2009-08-31 }} |- |align="left"|[[Chino, Nagano|Chino]]||57,363||266.41||215||1958-08-01||[http://www.city.chino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shiojiri, Nagano|Shiojiri]]||67,781||290.13||234||1959-04-01||[http://www.city.shiojiri.nagano.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010720092104/http://www.city.shiojiri.nagano.jp/ |date=2001-07-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nagano, Nagano|Nagano]]||378,204||730.83||517||1966-10-16||[http://www.city.nagano.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chikuma, Nagano|Chikuma]]||63,305||119.84||528||2003-09-01||[http://www.city.chikuma.nagano.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030901020411/http://www.city.chikuma.nagano.jp/ |date=2003-09-01 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tomi</span>[[Tōmi, Nagano|Tōmi]]||31,211||112.30||278||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.tomi.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nakano, Nagano|Nakano]]||46,295||112.06||413||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.nakano.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saku, Nagano|Saku]]||100,077||423.99||236||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.saku.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Azumino, Nagano|Azumino]]||97,084||331.82||293||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.azumino.nagano.jp] |- |align="left"|[[Ueda, Nagano|Ueda]]||161,887||552.00||293||2006-03-06||[http://www.city.ueda.nagano.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ina, Nagano|Ina]]||71,937||667.81||108||2006-03-31||[http://www.inacity.jp/] |} == Nagasaki == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.nagasaki.jp/toukei/new_date/nen_geppou/tuki/kokuseichousa/suikei/suikei.htm 長崎県公式ウェブサイト｜長崎県の統計長崎県統計課のホームページへようこそ世帯数と推計人口<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Nagasaki, Nagasaki|Nagasaki]]||448,792||406.37||1,104||1889-04-01||[http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151230090651/http://www1.city.nagasaki.nagasaki.jp/ |date=2015-12-30 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sasebo, Nagasaki|Sasebo]]||254,650||364.00||700||1902-04-01||[http://www.city.sasebo.nagasaki.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040702014029/http://www.city.sasebo.nagasaki.jp/ |date=2004-07-02 }} |- |align="left"|[[Shimabara, Nagasaki|Shimabara]]||48,953||82.77||591||1940-04-01||[http://www.city.shimabara.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Omura</span>[[Ōmura, Nagasaki|Ōmura]]||89,650||126.34||710||1942-02-11||[http://www.city.omura.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsushima, Nagasaki]]||36,347||708.81||51.3||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.tsushima.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iki, Nagasaki|Iki]]||30,352||138.50||219||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.iki.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Goto</span>[[Gotō, Nagasaki|Gotō]]||42,447||420.77||101||2004-08-01||[http://www.city.goto.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Isahaya, Nagasaki|Isahaya]]||142,635||312.24||457||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.isahaya.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saikai, Nagasaki|Saikai]]||32,737||241.95||135||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.saikai.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hirado, Nagasaki|Hirado]]||36,785||235.63||156||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.hirado.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416075114/http://www.city.hirado.lg.jp/ |date=2009-04-16 }} |- |align="left"|[[Unzen, Nagasaki|Unzen]]||48,701||206.92||235||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.unzen.nagasaki.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Matsuura, Nagasaki|Matsuura]]||26,007||130.35||200||2006-01-01||[http://www.city-matsuura.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minamishimabara, Nagasaki|Minamishimabara]]||52,347||169.88||308||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.Minamishimabara.lg.jp/] |} == Nara == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.nara.jp/pro/toukei/group/jinkou/jinkou.htm |title=各種人口統計<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080118064416/http://www.pref.nara.jp/pro/toukei/group/jinkou/jinkou.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Nara, Nara|Nara]]||367,393||276.84||1,327||1898-02-01||[http://www.city.nara.nara.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031008220336/http://www.city.nara.nara.jp/ |date=2003-10-08 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yamatotakada, Nara|Yamatotakada]]||69,473||16.49||4,213||1948-01-01||[http://www.city.yamatotakada.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Yamatokoriyama</span>[[Yamatokōriyama, Nara|Yamatokōriyama]]||90,223||42.68||2,114||1954-01-01||[http://www.city.yamatokoriyama.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tenri, Nara|Tenri]]||70,702||86.37||819||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tenri.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashihara, Nara|Kashihara]]||124,679||39.52||3,155||1956-02-11||[http://www.city.kashihara.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakurai, Nara|Sakurai]]||60,699||98.92||614||1956-09-01||[http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20020914050354/http%3A//www.city.sakurai.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gojo</span>[[Gojō, Nara|Gojō]]||36,002||292.05||123||1957-10-15||[http://www.city.gojo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Gose, Nara|Gose]]||31,160||60.58||514||1958-03-31||[http://www.city.gose.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ikoma, Nara|Ikoma]]||115,359||53.18||2,169||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.ikoma.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashiba, Nara|Kashiba]]||72,967||24.23||3,011||1991-10-01||[http://www.city.kashiba.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katsuragi, Nara|Katsuragi]]||35,194||33.73||1,043||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.katsuragi.nara.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uda, Nara|Uda]]||35,895||247.62||145||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.uda.nara.jp/] |} == Niigata == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.niigata.lg.jp/tokei/1194797750548.html |title=新潟県庁：新潟県人口移動調査（推計人口および人口移動）<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221042515/http://www.pref.niigata.lg.jp/tokei/1194797750548.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Niigata, Niigata|Niigata]]||813,053||726.10||1,120||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nagaoka, Niigata|Nagaoka]]||281,222||840.88||334||1906-04-01||[http://www.city.nagaoka.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashiwazaki, Niigata|Kashiwazaki]]||93,506||442.70||211||1940-07-01||[http://www.city.kashiwazaki.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031011010046/http://www.city.kashiwazaki.niigata.jp/ |date=2003-10-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Shibata, Niigata|Shibata]]||103,490||532.82||194||1947-01-01||[http://www.city.shibata.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031017121056/http://www.city.shibata.niigata.jp/ |date=2003-10-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Ojiya, Niigata|Ojiya]]||39,304||155.12||253||1954-03-10||[http://www.city.ojiya.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kamo, Niigata|Kamo]]||30,800||133.68||230||1954-03-10||[http://www.city.kamo.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mitsuke, Niigata|Mitsuke]]||42,139||77.96||541||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.mitsuke.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Murakami, Niigata|Murakami]]||30,197||142.12||212||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.murakami.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050828083750/http://www.city.murakami.niigata.jp/ |date=2005-08-28 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Myoko</span>[[Myōkō, Niigata|Myōkō]]||36,837||445.52||82.7||1954-11-01||[http://www.city.myoko.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Joetsu</span>[[Jōetsu, Niigata|Jōetsu]]||206,175||973.32||212||1971-04-29||[http://www.city.joetsu.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sado, Niigata|Sado]]||65,037||855.26||76.0||2004-03-01||[http://www.city.sado.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Agano, Niigata|Agano]]||46,158||192.72||240||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.agano.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uonuma, Niigata|Uonuma]]||42,334||946.93||44.7||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.uonuma.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927014907/http://www.city.uonuma.niigata.jp/uogaku/ |date=2007-09-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Minamiuonuma, Niigata|Minamiuonuma]]||62,518||584.82||107||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.minamiuonuma.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Itoigawa, Niigata|Itoigawa]]||48,653||746.24||65.2||2005-03-19||[http://www.city.itoigawa.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040615224305/http://www.city.itoigawa.niigata.jp/ |date=2004-06-15 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tokamachi</span>[[Tōkamachi, Niigata|Tōkamachi]]||60,480||589.92||103||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.tokamachi.niigata.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160129140601/http://www.city.tokamachi.niigata.jp/ |date=2016-01-29 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Sanjo</span>[[Sanjō, Niigata|Sanjō]]||103,199||432.01||239||2005-05-01||[http://www.city.sanjo.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tainai, Niigata|Tainai]]||32,165||265.18||121||2005-09-01||[http://www.city.tainai.niigata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Gosen, Niigata|Gosen]]||55,936||351.87||159||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.gosen.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsubame, Niigata|Tsubame]]||82,910||110.88||748||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.tsubame.niigata.jp/] |} == Ōita == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.oita.jp/10800/chosakekka/jinko/index.html 各種統計調査結果／毎月流動人口調査<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oita</span>[[Ōita, Ōita|Ōita]]||467,267||501.25||932||1911-04-01||[http://www.city.oita.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Beppu, Ōita|Beppu]]||127,345||125.15||1,018||1924-04-01||[http://www.city.beppu.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nakatsu, Ōita|Nakatsu]]||84,179||491.09||171||1929-04-20||[http://www.city-nakatsu.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hita, Ōita|Hita]]||72,601||666.19||109||1940-12-11||[http://www.city.hita.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saiki, Ōita|Saiki]]||78,675||903.44||87.1||1941-04-29||[http://www.city.saiki.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Usuki, Ōita|Usuki]]||42,464||291.07||146||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.usuki.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsukumi, Ōita|Tsukumi]]||20,561||79.53||259||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.tsukumi.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Taketa, Ōita|Taketa]]||25,449||477.59||53.3||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.taketa.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Bungotakada, Ōita|Bungotakada]]||24,484||206.64||118||1954-05-31||[http://www.city.bungotakada.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Usa, Ōita|Usa]]||59,971||439.12||137||1967-04-01||[http://www.city.usa.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Bungo-ono</span>[[Bungo-ōno, Ōita|Bungo-ōno]]||40,409||603.36||67.0||2005-03-31||[http://www.bungo-ohno.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kitsuki, Ōita|Kitsuki]]||33,465||280.01||120||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kitsuki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yufu, Ōita|Yufu]]||35,298||319.16||111||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.yufu.oita.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kunisaki, Ōita|Kunisaki]]||33,473||317.81||105||2006-03-31||[http://www.city.kunisaki.oita.jp/] |} == Okayama == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.okayama.jp/soshiki/kakuka.html?sec_sec1=15 |title=岡山県統計管理課　毎月流動人口調査 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2011-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106122221/http://www.pref.okayama.jp/soshiki/kakuka.html?sec_sec1=15 |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Okayama, Okayama|Okayama]]||701,293||789.91||887||1889-06-01||[http://www.city.okayama.okayama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091019083515/http://www.city.okayama.okayama.jp/ |date=2009-10-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kurashiki, Okayama|Kurashiki]]||472,452||354.71||1,332||1928-04-01||[http://www.city.kurashiki.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsuyama, Okayama|Tsuyama]]||109,493||506.36||216||1929-02-11||[http://www.city.tsuyama.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820085908/http://www.city.tsuyama.lg.jp/ |date=2012-08-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tamano, Okayama|Tamano]]||65,723||103.63||634||1940-08-03||[http://www.city.tamano.okayama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031014090840/http://www.city.tamano.okayama.jp/ |date=2003-10-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kasaoka, Okayama|Kasaoka]]||55,987||136.03||412||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.kasaoka.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ibara, Okayama|Ibara]]||44,423||243.36||183||1953-04-01||[http://www.city.ibara.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Soja</span>[[Sōja, Okayama|Sōja]]||66,789||212.00||315||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.soja.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takahashi, Okayama|Takahashi]]||37,573||547.01||68.7||1954-05-01||[http://www.city.takahashi.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Niimi, Okayama|Niimi]]||35,022||793.27||44.1||1954-06-01||[http://www.city.niimi.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Bizen, Okayama|Bizen]]||39,117||258.23||151||1971-04-01||[http://www.city.bizen.okayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Setouchi, Okayama|Setouchi]]||38,645||125.53||308||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.setouchi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akaiwa, Okayama|Akaiwa]]||43,742||209.43||209||2005-03-07||[http://www.city.akaiwa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Maniwa, Okayama|Maniwa]]||50,405||828.43||60.8||2005-03-31||[http://www.city.maniwa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mimasaka, Okayama|Mimasaka]]||31,550||429.19||73.5||2005-03-31||[http://www.city.mimasaka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Asakuchi, Okayama|Asakuchi]]||37,108||66.46||558||2006-03-21||[http://www.city.asakuchi.okayama.jp/] |} == Okinawa == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.okinawa.jp/toukeika/estimates/estidata.html ‰«“ꌧ?„Œv?lŒûƒf [ƒ^ˆê—— iExcelŒ`Ž® j<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Naha, Okinawa|Naha]]||314,162||39.23||7,963||1921-05-20||[http://www.city.naha.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ishigaki, Okinawa|Ishigaki]]||46,489||229.00||195||1947-07-10||[http://www.city.ishigaki.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ginowan, Okinawa|Ginowan]]||91,233||19.70||4,569||1962-07-01||[http://www.city.ginowan.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100318044008/http://www.city.ginowan.okinawa.jp/ |date=2010-03-18 }} |- |align="left"|[[Urasoe, Okinawa|Urasoe]]||108,052||19.09||5,516||1970-07-01||[http://www.8761234.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nago, Okinawa|Nago]]||60,598||210.30||278||1970-08-01||[http://www.city.nago.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Itoman, Okinawa|Itoman]]||56,171||46.63||1,200||1971-12-01||[http://www.city.itoman.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031010070538/http://www.city.itoman.okinawa.jp/ |date=2003-10-10 }} |- |align="left"|[[Okinawa, Okinawa|Okinawa]]||128,421||49.00||2,565||1974-04-01||[http://www.city.okinawa.okinawa.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tomigusuku, Okinawa|Tomigusuku]]||54,586||19.45||2,751||2002-04-01||[http://www.city.tomigusuku.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070309075111/http://j2k.naver.com/j2k_frame.php/korean/www.city.tomigusuku.okinawa.jp/ |date=2007-03-09 }} |- |align="left"|[[Uruma, Okinawa|Uruma]]||114,087||86.03||1,313||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.uruma.okinawa.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050520003645/http://www.city.uruma.okinawa.jp/ |date=2005-05-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Miyakojima, Okinawa|Miyakojima]]||52,777||204.54||275||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.miyakojima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nanjo</span>[[Nanjō, Okinawa|Nanjō]]||39,458||49.70||819||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.nanjo.okinawa.jp/] |} == Osaka == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.osaka.jp/toukei/jinkou/index.html |title=大阪府毎月推計人口 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2013-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106023139/http://www.pref.osaka.jp/toukei/jinkou/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Osaka, Osaka|Osaka]]||2,645,305||222.30||11,900||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080404214244/http://www.city.osaka.jp/ |date=2008-04-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sakai, Osaka]]||835,333||149.99||5,569||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.sakai.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111095125/http://www.city.sakai.osaka.jp/ |date=2012-11-11 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kishiwada, Osaka|Kishiwada]]||200,538||72.24||2,776||1922-11-01||[http://www.city.kishiwada.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090103101744/http://www.city.kishiwada.osaka.jp/index_e.html |date=2009-01-03 }} |- |align="left"|[[Toyonaka, Osaka|Toyonaka]]||387,269||36.38||10,645||1936-10-15||[http://www.city.toyonaka.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ikeda, Osaka|Ikeda]]||104,426||22.09||4,727||1939-04-29||[http://www.city.ikeda.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Suita, Osaka|Suita]]||354,600||36.11||9,820||1940-04-01||[http://www.city.suita.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Izumiotsu</span>[[Izumiōtsu, Osaka|Izumiōtsu]]||78,014||12.80||6,095||1942-04-01||[http://www.city.izumiotsu.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030928055053/http://www.city.izumiotsu.osaka.jp/ |date=2003-09-28 }} |- |align="left"|[[Takatsuki, Osaka|Takatsuki]]||354,228||105.31||3,364||1943-01-01||[http://www.city.takatsuki.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kaizuka, Osaka|Kaizuka]]||90,447||43.99||2,056||1943-05-01||[http://www.city.kaizuka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Moriguchi, Osaka|Moriguchi]]||146,294||12.73||11,492||1946-11-01||[http://www.city.moriguchi.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hirakata, Osaka|Hirakata]]||406,201||65.08||6,242||1947-08-01||[http://www.city.hirakata.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ibaraki, Osaka|Ibaraki]]||272,240||76.52||3,558||1948-01-01||[http://www.city.ibaraki.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yao, Osaka|Yao]]||273,244||41.71||6,551||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.yao.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Izumisano, Osaka|Izumisano]]||99,636||55.03||1,811||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.izumisano.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060813172929/http://www.city.izumisano.osaka.jp/ |date=2006-08-13 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tondabayashi, Osaka|Tondabayashi]]||122,205||39.66||3,081||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.tondabayashi.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070226104118/http://www.city.tondabayashi.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-02-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Neyagawa, Osaka|Neyagawa]]||239,029||24.73||9,666||1951-05-03||[http://www.city.neyagawa.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kawachinagano, Osaka|Kawachinagano]]||114,428||109.61||1,044||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.kawachinagano.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Matsubara, Osaka|Matsubara]]||125,274||16.66||7,519||1955-02-01||[http://www.city.matsubara.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219030756/http://www.city.matsubara.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Daito</span>[[Daitō, Osaka|Daitō]]||125,847||18.27||6,888||1956-04-01||[http://www.city.daito.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216082546/http://www.city.daito.osaka.jp/ |date=2008-12-16 }} |- |align="left"|[[Izumi, Osaka]]||179,352||84.98||2,110||1956-09-01||[http://www.city.izumi.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Minoh, Osaka]]||127,757||47.84||2,671||1956-12-01||[http://www.city.minoh.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashiwara, Osaka|Kashiwara]]||75,875||25.39||2,988||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.kashiwara.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Habikino, Osaka|Habikino]]||118,281||26.44||4,474||1959-01-15||[http://www.city.habikino.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040331180616/http://www.city.habikino.osaka.jp/ |date=2004-03-31 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kadoma, Osaka|Kadoma]]||130,026||12.28||10,588||1963-08-01||[http://www.city.kadoma.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Settsu, Osaka|Settsu]]||84,330||14.88||5,667||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.settsu.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takaishi, Osaka|Takaishi]]||60,077||11.35||5,293||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.takaishi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujiidera, Osaka|Fujiidera]]||65,892||8.89||7,412||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.fujiidera.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416203514/http://www.city.fujiidera.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-04-16 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Higashiosaka</span>[[Higashiōsaka, Osaka|Higashiōsaka]]||509,157||61.81||8,237||1967-02-01||[http://www.city.higashiosaka.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031005161739/http://www.city.higashiosaka.osaka.jp/ |date=2003-10-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sennan, Osaka|Sennan]]||64,916||48.48||1,339||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.sennan.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211222511/http://www.city.sennan.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-02-11 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shijonawate</span>[[Shijōnawate, Osaka|Shijōnawate]]||57,239||18.74||3,054||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.shijonawate.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Katano, Osaka|Katano]]||77,853||25.55||3,047||1971-11-03||[http://www.city.katano.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Osakasayama</span>[[Ōsakasayama, Osaka|Ōsakasayama]]||58,661||11.86||4,946||1987-10-01||[http://www.city.osakasayama.osaka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hannan, Osaka|Hannan]]||56,853||36.10||1,575||1991-10-01||[http://www.city.hannan.osaka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070304100204/http://www.city.hannan.osaka.jp/ |date=2007-03-04 }} |} == Saga == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.saga.lg.jp/toukei/php3/houkokusyo/hou_nen.php3?nendo_number=2001&sessionid= |title={{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121219095948/ |date=2012-12-19 }} ƒgƒbƒvƒy &#91;ƒW<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2012-12-19 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121219095948/http://www.pref.saga.lg.jp/toukei/php3/houkokusyo/hou_nen.php3?nendo_number=2001&sessionid= |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Tosu, Saga|Tosu]]||66,842||71.73||932||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tosu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Imari, Saga|Imari]]||57,604||254.99||226||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.imari.saga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kashima, Saga]]||31,326||112.10||279||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.kashima.saga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505115227/http://www.city.kashima.saga.jp/ |date=2010-05-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Taku, Saga|Taku]]||22,165||96.93||229||1954-05-01||[http://www.city.taku.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Karatsu, Saga|Karatsu]]||129,194||487.45||265||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.karatsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ogi, Saga|Ogi]]||45,516||95.85||475||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.ogi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saga, Saga|Saga]]||239,932||431.42||556||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.saga.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ureshino, Saga|Ureshino]]||29,644||126.51||234||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.ureshino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takeo, Saga|Takeo]]||50,788||195.44||260||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.takeo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kanzaki, Saga|Kanzaki]]||33,449||125.01||268||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.kanzaki.saga.jp/] |} == Saitama == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/A01/BP00/03.html |title=埼玉県推計人口 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080221164805/http://www.pref.saitama.lg.jp/A01/BP00/03.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Kawagoe, Saitama|Kawagoe]]||335,693||109.16||3,075||1922-12-01||[http://www.city.kawagoe.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070213071307/http://www.city.kawagoe.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-13 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kawaguchi, Saitama|Kawaguchi]]||492,675||55.75||8,837||1933-04-01||[http://www.city.kawaguchi.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031019041616/http://www.city.kawaguchi.saitama.jp/ |date=2003-10-19 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gyoda</span>[[Gyōda, Saitama|Gyōda]]||87,462||67.37||1,298||1949-05-03||[http://www.city.gyoda.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Chichibu, Saitama|Chichibu]]||69,139||577.69||120||1950-04-01||[http://www.city.chichibu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tokorozawa, Saitama|Tokorozawa]]||338,560||71.99||4,703||1950-11-03||[http://www.city.tokorozawa.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hanno</span>[[Hannō, Saitama|Hannō]]||84,053||193.16||435||1954-01-01||[http://www.city.hanno.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219024658/http://www.city.hanno.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kazo, Saitama|Kazo]]||67,862||59.40||1,142||1954-05-03||[http://www.city.kazo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashimatsuyama, Saitama|Higashimatsuyama]]||90,840||65.33||1,390||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.higashimatsuyama.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031019181622/http://www.city.higashimatsuyama.saitama.jp/ |date=2003-10-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sayama, Saitama|Sayama]]||156,634||49.04||3,194||1954-07-01||[http://www.city.sayama.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hanyu</span>[[Hanyū, Saitama|Hanyū]]||56,820||58.55||970||1954-09-01||[http://www.city.hanyu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Konosu</span>[[Kōnosu, Saitama|Kōnosu]]||119,768||67.49||1,775||1954-09-30||[http://www.city.kounosu.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ageo, Saitama|Ageo]]||222,479||45.55||4,884||1958-07-15||[http://www.city.ageo.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Soka</span>[[Sōka, Saitama|Sōka]]||237,964||27.42||8,678||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.soka.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Koshigaya, Saitama|Koshigaya]]||318,592||60.31||5,283||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.koshigaya.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Warabi, Saitama|Warabi]]||70,410||5.10||13,806||1959-04-01||[http://www.city.warabi.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Toda, Saitama|Toda]]||118,591||18.17||6,527||1966-10-01||[http://www.city.toda.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iruma, Saitama|Iruma]]||148,203||44.74||3,313||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.iruma.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hatogaya, Saitama|Hatogaya]]||60,208||6.22||9,680||1967-03-01||[http://www.city.hatogaya.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031023200804/http://www.city.hatogaya.saitama.jp/ |date=2003-10-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Asaka, Saitama|Asaka]]||126,902||18.38||6,904||1967-03-15||[http://www.city.asaka.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031020205457/http://www.city.asaka.saitama.jp/ |date=2003-10-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Shiki, Saitama|Shiki]]||68,531||9.06||7,564||1970-10-26||[http://www.city.shiki.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Wako</span>[[Wakō, Saitama|Wakō]]||78,575||11.04||7,117||1970-10-31||[http://www.city.wako.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031212090244/http://www.city.wako.saitama.jp/ |date=2003-12-12 }} |- |align="left"|[[Niiza, Saitama|Niiza]]||155,926||22.80||6,839||1970-11-01||[http://www.city.niiza.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061005192843/http://www.city.niiza.saitama.jp/ |date=2006-10-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Okegawa, Saitama|Okegawa]]||74,703||25.26||2,957||1970-11-03||[http://www.city.okegawa.lg.jp/index01.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114142555/http://www.city.okegawa.lg.jp/index01.html |date=2008-01-14 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kuki, Saitama|Kuki]]||71,667||25.35||2,827||1971-10-01||[http://www.city.kuki.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050827001932/http://www.city.kuki.saitama.jp/ |date=2005-08-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kitamoto, Saitama|Kitamoto]]||69,903||19.84||3,523||1971-11-03||[http://www.city.kitamoto.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070224215300/http://www.city.kitamoto.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-24 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yashio, Saitama|Yashio]]||78,601||18.03||4,359||1972-01-15||[http://www.city.yashio.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujimi, Saitama|Fujimi]]||105,286||19.70||5,344||1972-04-10||[http://www.city.fujimi.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Misato, Saitama|Misato]]||128,956||30.16||4,276||1972-05-03||[http://www.city.misato.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hasuda, Saitama|Hasuda]]||63,375||27.27||2,324||1972-10-01||[http://www.city.hasuda.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakado, Saitama|Sakado]]||99,680||40.97||2,433||1976-09-01||[http://www.city.sakado.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Satte, Saitama|Satte]]||53,485||33.95||1,575||1986-10-01||[http://www.city.satte.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219054705/http://www.city.satte.saitama.jp/ |date=2007-02-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tsurugashima, Saitama|Tsurugashima]]||70,131||17.73||3,955||1991-09-01||[http://www.city.tsurugashima.saitama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050717015130/http://www.city.tsurugashima.saitama.jp/ |date=2005-07-17 }} |- |align="left"|[[Hidaka, Saitama|Hidaka]]||55,454||47.50||1,167||1991-10-01||[http://www.city.hidaka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yoshikawa, Saitama|Yoshikawa]]||63,050||31.62||1,994||1996-04-01||[http://www.city.yoshikawa.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Saitama, Saitama|Saitama]]||1,192,418||217.49||5,483||2001-05-01||[http://www.city.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kumagaya, Saitama|Kumagaya]]||204,853||159.88||1,281||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kumagaya.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kasukabe, Saitama|Kasukabe]]||236,854||65.98||3,590||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.kasukabe.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujimino, Saitama|Fujimino]]||103,724||14.67||7,070||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.fujimino.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukaya, Saitama|Fukaya]]||146,128||137.58||1,062||2006-01-01||[http://www.city.fukaya.saitama.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Honjo</span>[[Honjō, Saitama|Honjō]]||81,805||89.71||912||2006-01-10||[http://www.city.honjo.lg.jp/] |} == Shiga == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.shiga.jp/data/population/renew/#jinko |title=滋賀県/滋賀県の人口と世帯数<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216061821/http://www.pref.shiga.jp/data/population/renew/#jinko |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Otsu</span>[[Ōtsu, Shiga|Ōtsu]]||329,024||464.10||709||1898-10-01||[http://www.city.otsu.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hikone, Shiga|Hikone]]||110,945||196.84||564||1937-02-11||[http://www.city.hikone.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501090525/http://www.city.hikone.shiga.jp/ |date=2011-05-01 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Omihachiman</span>[[Ōmihachiman, Shiga|Ōmihachiman]]||69,116||153.09||451||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.omihachiman.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kusatsu, Shiga|Kusatsu]]||123,512||67.92||1,818||1954-10-15||[http://www.city.kusatsu.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Moriyama, Shiga|Moriyama]]||74,263||54.81||1,355||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.moriyama.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161023173417/http://www.city.moriyama.shiga.jp/ |date=2016-10-23 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ritto</span>[[Rittō, Shiga|Rittō]]||62,353||52.75||1,182||2001-10-01||[http://www.city.ritto.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Koka</span>[[Kōka, Shiga|Kōka]]||94,007||481.69||195||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.koka.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206022438/http://www.city.koka.shiga.jp/ |date=2008-02-06 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yasu, Shiga|Yasu]]||49,821||81.07||615||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.yasu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Konan, Shiga]]||55,144||70.49||782||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.konan.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Takashima, Shiga|Takashima]]||52,967||693.00||76.4||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.takashima.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060218063311/http://www.city.takashima.shiga.jp/ |date=2006-02-18 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Higashiomi</span>[[Higashiōmi, Shiga|Higashiōmi]]||117,487||388.58||302||2005-02-11||[http://www.city.higashiomi.shiga.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Maibara, Shiga|Maibara]]||40,757||250.46||163||2005-02-14||[http://www.city.maibara.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830215037/http://www.city.maibara.shiga.jp/ |date=2009-08-30 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nagahama, Shiga|Nagahama]]||83,555||247.01||338||2006-02-13||[http://www.city.nagahama.shiga.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161230232547/http://www.city.nagahama.shiga.jp/ |date=2016-12-30 }} |} == Shimane == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.toukeika.pref.shimane.jp/toukei/st0/st0100.asp |title=しまね統計情報データベース　新着情報 今月の統計 推計人口（市町村別） |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410125028/http://www.toukeika.pref.shimane.jp/toukei/st0/st0100.asp |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Matsue, Shimane|Matsue]]||195,875||530.27||369||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.matsue.shimane.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180125141356/http://www.city.matsue.shimane.jp/ |date=2018-01-25 }} |- |align="left"|[[Izumo, Shimane|Izumo]]||146,115||543.48||269||1941-11-03||[http://www.city.izumo.shimane.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Masuda, Shimane|Masuda]]||50,980||733.16||69.5||1952-08-01||[http://www.iwami.or.jp/masudasi/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071125210121/http://www.iwami.or.jp/masudasi/ |date=2007-11-25 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yasugi, Shimane|Yasugi]]||42,997||420.97||102||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.yasugi.shimane.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gotsu</span>[[Gōtsu, Shimane|Gōtsu]]||26,958||268.51||100||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.gotsu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Unnan, Shimane|Unnan]]||43,269||553.37||78.2||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.unnan.shimane.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hamada, Shimane|Hamada]]||61,325||689.60||88.9||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.hamada.shimane.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Oda</span>[[Ōda, Shimane|Ōda]]||39,593||436.11||90.8||2005-10-01||[http://www.iwamigin.jp/ohda/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160810222150/http://www.iwamigin.jp/ohda/ |date=2016-08-10 }} |} == Shizuoka == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://toukei.pref.shizuoka.jp/tokei/ |title=統計センターしずおか　静岡県人口推計 |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2008-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080203204758/http://toukei.pref.shizuoka.jp/tokei/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Shizuoka, Shizuoka|Shizuoka]]||710,944||1,388.78||512||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hamamatsu, Shizuoka|Hamamatsu]]||811,431||1,511.17||537||1911-07-01||[http://www.city.hamamatsu.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Numazu, Shizuoka|Numazu]]||206,818||187.11||1,105||1923-07-01||[http://www.city.numazu.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Atami, Shizuoka|Atami]]||40,524||61.56||658||1937-04-10||[http://www.city.atami.shizuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426053204/http://www.city.atami.shizuoka.jp/ |date=2012-04-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Mishima, Shizuoka|Mishima]]||112,320||62.13||1,808||1941-04-29||[http://www.city.mishima.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujinomiya, Shizuoka|Fujinomiya]]||122,122||314.81||388||1942-06-01||[http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025001740/http://www.city.fujinomiya.shizuoka.jp/ |date=2008-10-25 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ito</span>[[Itō, Shizuoka|Itō]]||72,038||124.13||580||1947-08-10||[http://www.city.ito.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimada, Shizuoka|Shimada]]||95,762||195.40||490||1948-01-01||[http://www.city.shimada.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwata, Shizuoka|Iwata]]||172,583||164.08||1,052||1948-04-01||[http://www.city.iwata.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yaizu, Shizuoka|Yaizu]]||120,331||46.01||2,615||1951-03-01||[http://www.city.yaizu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kakegawa, Shizuoka|Kakegawa]]||118,660||265.63||447||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.kakegawa.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujieda, Shizuoka|Fujieda]]||129,637||140.74||921||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.fujieda.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Gotenba, Shizuoka|Gotenba]]||88,078||194.63||453||1955-02-11||[http://www.city.gotemba.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fukuroi, Shizuoka|Fukuroi]]||85,163||108.56||784||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.fukuroi.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fuji, Shizuoka|Fuji]]||237,279||214.10||1,108||1966-11-01||[http://www.city.fuji.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimoda, Shizuoka|Shimoda]]||25,784||104.70||246||1971-01-01||[http://www.city.shimoda.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Susono, Shizuoka|Susono]]||53,740||138.39||388||1971-01-01||[http://www.city.susono.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kosai, Shizuoka|Kosai]]||44,545||55.08||809||1972-01-01||[http://www.city.kosai.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Izu, Shizuoka|Izu]]||35,911||363.97||98.7||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.izu.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Omaezaki, Shizuoka|Omaezaki]]||35,015||65.85||532||2004-04-01||[http://www.city.omaezaki.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kikugawa, Shizuoka|Kikugawa]]||47,702||94.24||506||2005-01-17||[http://www.city.kikugawa.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Izunokuni, Shizuoka|Izunokuni]]||49,711||94.71||525||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.izunokuni.shizuoka.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Makinohara, Shizuoka|Makinohara]]||49,726||111.50||446||2005-10-11||[http://www.city.makinohara.shizuoka.jp/] |} == Tochigi == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.tochigi.jp/pref/toukei/toukei/popu1.html |title=栃木県毎月人口推計速報/栃木県<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-09-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070918144152/http://www.pref.tochigi.jp/pref/toukei/toukei/popu1.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Utsunomiya, Tochigi|Utsunomiya]]||507,833||416.84||1,218||1896-04-01||[http://www.city.utsunomiya.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Ashikaga, Tochigi|Ashikaga]]||157,793||177.82||887||1921-01-01||[http://www.city.ashikaga.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tochigi, Tochigi|Tochigi]]||81,601||122.06||669||1937-04-01||[http://www.city.tochigi.tochigi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305195542/http://www.city.tochigi.tochigi.jp/ |date=2010-03-05 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kanuma, Tochigi|Kanuma]]||103,690||490.62||211||1948-10-10||[http://www.city.kanuma.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Oyama, Tochigi|Oyama]]||162,283||171.61||946||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.oyama.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mooka, Tochigi|Mooka]]||66,705||111.76||597||1954-10-01||[http://www.city.moka.tochigi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030919052800/http://www.city.moka.tochigi.jp/ |date=2003-09-19 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Otawara</span>[[Ōtawara, Tochigi|Ōtawara]]||78,563||354.12||222||1954-12-01||[http://www.city.ohtawara.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yaita, Tochigi|Yaita]]||35,462||170.66||208||1958-11-01||[http://www.city.yaita.tochigi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nasushiobara, Tochigi|Nasushiobara]]||115,633||592.82||195||2005-01-01||[http://www.city.nasushiobara.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sano, Tochigi|Sano]]||123,034||356.07||346||2005-02-28||[http://www.city.sano.tochigi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080319093824/http://www.city.sano.tochigi.jp/ |date=2008-03-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sakura, Tochigi]]||42,403||125.46||338||2005-03-28||[http://www.city.tochigi-sakura.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nasukarasuyama, Tochigi|Nasukarasuyama]]||30,433||174.42||174||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.nasukarasuyama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimotsuke, Tochigi|Shimotsuke]]||59,459||74.58||797||2006-01-10||[http://www.city.shimotsuke.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nikko</span>[[Nikkō, Tochigi|Nikkō]]||92,181||1,449.87||63.6||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.nikko.lg.jp/] |} == Tokushima == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.tokushima.jp/Statistics.nsf/ 徳島県の統計情報　推計人口]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Tokushima, Tokushima|Tokushima]]||266,370||191.39||1,392||1889-10-01||[http://www.city.tokushima.tokushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Naruto, Tokushima|Naruto]]||62,453||135.46||461||1947-03-15||[http://www.city.naruto.tokushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komatsushima, Tokushima|Komatsushima]]||41,540||45.24||918||1951-06-01||[http://www.city.komatsushima.tokushima.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204062523/http://www.city.komatsushima.tokushima.jp/ |date=2012-02-04 }} |- |align="left"|[[Anan, Tokushima|Anan]]||77,099||279.39||276||1958-05-01||[http://www.city.anan.tokushima.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yoshinogawa, Tokushima|Yoshinogawa]]||44,905||144.19||311||2004-10-01||[http://www.city.yoshinogawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mima, Tokushima|Mima]]||33,520||367.38||91.2||2005-03-01||[http://www.city.mima.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Awa, Tokushima|Awa]]||40,303||190.97||211||2005-04-01||[http://www.city.awa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Miyoshi, Tokushima]]||32,329||721.48||44.8||2006-03-01||[http://www.city-miyoshi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722042934/http://www.city-miyoshi.jp/ |date=2012-07-22 }} |} == Tokyo == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.toukei.metro.tokyo.jp/jsuikei/js-index.htm 東京都の人口推計トップページ<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hachioji</span>[[Hachiōji, Tokyo|Hachiōji]]||567,367||186.31||3,045||1917-09-01||[http://www.city.hachioji.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tachikawa, Tokyo|Tachikawa]]||175,639||24.38||7,204||1940-12-01||[http://www.city.tachikawa.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081023195034/http://www.city.tachikawa.tokyo.jp/ |date=2008-10-23 }} |- |align="left"|[[Musashino, Tokyo|Musashino]]||138,516||10.73||12,909||1947-11-03||[http://www.city.musashino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Mitaka, Tokyo|Mitaka]]||180,797||16.50||10,957||1950-11-03||[http://www.city.mitaka.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061026011433/http://www.city.mitaka.tokyo.jp/ |date=2006-10-26 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Ome</span>[[Ōme, Tokyo|Ōme]]||141,708||103.26||1,372||1951-04-01||[http://www.city.ome.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Fuchu</span>[[Fuchū, Tokyo]]||248,445||29.34||8,468||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.fuchu.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akishima, Tokyo|Akishima]]||111,763||17.33||6,449||1954-05-01||[http://www.city.akishima.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501130554/http://www.city.akishima.tokyo.jp/ |date=2009-05-01 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Chofu</span>[[Chōfu, Tokyo|Chōfu]]||219,053||21.53||10,174||1955-04-01||[http://www.city.chofu.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Machida, Tokyo|Machida]]||413,786||71.63||5,777||1958-02-01||[http://www.city.machida.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Koganei, Tokyo|Koganei]]||115,116||11.33||10,160||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.koganei.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kodaira, Tokyo|Kodaira]]||185,829||20.46||9,083||1962-10-01||[http://www.city.kodaira.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hino, Tokyo|Hino]]||179,482||27.53||6,520||1963-11-03||[http://www.city.hino.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashimurayama, Tokyo|Higashimurayama]]||146,585||17.17||8,537||1964-04-01||[http://www.city.higashimurayama.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kokubunji, Tokyo|Kokubunji]]||118,801||11.48||10,349||1964-11-03||[http://www.city.kokubunji.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kunitachi, Tokyo|Kunitachi]]||73,362||8.15||9,001||1967-01-01||[http://www.city.kunitachi.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fussa, Tokyo|Fussa]]||60,413||10.24||5,900||1970-07-01||[http://www.city.fussa.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Komae, Tokyo|Komae]]||78,237||6.39||12,244||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.komae.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashiyamato, Tokyo|Higashiyamato]]||81,445||13.54||6,015||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.higashiyamato.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kiyose, Tokyo|Kiyose]]||73,518||10.19||7,215||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.kiyose.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070701174308/http://www.city.kiyose.tokyo.jp/ |date=2007-07-01 }} |- |align="left"|[[Higashikurume, Tokyo|Higashikurume]]||115,405||12.92||8,932||1970-10-01||[http://www.city.higashikurume.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Musashimurayama, Tokyo|Musashimurayama]]||68,333||15.37||4,446||1970-11-03||[http://www.city.musashimurayama.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100126164716/http://www.city.musashimurayama.tokyo.jp/ |date=2010-01-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tama, Tokyo|Tama]]||149,404||21.08||7,087||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.tama.tokyo.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080715124647/http://www.city.tama.tokyo.jp/ |date=2008-07-15 }} |- |align="left"|[[Inagi, Tokyo|Inagi]]||80,772||17.97||4,495||1971-11-01||[http://www.city.inagi.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hamura, Tokyo|Hamura]]||56,984||9.91||5,750||1991-11-01||[http://www.city.hamura.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Akiruno, Tokyo|Akiruno]]||80,268||73.34||1,094||1995-09-01||[http://www.city.akiruno.tokyo.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nishitokyo</span>[[Nishitōkyō, Tokyo|Nishitōkyō]]||193,350||15.85||12,199||2001-01-21||[http://www.city.nishitokyo.lg.jp/] |} == Tottori == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.tottori.lg.jp/dd.aspx?menuid=9974 鳥取県人口移動調査/とりネット/鳥取県公式サイト<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Tottori, Tottori|Tottori]]||200,315||765.66||262||1889-10-01||[http://www.city.tottori.tottori.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050119053120/http://www.city.tottori.tottori.jp/ |date=2005-01-19 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yonago, Tottori|Yonago]]||149,140||132.21||1,128||1927-04-01||[http://www.yonago-city.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071126135318/http://www.yonago-city.jp/ |date=2007-11-26 }} |- |align="left"|[[Kurayoshi, Tottori|Kurayoshi]]||51,453||272.15||189||1953-10-01||[http://www.city.kurayoshi.tottori.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071231191808/http://www.city.kurayoshi.tottori.jp/ |date=2007-12-31 }} |- |align="left"|[[Sakaiminato, Tottori|Sakaiminato]]||35,908||28.79||1,247||1956-04-01||[http://www.city.sakaiminato.tottori.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160725195545/http://www.city.sakaiminato.tottori.jp/ |date=2016-07-25 }} |} == Toyama == * population:2008-01-01<ref>[http://www.pref.toyama.jp/sections/1015/lib/jinko/index.html 人口移動調査<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Toyama, Toyama|Toyama]]||421,116||1,241.85||339||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.toyama.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uozu, Toyama|Uozu]]||45,945||200.63||229||1952-04-01||[http://www.city.uozu.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Himi, Toyama|Himi]]||53,316||230.47||231||1952-08-01||[http://www.city.himi.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Namerikawa, Toyama|Namerikawa]]||33,789||54.61||619||1954-03-01||[http://www.city.namerikawa.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tonami, Toyama|Tonami]]||49,396||126.96||389||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.tonami.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Oyabe, Toyama|Oyabe]]||32,656||134.11||244||1962-08-01||[http://www.city.oyabe.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nanto, Toyama|Nanto]]||57,061||668.86||85.3||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.nanto.toyama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051201124816/http://www.city.nanto.toyama.jp/ |date=2005-12-01 }} |- |align="left"|[[Takaoka, Toyama|Takaoka]]||178,965||209.38||855||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.takaoka.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Imizu, Toyama|Imizu]]||94,691||109.18||867||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.imizu.toyama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kurobe, Toyama|Kurobe]]||42,612||426.34||99.9||2006-03-31||[http://kurobe.city.kurobe.toyama.jp/] |} == Wakayama == * population:2008-01-01<ref>http://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/prefg/020300/suikei/index.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713231453/https://www.pref.wakayama.lg.jp/prefg/020300/suikei/index.html |date=2018-07-13 }} 毎月推計人口</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Wakayama, Wakayama|Wakayama]]||372,175||209.23||1,779||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.wakayama.wakayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kainan, Wakayama|Kainan]]||55,877||101.18||552||1934-05-01||[http://www.city.kainan.wakayama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210075705/http://www.city.kainan.wakayama.jp/ |date=2021-02-10 }} |- |align="left"|[[Tanabe, Wakayama|Tanabe]]||80,478||1,026.77||78.4||1942-05-20||[http://www.city.tanabe.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Gobo</span>[[Gobō, Wakayama|Gobō]]||26,335||43.93||599||1954-04-01||[http://www.city.gobo.wakayama.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Arida, Wakayama|Arida]]||31,194||36.92||845||1956-05-01||[http://www.city.arida.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shingu</span>[[Shingū, Wakayama|Shingū]]||32,654||255.43||128||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.shingu.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kinokawa, Wakayama|Kinokawa]]||67,192||228.24||294||2005-11-07||[http://www.city.kinokawa.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hashimoto, Wakayama|Hashimoto]]||67,505||130.31||518||2006-03-01||[http://www.city.hashimoto.wakayama.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427091637/http://www.city.hashimoto.wakayama.jp/ |date=2006-04-27 }} |- |align="left"|[[Iwade, Wakayama|Iwade]]||51,843||38.50||1,347||2006-04-01||[http://www.city.iwade.wakayama.jp/] |} == Yamagata == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.yamagata.jp/ou/somu/020052/jinkou.html |title=山形県の人口と世帯数（月報）（推計）の統計表電子データについて — 山形県ホームページ<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2007-05-19 |archive-url=https://archive.ph/20070519180118/http://www.pref.yamagata.jp/ou/somu/020052/jinkou.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Yamagata, Yamagata]]||255,370||381.34||670||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.yamagata.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yonezawa, Yamagata|Yonezawa]]||91,704||548.74||167||1889-04-01||[http://www.city.yonezawa.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shinjo</span>[[Shinjō, Yamagata|Shinjō]]||39,808||223.08||178||1949-04-01||[http://www.city.shinjo.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sagae, Yamagata|Sagae]]||43,299||139.08||311||1954-08-01||[http://www.city.sagae.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kaminoyama, Yamagata|Kaminoyama]]||35,086||240.95||146||1954-10-01||[http://www.city.kaminoyama.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Murayama, Yamagata|Murayama]]||27,586||196.83||140||1954-11-01||[http://www.city.murayama.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nagai, Yamagata|Nagai]]||30,285||214.69||141||1954-11-15||[http://www.city.nagai.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Tendo</span>[[Tendō, Yamagata|Tendō]]||63,470||113.01||562||1958-10-01||[http://www.city.tendo.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Higashine, Yamagata|Higashine]]||46,141||207.17||223||1958-11-03||[http://www.city.higashine.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Obanazawa, Yamagata|Obanazawa]]||19,937||372.32||53.5||1959-04-10||[http://www.city.obanazawa.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Nan'yo</span>[[Nan'yō, Yamagata|Nan'yō]]||34,542||160.70||215||1967-04-01||[http://www.city.nanyo.yamagata.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsuruoka, Yamagata|Tsuruoka]]||140,097||1,311.51||107||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.tsuruoka.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Sakata, Yamagata|Sakata]]||114,964||602.79||191||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.sakata.lg.jp/] |} == Yamaguchi == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.yamaguchi.lg.jp/cms/a12500/jinko/jinko.html |title=山口県/統計分析課/人口・人口移動統計調査（平成20年3月1日現在）<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2018-07-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180713202913/http://www.pref.yamaguchi.lg.jp/cms/a12500/jinko/jinko.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|[[Ube, Yamaguchi|Ube]]||176,370||287.69||613||1921-11-01||[http://www.city.ube.yamaguchi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Hofu</span>[[Hōfu, Yamaguchi|Hōfu]]||116,393||188.59||617||1936-08-25||[http://www.city.hofu.yamaguchi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kudamatsu, Yamaguchi|Kudamatsu]]||54,026||89.36||605||1939-11-03||[http://www.city.kudamatsu.yamaguchi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080212033246/http://www.city.kudamatsu.yamaguchi.jp/ |date=2008-02-12 }} |- |align="left"|[[Mine, Yamaguchi|Mine]]||17,355||228.25||76.0||1954-03-31||[http://www.city.mine.lg.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024115614/https://www2.city.mine.lg.jp/ |date=2020-10-24 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Shunan</span>[[Shūnan, Yamaguchi|Shūnan]]||150,299||656.25||229||2003-04-21||[http://www.city.shunan.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hikari, Yamaguchi|Hikari]]||53,274||91.94||579||2004-10-04||[http://www.city.hikari.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi|Shimonoseki]]||286,073||716.06||400||2005-02-13||[http://www.city.shimonoseki.yamaguchi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141020094055/http://www.city.shimonoseki.yamaguchi.jp/seisaku/kokusai/gaikoku/ |date=2014-10-20 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yanai, Yamaguchi|Yanai]]||35,438||139.90||253||2005-02-21||[http://www.city-yanai.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hagi, Yamaguchi|Hagi]]||55,831||698.87||79.9||2005-03-06||[http://www.city.hagi.yamaguchi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050808005011/http://www.city.hagi.yamaguchi.jp/ |date=2005-08-08 }} |- |align="left"|[[Nagato, Yamaguchi|Nagato]]||39,825||357.92||111||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.nagato.yamaguchi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">San'yo-Onoda</span>[[San'yō-Onoda, Yamaguchi|San'yō-Onoda]]||65,523||132.99||493||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.sanyo-onoda.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Yamaguchi, Yamaguchi|Yamaguchi]]||192,008||730.23||263||2005-10-01||[http://www.city.yamaguchi.lg.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Iwakuni, Yamaguchi|Iwakuni]]||146,885||872.71||168||2006-03-20||[http://www.city.iwakuni.yamaguchi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090926071949/http://www.city.iwakuni.yamaguchi.jp/ |date=2009-09-26 }} |} == Yamanashi == * population:2008-01-01<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/toukei/DB/EDA/A/dbaa04000.html |title={{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517044252/ |date=2006-05-17 }} ŽR—œŒ§“?Œvƒf &#91;ƒ^ƒoƒ“ƒN @aa04000<!-- Bot generated title --> |access-date=2008-04-03 |archive-date=2006-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517044252/http://www.pref.yamanashi.jp/toukei/DB/EDA/A/dbaa04000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {|class="wikitable sortable" width="100%" style="text-align:right" ! City name !! Population !! Area !! Density !! Founded !! Homepage |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Kofu</span>[[Kōfu, Yamanashi|Kōfu]]||199,374||212.41||939||1889-07-01||[http://www.city.kofu.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fujiyoshida, Yamanashi|Fujiyoshida]]||51,879||121.83||426||1951-03-20||[http://www.city.fujiyoshida.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Tsuru, Yamanashi|Tsuru]]||34,439||161.58||213||1954-04-29||[http://www.city.tsuru.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Otsuki</span>[[Ōtsuki, Yamanashi|Ōtsuki]]||29,869||280.30||107||1954-08-08||[http://www.city.otsuki.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Nirasaki, Yamanashi|Nirasaki]]||33,539||143.73||233||1954-10-10||[http://www.city.nirasaki.yamanashi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040630220735/http://www.city.nirasaki.yamanashi.jp/ |date=2004-06-30 }} |- |align="left"|[[Minami-Alps, Yamanashi|Minami-Alps]]||72,295||264.06||274||2003-04-01||[http://www.city.minami-alps.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Kai, Yamanashi|Kai]]||74,077||71.94||1,030||2004-09-01||[http://www.city.kai.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Fuefuki, Yamanashi|Fuefuki]]||71,184||201.92||353||2004-10-12||[http://www.city.fuefuki.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Hokuto, Yamanashi]]||47,754||602.89||79.2||2004-11-01||[http://www.city.hokuto.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|[[Uenohara, Yamanashi|Uenohara]]||28,295||170.65||166||2005-02-13||[http://www.city.uenohara.yamanashi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151107094120/http://www.city.uenohara.yamanashi.jp/ |date=2015-11-07 }} |- |align="left"|[[Yamanashi, Yamanashi|Yamanashi]]||38,202||289.87||132||2005-03-22||[http://www.city.yamanashi.yamanashi.jp/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000901231441/http://www.city.yamanashi.yamanashi.jp/ |date=2000-09-01 }} |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Koshu</span>[[Kōshū, Yamanashi|Kōshū]]||35,072||264.01||133||2005-11-01||[http://www.city.koshu.yamanashi.jp/] |- |align="left"|<span style="display:none">Chuo</span>[[Chūō, Yamanashi|Chūō]]||31,875||31.81||1,002||2006-02-20||[http://www.city.chuo.yamanashi.jp/] |} == Rujukan == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pratélan]] [[Kategori:Kutha ing Jepang]] [[de:Liste der Städte in Japan]] [[en:List of cities in Japan]] [[eo:Listo de urboj de Japanio]] [[fi:Luettelo Japanin kaupungeista]] [[fr:Villes du Japon]] [[hu:Japán városai]] [[ja:日本の地方公共団体一覧]] [[nl:Lijst van steden in Japan]] [[pl:Miasta Japonii]] [[pt:Lista de cidades no Japão]] [[ru:Города Японии]] [[sh:Popis gradova u Japanu]] [[sl:Seznam mest na Japonskem]] [[tl:Talaan ng mga lungsod sa Hapon]] [[tr:Japonya'daki şehirler listesi]] [[uk:Список муніципалітетів Японії]] [[zh:日本城市列表]] 6eez3g198zla6xa4eez1j2noj2yh9lr Hagia Sophia 0 23968 1759103 1755263 2026-10-24T21:28:09Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 1 book for (20261024) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 1759103 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Aya sofya.jpg|thumb|Katon njaba Hagia Sophia, 2004]] [[Gambar:Ayasofya-Innenansicht.jpg|thumb|Katon njero Hagia Sophia, 1993]] '''Hagia Sophia''' [[Basa Yunani]]:Ἁγία Σοφία; "Kawicaksanan Suci", [[Basa Turki]]:Ayasofya, [[Basa Latin]]:Sancta Sophia utawa ''Sancta Sapientia'') iku panggonan, tilas gréja,[[mesjid]], [[musiyum]], banjur dadi [[mesjid]] malih, ing [[Istanbul]], [[Turki]]. Misuwur kanthi [[mustaka]]/kubah kang gedhé, wangunan iki dianggep lambang utawa conto [[Arsitèktur Bizantium]]. Wangunan iki dadi katedral kang gedhé dhéwé sadonya sadurungé ana [[Katedral Sevilla]]. == Sajarah == Hagia Sophia ya iku yasan kuna panilasan saka kamaharajan [[Kekaisaran Romawi Wétan|Romawi wetan]], kang ana ing tengah-tengah kuta [[Konstantinopel]].Wangunan Konstantinopel sadurungé kanthi jéneng Byzantium Constantinopel [[(280-337]]),kanthi mlakuné jaman semanauga ganti dadi jeneng [[Istanbul]], salah sijiné kuta kang misuwur ana ing [[Turki]]. Hagia Sophia kanggo [[Gréja|Greja]] ana ing umat [[Kristen]] wétan kang digawé [[Konstantius]] ya iku putrané Kaisar [[Konstantin I|Konstantinus Agung]], wiwitane awujud [[Basilika]] kang ditahbisake ing taun 360. Gréja iki ngalami arubah wujud saka bangunané amarga kobongan lan lindhu. Ing masa kaisar [[Kaisar Yustinianus|Yustinianus]] (527-565), Hagia Sophia kang nglambangaké kajayaan kamaharajan Romawi Wétan diresmikake ana ing tanggal 7 mei 558 lan pangrombakan wujudté yasan ana ing awal abad-14. Sajeroning Contstantinopel tiba ana ing tangan bala [[Islam]] kang di pimpin ana ing [[Mehmed II]](Muhammad al-Fatih), pamaréntahan taun 1444-1446 lan 1451-1481 ing tanggal 27 mei 1453, jeneng kuta diganti dadi Qustantaniyyeh (''Kostantiniyye'') lan didadèkaké ibu kutha [[Kesultanan Utsmaniyah]]. Sajeroning Constantinopel bisa direbut, Sultan Muhammad al-Fatih ngumandangake takbir lan nglakuni [[Salat|Shalat]]. Gréja Aya Sofia didadèkaké [[Masjid|Mesjid]] lan dikenal karan mesjid Aya Sofia (Hagia Sophia). Sajeroning limang abad dadi mesjid, panguasa Turki kang jenenge [[Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] ndadèkaké mesjid Aya Sofia dadi musiyum ing sajeroning pangawasan pamaréntah. Pungkasane ing tanggal 10 Juli 2020, pengadilan dhuwur [[Turki]] mbatalake keputusan 1943 sing ngganti status Hagia Sophia dadi museum. Bebarengan karo keputusan kasebut, ing tanggal sing padha Presiden Turki [[Recep Tayyip Erdogan]] ngetokake dekrit kang unine," Hagia Sophia bali menyang guna asline minangka papan ngibadah [[Muslim]]. [[Ngibadah]] pisanan bisa ditindakake wiwit 24 Juli." Sanajan wis diowahi dadi [[mesjid]], Hagia Sophia tetep mbukak kanggo umum kang pengin plesir menyang Hagia Sophia. Sawetara negara barat ora sarujuk ana kedadeyan iki, kayata [[Grikenlan|Yunani]] lan [[Vatikan]], nanging ana uga umat Kristen kang sarujuk amarga pamrentah [[Turki]] nduweni hak marang Hagia Sophia. == Gladri == '''Exterior''' <gallery> Barkas:Istanbul - Pascal Sebah (1823-1886) - Vue de Constantinoples - 5 Mosquée de Sainte Sophie - 1880s.jpg|alt=Early photograph showing the characteristic Ottoman stripes on the facade that were later removed (1880)|Foto Hagia Sophia nalika jaman [[Kakaisaran Ottoman|Turki Utsmani]] (1880) Barkas:Hagia Sophia exterior 2007 002.jpg|Pemandangan saka alun-alun Sultan Ahmed Barkas:Hagia Sophia exterior 2007 003.jpg|Sesawangan saka alun-alun utama Barkas:Hagia Sophia night March 2008.JPG|alt=Pemandangan ing wayah wengi|Sesawangan Hagia Sophia ing wayah wengi </gallery> '''Interior''' <gallery> Barkas:Hagia Sophia interior March 2008.jpg|alt=View of the interior from the upper gallery|Sesawangan njero wangunan Barkas:Hagia Sophia Constantinople 2007 (9).JPG|alt=View of the Theotokos mosaic in the apse|Gambar mozaik ''Theotokos'' ing njeron mustaka Barkas:Haga Sofia RB4.jpg|alt=Byzantine pillars and arches|Cagak-cagak jaman Bizantin lan mustaka Barkas:Byzantine column Hagia Sophia March 2008.JPG|Cagak lan ukirane Barkas:Hagia Sophia Gate March 2008.jpg|Gapura menyang narthex njaba karo mozaik Barkas:Empress loge Hagia Sophia March 2008pano.jpg|Sesawangan gapura kamaharajan lan loge prameswari Barkas:Beautiful Gate Hagia Sophia March 2008panob.jpg|Gerbang Endhah Barkas:Płacząca kolumna Haga Sofia RB.jpg|Prasasti [[Gregory Thaumaturgus|St Gregorius Thaumaturgus]] sing dianggep karo kekuwatan ajaib Barkas:Hagia-sofia-viking.jpg|Salah sawijining [[runic inscriptions in Hagia Sophia|Prasasti runic ing Hagia Sophia]], mbokmenawa ditulis dening anggota [[Varangian Guard|Pengawal Varangian]] </gallery> '''Galeri Ndhuwur''' <gallery> Barkas:Upper gallery Hagia Sophia 2007 006.jpg|Galeri ndhuwur ing loge saka prameswari Barkas:Upper gallery Hagia Sophia 2007 003.jpg|Galeri sisih Barkas:Upper gallery Hagia Sophia 2007 001.jpg|Cagak Bizantin lan mosaik, lan lukisan jaman Turki Utsmani Barkas:Alexanderemp.jpg|Mosaik Kaisar Alexander nyekeli tengkorak Barkas:Marble door Hagia Sophia March 2008b.JPG|Closeup saka lawang marmer karo kunci lan keyhole Barkas:Byzantinischer Mosaizist um 1122 001.jpg|Kaisar Alexios I ing mosaik Komnenos Barkas:Kreuz Ayasofya.jpg|Carved cross on one of the marble panels Barkas:Seraf Haga Sofia RB1.jpg|Closeup of one of the Seraphim at the dome Barkas:Blue mosque Istanbul exterior 2007 001.jpg|View onto the Blue Mosque from one of the windows </gallery> '''Èleèn Islam''' <gallery> Image:Istanbul.Hagia Sophia026.jpg|The Loge of the Sultan, decorated by the Fossati brothers Image:Istanbul.Hagia Sophia039.jpg|The ''mimbar'' from where the imam preached Image:Santa Sofia - Interior - Medallons.JPG|Large medaillons by the Fossati brothers, proclaiming the name of ''Allah'' and his prophet Image:Kabe Mosaik.jpg|Iznik tiles showing the [[Kaaba]], located next to the apse Image:Irakischer Maler des Kräuterbuchs des Dioskurides 002.jpg|Illuminated [[Iraq]]i manuscript from the ''De [[Materia Medica]]'' (1224 CE), kept in the library Image:Foot washing Hagia Sophia 2007.jpg|Ablution basins for cleaning before prayer, outside the main entrance </gallery> '''Lukisan sajarah''' <gallery> Image:Fossati 002.JPG|Sketch of the mosaics in the eastern main arch and the apsis, by the Fossati brothers when found in the 19th century Image:Fossati 003.JPG|Sketch of the six patriarchs panel mosaics of the southern tympanon (by Fossati) Image:Fossati 004.JPG|Sketch of the six patriarchs panel mosaics of the northern tympanon (by Fossati) </gallery> == Cathetan == {{reflist}} == Uga delengen == * [[Church of the Holy Apostles]] - formerly the second most important church of Constantinople * [[Hagia Irene]] - neighbouring church * [[Chora Church]] * [[Pammakaristos Church]] * [[Haseki Hürrem Sultan Hamamı]] - bath commissioned by [[Roxelana]] for the Hagia Sophia community == Rujukan == * {{cite book|last=Mainstone|first= Rowland J.|year=1997|title= Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church (reprint edition)|publisher= W W Norton & Co Inc.|id= ISBN 0-500-27945-4}}. * {{cite book|first = Ilhan|last = Akṣit|title= Hagia Sophia|publisher = Akṣit Kültür ve Turizm Yayincilik|id= ISBN 975-7039-07-1}} * Turner, J. - [[Grove Dictionary of Art]] - Oxford University Press, USA; New Ed edition (January 2, 1996); ISBN 0-19-517068-7 == Literatur == * Joseph D. Alchermes: ''Art and Architecture in the Age of Justinian'', in: Michael Maas (Ed.): ''The Cambridge Companion to the Age of Justinian''. Cambridge 2005, pg. 343–375. * {{cite book|last=Balfour|first=John Patrick Douglas|year=1972|title=Hagia Sophia|publisher=W.W. Norton & Company|location=|id= ISBN 978-0-88225-014-4}} * {{cite book|last=Cimok|first=Fatih|year=2004|title=Hagia Sophia|publisher=Milet Publishing Ltd|location=|id= ISBN 978-975-7199-61-8}} * {{cite book|last=Doumato|first=Lamia|year=1980|title=The Byzantine church of Hagia Sophia: Selected references|publisher=Vance Bibliographies|location=|id=ASIN B0006E2O2M}} * {{cite book|last=Goriansky|first=Lev Vladimir|year=1933|title=Haghia Sophia: analysis of the architecture, art and spirit behind the shrine in Constantinople dedicated to Hagia Sophia|publisher=American School of Philosophy|location=|id=ASIN B0008C47EA}} * {{cite book|last=Howland Swift|first=Emerson|year=1937|title=The bronze doors of the gate of the horologium at Hagia Sophia|publisher=University of Chicago|location=|id=ASIN B000889GIG}} * {{cite book|last=Kahler|first=Heinz|year=1967|title=Haghia Sophia|url=https://archive.org/details/hagiasophia0000hein|publisher=Praeger|location=|id=ASIN B0008C47EA}} * {{cite book|last=Kinross|first=Lord|year=1972|title=Hagia Sophia, Wonders of Man|publisher=Newsweek|location=|id= ASIN B000K5QN9W}} * {{cite book|last=Kleinbauer|first=W. Eugene|year=2007|authorlink= |author2=Anthony White|title=Hagia Sophia|publisher=Scala Publishers|location=London|id= ISBN 978-1-85759-308-2}} * {{cite book|last=Kleinbauer|first=W. Eugene|year=2000|title=Saint Sophia at Constantinople: Singulariter in Mundo (Monograph (Frederic Lindley Morgan Chair of Architectural Design), No. 5.)|url=https://archive.org/details/saintsophiaatcon0000klei|publisher=William L. Bauhan|location=|id= ISBN 978-0-87233-123-5}} * {{cite book|last=Krautheimer|first=Richard|year=1984|title=Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|id= ISBN 978-0-300-05294-7}} * {{cite book|last=Mainstone|first=R. J.|year=1997|title=Hagia Sophia: Architecture, Structure, and Liturgy of Justinian's Great Church|publisher=Thames & Hudson|location=London|id= ISBN 978-0-500-27945-8}} * {{cite book |last= Mainstone |first= Rowland J. |authorlink= |title= Hagia Sophia. Architecture, structure and liturgy of Justinian's great church |url= https://archive.org/details/hagiasophiaarchi0000main_p1a8 |year= 1988 |publisher= Thames & Hudson |location= London |isbn= 0-500-34098-6 }} * {{cite book |last= Mango |first= Cyril |authorlink= |author2= Ahmed Ertuğ |title= Hagia Sophia. A vision for empires |url= https://archive.org/details/hagiasophia0000unse_s0a6 |year= 1997 |publisher= |location= Istanbul |isbn= }} * {{cite book|last=Nelson|first=Robert S.|year=2004|title=Hagia Sophia, 1850-1950: Holy Wisdom Modern Monument|url=https://archive.org/details/hagiasophia185010000nels|publisher=University Of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|id= ISBN 978-0-226-57171-3}} * {{cite book|last=Özkul|first=T. A.|year=2007|title=Structural characteristics of Hagia Sophia: I-A finite element formulation for static analysis|publisher=Elsevier|location=|id= }} * {{cite book|last=Swainson|first=Harold|year=2005|title=The Church of Sancta Sophia Constantinople: A Study of Byzantine Building|publisher=Adamant Media Corporation|location=Boston, MA|id= ISBN 978-1-4021-8345-4}} * {{cite book|last=Yucel|first=Erdem|year=2005|title=Hagia Sophia|publisher=Scala Publishers|location=|id= ISBN 978-1-85759-250-4}} * {{cite book|last=|first=|year=1992|title=Hagia Sophia from the Age of Justinian to the Present|publisher=Princeton Architectural|id=ISBN 978-1-878271-11-2}} === Mosaik === * {{cite book|last=MacDonald |first=William Lloyd|year=1951|title=The uncovering of Byzantine mosaics in Hagia Sophia|publisher=Archaeological Institute of America|id=ASIN B0007GZTKS}} * {{cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril|year=1972|authorlink= |title=The mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: The church fathers in the north Tympanum|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies|id=ASIN B0007CAVA0}} * {{cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril|year=1968|authorlink= |title=The Apse mosaics of St. Sophia at Istanbul: Report on work carried out in 1964|publisher=Johnson Reprints|id=ASIN B0007G5RBY}} * {{cite book|last=Mango|first=Cyril|year=1967|authorlink= |author2=Heinz Kahler|title=Hagia Sophia: With a Chapter on the Mosaics|url=https://archive.org/details/hagiasophia0000hein|publisher=Praeger|id=ASIN B0000CO5IL}} * {{cite book|last=Teteriatnikov|first=Natalia B.|year=1998|title=Mosaics of Hagia Sophia, Istanbul: The Fossati Restoration and the Work of the Byzantine Institute|url=https://archive.org/details/mosaicsofhagiaso0000tete|publisher=Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection|id=ISBN 978-0-88402-264-0}} * {{cite book|last=Yücel|first=Erdem|year=1988|title=The mosaics of Hagia Sophia|publisher=Efe Turizm|id=ASIN B0007CBGYA}} == Pranala njaba == {{Commons2}} * [http://www.byzantium1200.com/hagia.html Byzantium 1200 | Hagia Sophia] computer reconstruction * [http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/bible/procopius.stm Contemporary description] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100418083034/http://gbgm-umc.org/umw/bible/procopius.stm |date=2010-04-18 }} by [[Procopius]], ''Buildings'' (De Aedificiis), published in 561. * [http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/istanbul-hagia-sophia-floor-plan.html Interactive floor plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113195435/http://sacred-destinations.com/turkey/istanbul-hagia-sophia-floor-plan.html |date=2010-01-13 }}. * [http://youtube.com/results?search_query=Hagia+Sophia&search_type= YouTube | Hagia Sophia] - Videos * [http://www.rel.gr/photo/thumbnails.php?album=5 Ecunemical Patriarchate | Hagia Sophia] - Photos * [http://www.diatheke.org/AgiaSofia/index.php Agia Sofia - history and pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100614062251/http://www.diatheke.org/AgiaSofia/index.php |date=2010-06-14 }} * [http://www.gradale.com Hagia Sofia - The Holy Grail's Resting Place] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180806163729/http://gradale.com/ |date=2018-08-06 }} === Mosaik === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080725154151/http://mosaicartsource.wordpress.com/tag/mosaic/mosaic-resources/mosaic-travel/hagia-sophia/ Mosaic Art Source | Hagia Sophia] - detailed views * [http://www.pallasweb.com/deesis/ Deesis Mosaic of Christ] from the South Gallery of Hagia Sophia. {{coord|41.0085|28.98|type:landmark|display=title|format=dms}} {{Masjid ing Turki}} {{Landmark ing Istanbul}} [[Kategori:Arsitèktur abad kaping-6]] [[Kategori:Arsitèktur Byzantine]] [[Kategori:Kakaisaran Byzantine]] [[Kategori:Katedral Ortodoks Yunani]] [[Kategori:Gréja ing Istanbul]] [[Kategori:Masjid ing Istanbul]] [[Kategori:Musiyum ing Turki]] [[Kategori:Tilas papan pamujan]] [[Kategori:Kubah]] f0cz0zqr2a2x66jrho4qyqgqszwpz0q Pura Topkapı 0 23974 1759101 1754757 2026-10-24T21:23:36Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 1 book for (20261024) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 1759101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building |name = Pura Topkapı |native_name = {{lang|tr|Topkapı Sarayı}}<br />{{lang|ota|طوپقاپو سرايى}} |image = Topkapı_-_01.jpg |caption = Sesawangan Pura Topkapı saka [[Golden Horn]] |image_size = 350px |map_type = Turki Istanbul |map_caption = Pernah ing Istanbul |latd = 41 | latm = 0 | lats = 46.8 | latNS = N |longd = 28 | longm = 59 | longs = 2.4 | longEW = E |location = [[Istanbul]], [[Turki]] |architect = [[Mehmed II]], [[Alaüddin]], [[Davud Ağa]], [[Mimar Sinan]], [[Sarkis Balyan]]<ref>{{cite book|last1=director|last2=Batur|first2=editor Afife|title=Historic peninsula|date=2006|publisher=Chamber of Architects of Turkey Istanbul Metropolitan Branch|location=Istanbul|isbn=9753958994|pages=65–6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T70VAQAAIAAJ}}</ref> |client = Sultan Usmani |engineer = |start_date = tengahan abad angka 15 |date_demolished = |cost = |structural_system = manéka yeyasan ngubengi palataran, balé, lan taman |building_type = Pura (1453–1853), pasanggrahan kanggo panggedhé (1853–1924), musiyum (1924–present) |owner = Nagara Turki |style = [[Aarsitèktur usmani|Usmani]], [[Arsitèktur barok|Barok]] |size = {{convert|592600|to|700000|m²|sqft|abbr=on}} |website = }} '''Pura Topkapı''' ({{lang-tr|Topkapı Sarayı}})<ref>Tembung "Topkapı" diunèkaké "Tope-kah-py" (kanthi "o" dawa).</ref> iku pura ing [[Istanbul]], [[Turki]], kang dadi panggonan resmi lan utama ing kutha kanggo Sultan Ottoman, wiwit taun [[1465]] nganti [[1853]]. Pura iki saiki minangka panggonan acara-acara nagara lan dadi obyèk turisme. Jeneng pura iki kanthi barès tegesé Pura Kori Mriyem amarga pernahé cedhak gerbang mau. Olèhé yasa wiwit ing taun [[1459]], saka printahé Sultan [[Mehmed II]], kang nundhukaké lan nguwasani Byzantine [[Konstantinopel]]. Pura iki awujud komplèk dumadi saka papat lapangan utama lan yasan cilik-cilik. Ing jaman keemasan minangka panggonané Sultan, pura iki dipanggoni déning 4,000 jiwa, ing tlatah kang amba banget kanthi pasisir kang dawa. Komplèks iki wis dijembaraké kanthi rénovasi amarga anané lindhu ing taun [[1509]] lan kobongan ing taun [[1665]]. == Uga delengen == * [[Pura Dolmabahçe]] – Pura saka taun [[1853]] nganti taun [[1889]], lan saka [[1909]] nganti [[1922]] * [[Pura Yıldız]] – Pura saka taun [[1889]] nganti [[1909]] * [[Arsitèktur Ottoman]] == Gladri == {| class=wikitable width=490px |- |[[Gambar:SFD Top Pal.JPG|185x135px]]<br /><small>Piranti dahar Pura |[[Gambar:Fountain_courtyard_Topkapi_Palace_2005.jpg|185x135px]]<br /><small>Kebun pura |} {| class=wikitable width=490px cellspacing=2px |- <!-- Unsourced image removed: Image:Topkapı Palace Gardens.jpg|Topkapı Palace gardens --> |[[Gambar:Ahmed III library dome Topkapi March.JPG|185x170px]]<br /><small>Interior Perpustakaan |[[Gambar:4150 Istanbul - Topkapi - Divano - Foto G. Dall'Orto 27-5-2006.jpg|185x170px]]<br /><small>Imperial Council wall |} {| class=wikitable width=490px cellspacing=4px |- |[[Gambar:Window Apartments of the Crown Prince.JPG|250x186px]]<br /><small>Jendhéla Kios Kembar |[[Gambar:Fourth courtyard Topkapi Palace P7060044.jpg|185x186px]]<br /><small>Lapangan nomer papat |} == Cathetan == <!--per [[WP:GUIDE]], these sections are named Notes/References.--> {{reflist}} == Rujukan == * {{cite book | title=A History of Ottoman Architecture| last=G.| first=Goodwin| date=2003| pages=| publisher=Thames & Hudson Ltd.| location=London|id=ISBN 0-500-27429-0}} * Turhan Can, ''Topkapi Palace'', Orient Turistik Yayinlar Ve Hizmetler Ltd., Istanbul, 1994; * Turner, J. (ed.) - [[Grove Dictionary of Art]] - Oxford University Press, USA; New edition (January 2, 1996); ISBN 0-19-517068-7 * {{cite book | title=Topkapi: The Palace of Felicity| last=Ertug| first=Ahmet| pages=244 pages| publisher=Ertug and Koluk| location=Istanbul}} * {{cite book | title=Masterpieces from the Topkapı Museum: paintings and miniatures| last=İpşiroğlu| first=Mazhar Şevket| date=1980 | pages=150 pages| publisher=Thames and Hudson| location=London| id=ISBN 0-500-23323-3}} * {{cite book | title=Topkapi Palace: An Illustrated Guide to its Life and Personalities| url=https://archive.org/details/topkapipalaceill0000good| last=Goodwin| first=Godfrey| date=2000| pages= | publisher=Saqi Books| location=| id=ISBN 0-86356-067-9}} * Topkapi Palace Museum. ''The Imperial Treasury''. MAS Publications. 2001. ISBN 975-7710-04-0 * {{cite book | title=Architecture, ceremonial, and power: The Topkapi Palace in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries| url=https://archive.org/details/architecturecere0000neci| last=Necipoğlu| first=Gülru| date=1991| pages= [https://archive.org/details/architecturecere0000neci/page/336 336] pages| publisher=The MIT Press| location=Cambridge, Massachusetts| id=ISBN 0-262-14050-0}} * {{cite book | title=Chinese porcelain collections in the Near East: Topkapi and Ardebil| last=Misugi| first=Takatoshi| date=1981| pages= 273 pages| publisher=Hong Kong University Press| location=Hong Kong| id=ISBN 962-209-004-4}} * Ahmet Ertug. ''Topkapi: The Palace of Felicity''. Ertug & Koluk. 1989. ASIN B0006F4CM6 * Tahsin Oz. ''Topkapi Saray Museum 50 Masterpieces''. Turkish Press. ASIN B000VHIQCG * J. M. Rogers. ''The Topkapi Saray Museum. Architecture; the Harem and other buildings''. New York Graphic Society. 1988. ASIN B000MKDDF2 * Hulya Tezcan, J. M. Rogers. ''The Topkapi Saray Museum: Textiles''. Bulfinch Press. 1986. ISBN 978-0-8212-1634-7 * J. M. Rogers (Author), Cengiz Koseoglu. ''Topkapi Saray Museum''. Bulfinch Press. 1988. ISBN 978-0-8212-1672-9 * {{cite book | title=The Topkapı Saray Museum: Carpets| last=Rogers| first=J.M.| date=1987| pages=248 pages| publisher=Little, Brown & Company| location=Boston| id=ISBN 0-8212-1679-1}} * Filiz Pcafgman (Author), J. M. Rogers. ''The Topkapi Saray Museum: Manuscripts''. Bulfinch Press. 1986. ISBN 978-0-8212-1633-0 * Regina Krahl (Author), Nurdan Erbahar (Author), John Ayers (Author). ''Chinese Ceramics in Topkapi Saray Museum, Istanbul: A Complete Catalogue''. Sotheby Parke Bernet Publications. 1986. ISBN 978-0-85667-184-5 * Zeynep M. Durukan. ''The Harem of the Topkapi Palace''. Hilal Matbaacilik Koll. 1973. ASIN B000OLCZPI * Esin Atil. ''Suleymanname: The Illustrated History of Suleyman the Magnificent''. Harry N Abrams. 1986. ISBN 978-0-8109-1505-3 * Fanny Davis. ''Palace of Topkapi in Istanbul''. 1970. ASIN B000NP64Z2 * Turhan Can. ''Topkapi Palace''. Orient Touristic Publishing Service. 1997. ASIN B000JERAEQ * {{cite book | title=Topkapi Palace Inside and Out: A Guide to the Topkapi Palace Museum and Grounds| last=Claire| first=Karaz| date=2004| pages=104 pages| publisher=Çitlembik Publications| location=Istanbul| id=ISBN 978-975-6663-49-3}} * Sabahattin Turkoglu. ''The Topkapi Palace''. NET. 1989. ISBN 978-975-479-074-0 * Ilhan Aksit. ''Topkapi Palace''. Istanbul. 1994. ASIN B000MPGBGK == Pranala njaba == {{Commons category}} * [http://www.konyalilokantasi.com/saray.htm Konyalı Restaurant] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312065250/http://www.konyalilokantasi.com/saray.htm |date=2009-03-12 }} * [http://www.tulpart.com/pic.asp?cmd=2&cid=5&sid=20 Topkapi Palace Pictures] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016110739/http://tulpart.com/pic.asp?cmd=2&cid=5&sid=20 |date=2007-10-16 }} * [http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/Ext/palace.html Guide to Topkapı Palace] at [[Bilkent University]] * [http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/topkapi.html Bilkent University web site] Floor plan of Topkapı Palace * [http://seslirehber.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=32&Itemid=39 Topkapi Palace Visit Map] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928082752/http://seslirehber.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=32&Itemid=39 |date=2007-09-28 }} Audioguide * [http://palais-topkapi.blogspot.com Topkapi Palace photos] * [http://www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com OsmanliMedeniyeti.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050801005725/http://www.osmanlimedeniyeti.com/ |date=2005-08-01 }} An article about the building of Topkapı Palace {{tr icon}} * [http://www.istanbulportal.com/istanbulportal/Topkapi.aspx Information about Topkapı Palace] * [http://www.wowturkey.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=3632 Topkapı Palace photos from wowturkey.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080423225343/http://wowturkey.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=3632 |date=2008-04-23 }} * [http://www.ee.bilkent.edu.tr/~history/topkapi.html Informational website] at Bilkent University * [http://www.paradoxplace.com/Insights/Topkapi/Suleiman%20Topkapi%20Ottomans.htm Topkapi Palace Photos & Suleiman the Magnificent] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090320234857/http://paradoxplace.com/Insights/Topkapi/Suleiman%20Topkapi%20Ottomans.htm |date=2009-03-20 }} {{coor title d|41.013|N|28.984|E|type:landmark}} {{Pura ing Turki}} {{Landmark ing Istanbul}} [[Kategori:Pamaréntahan kakaisaran Ottoman]] [[Kategori:Pura ing Turki]] [[Kategori:Musiyum ing Turki]] [[Kategori:Arsitèktur Ottoman]] kqsoxx0x8a0wyk5bvv5s30lwsqrx8ch Franz Kafka 0 26121 1759096 1758738 2026-10-24T20:53:12Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 1 book for (20261024) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 1759096 wikitext text/x-wiki {{multiscript|Franz Kafka|ꦥ꦳꧀ꦫꦤ꧀ꦱ꧀ꦏꦥ꦳꧀ꦏ}} {{Infobox Writer | name = Franz Kafka | image = Kafka1906.jpg | caption = Foto Franz Kafka ing taun 1906 | birth_date = [[3 Juli]] [[1883]] | birth_place = {{flagicon image|Ensign of Austro-Hungarian civil fleet (1869-1918).svg}} [[Praha]], [[Ostenrik-Honggari]] (saiki [[Céko]]) | death_date = [[3 Juni]] [[1924]] | death_place = {{flagicon|Ostenrik}} [[Wina]], [[Ostenrik]] | occupation = [[Novèlis]], [[carita cekak|cerpènis]], pagawé asuransi, manajer pabrik, | nationality = [[Yahudi]]-[[Bohémia]] [[Yahudi Ashkenazi|(Ashkenazi)]] ([[Ostenrik-Hungaria]]) | genre = | movement = [[modèrenisme]], [[èksistènsialisme]], [[suréalisme]], palopor dhasar saka [[réalisme magis]] | magnum_opus = [[Der Prozess]], [[Der Schloss]], [[Die Verwandlung]] | influences = [[Søren Kierkegaard]], [[Fyodor Dostoevsky]], [[Charles Dickens]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche]] | influenced = [[Albert Camus]], [[Federico Fellini]], [[Isaac Bashevis Singer]], [[Gabriel Garcia Marquez]], [[Carlos Fuentes]], [[Salman Rushdie]], [[Haruki Murakami]] | signature = Kafka.gif }} '''Franz Kafka''' ([[3 Juli]] [[1883]]-[[3 Juni]] [[1924]]) yaiku salah siji panitra [[basa Jerman]] kang wigati. Kafka lair saka kulawarga [[Yahudi]] kelas manengah ing [[Praha]], Ostenrik-Honggari (saiki ing [[Céko]]). Karya-karya wigatiné kalebu ''[[Die Verwandlung]]'' ("Owah-owahan" 1915), ''[[Der Process]]'' ("Prosès Pangadilan" 1925) lan ''[[Das Schloss]]'' ("Kastil" 1926). Nalika dhèwèké urip, kang ndunungi Praha akèhé nuturaké basa Céko, nanging uga ana kang ndunungi kang nuturaké basa Jerman. Pamilahan antarané kang ndunungi kang nuturaké basa Céko saka kang ndunungi kang nuturaké basa Jerman iku kadadèn, jalaran rong golongan iki padha-padha ndhedhesaké jatidhiri nasionalé dhéwé-dhéwé. Komunitas Yahudi kerepé posisiné ana antarané komunitas Céko lan komunitas panutur basa Jerman. Prakara iki temtuné ngakibataké Wong Yahudi lan mligi Kafka dadi kerep mikiraké posisi awaké dhéwé. Kafka dhéwé bisa baud nuturaké basa Jerman lan basa Céko, nanging basa Jerman dianggep basa ibuné. Kafka kuliah minangka siji pangacara. Sawisé lulus studi ukum, dhèwèké olèh pagawéan ing siji perusahaan asuransi. Banjur dhèwèké nulis cerkak manawa préi. Salawasé urip, dhèwèké ngomèl genéya wektuné kanggo nglakoni klangenané kurang nyukupi. Dhèwèké getun pagawéyané kanggo golèk pangan utawa apa kang diarani ''Brotberuf'' (pagawéan golèk roti) iku nguras akèh wektuné. Kafka senengé nggegayut karo sanak saduluré saha kanca-kancané mawa nulis layang. Dhèwèké nulis atusan layang marang saduluré lan kanca-kanca wadoné kang raket. Sing tau nampa layangé ya iku bapakné, tunangané [[Felice Bauer]] lan adhiné wadon kang bontot, [[Ottla Kafka|Ottla]]. Gegayutané marang bapakné rada njlimet lan prakara iki bisa dititèni ing karya tulisé. Dhèwèké uga ngalami kasangsaran batin déné idhèntitas Yahudiné. Dhèwèké rumangsa manawa prakara iki ora ana gandhèng-cènèngé karo awaké, sanadyan para kritikus padha débat apa latar wuriné minangka [[Yahudi|Wong Yahudi]] mangaribawani karya tulisé. == Babad slira == === Sangkaning kulawarga Kafka === [[Gambar:Dohle (Corvus monedula) d1.jpg|thumb|left|Manuk ''kavka'']] [[Gambar:Kafka-sisters.jpg|thumb|left|Saduluré wadon Franz Kafka saka kiwa: Valli, Elli, Ottla]] [[Gambar:Kafka5jahre.jpg|thumb|left|Franz Kafka, nalika limang taun umuré]] Kafka lair ing siji kulawarga kelas manengah Yahudi kang mituturaké basa Jerman ing Praha, kutha krajan [[Bohémia]]. Bapakné, Hermann Kafka (1852–1931), diarani siji "wong dagang utawa bisnis kang gedhé awaké, égois lan dominan"<ref>Corngold 1973</ref>. Jeneng Kafka iku dijupuk saka basa Céko ''kavka'' utawa basa Polski (basa Polen) ''kawka'' lan tegesé siji manuk kang mèmper [[gagak]]..<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die frühen Jahre.'' Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2014, S. 31</ref> Wong tuwané Franz Kafka, [[Hermann Kafka]] (1852–1931) lan Julie Kafka-Löwy (1856–1934) asalé saka siji kulawarga dagang Yahudi kelas manengah.<ref>[http://www.lehrer.uni-karlsruhe.de/~za874/homepage/kafka.htm Franz Kafka, Lebensdaten, Werk], Regionaler Arbeitskreis Internet am Oberschulamt Karlsruhe</ref> Bapakné asalé saka Désa [[Osek u Radomyšle|Wosek]] ing [[Céko|Bohémia Kidul]], ing endi dhèwèké tumuwuh ing swasana prasaja. Minangka siji bocah, dhèwèké kudu ngeteraké dagangané bapakné (Jakob Kafka (1814-1889)) ing tlatah pradésan sakiwa-tengené. Jakob Kafka iku siji [[Syekhita|tukang jagal Yahudi]]. Ing dina tembé Hermann Kafka banjur nggolèk dhuwit minangka dagang keliling, sawisé iku dhèwèké dadi grosir wiraswastawan kang ngedol barang-barang pahésan ing [[Praha]]. Julie Löwy asalé saka kulawarga kang nduwé saka [[Poděbrady]], lan pawiyatané luwih dhuwur tinimbang bojoné. Ing tokoné bojoné dhèwèké uga ndarbèni hak bisa mèlu ngatur, lan saben dina Julie nyambut gawé nganti rolas jam. Kajaba sadulué lanang Georg lan Heinrich kang wis tilar donya minangka bocah, Franz Kafka uga ndarbèni adhi wadon telu. Telu-teluné nanging ing tembé bakal dideportasi manyang mbokmanawa kamp konsèntrasi utawa ghetto. Sawisé iku dunungé ora kinawruhan manèh. Seduluré ya iku [[Elli Kafka|Gabriele]], apeparab Elli (1889–1941?), [[Valli Kafka|Valerie]], apeparab Valli (1890–1942?), lan [[Ottla Kafka|Ottilie „Ottla“ Kafka]] (1892–1943?). Amerga wong tuwané loro-loroné sadina-dinané kudu nyambut gawé, mula bocah-bocah diurusi para réwang wadon. Kafka iku anggota kaum minoritas warga Praha kang mituturaké basa Jerman. Sanajan mangkono, Franz uga bisa nuturaké basa Céko, kaya déné wong tuwané. Sauntara Kafka ing layang-layangé, buku padinan, lan tèks-tèks prosa dijlèntrèhaké gegayutané marang bapakné, ibuné mèh ora diomongaké. Sanajan mangkono, sanak saduluré saka ibuné uga ana kang dadi paraga ing carita-caritané Kafka,<ref>[[Peter-André Alt]]: ''Franz Kafka: Der ewige Sohn. Eine Biographie''. Beck, München 2005, S. 28.</ref> kaya ta si nimpuna [[Talmud]] kang nyèntrik lan njomblo.<ref>Carita ' Das Unglück des Junggesellen ' saka ''Betrachtungen''</ref> Contoné ya iku pak ciliké, Siegfried Löwy kang dadi tuladhané dhokter désa ing carita ''[[Ein Landarzt]]'' ('Sawijining Dhokter Désa). === Mangsa cilik lan pawiyatané === [[Gambar:Geburtshaus Kafkas.JPG|thumb|Ing ''Dům U Minuty'' Kafka manggon karo kulawargané antara taun 1889 lan 1896. Adhiné telu lair ing kéné kabèh.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.prague.cz/minute-house/ |title=Minute House in Prague |author= |website=prague.cz |date= |access-date=2015-05-12}}</ref>]] Saka taun 1889 nganti 1893, Kafka sekolah ing ''die Deutsche Knabenschule'' ing Fleischmarkt ing Praha. Sawisé lulus, Franz nurut dhawuhé bapakné lan banjur sekolah ing Gymnasium Negeri Humanistis ing punjer kutha Praha ing [[Puri Goltz-Kinsky]]. Toko wong tuwané uga ana ing gedhong iki.<ref>Peter-André Alt: ''Franz Kafka: Der ewige Sohn. Eine Biographie''. Beck, München 2005, S. 74.</ref> Kanca-kancané nalika jamané sekolah manengah ya iku [[Rudolf Illowý]], [[Samuel Hugo Bergman|Hugo Bergmann]], [[Ewald Felix Příbram]], lan [[Paul Kisch]] saha [[Oskar Pollak]], kang uga dadi kancané kuliah ing universitas. Ing tembé Kafka bakal nyambut gawé ing kantor asuransiné bapakné Ewald Felix Příbram. Sanadyan Kafka iku siji siswa kang baud, dhèwèké ngalami masalah ''[[atychiphobia]]'' nalika isih sekolah lan mangaribawani wijiné.<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die frühen Jahre''. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2014, S. 97.</ref> [[Gambar:Kafka-as-pupil.jpg|thumb|left|Kafka minangka siswa (sadurungé 1900)]] Nalika dadi siswa sekolah, Kafka wis seneng marang kasusastran. Nanging corètan karyané kang mbiyèn wis ora ana manèh, mbokmanawa wis disirnakaké, kaya ta uga buku-buku dinané kang awal. In taun 1899, Kafka kang umuré 16 taun dadi katarik marang [[sosialisme]]. Sanajan kancané lan guru pulitiké Rudolf Illowy metu saka sekolah déné aktivitas konspirasi sosialisme, Kafka panggah setya marang kapercayané lan nganggo [[anyelir|kembang anyelir]] ing bolongan beniké.<ref>[[Klaus Wagenbach]]: ''Kafka'' Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 1964, S. 35f.</ref> Sawisé lulus ujian ing taun 1901 mawa wiji kang maremaké, bocah umur 18 taun, kanggo kapisan ing uripé ninggal Bohémia lan lelungan karo pakliké, om [[Siegfried Löwy]] menyang [[Norderney]] lan [[Helgoland]]. Kafka miwiti kuliah wiwit taun 1901 nganti 1906 ing [[Universitas Karl Ferdinand]] ing Praha. Kapisan dhèwèké nyoba kuliah kimia, nanging ora suwé manèh dhèwèké ganti dadi kuliah kukum. Sawisé iku dhèwèké ora seneng lan nyoba kuliah [[basa Jerman|basa lan sastra Jerman]] lan sajarah seni sasemèster suwéné. Banjur nalika semèster taun 1902, Kafka ngrungokaké ceramahé [[Anton Marty]] ngenani "dhasar psikologi dèskriptif".<ref>Klaus Wagenbach: ''Franz Kafka.'' Rowohlt, Reinbek bei Hamburg 2008, S. 50f.</ref> Nalika iku Kafka nimbang-nimbang arep nerusaké kuliahé ing [[München]]. Pungkasané dhèwèké panggah nerusaké studi kukum. Banjur sawisé limang taun, dhèwèké bisa ngrampungaké studiné ing sajeroning wektu kang ditemtokaké mawa promosi karo [[Alfred Weber]]. Sawisé iku dhèwèké kudu magang tanpa dibayar, sataun suwéné ing pangadilan nagari lan pangadilan tindak pidana.<ref>[[Bodo Pieroth]]: ''Das juristische Studium im literarischen Zeugnis – Franz Kafka'', in: JURA – Juristische Ausbildung 1993, S. 415f (mit weiteren Angaben zu Studium und Prüfung)</ref> === Pagawéyané === Sawisé nyambut gawé ora nganti sataun ing maskapé asuransi swasta [[Assicurazioni Generali]] (Oktober 1907 nganti Juli 1908) Kafka banjur saka taun 1908 nganti 1922 nyambut gawé ing siji badan usaha kang saparo darbéné pamaréntah ''Arbeiter-Unfallversicherungs-Anstalt für das Königreich Böhmen'' ('Maskapé Asuransi Kacilakan Buruh kanggo Karajan Bohémia') ing Praha. Dhèwèké ngarani pagawéyané minangka "gawéan kanggo golèk roti" (''Brotberuf''). Aktivitas Kafka merlokaké kawruh kang mumpuni ngenani produksi lan tèhnik indhustri. Kafka kang umuré 25 taun iki ngusulaké aturan kanggo menggak kacilakan pas prosès produksi. Banjur manawa dhèwèké ora nyambut gawé, Kafka solidèr kanthi pulitik marang para buruh. Manawa ana démonstrasi, dhèwèké mèlu lumaku lan bolongan beniké ditancepi kembang anyelir abang. Pisan-pisanané dhèwèké nyambut gawé ing pérangan kacilakan, nanging sawisé iku dhèwèké dipindhah lan ditugasi ing pérangan asuransi tèhnik. Wiwit taun 1910 Kafka dadi calon punggawa sajeroning babagan ing perusahaané, sawisé Kafka nyinaoni pagawéan iki déné olèhé mèlu kuliah prakara tèknologi mékanis ing Pawiyatan Luhur Tèknik ing Praha. Dhèwèké banjur kang nulis lan ngirim dokumèn sarta ngasuransèkaké perusahaan-perusahaan kang dipérang dadi sawatara kelas rawan kacilakan. Saka taun 1908 nganti 1916, dhèwèké kerep dikirim tugas menyang Bohémia Lor, kerepé menyang Reichenberg (saiki [[Liberec]]). Ing kana dhèwèké nuwèni lan ninjo perusahaan, mriksa sèrtifikasi perusahaan lan nekani sidhang pangadilan. Minangka panulis asuransi, dhèwèké nulis lapuran taunan pertanggung-jawaban sawatara perusahaan. Minangka pangaji prestasiné, Kafka dipromosèkaké nganti ping papat, ing taun 1910 dadi calon punggawa, ing taun 1913 dadi wakil sekretaris, ing taun 1920 dadi sekretaris lan in taun 1922 dadi sekretaris jendral. Perkara pagawéyané, Kafka nulis ing siji layang: "Aku ora patiya sesambat prakara gawéyanku, kaya prakara kakesètaning wektu kang ora lumaku". Tekanan jam makarya, menthelengi jam kang andayani kabèh lan menit-menit pungkasan dina makarya minangka "watu pancolotan lelucon", ya mangkono iku gagasané Kafka prakara pagawéyané. Dhèwèké tau nulis marang [[Milena Jasenská]]: "Tugasku iku anèh banget lan ènthèng banget [...] aku nganti ora mudheng genéya aku olèh dhuwit". Kafka ngrasakaké manawa sumbangsihé ing perusahaan wong tuwané kang dikarepaké kulawargané iku nggawé sesek. Wiwit taun 1911, dhèwèké kudu nyambut gawé ing pabrik [[asbès]] darbéné ipéné. Ing pabrik iki dhèwèké ora bisa tumuwuh, kamangka kafka iku digawé dadi salah siji peséro. Saliyané iku lakuné Kafka kang grapyak marang para buruh, béda banget karo tumindhaké bapakné kang mrebawani. Perang Donya I banjur nggawa pangalaman anyar, manawa èwonan pangungsi Yahudi kepéngin menyang Praha. Minangka tetulungan marang para wadya, Kafka ngurusi réhabilitasi lan pawiyatané wong-wong kang tatu abot.<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die Jahre der Erkenntnis.'' Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2008, ISBN 978-3-10-075119-5, S. 78 ff.</ref> Dhèwèké diwajibaké déning perusahané. Sadurungé perusahaané ngandharaké manawa Kafka iku siji "tenaga kang ora bisa diganti", dadi Kafka kareksa lan ora perlu mèlu perang, sawisé Kafka ing taun 1915 dianggep layak kanthi militèr lan bisa dikerahaké. Ing sisih liyané, Kafka dadi lara [[TBC]] rong taun engkas. Kafka banjur njaluk dipènsiyun. Nanging perusahaan ora mènèhi pènsiyun, pas ing tanggal 1 Juli 1922 dhèwèké pungkasané bisa bébas. === Gegayutan karo bapakné === [[Gambar:De_Kafka_Brief_an_den_Vater_001.jpg|thumb|Kaca kapisan saka ''[[Brief an den Vater]]'' ('Layang marang kang Rama') kang ora dikirim saka taun 1919, mawa tilas tulisan tangané]] Gegayutan Franz Kafka marang bapakné, Hermann Kafka, kang kebak karo konflik iku dadi punjering motif ing karyané lan motif utama. Franz Kafka dhéwé olèhé nggambaraké bapakné iku minangka priyayi kang sènsitif, ngati-ati, lan malahan isin saha sok ngengen-engen. Bapakné iku bisa nyambut gawé akèh saha tlatèn lan dadi wong nduwé kamangka asalé saka kalangan kulawarga mlarat. Nanging bapakné iku bisa dadi wong déné wateké kang kasar, kerep mbengok nèk ngomong, golèk menang dhéwé lan ndarbèni watek dagang kang [[dèspotisme|dèspotik]]. Bapakné ajeg sesambat lan muni-muni kasar ngenani mangsa ciliké kang rekasa lan anak-anak sarta pegawéné kang luwih kepènak, kang namung bisa dijamin déning awaké karo ngangsa banget. Ibuné kang asalé saka kalangan kulawarga alus, sajatiné bisaa dadi kosok baliné bapakné kang kasar, nanging ibuné nuruti paugeran, wanti-wanti, norma lan kaputusané sang Patriark iki kanthi loyal. Ing ''Layang marang kang Rama'' Franz Kafka nglèhaké bapakné kang nrapaké kakuwasan otoritèr: "Bapak mung bisa ngrengkuh anak, kaya déné wateké bapak dhéwé, nganggo kakuwatan gedhé, mbengok lan duka, lan ing prakara iki, Bapak pancèn cocog, amarga Bapak kersa ngwujudaké dalem dadi bocah lanang kang kuwat lan kendel." Ing carita-caritané Kafka, paraga sang bapak ora arang digambaraké kuwasa, nanging uga ora adil, kaya ta ing novèl ''Die Verwandlung''. Sajeroning novèl iki, sang paraga baku, Gregor, kang wis owah dadi kéwan gegremetan, dibalangi apel déning bapakné nganti tatu lan banjur lampus. Ing cerkak ''Das Urteil'', siji bapak kang dominan lan nggegirisi nibani vonis marang anaké, Georg Bendemann, paukuman "pati déné keblebekan banyu". Si anak ing carita iki banjur ya nuruti bapakné lan mencolot saka kreteg lumebu ing banyu. === Kanca-kancané === Ing Praha Kafka nduwé golongan kanca-kanca kang klangenané padha, klompoké iki kawujudaké ing taun-taun kapisan nalika dhèwèké kuliah ing universitas (uga diaranai ''[[Prager Kreis]]'' ing basa Jerman). Saliyané [[Max Brod]], kanca-kancané ya iku [[Felix Weltsch]], kang ing tembé dadi filsuf, sarta padha-padha panulis [[Oskar Baum]] lan [[Franz Werfel]]. Brod iku kang kapisan lan wis awal bisa nitèni kawasisané Kafka. Dhèwèké uga kang ngakon kancané mbabaraké bukuné ing panerbit anyar, [[Rowohlt Verlag]] kang dumunung ing Kutha Leipzig.<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die Jahre der Entscheidungen''. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2004, S. 66ff.</ref> Minangka wakilé Kafka sawisé Kafka tilar donya, Max Brod menggak supaya karya-karyané kang awujud fragmèn-fragmèn roman kang durung rampung diobong. Antara kanca-kancané uga ana siji tokoh kang jenengé [[Jizchak Löwy]]. Dhèwèké iku juru main sandhiwara lan asalé saka siji kulawarga [[Yudaisme Hasidut|Yahudi Hasidut]], ing Warsawa. Dhèwèké iku bisa nges banget marang Kafka déné sipaté kang ora nduwé kompromi. Löwy iku ora diwèhi pangèstu wong tuwané kang ndarbèni kapitayan Yahudi Ortodoks, yèn dhèwèké kapéngin dadi seniman. Löwy iku muncul dadi siji paraga ing sawijing fragmèn caritané Kafka ''[[Vom jüdischen Theater]]''. Kafka olèhé gegayutan karo kulawargané raket dhéwé karo adhiné [[Ottla Kafka|Ottla]]. Dhèwèké iku kang tansah nulung kangmasé manawa lara parah lan perlu pitulung sarta panglipur. === Pribadi === [[File:Felice Bauer and Franz Kafka.jpg|thumb|[[Felice Bauer]]]] Kafka nalika urip ora tau omah-omah. Miturut Max Brod, Kafka iku "disiksa" déning kadrengan asmarané lan panulis biografi Kafka, [[Reiner Stach]] ngandharaké manawa sadawané uripé iku, Kafka "tansah ngoyak wong wadon" lan dhèwèké wedi manawa "gagal kanthi sèksual".{{sfn|Stach|2005|pp = 44, 207}} Nalika wis diwasa, Kafka kerep nekani [[bordhil]]{{sfn|Hawes|2008|pp = 186, 191}}{{sfn|European Graduate School|2012}}{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 43}} lan dhèwèké uga nduwé klangenan marang pornografi.{{sfn|Hawes|2008|p = 186}} Saliyané iku dhèwèké uga ndarbèni rélasi karo sawatara wong wadon. Ing tanggal 13 Agustus 1912, Kafka ketemu karo [[Felice Bauer]], saduluré Brod, kang nyambut gawé ing Berlin minangka wakil siji perusahaan diktafpn. Sawisé ketemu Felice ing omahé Brod, Kafka nulis ing buku padinané: {{quote|Mbak FB. Nalika aku teka ing ngomahé Brod tanggal 13 Agustus, wong wadon iku lungguh cedhak méja. Aku ora kepéngin ngerti wektu iku, sapa dhèwèké, nanging ora perduli waé. Ceking mawa rai kosong kang cetha nuduhaké kakosongan kapribadèné. Guluné ora ditutupi. Nganggo blus. Rupané lugu banget nganggo gauné, nanging tibakné ora babar belas. (Aku nggawé jarak sesithik srana olèhku nitèni awaké). Irungé kaya tugel. Rambuté pirang warnané, rada lurus, ora menarik, daguné kuwat. Nalika aku lungguh, aku nuwèni dhèwèké kanggo kapisan. Lan nalika aku wis lungguh kepénak, aku wis nduwé panemuku kang ora bakal gigrig.{{sfn|Banville|2011}}{{sfn|Köhler|2012}}}} Sawisé prastawa iki, Kafka nulis carita ''[[Das Urteil]]'' ing namung sawengi waé sarta bakal mroduksi roman ''[[Der Verschollene]]'' lan ''[[Die Verwandlung]]''. Olèhé Kafka lan Felice Bauer komunikasi, kerepé nganggo srana layang ing wanci limang taun sawisé iki. Wong loro iki uga sok-sokan tetemon lan malahan tau tunangan ping loro.{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 1}} Layang-layangé Kafka marang Felice dibabar minangka ''[[Briefe an Felice]]'' (''Layang-layang marang Felice''); nanging layang-layangé Felice ora ana kang lestari.{{sfn|Banville|2011}}{{sfn|Seubert|2012}}{{sfn|Brod|1960|pp = 196–197}} Miturut panulis biografi Kafka, Stach lan James Hawes, ing sakiwa-tengené taun 1920, Kafka tunangan manèh kaping telu, saiki karo Julie Wohryzek, siji réwang kamar hotèl kang mlarat lan ora sekolahan.{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 1}}{{sfn|Hawes|2008|pp = 129, 198–199}} Sanajan wong loro iki banjur nyéwa kamar bebarengan lan ngrencanakaké tanggal mantènan, mantènané ora tau kalaksanan. Bapakné Franz Kafka ora sarujuk yèn dhèwèké rabi karo Julie, amarga Julie iku nganut faham [[Zionisme]]. Sadurungé tanggal mantènané kang wis direncanakaké, dhèwèké pacaran karo wong wadon liya manèh.{{sfn|Murray|2004|pp = 276–279}} Sanajan Kafka merlokaké wong wadon lan sèks sajeroning uripé, dhèwèké iku nduwé rasa ''minder'' saha nduwé panemu yèn sèks iku nistha. Saliyané iku, dhèwèké sok isin, mligi isin marang awaké dhéwé.{{sfn|Steinhauer|1983|pp = 390–408}} Stach and Brod ngandharaké manawa salawaé Kafka tepungan karo Felice Bauer, dhèwèké uga pacangan karo kancané Felice, kang jenengé Margarethe "Grete" Bloch,{{sfn|Stach|2005|pp = 379–389}} siji wanita Yahudi saka Berlin. Brod banjur kandha manawa Bloch nglairaké anak lanang katurunané Kafka, sanadyan Kafka ora tau ngertèni lan tepung karo anak iki. Anak iki, kang jenengé ora ana kang ngerti, lair ing taun 1914 utawa 1915 lan banjur tilar inga taun 1921 ing [[München]].{{sfn|Brod|1960|pp = 240–242}}{{sfn|S. Fischer|2012}} Nanging, panulis biografi Kafka liyané, Peter-André Alt ngandharaké manawa sanadyan Bloch nduwé anak lanang, Kafka iku dudu bapakné lan Bloch saha Kafka iku ora tau raket nganti intim.{{sfn|Alt|2005|p = 303}}{{sfn|Hawes|2008|pp = 180–181}} Stach uga ngandharaké manawa sanadyan Bloch nduwé anak lanang, ora ana bukti kuwat yèn Kafka iku bapakné, malahan ana bukti yèn Kafka iku dudu bapakné bocah iki.{{sfn|Stach|2005|pp = 1, 379–389, 434–436}} Kafka olèh diagnosis manawa dhèwèké iku lara [[TBC]] ing sasi Agustus 1917. Banjur dhèwèké pindhah menyang Désa Zürau (Siřem ing [[basa Céko]]) ing [[Bohémia]]. Ing kana, adhiné, Ottla nyambut gawé ing pertaniané ipéné, Hermann. Kafka seneng ana ing kana lan rumangsa kepénak. Ing tembé dhèwèké bakal nulis manawa wayah iki, mobokmanawa wayah sajeroning uripé kang kepéna dhéwé, amarga Kafka ora nduwé beban tanggung jawab babar belas. Dhèwèké nulis buku padinan lan ''[[Oktavheft]]''. Saka cathetan ing buku-buku iki, Kafka njupuk 109 lembar dluwang tèks kang dinomeri lan banjur kanthi acak dibabar ''[[Die Zürauer Aphorismen]] oder Betrachtungen über Sünde, Hoffnung, Leid und den wahren Weg'' (Aforisme Zürau utawa Réflèksi marang Dosa, Pangarepan, Kasangsaran lan Dalan kang Bener).{{sfn|Apel|2012|p = 28}} Ing taun 1920 Kafka miwiti gayutan kang raket karo [[Milena Jesenská]], siji wartawati lan panulis Céko. Layang-layangé marang Milena ing tembé dibabar minangka ''[[Briefe an Milena]]''.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p=389}} Nalika liburan ing sasi Juli 1923 ing [[Graal-Müritz]], cedhak Sagara Baltik, Kafka ketemu karo [[Dora Diamant]], sawijing guru TK umur 25 taun saka kulawarga Yahudi Ortodoks. Kafka kang nduwé pangarep lumayu saka pangaribawané kulawargané dhéwé supaya bisa konsèntrasi nulis, banjur pindhah menyang Berlin lan manggon karo Diamant. Diamant dadi pacaré lan dhèwèké dadi sebabé Kafka katarik marang [[Talmud]].{{sfn|Hempel|2002}} Kafka banjur nulis patang carita kang bakal dibabar minangka ''[[Ein Hungerkünstler]]'' (''Sawijining Seniman Pasa'').{{sfn|Brod|1966|p=389}} === Kapribadèn === [[File:Franz-Kafka,-etching(author-Jan-Hladík-1978).jpg|thumb|200px|Franz Kafka, gorèsan ètsa déning Jan Hladík, 1978]] Kafka wedi manawa dhèwèké medèni wong liya kanthi mèntal lan fisik. Nanging, wong-wong kang wis tau nemoni dhèwèké nduwé panemon manawa Kafka iku wongé kalem lan adem, pinter, lan nduwé rasa humor kang 'garing', lumrahé Kafka uga dianggep bagus kaya bocah enom, sanadyan panampilané prasaja.{{sfn|Janouch|1971|pp = 14, 17}}{{sfn|Fichter|1987|pp = 367–377}}{{sfn|Repertory|2005}} Brod madakaké Kafka karo [[Heinrich von Kleist]], loro-loroné bisa nggambaraké siji kaanan kanthi réalistis lan persis.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 41}} Brod nganggep manawa Kafka iku salah siji wong kang nyenengaké kang tau ditemoni; Kafka uga seneng guyonan karo kanca-kancané, nanging uga nulungi lan ngandhan-ngandhani kanca-kancané manawa lagi susah.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 42}} Miturut Brod, dhèwèké iku siji tukang carita kang pinter, wasis wicara kaya déné musik. Brod ngrasa manawa loro saka sipat-sipaté Kafka kang nonjol iku kajujurané sarta setiti banget.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 49}}{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 47}} Kafka iku bisa njajaki détail kang ora digatèkaké wong kanthi jero mawa rasa asih lan persis nganti prakara-prakara kang sadurungé ora katon lan semu anèh nanging bener bisa muncul.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 52}} Sanajan Kafka ora patiya katarik latihan ulah raga nalika isih cilik, dhèwèké sawisé seneng marang dolanan lan aktivitas fisik,{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 14}} sarana nunggangi jaran, nglangi, lan melah utawa ndhayung.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 49}} Ing pungkasaning minggu, dhèwèké lan para kancané lumaku-lumaku adoh, kang direncanakaké déning Kafka dhéwé.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 90}} Klangenan liyané ya iku pangobatan alternatif, sistim pawiyatan modèn kaya ta [[pamulangan Montessori education|Montessori]],{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 49}} lan panemon-panemon tèhnik anyar kaya ta montor mabur lan filem.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 92}} Nulis iku wigati kanggo Kafka, dianggep "sajinising cara dedonga".{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 214}} Dhèwèké sènsitif banget marang swara ribut lan luwih seneng manawa swasané sepi lan suwung manawa lagi nulis.{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 156}} Pérez-Álvarez naté kandha manawa Kafka katoné nandhang gangguan [[gangguan kapribadèn skizoid|kapribadèn skizoid]].{{sfn|Pérez-Álvarez|2003|pp = 181–194}} Gaya panulisané, mituruté, ora mung ing "[[Die Verwandlung]]" ("Métamorfosis"), nanging uga ing sawatara tulisan liyané, katoné nudhuhaké ciri-ciri wong kang nandhang gangguan skizoid ing tahap asor nganti tengah. Ciri-ciri iki bisa nrangaké akèh karya panulisané.{{sfn|Miller|1984|pp = 242–306}} Rasa kawedèné bisa dideleng ing èntri buku padinané saka tanggal 21 Juni 1913:{{sfn|McElroy|1985|pp = 217–232}} {{quote|''Die ungeheure Welt, die ich im Kopfe habe. Aber wie mich befreien und sie befreien, ohne zu zerreißen. Und tausendmal lieber zerreißen, als in mir sie zurückhalten oder begraben. Dazu bin ich ja hier, das ist mir ganz klar.''-Donya dahsyat kang ana sajeroning sirahku. Nanging kepriyé carané mbébasaké awakku tanpa mbedhah. Lan luwih becik kaping sèwu mbedhahaké tinimbang nahan utawa mendhem kabèh iku. Mulané aku ana ing kéné, prekara iku cetha kanggoku.{{sfn|Project Gutenberg|2012}}}} lan ing ''Die Zürauer Aphorismen'' nomer 50: {{quote|''Der Mensch kann nicht leben ohne ein dauerndes Vertrauen zu etwas Unzerstörbarem in sich, wobei sowohl das Unzerstörbare als auch das Vertrauen ihm dauernd verborgen bleiben können. Eine der Ausdrucksmöglichkeiten dieses Verborgenbleibens ist der Glaube an einen persönlichen Gott.''-Wong ora bisa urip tanpa kapitayan tetep kanggo saterusé ing sajeroning awaké dhéwé, kamangka apa kang ora bisa dirusak lan kapercayané dhéwé panggah kasingidaké. Salah siji cara ngungkapaké prekara kang kasingidaké iki carané percaya marang Allah kang Pribadi.{{sfn|Gray|1973|p = 196}}}} Sanajan Kafka ora tau omah-omah, dhèwèké ngajèni palakraman. Pacaré akèh.{{sfn|Brod|1960|pp = 139–140}} Mbokmanawa Kafka iku nduwé lelara angèl mangan. Dhoktor Manfred M. Fichter saka klinik psikiatris, [[Universitas München]], mbabar "bukti kanggo hipotésa manawa panulis Franz Kafka nandhang ''gangguan'' [[anorèksia nèrvosa]] kang ora lumrah",{{sfn|Fichter|1988|pp = 231–238}} lan uga manawa Kafka iku ora mung kasepèn lan dèprèsif nanging uga "sakala-kala kepara arep [[nglalu]]".{{sfn|Fichter|1987|pp = 367–377}} Ing buku ''Franz Kafka, the Jewish Patient'' (''Franz Kafka, si Pasièn Yahudi'' 1995), [[Sander Gilman]] nglakoni invèstigasi "genéya siji wong Yahudi bisa dikira '[[hipokondria|hipokondris]]' utawa '[[homosèksual]]' lan kepriyé Kafka nrapakaké aspèk-aspèk cara mangertèni Wong Yahudi lanang sajeroning tulisan lan citra awaké dhéwé".{{sfn|Gilman|1995|loc = back cover}} Kafka lau nggagas arep nglalu paling ora pisan, ing pungkasan taun 1912.{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 128}} === Pulitik === Sadurungé Perang Donya I,{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 86}} Kafka tau nekani sawatara pasemon Klub Mladých, siji organisasi [[Anarkisme|anarkis]], anti-militèr lan anti-agama Céko.{{sfn|Lib.com|2008}} Hugo Bergmann kang padha sasekolah SD lan SMP/SMA karo Kafka, dadi padu karo Kafka nalika taun kuliah pungkasan(1900–1901) amarga "Paham sosialismené [Kafka] lan paham Zionismeku bédané kakèhan".{{sfn|Bergman|1969|p = 8}}{{sfn|Bruce|2007|p = 17}} "Franz dadi wong sosialis, aku dadi wong Zionis ing taun 1898.{{sfn|Bruce|2007|p = 17}} Sintèsis antara Zionisme lan sosialisme durung ana".{{sfn|Bruce|2007|p = 17}} Bergmann ndhedhes manawa Kafka nganggo kembang anyelir abang menyang sekolah kanggo nuduhaké simpatiné marang sosialisme. Ing siji kaca buku padinané, Kafka ngrujuk sang filsuf anarkis kang mangaribawani awaké, Pangéran Peter Kropotkin: "Aja lali Kropotkin!"{{sfn|Preece|2001|p = 131}} Nalika ing jaman kuminis, warisan karya sastrané Kafka kanggo Blok Wétan sengit didebataké. Panemuné béda-béda, ana kang kandha manawa dhèwèké nggawé satire saka birokrasi Kakaisaran Ostenrik-Honggari kang lagi ambruk, utawa ana kang percaya manawa Kafka iku éjawantahing sosialisme kang lagi ngembang.{{sfn|Hughes|1986|pp = 248–249}} Titik sabanjuré iku téyori aliénasi Karl Marx. Sementara panemuné kang lumrah iku manawa gambarané Kafka kang magepokan karo aliénasi wis ora rélévan manèh kanggo siji masarakat kang wis mbusak aliénasi, siji konferènsi 1963 ing Liblice, Cékoslowakia kanggo mbalèni nuwèni kawigatèné gambarané Kafka ngenani birokrasi.{{sfn|Bathrick|1995|pp = 67–70}} Apa Kafka iku siji panulis pulitik utawa dudu, nganti sapréné isih dadi bahan débat.{{sfn|Socialist Worker|2007}} === Agama Yahudi lan Zionisme === Déné klompk kekancané lan déning kiprahé Max Brod marang Zionisme, Kafka kerep diadhepaké marang panemuné lan sikapé marang Yudaisme saha kontrovèrsi ngenani asimilasi Wong Yahudi Wétan. Simpatiné marang Budaya Yahudi wétan iku wis akèh didokumentasi. Minangka siji panulis, dhèwèké mikiraké kabèh aspèk Yahudi... karo siji tabu, tembung iki ora muncul ing kabèh karya sastrané.<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die Jahre der Erkenntnis''. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2011, S. 524.</ref> Ing wektu kang padha, Reiner Stach, panulis biografiné nafsiraké Asu-asu Udara ing caritané Kafka ''Forschungen eines Hundes'' ('Panlitèn siji Asu') minangka Bangsa Yahudi ing [[diaspora]].<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die Jahre der Erkenntnis''. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2011, S. 528.</ref> Kafka wis nau mutusaké arep pindhah menyang Palèstina lan wis sinau basa Ibrani kanthi intènsif. Nanging kaséhatan awaké kang sangsaya ala, ngalangi rencanané pindhah ing taun 1923. Reiner Stach ngringkes: "Palèstina mung panggah impèn waé, kang awaké nggawé impèn iki dadi sirna."<ref>Reiner Stach: ''Kafka. Die Jahre der Erkenntnis''. Fischer, Frankfurt am Main 2011, S. 536.</ref> === Tilar donya === [[File:Grave of Kafka.JPG|thumb|upright|Sawijining watu kijing kang mratélakaké jenengé wong telu: Franz, Hermann, lan Julie Kafka. Saben jeneng ana fragmèn tèks sangisoré ing basa Ibrani, ing Pakuburan Yahudi ing Praha-Žižkov.]] [[TBC]] [[laring|tenggorokan]] Kafka dadi saya parah lan ing sasi Maret 1924, dhèwèké mulih menyang Praha saka [[Berlin]],{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 1}} ing kana dhèwèké banjur diurusi anggota kulawargané, mligi Ottla adhiné. Banjur dhèwèké lunga menyang [[sanatorium]]é Dr. Hoffmann ing [[Klosterneuburg|Kierling]] cedhak [[Wina]] supaya dirawat, ing tanggal 10 April,{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 389}} lan tilar donya ing kana tanggal 3 Juni 1924. Panyebabé katoné déné kaliren, amarga kondisi tenggorokané Kafka dadi nggawé lara kanggo ngulu panganan, lan ing wektu iku durung ana [[infus]], dadi dhèwèké ora bisa diwèhi nutrisi.{{sfn|Believer|2006}}{{sfn|Brod|1960|pp = 209–211}} Kafka nalika tilar donya lagi nyunting "Sawijining Seniman Luwét", olèhé nganggit wis wiwit sadurungé nandhang lara TBC tenggorokan iki lan ora bisa ngulu panganan.{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 211}} Kunarpané banjur digawa bali menyang Praha, ing kana banjur dikubur ing tanggal 11 Juni 1924, ing [[Nový židovský hřbitov na Olšanech|Kuburan Yahudi Anyar]] ing [[Žižkov|Praha-Žižkov]].{{sfn|European Graduate School|2012}} Kafka nalika isih urip iku ora kawentar, nanging dhèwèké dhéwé ora nganggep iku wigati. Sawisé tilar donya, dhèwèké bakal kondhang.{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 214}} == Karya sastra== Kabèh karyané Kafka kang wis dibabar kabèh ditulis ing [[basa Jerman]], kajaba sawatara layang marang Milena Jesenská kang ditulis mawa [[basa Céko]]. Apa kang dibabar nalika urip namung sithik gunggungé. Kafka ora ngrampungaké novèl lan romané kang dawa sarta ngobong 90% tulisané,{{sfn|''New York Times''|2010}}{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 2}} akèhé nalika dhèwèké manggon ing Berlin karo Diamant, kang mèlu ngréwangi ngobong tulisané.{{sfn|Murray|2004|pp = 367}} Ing taun-taun awal, Kafka dipangaribawani déning Von Kleist, ing siji layang menyang Bauer, karyané dianggep nggegirisi lan Kafka rumangsa luwih raket karo Von Kleist tinimbang karo kulawargané.{{sfn|Furst|1992|p = 84}} === Carita === Karya Kafka kang paling awal dibabar, ya iku wolung carita cekak kang terbit ing taun 1908 ing édisi perdana jurnal ''[[Hyperion (jurnal)|Hyperion]]'' mawa irah-irahan ''[[Betrachtung]]'' (''Kontèmplasi'' utawa ''Renungan''). Dhèwèké uga nulis carita "[[Beschreibung eines Kampfes]]" ("Paparan siji pangudi") ing taun 1904; dhèwèké nuduhaké carita iki marang Brod ing taun 1905. Brod banjur ngandhani Kafka supaya panggah nulis lan bisa ngyakinaké awaké ngirimaké naskahé menyang ''Hyperion''. Kafka mbabar siji fragmèn ing taun 1908{{sfn|Pawel|1985|pp = 160–163}} lan rong pérangan ing mangsa semi taun 1909, kabèh ing München.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 388}} Ing taun 1912 Kafka nulis carita "Das Urteil" ("Kaputusan"), lan carita iki diaturaké marang Felice Bauer. Carita iki dibabar ing Leipzig taun 1912. Isih ing taun 1912, Kafka uga nulis "Die Verwandlung" ("Métamorfosis", utawa "Transformasi"),{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 113}} lan dibabar ing taun 1915 ing Leipzig. Die Verwandlung nyaritakaké siji tukang dagang anduk kang nuju siji dina rumangsa manawa awaké tangi turu lan owah dadi siji ''ungeheuren Ungeziefer'', hama utawa kéwan gegremetan kang nggegirisi. Tembung ''Ungeziefer'' ing basa Jerman iku, sajatiné istilah umum kanggo kéwan reged lan kéwan kang disingkiri. Para kritikus nganggep karya iki minangka salah siji karya inovatif ing abad kaping 20.{{sfn|Sokel|1956|pp = 203–214}}{{sfn|Luke|1951|pp = 232–245}}{{sfn|Dodd|1994|pp = 165–168}} Carita "[[In der Strafkolonie]]" ("Ing Tanah Padendhan"), iku ngandharaké siji piranti panyiksan lan èksékusi kang canggih lan ditulis ing sasi Oktober 1914,{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 389}} banjur dirévisi ing taun 1918, lan dibabar ing Leipzig ing sasi Oktober 1919. Carita "[[Ein Hungerkünstler]]" ("Sawijining Seniman Pasa"), dibabar ing kalawarti ''[[Neue Rundschau|Die neue Rundschau]]'' ing taun 1924, carita iki ngandharaké siji paraga kang dadi kurban lan rumangsa manawa kasenengané sangsaya kurang marang katrampilan: pasa kanthi wektu suwé.{{sfn|Gray|2005|p = 131}} Caritané kang pungkasan, "[[Josefine, die Sängerin oder Das Volk der Mäuse]]" ("Josephine sang Penyanyi, utawa Rakyat Tikus"), uga ngandharaké gegayutan antara siji seniman lan para pamirsané.{{sfn|Horstkotte|2009}} ==== ''Das Urteil'' ==== Ing wayah wengi antara tanggal 22 nganti 23 September 1912, Kafka bisa olèh gawé nulis carita ''Das Urteil'' ing wayah wolung jam, olèhé nulis ora mandheg-mandheg. Ngèlmu kasusastran ing tembé bakal ngwiji upaya Kafka iki manawa dhèwèké nalika iku bisa nemu gaya pribadiné. Kafka lir kesetrum listrik awit sadurungé durung tau dhèwèké bisa nulis nganti intènsif kaya mengkéné iki. Uga dayaning carita marang awaké dhéwé, sawisé bola-bali diwaca, sangsaya mrebawani Kafka lan nggawé awaké sadhar manawa dhèwèké iku panulis sajati. ''Das Urteil'' miwiti siji mangsa kréatif kapisan, mangsa kréatif kapindhoné kira-kira lumaksanan rong taun sawisé. Ing antarané wayah iki, Kafka ora akèh nulis sajeroning karo tengah taun. Ing tembé Kafka ya ora akèh nulis manèh. Carita ''Das Urteil'' dikaturaké marang Felice Bauer. Brod nitèni manawa jeneng paraga baku lan tunangané ana èmperé: Georg Bendemann and Frieda Brandenfeld, to Franz Kafka and Felice Bauer.{{sfn|Brod|1966|ps = 114f}} Carita iki kerep dianggep manawa karya trobosan Kafka. Isiné ngandharaké gegayutan seret antara siji anak lanang marang bapakné kang dominan. Banjur ana kaanan anyar manawa anaké lanang arep tunangan.{{sfn|Ernst|2010}}{{sfn|Hawes|2008|pp = 159, 192}} Kafka ing tembé nulis, yèn dhèwèké nulis iku minangka "jiwa lan raga kang dibukak babar pisan" (''Nur so kann geschrieben werden, nur in einem solchen Zusammenhang, mit solcher vollständigen Öffnung des Leibes und der Seele.''-Aku namung bisa nulis, mawa gegandhèngan mengkéné, mawa jiwa lan raga kang dibukak babar pisan),{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 113}}. Carita iki "ngrembaka kaya déné kalairan sajati, blépotan ayid saha rereged".{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 129}} Carita iki pisanan dibabar ing Leipzig taun 1912 lan diaturaké marang "Nona Felice Bauer", lan ing édisi sabanjuré marang "F."{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 389}} === Roman (novèl) === Roman kapisan Kafka ditulis ing taun 1912;{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 113}} irah-irahané bab kapisané ya iku "Der Heizer" ("Juru Pamanas"). Bukuné kang durung rampung diarani Kafka ''[[Der Verschollene]]'' (''Wong Lanang kang Ilang''), nanging Brod kang mbabar buku iki sawisé Kafka séda, ngarani buku iki ''Amérika''.{{sfn|Brod|1960|pp = 128, 135, 218}} Kafka diilhami pangalamané antarané para pamirsa pagelaran téater Yiddish ing taun sadurungé. Dhèwèké wiwit sadhar ngenani warisan budaya leluhuré lan banjur bisa aprésiasi jinis budaya kaya ngéné. Dhèwèké uga wiwit mikir manawa aprésiasi kanggo warisan budaya iku ana sajeroning kalbuné kabèh wong.{{sfn|Koelb|2010|p = 34}} Buku iki luwih lucu lan réalistis tinimbang akèh-akèhé karya Kafka liyané. Roman iki More explicitly humorous and slightly more realistic than most of Kafka's works, roman iki nyritakaké [[motif (sastra)|motif]] siji sistim kang oprèsif lan ora bisa dipahami sarta kerep nggiring sang paraga tumeka menyang ing kaanan kang anèh-anèh.{{sfn|Sussman|1979|pp = 72–94}} Bukuné nganggo akèh détail pangalaman para seduluré kang pindhah menyang Amérikah Sarékat{{sfn|Stach|2005|p = 79}} lan karya iki siji-sijiné karya Kafka kang ndarbèni pungkasan nyenengaké.{{sfn|Brod|1960|p = 137}} Ing taun 1914, Kafka nulis roman ''Der Process'' (''Prosès Pangadilan''),{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 388}} caritané prakara siji wong lanang kang dicekel péhak wewenang lan banjur dituntut ing pangadilan. Péhak wewenang iki ora bisa dihubungi lan sang paraga baku utawa para pawaca buku ya ora dikandhani apa salahé utawa luputé. Romané iki ora dirampungaké déning Kafka, nanging bab pungkasané ditulis. Miturut pamenang Pangaji Nobel lan ahli Kafka, [[Elias Canetti]], kang dadi fokus utama roman ''Der Process'' iku Felice. Kafka dhéwé tau ngandharaké manawa iku "caritané Felice".{{sfn|Stach|2005|pp = 108–115, 147, 139, 232}}{{sfn|Kakutani|1988}} Mula irah-irahan bukuné Canetti iku ''Kafka's Other Trial'' ('Prosès Kafka Liyané') kanggo mangertèni gegayutané layang-layangé marang Felice lan roman iki.{{sfn|Kakutani|1988}} Ing sajeroning resènsi kanggo koran ''[[The New York Times]]'', Michiko Kakutani nulis manawa layang-layangé Kafka iku ndarbèni "ciri-ciri karya fiksiné: kawigatènan kang grayasen kanggo nyathet détail-détail kang anèh, kasadaran paranoid kang padha marang traju kakuwasan, swasana émosional kang nekak — lan kang cukup nggumunaké, iku kabèh dicampur karo wanci-wanci semangat taruna saha kabagyan."{{sfn|Kakutani|1988}} Miturut buku padinané, Kafka wis ngrencanakaké nulis roman ''Das Schloss'' (kastil), ing tanggal 11 Juni 1914; nanging bukuné iki ora ditulis nganti tanggal 27 Januari 1922.{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 388}} Paraga mligi iku siji ''Landvermesser'' (pangukur tanah) ajeneng K., kang ngudi tanpa dingertèni alesané kanggo golèk aksès marang péhak kang nyekel siji kastil utawa puri kang mréntah désané. Kekarepané Kafka iku manawa kang nyekel kastil bakal ngandhani K. nalika dhèwèké sekarat yèn "klaim kukumé kanggo manggon ing désa iku ora absah, nanging dhedhasar alesan liyané, dhèwèké diidinaké manggon lan nyambut gawé ing kana".{{sfn|Boyd|2004|p = 139}} Roman iki swasanané surem lan kadhangkala suréalistis, fokusé iku marang aliénasi sosial, birokrasi, frustasi pangudèn wong iki nglawan sistim pamaréntahan kang katoné ora entèk-entèk, lan kekarepan nggayuh siji don kang muspra. Hartmut M. Rastalsky nulis sajeroning tèsisé: ''Like dreams, his texts combine precise "realistic" detail with absurdity, careful observation and reasoning on the part of the protagonists with inexplicable obliviousness and carelessness.'' ("Kayadéné impènan, tèks-tèksé iku nggabung détail "réalistis" persis karo absurditas, obsèrvasi kanthi ngati-ngati lan rasionalisasi para paragané mawa kalalèn lan kasembranan kang ora bisa ditrangaké."){{sfn|Rastalsky|1997|p = 1}} === Sajarah pambabaran === [[File:Kafka Betrachtung 1912.jpg|thumb|upright|Édisi kapisan ''[[Betrachtung]]'' ('Kontèmplasi' utawa 'Méditasi'), 1912]] Carita-carita Kafka awalé dibabar ing kalawarti kasusastran. Wolung caritan kapisané dicithak ing cithakan perdana kalawarti dwi-sasi ''Hyperion'' ing taun 1908.{{sfn|Itk|2008}} [[Franz Blei]] mbabar rong dialog ing taun 1909 kang ing tembé dadi pérangan "Beschreibung eines Kampfes" ("Dèskripsi siji pangudi").{{sfn|Itk|2008}} Cuplikan saka carita "[[Die Aeroplane in Brescia]]" ("Montor mabur ing Brescia"), iku ditulis nalika lagi ngumbara menyang Italia karo Brod, lan dibabar ing koran ''[[Bohemia (koran)|Bohemia]]'' ing tanggal 28 September 1909.{{sfn|Itk|2008}}{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 94}} Ing tanggal 27 Maret 1910, sawatara carita kang ing tembé dadi péranganing buku ''[[Betrachtung]]'' ('Kontemplasi') dibabar ing édisi Paskah ''Bohemia''.{{sfn|Itk|2008}}{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 61}} Ing [[Leipzig]] nalika taun 1913, Brod lan sang panerbit [[Kurt Wolff (panerbit)|Kurt Wolff]] mèlu nglebokaké carita "[[Das Urteil|Das Urteil. Eine Geschichte von Franz Kafka.]]" ("Putusan. Sawijining carita déning Franz Kafka.") ing buku taunan kanggo seni geguritan ''Arkadia''. Carita "[[Vor dem Gesetz]]}}" ("Ing ngarepé Kukum") dibabar ing édisi Taun Anyar 1915 saka kalawarti minggon Yahudi ''Selbstwehr''; carita iki dicithak bali ing taun 1919 minagka péranganing kompilasi ''[[Ein Landarzt]]'' (''Sawijining Dhokter Désa'') lan dadi pérangan roman ''[[Der Process]]''. Carita-carita liya kang dibabar ing sawatara publikasi kalebu koran ''[[Der Jude (kalawarti)|Der Jude]]'', darbèné Max Brod, koran ''[[Prager Tagblatt]]'', lan kalawarti ''[[Die neue Rundschau]]'', ''[[Genius (kalawarti)|Genius]]'', saha ''[[Prager Presse]]''.{{sfn|Itk|2008}} Buku Kafka kapisan kang dibabar, ''Betrachtung'' (''Kontemplasi'', utawa ''Méditasi''), iku siji kompilasi saka 18 [[cerkak]] kang ditulis antara taun 1904 lan 1912. Nalika mèlu pariwisata mangsa panas menyang [[Weimar]], Brod miwiti patemon antara Kafka lan Kurt Wolff;{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 110}} Wolff banjur mbabar ''Betrachtung'' ing panerbit [[Rowohlt Verlag]] ing pungkasaning taun 1912 (nanging dicithak taun 1913).{{sfn|European Graduate School, Articles|2012}} Kafka ngaturaké buku iki marang Brod, "{{lang|de|Für M.B.}}", lan nambahaké ing siji èksèmplar pribadi kang dicaosaké kancané "So wie es hier schon gedruckt ist, für meinen liebsten Max&nbsp;— Franz K." ("Amerga wis dicithak kaya ing kéné iki, Max kang budiman").{{sfn|Brod|1966|p = 115}} Carita Kafka "Die Verwandlung" ("Métamorfosis") iku kapisan dicithak ing sasi Oktober 1915 ing kalawarti ''[[Die Weißen Blätter]]'', siji kalawarti wulanan lan isiné sastra èksprèsionistis lan panyuntingé [[René Schickele]].{{sfn|European Graduate School, Articles|2012}} Sawijning kompilasi carita liyané, ''Ein Landarzt'' (''Sawijining Dhokter Désa''), iku dibabar déning Kurt Wolff ing taun 1919,{{sfn|European Graduate School, Articles|2012}} lan diaturaké marang Bapakné Kafka.{{sfn|Leiter|1958|pp = 337–347}} Kafka banjur nyiapaké kompilasi pungkasan kanggo dicithak, ''Ein Hungerkünstler'' ''(Sawijining Seniman Pasa)'', kang dibabar ing taun 1924 kanthi anumerta, ing panerbit ''[[Verlag Die Schmiede]]''. Ing tanggal 20 April 1924, panerbit ''[[Berliner Börsen-Courier]]'' mbabar ései Kafka's ngenani [[Adalbert Stifter]].{{sfn|Krolop|1994|p = 103}} ==== Max Brod ==== Kafka ngwarisaké karyané, kang wis dibabar lan durung dibabar, marang kancané Max Brod mawa instruksi cetha, manawa kabèh kudu dibesmi sawisé patiné Kafka. Kafka nulis: "Max kang budiman, panyuwun pungkasanku: kabèh kang taktinggalaké... awujud buku padinan, naskah, layang-layang (duwèkku dhéwé lan saka wong liya), skètsa, lan sapanjuré kudu diobonga tanpa diwaca.{{sfn|Kafka|1988|loc = publisher's notes}}{{sfn|McCarthy|2009}} Brod mutusaké ora nindakaké panjaluké Kafka lan mbabar roman sarta sawatara kompilasi antara taun 1925 lan 1935. Dhèwèké nggawa akèh dokumèn kang panggah durung dibabar ing koperé menyang Palèstina, nalika dhèwèké ngungsi rana taun 1939.{{sfn|Butler|2011|pp = 3–8}} Yang-yangané Kafka kang pungkasan, Dora Diamant (ing tembé Diamant-Lask), uga nglirwakaké panjaluké, dhèwèké ndhelikaké 20 buku sekrip lan 35 layang. Kabèh iku banjur dibeslah déning Gestapo ing taun 1933, nanging para nimpuna isih nggolèki barang-barang iku.{{sfn|Kafka Project SDSU|2012}} Sauntara Brod mbabar akèh-akèhé karyané Kafka kang saiki didarbèni,{{sfn|Contijoch|2000}} karyané Kafka wiwit diwigatèkaké kalangan kang luwih amba lan olèh aprésiasi. Brod rumangsa kangèlan ngatur buku cathetan Kafka srana kronologis. Salah siji masalah iku, Kafka kerep nulis ing pérangan séjé-séjé bukuné, sok-sokan ing tengah, sok-sokan saka mburi menyang ngarep.{{sfn|Kafka|2009|p = xxvii}}{{sfn|Diamant|2003|p = 144}} Brod akèh kang ngrampungaké naskah Kafka sadurungé dibabar. Contoné, Kafka ninggal naskah ''Der Process'' kang ora dinomeri lan sawatara bab ya durung pepak lan naskah ''Das Schloss'' malah sawatara ukara-ukara ora rampung lan isiné isih ambigu;{{sfn|Diamant|2003|p = 144}} Brod banjur nata bali bab-bab, nyunting tèks lan ngowahi titik. ''Der Process'' dibabar ing taun 1925 déning panerbit ''Verlag Die Schmiede''. Kurt Wolff banjur mbabar rong roman liyané, ''Das Schloss'' ing taun 1926 lan ''Amérika'' in taun 1927. Ing taun 1931, Brod nyunting kompilasi prosa lan cerkak minangka ''Beim Bau der Chinesischen Mauer'' ('Nalika Mbangun Témbok Tiongkok'), kalebu cerkak mawa irah-irahan kang padha. Buku iki dibabar déning panerbit ''Gustav Kiepenheuer Verlag''. Kolèksi buku Brod lumrahé diarani Édisi Définitif.{{sfn|Classe|2000|p = 749}} ==== Édisi modhèren ==== Ing taun 1961, [[Malcolm Pasley]] bisa olèh akèh-akèhé naskah asli Kafka kanggo [[Kapustakan Bodleian]], [[Universitas Oxford]].{{sfn|Jewish Heritage|2012}}{{sfn|Kafka|1998|loc = publisher's notes}} Tèks ''Der Process'' ing tembé dituku déning das Deutsche Literaturarchiv (Arsip Sastra Jerman) nalika dilélang lan saiki disinggahaké ing gedhungé ing Kutha [[Marbach am Neckar]], Jerman.{{sfn|Kafka|1998|loc = publisher's notes}}{{sfn|O'Neill|2004|p = 681}} Sawisé iku Pasley dadi kepala siji tim (kalebu [[Gerhard Neumann]], Jost Schillemeit lan Jürgen Born) kang ngrékonstruksi roman-roman ing basa Jerman; {{lang|de|[[S. Fischer Verlag]]}} lan mbabar bali.{{sfn|Adler|1995}} Pasley iku panyuntingé ''Das Schloss'', kang dibabar ing taun 1982, lan ''Der Process'', kang dibabar ing taun 1990. Jost Schillemeit iku panyuntingé ''Der Verschollene'' (''Amérika'') kang dibabar ing taun 1983. Kabèh babaran anyar iki diarani "Suntingan kritis" (''Critical Editions'') utawa "Suntingan Fischer".{{sfn|Oxford Kafka Research Centre|2012}} ==== Naskah-naskah kang durung dibabar ==== [[Gambar:The National Library of Israèl building - Amitay Katz.jpg|thumb|left|Kapustakan Nasional Israèl|pra=Special:FilePath/The_National_Library_of_Israèl_building_-_Amitay_Katz.jpg]] Nalika Brod séda ing taun 1968, dhèwèké ninggal naskah-naskah Kafka kang durung dibabar marang sèkrétarisé [[Esther Hoffe]], kang ditaksir cacahé ana èwon.{{sfn|''Guardian''|2010}} Dhèwèké banjur nglepasaké utawa ngedol sawatara naskah, nanging akèh-akèhé ditinggalaké marang anaké wadon, Eva lan Ruth, kang ora gelem nglepasaké naskah-naskah iki. Prosès pangadilan diwiwiti ing taun 2008 antara anak-anaké iki lan Kapustakan Nasional Israèl, kang nduwé panemu manawa naskah-naskah iki darbèné bangsa Israèl nalika Brod ijrah marang Palèstina Karajan Manunggal ing taun 1939. Esther Hoffe ngedol naskah asli ''Der Process'' marang Arsip Sastra Jerman utawa Musiyum Sastra Modèrn ing Marbach am Neckar.{{sfn|''New York Times''|2010}}{{sfn|Buehrer|2011}} Ing taun 2012 namung Eva kang isih urip.{{sfn|NPR|2012}} Kaputusan pangadilan kulawarga ing Tel Aviv ing taun 2010 manawa naskah-naskah iki kudu dilepas, kalebu sawatara naskah kang durung ditepungi sadurungé. Nanging prang tandhing kukum ing pangadilan panggah lumaksana.{{sfn|Lerman|2010}} Kulawarga Hoffe ngeklaim manawa naskah-naskah iku darbèn kulawargané kamangka Kapustakan Nasional kandha manawa naskah iku "asèt budaya darbèné Bangsa Yahudi".{{sfn|Lerman|2010}} Kapustakan Nasional uga ngusulaké manawa Brod ngwarisaké naskah-naskah iki marang Kapustakan Nasional ing testamèné utawa layang wasiyaté. Pangadilan Kulawarga Tel Aviv mutusaké ing Oktober 2012 manawa naskah-naskah iki darbèné Kapustakan Nasional.{{sfn|Rudoren|Noveck|2012}} Sawisé munggah bandhing, Pangadilan Kulawarga Tel Aviv mutusaké ing 2015 manawa Eva Hoffe kudu nyerahaké kabèh naskahé marang Kapustakan Nasional Israèl, kang arep ndokok kabèh iku sajeroning jaringen ing internèt.<ref>http://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/jul/01/rare-kafka-manuscripts-israels-national-library-court-rules ''[[The Guardian]]'' 1-7-2015, diaksès tanggal 28-10-2015</ref> === Surasa kritis === [[File:Franz Kafka 1917.jpg|thumb|upright|Kafka ing taun 1917]] Sang pujangga [[W. H. Auden]] ngarani Kafka minangka "[[Dante]] saka abad kaping 20";{{sfn|Bloom|2002|p = 206}} sang panulis roman [[Vladimir Nabokov]] ndokok Kafka antara para panulis wigati ing abad kaping 20.{{sfn|Durantaye|2007|pp = 315–317}} [[Gabriel García Márquez]] nyathet nalika maca romané Kafka "Die Verwandlung" manawa Kafka nudhudi "yèn wong bisa nulis mawa cara liya".{{sfn|Kafka-Franz|2012}}{{sfn|Paris Review|2012}} Sawijining téma utama sajeroning karya-karyané Kafka lan kapisan tinemu sajeroning cerkak "Das Urteil",{{sfn|Gale Research Inc.|1979|pp = 288–311}}, ya iku konflik antara bapak lan anak: rasa salah kang dilebokaké marang si anak, pungkasané bisa diilangaké mawa kasangsaran lan tobat.{{sfn|Brod|1960|pp = 15–16}}{{sfn|Gale Research Inc.|1979|pp = 288–311}} Téma-téma utama lan arketipe liyané uga kalebu aliénasi, kakerasan fisik lan psikologis, paraga sajeroning pangumbaran nggegirisi lan transformasi mistik.{{sfn|Bossy|2001|p = 100}} Gaya Kafka wis kerep dipadhakaké marang gayané Kleist, saawal-awalé ing taun 1916, sajeroning resènsi "Die Verwandlung" lan "Der Heizer" déinng Oscar Walzel ing ''Berliner Beiträge''.{{sfn|Furst|1992|p = 83}} Sipaté karyané Kafka bisa marahi surasa kang béda-béda lan para kritikus mérang karyané ing sawatara gaya sekolah kasusastran kang béda-béda.{{sfn|Socialist Worker|2007}} Kaum [[Marxisme|Marxis]], contoné nduwé panemu kang séjé-séjé manawa nyurasani karya Kafka{{sfn|Lib.com|2008}}{{sfn|Socialist Worker|2007}} Ana kang nyalahaké Kafka manawa dhèwèké muter balik réalita, kamangka uga ana kang nduwé panemu yèn Kafka iku ngritik kapitalisme.{{sfn|Socialist Worker|2007}} Absurditas lan ora anané pangarepan kang kas ana ing karya Kafka iku dideleng minangka simbuling [[èksistènsialisme]].{{sfn|Sokel|2001|pp = 102–109}} Sawetara buku-bukuné dipangaribawani obahan [[èksprèsionisme|èksprèsionis]], kamangka akèh-akèhé kasil karya sastrané digabungaké marang ''genre'' [[modernisme|modernis]] èkspèrimèntal. Kafka uga sithik ndemok téma konflik manungsa nglawan birokrasi. William Burrows ngeklaim manawa karya sastra kaya ngono iku ndarbèni fokus marang pangudi, rasa lara, rasa ijèn lan kabutuhan marang gegayutan karo wong.{{sfn|Burrows|2011}} Wong liya, kaya [[Thomas Mann]], nganggep karya Kafka minangka siji carita pasemon utawa alégor: siji pangumbaran métafisik kanggo nggolèki Allah.{{sfn|Panichas|2004|pp = 83–107}}{{sfn|Gray|1973|p = 3}} Miturut [[Gilles Deleuze]] lan [[Félix Guattari]], téma aliènasi lan panguyan-uyan, sanadyan pancèn ana sajeroning karya Kafka, iku kabèh digedhèk-gedhèkaké déning para kritikus. Wong loro iki nduwé panemu manawa karya Kafka iku luwih ngati-ati lan subvèrsif — lan luwih mbungahaké — tinimbang ing tabet pisan. Wong loro iku uga nandhesaké manawa wong nggatèkaké pangudi para paragané kang muspra, nuduhaké carané Kafka mainaké humor, mbokmanawa dhèwèké ora mutlak ngandharaké masalahé dhéwé, nanging luwih mungkin nggambaraké kepriyé wong iku kepara nggawé masalah dhéwé. Sajeroning karyané, Kafka kerep nggawé donya kang ala lan absurd.{{sfn|Kavanagh|1972|pp = 242–253}}{{sfn|Rahn|2011}} Kafka macakaké draf-draf karyané marang kanca-kancané lan mligi nandhesaké karya gancarané kang humoristis. Sang panulis [[Milan Kundera]] nduwé panemu manawa [[humor suréalis]] Kafka iku mbokmanawa invèrsi saka para paraga ing karyané Dostoyevsky kang padha dikukum amarga salah. Ing karya Kafka, siji paraga kerep dikukum sanadyan dhèwèké ora salah. Kundera percaya manawa ilham Kafka kanggo nulis kaanan kaya mengkéné iki asalé saka kaanan Kafka dhéwé kang lair sajeroning kulawarga patriarkal lan urip sajeroning nagara totalitèr.{{sfn|Kundera|1988|pp = 82–99}} Para nimpuna wis nyoba ngayahi ngidèntifikasi pangaribawa latar wuri kukum Kafka lan peran kukum sajeroning karya fiksiné.{{sfn|Glen|2007}}{{sfn|Banakar|2010}} Akèh surasa kang ngidèntifikasi aspèk-aspèk kukum lan légalitas iku motif wigati,{{sfn|Glen|2011|pp = 47–94}} Kakfka nggambaraké manawa sistim kukum iku nindhes lan wong iku dikuya-kuya.{{sfn|Hawes|2008|pp = 216–218}} Lumrahé kukum sajeroning karya Kafka iku disurasani minangka dudu wakiling sistim kukum tartamtu nanging siji kolèksi kakuwatan anonim lan ora bisa dingertèni. Daya-daya kakuwatan iki ora katon déning wong-wong biyasa nanging ngatur kauripané manungsa, kang dadi kurban ora salah sistim iki lan ora bisa mangaribawani olèhé sistim iki tumindak.{{sfn|Glen|2011|pp = 47–94}} Para kritikus kang nyengkuyung surasa absurdis iki, mènèhi sitat saka papan Kafka njlèntrèhaké awaké dhéwé ana ing sajeroning konflik karo siji jagad kang absurd, kaya ta saka siji kaca ing buku padinané: {{quote|Kakurung ing antarané patang témbokku dhéwé, aku nemu awakku dhéwé minangka siji wong neneka kang dikunjara ing nagara ngamanca;... I ndeleng kulawargaku dhéwé tembung wong asing, kang padatné, tradisi lan basané ora takngertèni babar belas;... sanadyan aku ora gelem, kabèh padha meksa aku supaya mèlu ritus-ritus kang anèh;... aku ora bisa nglawan.{{sfn|Preece|2001|pp = 15–31}}}} Nanging James Hawes nduwé panemu yèn akèh gambaran Kafka ngenani prosès kukum ing carita iku ''{{lang|de|Der Process}}''—kaya ngapaa katoné métafisik, absurd, nggumunaké lan nggegirisi, sajatiné dhedhasar dèskripsi informasi akurat ngenani prosès pidana Jerman lan Ostenrik ing jaman iku, kang luwih ''[[sistim inquisitoir|inquisitoir]]'' tinimbang ''[[sistim accusatoir|accusatoir]]''.{{sfn|Hawes|2008|pp = 212–214}} Sanajan Kafka nyambut gawé ing sèktor asuransi, minangka siji pangacara, Kafka "sadhar banget lan ngetutaké débat-débat kukum ing jamané".{{sfn|Banakar|2010}}{{sfn|Ziolkowski|2003|p = 224}} Ing siji publikasi awal abad kaping 21 kang nganggo tulisan-tulisan kantor Kafka minangka titik awalé, {{sfn|Corngold et al.|2009|pp = xi, 169, 188, 388}} Pothik Ghosh ngandharaké manawa kanthi Kafka, kukum "ora nduwé jarwa liya saliyané daya kakuwatan kanggo nguwasani lan nentokaké wong liya".{{sfn|Ghosh|2009}} === Pertalan === Karya Franz Kafka durung ana kang dipertal ing Basa Jawa, nanging sawatara wis ana kang dipertal ing [[Basa Indonésia]]. Buku ''Die Verwandlung'' wis dipertal bola-bali. Contoné déning Isao Arief mawa irah-irahan ''The Metamorphosis'' (2010)<ref>''The Metamorphosis'', Isao Arief, Jakarta: Elex Media Komputindo, 2010.</ref> lan Herawati Desi mawa irah-irahan ''Metamorfosa'' (2000).<ref>''Metamorfosa'',Herawati Desi, Yogyakarta: Yeyasan Aksara Indonésia, 2000</ref> Banjur Janoary M. Wibowo mertalaké ''Penghakiman'' ing internèt.<ref>http://membacakafka.blogspot.com/</ref> Pertalan paling awal ing basa Inggris diayahi déning [[Edwin Muir|Edwin and Willa Muir]], kang nerjemahaké édisi kapisan Jerman ''Das Schloss'' ing taun 1930. Pertalan iki dibabar mawa irah-irahan ''The Castle'' déning panerbit [[Secker & Warburg]] ing Karajan Manunggal lan [[Alfred A. Knopf]] ing Amérikah Sarékat{{sfn|''Guardian''|1930}} Sawijining édisi taun 1941, mawa pakurmatan déning Thomas Mann, nambahi popularitas Kafka ing AS ing pungkasan dasawarsa 1940-an.{{sfn|Koelb|2010|p = 69}} Ing [[Basa Walanda]], ''Der Prozess'' dibabar minangka ''Het proces'' lan pertalané diayahi déning Alice van Nahuys (1953). Karya jangkep Kafka dipertal kanggo kapisan déning [[Claude Tchou]] ing [[basa Prancis]] (1962). === Masalah manawa mertalaké === Kafka kerep nrapaké siji ciri kas basa Jerman, kang ngidinaké basa iki nganggo ukara-ukara dawa kang kadhangkala dawané bisa sakaca. Ukara-ukara Kafka iki banjur bisa ngirim pesen kang ora dinuga sadurungé titik, iki kang bakal dadi fokus lan intisarining ukara. Perkara iki déné struktur anak ukara ing basa Jerman kang ngwajibaké dunungé tembung kriya siji ukara kudu didokok mburi dhéwé. Konstruksi kaya mengkéné iki angèl bisa digawé ing basa liyané, upamané basa Inggris, basa Indonésia utawa basa Jawa. Dadi sang pangalihbasa kang kudu nyaosi para pamaos èfèk kang padha utawa paling ora èfèk kang mèmper karo tèks asliné.{{sfn|Kafka|1996|p = xi}}<ref>http://membacakafka.blogspot.com/search?updated-min=2007-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&updated-max=2008-01-01T00:00:00-08:00&max-results=6, diaksès tanggal 31-10-2015</ref> Urutan tetembungan ing basa Jerman kang luwih flèksibel lan prabédan ing tingkat sintaksis, nggawé ukara ing basa Jerman bisa dipertal ing punjul siji ukara padhanan ing basa Inggris utawa basa liyané.{{sfn|Bloom|2003|pp = 23–26}} {{quote|''Als/ Gregor/ Samsa/ eines/ Morgens/ aus/ unruhigen/ Träumen/ erwachte/, fand/ er/ sich/ in /seinem/ Bett/ zu /einem/ ungeheuren/ Ungeziefer/ verwandelt''. (asliné) As /Gregor/ Samsa /one /morning/ from /restless /dreams /awoke/, found/ he /himself /in /his /bed /into /an /enormous/ vermin /transformed. (pertalan tembung siji-siji ing basa Inggris)<ref>Prinsky (2002), pamérangan ditambah dhéwé</ref> Manawa / Gregor / Samsa /siji /ésuk /saka /glébagan/ impèn /tangi/, nemu /dhèwèké/ awaké dhéwé/ ing /darbèné/ ambèn/ tekan/ siji /nggegirisi/ sremet /owah }} Masalah liyané kang mèh ora bisa dipecahaké ya iku kepriyé kudu mertal sawatara tetembungan kang pancèn dipilih Kafka lan ndarbèni teges punjul siji. Dadi pertalan angèl digawé.{{sfn|Lawson|1960|pp = 216–219}}{{sfn|Rhine|1989|pp = 447–458}} Salah siji conto iku ana ing ukara kapisan ''Die Verwandlung''. Tembung Jerman ''Ungeziefer'' kerep dipertal minangka [[kéwan gegremetan]] ing basa Inggris (''insect''), kamangka ing basa Jerman Tengahan, ''Ungeziefer'' tegesé "kéwan kang ora resik dikurbanaké";{{sfn|Corngold|1973|p = 10}} ing basa Jerman modhèren, tegesé ya sremet. Kafka ora nduwé kekarep apa-apa ngecap Gregor, paraga baku carita dadi kéwan apa, nanging Kafka namung kepéngin nggambaraké olèhé Gregor gila marang transformasi awaké dhéwé.{{sfn|Sokel|1956|pp = 203–214}}{{sfn|Luke|1951|pp = 232–245}} == Warisan == === "kafkaesk" === Tulisan Kafka ngilhami tembung ''[[:de:wikt:kafkaesk|kafkaesk]]'' (ing basa Jerman) utawa "Kafkaesque" (ing basa Inggris), kang tegesé absurd lan medèni. Tembung iki ditrapaké kanggo nggambaraké kaanan kang ora bisa digagas mawa nalar, njlimet lan ora logis.{{sfn|Steinhauer|1983|pp = 390–408}}{{sfn|Adams|2002|pp = 140–157}}{{sfn|Aizenberg|1986|pp = 11–19}}{{sfn|Strelka|1984|pp = 434–444}} Akèh filem ing bioskup utawa télévisi kang dicap minangka kafkaesk, lan kerepe filem iki filem fiksi ngèlmiah distopis. Contoné kalebu filem [[Patrick Bokanowski]] ''[[The Angel (filem 1982)|The Angel]]'' (1982), filemé [[Terry Gilliam]] ''[[Brazil (filem 1985)|Brazil]]'' (1985), lan filem fiksi ngèlmiah taun 1998 kang ndarbèni gaya ''filem noir'' ''[[Dark City (filem 1998)|Dark City]]''. Film liya kang uga dianggep kafkaesk ya iku ''[[The Tenant]]'' (1976) lan ''[[Barton Fink]]'' (1991).{{sfn|Palmer|2004|pp = 159–192}} Sérial télévisi ''[[The Prisoner]]'' uga kerep dianggep kafkaesk.{{sfn|O'Connor|1987}}{{sfn|''Los Angeles Times''|2009}} == Kapustakan == === Karya-karyané kang dibabar nalika isih sugeng === * ''Ein Damenbrevier'', [[1909]]. * ''Gespräch mit dem Beter'', [[1909]]. * ''Gespräch mit dem Betrunkenen'', [[1909]]. * ''Die Aeroplane in Brescia'', [[1909]]. * ''Großer Lärm'', [[1912]]. * ''Betrachtung'', [[1913]]. * ''Das Urteil'', [[1913]]. * ''Der Heizer'', [[1913]]. * ''[[Die Verwandlung]]'', [[1915]]. * ''Der Mord'', [[1918]], [[1919]]. * ''In der Strafkolonie'', [[1919]]. * ''Ein Landarzt'', [[1918]]. * ''Der Kübelreiter'', [[1921]]. * ''Ein Hungerkünstler'', [[1922]]. == Gladri == <gallery> Gambar:Kafka-Denkmal.jpg|Patung Franz Kafka saka prunggu gawéyané [[Jaroslav Róna]] ing Praha </gallery> == Rujukan == === Cathetan sikil === {{reflist|2}} === Bibliografi === * {{cite book | last = Alt | first = Peter-André | year = 2005 | language = German | title = Franz Kafka: Der ewige Sohn. Eine Biographie | url = https://archive.org/details/franzkafkaderewi0000altp | publisher = Verlag C.H. Beck | location = München | isbn = 978-3-406-53441-6 }} * {{cite book |last=Bathrick |first=David |title=The Powers of Speech: The Politics of Culture in the GDR |url=https://archive.org/details/powersofspeechpo0000bath |year=1995 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |location=Lincoln }} * {{cite book | last = Bergman | first = Hugo | title = Memories of Franz Kafka in Franz Kafka Exhibition (Catalogue) | year = 1969 | publisher = The Jewish National and University Library | location = Library | url = http://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/michael-lowy-franz-kafka-and-libertarian-socialism.a4.pdf | format = PDF }} * {{cite book | last = Bloom | first = Harold | authorlink = Harold Bloom | title = Franz Kafka | url = https://archive.org/details/franzkafka0000unse_g0v9 | work = Bloom's Major Short Story Writers | year = 2003 | publisher = Chelsea House Publishers | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-7910-6822-9 }} * {{cite journal | last = Bloom | first = Harold | title = Franz Kafka's Zionism |date=Spring 2011 | journal = Midstream | location = 57 | issue = 2 }} * {{cite book | last = Bloom | first = Harold | title = Genius: A Mosaic of One Hundred Exemplary Creative Minds | url = https://archive.org/details/geniusmosaicofon0000bloo_a1a7 | year = 2002 | publisher = Warner Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-446-52717-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Bloom | first = Harold | title = The Western Canon: The Books and School of the Ages | url = https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloo | year = 1994 | publisher = Riverhead Books, Penguin Group | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-57322-514-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Bossy | first = Michel-André | title = Artists, Writers, and Musicians: An Encyclopedia of People Who Changed the World | url = https://archive.org/details/artistswritersmu0000unse | year = 2001 | publisher = Oryx Press | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 978-1-57356-154-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Boyd | first = Ian R. | title = Dogmatics Among the Ruins: German Expressionism and the Enlightenment | url = https://archive.org/details/dogmaticsamongru00boyd | year = 2004 | publisher = Peter Lang AG | location = Bern | isbn = 978-3-03910-147-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Brod | first = Max | authorlink = Max Brod | title = Franz Kafka: A Biography | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780805231366 | year = 1960 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8052-0047-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Brod | first = Max | title = Über Franz Kafka | year = 1966 | publisher = S. Fischer Verlag | location = Hamburg | language = German }} * {{cite book | last = Bruce | first = Iris | title = Kafka and Cultural Zionism&nbsp;— Dates in Palestine | year = 2007 | publisher = University of Wisconsin Press | location = Madison, Wisconsin | isbn = 978-0-299-22190-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Classe | first = Olive | title = Encyclopedia of Literary Translation into English, Vol. 1 | url = https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofli0000unse_w8x0 | year = 2000 | publisher = Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers | location = Chicago | isbn = 978-1-884964-36-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Contijoch | first = Francesc Miralles | language = Spanish | title = Franz Kafka | url = https://archive.org/details/ellectordefranzk0000mira | year = 2000 | publisher = Oceano Grupo Editorial, S.A. | location = Barcelona | isbn = 978-84-494-1811-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Corngold | first = Stanley | title = Introduction to The Metamorphosis | year = 1972 | publisher = Bantam Classics | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-553-21369-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Corngold | first = Stanley | title = The Commentator's Despair | url = https://archive.org/details/commentatorsdesp0000corn | year = 1973 | publisher = Kennikat Press | location = Port Washington, New York | isbn = 978-0-8046-9017-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Corngold | first = Stanley | title = Lambent Traces: Franz Kafka | url = https://archive.org/details/lambenttracesfra00stan | year = 2004 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | isbn = 978-0-691-11816-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Corngold | first = Stanley | title = Franz Kafka: The Office Writings | url = https://archive.org/details/franzkafkaoffice0000kafk | year = 2009 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | isbn = 978-0-691-12680-7 | ref = {{sfnRef|Corngold et al.|2009}} }} * {{cite book | last = Diamant | first = Kathi | title = Kafka's Last Love: The Mystery of Dora Diamant | url = https://archive.org/details/kafkaslastlovemy00diam | year = 2003 | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-465-01551-1 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Drucker | first1 = Peter | title = Managing in the Next Society | url = https://archive.org/details/managinginnextso0000druc_e5a7 | year = 2002 | edition = 2007 | publisher = Elsevier | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-7506-8505-4 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Engel | first1 = Manfred | last2 = Auerochs | first2 = Bernd | language = German | title = Kafka-Handbuch. Leben – Werk – Wirkung | year = 2010 | publisher = Stuttgart, Weimar | location = Metzler | isbn = 978-3-476-02167-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Elsaesser | first = Thomas | title = The Last Great American Picture Show | year = 2004 | publisher = Amsterdam University Press | location = Amsterdam | isbn = 978-90-5356-493-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Furst | first = Lillian R. | year = 1992 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=0HmgYaAEHHYC&pg=PA83&lpg=#v=onepage&q&f=false | title = Through the Lens of the Reader: Explorations of European Narrative | publisher = SUNY Press | isbn = 978-0-7914-0808-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Gale Research Inc. | authorlink = Gale (publisher) | title = Twentieth-Century Literary Criticism: Excerpts from Criticism of the Works of Novelists, Poets, Playwrights, Short Story Writers, & Other Creative Writers Who Died Between 1900 & 1999 | year = 1979 <!-- see http://www.enotes.com/franz-kafka-judgment-criticism/judgment-franz-kafka --> | publisher = Gale Cengage Learning | location = Farmington Hills, Michigan | isbn = 978-0-8103-0176-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Gilman | first = Sander | authorlink = Sander Gilman | title = Franz Kafka, the Jewish Patient | url = https://archive.org/details/franzkafkajewish00sand | year = 1995 | publisher = Routledge | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-415-91391-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Gilman | first = Sander | title = Franz Kafka | url = https://archive.org/details/franzkafka0000gilm | year = 2005 | publisher = Reaktion Books | location = London | isbn = 978-1-881872-64-1 }} * {{cite book | last = Gray | first = Richard T. | title = A Franz Kafka Encyclopedia | url = https://archive.org/details/franzkafkaencycl0000unse | year = 2005 | publisher = Greenwood Press | location = Westport, Connecticut | isbn = 978-0-313-30375-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Gray | first = Ronald | title = Franz Kafka | url = https://archive.org/details/franzkafka00gray | year = 1973 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-521-20007-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Hamalian | first = Leo | title = Franz Kafka: A Collection of Criticism | url = https://archive.org/details/franzkafkacollec00hama | year = 1974 | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-07-025702-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Hawes | first = James | authorlink = James Hawes (author) | title = Why You Should Read Kafka Before You Waste Your Life | url = https://archive.org/details/whyyoushouldread0000hawe | year = 2008 | publisher = St. Martin's Press | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-312-37651-2 }}<!-- * {{cite book | last = Janouch | first = Gustav | language = French | title = Conversations avec Kafka | year = 1998 | publisher = Maurice Nadeau | location = Paris | isbn = 978-2-86231-111-1 }} --> * {{cite book | last = Janouch | first = Gustav | url = http://books.google.com/books?id=45d6JsdVFaIC&pg=PA17&dq#v=onepage&q&f=false | title = Conversations with Kafka | year = 1971 | edition = 2 | publisher = New Directions Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8112-0071-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Kafka | first = Franz | title = The Penal Colony: Stories and Short Pieces | url = https://archive.org/details/penalcolonystori0000fran | year = 1948 | edition = 1987 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8052-3198-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Kafka | first = Franz | title = Dearest Father. Stories and Other Writings | url = https://archive.org/details/dearestfathersto00kafk | year = 1954 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York }} * {{cite book | last = Kafka | first = Franz | title = The Castle | url = https://archive.org/details/castle00kafk_2 | year = 1988 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8052-0872-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Kafka | first = Franz | title = The Metamorphosis and Other Stories | url = https://archive.org/details/metamorphosisoth0000kafk | year = 1996 | publisher = Barnes & Noble | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-56619-969-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Kafka | first = Franz | title = The Trial | url = https://archive.org/details/trial00kafk_1 | year = 1998 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8052-0999-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Kafka | first = Franz | title = The Trial | url = https://archive.org/details/trial0000kafk_e5t9 | year = 2009 | publisher = Oxford University Press | location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-19-923829-3 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Kahn | first1 = Lothar | last2 = Hook | first2 = Donald D. | title = Between Two Worlds: a cultural history of German-Jewish writers | url = https://archive.org/details/betweentwoworlds00kahn | year = 1993 | publisher = Iowa State University Press | location = Ames, Iowa | isbn = 978-0-8138-1233-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Karl | first = Frederick R. | title = Franz Kafka: Representative Man | url = https://archive.org/details/franzkafkarepres00karl | year = 1991 | location = Boston | publisher = Ticknor & Fields | isbn = 978-0-395-56143-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Koelb | first = Clayton | title = Kafka: A Guide for the Perplexed | url = https://archive.org/details/kafkaguideforper0000koel | year = 2010 | location = Chippenham, Wiltshire | publisher = Continuum International Publishing Group | isbn = 978-0-8264-9579-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Krolop | first = Kurt | language = German | title = Kafka und Prag | publisher = Goethe-Institut | year = 1994 | location = Prague | isbn = 978-3-11-014062-0 }} <!-- * {{cite book | last1 = Mann | first1 = Thomas | last2 = Heller | first2 = E. | title = Thomas Mann: The ironic German | year = 1981 | publisher = Cambridge University Press Archive | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-521-23546-4 }} uncomment when page ref found --> * {{cite book | last = Miller | first = Alice | title = Thou Shalt Not Be Aware:Society's Betrayal of the Child | url = https://archive.org/details/thoushaltnotbeaw00alic | year = 1984 | publisher = Farrar, Straus, Giroux | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-9567982-1-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Murray | first = Nicholas | authorlink = Nicholas Murray (historian) | title = Kafka | url = https://archive.org/details/kafka00murr | year = 2004 | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven, Connecticut | isbn = 978-0-300-10631-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Newmark | first = Peter | title = About Translation | year = 1991 | publisher = Cromwell Press | location = Wiltshire, England | isbn = 978-1-85359-117-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Northey | first = Anthony | title = Mišpoche Franze Kafky | language = Czech | year = 1997 | publisher = Nakladatelství Primus | location = Prague | isbn = 978-80-85625-45-5 }} * {{cite book | last = O'Neill | first = Patrick M. | title = Great World Writers: Twentieth Century | year = 2004 | publisher = Marshal Cavendish | location = Tarrytown, New York | isbn = 978-0-7614-7477-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Pawel | first = Ernst | title = The Nightmare of Reason: A Life of Franz Kafka | url = https://archive.org/details/nightmareofreaso0000pawe_s8b1 | year = 1985 | publisher = Vintage Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-374-52335-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Preece | first = Julian | title = The Cambridge Companion to Kafka | url = https://archive.org/details/cambridgecompani0000unse_i1y6 | year = 2001 | publisher = Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge | isbn = 978-0-521-66391-5 }} * {{cite book | last = Rothkirchen | first = Livia | title = The Jews of Bohemia and Moravia: facing the Holocaust | url = https://archive.org/details/jewsofbohemiamor0000roth | year = 2005 | publisher = University of Nebraska Press | location = Lincoln, Nebraska | isbn = 978-0-8032-3952-4 }} * {{cite book | editor-last = Silverman | editor-first = Al | title = The Book of the Month: Sixty Years of Books in American Life | url = https://archive.org/details/bookofmonths00silv | publisher = Little, Brown | year=1986 | location = Boston | isbn = 0-316-10119-2 }} * {{cite book | last = Singer | first = Isaac Bashevis | authorlink = Isaac Bashevis Singer | title = A Friend of Kafka, and Other Stories | url = https://archive.org/details/friendofkafkaoth00singrich | publisher = Farrar, Straus and Giroux | year=1970 | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-374-15880-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Sokel | first = Walter H. | title = The Myth of Power and the Self: Essays on Franz Kafka | publisher = Wayne State University Press | year=2001 | location = Detroit | isbn = 978-0-8143-2608-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Spector | first = Scott | title = Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Franz Kafka's Fin de Siècle | url = https://archive.org/details/pragueterritorie0000spec | publisher = University of California Press | year=2000 | location = Berkeley | isbn = 978-0-520-23692-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Stach | first = Reiner | authorlink = Reiner Stach | title = Kafka: The Decisive Years | url = https://archive.org/details/kafkadecisiveyea00stac | publisher = Harcourt | year=2005 | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-15-100752-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Sussman | first = Henry | title = Franz Kafka: Geometrician of Metaphor | url = https://archive.org/details/franzkafkageomet0000suss | year = 1979 | publisher = Coda Press | location = Madison, Wisconsin | isbn = 978-0-930956-02-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Ziolkowski | first = Theodore | authorlink = Theodore Ziolkowski | title = The Mirror of Justice: Literary Reflections of Legal Crisis | year = 2003 | publisher = Princeton University Press | location = Princeton, New Jersey | isbn = 978-0-691-11470-5 }} ''Jurnal'' * {{cite journal | last = Adams | first = Jeffrey | title = Orson Welles's "The Trial:" Film Noir and the Kafkaesque | jstor = 25112662 |date=Summer 2002 | volume = 29 | issue = 3 | journal = College Literature, Literature and the Visual Arts | location = West Chester, Pennsylvania }} * {{cite journal | last = Aizenberg | first = Edna | title = Kafkaesque Strategy and Anti-Peronist Ideology Martinez Estrada's Stories as Socially Symbolic Acts | jstor = 20119426 |date=July–December 1986 | volume = 14 | issue = 28 | journal = Latin American Literary Review | location = Chicago }} * {{cite journal | last = Banakar | first = Reza | authorlink = Reza Banakar | title = In Search of Heimat: A Note on Franz Kafka's Concept of Law | ssrn = 1574870 |date=Fall 2010 | volume = 22 | issue = 2 | journal = Law and Literature | location = Berkeley, California | doi = 10.2139/ssrn.1574870 }} * {{cite journal | last = Butler | first = Judith | title = Who Owns Kafka | url = http://www.lrb.co.uk/v33/n05/judith-butler/who-owns-kafka | date = 3 Maret 2011 | volume = 33 | issue = 5 | location = London | journal = London Review of Books | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 }} * {{cite journal | last = Corngold | first = Stanley | title = Kafkas Spätstil/Kafka's Late Style: Introduction | location = Madison, Wisconsin | journal = Monatshefte | volume = 103 | issue = 3 |date=Fall 2011 | doi = 10.1353/mon.2011.0069 }} * {{cite journal | last = Dembo | first = Arinn | title = Twilight of the Cockroaches: Bad Mojo Evokes Kafka So Well It'll Turn Your Stomach |date=June 1996 | issue = 143 | location = New York | journal = Computer Gaming World }} * {{cite journal | last = Dodd | first = W. J. | title = Kafka and Dostoyevsky: The Shaping of Influence | year = 1994 | jstor = 40246931 | journal = Comparative Literature Studies | location = State College, Pennsylvania | volume = 31 | issue = 2 }} * {{cite journal | last = Durantaye | first = Leland de la | authorlink = Leland de la Durantaye | title = Kafka's Reality and Nabokov's Fantasy: On Dwarves, Saints, Beetles, Symbolism and Genius | journal = Comparative Literature | year = 2007 | volume = 59 | issue = 4 | url = http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~deladur/kafka.pdf | format = PDF | doi = 10.1215/-59-4-315 | pages = 315 | access-date = 2015-11-11 | archive-date = 2010-05-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100525025619/http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~deladur/kafka.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | last = Fichter | first = Manfred M. | title = The Anorexia Nervosa of Franz Kafka | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_international-journal-of-eating-disorders_1987-05_6_3/page/367 |date=May 1987 | volume = 6 | issue = 3 | location = Washington, D.C. | publisher = American Psychological Association | journal = International Journal of Eating Disorders | doi = 10.1002/1098-108X(198705)6:3<367::AID-EAT2260060306>3.0.CO;2-W | pages = 367 }} * {{cite journal | last = Fichter | first = Manfred M. | language = German | title = Franz Kafka's anorexia nervosa |date=July 1988 | volume = 56 | issue = 7 | doi = 10.1055/s-2007-1001787 | pmid = 3061914 | location = Munich | publisher = Psychiatrische Klinik der Universität München | journal = Fortschritte der Neurologie-Psychiatrie | pages = 231–8 }} * {{cite journal | last = Fort | first = Jeff | url = http://www.believermag.com/issues/200603/?read=article_fort | title = The Man Who Could Not Disappear | date = March 2006 | journal = The Believer | access-date = 7 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Believer|2006}} | archive-date = 2018-02-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180212084711/https://www.believermag.com/issues/200603/?read=article_fort | url-status = dead }} <!--* {{cite journal | last = Gerhardt | first = Christina | title = The Ethics of Animals in Adorno and Kafka | url = http://ngc.dukejournals.org/content/33/1_97.toc | year = 2006 | volume = 97 | pages = 159–178 | location = Durham | publisher = Duke | journal = New German Critique | access-date = 7 Agustus 2014 | doi=10.1215/0094033x-2005-009 }} we have here only books and journals that are used for referencing --> * {{cite journal | last = Glen | first = Patrick J. | title = The Deconstruction and Reification of Law in Franz Kafka's ''Before the Law'' and ''The Trial'' | url = http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~idjlaw/PDF/17-1/17-1%20Glen.pdf | format = PDF | year = 2007 | volume = 17 | issue = 23 | location = Los Angeles | publisher = University of Southern California | journal = Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | archive-date = 2012-09-16 | archive-url = https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120916114919/http://www-bcf.usc.edu/~idjlaw/PDF/17-1/17-1%20Glen.pdf | url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | last = Glen | first = Patrick J. | title = Franz Kafka, Lawrence Joseph, and the Possibilities of Jurisprudential Literature | url = http://scholarship.law.georgetown.edu/facpub/967/ | format = PDF | year = 2011 | volume = 21 | issue = 47 | location = Los Angeles | publisher = University of Southern California | journal = Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal | access-date = 21 Sèptèmber 2012 }} * {{cite journal | last = Horton | first = Scott | url = http://harpers.org/archive/2008/08/hbc-90003426 | title = In Pursuit of Kafka's Porn Cache: Six questions for James Hawes | date = 19 Agustus 2008 | journal = Harper's Magazine | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Harper's|2008}} | archive-date = 2012-10-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121019170227/http://harpers.org/archive/2008/08/hbc-90003426 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | last = Hughes | first = Kenneth | title = Franz Kafka: An Anthology of Marxist Criticism | location = Madison, Wisconsin | journal = Monatshefte | volume = 78 | issue = 2 |date=Summer 1986 | jstor = 30159253 }} * {{cite journal | last = Kavanagh | first = Thomas M. | title = Kafka's "The Trial": The Semiotics of the Absurd | publisher = Duke University Press | location = Durham, North Carolina | journal = Novèl: A Forum on Fiction |date=Spring 1972 | jstor = 1345282 | volume = 5 | issue = 3 | doi = 10.2307/1345282 }} * {{cite journal | last = Kempf | first = Franz R. | title = Franz Kafkas Sprachen: "...&nbsp;in einem Stockwerk des innern babylonischen Turmes..." | journal = Shofar: an Interdisciplinary Journal of Jewish Studies |date=Summer 2005 | volume = 23 | issue = 4 | publisher = Purdue University Press | location = West Lafayette, Indiana | doi = 10.1353/sho.2005.0155 | pages = 159 }} * {{cite journal | last = Keren | first = Michael | title = The 'Prague Circle' and the Challenge of Nationalism | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_history-of-european-ideas_1993-01_16_1-3/page/3 | publisher = Pergamon Press | location = Oxford | journal = History of European Ideas | year = 1993 | doi = 10.1016/S0191-6599(05)80096-8 | volume = 16 | issue = 1–3 | pages = 3 }} * {{cite journal | last = Kundera | first = Milan | title = Kafka's World | publisher = The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars | location = Washington, D.C. | journal = The Wilson Quarterly |date=Winter 1988 | jstor = 40257735 | volume = 12 | issue = 5 }} * {{cite journal | last = Lawson | first = Richard H. | title = Ungeheueres Ungeziefer in Kafka's "Die Verwandlung" | publisher = American Association of Teachers of German | location = Cherry Hill, New Jersey | journal = The German Quarterly |date=May 1960 | jstor= 402242 | volume = 33 | issue = 3 }} * {{cite journal | last = Leiter | first = Louis H. | title = A Problem in Analysis: Franz Kafka's 'A Country Doctor' | publisher = American Society for Aesthetics | location = Philadelphia | journal = The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism | year = 1958 | doi = 10.2307/427381 | volume = 16 | issue = 3 }} * {{cite journal | last = Luke | first = F. D. | title = Kafka's "Die Verwandlung" |date=April 1951 | jstor = 3718565 | journal = The Modern Language Review | location = Cambridge | volume = 46 | issue = 2 | doi = 10.2307/3718565 }} * {{cite journal | last = McElroy | first = Bernard | title = The Art of Projective Thinking: Franz Kafka and the Paranoid Vision | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_modern-fiction-studies_summer-1985_31_2/page/217 |date=Summer 1985 | doi = 10.1353/mfs.0.0042 | journal = Modern Fiction Studies | location = Cambridge | volume = 31 | issue = 2 | pages = 217 }} * {{cite journal | last = Panichas | first = George A. | title = Kafka's Afflicted Vision: A Literary-Theological Critique |date=Spring–Fall 2004 | publisher = National Humanities Institute | journal = Humanitas | location = Bowie, Maryland | volume = 17 | issue = 1–2 }} * {{cite journal | last = Pérez-Álvarez | first = Marino | title = The Schizoid Personality of Our Time | year = 2003 | journal = International Journal of Psychology and Psychological Therapy | location = Almería, Spain | volume = 3 | issue = 2 }} * {{cite journal | last = Rhine | first = Marjorie E. | title = Untangling Kafka's Knotty Texts: The Translator's Prerogative? | location = Madison, Wisconsin | journal = Monatshefte | volume = 81 | issue = 4 |date=Winter 1989 | jstor= 30166262 }} * {{cite journal | last = Sayer | first = Derek | title = The Language of Nationality and the Nationality of Language: Prague 1780–1920&nbsp;– Czech Republic History | year = 1996 | journal = Past and Present | location = Oxford | doi = 10.1093/past/153.1.164 | oclc = 394557 | volume = 153 | issue = 1 | pages = 164 }} * {{cite journal | last = Sandbank | first = Shimon | title = After Kafka: The Influence of Kafka's Fiction | year = 1992 | jstor = 40246852 | journal = Penn State University Press | location = Oxford | volume = 29 | issue = 4 }} * {{cite journal | last = Sokel | first = Walter H. | title = Kafka's "Metamorphosis": Rebellion and Punishment |date=April–May 1956 | jstor = 30166165 | journal = Monatshefte | location = Madison, Wisconsin | volume = 48 | issue = 4 }} * {{cite journal | last = Steinhauer | first = Harry | title = Franz Kafka: A World Built on a Lie | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_antioch-review_fall-1983_41_4/page/390 |date=Autumn 1983 | jstor = 4611280 | journal = The Antioch Review | location = Yellow Springs, Ohio | volume = 41 | issue = 4 | doi = 10.2307/4611280 | pages = 390 }} * {{cite journal | last = Strelka | first = Joseph P. | title = Kafkaesque Elements in Kafka's Novels and in Contemporary Narrative Prose |date=Winter 1984 | jstor = 40246504 | journal = Comparative Literature Studies | location = State College, Pennsylvania | volume = 21 | issue = 4 }} * {{cite journal | last = Updike | first = John | authorlink = John Updike | url = http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2005/01/24/050124crbo_books1 | title = Subconscious Tunnels: Haruki Murakami's dreamlike new novèl | newspaper = The New Yorker | date = 24 Januari 2005 | access-date = 22 Sèptèmber 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Updike|2005}} }} ''Koran'' * {{cite news | last = Adler | first = Jeremy | url = http://www.textkritik.de/rezensionen/kafka/einl_04.htm | date = 13 Oktober 1995 | work = New York Times Literary Supplement | title = Stepping into Kafka's Head | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Adler|1995}} }} {{subscription required}} * {{cite news | last = Apel | first = Friedman | date = 28 Agustus 2012 | language = German | title = Der Weg in die Ewigkeit führt abwärts / Roland Reuß kramt in Kafkas Zürauer Zetteln | newspaper = Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung | ref = {{sfnRef|Apel|2012}} }} * {{cite news | last = Banville | first = John | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/jan/15/john-banville-kafka-trial-rereading | title = Franz Kafka's other trial / An allegory of the fallen man's predicament, or an expression of guilt at a tormented love affair? | date = 14 Januari 2011 | newspaper = The Guardian | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Banville|2011}} | location=London }} * {{cite news | last = Batuman | first = Elif | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/26/magazine/26kafka-t.html | date = 22 Sèptèmber 2010 | newspaper = The New York Times | title = Kafka's Last Trial | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|''New York Times''|2010}} }} * {{cite news | last = Buehrer | first = Jack | url = http://www.praguepost.com/news/7768-battle-for-kafka-legacy-drags-on.html | title = Battle for Kafka legacy drags on | date = 9 Maret 2011 | newspaper = The Prague Post | access-date = 29 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Buehrer|2011}} }} * {{cite news | last = Burrows | first = William | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2011/dec/22/franz-kafka-winter-reads | title = Winter read: The Castle by Franz Kafka | date = 22 Dhésèmber 2011 | newspaper = The Guardian | access-date = 27 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Burrows|2011}} | location=London }} * {{cite news | last = Connolly | first = Kate | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2008/aug/15/franzkafka.germany | title = Porn claims outrage German Kafka scholars | date = 14 Agustus 2008 | newspaper = The Guardian | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Connolly|2008}} | location=London }} * {{cite news | last = Glass | first = Philip | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/10/arts/theater-adapting-the-horrors-of-a-kafka-story-to-suit-glass-s-music.html?pagewanted=print&src=pm | title = Adapting the Horrors of a Kafka Story To Suit Glass's Music | date = 10 Juni 2001 | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | access-date = 17 Juni 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Glass|2001}} }} * {{cite news | last = Jeal | first = Erica | url = http://www.theguardian.com/music/2014/mar/18/the-commission-cafe-kafka-royal-opera-and-opera-north | title = The Commission/Café Kafka, Royal Opera/Opera North/Aldeburgh Music – review | date = 18 Maret 2014 | newspaper = The Guardian | accessdate = 20 April 2015 | ref = {{sfnRef|Jeal|2014}} | location=London }} * {{cite news | last = Kakutani | first = Michiko | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1988/04/02/books/books-of-the-times-kafka-s-kafkaesque-love-letters.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm | title = Books of the Times; Kafka's Kafkaesque Love Letters | date = 2 April 1988 | newspaper = The New York Times | access-date = 8 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kakutani|1988}} }} * {{cite news | last = Kenley-Letts | first = Ruth | url = http://movies.nytimes.com/movie/239041/Franz-Kafka-s-It-s-a-Wonderful-Life-/details | year = 1993 | newspaper = The New York Times | title = Franz Kafka's "It's a Wonderful Life" (1993) | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|''New York Times''|1993}} }} * {{cite news | last = Kirsch | first = Adam | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2009/01/04/books/review/Kirsch-t.html?pagewanted=all&_moc.semityn.www | date = 2 Januari 2009 | newspaper = The New York Times | title = America, 'Amérika' | access-date = 25 Sèptèmber 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kirsch|2009}} }} * {{cite news | last = Lerman | first = Antony | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/commentisfree/2010/jul/22/kafka-legacy-israel | date = 22 Juli 2010 | newspaper = The Guardian | title = The Kafka legacy: who owns Jewish heritage? | access-date = 29 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Lerman|2010}} | location=London }} * {{cite news | last = McCarthy | first = Rory | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/oct/25/israel-library-franz-kafka-trial | title = Israèl's National Library adds a final twist to Franz Kafka's Trial | date = 24 Oktober 2009 | newspaper = The Guardian | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|McCarthy|2009}} | location=London }} * {{cite news | last = McLellan | first = Dennis | url = http://www.latimes.com/news/obituaries/la-me-patrick-mcgoohan15-2009jan15,0,3951859.story | title = Patrick McGoohan dies at 80; TV's 'Secret Agent' and 'Prisoner' | date = 15 Januari 2009 | newspaper = Los Angeles Times | access-date = 17 Juni 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Los Angeles Times''|2009}} }} * {{cite news | last = Metcalfe | first = Anna | url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/bfaf51ba-e05a-11de-8494-00144feab49a.html#axzz1L3wH1OFW | date = 5 Dhésèmber 2009 | newspaper = Financial Times | title = Small Talk: José Saramago | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Financial Times''|2009}} }} {{Subscription required}} * {{cite news | last = O'Connor | first = John J. | url = http://www.nytimes.com/1987/06/04/arts/mcgoohan-a-spy-on-31.html | date = 4 Juni 1987 | newspaper = The New York Times | title = McGoohan a Spy on 31 | access-date = 16 Juni 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|O'Connor|1987}} }} * {{cite book | last = Palmer | first = R. Barton | title = Joel and Ethan Coen | url = https://archive.org/details/joelethancoen0000palm | year = 2004 | publisher = University of Illinois Press | location = Urbana, Illinois | isbn = 0-252-07185-9 }} * {{cite news | last = Rizzulo | first1 = Rachel | url = http://bachtrack.com/review-nyc-joyce-theater-royal-ballet-metamorphosis | date = 23 Sèptèmber 2013 | newspaper = bachtrack | title = The Royal Ballet's production of The Metamorphosis with Edward Watson in New York | access-date = 23 Januari 2014 }} * {{cite news | last1 = Rudoren | first1 = Jodi | last2 = Noveck | first2 = Myra | url = http://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/15/world/middleeast/woman-must-relinquish-kafka-papers-judge-says.html | date = 14 Oktober 2012 | newspaper = The New York Times | title = Woman Must Relinquish Kafka Papers, Judge Says | access-date = 15 Oktober 2012 }} * {{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2010/jul/19/lawyers-open-unpublished-kafka-manuscripts | date = 19 Juli 2010 | newspaper 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year = 2010 | publisher = Yale University | work = The Modernismm Lab | title = The Judgement | access-date = 9 Oktober 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ernst|2010}} | archive-date = 2013-05-21 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130521162011/http://modernism.research.yale.edu/wiki/index.php/The_Judgment | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Frenkel | first = Sheera | url = http://www.npr.org/2012/05/30/153985994/kafkas-final-absurdist-tale-plays-out-in-tel-aviv | date = 30 Mèi 2012 | publisher = NPR | title = Kafka's Final Absurdist Tale Plays Out in Tel Aviv | access-date = 28 Sèptèmber 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|NPR|2012}} }} * {{cite web | last = Ghosh | first = Pothik | title = A Note on Kafka and the Question of Revolutionary Subjectivity | publisher = Hindu College&nbsp;– Delhi University via Radical Notes | date = 13 Maret 2009 | url = http://radicalnotes.com/content/view/92/39/ | access-date = 6 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ghosh|2009}} }} * {{cite web | last = Horstkotte | first = Silke | title = Kunst und Künstlerverständnis in Kafkas "Josefine, die Sängering oder Das Volk der Mäuse" | publisher = University of Leipzig | year = 2009 | language = German | url = http://dokumente-online.com/kunst-und-kuenstlerverstaendnis-in-kafkas.html | access-date = 31 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Horstkotte|2009}} }} * {{cite web | last = Kafka | first = Franz | url = http://www.kafka-franz.com/KAFKA-letter.htm | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110713133359/http://www.kafka-franz.com/KAFKA-letter.htm | archive-date = 2011-07-13 | year = 2012 | publisher = Kafka-Franz | title = Franz Kafka Letter to his Father | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kafka-Franz, Father|2012}} | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Keynes | first = Laura | url = http://www.onlinereviewlondon.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=215:kafkas-dick&catid=161:kafkas-dick&Itemid=243 | date = August 2005 | work = Times Literary Supplement | title = Kafka's Dick | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Times Literary Supplement|2005}} | archive-date = 2012-02-19 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120219091140/http://www.onlinereviewlondon.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=215%3Akafkas-dick&catid=161%3Akafkas-dick&Itemid=243 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Köhler | first = Manfred | language = German | url = http://www.protemion.de/zettel/kafkafelice.htm | year = 2012 | publisher = Protemion | title = Franz Kafka und Felice Bauer | access-date = 6 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Köhler|2012}} }} * {{cite web | last = Kreis | first = Steven | url = http://www.historyguide.org/europe/kafka.html | date = 28 Fèbruari 2006 | work = History Guide | title = Franz Kafka, 1883–1924 | access-date = 5 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|History Guide|2006}} }} * {{cite news | last = Milner | first = Cahterine | url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/foodanddrink/3321254/If-Kafka-made-the-dinner....html | date = 27 Agustus 2005 | newspaper = The Telegraph | title = If Kafka made the dinner... | access-date = 25 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Milner|2005}} }} * {{cite web | last = Miron | first = Dan | url = http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1040561.html | date = 24 Novèmber 2008 | work = Haaretz | title = Sadness in Palestine | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Haaretz|2008}} | archive-date = 2008-12-20 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081220232543/http://www.haaretz.com/hasen/spages/1040561.html | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Ozorio | first = Anne | url = http://www.operatoday.com/content/2010/11/gyorgy_kurtag_-.php | date = 18 Novèmber 2010 | work = Opera Today | title = György Kurtág&nbsp;— Kafka Fragments, London | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Opera Today|2010}} }} * {{cite web | last = Prinsky | first = Norman | url = http://www.aug.edu/~nprinsky/Humn2002/KafkaMetamorphNQ.htm | year = 2002 | publisher = Augusta State University | title 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Notes and Questions on Franz Kafka's "The Metamorphosis" / "The Transformation" | access-date = 2 Sèptèmber 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Prinsky|2002}} | archive-date = 2012-10-11 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121011030606/http://www.aug.edu/~nprinsky/Humn2002/KafkaMetamorphNQ.htm | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Rahn | first = Josh | url = http://www.online-literature.com/periods/existentialism.php | year=2011 | publisher = Online Literature | title = Existentialism | access-date = 5 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Rahn|2011}} }} * {{cite web | last = Rastalsky | first = Hartmut M. | url = http://www.lsa.umich.edu/german/hmr/dissertation/10kafka.doc | publisher = University of Michigan | title = The Referential Kafka | year = 1997 | access-date = 22 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Rastalsky|1997}} | archive-date = 2012-06-22 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120622022057/http://www.lsa.umich.edu/german/hmr/dissertation/10kafka.doc | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Samuelson | first = Arthur | url = http://www.jhom.com/bookshelf/kafka/intro.html | publisher = Jewish Heritage | title = A Kafka for the 21st Century | access-date = 2 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Jewish Heritage|2012}} }} * {{cite web | last = Seubert | first = Harald | url = http://kulturportal-west-ost.eu/biographies/bauer-felice-2/ | title = Bauer, Felice | publisher = Kulturportal-west-ost.eu | language = German | quote = Knochiges leeres Gesicht, das seine Leere offen trug. Freier Hals. Überworfene Bluse&nbsp;... Fast zerbrochene Nase. Blondes, etwas steifes, reizloses Haar, starkes Kinn. | access-date = 2 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Seubert|2012}} | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140715070817/http://kulturportal-west-ost.eu/biographies/bauer-felice-2 | archive-date = 2014-07-15 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = Stone | first = Peter H. | url = http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/3196/the-art-of-fiction-no-69-gabriel-garcia-marquez | title = Gabriel Garcia Marquez, The Art of Fiction No. 69 | work = The Paris Review | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Paris Review|2012}} }} * {{cite news | url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/1930/apr/04/classics.culture | work = The Guardian | title = Allegory | access-date = 22 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|''Guardian''|1930}} | location=London | date=4 April 1930 }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.amrep.org/articles/3_3c/disappearing.html | year = 2005 | publisher = American Repertory Theatre | title = Disappearing Act | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080501080645/http://www.amrep.org/articles/3_3c/disappearing.html | archive-date = 2008-05-01 | ref = {{sfnRef|Repertory|2005}} | url-status = live }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b010glpd | year = 2012 | publisher = BBC | title = Drama on BBC Radio 3, ''Kafka the Musical'' | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|BBC|2012}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.kohoutikriz.org/priloha/kafka.php | year = 2011 | language = Czech | publisher = The Research Library of South Bohemia in České Budějovice | title = Franz Kafka | access-date = 3 Oktober 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kohoutikriz|2011}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/articles/ | year = 2012 | publisher = European Graduate School | title = Franz Kafka&nbsp;– Articles | access-date = 22 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|European Graduate School, Articles|2012}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.egs.edu/library/franz-kafka/biography/ | year = 2012 | publisher = European Graduate School | title = Franz Kafka&nbsp;– Biography | access-date = 7 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|European Graduate School|2012}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://libcom.org/library/franz-kafka-libertarian-socialism | date = 14 Dhésèmber 2008 | publisher = Libertarian-Socialism | title = Franz Kafka and libertarian socialism | access-date = 3 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Lib.com|2008}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.kafkamuseum.cz/ShowPage.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=1 | year = 2005 | publisher = Franz Kafka Museum | title = Franz Kafka Museum | access-date = 7 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kafka Museum|2005}} | archive-date = 2017-08-23 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170823022745/http://www.kafkamuseum.cz/ShowPage.aspx?tabindex=0&tabid=1 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.franzkafka-soc.cz/cena-franze-kafky/ | year = 2011 | publisher = Franz Kafka Society | title = The Franz Kafka Prize | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kafka Society|2011}} | archive-date = 2017-01-13 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170113073540/http://www.franzkafka-soc.cz/cena-franze-kafky | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://gutenberg.spiegel.de/buch/162/5 | publisher = Project Gutenberg&nbsp;— Spiegel Online | title = Franz Kafka: Tagebücher 1910–1923&nbsp;– Kapitel 5 | work = Der Spiegel | date= 21 Juni 1913 | language = German | access-date = 29 Agustus 2012 | quote = Die ungeheure Welt, die ich im Kopfe habe. Aber wie mich befreien und sie befreien, ohne zu zerreißen. Und tausendmal lieber zerreißen, als in mir sie zurückhalten oder begraben. Dazu bin ich ja hier, das ist mir ganz klar. | ref = {{sfnRef|Project Gutenberg|2012}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.kafka-franz.com/franz-kafka-writing.htm | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20101220032453/http://kafka-franz.com/franz-kafka-writing.htm | archive-date = 2010-12-20 | year = 2011 | publisher = Kafka-Franz | title = Franz Kafka Writing | access-date = 1 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kafka-Franz|2012}} | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=10923 | date = 17 Maret 2007 | publisher = Socialist Worker Online | title = Franz Kafka: writing of the system's despair and alienation | access-date = 6 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Socialist Worker|2007}} | archive-date = 2015-10-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151003174917/http://www.socialistworker.co.uk/art.php?id=10923 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.textkritik.de/kafkazs/kafkadrucke.htm | year = 2008 | publisher = ITK Institute für Textkritik | title = Faksimiles der Kafka-Drucke zu Lebzeiten (Zeitschriften und Zeitungen) | language = German | access-date = 28 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Itk|2008}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.franzkafka.de/franzkafka/die_frauen/grete_bloch/457277 | publisher = S. Fischer Verlag | title = Grete Bloch | language = German | access-date = 24 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|S. Fischer|2012}} | archive-date = 2017-09-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170909185617/http://www.franzkafka.de/franzkafka/die_frauen/grete_bloch/457277 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.albany.edu/writers-inst/webpages4/filmnotes/fnf01n6.html | publisher = State University of New York | work = New York State Writer's Institute | title = Kafka | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Writer's Institute|1992}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.atlegerhardsen.com/pages/lothar_hempel/presse_eng_0802.htm | year = 2002 | publisher = Atlegerhardsen | title = Lothar Hempel | access-date = 2 Agustus 2012 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050924095502/http://www.atlegerhardsen.com/pages/lothar_hempel/presse_eng_0802.htm | archive-date = 2005-09-24 | ref = {{sfnRef|Hempel|2002}} | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.literaturhaus.at/headlines/1999/01/142/ | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20010607003313/http://www.literaturhaus.at/headlines/1999/01/142/ | year = 1999 | publisher = LiteraturHaus | language = German | title = Musils 'Mann ohne Eigenschaften' ist "wichtigster Roman des Jahrhunderts" | access-date = 22 Agustus 2012 | archive-date = 2001-06-07 | ref = {{sfnRef|LiteraturHaus|1999}} | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.wellesnet.com/trial%20bbc%20interview.htm | year = 1962 | publisher = Welles Net | title = Orson Welles on ''The Trial'' (BBC interview) | access-date = 22 Sèptèmber 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Welles Net|1962}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.kafka-research.ox.ac.uk/ | year = 2012 | publisher = University of Oxford | title = Oxford Kafka Research Centre | access-date = 8 Oktober 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Oxford Kafka Research Centre|2012}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.poulruders.net/biography.htm | date = June 2005 | publisher = Poul Ruders | title = Poul Ruders Biography&nbsp;– 06/2005 | access-date = 4 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Ruders|2005}} | archive-date = 2012-02-04 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120204163258/http://www.poulruders.net/biography.htm | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.kafkaproject.com/ | year = 2012 | publisher = Kafka Project, San Diego State University | title = Solving a Literary Mystery | access-date = 25 Agustus 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|Kafka Project SDSU|2012}} }} * {{cite web | url = http://h-a-z-e.org/archives/1059 | year = 2012 | publisher = HAZE Netlabel | title = Sound Interpretations&nbsp;— Dedication To Franz Kafka | access-date = 4 Oktober 2012 | ref = {{sfnRef|HAZE|2012}} | archive-date = 2012-10-09 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121009233821/http://h-a-z-e.org/archives/1059 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | url = http://www.mzv.cz/telaviv/en/visa_and_consular_services/citizenship/who_is_citizen_guide_to_czech.html | date = 25 Oktober 2012 | publisher = Embassy of the Czech Republic in Tel Aviv | title = Who is citizen? Guide to Czech citizenship in 1918 – 1949 | access-date = 17 Juni 2013 | ref = {{sfnRef|Czech Embassy|2012}} }} === Wewacan sabanjuré === * {{cite book | last = Begley | first = Louis | authorlink = Louis Begley | title = The Tremendous World I Have Inside My Head, Franz Kafka: A Biographical Essay | url = https://archive.org/details/tremendousworldi0000begl | year = 2008 | publisher = Atlas & Co. | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-934633-06-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Calasso | first = Roberto | authorlink = Roberto Calasso | title = K. | url = https://archive.org/details/k00cala | year = 2005 | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-4000-4189-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Citati | first = Pietro | authorlink = Pietro Citati | title = Kafka | url = https://archive.org/details/liang.kafka0000cita_l9y7 | year = 1987 | publisher = Alfred A. Knopf | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-394-56840-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Coots | first = Steve | title = Franz Kafka (Beginner's Guide) | url = https://archive.org/details/kafkabeginnersgu0000coot | year = 2002 | publisher = Hodder & Stoughton | location = London | isbn = 978-0-340-84648-3 }} * {{cite book | author = Corngold, Stanley – Wagner, Benno | title = Franz Kafka: The Ghosts in the Machine | location = Evanston, Illinois | publisher = Northwestern University Press | year = 2011 | isbn = 978-0-8101-2769-2 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Corngold | first1 = Stanley | last2 = Gross | first2 = Ruth V. | title = Kafka for the Twenty-First Century | url = https://archive.org/details/kafkafortwentyfi0000unse | year = 2011 | publisher = Camden House | location = New York | isbn = 978-1-57113-482-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Czech | first = Danuta | title = Kalendarz wydarzeń w KL Auschwitz | language = Polish | year = 1992 | publisher = Wydawn | location = Oświęcim }} * {{cite book | last1 = Deleuze | first1 = Gilles | authorlink1 = Gilles Deleuze | last2 = Guattari | first2 = Félix | authorlink2 = Félix Guattari | title = Kafka: Toward a Minor Literature (Theory and History of Literature, Vol 30) | year = 1986 | publisher = University of Minnesota Press | location = Minneapolis | isbn = 978-0-8166-1515-5 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Engel | first1 = Manfred | last2 = Robertson | first2 = Ritchie | authorlink2 = Ritchie Robertson | language = German, English | title = Kafka und die kleine Prosa der Moderne / Kafka and Short Modernist Prose | work = Oxford Kafka Studies I | year = 2010 | publisher = Würzburg | location = Königshausen & Neumann | isbn = 978-3-8260-4029-0 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Engel | first1 = Manfred | last2 = Robertson | first2 = Ritchie | authorlink2 = Ritchie Robertson | language = German, English | title = Kafka, Prag und der Erste Weltkrieg / Kafka, Prague and the First World War | work = Oxford Kafka Studies II | year = 2012 | publisher = Würzburg | location = Königshausen & Neumann | isbn = 978-3-8260-4849-4 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Engel | first1 = Manfred | last2 = Robertson | first2 = Ritchie | authorlink2 = Ritchie Robertson | language = German, English | title = Kafka und die Religion in der Moderne / Kafka, Religion, and Modernity | url = https://archive.org/details/kafkaunddierelig0000unse | work = Oxford Kafka Studies III | year = 2014 | publisher = Würzburg | location = Königshausen & Neumann | isbn = 978-3-8260-5451-8 }} * {{cite book | last = Glatzer | first = Nahum Norbert | authorlink = Nahum Norbert Glatzer | title = The Loves of Franz Kafka | url = https://archive.org/details/lovesoffranzkafk00glat | year = 1986 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-8052-4001-6 }} * {{cite book | last = Gray | first = Ronald | title = Kafka: A Collection of Critical Essays | url = https://archive.org/details/kafkacollectiono00gray | year = 1962 | publisher = Prentice-Hall | location = Englewood Cliffs, NJ | isbn = 1-199-77830-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Greenberg | first = Martin | authorlink = Martin Greenberg (poet) | title = The Terror of Art: Kafka and Modern Literature | year = 1968 | publisher = Basic Books | location = New York | isbn = 978-0-465-08415-9 }} * {{cite book | last = Hayman | first = Ronald | authorlink = Ronald Hayman | title = K, a Biography of Kafka | url = https://archive.org/details/kbiographyofkafk0000haym | year = 2001 | publisher = Phoenix Press | location = London | isbn = 978-1-84212-415-4 }} * {{cite book | last = Heller | first = Paul | title = Franz Kafka: Wissenschaft und Wissenschaftskritik | year = 1989 | language = German | publisher = Stauffenburg | location = Tübingen | isbn = 978-3-923721-40-5 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Kafka | first1 = Franz | last2 = Brod | first2 = Max | title = The Diaries, 1910–1923 | url = https://archive.org/details/diaries191019230000kafk | year = 1988 | publisher = Schocken Books | location = New York | isbn = 0-8052-0906-9 }} * {{cite journal | last = Kopić | first = Mario | authorlink = Mario Kopić | title = Franz Kafka and Nationalism | publisher = EX-YU PEN Amsterdam | location = Amsterdam | journal = Erewhon. An International Quarterly | year = 1995 | jstor = 13813064 | volume = 2 | issue = 2 }} * {{cite book | last = Lundberg | first = Phillip | title = Essential Kafka, Rendezvous with Otherness / 9 Stories & 3 novèl excerpts | url = https://archive.org/details/essentialkafkare0000phil | year = 2011 | publisher = Authorhouse | location = | isbn = 978-1-4389-9021-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Major | first = Michael | title = Kafka&nbsp;... for our time | year = 2011 | publisher = Harcourt Publishing | location = San Diego, CA | isbn = 978-0-9567982-1-3 }} * {{cite book | last = Suchoff | first = David | title = Kafka's Jewish Languages: the Hidden Openness of Tradition | url = https://archive.org/details/kafkasjewishlang0000such | year = 2012 | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-0-8122-4371-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Thiher | first = Allen | title = Franz Kafka: A Study of the Short Fiction | work = Twayne's Studies in Short Fiction, No. 12 | year = 2012 | publisher = University of Pennsylvania Press | location = Philadelphia | isbn = 978-0-8057-8323-0 }} ''Jurnal'' * {{cite journal | last = Danta | first = Chris | title = Sarah's Laughter: Kafka's Abraham | url = http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modernism-modernity/toc/mod15.2.html |date=April 2008 | volume = 15 | issue = 2 | location = Baltimore, MD | journal = [[Modernism/modernity]] | pages = 343–359 | doi = 10.1353/mod.2008.0048 }} {{subscription required}} *{{cite news | last = Guvenc | first = Sibel | url = http://www.docstoc.com/docs/84172079/Hindustan_Times_Article | date = 14 Novèmber 2006 | work = Hindustan Times Article | title = About Guilt and Punishment by Satarupa Basu | accessdate = September 7, 2011 }} * {{cite web | last = Kopić | first = Mario | url = http://www.odjek.ba/eng/index.php?broj=02&id=06 | year = 2004 | publisher = Odjek | title = Kafka and nationalism | access-date = 10 Sèptèmber 2013 | archive-date = 2013-10-12 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131012015421/http://www.odjek.ba/eng/index.php?broj=02&id=06 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite web | last = McGee | first = Kyle | title = Fear and Trembling in the Penal Colony | work = Kafka Project | url = http://www.kafka.org/index.php?id=185,290,0,0,1,0 | access-date = 2015-11-11 | archive-date = 2010-06-28 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100628232215/http://www.kafka.org/index.php?id=185,290,0,0,1,0 | url-status = dead }} * {{cite journal | last = Ryan | first = Michael P. | title = Samsa and Samsara: Suffering, Death and Rebirth in ''The Metamorphosis'' | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_german-quarterly_spring-1999_72_2/page/133 | year = 1999 | journal = German Quarterly | location = Durham, NC | volume = 72 | issue = 2 | pages = 133–152 | doi = 10.2307/408369 }} {{featured article}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kafka, Franz}} [[Kategori:Franz Kafka|*]] [[Kategori:Lair 1883]] [[Kategori:Pati 1924]] [[Kategori:Anarkis Céko]] [[Kategori:Panulis Ostenrik]] [[Kategori:Panulis Céko]] [[Kategori:Yahudi-Ostenrik]] [[Kategori:Yahudi-Céko]] 5zh5yya02dklwz7j8prwhl2q2oluzyl AK-47 0 33598 1759102 1754517 2026-10-24T21:25:19Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 2 books for (20261024) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 1759102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox senjata |name= AK-47 (data ing ngisor iki kanggo AK-47 Tipe 1) |image=[[Gambar:AK-47 type II noBG.png|300px|AK-47 Tipe 2. Iki varian pisanan sing migunakaké mesin tipe ''receiver''.]] |caption= AK-47 Tipe 2, varian pisanan sing migunakaké ''receiver'' tipe ''machined''. |origin= [[Uni Sovyèt]] |type= [[Senapan serbu]] <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged=yes <!-- Service history --> |service= [[1949]]— |used_by= [[Uni Soviet]], akèh liyané |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer=[[Mikhail Kalashnikov]] |design_date= [[1947]] |manufacturer= |production_date= |number= Di atas 100 juta<ref name="Gorshkov">{{cite news | last =Gorshkov | first =Nikolai | title =Russian producer wins Kalashnikov rights | publisher =BBC News - World Edition | date =2002-06-02 | url =http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/2021173.stm | accessdate = }}</ref> |variants= Lihat ''[[AK-47#Varian|Varian]]'' <!-- General specifications --> |weight= 4,3 [[Kilogram|kg]] |length= 870 mm (34¼ inci) |part_length= 415 mm (16,3 inci) |width= |height= |crew= <!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> |cartridge= [[7,62 x 39 mm]] |caliber= |action= Operasi gas, bolt berputar |rate= 600 butir/menit |velocity= 710 [[Meter per detik|m/s]] |range= 300 [[Meter|m]] |max_range= |feed= [[Magazen]] box 30 butir,<br />Magazen box [[RPK]] 40 butir,<br />Magazen drum RPK 75 butir |sights= Bidikan besi }} '''AK-47''' (cekakan saka '''''A'''vtomat '''K'''alashnikova 19'''47''''', [[Basa Ruslan|Ruslan]]: Автомат Калашникова образца 1947 года) iku [[senapan serbu]] sing dirancang déning [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]], diprodhuksi déning pabrik senjata [[Ruslan]] [[IZhMASh]], lan dipigunakaké déning akèh nagara [[Blok Wétan]] ing jaman [[Perang Dingin]]. Senapan iki diadopsi lan didadèkaké senapan standar [[Uni Soviet]] ing taun 1947.<ref name="Poyer">{{cite book | last =Poyer | first =Joe | title =The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations | url =https://archive.org/details/ak47ak74kalashni0000joep_x2h6 | publisher =North Cape Publications | date =2004 | pages =hal 1 | id = }}</ref> Yèn dibandingaké karo senapan sing digunakaké snalika [[Perang Donya II]], AK-47 duwé ukuran luwih cilik, kanthi jangkauan sing luwih cendhak, nganggo pluru [[Kaliber peluru|kaliber]] [[7,62 x 39 mm]] sing luwih cilik, lan duwé pilihan tembakan (''selective-fire''). AK-47 kalebu salah siji senapan serbu pisanan lan nganti saiki minangka senapan serbu sing paling akèh diprodhuksi.<ref name="Poyer"/><ref>[http://www.csae.ox.ac.uk/workingpapers/pdfs/2006-13text.pdf "Weaponomics: The Economics of Small Arms"]</ref> == Sajarah == === Latar wuri désain === Sajeroning [[Perang Donya II]], [[Jerman]] nyipta konsèp [[senapan serbu]]. Konsep iki didhasari pengalaman yèn pertempuran modhèren luwih akèh kadadéan ing jarak sing cukup cedhak, ya iku watara 100 [[mèter]]. Tenaga lan jangkauan pluru wektu iku kacihna kagedhèn. Mula, Jerman wiwit ngembangaké pluru lan senapan sing duwé sipat ''[[submachine gun]]'' (isi [[magazen]] akèh lan bisa némbak full-otomatis) kanthi pluru sing jangkauané bisa nganti 300 mèter. Kanthi nimbang béya prodhuksi, ink digayuh kanthi nyendhakaké pluru [[7,92 x 57 mm Mauser]] dadi ukuran 33mm ya iku 7,92 x 33mm Kurz (''Kurz'' tegesé cendhak). Asilé, [[Sturmgewehr 44]], pancèn dudu senapan pisanan sing migunakaké konsèp iki; sadurungé [[Italia]] lan [[Uni Soviet]] tau ngrancang konsèp sing padha. Nanging, Jerman sing pisanan mrodhuksi masal senapané. Jerman akèh migunakaké senapan anyar kanggo ngadhepi Soviet ing [[Perang Patriotik Gedhé|Front Wétan]]. Pengalaman Uni Soviet nglawan Jerman iki sing mengaruhi dhoktrin Soviet ing taun-taun sabanjuré. <!-- Adhedhasar doktrin Soviet, [[Mikhail Kalashnikov]] wiwit mikiraké disain senapan wiwit ing rumah sakit, sawisé tatu saka pertempuran ing Brysansk. Ia mendapat informasi bahwa sebuah senjata baru sedang dicari, untuk dipakai dengan peluru 7,62 x 41 mm yang dibuat oleh Elisarov dan Semin pada [[1943]]. Tapi kali itu, désain Kalashnikov kalah melawan désain Sudayev, yaitu [[PPS43]]. Kalashnikov mengubah désain pertamanya setelah ia mempelajari StG44 Jerman pada tahun [[1946]]. Karena rancangannya cukup mengesankan, Kalashnikov lalu dipilih untuk memimpin sebuah tim désain. === Konsep désain === Meskipun mirip, Mikhail Kalashnikov menyangkal bahwa désainnya dibuat berdasarkan [[Sturmgewehr 44|StG44]] Jerman. AK-47 lebih tepat dikatakan sebagai campuran dari inovasi-inovasi pada tahun-tahun sebelumnya. Misalnya, mekanik AK-47 lebih mirip [[M1 Garand]] daripada senapan-senapan Jerman. ''Locking lugs'' ganda, ''unlocking raceway'', dan mekanisme pelatuk telihat mirip désain Amerika tersebut.<ref>{{cite web | last =Kokalis | first =Peter | title =Israèl's Deadly Desert Fighter | publisher =Soldier of Fortune Magazine | url =http://www.ak-47.net/ak47/galil.html | accessdate = }}</ref> Ini adalah hal yang wajar, mengingat bahwa jutaan M1 Garand telah sukses dipakai di segala penjuru dunia. Walau secara mekanis mirip dengan M1 Garand, konsèp peluru, tata letak komponen, sistem gas, dan metode perakitan AK-47 jelas mirip dengan StG44.<ref>{{cite web | title =Maschinenpistole 43 & Sturmgewehr 44 Assault Gun | publisher =Flume Creek Company LLC | url =http://www.efour4ever.com/stg44.htm | accessdate = }}</ref> Jeniusnya AK-47 adalah, bahwa désainnya paling tepat untuk produksi masal. Jadi AK-47 berhasil menggabungkan keunggulan M1 Garand dengan StG44, dan bisa diproduksi dengan cepat oleh Uni Soviet pada saat itu. === Perkembangan receiver === [[Berkas:AK-47 and SKS DD-ST-85-01268.jpg|right|thumb|256px|AK-47 Tipe 3A (atas), dengan pendahulunya, senapan [[SKS (senapan)|SKS]].]] [[Berkas:AKMS and AK-47 DD-ST-85-01270.jpg|right|thumb|256px|AKMS dengan receiver Tipe 4B (atas), dan AK-47 dengan Tipe 2A.]] Pada awalnya produksi ''receiver'' (bagian badan senapan yang berisi mekanisme penembakan) menemui banyak masalah. Model produksi pertama menggunakan receiver yang terbuat dari ''stamping'' (cetak besi) lembaran logam. Masalah yang ditemui adalah sulitnya mengelas railing pemandu dan ejektor, yang akhirnya menyebabkan banyaknya penolakan.<ref>Poyer, hal 8</ref> Tapi masalah ini tidak menghentikan produksi, sebagai penyelesaiannya, receiver stamping logam digantikan dengan receiver ''machined'' (dibentuk dengan alat/mesin khusus).<ref name="Poyer9">Poyer, hal 9</ref> Proses ini memang lebih mahal, tapi untungnya alat-alat dan pekerja yang dibutuhkan sudah tersedia, sebelumnya dipakai untuk produksi [[Mosin-Nagant]]. Karena masalah-masalah tadi, Uni Soviet baru bisa mendistribusikan senapan-senapan ini secara luas pada tahun [[1956]]. Pada saat yang bersamaan, produksi senapan pendahulu AK-47, [[SKS (senapan)|SKS]], tetap berlanjut.<ref name="Poyer9"/> Setelah masalah produksi berhasil diselesaikan, pada tahun [[1959]] sebuah rancangan baru dirumuskan dan diberi nama AKM (''M'' untuk ''modernisasi''—dalam bahasa Rusia: Автомат Калашникова Модернизированный).<ref name="Ezell36">{{cite book | last =Ezell | first =Edward Clinton | title =The AK-47 Story: Evolution of the Kalashnikov Weapons | url =https://archive.org/details/ak47storyevoluti0000ezel | publisher =Stackpole Books | date =1986 | location = | pages =hal 36 | id = }}</ref> Model baru ini menggunakan receiver stamping logam dan dilengkapi sebuah ''muzzle break'' di ujung laras, untuk mengurangi tendangan. Selain itu ditambahkan juga penahan ''hammer'' (palu pemukul peluru) agar senapan bisa menembak dengan baik pada pilihan tembakan full-otomatis.<ref>Poyer, hal 11</ref> Model baru ini lebih ringan dari model awal, sekitar dua-pertiga berat awal.<ref name="Ezell36"/> Mayoritas produksi senapan Kalashnikov di luar [[Rusia]], dengan lisensi maupun tanpa lisensi, menggunakan model AKM ini, karena mudahnya pembuatan receiver stamping. Model inilah yang paling banyak ditemui dan diproduksi di seluruh dunia. Tetapi, hampir semua senapan buatan Kalashnikov biasa disebut AK-47, ini adalah keliru, sebab AK-47 hanya adalah senapan-senapan yang menggunakan tiga model receiver paling awal.<ref name="Poyer2">Poyer, hal 2</ref> Gambar di samping memperlihatkan perbedaan antara receiver machined AK-47 Tipe 2, dengan receiver stamping AKM Tipe 4, misalnya digunakannya sekrup dan bukan pengelasan, serta perbedaan lesung kecil di atas magazen. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left" align="center" border="0" name=Receiver type classifications ! Tipe receiver ! Penjelasan |- ! Tipe 1A/B | ''Receiver'' ''stamping'' AK-47 pertama. -1B dimodifikasi untuk popor lipat. Yaitu sebuah lubang tersedia pada kedua sisi, untuk dipasang popor lipat ke bawah. (penamaan B ini tetap sama untuk selanjutnya) |- ! Tipe 2A/B | Menggunakan besi ''machined''. |- ! Tipe 3A/B | Versi "final" receiver machined, terbuat dari baja. Receiver AK-47 yang paling banyak ditemui. |- ! Tipe 4A/B | Receiver stamping AKM. Desain yang paling banyak dipakai pada pembuatan senapan AK. |- |} == Fitur == [[Berkas:Romanian_AKM_Soldier.JPEG|200px|thumb|Prajurit [[Romania]] dengan [[AIM (senapan)|AIMS]], AKMS buatan Romania.]] AK-47 adalah senapan yang sederhana, tidak mahal untuk diproduksi, dan mudah dibersihkan dan dirawat. Ketahanan dan kehandalannya terkenal legendaris.<ref>http://www.strategypage.com/dls/articles/20030423.asp</ref><ref>http://kalashnikov.guns.ru/wwwboard/board4/messages/2114.html</ref><ref>http://www.reference.com/browse/wiki/AK-47</ref><ref>[http://www.booktrail.com/Video_Shooting/AKS,%20AK-47%20&%20MAK-90%20Type%20Armorer's%20Course.asp AGI VIDEO: AKS/MAK 90 ARMORER'S COURSE]</ref> Piston gasnya yang besar, keleluasaan jarak pada bagian-bagian mekaniknya, dan désain pelurunya, membuat AK-47 bisa tetap menembak dengan lancar walaupun komponen dalamnya terisi kotoran atau benda asing. Tapi kehandalan ini sedikit mengorbankan akurasi, karena toleransi yang besar pada bagian mekaniknya tidak menjamin ketepatan dan kekonsistenan yang terdapat pada senapan-senapan yang lebih akurat. Bidikan belakang AK-47 bisa diatur, dengan setingan jarak yang selisihnya masing-masing 100 meter. Bidikan depan juga bisa diatur setingan elevasinya di lapangan. Dan setingan horizontal diatur di gudang senjata sebelum diberikan ke pemakai. Setingan bidikan standar diatur untuk menempatkan peluru beberapa [[sentimeter]] di atas atau di bawah titik yang dibidik, pada jarak 250 meter. Setingan "''point-blank''" seperti ini dipakai agar penembak tidak perlu merubah setingan alat bidik pada jarak dekat. Setingan seperti ini sama dengan yang digunakan untuk [[Mosin-Nagant]] dan [[SKS (senapan)|SKS]], agar memudahkan masa peralihan dan pelatihan. Lorong laras dan kamar peluru, serta piston gas dan interior silinder gas AK-47 biasa dilapisi dengan [[krom]]. Ini sangat membantu memperpanjang umur alat-alat tersebut, karena mencegah korosi dan karat. Dan ini sangat penting, mengingat amunisi pada abad ke-20 sering berisi unsur [[merkuri]] yang [[korosi]]f, yang mengharuskan pembersihan secara rutin untuk mencegah kerusakan. Pelapisan krom pada bagian-bagian penting senapan sekarang sudah lazim pada senjata-senjata modern.<ref>"Chrome-lined or non chrome-lined barrel?". Internet, http://www.thehighroad.org/archive/index.php/t-6372.html</ref> == Prabawa terhadap kebudayaan == [[Berkas:Coat_of_arms_of_Mozambique.png|thumb|right|230px|Lambang Mozambik.]] Pada masa [[Perang Dingin]], [[Uni Soviet]], [[Tiongkok]], dan [[Amerika Serikat]] memberikan peralatan dan teknologi kepada nagara-nagara sekutu mereka, beserta pasukan-pasukan pemberontak yang mereka dukung. Pada masa itu terjadi penyebaran besar-besaran AK-47 oleh Uni Soviet dan Tiongkok kepada nagara-nagara dan grup-grup pro-[[komunis]], misalnya [[Sandinista]] [[Nikaragua]] dan [[Viet Cong]]. Desain AK-47 disebarkan ke 55 angkatan bersenjata dunia.<ref name="Gorshkov"/> Penyebaran AK-47 ini tidak hanya terlihat dari jumlahnya saja, AK-47 ada di dalam [[bendera]] dan lambang [[Mozambik]]. Selain itu juga terdapat pada lambang [[Burkina Faso]], dan bendera [[Hizbullah]]. "Kalash", kependekan dari "Kalashnikov", dipakai sebagai nama anak laki-laki di beberapa nagara di [[Afrika]]. Di Amerika, pembuat [[film]] sering mempersenjatai penjahat dan [[teroris]] dengan AK-47. Banyak pula [[permainan komputer]], [[permainan video]], dan lagu-lagu rap yang menampilkan AK-47. Pembuat mainan dan industri ''[[airsoft]]'' juga memproduksi jutaan [[replika]] AK-47. --> == Varian == [[Gambar:Familiarization with a RPK during Exercise Rescue Eagle 2000.jpg|thumb|right|250px|Sawijining prajurit Romania mbiyantu prajurit AS némbakaké [[RPK]], versi [[senapan mesin ringan]] saka AK-47.]] Varian-varian Kalashnikov ya iku: * '''AK-47 1948–51, 7,62 x 39&nbsp;mm''' — Model paling wiwitan, sing migunakaké ''receiver'' ''stamping'' Tipe 1, lan wis langka. * '''AK-47 1952, 7,62 x 39&nbsp;mm''' — Migunakaké ''receiver'' ''machined'' kanthi popor lan gagang kayu. Laras lan kamar pluru dilapisi [[krom]] kanggo nyegah korosi. Bobot senapan 4,2&nbsp;kg. * '''AKS-47''' — Migunakaké popor lempit mangisor sing mirib popor [[MP40]] Jerman. * '''[[RPK]], 7,62 x 39&nbsp;mm''' — Versi senapan mesin, kanthi laras sing luwih dawa lan [[bipod]]. * '''AKM, 7,62 x 39&nbsp;mm''' — Luwih prasaja lan luwih ènthèng tinimbang AK-47; migunakaké ''receiver'' Tipe 4 sing kagawé saka logam stamping. Bobot mudhun dadi 3,61&nbsp;kg, amarga ''receiver'' sing luwih ènthèng. * '''AKMS, 7,62 x 39&nbsp;mm''' — Versi AKM sing migunakaké popor lempit mangisor utawa menyang sisih. * '''AKMSU, 7,62 x 39&nbsp;mm''' — Versi cendhak tinimbang AKM sing migunakaké popor lempit mangisor. Dawané laras 35&nbsp;cm. * Seri '''[[AK-74]], [[5,45 x 39 mm]]''' — Pirsani [[AK-74|artikel utama]]. * Seri '''[[AK-101]], [[5,56 x 45 mm]]''' — Pirsani [[AK-101|artikel utama]]. * Seri '''[[AK-103]], 7,62 x 39&nbsp;mm''' — Pirsani [[AK-103|artikel utama]]. * Seri '''[[AK-107|AK-107/108]]''' — Pirsani [[AK-107|artikel utama]]. Ing taun 1978, Uni Soviet wiwit ngganti senapan AK-47 lan AKM nanggo rancangan sing luwih anyar, ya iku AK-74. <!-- === Produksi di luar Rusia === [[Berkas:AKROMAIM.jpg|right|thumb|250px|AKM buatan [[Romania]], [[AIM (senapan)|AIM]]. ''Receiver'' Tipe 4A.]] [[Berkas:Rifle AK MON.jpg|right|thumb|250px|KbK AK/PMK buatan [[Polandia]]. ''Receiver'' Tipe 3A.]] [[Berkas:Rifle AKS MON.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Kbk AKS/PKMS buatan Polandia. Receiver Tipe 3B.]] [[Berkas:Karabinek-granatnik wz.1960.jpg|right|thumb|250px|Kbk Ak PNG60 buatan Polandia. Dengan [[pelontar granat]] dan [[magazen]] khusus untuk menembakan granat. Receiver Tipe 3A.]] {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" Yang terdaftar hanya varian militer saja. Rangkuman dari informasi yang terdapat pada buku Poyer, ''The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations. |- ! Nagara !! Varian |- ![[Albania]] | Tidak diketahui. |- ! rowspan="9" |[[Bulgaria]] | AKK (Tipe 3 AK-47), AKKS (Tipe 3 dengan popor lipat samping) |- | AKKMS (AKMS) AKKN-47 (bisa dipasang bidikan malam NPSU) |- | AK-47M1 (Tipe 3 dengan polimer hitam menggantikan kayu) |- | AK-47MA1/AR-M1 (sama dengan M1, tapi memakai peluru 5,56 mm NATO) |- | AKS-47M1 (AKMS memakai 5,56 mm NATO), AKS-47MA1 (sama dengan AKS-47M1, tapi hanya semi-automatis) |- | AKS-47S (AK-47M1, versi pendek, popor lipat Jerman Timur, alat bidik laser) |- | AKS-47UF (versi pendek -M1, popor lipat Rusia), AR-SF (sama dengan -47UF, tapi memakai 5,56 mm NATO) |- | AKS-93SM6 (serupa dengan -47M1, tidak bisa dipasang pelontar granat) |- | RKKS, AKT-47 (senapan latihan, kaliber .22) |- ! [[Jerman Timur]] | MPi-K (AK-47), MPi-KS (AKS), MPi-KM (AKM), MPi-KMS72 (AKMS) |- ! [[Mesir]] | AK-47, MISR 7.62 (AKM), Maadi |- ! [[Hungaria]] | AKM-63, AMD-65, AMD-65M, AMMSZ, AMP, NGM 5,56 |- ! rowspan="2"|[[Irak]] | Tabuk (M70B1, and M70AB2) |- | Senapan runduk Tabuk (M70B1 dengan laras 23,6 inci, alat bidik optik, dan popor khusus) |- ![[Myanmar]] | MA1, MA4 (berdasarkan buatan Tiongkok, menggunakan peluru kaliber NATO) |- ! [[Korea Utara]] | Type 58A (Type 3 AK-47), Type 58B (popor lipat besi), Type 68A (AKM-47), Type 68B (AKMS) |- ![[Tiongkok]] | Type 56 Rifle (''bukan'' Karabin), Type 81, Type 87 |- ![[Polandia]] | Kbk AK/PMK (AK-47), Kbk AKS/PKMS (AKS), Kbk Ak PNG60, Kbk AKM/PMKM (AKM), KbK AKMS/PMKMS, Kbk wz. 88 Tantal (AK-74 dengan popor lipat samping), Kbk wz. 96 Beryl |- ![[Romania]] | AI (AK-47), AIS (AKS), AIM, AIMS (AKM, AKMS), AIR |- ![[Yugoslavia]] | M70, M70A, M70AB2 M64 (AK-47 dengan laras lebih panjang), M64A (dengan pelontar granat), M64B (M70 dengan popor lipat) |} === Lisensi === Rusia telah berkali-kali mengatakan bahwa mayoritas produsen ini memproduksi AK-47 tanpa [[lisensi]] dari [[IZhMASh]].<ref>{{cite news | title =Восточная Европа захватила рынок продаж автоматов Калашникова | publisher =Lenta.Ru | date =2006-06-13 | url =http://www.lenta.ru/news/2006/06/13/rifles/ | accessdate = }}</ref><ref>{{cite news | title ='Ижмаш' подсчитал контрафактные автоматы Калашникова | publisher =Lenta.Ru | date =2006-04-15 | url =http://lenta.ru/news/2006/04/15/fake/ | accessdate = }}</ref> Perusahaan IZhMASh sendiri telah mematenkan AK-47 pada tahun [[1999]], dan seharusnya paten ini mencegah produksi senapan yang tanpa izin.<ref name="Gorshkov"/><ref name="Poyer2"/> --> == Uga delengen == * [[M16]] * [[Sturmgewehr 44]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} == Réferènsi == <div class="references-small"> * {{cite book | last = Ezell | first = Edward Clinton | year = 1986 | title = The AK-47 Story: Evolution of the Kalashnikov Weapons | url = https://archive.org/details/ak47storyevoluti0000ezel | location = Mechanicsburg, PA | publisher = Stackpole Books | id = ISBN 0-8117-0916-7 }} * {{cite book | last = Poyer | first = Joe | year = 2004 | title=The AK-47 and AK-74 Kalashnikov Rifles and Their Variations (Paperback) | location = Tustin, CA | publisher = North Cape Publications | id = ISBN 1-882391-33-0 }} * {{cite book | last = Ezell | first = Edward Clinton | author2 = R. Blake Stevens | year = 2001 | title = Kalashnikov: The Arms and the Man | location = Cobourg, ON | publisher = Collector Grade Publications | id = ISBN 0-88935-267-4 }} * {{cite book | title = Guinness World Records 2005 | id = ISBN 1-892051-22-2 }} * {{cite book |title = Small Arms of the World |id = ISBN 0-88029-601-1 }} </div> == Pranala njaba == {{Commons|AK-47}} * {{extlink-fa}} [http://www.izhmash.ru/eng Situs resmi produsen: IZhMASh] * [http://kalashnikov.guns.ru/ AK Site — Kalashnikov homepage] * [http://kalashnikov-weapons-muséum.ak47-guide.com/ch1a.html AK-47 Museum]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} virtual tour * [http://world.guns.ru/assault/as01-e.htm AK-47 di situs Modern Firearms] * [http://www.pbase.com/the_kampfer/image/47449546 Animasi operasi AK-47] * [http://www.nazarian.no/images/wep/284_US_Army_AK47.pdf Buku manual AK-47 di situs Nazarian's Gun's Recognition Guide] <!----> [[Kategori:Senapan serbu]] 14y1xts61oz4qj1fjd3r7sypnvul70k Thesaloniki 0 40508 1759116 1651148 2026-10-25T11:36:24Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759116 wikitext text/x-wiki {| cellpadding="2" style="float: right; width: 307px; background: #e3e3e3; margin-left: 1em; border-spacing: 1px;" ! Lambang ! Peta |- style="background: #ffffff; text-align: center;" | style="width: 145px;" | [[Gambar:Flag of Thessaloniki.svg|140px|Lambang Thessaloniki dalam bendera]] | style="width: 145px;" | [[Gambar:Thessalonica_Montage_L.png|160px|Lokasi Thessaloniki di Yunani]] |- ! colspan="2" | Data dhasar |- style="background: #ffffff;" | Periferia (Provinsi): || [[Makedonia Tengah]] |- style="background: #ffffff;" | [[Wewengkon]]: || 17,8 [[kilomèter persegi|km²]] |- style="background: #ffffff;" | [[Penduduk]]: || 363.987 jiwa (809.457 jiwa di daerah metropolitan) |- style="background: #ffffff;" | Pelat nomer kendaraan bermotor: || <tt>N</tt> |- style="background: #ffffff;" | Situs web resmi: || [https://web.archive.org/web/20080118232140/http://www.thessalonikicity.gr/ www.thessalonikicity.gr] |- ! colspan="2" | Pulitik |- style="background: #ffffff;" | Walikota: || [[Vassilios Papageorgopoulos]] |} '''Thessaloniki''' utawa '''Tesalonika'''<ref>Jeneng Tesalonika iku jeneng kang dianggo sajeroning pertalan [[Alkitab]] [[basa Indonesia]]</ref> ([[basa Yunani|Yunani]]: Θεσσαλονίκη, [[basa Turki|Turki]]: ''Selânik'', [[basa Slavia|Slavia]]: ''Solun'' (Солун), [[basa Aromanian language|Aromania]]: ''Săruna'', [[basa Ladino|Ladino]]: ''Selanik''), iku sawijining [[kutha]] kang dumunung ing [[Yunani]] pérangan lor. Sing ndunungi gunggung 363.987 jiwa ([[2001]]). == Putra kutha == * [[Santo Siril]] lan [[Santo Methodius]], penyebar agama Kristen ing [[bangsa Slavia]] lan kang ngréka huruf [[Sirilik]]. * [[Manolis Anagnostakis]], dhokter lan penulis kiri * Pavle Savić, fisikawan [[Serbia]] * [[Stavros Koujioumtzis]] ([[1932]]-[[2005]]), komposer Yunani lan penulis lirik * [[Dionysis Savvopoulos]] (terlahir [[2 Dhésèmber]] [[1944]]), komposer, penulis lirik lan penyanyi Yunani * [[Arif Hikmet]] (tilar donya 1978), arsitek Turki * Stratos Dionysiou (tilar donya 1990), penyanyi populer * Zoe Laskari (lair 1938), aktris Yunani * [[Marinella]] (lair [[20 Mèi]] [[1935]]), penyanyi populer * Kostas Voutsas (lair 1930), aktor Yunani * Nikos Papazoglou, penyanyi lan pengarang lagu * [[Calliope Tatti]] ([[1897]] - 1978) * [[Kemal Atatürk|Mustafa Kemal Atatürk]] (1881 - 1938), pulitikus lan pendhiri [[Turki|Republik Turki]] * [[Nazım Hikmet]], (1902 - 1963), penyair Turki * [[Cahit Arf]] (1910 - 1997), matematikawan Turki * [[Pavlos Danelatos]] sutradara teater * [[Salih Omurtak]] ([[1889]] - [[1954]]) jenderal Turki * [[Peja Stojakovic]], juru main bola basket Yunani-Serbia ing liga [[NBA]] == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.sonbaski.com/selaniki.htm/ Photo Thessaloníki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020700/http://www.sonbaski.com/selaniki.htm |date=2007-09-27 }} [[Kategori:Kutha ing Yunani]] 7cy0upin8r6n2x9mqypmu1xzcwjscbk Plabuhan 0 74068 1759113 1752429 2026-10-25T04:25:51Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759113 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De haven van Tandjoengpriok op de achtergrond het station Batavia Java TMnr 10008011.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Pelabuhan Tanjung Priok]] '''Plabuhan''' yaiku fasilitas kang nan ing pinggir [[samodra]], [[kali]], utawa [[tlaga]] kanggo sandhar [[kapal]] lan mindhahaké [[barang kargo]] lan [[penumpang]].<ref name="internet1">{{Cite web |url=http://muislife.com/pengertian-dan-fungsi-dari-peralatan-pelabuhan-2.html |title=/muislife.com |access-date=2011-06-08 |archive-date=2011-05-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110530220748/http://muislife.com/pengertian-dan-fungsi-dari-peralatan-pelabuhan-2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Plabuhan racaké duwé piranti-piranti kang dirancang mligi kanggo ngamot lan mbongkar momotan [[kapal]]-kapal sing labuh.<ref name="internet1"/> [[Crane]] lan gudhang nganggo piranti pendingin uga disediakaké déning pihak pengelola utawa [[swasta]] kang duwé kepentingan.<ref name="internet1"/> Kerep uga ing saubengé plabuhan dibangun fasilitas penunjang kaya [[pabrik]] pengalèngan lan pemrosèsan barang.<ref name="internet1"/> Peraturan Pamaréntah RI No.69 Taun 2001 ngatur ngenani plabuhan, fungsi lan penyelengaraan pelabuhan.<ref name="internet2">[http://www.sumberbacaan.com/tentang+pengertian+pelabuhan.html www.sumberbacaan.com]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == '''Jinis Pelabuhan''' == (Adhedasar PP N.69 Taun 2001) # '''Miturut Alamé''' # '''Miturut Peleyanané''' # '''Lingkup Pelayaran''' # '''Kapal kang olèh manggon''' # '''Wewengkon pengamanan béya cuké''' # '''Kegiatan pelayaran''' # '''Peranan''' Tembung '''plabuhan sagara''' minangka nangani kapal-kapal sagara.<ref name="internet3">[http://requestartikel.com/db/pengertian+pelabuhan requestartikel.com]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> ''Pelabuhan perikanan'' yaiku pelabuhan kang kanggo berlabu kapal-kapal penangkap iwak lan dadi panggon kanggi distribusi lan pasar [[iwak]].<ref name="internet3"/> Klasifikasi ''pelabuhan perikanan'' ana 3, yaiku: Plabuhan Perikanan [[Pasisir]], Plabuhan Perikanan [[Nusantara]], an Plabuhan Perikanan [[Samodra]].<ref name="internet3"/> Kang kudu digatekake supaya plabuhan bisa kanggo: * Ana kanal-kanal [[sagara]] kang lumayan jero (minimum 12 mèter) * Ana Perlindungan saka [[angin]], [[ombak]], dan [[bledeg]] * Aksès transportasi penghubung kaya [[sepur]] lan [[truk]]. == Plabuhan utama donya == [[Gambar:Port of Wellington at night.jpg|thumb|250px|right|Pelabuhan Wellington nalika wengi]] Peringkat plabuhan donya miturut volume lalu-lintas momotan kargo kontainer (sajeroning yutan TEU) (2004): # [[Plabuhan Hong Kong]] [[Tiongkok]] | 21.9 # [[Plabuhan Singapura]] [[Singapura]] | 20.6 # [[Plabuhan Shanghai]] [[Tiongkok]] | 14.6 # [[Plabuhan Shenzhen]] [[Tiongkok]] | 13.7 # [[Plabuhan Pusan]] [[Koréa Kidul]] | 11.3 # [[Plabuhan Kaohsiung]] [[Taiwan]] | 9.7 # [[Plabuhan Rotterdam]] [[Walanda]] | 8.3 # [[Plabuhan Los Angeles]] [[Amérika Sarékat]] | 7.3 # [[Plabuhan Hamburg]] [[Jerman]] | 7.0 # [[Plabuhan Dubai]] [[Uni Emirat Arab]] | 6.4 # [[Plabuhan Antwerp]] [[Bèlgi]] | 6.0 # [[Plabuhan Long Beach]] [[Amérika Sarékat]] | 5.8 # [[Plabuhan Klang]] [[Malaysia]] | 5.2 # [[Plabuhan Qingdao]] [[Tiongkok]] | 5.1 # [[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey|Plabuhan New York/New Jersey]] [[Amérika Sarékat]] | 4.4 # [[Tanjung Priuk|Plabuhan Jakarta]] [[Indonesia]] Sumber: [https://web.archive.org/web/20051026220628/http://www.westportmalaysia.com.my/06_statistics.htm Situs Pelabuhan Klang]{{br}} Deleng uga: [http://www.infoplease.com/ipa/A0104779.html Situs infoplease untuk peringkat pelabuhan dunia, 2003] == Rujukan == Suyono, RP, Capt. ''Sipping, Pengangkuta Intermodal Ekspor Impor Melalui Laut'',2003, Jakarta: Penerbit PPM. == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.aapa-ports.org/industryinfo/statistics.htm Peringkat Pelabuhan dari AAPA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061004124746/http://aapa-ports.org/industryinfo/statistics.htm |date=2006-10-04 }} * [http://www.aapa-ports.org/pdf/WORLD_PORT_RANKINGS_2002.xls Peringkat Pelabuhan Dunia 2002, dalam metrik ton dan TEUs, American Association of Port Authorities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060211034105/http://www.aapa-ports.org/pdf/WORLD_PORT_RANKINGS_2002.xls |date=2006-02-11 }} ('''format [[Microsoft Excel|xls]]''', 26.5kb) == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pelabuhan| ]] {{Stub}} iufnnmqr7vekrp7s30g96dkurppgd1o Adnan Oktar 0 75950 1759099 1754563 2026-10-24T21:03:58Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 2 books for (20261024) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 1759099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Person |name = Adnan Oktar |image = Adnan oktar 03.jpg|center|Harun Yahya |residence = Turki |other_names = Harun Yahya, Adnan Hoca |caption = |birth_name = |birth_date = 2 Fèbruari 1956 |birth_place = [[Ankara]], [[Turki]] |death_date = |death_place = |death_cause = |known = [[Kréasionisme]], [[Anti-Zionisme]] |occupation = Panulis |title = |salary = |term = |predecessor = |successor = |party = |boards = |religion = [[Islam]] |spouse = |partner = |children = |relations = |website = [http://www.harunyahya.com www.harunyahya.com] |footnotes = |employer = |height = |weight = }} '''Adnan Oktar''' (lair tanggal 2 Februari 1956), uga dikenal minangka Adnan Hoca, Harun Yahya,<ref>{{cite book| last = Numbers| first = Greg| author-link = Greg Cootsona Numbers| title = Negotiating Science and Religion In America: Past, Present, and Future| year = 2019| publisher = Routledge| location = Abingdon, United Kingdom| isbn = 978-1138068537| page = 169}}</ref><ref name=yahyawebsite>{{cite web|url=http://www.harunyahya.com|title=Harun Yahya|work=harunyahya.com|access-date=26 December 2011|archive-url=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110224090517/http://www.harunyahya.com/|archive-date=24 February 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> minangka pimpinan kultus agama Turki uga sawijining kreasionisme Islam.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/books/int/2007/01/02/numbers/index3.html|title=Seeing the light – of science |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090114085246/http://www.salon.com/books/int/2007/01/02/numbers/index3.html |archive-date=14 January 2009 |work=[[Salon.com]] }}</ref> Ing taun 2007, dhèwèké ngirim ewonan salinan bukune, The Atlas of Creation,<ref name=aoc>{{Cite book|last1=Yahya|first1=Hârun|year=2006|title=Atlas of creation|last2=Rossini|first2=Carl Nino|last3=Evans|first3=Ron |last4=Mossman|first4=Timothy|publisher=Global Publishing|oclc=86077147}}</ref> sing nyengkuyung kreasi Islam, menyang ilmuwan Amerika, anggota Kongres, lan museum sains.<ref name="New York Times 1">{{cite news|first=Cornelia|last=Dean|title=Islamic Creationist and a Book Sent Round the World|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/17/science/17book.html?_r=1&ref=science&oref=slogin|work=The New York Times|date=17 July 2007|access-date=17 July 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424030735/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/17/science/17book.html?_r=1&ref=science&oref=slogin | archive-date=24 April 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> Oktar mbukak rong organisasi sing uga dadi Presiden Kehormatan: Bilim Araştırma Vakfı (BAV, kanthi harfiah, "Yayasan Penelitian Ilmu Pengetahuan", didegake taun 1990), sing nyengkuyung kreasiisme lan Milli Değerleri Koruma Vakfı (secara harfiah, "Yayasan Pelestarian Nilai Nasional", didegake 1995) sing kerja ing njero negeri babagan macem-macem masalah moral.<ref name="Songün">{{cite news|url=http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/11102743.asp |title=Turkey evolves as creationist center |publisher=[[Hürriyet|Hurriyet Daily News]] |date=27 February 2009 |first=Sevim |last=Songün |access-date=17 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305021610/http://www.hurriyet.com.tr/english/domestic/11102743.asp |archive-date=5 March 2009 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ing 11 Juli 2018, Oktar lan luwih saka 160 rekane ditahan lan banjur dicekel amarga tuduhan kalebu mbentuk perusahaan kriminal, penipuan finansial lan pelecehan seksual. Tanggal 19 Juli 2019, dakwaan kasebut disetujoni, karo sidhang kaping pisanan dijadwalake tanggal 17 September.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-turkiye-44778012|title=Adnan Oktar kimdir: 40 yılda 'Adnan Hoca Grubu'ndan 'silahlı suç örgütü liderliği' suçlamasına|date=12 July 2019|work=BBC News|access-date=12 September 2019|language=tr-TR}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/istanbul-court-approves-indictment-of-televangelist-145108|title=Istanbul court approves indictment of televangelist – Turkey News|website=[[Hürriyet Daily News]]|language=en|access-date=12 September 2019}}</ref> Tanggal 11 Januari 2020, dhèwèké dihukum luwih saka 1000 taun kunjara.<ref>{{Cite web|author=AFP|date=2021-01-11|title=Turkish televangelist sentenced to 1,075 years for sex crimes|url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/11/turkish-televangelist-sentenced-to-1075-years-for-sex-crimes|access-date=2021-01-11|website=the Guardian|language=en}}</ref> == Mangsa enom == Adnan Oktar dilairaké taun 1956 ing [[Ankara]] lan gedhé ing kutha iki nganti lulus SMU. Komitmene dhèwèké tumrap agama [[Islam]] sansaya kuwat nalika ana ing SMU.<ref name="internet 2">[http://muslimmedianetwork.com/mmn/%3Fp%3D440]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, diaksés tanggal 9 Juli 2011.</ref> Pada periode iki, dhèwèké éntuk pangerten kang jero ing babagan Islam saka buku-buku agama uga éntuk pemahaman kalebu fakta-fakta wigati liya kang banjur diwènèhi ngerti ing wong-wong sakiteré. Ing taun 1979, Adnan Oktar pindah ing Istanbul kanggo golèk ngèlmu ing [[Universitas]] [[Mimar Sinan]].<ref name="internet 4http://www.amazon.com/Harun-Yahya/e/B001JOC4OQ">[http://www.ask.com/questions-about/Harun-Yahya-Biography]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, diaksés tanggal 9 Juli 2011.</ref> Ing jaman iki dhèwèké wiwit nglaksanakake misi dakwah, ngongkon manungsa tumuju akhlaq kang apik lan mrentah kang ma’ruf uga nyegah kang munkar. == Harun Yahya ing Universitas Mimar Sinan == Sadurungé Adnan Oktar kuliah ing Universitas Mimar Sinan, Istanbul, institusi pendhidhikan mau wis ana ing ngisor prabawa organisasi-organisasi ilegal aliran Marxisme, saéngga pamikir kaya iku ketok jelas mendominasi kampus. Saben wong, apa iku staf ing fakultas utawa mahasiswa, ya iku wong kang materialis kang pola pikire atheis. Staf pengajar njupuk saben kesempatan kan ana kanggo nyebarake filsafat materialistik lan Darwinisme ing jero kuliah-kuliah. Ing lingkungan kaya iki ajaran agama lan akhlaq ora dikanggokake lan ditolak, Adnan Oktar nyeru wong-wong ing sakiteré dhèwèké marang keesaan lan keagungane Allah. Ing kondisi iki, Islam ora diwènèhi kesempatan kanggo tumuwuh. Ibuke Adnan Oktar , Ny. Mediha Oktar, ngandakake manawa ing jaman iku Adnan Oktar mung turu pirang jam ing wayah bengi, saliyané kanggo maca, nggawe cathetan lan nyimpen kumpulan cathetan mau. Dhèwèké maca atusan buku, kalebu karya-karya pokok [[Marxisme]], [[kuminisme]] lan [[filsafat]] [[materialistik]], lan nyinaoni buku-buku [[ideologi]] kiwa, kalebu karya-karya klasik utawa literatur-literatur liya kang jarang diwaca wong.<ref name="internet 4http://www.amazon.com/Harun-Yahya/e/B001JOC4OQ"/> Dhèwèké banjur nliti karya-karya mau, diwènèhi tandha pérangan-pérangan wigati lan nggawe cathetan-cathetan ing buri buku mau. Iki ndadèkaké dhèwèké wong kan paling ngerti babagan filsafat-filsafat sarta ideologi-ideologi mau ketimbang pendukung ideologi iku dhéwé. Dhèwèké uga nganakake riset ngenani téyori evolusi kang dianggep dadi landasan ilmiah saka ideologi-ideologi mau lan ngumpulke dhokumèn lan informasi kang ana hubungane. Sakwuse ngumpulake akèh informasi ngenani buntune, kontradiksi lan apusan kang ana ing jero filsafat lan ideologi kang didhasarke ing pengingkaran tumrap Allah, Adnan Oktar nggunakaké informasi mau kanggo nyebarake fakta-fakta kang ana. Meh kabèh wong, kalebu mahasiswa lan staf guru ing universitas, dhèwèké dakwahi keesaane Allah, sarta Al Qur’an, Kitab Suci kang diwahyukake Allah, nganggo bukti-bukti saintifik. Ing satengahing omongan ing kantin kampus, ing koridor-koridor wektu jam ngaso, bisa dideleng dhèwèké lagi njelasake kelemahan uga kesalahan filsafat materialistik lan Marxisme kanthi njupuk cuplikan saka buku-buku kang dadi referensi saka ideologi mau. Dhèwèké mènèhi kawigaten mirunggan marang téyori evolusi. Téyori kang ana saka sawijining kelompok kanggo nglawan fakta penciptaan iki diyakini dadi babagan kang bener ing pandelenge mahasiswa universitas. Kanthi kedok sains, téyori mau tujuwane kanggo ngracuni lan ngrusak akidah lan akhlaq para nom-noman mau. Manawa makar ala saka kebohongan ilmiah iki ora dibongkar, bakal metu génerasi penerus kang sama sekali ora duwé aji-aji spiritual, moral lan religius. == Pahlawan Internasional == Njupuk saka ''[[New Scientist]]'' edisi 22 April 2000 , Oktar dadi "[[pahlawan]] [[internasional]]" ing bababagan kekeliruane téyori evolusi lan fakta penciptaan. Perjuangan intelektual penulis ing materialisme lan Darwinisme wis asring dipublikasikake ing ''National Geographic'', ''[[Science]]'', ''New Scientist'' lan Laporan NSCE. Edisi basa [[Inggris]] lan [[Jerman]] [[November]], 2004, edisi ''[[National Geographic]]'' mau karya penulis babagan fakta Penciptaan. Kutipan saka buku Keruntuhane Téyori Evolusi uga lumebu: "Téyori evolusi mung ngapusi saka dominators saka sistem donya." Oktar uga wis ngasilaké karya babagan rasisme [[Zionis]] lan [[Freemasonry]] uga efek négatif kanggo sajarah donya lan pulitik.<ref name="internet 5">[http://www.biography-center.com/biographies/17787-Oktar_Adnan_Harun_Yahya_.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629085622/http://www.biography-center.com/biographies/17787-Oktar_Adnan_Harun_Yahya_.html |date=2011-06-29 }}, diaksés tanggal 9 Juli 2011.</ref> == Bibliografi == <table style="float:right;"> <tr> <td>[[Gambar:A Call For Unity.jpg|thumb|128px| A Call For Unity [of Muslims, Christians and Jews]]]</td> <td>[[Gambar:Jesus Second Coming Book.jpg|thumb|128px|The Signs of Jesus' Second Coming]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Gambar:Islam Denounces Terrorism.jpg|thumb|128px|Islam Denounces Terrorism]]</td> <td>[[Gambar:Wisdom and Sound Advice from the Torah.jpg|thumb|128px|Wisdom and Sound Advice from the Torah]]</td> </tr> <tr> <td>[[Gambar:Only Love can Defeat Terrorism.jpg|thumb|128px|Only Love can Defeat Terrorism]]</td> <td>[[Gambar:Islam Denounces Antisemitism.jpg|thumb|128px|Islam Denounces Antisemitism]]</td> </tr> </table> Buku sarta brosur Oktar punika dicetak wonten ing Turki déning "Vural Yayıncılık" ("Global Publishing"), Istanbul. Dialih basa Inggris déning "Ta-Ha Publishers", London, Britania Raya; "Global Publishing", Istanbul, Turki; "Al-Attique Publishers", Ontario, Kanada lan "Goodword Books", New Delhi, India. Media sanès ingkang nyetak buku iki: Buku, Buklet (Pamflet), Buku Anak, Jurnal, Dokumenter, Buku Audio, CD, Poster lan langkung saking satus situs web. Gungguge buku sarta brosur ingkang sampun terbit punika sampun ngantos atusan.<ref>[http://www.harunyahya.net/V2/Lang/en/Pg/WorkList/Work/Book/ harunyahya.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309062330/http://www.harunyahya.net/V2/Lang/en/Pg/WorkList/Work/Book/ |date=2012-03-09 }} as of Dec 2010 lists 274 items in Turkish (dated October 1991 to January 2010), 197 items in English, or 771 items counting all languages.</ref> karya-karyané didamel nganggé kertas ingkang ''kualitas''e dhuwur sarta gambar kang kang saé penuh gambar berwarna disade wonten ing toko buku sadunia * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Yahudilik ve Masonluk (Judaism and Freemasonry) | year = 1986 | isbn = 9757043001 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Soykırım Yalanı (The Holocaust Lie) | year = 1995 | isbn = 9757856258 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Allah Is Known through Reason | url = https://archive.org/details/allahisknownthro0000haru | publisher = Goodword Books | location = New Delhi | year = 2000 | isbn = 8187570059 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Miracle in the Ant | url = https://archive.org/details/miracleinant0000yahy | year = 2000 | isbn = 1842000152 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Allah Is Known through Reason | url = https://archive.org/details/allahisknownthro0000haru | publisher = Goodword Books | location = New Delhi | year = 2000 | isbn = 8187570059 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Allah's Artistry in Colour | publisher = Goodword Books | year = 2000 | isbn = 1842000160 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Hârun | title = The Creation of the Universe | url = https://archive.org/details/creationofuniver00yahy | publisher = Al-Attique | year = 2000 | isbn = 189426438X }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = The Evolution Deceit | publisher = Ta-Ha | location = London | year = 2001 | isbn = 9756579382 }} * {{cite book | last1 = Yahya | first1 = Harun | last2 = Clarke | first2 = Abdassamad | title = The Miracle in the Atom | publisher = Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd | year = 2001 | isbn = 1842000233 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Disasters Darwinism Brought to Humanity | url = https://archive.org/details/disastersdarwini0000yahy | publisher = Al-Attique | year = 2001 | isbn = 1894264444 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Global Freemasonry | publisher = Global Publishing | year = 2002 | isbn = 9756426004 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = The Glory in the Heavens | url = https://archive.org/details/gloryinheavens0000yahy | year = 2002 | isbn = 1842000403 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = The Design in Nature | url = https://archive.org/details/designinnature00yahy | publisher = Ta-Ha Publishers Ltd | year = 2002 | isbn = 1842000357 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = The Alliance of the Good | publisher = Islamic Book Service | year = 2002 | isbn = 8172313721 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = The World of Animals (Children, Have You Ever Thought?) | year = 2002 | isbn = 184200042X }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Before You Regret | url = https://archive.org/details/beforeyouregret0000yahy | publisher = Al-Attique Publishers Inc | year = 2002 | isbn = 189426441X }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Fascism The Bloody Ideology of Darwinism | url = https://archive.org/details/fascismbloodyide0000yahy | year = 2002 | isbn = 983938435X }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Islam Denounces Terrorism | url = https://archive.org/details/islamdenounceste0000yahy | publisher = Tahrike Tarsile Qur'an | location = Elmhurst | year = 2002 | isbn = 1879402971 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Romanticism: A Weapon of Satan | year = 2002 | isbn = 8188273201 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Wonderful Creatures | url = https://archive.org/details/wonderfulcreatur0000yahy | publisher = Ta-Ha Publishers | location = London | year = 2003 | isbn = 1842000470 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = 24 Hours in the Life of a Muslim | url = https://archive.org/details/24hoursinlifeofm0000yahy | year = 2003 | isbn = 1842000543 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = The Courage Of The Faithful | year = 2003 | isbn = 9756426624}} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = A Definitive Reply to Evolutionist Propaganda | publisher = Global Publishing | year = 2003 | isbn = 9756426241 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = The Errors of The American National Academy of Science | year = 2003 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Why Darwinism Is Incompatible with the Quran | publisher = Global Publishing | year = 2003 | isbn = 9756426039 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Signs of the Last Day | publisher = Global Publishing | year = 2004 | isbn = 9756426020 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = The Muslim Way of Speaking | year = 2004 | isbn = 9756426438}} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Passivity in Religion | year = 2004 | isbn = 9756426640}} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = The Signs Of Jesus' Second Coming | year = 2004 | isbn = 9756426497}} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Answers from the Quran: For Newcomers to Islam | year = 2004 | isbn = 8172315627 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Communist Cina's Policy of Oppression in East Turkestan | publisher = Global Publishing | year = 2004 | isbn = 9756426446 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Atlas Of Creation (Volume 1) | year = 2006 | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Biomimetics: Technology Imitates Nature | year = 2007 | isbn = 9756426772 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Miracle in the Eye | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9789756426722 | year = 2007 | isbn = 9756426721}} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Allahs Miracles in the Quran | url = https://archive.org/details/allahsmiraclesin0000haru | publisher = Goodword Publication | year = 2007 | isbn = 8178985381 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Atlas of Creation Volume 2 | year = 2007 | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Atlas of Creation Volume 3 | year = 2007 | isbn = }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Consciousness in the Cell | year = 2007 | isbn = 9756426713 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Global Impact of the Works of Harun Yahya | year = 2007 | isbn = 9758718320 }} * {{cite book | last = Yahya | first = Harun | title = Miracles of the Qur'an | publisher = Al-Attique Publishers Inc | year = 2001 | isbn = 1894264533 }} == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == {{Wikiquote}} {{commons category|Adnan Oktar}} * [http://www.harunyahya.com/ Situs wèb resmi] * [http://edis.sites.truman.edu/harun-yahya-and-islamic-creationism/ Taner Edis: Harun Yahya and Islamic Creationism (2003)] * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z167dmPT_zw Richard Dawkins on Harun Yahya's Atlas of Creation] * {{tr}} [http://www.harunyahya.net/V2/Lang/en/Pg/WorkList/Work/Book/ Harun Yahya: katalogus karyané] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309062330/http://www.harunyahya.net/V2/Lang/en/Pg/WorkList/Work/Book/ |date=2012-03-09 }} [[Kategori:Tokoh Turki]] [[Kategori:Lair 1956]] qpldtivo49ktw3ig6c61mqkxqsp7u0b Ni Kuang 0 76052 1759109 1677401 2026-10-25T01:04:23Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Writer <!-- for more information see [[:Template:Infobox Writer/doc]] --> |name = Ni Kuang |image = Ni_Kuang_2007.jpg |caption = Ni Kuang di Hong Kong Shue Yan University, November 2007 |pseudonym = |birthdate = {{Birth date and age|1935|5|30}} |birthplace = |deathdate = |deathplace = |occupation = [[Novelis]]<br />[[Penulis Naskah]] |genre = ''[[Cerita silat|Wuxia]]''<br />[[Fiksi ilmiah]] |movement = |period = |influences = |influenced = |website = }} '''Ni Kuang''' (倪匡) ya iku sawijing [[penulis]] [[novèl]] [[silat]] lan [[aktor]]<ref name="hkmdb">[http://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=3459&display_set=eng Ni Kuang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529111637/https://hkmdb.com/db/people/view.mhtml?id=3459&display_set=eng |date=2023-05-29 }}, ''HKMDB''. Diundhuh tanggal 25 Mèi 2010.</ref> saka [[Cina]]. Lair ing Shanghai 30 September 1935<ref name="cinemagic">[http://www.hkcinemagic.com/en/people.asp?id=2965 Ni Kuang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230206123141/http://hkcinemagic.com/en/people.asp?id=2965 |date=2023-02-06 }}, ''Hongkong Cinemagic''. Diundhuh 25 Mèi 2010.</ref> lan ngalih ana Hongkong ing taun 1957.<ref name="hkmdb" /> Ing taun kang padha dhèwèké uga gawé novèl kang wiwitan ya iku kanthi irah-irahan ''Buried Alive'' lan ing taun candhaké wiwit nulis [[novèl]] ngenani ''[[Carita silat|Wuxia]]''.<ref name="hkmdb"/> Ing taun 1962 dhèwèké anyar-anyaran nulis ngenani [[fiksi ilmiah]].<ref name="hkmdb"/> Sanajan kelairan Shanghai, penulis iki berbasis ing [[Hongkong]] kanggo kabèh [[karya]]ne.<ref name="hkmdb"/> Saliyané [[novèl]], Ni Kuang uga nulis [[prosa]], [[esai]] , [[naskah]] [[filem]] lan [[kritik]] [[pulitik]].<ref name="hkmdb"/> Dhèwèké kasil gawé 300 novèl lan 400 [[naskah]] [[filem]] kanthi [[rekor]] [[penulisan]] 4.500 karakter saben jame.<ref name="hkmdb"/> Dhèwèké tau njabat minangka ketua Perkumpulan Penulis Hongkong.<ref name="hkmdb"/> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} {{penulis-stub}} [[Kategori:Panitra]] di98e816gnpu027trmc99lj10vnk3tp Persipura Jayapura 0 76636 1759112 1749620 2026-10-25T03:48:01Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Football club infobox | clubname = Persipura Jayapura | image = [[Gambar:Perispura.png|90px|logo]] | fullname = Persatuan Sepak Bola Indonésia Jayapura | nickname = ''Mutiara Hitam'' (The Black Pearls) | founded = 1963 | ground = [[Mandala Stadium]] | capacity = 30.000 | chairman = {{flagicon|Indonésia}} M.R. Kambu | mgrtitle = Head Coach | manager = {{flagicon|Brazil}} | | league = | season = | position = | current = | pattern_la1=_blacklower|pattern_b1=_PersipuraH11|pattern_ra1=_blacklower | leftarm1=FF0000|body1=FF0000|rightarm1=FF0000|shorts1=000000|socks1=FF0000 | pattern_la2=_redshoulders|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=_redshoulders | leftarm2=ffffff|body2=ffffff|rightarm2=ffffff|shorts2=ffffff|socks2=ffffff }} '''Persatuan Sepak bola Indonésia Jayapura''' (dicekak '''Persipura Jayapura''') yaiku klub [[bal-balan]] [[Indonésia]] kang pangonane ana ing [[Jayapura]], [[Papua]].<ref name="internet1">[http://persipuramania.com/ Persipuramania ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200923035117/http://www.persipuramania.com/ |date=2020-09-23 }} (Dipuntingali tanggal 21 Juli 2011)</ref> Prestasi paling dhuwur ing ''kompetisi'' [[Liga Indonésia]] yaiku dadi juara [[Liga Indonésia 2005]] sawisé iku ing final ngalahake [[Persija Jakarta]], kang kalebu juru main paling ''favorit'' an paling kuat juara, kanthi skor 3-2. <ref name="internet1"/> Ing era Perserikatan, prestasi Persipura yaiku ''runner-up Divisi Utama'' (1980) lan wing ping loro dadi juara Divisi I (1979 lan 1993).<ref name="internet1"/> == Prestasi Persipura Ana Ing Ajang AFC Champions League lan AFC Cup == * '''[[AFC Champions League]]''': 1 maen. ::[[AFC Champions League 2010|2010]]: Fase Grup * '''[[AFC Cup]]''': 1 maen. ::[[AFC Cup 2011|2011]]: TBA {| class="wikitable" |- ! Mangsa ! Kompetisi ! Babak ! ! Klub ! Kandang ! Tandang |- |[[AFC Champions League 2010|2010]] |[[AFC Champions League]] |Grup |{{flagicon|KOR}} |[[Jeonbuk Hyundai Motors|Jeonbuk]] | style="background:#fdd;"|1-4 | style="background:#fdd;"|0-8 |- | | |Grup |{{flagicon|CHN}} |[[Changchun Yatai|Changcun]] | style="background:#dfd;"|2-0 | style="background:#fdd;"|0-9 |- | | |Grup |{{flagicon|JPN}} |[[Kashima Antlers|Kashima]] | style="background:#fdd;"|1-3 | style="background:#fdd;"|0-5 |- |[[AFC Cup 2011|2011]] |[[AFC Cup]] |Grup |{{flagicon|HKG}} |[[South China AA|South China]] | style="background:#dfd;"|4-2 | style="background:#ddd;"|1-1 |- | | |Grup |{{flagicon|IND}} |[[Kingfisher East Bengal FC|East Bengal]] | style="background:#dfd;"|4-1 | style="background:#ddd;"|1-1 |- | | |Grup |{{flagicon|Thailand}} |[[Chonburi FC|Chonburi]] | style="background:#dfd;"|3-0 | style="background:#fdd;"|1-4 |- | | |Babak 16 Gedhe |{{flagicon|Vietnam}} |[[Song Lam Nghe An]] | | style="background:#dfd;"|3-1 |- | | |Babak 8 Gedhe |{{flagicon|Iraq}} |[[Arbil SC]] | style="background:#ddd;"|TBA | style="background:#ddd;"|TBA |} == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} {{stub}} sx8e03dfeprzbo8df8crosjf4daodl9 Menjangan bawéan 0 79694 1759104 1691455 2026-10-24T22:37:50Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Taxobox | color = pink | name = Rusa Bawéan | image = Adult male Bawean deer Axis kuhlii.JPG | image_caption = Rusa Bawean jago diwasa ing [[Kebun Binatang Ragunan]], [[Jakarta]] | status = CR | status_system = iucn3.1 | regnum = [[Hewan|Animalia]] | phylum = [[Chordate|Chordata]] | classis = [[Mammal]]ia | ordo = [[Artiodactyla]] | subordo = [[Ruminantia]] | familia = [[Cervidae]] | subfamilia = [[Cervinae]] | genus = ''[[Axis (génus)|Axis]]'' | species = '''''A. kuhlii''''' | binomial = ''Axis kuhlii'' | binomial_authority = [[Salomon Müller|Müller]], 1840 }} '''Rusa Bawéan''' ('''''Axis kuhlii''''') iku salah siji jinis [[rusa]] kang mung tinemu ing [[Pulo Bawéan]]. Spesies langka iki diklasifikasèkaké minangka [[kéwan]] kang kaancem cures.<ref name="ru">{{id icon}}[http://www.bawean.net/2010/05/rusa-bawean-spesies-langka-yang.html bawean.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100826144732/http://www.bawean.net/2010/05/rusa-bawean-spesies-langka-yang.html |date=2010-08-26 }} Rusa Bawean Spesies Langka yang Terlantar (kaundhuh tanggal 30 Agustus 2011)</ref> Rusa Bawean pisanan kaindentifikasi ing taun [[1845]] kanthi jeneng '''''Cervus Kuhlii'''''. Rusa bawean dhuwure 60 – 70 Cm, dawane 105 – 115 Cm, lan boboté kurang luwih 50 Kg. Dawane buntute nganti tekan 20 Cm awarna coklat lan keputian ing lempitan pérangan jerone. Rusa bawean duwé [[taring]] ing rahang ngisore. Kéwan iki [[wulu]]ne awarna coklat, pendhek, kajaba ing pérangan [[gulu]]. Ing sakupenge [[mripat]] awarna putih trang, ing sakupenge [[tutuk]]e rada trang tinimbang raine kang dipisahake karo garis awarna ireng. Bahu ngarep luwih cendhek tinimbang pérangan burine mula kaya-kaya ngundhuh kaya déné [[kidang]]. Ing anak rusa aring ana tutul-tutule, nanging mung sedhiluk banjur ilang. Rusa Bawean jago diwasa duwé tandhuk sepasang kang duwé cabang telu, déné rusa jago kang isih nom ranggahe durung duwé cabang. Ranggah wiwit thukul nalika rusa umur 8 sasi. Pisanane wujud tonjolan ing pinggir dahine, banjur tambah dawa lan dhukul jangkep ing umur 20-30 sasi. Banjur ranggah bakalan tugel tanggal lan digantikake sepasang ranggah kang liyané kanthi sacabang, lan kaya mangkono trus nganti tanduk iku jangkep cabang tiga, ya iku nalika rusa umuré 7 taun. Rusa Bawéan ora nduwé masa mangsa kawin kang tetep. Saka kasil panlitèn mangsa kalairan anak Rusa Bawéan ya iku ing sasi [[Fèbruari]] nganti tekan sasi [[Juni]], kanthi masa kawine antarané sasi [[Juli]] nganti tekan sasi [[November]].<ref name="sa">{{id icon}}[http://rusabawean.com/tentang-rusa-bawean-lengkap.html rusabawean.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110905232903/http://rusabawean.com/tentang-rusa-bawean-lengkap.html |date=2011-09-05 }} Tentang Rusa Bawean (Lengkap) (kaundhuh tanggal 30 Agustus 2011)</ref> == Pakan == {{col|2}} # Godhong Anjhujhu # Tale Caceng # Godhong Gundang # Godhong [[Nangka]] # Godhong Kenyang-kenyang # Godhong Gheddhung # [[Suket]] [[Gajah]] # Suket Ladang # Tale Atta # Godhong ampelas # Godhong lambese # Godhong andudur # Godhong pelle # Godhong ampere # Suket lending-ledingan # Godhong kangkung tajhin # Suket lapeddhung # Godhong kacang # Woh nangka # Woh gheddheng # Woh pellem, lan sapanunggalane. {{end-col}} == Cathetan sikil == {{reflist}} == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Axis_kuhlii.html ultimateungulate.com] * Rusa Bawean, Kompas 19 Januari 2011. [[Kategori:Sato kéwan]] [[Kategori:Diayomi]] [[Kategori:Indonésia]] {{kewan-stub}} 6v5350tvmw6ewmjz5y321u6j7uawzt3 Lembar data kaslametan bahan 0 81365 1759094 1751296 2026-10-24T20:24:59Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759094 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Material safety data sheet.JPG|thumb|250px|Conto dhokumèn MSDS ing Amérikah Sarékat]] ''' Lembar data kaslametan bahan''' ([[basa Inggris]]:'Material Safety Data Sheet'' (MSDS) (uga ditepungi minangka PSDS (Product safety data sheet) utawi [[COSHH]] data sheet ing Inggris) iku siji dhokumèn awujud lembar data ngenani sipat-sipat siji bahan. Kanggo kaperluan katrangan bahan lan kasalametan kerja djokumèn iki mènèhi para pekerja lan personil kaanan darurat ngenani cara-cara nangani utawi nyambutgawé nganggo bahan mau kanthi aman, uga kalebu informasi ngenani fisik kaya ta data ([[titik lèlèh]], [[titik umob]], [[flash point]], lsp.), tataran bebaya racun, bebaya tumrap kaséhatan, pitulungan wiwitan, [[réaktifitas (kimia)|réaktifitas]], panyimpanan, pambuwangan, piranti perlindhungan, lan cara nangani wutahan. Format MSDS bisa béda saka siji sumber lan sumber liyané ing siji nagara gumantung standar nagara mau. == Rujukan == {{reflist}} ==Pranala njaba == * [http://www.osha.gov/dsg/hazcom/ghs.html#4.8 OHSA: Comparison of MSDS/SDS Elements (GHS, ISO, ANSI, OHSA)] * [http://www.essenticon.com/en Essenticon - Norwegian supplier of MSDS authoring and management software]{{Pranala mati|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * [http://www.eusdb.de/en Largest freely available search index for MSDS in Germany] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006073500/http://www.eusdb.de/en |date=2011-10-06 }} * [http://www.nexreg.com/wiki/index.php?title=MSDS_Compliance_by_Jurisdiction MSDS Compliance By Jurisdiction] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502150223/http://www.nexreg.com/wiki/index.php?title=MSDS_Compliance_by_Jurisdiction |date=2019-05-02 }} * [http://www.ilpi.com/msds/ Where to find MSDS on the Internet (very extensive, ILPI)] * [http://www.ilpi.com/msds/faq/ The MSDS FAQ (ILPI)] * [http://espi-metals.com/msdss.htm ESPI has MSDSs for many metals & their compounds] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820145148/http://www.espi-metals.com/msdss.htm |date=2008-08-20 }} * [http://www.ilpi.com/msds/ref/ The MSDS HyperGlossary (ILPI)] * [http://www.msdsxchange.com/ MSDS Xchange - an online MSDS Reference library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210323203028/http://www.msdsxchange.com/ |date=2021-03-23 }} * [http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS Short-form MSDS data (Oxford University)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071028080504/http://ptcl.chem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/ |date=2007-10-28 }} * [http://siri.org/msds/index.php SIRI MSDS Index] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070630043133/http://siri.org/msds/index.php |date=2007-06-30 }} * [http://www.nexreg.com/wiki/index.php/Regulatory_Compliance_FAQ MSDS Authoring FAQ (Nexreg Compliance)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502190534/http://www.nexreg.com/wiki/index.php/Regulatory_Compliance_FAQ |date=2019-05-02 }} * [http://www.florakim.com/msds.html Cleaning Products MSDS ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711010801/http://www.florakim.com/msds.html |date=2011-07-11 }} * [http://householdproducts.nlm.nih.gov/cgi-bin/household/list?tbl=TblBrands&alpha=A US National Institutes of Health Household Products Database, including MSDS] * [http://www.dhmo.org/msdsdhmo.html Humorous MSDS for Dihydrogen Oxide (water).] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210301193126/http://www.dhmo.org/msdsdhmo.html |date=2021-03-01 }} * [http://www.safetydocs.nl/english/legislation/index.html Summary of Safety Data Sheet Legislation in the EU, including REACH conformity.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916205038/http://www.safetydocs.nl/english/legislation/index.html |date=2008-09-16 }} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110628064738/http://www.fisher.co.uk/techzone/msds_material_safety_data_sheets.php MSDS search] * [http://www.msdssearch.com/dblinksn.htm MSDS Databases] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926111422/http://www.msdssearch.com/dblinksn.htm |date=2011-09-26 }} [[Kategori:Kaamanan kimia]] [[Kategori:Material]] [[Kategori:Kaslametan kerja]] [[Kategori:Dhokumèn]] [[Kategori:Kaséhatan indhustri]] [[Kategori:Safety engineering]] [[Kategori:Hukum lingkungan]] [[Kategori:Obat| ]] [[Kategori:Èlmu kaséhatan]] naydsirymhm5hqhmbbmosxw6kcsdul4 Itihasa 0 91981 1759086 1663764 2026-10-24T12:39:29Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{rapèkaké}} {{Hindu sastra}} '''Itihasa''' inggih punika salah sawijing péranganing kasusastraan [[Hindhu]] ingkang nyariosaken cariyos-cariyos èpik utawi kepahlawanan para [[Raja]] saha [[ksatriya]] [[Hindhu]] wonten ing jaman rumiyin ingkang dipunbumboni kaliyan [[filsafat]] [[agama]], [[mitologi]], sarta makluk supernatural. Itihasa wonten ing basa [[Sansekerta]] tegesipun: “kados makaten sampun kadadéan utawi kadadosan ingkang nyata”. Wonten ing pangertosan sanès, Itihasa minangka kitab kasusastraan wonten ing [[agama]] [[Hindhu]].<ref name="“internet 1">[http://www.anneahira.com/itihasa.htm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814203813/http://www.anneahira.com/itihasa.htm |date=2012-08-14 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 2 November 2012)</ref>. Itihasa ingkang kawéntar wonten kalih (2), inggih punika [[Ramayana]] sarta [[Mahabharata]].<ref name="buku 1">I Ketut Sukartha, dkk. (2003). ''Agama Hindu untuk SLTP Kelas 3''[[ISBN 979-571-020-6 (jilid 1)]]. Denpasar: Penerbit Ganeca Exact.</ref> [[Kitab]] Itihasa dipunsusun déning para [[Rsi]] saha [[pujangga]] [[India]] wonten ing jaman rumiyin, kados ta; [[Rsi Walmiki]] [[Rsi Wyasa]]. Cariyos wonten ing [[kitab]] Itihasa kasebar wonten ing tlatah [[India]] dumugi ing tlatah [[Asia]] Tenggara. Wont ing jaman [[kraton]] ing [[Indonésia]], [[kitab]] Itihasa dipunterjemahaken kanthi basa [[Jawa kuna]] saha dipunadhaptasi kaiyan kabudayan lokal. Cariyos ingkang wonten ing [[kitab]] Itihasa dipunangkat dados lakon [[wayang]] sarta dipungubah dados [[kakawin]].<ref name="“internet 1"/>. [[Bhagawadgita]] ingkang minangka nasihat saking [[Kresna]] minangka [[Awatara]] [[Wisnu]] ingkang kaping wolu dhumateng [[Arjuna]] wonten ing salebeting medan paprangan [[Kurusetra]], gamblang sanget anggènipun Sri [[Kresna]] ngandharaken wonten ing Mahabharata Parwa kaping 6 (enem) utawi [[Bhismaparwa]], saha panegasan Sri [[Rama]] minangka [[Awatara]] saking Déwa [[Wisnu]] pinanggih ugi wonten ing [[Ramayana]] Kanda kaping pitu (7) utawi Uttarakanda, nalika Sri [[Rama]] [[moksa]] utawi mlebet wujud [[Wisnu]] wonten ing [[Kali]] Sarayu, ingkang dumunung ing (sapunika kaloka minangka) Uttar Pradesh, [[India]] lèr.<ref name="“internet 2">[http://ancientvoice.wikidot.com/purana-and-itihasa](dipunundhuh tanggal 2 November 2012)</ref>. == Ramayana == Kitab Ramayana minangka salah satunggaling itihasa ingkang kawentar. Kitab [[Ramayana]] kasungsun saking 24.000 [[sloka]] saha gadhah pitung pérangan ingkang dipunsebut “Sapta Kanda”. Saben Kanda minangka buku piyambak nanging gadhah gegayutan saha sami njangkepi kaliyan Kanda sanèsipun. Kitab [[Ramayana]] dipunsusun déning Rsi Walmiki.<ref name="“internet 3">[ http://stitidharma.org/awatara-dan-itihasa/](dipunundhuh {{Pranala mati|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} tanggal 2 November 2012)</ref>. Pratélan kitab: * [[Balakanda]] * [[Ayodhyakanda]] * [[Aranyakanda]] * [[Kiskindhakanda]] * [[Sundarakanda]] * [[Yuddhakanda]] * [[Uttarakanda]]<ref name="“internet 3"/>. == Mahabharata == Kitab [[Mahabharata]] minangka salah satunggaling Itihasa ingkang kawentar. Kitab [[Mahabharata]] wosipun langkung saking 100.000 [[sloka]]. Mahabharata ateges cariyos kulawarga ageng Bharata. Kitab [[mahabharata]] gadhah 18 pérangan ingkang dipunsebut [[Astadasaparwa]]. Sami kaliyan [[Ramayana]], saben Parwa minangka buku piyambak nanging gadhah gegayutan saha sami njangkepi antawisipun Parwa sanèsipun. Kitab [[Mahabharata]] dipunsusun déning Rsi Wyasa.<ref name="internet 4">[http://indonesiaindonesia.com/f/45944-itihasa-mahabharata/](dipunundhuh tanggal 2 November 2012)</ref>. Pratélan kitab: * [[Adiparwa]] * [[Sabhaparwa]] * [[Wanaparwa]] * [[Wirataparwa]] * [[Udyogaparwa]] * [[Bhismaparwa]] * [[Dronaparwa]] * [[Karnaparwa]] * [[Salyaparwa]] * [[Sauptikaparwa]] * [[Striparwa]] * [[Santiparwa]] * [[Anusasanaparwa]] * [[Aswamedikaparwa]] * [[Asramawasikaparwa]] * [[Mosalaparwa]] * [[Prasthanikaparwa]] * [[Swargarohanaparwa]]<ref name="“internet 4”"/> == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} {{Topik Hindu}} [[Kategori:Sastra Hindhu]] [[Kategori:Hindhu]] {{hindu-stub}} rt57m2fk02ivemkcmt4qiiv9x9s284w Daniel Kahneman 0 96763 1759100 1715355 2026-10-24T21:11:14Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 1 book for (20261024) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 1759100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox scientist | name = Daniel Kahneman | image = Daniel KAHNEMAN.jpg | image_size = 180px | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1934|3|5}} | birth_place = [[Tel Aviv]], [[Mandat Britania atas Palestina]] | residence = [[Amérikah Sarékat]] | nationality = Amérikah Sarékat, Israèl | field = [[Psikologi]], [[Ékonomi]] | workplaces = [[Universitas Princeton]] 1993–<br />[[Universitas California, Berkeley]] 1986–93<br />[[Universitas British Columbia]] 1978–86<br />''Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences'' 1972–73<br />[[Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem]] 1961–77 | alma_mater = [[Universitas California, Berkeley]] Ph.D, 1961<br />[[Universitas Ibrani Yerusalem]] B.A., 1954 | doctoral_advisor = Susan M. Ervin-Tripp | doctoral_students = | known_for = [[Bias kognitif]]<br />[[Ékonomi perilaku]]<br />[[Téyori prospek]] | prizes = ''Lifetime Achievement Award'' dari [[American Psychological Association]] (2007)<br />[[Penghargaan Nobel dalam Ékonomi]] (2002) <br />''Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award'' dari [[American Psychological Society]] (1982) }} '''Daniel Kahneman''' ({{lahirmati||5|3|1934||27|3|2024}}) inggih punika salah satunggaling [[psikologi|ahli psikolog]] [[Amérikah Sarékat]] ingkang miyos wonten ing [[Israèl]] ingkang pikantuk bebungah Nobel wonten ing babagan [[ékonomi]]. Kahneman sesarengan kaliyan [[Amos Tversky]] nindakaken panalitén babagan peran persepsi lan pertimbangan wonten ing pamendhetan kaputusan.<ref name="psych"/> Kasil panalitén mau lajeng ngrembaka dados téyori prospek ingkang manunggalaken babagan ngèlmu psikologi lan ékonomi, ingkang sapunika dipunkenal kanthi sebutan ékonomi perilaku (''behavioral economics'').<ref name="psych">{{cite book | author=Colin, C; Benson, Nigel; et al | title=The Psychology Book | url=https://archive.org/details/psychologybook0000unse_x1p9 | publisher= DK Publishing | year=2012 | id=}}</ref> == Masa Alit == Tiyang sepuh Kahneman minangka tiyang [[Yahudi]] asal [[Litowen]] ingkang lajeng pindhah dhateng kutha [[Paris]], [[Perancis]] wonten ing wiwitan taun [[1920]]an. Kahneman piyambak miyos wonten ing [[Tel Aviv]], [[Israèl]] nalika taun [[1934]] nalika ibunipun saweg ngunjungi sadhérék wonten ing mrika.<ref name="nobel">[http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/economics/laureates/2002/kahneman-autobio.html Daniel Kahneman - Autobiography], ''Nobelprize.org''. Dipunundhuh tanggal 31 Januari 2013.</ref> == Nobel Ékonomi == Karya Kahneman utamanipun wonten ing babagan psikologi; nanging piyambakipun pikantuk Penghargaan Bank Swèdhen wonten ing Ékonomi kanggé méngeti Alfred Nobel taun [[2002]] kaliyan kolaboratoripun [[Amos Tversky]] (ingkang sséda nalika taun [[1996]]) saking Universitas Ibrani. Bebungah punika dipunanugrahaken "kanggé pengintegrasian wawasan saking panalitén psikologi ing salabeting ngèlmu ékonomi, mliginipun ingkang gegayutan kaliyan pamanggih manungsa lan pamendhetan kaputusan ing ngandhaping éwahan." Kahneman gadhah pamanggih bilih tiyang ingkang mikiraken untung-rugi, anangin wonten ing wekdal cekak. Kawedén kaliyan rugi langkung ageng saking untung. wonten ing sawijining eksperimen kanggé mbuktikaken téyorinipun, Tversky lan Kahneman mendhet kalih kelompok tiyang lan maringi kelompok ingkang angka 1 sawijining cangkir kopi ingkang éndah, déné kelompok angka 2 boten dipunparingi napa-napa. Kelompok angka 1 dipunkeparengaken milih punapa kelompok punika kepéngin njaga cangkir punika utawi nyadékaken kanggé pikantuk arta. Kelompok angka 2 dipunparingi pilihan antawis cangkir punika punapa arta. Kekalih punika manggihaken bilih kelompok angka 2 punika langkung kepéngin pikantuk sakedhik arta tinimbang masrahaken cangkir ingkang sampun dados kagunganipun, ingkang makili émosi satunggaling tiyang, tinimbang perhitungan rasional dingin ingkang dipunpangaruhi pamendhetan kaputusan.<ref>http://www.princeton.edu/~kahneman/</ref> Penghargaan sanès ingkang dipuntampi Kahneman inggih punika ''Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award'' saking [[American Psychological Association]] nalika taun [[1982]] lan ''Hilgard Award for Contributions to General Psychology'' nalika taun [[1995]]. Kahneman pikantuk bebungah Nobel kaliyan [[Vernon Lomax Smith]]. == Cathetan suku == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Pamenang Bebungah Nobel babagan ékonomi]] [[Kategori:Pamenang bebungah Nobel]] [[Kategori:Lair 1934]] [[Kategori:Pati 2024]] 4wa8p28q1ug8rcrkzxjgj5xnly6l8rf Linsey Evans 0 100211 1759095 1657435 2026-10-24T20:47:29Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759095 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Elle Evans shot by Marcel Indik.jpg|jmpl]] {{terjemah|Melayu}} {{Infobox ratu pemegang kejuaraan | Name = Lindsey Evans | Title = [[Miss Louisiana Teen USA]] 2008 | Nationalcompetition = [[Miss Teen USA 2008]] (3 runner-up) | Birth_place = [[Paris, Texas]], [[Amérika Syarikat|US]] <ref name=octkingly /> | Birth_name = Lindsey Gayle Evans | Height = {{ketinggian | kaki = 5 | in = 10}} <ref name=octkingly /> | Birth_date = {{Tarikh lair dan umur | mf = ya | 1989 | 12 | 9}} | Eye_color = Green | Hair_color = Cinta }} '' 'Lindsey Gayle Evans''' (lair 9 Disember, 1989) <ref name=octkingly /> merupakan [[Amérika Syarikat|American]] [[Model (orang)|modhèl]] dan [[kecantikan ratu]] yang telah dipilih sebagai'' [[Playboy]]'' [[Playboy Playmate|Playmate Bulan]] bagi bulan Oktober 2009. Beliau merupakan bekas pemegang kejuaraan ratu dari [[Blanchard, Louisiana]] yang memegang [[Miss Louisiana Teen USA]] 2008 dan bertanding dalam [[Miss Teen USA]] 2008 ratu. == Awal panguripan == Evans lulus [[Northwood High School (Blanchard, Louisiana)|Northwood High School]] padha taun 2008 dan menghadiri [[Northwestern State University]] <ref name="nypost.com">{{memetik berita | url = http:/ / www.nypost.com/seven/10202008/news/nationalnews/beauty_and_the_bust_134480.htm | makarya = New York Post | title = Kecantikan Dan Bust The | pertama = David K. | last = Li | date = 20 Oktober 2008}}</ref> jurusan Kewartawanan Penyiaran <ref name=playboyoct>{{memetik jurnal. | publisher = Playboy | title = Queen Riverboat | Bulan = Oktober | bulan = 2009 | Jumlah = 56 | isu = 9 | Laman = 72-82 }}</ref> Ibu bapanya ya iku Julie dan Chuck Conly dan dia mempunyai dua adik-beradik. Hobi beliau kalebu menari, rerangkèn, dan membeli-belah <ref>{{memetik berita. | | Lokasi = London | makarya = Daily Mail | title = Busted: Miss Teen Louisiana melangkau padha bil restoran... tetapi daun di belakang dompet stashed dengan ubat-ubatan | date = 21 Oktober 2008 | pertama = Adrienne | last = AGREGAT}}</ref> Beliau juga merupakan bekas teman wanita Kanada [[muzik jogèd elektronik]] pengeluar, [[Deadmau5]] {{<ref>memetik web. | Url = http://www.spinner.ca/2010/12/07 / deadmau5-baru-album / | title = Deadmau5 Pengurusan Kemarahan, Album Baru-Nya dan runtuh di atas pentas | publisher = www.spinner.ca | accessdate = 2011-03-13 | date = 2010-12-07 | author = Mike Doherty }}</ref> Pasangan itu kanthi baik memutuskan untuk pergi cara berasingan mereka;. ini telah dibuat awam padha akaun Facebook beliau padha September 15, 2011 <ref>url = http://www.facebook.com/deadmau5/posts/10150308816221806</ref> == Ratu kecantikan dan modhèl == {{Infobox Playboy Playmate | Name = Lindsey Gayle Evans | Imej = | Kapsyen = | Isu = Oktober 2009 | Birth_name = | Birth_place = | Birth_date = | Dada = 34C <ref name=octkingly /> | Pinggang = 24 | Punggung = 36 | Height = | Berat = {{menukar | 125 | lb | singk = padha}} <ref name=octkingly /> | Didahului = [[Kimberly Phillips]] | Berjaya = [[Kelley Thompson]] }} Evans telah bertanding dalam ratu cantik kerana dia masih mudha tetapi tidak menang sehingga penyokong beliau telah dikeluarkan padha usia 16. <ref Name="seventeen.com">http://www.seventeen.com/fun-stuff/17-buzz / miss-remaja-usa-persembahan</ref> Sebelum memenangi Miss Louisiana Teen USA beliau telah meletakkan naib juara dalam tetandhingan itu taun sebelumnya. Evans ya iku pelari katiga di Miss Teen USA 2008 yang diadakan di [[Atlantis Paradise Island|Atlantis Resort.]] Di [[Bahamas]] <ref Peserta lain dengan pengarah yang sama diletakkan pertama dan kedua naib juara, kali pertama seorang pengarah mempunyai tiga peserta dalam lima teratas dalam sajarah [[Miss USA]] dan [[Miss Teen USA]] ratu. Evans telah dipilih sebagai'' [[Playboy]]'' [[Playboy Playmate|Playmate Bulan]]. Bagi Oktober 2009 <ref name=octkingly>{{memetik data | accessdate = 27 Disember 2010}}</ref> bergambar beliau telah gambar olèh [[Stephen Wayda]]. == Falsafah peribadi == Evans telah menyatakan bahawa "Saya fikir ia ya iku sia-sia untuk melihat peserta lain sebagai persaingan... Sebagai min atau tidak bercakap dengan orang yang anda fikir boleh menang tidak akan membuat anda menang." <ref name = "seventeen.com" /> Penangkapan == == Evans ya iku salah satu daripada empat wanita dituding meninggalkan restoran tanpa membayar bil $ 46,07 <ref>{{memetik berita. | Url = http://www.foxnews.com/story/0, 2933,443263,00 html |. Kerja = Fox News | title = Beauty Queen dethroned Selepas Penangkapan untuk Skipping Out padha Rang Undang-Undang Restoran | date = 23 Oktober 2008}}</ref> http://news.yahoo.com/s/ap/20081022/ap_en_ot <ref>/ miss_teen_louisiana</ref> Restoran, [[Posados]], terletak di [[Bossier City, Louisiana]].<ref name="nypost.com"/> Dia kemudian kembali untuk mendapatkan dompet beliau, yang dia telah meninggalkan di restoran, dan telah ditangkap. Ganja dalam beg plastik <ref name="nypost.com"/> ditemui olèh polis di dalamnya berita | url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230809213711/https://www.news.com.au/dailytelegraph/story/0 ,22049,24534730-5001026, 00.html | makarya = The Daily Telegraph | title = Miss Teen Louisiana Lindsey Evans pil & rang undang-undang dadah | date = 22 Okt 2008}}</ref> Jennifer Martin, Morgan Goleman dan Jordan James juga telah diambil ke dalam jagaan <ref>{{memetik berita. | | Lokasi = London | makarya = Daily Mail | title = Busted: Miss Teen Louisiana melangkau padha bil restoran... tetapi daun di belakang dompet stashed dengan ubat-ubatan | date = 21 Oktober 2008 | pertama = Adrienne |. lepas = AGREGAT}}</ref> Evans telah dibebaskan padha hari yang berikutan penangkapan http://www.kare11.com/ <ref>berita / whatsup / whatsup_article.aspx storyid = 527546 & catid = 333</ref>? == Miss Louisiana Teen USA tajuk dilucutkan == Pada 22 Oktober, 2008, tajuk Evans 'sebagai Miss Teen Louisiana telah dikeluarkan mengikut Paula McDonald Batu, Présidhèn Penaja mengeluarkan kenyataan "... ingin kejayaan Lindsey dalam usaha masa depan dia". Http://www.ktbs.com/news/Lindsey-Evans-loses-Miss-LA-Teen-crown-18996/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302163700/http://www.ktbs.com/news/Lindsey-Evans-loses-Miss-LA-Teen-crown-18996/ |date=2009-03-02 }} Pada taun 2006 dan 2007, dadah dan skandal gambar terjejas lain peserta Miss Teen.<ref name="abc4.com"/> Evans dinobatkan Miss Louisiana Teen USA padha 10 November 2007 dan memegang gelaran selama sebelas bulan sehingga yang dethroned padha 20 Oktober 2008. Pada bulan Ogos 2008 beliau meletakkan pelari katiga sehingga dalam [[Miss Teen USA 2008]] ratu. Dia dethroned padha 20 Oktober 2008 selepas dia ditangkap kerana mencuri dan memiliki ganja. == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} == Pautan luar == * [Http://www.playboywiki.com/Lindsey+Gayle+Evans Lindsey Gayle Evans]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} di [http://www.playboywiki.com/ Playboy Wiki]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} {{Ranks Pemenang Louisiana}} {{Rakan sepermainannya taun 2009}} {{Persondata <- Metadata: lihat [[Wikipedia: Persondata]] -> | NAMA = Evans, Lindsey | NAMA ALTERNATIF = | DESCRIPTION PENDEK = | TARIKH LAHIR = 9 Disember 1989 | TEMPAT LAHIR = [[Blanchard, Louisiana]], [[Amérika Syarikat|US]] | TARIKH KEMATIAN = | TEMPAT KEMATIAN = }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Evans, Lindsey}} [[Kategori:Lair 1989]] [[Kategori:Orang hidup]] [[Kategori:Orang dari Paris, Texas]] [[Kategori:Playboy rakan sepermainannya (2000-2009)]] [[Kategori:Orang dari Caddo Parish, Louisiana]] [[Kategori:Miss Teen USA 2008 perwakilan]] 0uzdphhap16il725a1vv75liv9g9zal Park Jung-yang 0 106070 1759111 1758967 2026-10-25T03:07:17Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759111 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Park Jung-yang.jpg|thumb|200px|Park Jung-yang, [[1940]]]] '''Park Jung-yang'''(Koréa: 박중양 朴重陽, lair ing Yangju,(saiki Gyeonggi), Koréa Kidul, 7 Januari 1872 – tilar donya in Daegu, Koréa Kidul, 23 April 1959 kanthi yuswa 87 taun) punika Birokrat lan politikus, liberalisme filsuf saka Koréa. Gubernur saka Province Gyeongsang Utara(1906 - 1907, 1908 - 1910), Province Jeolla Selatan(1907), Province Pyongan Utara(1907), Province Gyeongsang Selatan(1907 - 1908), Province Chungcheong Utara(1910, 1910 - 1915), Province Hwanghae(1921 - 1923, 1928), Province Chungcheong Lor(1923 - 1925). Mayor saka Jinju(1905), Daegu(1906 - 1907). penname ana '''Haeak'''(해악 海岳), '''Ilso'''(일소 一笑). == Pranala njaba == * [http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=3463&yy=2010 "일제가 현대 조선 개신" 해방후에도 망발…친일파 박중양] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170517164512/http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=3463&yy=2010 |date=2017-05-17 }} The imaeil 2010.01.25 {{ko}} * [http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/407481.html 친일중의 친일 ‘3·1운동 자제단’은 누구?] Hankyorye 2010.03.01 {{ko}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304033755/http://www.dailian.co.kr/news/news_view.htm?id=189674&page=41&code=&gubun=sh&search= 순종의 남행에는 친일파 뿐이었다] dailian 2010.01.30 {{ko}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234414/http://www.dailian.co.kr/news/news_view.htm?id=189730 "순종 남행이 박중양의 정치적 입지 높여"] dailian 2010.01.30 {{ko}} {{artikel Dhasar}} [[Kategori:Tokoh Korea|Park]] [[Kategori:Lair 1872]] [[Kategori:Pati 1959|Park]] [[Kategori:Lair 1874]] dtkzq1wed2epqf1seflrupdynb5zyff Jembatan Merah (lagu) 0 128453 1759088 1436077 2026-10-24T13:36:23Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759088 wikitext text/x-wiki '''''Jembatan Merah''''' iku sawijining lagu [[kroncong]] anggitan [[Gesang]] kang nyritakaké [[Jembatan Merah]] lan katresnan ing jaman perang. Lagu iki diripta nalika jaman [[Jepang]], ing taun [[1943]].. Lagu iki ora nganggo paugeran kroncong, nanging digawé prasaja lan lumrahé mung nganggo rong (2) ''[[chord]]''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.tjroeng.com/?p=567 |title="Jembatang Merah". Buletin Tjroeng. |access-date=2015-11-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190822080734/http://www.tjroeng.com/?p=567 |archive-date=2019-08-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Sajarah== Tembang iki digawé nalika Gesang ngulandara ing [[Surabaya]] lan ngrejani [[Orkes Bintang Surabaya]] kang dibawahi Fritz Young. Fritz njaluk supaya Gesang gawé lagu kang ana sesambungané karo Jembatan Merah (wot abang). Gesang bingung amarga ora cundhuk karo jenengé. Nalika iku, kreteg iku ora abang.<ref name="gesang">{{cite book|title=Gesang: Mengalir Meluap sampai Jauh|author=IzHarry Agusjaya Moenzir|year=2010|publisher=Gramedia Pustaka Utama|location=Jakarta|ISBN=978-979-22-5911-7|page=}}</ref> Sawisé dadi, tembang iki banjur dipéntasaké ing Malang. Gesang dadi lakon kanthi carita katresnan kang kandhas. Tonil (sandiwara kanthi lelagon) "Jembatan Merah" dadi misuwur, sesandhingan karo tonil ''Bengawan Sala''. Saliyané dadi kawentar amarga drama, Jembatan Merah uga kaangkat dadi carita filem déning Fred Young (1950) lan [[Asrul Sani]] (1973). ==Lirik== Kreteg merah sungguh gagah<br /> berpagar gedung indah<br /> Sepanjang hari yang melintasi<br /> silih berganti Mengenang susah hati patah<br /> ingat jaman berpisah<br /> Kekasih pergi sehingga kini<br /> belum kembali Biar kreteg merah<br /> andainya patah aku pun bersumpah<br /> Akan kunanti dia di sini<br /> bertemu lagi ==Cathetan suku== {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Kroncong]] f0m81shre3ifeugvhw6m6pswhtu1usx Resèp Asli KFC 0 137871 1759097 1753047 2026-10-24T20:54:58Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Add 1 book for (20261024) #IABot (v2.0.9.6) ([[User:GreenC bot|GreenC bot]]) 1759097 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:KFC_Original_Recipe_chicken_in_bucket.jpg|jmpl|Ayam gorèng nganggo Resèp Asli KFC]] '''Resèp Asli KFC''' ya iku campuran adon-adon sing wadi sing dianggo KFC, jejaring griya dhahar saji rikat, nedya nggawé [[ayam gorèng]]. == Sujarah == Kala pungkasané taun 1930-an, pom bènsin ana ing Corbin, Kentucky duwèké Harland Sanders kondhang lantaran ayam gorèng gawéané. Jalaran iku pom bènsiné banjur dibongkar nuli ganti diyasa griya dhahar. Nalika mernahaké resèpé sing wadi sing isiné 11 bumbu, Sanders weruh manawa nggorèng ayam sarana wajan iku kesuwèn, bisa ngentèkaké 30 menit saben pesenan. Éwadéné, nggorèng kanthi ngelemaké ayam ing lenga sarana kranjang kawat butuh wektu saparoné, nanging ngasilaké gorèngan sing ora rata tur garing. Kala taun 1939, dhèwèké nuli weruh yèn nganggo panci prèsto bisa ngasilaké ayam sing empuk tur énak, déné suwéné nggorèng mung wolung tekan sangang menit.<ref name="whitworth19700214">{{cite news|url=http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/1970/02/14/kentucky-fried|title=Kentucky-Fried|date=1970-02-14|work=The New Yorker|accessdate=18 April 2015|author=Whitworth, William}}</ref> Kala Juli 1940, Sanders ngrampungaké resèpé sing banjur kawentar ingaran Resèp Asli iku.<ref name="july1940">{{cite news|url=http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/072305/bus_19314459.shtml|title=KFC still guards Colonel's secret|last=Schreiner|first=Bruce|date=23 July 2005|accessdate=19 September 2013|newspaper=Associated Press|archive-date=4 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004193700/http://jacksonville.com/tu-online/stories/072305/bus_19314459.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> Sawisé Sanders nglekasi waralaba ayam gorèngé kala taun 1950-an kanthi jeneng Kentucky Fried Chicken (Ayam Gorèng Kentucky), maskapéné milih ngirimaké bumbuné sing wadi iku menyang rèstoran-rèstorané amrih kajagané resèpé.{{R|whitworth19700214}} Dhèwèké ngendikan manawa ana uyah lan mrica sing dianggo ing resèpé lan kandha yèn adon-adoné "ana ing saben raké wong-wong".<ref name="AutoFE-13">{{cite book|title=The Kentucky Encyclopedia|url=https://archive.org/details/kentuckyencyclop0000unse_j4u2|last=Kleber|first=John E.|date=June 1992|publisher=[[University Press of Kentucky]]|isbn=0-8131-1772-0|page=[https://archive.org/details/kentuckyencyclop0000unse_j4u2/page/796 796]|author2=Thomas D. Clark|author3=Lowell H. Harrison|author4=James C. Klotter}}</ref><ref name="celebritychef2">{{cite book|url=https://s3.amazonaws.com/colcookbook/us/pdf/English_FullBook.pdf|title=The Autobiography of the Original Celebrity Chef|last=Sanders|first=Harland|publisher=KFC|year=2012|location=Louiseville|page=42}}</ref> Sanders kawitané kondhang amarga nganggo lenga sayur nedya nggorèng ayam. Nalika taun 1993, awit alesan ékonomi, akèh warung KFC malih nganggo camborané lenga klentik lan lenga kedhelé. Ana ing Jepang, lenga sing dianggo wiyahé lenga wiji kapas lan lenga jagung sing luwih larang amarga KFC Jepang pitaya cara mangkono amrih kajagané kwalitèté rasané.<ref name="okawara">{{cite journal|last=Okawara|first=Takeshi|date=1993|title=Universality and particularity in globalization|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_business-quarterly_business-quarterly_summer-1993_57_4/page/128|journal=Business Quarterly|volume=57|issue=4|pages=128–134}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} huagr3kim364le8vg16oroi5jfkplvp Kyaraben 0 146820 1759093 1560310 2026-10-24T19:42:41Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759093 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Gambar:Kyaraben panda.jpg|jmpl]] [[Gambar:Kyaraben ladybug.jpg|jmpl|manéka kreasi kyaraben]] {{nihongo|'''Kyaraben''' utawi '''charaben'''|キャラ弁|}} inggih punika [[bento|bénto]] ingkang isinipun dhaharan ingkang dipunsusun kados mekaten kados déné karakter wonten ing [[anime]] lan [[manga]], selebritas utawi tokoh sanesipun.<ref name="weird">{{cite web|url=http://www.weirdasianews.com/2008/05/10/kyaraben-bento-box/|title=Kyaraben: Japanese Character Lunch Boxes|publisher=Weird Asia News|author=Super Sied|5=|accessdate=2017-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928073558/http://www.weirdasianews.com/2008/05/10/kyaraben-bento-box/|archive-date=2008-09-28|url-status=dead}}<nowiki></ref>. Ibu-ibu wonten ing [[Jepang]] punika asring ngisi kalodhangan kanggé ndamel dedhaharan kanggé kulawarganipun <ref>http://timefordinner.wordpress.com/2008/03/27/dude-wheres-my-food-nobu-los-angeles/</ref> kalebet bénto. == Etimologi == Kyaraben punika asalipun saking tembung {{nihongo||キャラクター|kyarakuta}} ingkang ateges karakter lan {{nihongo||弁当|[[bento]]}}. == Sajarah == Budaya paring rerenggan/ hiasan wonten ing bénto punika kawiwitan kanthi praktik umum kanggé nambahaken dhaharan ingkang anama {{nihongo|"Sosis Tuan Gurita"|(たこさんウィンナー|Tako-san winna}} ingkang wujud [[sosis]] ingkang dipunsigar wonten ing bageyan ngandhap supados mirip kaliyan [[gurita]]. Nanging dhaharan punika limrahipun boten gadhah praupan (rai) satemah boten gampil dipunmangertosi minangka karakter. Bento ingkang ngginakaken wujud praupan sapisan punika wonten ing buku {{nihongo3||こどものかわいいおべんとう|"Kodomo no Kawai O-bento"|ateges: "Bento lare-lare ingkang imut"}} ingkang dipunterbitaken déning kelompok ingkang dados panaliti masakan, [[Furutani Masae]], nalika wulan Mèi taun 1997. Perancang dhaharan ingkang asmanipun [[Yukiko Bureneku]] ingkang manggèn wonten ing [[Amerika Serikat|Amèrika Sarékat]] lajeng nerbitaken buku {{nihongo3||キャラクターいっぱいのおべんとう|"Kyarakuta-ippai no O-bento"|ateges: "Bento ingkang kebak kaliyan Karakter"}} nalika wulan Maret 2003. Wiwitanipun bento ingkang dipunparingi hiasan punika gadhah ancas supados damel laré-laré punika remen dhumateng dhaharan lan ugi saged nambah pakulinan dhahar ingkang langkung wiyar. Ing samenika budaya kyaraben punika sampun nglampahi évolusi ngantos wonten kontès nasional ingkang dipunwontenaken ing Jepang.<ref name="sanrio">{{cite web|url=http://justbento.com/3rd-sanrio-charaben-kyaraben-contest-winners-are-announced|title=The 3rd Sanrio Charaben (Kyaraben) Contest Winners are Announced |publisher=Just Bento|first=Makiko|last=Itoh|date=2009-07-10|accessdate=2009-09-18}}</ref> == Wonten ing budaya populèr == * Kyaraben punika pérangan ingkang paling utama wonten ing [[film]] cekak taun 2011 kanthi irah-irahan [[Bento Monogatari]] ingkang dipunsutradarani déning [[Pieter Dirkx]] saking [[Bèlgi]]. == Pirsani ugi == * [[Ekiben]] * [[Bento]] * [[Makunouchi]] == Rujukan == {{reflist}} == Pranala njawi == {{Commons category|Kyaraben}} * [http://facefoodbento.blogspot.com/ Face Food: The Visual Creativity of Charaben (and Other Food)] [[Kategori:Olah-olahan Jepang]] a8tb404gzavz2mgj7oum00shvrflg6b Jodhangan 0 193781 1759089 1730210 2026-10-24T13:54:26Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759089 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jodhangan''' ya iku tradhisi bebrayan tani ing [[Sélapamiara, Imagiri, Bantul|Désa Sélapamiara]], [[Imagiri, Bantul|Kapanéwon Imagiri]], [[Kabupatèn Bantul]]. Tradhisi jodhangan dileksanakaké saben taun nalika dina Ngahad Paing sasi [[Besar]] (Dzulhijah) manut [[pananggalan Jawa]] utawa [[Islam]]. Jodhangan iku tradhisi kanggo wujud sukur marang Allah kang sampun peparing rejeki lan asil bumi saha gemah ripah ing Sélapamiara. Tradhisi iki ginlear ing saubengé Guwa Cermé kang sakral utawa suci, papan patilasané Wali Sanga. == Asal-usul == Jodhangan wiwitané saka upacara [[bersih desa|merti dhusun]] kang dileksanakaké bebrayan ing Dhusun Srungga. Tradhisi iki katindakaké wis rada suwé utawa warisané para leluhur. Bebrayan lan pamaréntah saenggon sarujuk ngowahi tradhisi merti dhusun dadi jodhangan. Tradhisi jodhangan iki ditegesi bebrayan Dhusun Srungga minangka sedhekahan ([[slametan]] sawisé panèn). Ancasé iku, saliyané pocapan sukur marang Gusti Kang Maha Tunggal, uga dadi panjaluk supaya tansah pikantuk kaberkahan lan kawilujengan saka Gusti. Ancas kaselenggarakaké tradhisi jodhangan ing Guwa Cermé ya iku supaya saya ngrembaka tradhisiné lan dadi kawigatèné wong plesiran [[Indonésia]] saha manca, lan uga dadi objèk wisata réligius kang ing tembé bakal dadi telung dhomain pokok kang gegayutan, ya iku babagan [[agama]], [[budaya]], lan [[pariwisata]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/tribunjogja/docs/tribunjogja-08-11-2014/14|title=Jodhangan Goa Cerme|last=Tribun Jogja|first=|date=8 November 2018|website=Issuu|access-date=31 Mèi 2020|archive-date=11 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230211143536/https://issuu.com/tribunjogja/docs/tribunjogja-08-11-2014/14|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://java-promo.com/kabupaten-bantul/|title=Jodhangan Gua Cerme|last=Dinas Pariwisata Kabupaten Sleman|first=|website=Kabupaten Bantul|access-date=31 Mèi 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230529225840/https://java-promo.com/kabupaten-bantul/|archive-date=2023-05-29|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.solopos.com/objek-wisata-gua-di-bantul-butuh-perhatian-372227|title=Objek Wisata Gua Di Bantul Butuh Perhatian|last=Solo Pos|first=|date=25 Januari 2013|website=Solo Pos|access-date=31 Mèi 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Munawaroh|first=Siti|year=30 Mèi 2019|title=Jodhangan: Tradisi Agraris di Desa Selopamioro Imogiri|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbyogyakarta/jurnal-jantra-volume-14-nomor-1-juni-2019/|journal=Jantra|volume=14|issue=1|pages=96|doi=|access-date=2023-02-11|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327141716/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbyogyakarta/jurnal-jantra-volume-14-nomor-1-juni-2019/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Tradhisi iki ingaran ''jodhangan'' sabab migunakaké jodhang-jodhang kanggo nggawa [[panganan]] utawa asil bumi ing upacara merti dhusun. Jodhang iku sajinising tandhu kang dipikul wong papat. Ing bagéan ndhuwur tandhu didèkèki sajinis kothak dawa saka kayu. Supaya katon apik, jodhang dipasangi rerenggan saéngga kaya omah cilik.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Upacara Tradisional Sekaten Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta|last=Supanto|first=|date=1991|publisher=Departemen Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Direktorat Sejarah dan Nilai Tradisional, Proyek Inventarisasi dan Pembinaan Nilai-Nilai Budaya|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|pages=86|url-status=live}}</ref> Tradhisi jodhangan kawiwitan saka anané mitos ngenani Ratu Harnaya Rendra saka Karajan Giringlaya kang prihatin marang rakyaté kang kena lelara lan kaliren. Olèh pitutur saka punggawané, sang ratu njaluk tulung marang Resi Hadidari saka Désa Ngandhong Dhadhapan. Resi paring pramayoga supaya ing wiwitan taun ([[Sura]]) sakabèhing bebrayan padha ngresiki désa. Kanthi dianakaké merti désa mau, kadadéan lelara lan kaliren saya suda ing Désa Ngandhong Dhadhapan. Dhedhasar mitos iku, bebrayan banjur ngleksanakaké upacara merti dhusun/sedhekah bumi minangka pisungsung marang panguwasa kang ngyasa dhusun aran Kyai Srungga.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Munawaroh|first=Siti|year=30 Mèi 2019|title=Jodhangan: Tradisi Agraris di Desa Selopamioro Imogiri|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbyogyakarta/jurnal-jantra-volume-14-nomor-1-juni-2019/|journal=Jantra|volume=14|issue=1|pages=95|doi=|access-date=2023-02-11|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327141716/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbyogyakarta/jurnal-jantra-volume-14-nomor-1-juni-2019/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ing parembakané, upacarané digayutaké karo para [[Walisanga]] kang tindak menyang Guwa Cermé. Miturut carita kang sumebar, ing jero Guwa Cermé iki tau ditemoni serban wali kang ceblok, satemah dadi papan-papan tinamtu lan dipadhakaké karo papan-papan suci agama Islam sarta jeneng-jeneng papan kang gegayutan karo sawiji kraton. Papan iku antarané: Banyu Zam-zam, Watu kaji, Mustaka, Paséban Jero, lan Paséban Jaba. Kajaba iku, ana mitos kang sumebar yèn ing Guwa Cermé ditunggoni sawenèh [[dhanyang]] cacah sanga, antarané dhanyang Kyai Tawang Gantungan, Kyai Kedhung Mlathi, Kyai Gadhung Kawuk, Kyai Minang Sukma, lan Nyai Éndhang Rantam Sari.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://javaisbeautiful.com/2011/10/31/goa-cave-cerme-yogyakarta-indonesia/|title=Goa (Cave) Cerme, Yogyakarta, indonesia|last=Getaway Tours|first=|date=31 Oktober 2011|website=Getaway Tours|access-date=31 Mèi 2020}}</ref> == Prosèsi == === Lumakuning upacara === Tradhisi jodhangan katindakaké nalika dina Ngahad Paing sasi Besar (Dulhijjah) manut pananggalan Islam Jawa. Kala semana wewengkon ing saubengé Guwa Cermé lumayan reja lan regeng jalaran bebrayan Dhusun Srungga I lan II ngleksanakaké acara kajat kang ageng, ya iku jodhangan (sedhekahan utawa slametan sawisé panèn). Kagunan [[campursari]], kagunan [[jathilan]], slawatan, pagelaran [[wayang kulit]] uga mèlu ngramèkaké acara iki, satemah nambahi regenging kagiyatan acara jodhangan. Reroncènging prosèsi jodhangan ing saben taun panced panggah tanpa ana pangowahan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tasteofjogja.org/contentdetil.php?kat=artk&id=NjI3&fle=Y29udGVudC5waHA=&lback=a2F0PWFydGsmYXJ0a2thdD01JmZsZT1ZMjl1ZEdWdWRHUmxkR2xzTG5Cb2NBPT0mbGJhY2s9YTJGMFBXRnlkR3NtYVdROVRsUkZkeVptYkdVOVdUSTVkV1JIVm5Wa1F6VjNZVWhCUFNac1ltRmphejFoTWtZd1VGZEdlV1JIYzIxWldFb3dZVEowYUdSRU1IaE9hVnB6V1cxR2FtRjZNRDA9|title=Jodhangan Goa Cerme|last=Dinas Kebudayaan Provinsi DIY|first=|date=4 Sèptèmber 2015|website=Dinas Kebudayaan Provinsi DIY|access-date=31 Mèi 2020}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sadurungé dina paleksanan tradhisi, nalika dina Jumuwah Kliwon sabubaré Jumuwahan, kabèh wong lanang Dhusun Srungga I lan II bareng-bareng reresik kuburan utawa makam dhusun. Soréné (malem Setu Legi) dianakaké tahlilan lan pitung lésan ing omahé pak RT. Pitung lésan ya iku acara donga arupa dzikir lan maca Surat Yasin kang ditujokaké marang para leluhur. Ing dina Setu Legi, para warga padha [[gugur gunung]] ngresiki dalan dhusun, panggon-panggon umum kaya plataran Guwa Cermé kang bakal didadèkaké panggoné upacara. Sauntara iku, ibu-ibu nyiapaké sakabèhé kabutuhan kang diperloni. Dina Ngahad Paing kurang luwih jam 09.00 WIB panyarta upacara jodhangan padha siyap-siyap nggawa barang-barang kang dibutuhaké, ya iku jodhang ambi isiné (sajèn) kang didèkèkaké ing bèsèk tumuju plataran Guwa Cermé. Ing sajeroning kagiyatan upacara, saben RT ngetokaké siji jodhang kang wragadé ditanggung bareng-bareng déning sawetara kepala kulawarga kang ana ing saben RT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.antarafoto.com/peristiwa/v1311588301/nyadran|title=Nyadran|last=Antara Foto|first=|date=25 Juli 2011|website=Antara Foto|access-date=31 Mèi 2020}}</ref> Jam 10.00 pas, iring-iringan upacara teka ing plataran guwa. Urutan paling ngarep yaiku rombongan kagunan, dituti para domas kang nggawa gedhang sanggan, lan paling wuri iku jodhang. Sawisé iring-iringan teka ing plataran Guwa Cermé, sabanjuré reroncèning acara bakal diwiwiti. Acara kapisan bebuka, dibacutaké karo slawatan, sambutan-sambutan saka kepala désa, camat, Dinas Pariwisata Bantul, dibacutaké karo Ijab Qobul (kanggo kang duwé nadar) lan dipungkasi mangan-mangan karo kabèh warga kang teka. Wenginé, acara tinutup karo pagelaran [[wayang kulit]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tasteofjogja.org/contentdetil.php?kat=artk&id=NjI3&fle=Y29udGVudC5waHA=&lback=a2F0PWFydGsmYXJ0a2thdD01JmZsZT1ZMjl1ZEdWdWRHUmxkR2xzTG5Cb2NBPT0mbGJhY2s9YTJGMFBXRnlkR3NtYVdROVRsUkZkeVptYkdVOVdUSTVkV1JIVm5Wa1F6VjNZVWhCUFNac1ltRmphejFoTWtZd1VGZEdlV1JIYzIxWldFb3dZVEowYUdSRU1IaE9hVnB6V1cxR2FtRjZNRDA9|title=Jodhangan Goa Cerme|last=Dinas Kebudayaan Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta|first=|date=4 Sèptèmber 2015|website=Dinas Kebudayaan|access-date=31 Mèi 2020}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Piranti lan sajèn == Piranti kang dianggo ing tradhisi jodhangan ya iku jodhang, kagawé saka kayu awujud limasan kang ancasé kanggo nggawa ubarampé utawa sajèn kanthi cara digotong utawa dipikul déning wong papat ing saben pojokané. Anadéné sajèn kang ana ing jaba jodhang ngemu akèh asil bumi kaya déné [[kacang lanjaran]], [[jagung]], [[paré]], [[timun]], [[térong]], [[lombok]], [[mlinjo]], [[tomat]], lan sapanunggalané. Asil bumi iku kanggo ngrias jodhang supaya katon apik lan éndah. Anadéné sajèn kang ana ing jero jodhang ya iku [[sega gurih]], ayam ingkung, sega golong, [[tumpeng]] menggana, [[sega liwet]], golong lulut, tumpeng robyong, [[jajan pasar]], lan gedhang sanggan kanggo [[kenduri]] utawa slametan.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://radarjogja.co/2016/05/31/nyadran-makam-sewu-bantul-meriah/|title=Nyadran Makam Sewu Bantul, Meriah|last=Radar Jogja|first=|date=31 Mèi 2016|website=Radar Jogja|access-date=31 Mèi 2020|archive-date=2019-09-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905153101/https://radarjogja.co/2016/05/31/nyadran-makam-sewu-bantul-meriah/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Pangaji-aji == === Aji agama === Aji agama kang katon ing tradhisi jodhangan ing Dhusun Srungga, Désa Sélapamiara ya iku anané acara tahlilan lan acara donga. Kajaba iku, ritual jodhangan diselenggarakaké kanggo wujud sukur marang Allah kang sampun peparing rejeki.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Takdir Ilahi|first=Mohammad|year=2016|title=Ziarah dan Cita Rasa Islam Nusantara: Wisata Religius Dalam Bingkai Kearifan Lokal (Local Widsom)|url=http://e-journal.metrouniv.ac.id/index.php/akademika/issue/view/1|journal=Akademika|volume=21|issue=1|pages=123|doi=}}</ref> === Aji gugur gunung === Kagiyatan-kagiyatan gugur gunung ing tradhisi jodhangan katindakaké bebrayan ing Sélapamiara dumadi saka ngresiki makam dhusun, tahlilan, ngresiki dalan dhusun tur désa, lan ngresiki plataran Guwa Cermé minangka papan upacara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://pariwisata.bantulkab.go.id/filestorage/dokumen/2014/07/20100624111210-potensi-wisata-bantul.pdf|title=Bantul: Ragam Budaya|last=Dinas Pariwisata Bantul|first=|date=|website=Bantul: Ragam Budaya|access-date=18 Juni 2020|archive-date=2020-06-19|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200619022241/https://pariwisata.bantulkab.go.id/filestorage/dokumen/2014/07/20100624111210-potensi-wisata-bantul.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Aji solidaritas === Jodhangan iku salah sawijining upacara tradhisional kang lumayan akèh kang ngéloni ing Désa Sélapamiara. Kagiyatan iku nduwèni peranan kang lumayan gedhé anggoné nyawijikaké para warga. Bab iki tinengeran karo anané makarya bebarengan ing kagiyatan lingkungan, panggawéan [[gunungan]] lan ubarampé sajèné. Kabèh kuwi ora mbédaaké setatus sosialé pawongan, saben priyangga nduwèni peluang lan kalungguhan kang padha kanggo ngleksanakaké kagiyatan iki.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://visitingjogja.com/10630/jodhangan-goa-cerme-24-september-2017/|title=Jodhangan Goa Cerme (24 September 2017)|last=Visiting Jogja Istimewa|first=|date=18 Sèptèmber 2017|website=Visiting Jogja Istimewa|access-date=29 Juni 2020|archive-date=2020-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200628225919/https://visitingjogja.com/10630/jodhangan-goa-cerme-24-september-2017/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Aji rembugan === Rembugan sadurungé upacara jodhangan lumayan akèh kang ngéloni. Sadurungé, para sesepuh nganakaké pasamuwan kanggo ngrembug babagan paleksanané upacara jodhangan. Nalika iku uga digawé sungsunan panityané.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Munawaroh|first=Siti|year=2019|title=Jodhangan: Tradisi Agraris di Desa Selopamioro Imogiri|url=https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbyogyakarta/jurnal-jantra-volume-14-nomor-1-juni-2019/|journal=Jurnal Jantra|volume=14|issue=1|pages=101|doi=|access-date=2023-02-11|archive-date=2023-03-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327141716/https://kebudayaan.kemdikbud.go.id/bpnbyogyakarta/jurnal-jantra-volume-14-nomor-1-juni-2019/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Aji pangendhali sosial === Upacara jodhangan ing Désa Selapamiara Imagiri, saliyané dadi upaya warga kanggo nggenepi sanggan-sesanggeman ya iku marang para leluhur lan Gusti Kang Maha Kuwasa kang sampun peparing rejeki. Upacara jodhangan uga diarep-arep bisa nguwataké kapitayaning para warga bab kaluhuran padatané, nduwé pangaribawa kang becik tumrap dhèwèké dhéwé, satemah para warga dadi ora mangu-mangu anggoné nguri-uri tradhisi iki.<ref name=":0" /> == Uga delengen == {{portal|Budaya}} * [[Gejog Lesung]] * [[Kethoprak Mataram]] * [[Pèk Bung]] * [[Slawatan Kediwung]] * [[Thèk-thèk]] == Rujukan == {{reflist|2}} [[Kategori:Kabupatèn Bantul]] [[Kategori:Budaya Jawa]] [[Kategori:Budaya Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Kagunan Jawa]] [[Kategori:WikiPusaka]] fpd8hk9blgetd1gjlzejb5agk60fn48 Tiyang Sinhala 0 195272 1759117 1746404 2026-10-25T11:48:32Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{pp|small=yes}} {{Short description|Native ethnic group of Sri Lanka}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Tiyang Sinhala | native_name = සිංහල ජනතාව | native_name_lang = | image = Sinhalese_Wedding_Ceremony.jpg | caption = Klambi adat Tiyang Sinhala | pop = {{Circa|17 yuta|lk=yes}}<ref name="Sinhala">{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sin|title=Sinhala|work=Ethnologue}}</ref> | region1 = {{flag|Sri Lanka}} | pop1 = 15.2 yuta (74.9%) <small>(2012)</small> | ref1 = <ref name="statistics.gov.lk">{{cite web|title=A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka|access-date=23 October 2012|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region2 = {{flag|Italia}} | pop2 = 108,069 <small>(2022)</small> | ref2 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Cittadini Stranieri Cingalesi in Italia|url=https://www.tuttitalia.it/statistiche/cittadini-stranieri/sri-lanka/|website=Tuttitalia, 2022|date = 1 January 2022|access-date=2 August 2023}}</ref> | region3 = {{flag|Australia}} | pop3 = 58,166 <small>(2021)</small> | ref3 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Find Census Data - QuickStats - 2021 Census|url=https://www.abs.gov.au/census/find-census-data/quickstats/2021/7107_AUS|publisher=Australian Bureau of Statistics|access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> | region4 = {{flag|Amerika Serikat}} | pop4 = ~41,000 <small>(2016)</small> | ref4 = <ref>{{cite news |title=SPECIAL CONCERNS FOR SRI LANKAN AMERICAN VOTERS – FOREIGN POLICY AND TERRORISM |url=https://srilankanamericans.com/index.php/2021/03/06/special-concerns-for-sri-lankan-american-voters-foreign-policy-and-terrorism-by-anjelika-silva/ |access-date=2 September 2021 |work=Sri Lankan American Action Coalition |archive-date=2 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210902223229/https://srilankanamericans.com/index.php/2021/03/06/special-concerns-for-sri-lankan-american-voters-foreign-policy-and-terrorism-by-anjelika-silva/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> | region5 = {{flag|Kanada}} | pop5 = 33,050 <small>(2021)</small> | ref5 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Knowledge of languages by age and gender: Canada, provinces and territories, census divisions and census subdivisions|url=https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601|website=Census Profile, 2021 Census|date=7 May 2021|publisher=Statistics Canada Statistique Canada|access-date=3 January 2023|archive-date=26 March 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326022740/https://www150.statcan.gc.ca/t1/tbl1/en/tv.action?pid=9810021601|url-status=dead}}</ref> | region6 = {{flag|Singapura}} | pop6 = ~17,000 | ref6 = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14196/SN | title=Sinhalese in Singapore }}</ref> | region7 = {{flag|Karajan Manunggal}} | pop7 = 14,731 <small>(2021)</small> | ref7 = <ref>{{cite web|title=Population of the UK by country of birth and nationality|url=https://www.ons.gov.uk/visualisations/dvc2205/fig1/datadownload.xlsx|publisher=Office for National Statistics|access-date=22 August 2023}}</ref> | region8 = {{flag|Selandia Anyar}} | pop8 = 9,171 <small>(2018)</small> | ref8 = <ref>{{cite web|title=2018 Census ethnic group summaries {{!}} Stats NZ|url=https://www.stats.govt.nz/tools/2018-census-ethnic-group-summaries/sinhalese|access-date=2021-01-02|website=www.stats.govt.nz|publisher=[[Statistics New Zealand]]|at=Sinhalese ethnic group}}</ref> | region9 = {{flag|India}} | pop9 = ~5,300 | ref9 = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14196/IN | title=Sinhalese in India }}</ref> | region10 = {{flag|Malaysia}} | pop10 = ~4,700 | ref10 = <ref>{{cite web | url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14196/MY | title=Sinhalese in Malaysia }}</ref> | languages = [[Sinhala language|Sinhala]] | religions = '''Mayoritas''':<br>[[File:Dharma Wheel.svg|18px]] [[Buddha]] [[Theravada]] (93%)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/38.htm | title=Sri Lanka - Ethnic Groups }}</ref><br>'''Minoritas''':<br>{{hlist|[[File:Christian cross.svg|12px]] [[Kristen]] (7%)<ref>{{cite web | url=https://countrystudies.us/sri-lanka/38.htm | title=Sri Lanka - Ethnic Groups }}</ref>}} }} '''Tiyang Sinhala''' (සිංහල ජනතාව; Sinhala Janathāva) inggih punika kelompok etno-linguistik [[Indo-Arya]] ingkang asli saking pulo [[Sri Lanka]]. Sakmenika, panjenenganipun ugi kawentar minangka '''[[Hela language|Hela]]s''' (හෙළ) utawi Wong Singa.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/06-coming-vijaya/ |title=The Coming of Vijaya |work=The Mahavamsa|date=8 October 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/07-consecrating-vijaya/ |title=THE MAHAVAMSA The Consecrating of Vijaya - The island of Lanka - Kuvani |publisher=Mahavamsa.org |date=2021-03-13 |access-date=2022-03-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230620071000/https://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/07-consecrating-vijaya/ |archive-date=20 June 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Panjenenganipun dados kelompok etnik ingkang paling ageng wonten ing Sri Lanka, kanthi pérangan kathahipun 75% saking total populasi Sri Lanka lan cacahipun langkung saking 15.2 yuta jiwa.<ref>Gananath Obeyesekere, “Buddhism, ethnicity and Identity: A problem of Buddhist History,” in “Journal of Buddhist Ethics”, 10, (2003): 46 https://blogs.dickinson.edu/buddhistethics/files/2010/04/Obeyesekere.pdf</ref> Miturut [[Mahavamsa]], serat kronik [[Pali]] ingkang kapacak déning para sami Buddha saking [[Anuradhapura Maha Viharaya]] wonten ing Sri Lanka, bangsa Sinhala punika keturunan saking para pendatang ingkang miyos wonten ing pulo punika kinten-kinten taun 543 [[SM]], saking keraton agung [[Sinhapura]] ingkang dipunpimpin déning Pangeran Vijaya, ingkang sami mawon kacampur kaliyan para pendatang sanèsipun saking [[Pandya dynasty|keraton Pandya]].<ref>{{cite book|author=John M. Senaveratna|title=The story of the Sinhalese from the most ancient times up to the end of "the Mahavansa" or Great dynasty|publisher=Asian Educational Services|date=1997|pages=7–22|isbn=978-81-206-1271-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X9TeEcMi0e0C&pg=PA7}}</ref><ref>Prajjval Pratap Singh, Sachin Kumar, Nagarjuna Pasupuleti, Niraj Rai, Gyaneshwer Chaubey, R. Ranasinghe, "Reconstructing the population history of Sinhalese, the major ethnic group in Śrī Laṅkā," iScience, August 31, 2023, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.isci.2023.107797.</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Sinhala Aryans|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/561906/Sri-Lanka/214602/History#toc24236|publisher=Britannica|author1=Sinnappah Arasaratnam|author2=Gerald Hubert Peiris|date=2017-04-07|access-date=2017-06-01}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia|title=Brothers of the Pure Sinhala Fraternity|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1525/j.ctt1pq346x.8|publisher=JSTOR|author1=Garrett Field|date=2017|pages=34–55 |jstor=10.1525/j.ctt1pq346x.8|access-date=2021-05-10}}</ref> Nanging, panaliten [[Genetic studies on Sinhalese|genetika]] ing taun 2023 déning Singh lan para sarjana sanèsipun mendeteksi bilih wonten aliran gen ingkang langkung ageng saking India Kidul dhateng bangsa Sinhala tinimbang saking India Lor, kanthi bangsa Sinhala gadhah kesambetan genetik ingkang langkung caket kaliyan [[Tiyang Tamil|Tamil]] tinimbang populasi India sanèsipun. Panaliten wau ugi mendeteksi tanda-tanda afiliasi saking India Lor ing populasi Sinhala lan asal-usul genetik ingkang ageng kalihan [[Maratha (caste)|Maratha]].<ref name="Sinhala"/><ref name="statistics.gov.lk">{{cite web|title=A2 : Population by ethnic group according to districts, 2012|url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|publisher=Department of Census & Statistics, Sri Lanka|access-date=23 October 2012|archive-date=28 April 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428063924/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=pop42&gp=Activities&tpl=3|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{TOC limit|3}} ==Adat== [[File:Sinhalese Girl Wearing A Traditional Kandyan Saree (Osaria)-1.jpg|thumb|left|Gadis Sinhala kanthi [[Osariya]]]] [[File:Women in Traditional Kandyan Dress Wait as Secretary Kerry Meets With Sri Lankan Foreign Minister Samaraweera (17152821338).jpg|thumb|left|Para putri Sinhala kanthi busana tari Kandyan tradisional]] Kebudayaan Sinhala punika unik lan sampun ana wiwit 2600 taun kepungkur, lan sampun dipun kembangaken déning agama Buddha Theravada. Dhateng pokok-pokok kebudayaanipun inggih punika arca, kesenian halus, sastra, tari, puisi, lan ragam kapercayaan lan upacara adat kanthi tradisional. Arca lan prasasti batu Sinhala kuna misuwur sacara internasional lan dados papan pikajengan utami ing pariwisata modern. Sigiriya misuwur amargi lukisan dindingipun. Puisi rakyat dipuntembangaken déning para pekerja minangka irah-irahan nalika damel lan nyritakaken crita uripipun. Sacara ideal, puisi-puisi wau nggadhahi sekawan baris lan, nalika nyiptakaken puisi-puisi punika, kawigaten khusus kasengguhaken marang pola-pola sair. Pista Buddha ditandai déning musik khas nganggé piranti musik tradisional Sinhala. Upacara kuna kados ta {{transliteration|si|tovils}} (pengusiran setan) terus narik kawigatosan tekan dinten punika lan asring dipun puji lan dipun tindakaken kanggé nyuwun pangayoman lan berkah saking Buddha lan dewa-dewa kanggé ngusir setan-setan. ==Basa lan Sastra== [[File:Word Sinhala in Yasarath font.svg|thumb|Tembung Sinhala ing aksara Yasarath.]] [[File:Ola Scriptures And Art Works Of Venerable Migettuwatte Gunananda Thera.jpg|thumb|Naskah daun lontar kang ditulis ing basa Sinhala.]] Tiyang Sinhala ngandharaken [[Basa Sinhala|Sinhala]], ugi sinebat "Helabasa"; basa punika gadhah kalih varian, kanggé ngandharaken lan kanggé nulisan. Sinhala punika siji [[Basa Indo-Arya]] ing kelompok luwih ageng [[Basa Indo-Eropa]].<ref name="Language"/> Bentuk awal basa punika kapundhut dhateng Sri Lanka déning leluhur bangsa Sinhala saking lèrèn India ingkang tumempuh ing pulo punika ing abad kaping enem SM.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://mahavamsa.org/| title = The Mahavamsa.org. (2007). The Mahavamsa - Kronik Agung - Sejarah Sri Lanka - Mahawansa. Pungkasanipun dipunakses tanggal 3 Maret 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Hussein |first1=Asiff |title=Perkembangan Basa Sinhala |url=http://www.lankalibrary.com/books/sinhala.htm |website=www.lankalibrary.com |tanggal-akses=14 November 2018 |access-date=20 December 2023 |archive-date=4 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104023454/http://www.lankalibrary.com/books/sinhala.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sinhala mekaten pengembanganipun nggih béda kaliyan basa Indo-Arya sanèsipun amargi pisah wilayah kaliyan sadhèrèkipun basa Indo-Arya. Basa punika kaginakaken pengaruh déning basa-basa sanèsipun, kanthi nyathet [[Pali]], basa suci Buddhaisme Selatan, Telugu, lan [[Sanskrit]]. Akeh naskah awal ing basa punika kados ta ''Hela Atuwa'' sampun ical amargi dipunjarwakaken dhateng [[Pali]]. Teks Sinhala sanèsipun kanggé wigati inggih punika ''Amāvatura'', ''Kavu Silumina'', ''Jathaka Potha'' lan ''Sala Liheeniya''. Sinhala ugi ngadopsi akèh tembung serapan saking asal manca, kalebet saking basa India kados ta [[Basa Tamil|Tamil]] lan basa Eropa kados ta Portugis, Walanda, lan Inggris.<ref name="everyculsin"/> Sandesha Kavyas kang katulis déning para pendhita Buddha saking Sri Lanka dipunanggep minangka salah satunggaling karya sastra paling rinci lan serbaguna ing donya.{{citation needed|date=April 2018}} Basa Sinhala utamanipun kasengsem déning basa Sanskerta lan Pali, lan akèh tembung-tembung basa Sinhala kang asal saking basa-basa wau. Dinten punika sawetawis tembung-tembung basa Inggris ugi medal amargi paprentahan Inggris nalika jaman kolonial, lan paparan marang budaya manca liwat televisi lan filem manca. Salajengipun, akèh tembung-tembung Walanda lan Portugis kang katingal wonten ing pesisir. Tiyang Sinhala, gumantung ing panggenan papanipun manggen wonten Sri Lanka, ugi saged ngandharaken basa Inggris lan utawi [[Basa Tamil|Tamil]]. Miturut Sensus taun 2012, 23.8% utawi 3,033,659 wong Sinhala ugi ngandharaken basa Inggris lan 6.4% utawi 812,738 wong Sinhala ugi ngandharaken basa Tamil.<ref name="Census2012">{{cite web |title=Census of Population and Housing 2011 |url=http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=FinalPopulation&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |website=www.statistics.gov.lk |publisher=Department of Census and Statistics |access-date=14 November 2018 |archive-date=16 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416015917/http://www.statistics.gov.lk/PopHouSat/CPH2011/index.php?fileName=FinalPopulation&gp=Activities&tpl=3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ing wilayah [[Negombo]], para nelayan dwibasa kang umumé ngakoni piyambak minangka wong Sinhala ugi ngandharaken [[Dialek Tamil Negombo]]. Dialek punika sampun nampi akeh pangaruh saking basa [[Basa Sinhala|Sinhala]] kang dipunandharaken.<ref name=Bonta>{{cite journal|last=Bonta|first=Steven|title=Negombo Fishermen's Tamil (NFT): A Sinhala Influenced Dialect from a Bilingual Sri Lankan Community|journal=International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics|date=June 2008|volume=37}}</ref> ==Sitiran== j37ihy3nacif3yqsxj73iyxy7128rpd Julio Alonso Ortega 0 198413 1759090 1756358 2026-10-24T14:10:27Z InternetArchiveBot 48188 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6) 1759090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = {{#ifeq:{{{child|{{{embed|}}}}}}|yes|{{#ifeq:{{{embed_header_large|}}}|yes|<div style="text-align: center; font-size: 125%; line-height: 1.2em; font-weight: bold;">{{#if:{{{embed-header|}}}|{{{embed-header}}}|Sports career}}</div>|{{#if:{{{embed-header|}}}|'''{{{embed-header}}}'''|'''Sự nghiệp thể thao'''}}}}|{{#if:{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;">{{{honorific prefix|{{{honorific_prefix|{{{honorific-prefix|{{{pre-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}<div class="fn">{{#if:{{{name|}}}|{{{name}}}|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}</div>{{#if:{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}|<div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal; display:inline;">{{{honorific suffix|{{{honorific_suffix|{{{honorific-suffix|{{{post-nominals|}}}}}}}}}}}}</div>}}}} | titlestyle = font-size:125%; | image = [[File:Julio Alonso Ortega, 2025.jpg|250px]] | caption = Julio Alonso ing 2025 | label2 = Jeneng lair | data2 = Julio Alonso Ortega | label9 = Lair | data9 = {{birth_date|2000|12|23}}, Las Palmas, Gran Canaria | label15 = ''[[Alma mater]]'' | data15 = Universitas Lancaster | label17 = Pakaryan | data17 = Pelayar | label21 = Dhuwur | data21 = 188cm | label22 = Bobot | data22 = 75kg | label34 = Nagara | data34 = [[Spanyol]] | label35 = Sporet | data35 = Prau Layar (Dinghy) | label46 = Klub | data46 = Royal Gran Canaria Yacht Club | label49 = Pasangan | data49 = María Bover | label50 = Mantan pasangan | data50 = Luis Doreste | label51 = Pelatih | data51 = {{hlist|Aarón Sarmiento|Luis Doreste}} }} '''Julio Alonso Ortega''' (lair 23 Desember 2000 ing Las Palmas, Gran Canaria) yaiku pelayar saka Spanyol lan juwara donya kanthi spesialisasi ing kelas prau layar kanggo wong loro.<ref name=lp>{{cite news |url=https://www.laprovincia.es/deportes/2018/10/31/julio-alonso-equipo-espanol-catamaranes-9431337.html |title=Julio Alonso, con el equipo español de catamaranes |date=30 Oktober 2018 |access-date=18 November 2024 |newspaper=La Provincia |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ultimahora.es/deportes/otros-deportes/2019/04/09/1071479/maria-bover-apunta-paris-2024-470-mixto.html |title=María Bover apunta a París 2024 con el 470 Mixto |first=Fernando |last=Fernández |date=9 April 2019 |access-date=18 November 2024 |newspaper=Última hora |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://ib3.org/bover-i-alonso-estrenen-la-nova-classe-olimpica-de-vela |title=Bover i Alonso estrenen la nova classe olímpica de vela |date=2 April 2019 |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=IB3 Notícies}}</ref> Dhèwèké wis nglayar ing meh sakabehing karier olahragane kanggo Royal Gran Canaria Yacht Club, ing ngendi dhèwèké dilatih ing sangisoré bimbingan pelatih Aarón Sarmiento, lan panampa loro medhali emas Olimpiade, Luis Doreste.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.laprovincia.es/deportes/2015/10/28/nautico-presente-favoritos-copa-espana-10045258.html |title=El Náutico, presente entre los favoritos de la Copa de España 420 |date=28 Oktober 2015 |access-date=18 November 2024 |newspaper=La Provincia |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |url=http://federacioncanariadevela.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/MEMORIA-DEPORTIVA-2017-definitiva3-1.pdf |title=Memoria Deportiva 2016 |work=Federación Canaria de Vela |language=es |year=2016 |access-date=18 November 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241130041012/http://federacioncanariadevela.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/MEMORIA-DEPORTIVA-2017-definitiva3-1.pdf |archive-date=30 November 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Pendidikan== Kajaba saka karier nglayare, Alonso nerusake [[pendhidhikan dhuwur]] ana ing Inggris.<ref name=lg>{{cite news |url=https://www.lancasterguardian.co.uk/news/sailing-julio-alonso-ortega-to-take-part-in-the-red-bull-foiling-generation-world-final-222983 |title=Sailing: Julio Alonso Ortega to take part in the Red Bull Foiling Generation World Final |date=8 November 2018 |access-date=19 November 2024 |newspaper=Lancaster Guardian}}</ref><ref name=l>{{cite news |url=https://www.lancaster.ac.uk/lums/news/lums-student-selected-for-red-bull-world-final |title=LUMS student selected for Red Bull World Final |date=30 Oktober 2018 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=Lancaster University Management School}}</ref> Dhèwèké lulus kanthi gelar Sarjana Sains ing bidang Manajemen Bisnis lan nampa predikat First-Class Honours saka Universitas Lancaster. Dhèwèké banjur ngrampungaké gelar Magister ing bidang Ekonomi Politik Pasar Berkembang ana ing [[King's College London]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://qbs.ly/insights/trumps-win-and-rate-cuts/ |title=Trump’s Win and Rate Cuts: What’s Next for the Global Economy? |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=Qabas}}</ref> sarta gelar Magister kapindho ing bidang Bisnis Internasional saka Universidad del Atlántico Medio, sing didhukung déning beasiswa saka PROEXCA.<ref>{{cite journal |url=https://proexca.es/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/15-Orden-n%C2%BA-22_2023-de-aceptaci%C3%B3n-Renuncia-y-Concesi%C3%B3n-Beca-F-Pr%C3%A1ctica-BNI-2022-23.pdf |title=ORDEN POR LA QUE SE ACEPTA LA RENUNCIA DE UNA BECA CONCEDIDA MEDIANTE ORDEN Nº 3/2023, DE 16 DE ENERO, Y SE CONCEDE UNA BECA Y ASIGNACIÓN DE DESTINO A LA CANDIDATURA DE LA LISTA DE RESERVA DESTINADA A LA REALIZACIÓN EN EL EJERCICIO 2023 DE LA FORMACIÓN PRÁCTICA INCLUIDA EN EL PROGRAMA DE BECAS EN NEGOCIOS INTERNACIONALES PARA EL PERÍODO 2022–2023, COFINANCIADAS POR EL FONDO SOCIAL EUROPEO |first=Elena |last=Máñez Rodríguez |year=2023 |issue=22 |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=Proexca}}</ref> ==Karier Nglayar== Alonso wiwit sinau nglayar nalika umuré sepuluh taun ing kelas Optimist ing Mogán, banjur gabung karo Royal Gran Canaria Yacht Club, ing ngendi dhèwèké sakteruse melu kompetisi.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.canarias7.es/hemeroteca/el_nautico_de_gran_canaria_mantiene_a_tres_tripulaciones_en_cinco_primero-PXCSN394975 |title=El Náutico de Gran Canaria mantiene a tres tripulaciones en cinco primero |date=1 November 2015 |access-date=18 November 2024 |work=Canarias7 |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.mundodeportivo.com/vela/20170104/413100915837/ismael-y-margarita-iess-y-elias-aretz-julio-alonso-se-situan-como-lideres.html |title=Ismael y Margarita Iess y Elías Aretz-Julio Alonso se sitúan como líderes |date=4 January 2017 |access-date=18 November 2024 |newspaper=Mundo Deportivo |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/canarias/20151027/54437489323/el-real-club-nautico-de-gran-canaria-acude-al-nacional-con-dos-tripulaciones.html |title=El Real Club Náutico de Gran Canaria acude al Nacional con dos tripulaciones |date=27 Oktober 2015 |access-date=18 November 2024 |newspaper=La Vanguardia |language=es}}</ref> Ing kelas 420, Alonso kasil ngrasakaké kasuksèsan gedhé. Dhèwèké menangaké telung Kajuwaraan Layar Spanyol lan entuk posisi kapindho bebarengan karo Luis Doreste,<ref>{{cite news |url=https://diariodeavisos.elespanol.com/2016/03/canarias-conquista-tres-medallas-campeonato-espana-420-vela/ |title=Canarias conquista tres medallas en el campeonato de España de 420 de vela |author=EFE |date=26 Maret 2016 |access-date=19 November 2024 |newspaper=Diario de Avisos |language=es}}</ref><ref name=lg/><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.es/deportes/vela/vela-ligera/abci-canarias-campeon-equipos-201603261858_noticia.html |title=Canarias campeón por equipos |first=Jaume |last=Soler |date=26 Maret 2016 |access-date=19 November 2024 |newspaper=ABC |language=es}}</ref> putrané pelayar misuwur Luis Doreste lan keponakané Manuel Doreste, Gustavo Doreste, sarta José Luis Doreste— kabèh iku tokoh wigati ing sajarah layar Spanyol. Ing wektu iki, Alonso uga mèlu macem-macem Kajuwaraan Eropa lan Donya, sing nggawé dhèwèké nglumpukaké pengalaman internasional sing larang regané.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.470.org/default/news/new/text/closing-in-on-championship-titles-at-420-470-junior-europeans |title=Closing in on Championship Titles at 420/470 Junior Europeans |date=4 Agustus 2016 |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=470 Sailing}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.sail-world.com/USA/420-World-Championships-Gold-and-Silver-fleet-splits-decided/-146615 |title=420 World Championships – Gold and Silver fleet splits decided |author=420 Sailing |date=21 Juli 2016 |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=Sail World}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://420sailing.org/default/events/event/text/2016-420-and-470-junior-european-championships/page/0 |title=2016 420 and 470 Junior European Championships |year=2016 |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=420 Sailing |archive-date=19 March 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250319164508/https://420sailing.org/default/events/event/text/2016-420-and-470-junior-european-championships/page/0 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.yachtsandyachting.com/news/191357/420-and-470-Junior-Europeans-day-5 |title=420 and 470 Junior European Championship at Laka Balaton – Day 5 |author=International 420 Class Association |date=5 August 2016 |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=Yachts and Yachting}}</ref> Prestasi paling apiké ing kelas 420 yaiku menangaké Kajuwaraan Donya ing kategori balap tim.<ref name=lp/> Prestasi iki ndadèkaké dhèwèké diakoni ing kampung halamane, ing ngendi Alonso diwènèhi pakurmatan kanggo nindakaké tendangan pambuka ing pertandhingan bal-balan antarane UD Las Palmas lan [[Real Madrid CF]] ing Estadio Gran Canaria.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.libertaddigital.com/deportes/liga/2016-09-24/el-real-madrid-alimenta-las-dudas-con-un-pinchazo-en-las-palmas-2-2-1276583176/ |title=El Real Madrid alimenta las dudas con un pinchazo en Las Palmas (2–2) |first=Guillermo |last=Domínguez |date=24 September 2016 |access-date=19 November 2024 |newspaper=Libertad Digital |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.vozpopuli.com/deportes/real_madrid-las_palmas-futbol-la_liga-futbol_0_956604339.html |title=Un Real Madrid insulso vuelve a echar de menos su pegada y empata en Las Palmas |date=24 September 2016 |access-date=19 November 2024 |newspaper=Vozpópuli |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.elconfidencial.com/deportes/futbol/liga/2016-09-24/santander-union-deportiva-las-palmas-real-madrid-asensio-tana-cristiano-bale-benzema-araujo-zidane-setien-gran-canaria_1265194/ |title=Roque y Tana devoran la valentía de Zidane |first=Jesús |last=Garrido |date=24 September 2016 |access-date=19 November 2024 |newspaper=El Confidencial |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.cope.es/deportes/futbol/laliga-ea-sports/noticias/las-palmas-real-madrid-laliga-santander-6-jornada-24-09-16-20160924_13675 |title=Al Madrid se le atraganta el amarillo |date=24 September 2016 |access-date=19 November 2024 |work=Cadena COPE |language=es}}</ref> Nalikane pindah ing kelas 29er, Alonso kasil menangaké medhali emas ing Kajuwaraan Absolut 29er Spanyol lan medhali emas U-19 ing Kajuwaraan Spanyol.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www3.gobiernodecanarias.org/medusa/edublog/iesantoniogodoysosa/2018/04/16/felicitaciones-para-los-hermanos-yoel-e-isabel-hernandez-pena/ |title=Felicitaciones para los hermanos Yoel e Isabel Hernández Peña |date=16 April 2018 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=Gobierno de Canarias |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.abc.es/deportes/vela/vela-ligera/abci-alicia-fras-y-maria-gonzalez-y-yoel-hernandez-y-julio-alonso-campeones-espana-29er-201803291120_noticia.html |title=Alicia Fras y María González y Yoel Hernández y Julio Alonso, campeones de España 29er |date=29 Maret 2018 |access-date=20 November 2024 |newspaper=ABC |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.lavanguardia.com/local/canarias/20180411/442461416294/yoel-hernandez-y-julio-alonso-un-prometedor-duo-de-cara-al-mundial-de-29er.html |title=Yoel Hernández y Julio Alonso, un prometedor dúo de cara al Mundial de 29er |date=11 April 2018 |access-date=20 November 2024 |newspaper=[[La Vanguardia]] |language=es}}</ref> Prestasi iki ndadèkaké dhèwèké kapilih kanggo makili Spanyol ing Kajuwaraan Donya Layar Remaja 2018 sing diadakne ana ing [[Texas|Corpus Christi, Texas]], ing ngendi Alonso bisa finis ana ing posisi kasepuluh saka sakabèhané.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.sailing.org/uploads/youthworlds/18_YW_29erboy.html |title=Sailwave results for 2018 Youth Sailing World Championships at Corpus Christi Yacht Club |year=2018 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=Sailing.org}}</ref> Ing taun sing padha, Alonso tanda tangan kontrak karo Spanish Impulse by IBEROSTAR,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.masmar.net/esl/Vela/M%C3%A1s-Vela/El-regatista-del-RCN-de-Gran-Canaria,-Julio-Alonso,-seleccionado-para-el-equipo-Spanish-Impulse |title=El regatista del RCN de Gran Canaria, Julio Alonso, seleccionado para el equipo Spanish Impulse |date=30 Oktober 2018 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=Masmar}}</ref> tim sing resmi dibentuk kanggo makili Spanyol ing Red Bull Youth America's Cup sing diadakne ing [[Bermuda]]. Sajeroning wektu iki, dhèwèké uga makili Spanyol ing Final Donya Red Bull Foiling Generation ing Miami,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.redbull.com/us-en/events/foiling-generation/Red-Bull-Foiling-Generation-2018-World-Final-Teams |title=Red Bull Foiling Generation |year=November 2018 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=Redbull.com}}</ref> melu kompetisi ing katamaran Flying Phantom lan nuduhaké kaprigelan adaptasiné ing macem-macem cabang olahraga layar kinerja dhuwur.<ref name=l/> Wektu iki, Alonso sandhingan karo María Bover kanthi tujuan makili Spanyol ing kelas 470 campuran ing [[Gim Olympiadé|Olimpiade]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.gacetanautica.es/noticias/el-470-se-confirma-como-barco-mixto-para-paris-2024 |title=El 470 se confirma como barco mixto para París 2024 |first=Luis |last=Pomar |date=4 Juni 2019 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=Gaceta Náutica |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.470.org/default/news/new/text/470-class-confirmed-as-equipment-for-mixed-two-person-dinghy-at-2024-paris-olympics |title=470 Class Confirmed as Equipment for Mixed Two-Person Dinghy at 2024 Paris Olympics |date=16 Mei 2019 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=470 Sailing}}</ref> Nganti saiki, pasangan iki wis bisa nggayuh posisi kapapat ing kategori U-24 saka Kajuwaraan Layar Donya 470, sarta posisi kalima ing kategori U-24 saka Kajuwaraan Layar Eropa 470.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.laprovincia.es/deportes/2019/07/13/espana-cuatro-regatistas-canarios-fuera-9283445.html |title=España, con cuatro regatistas canarios, fuera del podio por equipos del Mundial de Optimist |date=12 Juli 2019 |access-date=20 November 2024 |newspaper=La Provincia |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.rcngc.com/public/noticias/contenido/7437-Campeonato_de_Europa_420_y_470_Juvenil |title=Campeonato de Europa 420 y 470 Juvenil |date=31 Juli 2019 |access-date=20 November 2024 |work=Real Club Náutico de Gran Canaria |language=es |archive-date=3 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250203164133/https://www.rcngc.com/public/noticias/contenido/7437-Campeonato_de_Europa_420_y_470_Juvenil |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Réferènsi == {{reflist}} [[Kategori:Lair 2000]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Olahragawan]] igezdxndj8ffmktpe84d0q1jznj44fc Natalia Nogulich 0 200995 1759106 1759053 2026-10-25T00:27:20Z Meursault2004 3 /* Pranala njaba */ 1759106 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Natalia Nogulich''' iku aktris Amérika Sarékat. == Pranala njaba == 93nsidiorfxi1hynr5uosdmyflm8mmn 1759107 1759106 2026-10-25T00:31:07Z Meursault2004 3 1759107 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Natalia Nogulich''' (1 Oktober 1950) iku aktris Amérika Sarékat turunan Sèrbian. == Pranala njaba == [[Kategoei:Lair 1950]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] p1mnvlab06pc7nf2l846act0fxw7uls 1759108 1759107 2026-10-25T00:31:25Z Meursault2004 3 /* Pranala njaba */ 1759108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Natalia Nogulich''' (1 Oktober 1950) iku aktris Amérika Sarékat turunan Sèrbian. == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1950]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] eqxyuwh0sth0at56hgsrghedcvq8jja Ethan Phillips 0 201000 1759087 2026-10-24T12:59:28Z Meursault2004 3 Rintisan saka [[:en:Ethan Phillips|]] 1759087 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ethan Phillips''' (lair taun 1955) iku aktor Amérika Sarékat. Dhèwèké kawentar olèhé maragakaké Neelix ing ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]''. == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1955]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] eticsd0lmzkwmxhfxdf0xr90ju5nwrb 1759105 1759087 2026-10-24T23:59:43Z Meursault2004 3 Sithik 1759105 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ethan Phillips''' (lair 8 Fébruari 1955) iku aktor Amérika Sarékat. Dhèwèké kawentar olèhé maragakaké Neelix ing ''[[Star Trek: Voyager]]''. == Pranala njaba == [[Kategori:Lair 1955]] [[Kategori:Wong urip]] [[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]] 88jifkxdc3q6bjdgdey7efe399r05r3 Bnbcy Holdings 0 201001 1759091 2026-10-24T15:59:17Z AuroraSynchrony 75208 Kaca anyar: {| class="infobox" style="float:right; width:22em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%;" |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | '''Bnbcy Holdings''' |- | '''Didegaké:''' || 2016 |- | '''Pangadeg:''' || Phelan Foster |- | '''Kantor pusat:''' || [[Amérika Sarékat]] |- | '''Jinis:''' || perusahaan swasta |- | '''Bidhang:''' || manajemen investasi lan aset |- | '''Pimpinan:''' || Phelan Foster (ketuwa)<br>Emrys Vance (... 1759091 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" style="float:right; width:22em; border:1px solid #aaa; background:#f9f9f9; font-size:90%;" |- | colspan="2" style="text-align:center; font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;" | '''Bnbcy Holdings''' |- | '''Didegaké:''' || 2016 |- | '''Pangadeg:''' || Phelan Foster |- | '''Kantor pusat:''' || [[Amérika Sarékat]] |- | '''Jinis:''' || perusahaan swasta |- | '''Bidhang:''' || manajemen investasi lan aset |- | '''Pimpinan:''' || Phelan Foster (ketuwa)<br>Emrys Vance (mitra lan CIO) |- | '''Layanan:''' || alokasi aset global<br>manajemen portofolio<br>manajemen bandha jangka panjang |- | '''Wilayah kerja:''' || pasar global |- | '''Situs jaringan:''' || [https://bnbcy.com/ bnbcy.com] |} '''Bnbcy Holdings''' iku perusahaan investasi swasta sing kantor pusaté ing [[Amérika Sarékat]] lan beroperasi ing pasar global. Perusahaan iki nyedhiyakake alokasi aset, manajemen portofolio, lan manajemen bandha jangka panjang kanggo wong-wong sugih, investor institusional, lan klien perusahaan.<ref name="official">{{cite web |title=About Bnbcy Holdings |url=https://bnbcy.com/en/about |website=bnbcy.com}}</ref> Bnbcy Holdings dipimpin déning Phelan Foster lan fokusé ing investasi alternatif, modal swasta, lan alokasi aset global.<ref name="official" /> == Sajarah == Bnbcy Holdings didegaké ing taun 2016 déning Phelan Foster, sawisé dhèwèké bali menyang Amérika Sarékat. Foster dadi ketuwa perusahaan, kanthi tanggung jawab ing strategi jangka panjang, arah investasi, manajemen risiko, lan pangembangan bisnis internasional.<ref name="team">{{cite web |title=Our Team |url=https://bnbcy.com/en/team |website=bnbcy.com}}</ref> Perusahaan iki nggedhèkaké jaringan bisnis menyang [[Amérika Latin]]. [[Brasil]] dadi salah siji pasar utama perusahaan ing wewengkon kasebut.<ref name="official" /> == Layanan lan strategi == Layanan utama Bnbcy Holdings yaiku alokasi aset, manajemen portofolio, lan manajemen bandha sing disusun miturut tujuan investasi, toleransi risiko, kabutuhan likuiditas, lan jangka wektu saben klien.<ref name="strategy">{{cite web |title=Investment Strategies |url=https://bnbcy.com/en/strategies |website=bnbcy.com}}</ref> Alokasi aset bisa kalebu saham global, obligasi, pasar swasta, komoditas lan aset nyata, kas lan instrumen likuiditas, lan aset digital lan investasi alternatif liyane.<ref name="strategy" /> Manajemen risiko diterapake ing saben tahap proses investasi, wiwit milih aset, nindakake panliten, nyusun portofolio, nganti ngawasi portofolio kanthi terus-terusan.<ref name="strategy" /> == Panliten lan teknologi == Panliten Bnbcy Holdings ngliputi ekonomi makro global, siklus suku bunga lan inflasi, tren industri, fundamental perusahaan, valuasi pasar, aliran modal internasional, lan struktur pasar regional.<ref name="research">{{cite web |title=Global Investment Research |url=https://bnbcy.com/en/research |website=bnbcy.com}}</ref> Perusahaan iki uga nyinaoni aset digital, kalebu aset digital utama, stablecoin, lan infrastruktur blockchain.<ref name="research" /> Analisis data lan model AI gedhé digunakake kanggo ndhukung panliten investasi lan manajemen risiko.<ref name="research" /> == Nilai lan prinsip == Miturut situs resmi perusahaan, nilai sing dadi dhasar pakaryan Bnbcy Holdings kalebu etika lan integritas, ngutamakaké kapentingan klien, inovasi, pangembangan karyawan, lan tanggung jawab sosial marang masyarakat.<ref name="values">{{cite web |title=Our Values |url=https://bnbcy.com/en/principles |website=bnbcy.com}}</ref> Ing kerangka kasebut, perusahaan uga nggabungake prinsip investasi tanggung jawab lan faktor lingkungan, sosial, lan tata kelola (ESG) ing panliten investasi jangka panjang lan manajemen risiko.<ref name="values" /> == Rujukan == <references /> == Pranala njaba == * [https://bnbcy.com/ Situs resmi] [[Kategori:Perusahaan Amérika Sarékat]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan]] m2tyvrjhupzllg35khf31tmrf6468be