Kabupatèn Pathi

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      <text bytes="4285" sha1="bel7oaay9ax4fbjg2awh90wkszbfqgr" xml:space="preserve">{{dwiaksara}}{{Infobox settlement|name=Kabupatèn Pathi&lt;br&gt;ꦏꦧꦸꦥꦠꦺꦤ꧀ꦥꦛꦶ&lt;br&gt;كابوڤاتين فاڟي|leader_title=[[Bupati]]|utc_offset1=+7|timezone1=WIK|demographics1_info3=[[Kajawèn]]&lt;br&gt;[[Islam]]&lt;br&gt; [[Kristen Protestan]]&lt;br&gt; [[Katulik]]&lt;br&gt;[[Buddha]]&lt;br&gt;[[Hindu]]|demographics1_title3=Kepercayaan|demographics1_info2=[[basa Jawa|Jawa]] lan [[basa Indonesia|Indonesia]]|demographics1_title2=Basa|demographics1_info1=[[wong Jawa|Jawa]]|demographics1_title1=Wong|demographics_type1=Bebrayan|population_density_km2=auto|unit_pref=Metric&lt;!-- or US or UK --&gt;|area_total_km2=1.491,20|leader_title1=Wakil Bupati|leader_name1=Syaiful Arifin|settlement_type=[[Kabupatèn]]|leader_name=Haryanto|seat=[[Pathi]]|seat_type=Kutha Krajan|established_date=7 Agustus 1323|established_title=Dina Dadi|subdivision_type1=Provinsi|subdivision_type=[[Nagara]]|subdivision_name1=[[Jawa Tengah]]|subdivision_name=[[Indonésia]]|population_total=1.200.000|motto=Pathi Bumi Mina Tani&lt;br&gt;'''ꦥꦛꦶꦧꦸꦩꦶꦩꦶꦤꦠꦤꦶ'''|map_caption=Pernahé Pathi ing [[Jawa Tengah]]|image_map=Locator kabupaten pati.png|image_seal=Lambang Pati.png|postal_code_type=Kodhe Pos}}[[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Moskee Indonesië TMnr 10016740.jpg|thumb|300px|Masjid Pathi (1900-1940)]]

'''Kabupatèn Pathi''' ([[Basa Indonésia|cara Indonésia]]: Pati) iku kabupatèn ing [[Jawa Tengah]], pernahé ing [[pasisir|pantura]], kuta [[Pathi]] iku [[kutha krajan]] kabupatèné, kutha-kutha liyané:, lan liya-liyané. Jembar wewengkon [[Kabupatèn]] iki ± 1.491,20 km2 utawa  hèktar.

== Sajarah ==

== Géografi ==
[[Kutha Krajan]] Kabupatèn Pathi manggon ing tengahing wewengkon kabupatèn, ana ing jalur [[pantura]] Semarang-Surabaya, kira-kira 75&amp;nbsp;km wétané [[Kutha Semarang]]. Jalur iki minangka jalur ramé lan sinebut jalur transit. Jalur sing ngliwati Pathi ana loro: jeroning kutha lan jalur kang ngiteri Pathi.

Sapérangan amba Kabupatèn Pathi ya iku dhataran cendhèk. Sisih kidul (wewatesan karo [[Kabupatèn Grobogan]] lan [[Kabupatèn Blora]]) ana rangkèan [[Pagunungan Kapur Lor]]. Sisih lor-kulon (wewatesan karo [[Kabupatèn Kudus]] lan [[Kabupatèn Jepara]]) akèh perbukitan. Kali paling gedhé ing kabupatèn iki ya iku [[Kali Juwana]], sing muara ing daérah [[Juwana]].

=== Wates Tlatah ===

# Sisih [[lor]]: [[Laut Jawa]]
# Sisih [[wétan]]: [[Kabupatèn Rembang]]
# Sisih [[kidul]]: [[Kabupatèn Grobogan]] lan [[Kabupatèn Blora]]
# Sisih [[kulon]]: [[Kabupatèn Kudus]] lan [[Kabupaten Jepara]]

== Papréntahan ==
Kabupatèn Pathi ketata saking 21 [[kacamatan]] (ꦏꦼꦕꦩꦠꦤ꧀),  [[kalurahan]] (ꦏꦭꦸꦫꦲꦤ꧀) lan 405 [[désa]] (ꦢꦺꦯ). Kacamatan-Kacamatan ing Kabupatèn Pathi yaiku:
* [[Sukalila, Pathi|Sukalila]] ꦱꦸꦏꦭꦶꦭ
* [[Kayen, Pathi|Kayen]] ꦏꦪꦼꦤ꧀
* [[Tambakrama, Pathi|Tambakrama]] ꦠꦩ꧀ꦧꦏ꧀ꦫꦩ
* [[Winong, Pathi|Winong]] ꦮꦶꦤꦺꦴꦁ
* [[Puncakwangi, Pathi|Puncakwangi]] ꦥꦸꦚ꧀ꦕꦏ꧀ꦮꦔꦶ
* [[Jaken, Pathi|Jaken]] ꦗꦏꦼꦤ꧀
* [[Batangan, Pathi|Batangan]] ꦧꦠꦔꦤ꧀
* [[Juwana, Pathi|Juwana]] ꦗꦸꦮꦤ
* [[Jakenan, Pathi|Jakenan]] ꦗꦏꦼꦤꦤ꧀
* [[Pathi, Pathi|Pathi]] ꦥꦛꦶ
* [[Gabus, Pathi|Gabus]] ꦒꦧꦸꦱ꧀
* [[Margareja, Pathi|Margareja]] ꦩꦂꦒꦉꦗ
* [[Gembong, Pathi|Gembong]] ꦒꦼꦩ꧀ꦧꦺꦴꦁ
* [[Tlagawungu, Pathi|Tlagawungu]] ꦠ꧀ꦭꦒꦮꦸꦔꦸ
* [[Wedarijaksa, Pathi|Wedarijaksa]] ꦮꦼꦢꦫꦶꦗꦏ꧀ꦱ
* [[Margayasa, Pathi|Margayasa]] ꦩꦂꦒꦪꦱ
* [[Gunungwungkal, Pathi|Gunungwungkal]] ꦒꦸꦤꦸꦁꦮꦸꦔ꧀ꦏꦭ꧀
* [[Cluwak, Pathi|Cluwak]] ꦕ꧀ꦭꦸꦮꦏ꧀
* [[Tayu, Pathi|Tayu]] ꦠꦪꦸ
* [[Dhukuhseti, Pathi|Dhukuhseti]] ꦝꦸꦏꦸꦃꦱꦼꦠꦶ
* [[Trangkil, Pathi|Trangkil]] ꦠꦿꦔ꧀ꦏꦶꦭ꧀

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Pratélan kabupatèn lan kutha ing Indonésia]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.patikab.go.id Situs Web Resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210226003549/http://pati.go.id/ |date=2021-02-26 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120711144801/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/wong-pati/ Milis warga Pati]

{{Kabupatèn Pathi}}
{{Jawa Tengah}}

[[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Jawa Tengah|Pathi]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatèn Pathi| ]]


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    <title>Kamlaratan</title>
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      <text bytes="5788" sha1="grzc7m6a514wez4xop3s96jchqvbmkl" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Jakarta_slumlife65.JPG|thumb|right|200px|Laré saking [[Cipinang Wetan|Cipinang Timur]] wonten ing pawuhan kitha]] 
Umumipun, '''kamlaratan''' punika kawontenan [[manungsa|tiyang]] ingkang nyandhang gesang mlarat lan boten gadhah bandha utawi [[arta]] lan [[omah|griya]]. Kanthi ukara sanèsipun, kamlaratan utawi tiyang boten gadhah punika sebatan kanggé tiyang utawi sakempalan tiyang ingkang kekirangan prakawis kagesangan ingkang samurwat. Gesang kecingkrangan (tansah kekirangan) dipuntingali saking prakawis [[Bahan|material]], inggih punika [[panganan|dhaharan]], [[banyu|toya]] ingkang resik, lan [[omah|papan padunungan]]. Kajawi punika, saged ugi katingal saking sumber sosial kados ta aksès [[informasi]], [[pendhidhikan|wulang wuruk]], [[kasarasan]] ([[kaséhatan]]), status sosial, lan kakiyatan pulitik.

== Panyebab kamlaratan ==
Kamlaratan kathah dipunhubungaken kaliyan:
* jalaran individual, utawi patologis, ingkang mirsani kamlaratan minangka akibatsaking perilaku, pilihan, utawi kemampuan saking tiyang mlarat;
* jalaran kulawargi, ingkang ngubungaken kamlaratan kaliyan pendidikan kulawargi;
* jalaran sub-budaya ''(subcultural)'', ingkang ngubungaken kamlaratan kaliyan kagesangan sadinten-dinten, dipunsinaoni utawi dipunlampahi ing salebeting lingkungan saubengipun;
* jalaran agènsi, ingkang mirsani kamlaratan minangka akibat saking aksi tiyang sanès, kalebet [[perang]], [[pamaréntah]], lan [[ékonomi]];
* jalaran struktural, ingkang maringi alesan manawi kamlaratan wujud asil saking struktur sosial.
&lt;!--
Meskipun diterima luas bahwa kamlaratan dan pengangguran adalah minangka akibat dari kemalasan, namun di [[Amerika Serikat]] (negera terkaya per kapita di dunia) misalnya memiliki jutaan masyarakat yang diistilahkan minangka [[pekerja miskin]]; yaitu, orang yang tidak [[sejahtera]] utawi rencana bantuan publik, namun masih gagal melewati atas [[garis kamlaratan]].
== Ngicalaken kamlaratan ==
Tanggapan utama terhadap kamlaratan adalah:
* Bantuan kamlaratan, utawi membantu secara langsung kepada orang miskin. Ini telah menjadi bagian pendekatan dari masyarakat Éropah sejak zaman pertengahan. 
* Bantuan terhadap keadaan individu. Banyak macam kebijakan yang dijalankan untuk mengubah situasi orang miskin berdasarkan perorangan, termasuk hukuman, pendidikan, kerja sosial, pencarian kerja, dan lain-lain.
* Persiapan bagi yang lemah. Daripada memberikan bantuan secara langsung kepada orang miskin, banyak [[nagara sejahtera]] menyediakan bantuan untuk orang yang dikategorikan minangka orang yang lebih mungkin miskin, seperti orang tua utawi orang dengan ketidakmampuan, utawi keadaan yang membuat orang miskin, seperti kebutuhan akan [[perawatan kesehatan]].
--&gt;

== Waosan ==
* Frances Fox Piven, Richard A. Cloward, ''Regulating the Poor: The Functions of Public Welfare'', Vintage Books 1993
* Jean Swanson, ''Poor-Bashing: The Politics of Exclusion'', 2001

== Ugi pirsani ==

* [[Siklus kamlaratan]]
* [[Pekerja miskin]]
* [[Prabédan pametu]]
* [[Upah minimum]]
* [[Indèks Pangyasa Manungsa]]
* [[Pratélan nagara miturut Indèks Pangyasa Manungsa]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala njawi ==
* [http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/ Make Poverty History] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040916042045/http://www.makepovertyhistory.org/ |date=2004-09-16 }} — Campaign dealing with fighting poverty.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050217153936/http://topics.developmentgateway.org/poverty/ Poverty] — The Development Gateway community portal on Poverty is a comprehensive collection of articles, reports, data, statistics, projects and other resources.
* [http://www.povertynet.org/ PovertyNet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304135146/http://www.povertynet.org/ |date=2016-03-04 }} — PovertyNet from The World Bank Group provides an introduction to key issues as well as in-depth information on poverty measurement, monitoring, analysis, and on poverty reduction strategies for researchers and practitioners.
* [http://www.cgdev.org Center for Global Development] — The Center for Global Development is a Washington, D.C. policy center pursuing research-based, actionable ideas for the fight against global poverty.
* [http://search.looksmart.com/p/browse/us1/us317836/us317916/us65566/us63968/ LookSmart — Poverty Issues] directory category
* [http://dmoz.org/Society/Issues/Poverty/ Open Directory Project — Poverty Issues] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100304094938/http://www.dmoz.org/Society/Issues/Poverty/ |date=2010-03-04 }} directory category
* [http://dir.yahoo.com/Society_and_Culture/Issues_and_Causes/Poverty/ Yahoo! — Poverty Issues and Causes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101103014801/http://dir.yahoo.com/Society_and_Culture/Issues_and_Causes/Poverty |date=2010-11-03 }} directory category
* [http://www.liberaassociazioneilpopolo.it/inglese/index.html 2010: Poverty Elimination] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209091940/http://www.liberaassociazioneilpopolo.it/inglese/index.html |date=2011-12-09 }} proposes a nine-step poverty elimination plan. The first historycal global campaign for poverty elimination that changed the mentality from &quot;poverty reduction&quot; to &quot;poverty elimination&quot;. A work published for free in internet with a similar Wikipedia method with the contibution and the approval of more of 200.000 people, translated in several languages and that more than 25 milion people read. 
* [http://www.iddc.org.uk International Disability and Development Consortium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106053933/http://iddc.org.uk/ |date=2009-01-06 }} Network of NGOs and disability organisations

[[Kategori:Sosial]]
[[Kategori:Bebrayan]]
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    <title>Golda Meir</title>
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'''Golda Meir''', lair kanthi jeneng '''Golda Mabovitz''', [[3 Mèi]] [[1898]] - [[8 Dhésèmber]] [[1978]]), dikenal minangka '''Golda Meyerson''' wiwit taun 1917-1956, ya iku ''pendhiri'' nagara [[Israèl]].

Meir, mengku kalungguhan minangka Mantri Tenaga Kerja, Mantri Luar Negeri, lan sabanjuré dai Perdhana Mantri Israèl kang kapapat saka [[17 Maret]] [[1969]] nganti [[3 Juni]] [[1974]]. Miturut [[BBC]], Golda Meir dianggep Wanita Wesi utawa ''Iron Lady'' ing [[Pulitik Israèl]] mataun taun sadurungé gelaré kanggo njuluki [[Margaret Thatcher]].

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Evian Conference]]
* [[Golda Meir Library]]

== Réferènsi ==
=== Artikel ===
* [http://www.nytimes.com/learning/general/onthisday/bday/0503.html Golda Meir: Peace and Arab Acceptance Were Goals of Her 5 Years as Premier]

=== Biografi ===
* Agres, Elijahu (1969). Golda Meir: Portrait of a Prime Minister. Sabra Books. ISBN 0-87631-020-X. 
* Fallaci, Oriana (1976). Interview With History. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 0-395-25223-7. 
* Martin, Ralph G. (1988). Golda Meir: The Romantic Years. Ivy Books. ISBN 0-8041-0536-7. 
* Meir, Golda (1975). My Life. Putnam. ISBN 0-399-11669-9. 
* Meir, Menahem (1983). My Mother Golda Meir: A Son's Evocation of Life With Golda Meir. Arbor House Pub. Co.. ISBN 0-87795-415-1. 
* Morris, B. (1999, 2001). Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist-Arab conflict, 1881–2000. New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 0-679-74475-4. 
* Syrkin, Marie (1969). Golda Meir: Israèl's Leader. Putnam. ASIN B0006CPEIU. 
* [http://www.ajhs.org/publications/chapters/chapter.cfm?documentID=272 Akar Golda Meir di Amerika — Perhimpunan Sejarah Yahudi Amerika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831091929/http://www.ajhs.org/publications/chapters/chapter.cfm?documentID=272 |date=2009-08-31 }} 
* [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israèl/State/Golda%20Meir Departemen Luar Negeri Israèl] 
* [http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/golda.html Jewish Agency For Israèl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001232300/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/golda.html |date=2006-10-01 }} 
* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/meir.html Perpustakaan Maya Yahudi] 
* [http://www.uwm.edu/Library/digilib/Golda/index.html Menampilkan Golda Meir — Foto-foto dari koleksi di Perpustakaan UWM] 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200118040906/http://www.wic.org/bio/gmeir.htm Women's International Center] 
== Pranala njaba ==
=== Profil ===
* [http://www.pmo.gov.il/PMOEng/Government/Memorial/PrimeMinisters/Golda.htm Prime Minister Golda Meir] — Israèli Prime Minister's Office
* [http://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/mk_eng.asp?mk_individual_id_t=685 Knesset Member, Golda Meir] — Knesset profile

=== Biografi ===
* [http://www.ajhs.org/publications/chapters/chapter.cfm?documentID=272 Golda Meir's American Roots] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831091929/http://www.ajhs.org/publications/chapters/chapter.cfm?documentID=272 |date=2009-08-31 }} — [[American Jewish Historical Society]]
* [http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Facts%20About%20Israèl/State/Golda%20Meir Israèli Ministry of Foreign Affairs]
* [http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/golda.html Jewish Agency For Israèl] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061001232300/http://www.jafi.org.il/education/100/people/BIOS/golda.html |date=2006-10-01 }}
* [http://www.encyclopaediajudaica.com/sample-articles/article_view.php?sid=golda-meir Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017143355/http://encyclopaediajudaica.com/sample-articles/article_view.php?sid=golda-meir |date=2007-10-17 }}
* [http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/biography/meir.html Jewish Virtual Library]
* [http://www.ou.org/Chagim/yomhaatzmauth/golda.html Orthodox Union]
* [http://www.uwm.edu/Library/digilib/Golda/index.html Picturing Golda Meir] — Photographs from the Collection at the [[University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee|UWM]] Libraries
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200118040906/http://www.wic.org/bio/gmeir.htm Women's International Center]

=== Dokumen ===
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/march/7/newsid_4205000/4205843.stm Israèl elects first female leader] — [[BBC News]]
* [http://www.israel-mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreign%20relations/israels%20foreign%20relations%20since%201947/1947-1974/table%20of%20contents#xiii Yom Kippur War: Selected Documents] — Israèli Ministry of Foreign Affairs

=== Liyané ===
* [http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Golda_Meir Quotes by Golda Meir] — Listing of various quotes by Golda Meir 
* [http://www.mscd.edu/~golda Golda Meir Center for Political Leadership] — [[Metropolitan State College of Denver]]
* [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.pnp/hhh.co0203 U.S. Library of Congress] — Golda Meir House, Denver, Colorado
* [http://www.goldasbalcony.com Golda's Balcony] — Official site of the touring production

{{clr}}
{{Kotak_mulai}}
{{Kotak_suksesi | pendahulu = [[Yigal Allon]] -  sementawis|kalungguhan = [[Perdana Mantri Israèl]] |taun = [[17 Maret]] [[1969]] - [[3 Juni]] [[1974]]|pengganti = [[Yitzak Rabin]]}}
{{Kotak_suksesi|pendahulu = [[Yigal Allon]] - sementawis|kalungguhan = Ketua Parté Buruh |taun = [[1969]] - [[1974]]|pengganti = [[Yitzhak Rabin]]}}
{{Kotak_selesai}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Meir, Golda}}
[[Kategori:Tokoh Israèl]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1898]]
[[Kategori:Pati 1978]]


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      <text bytes="3818" sha1="sv5m0c24rwd7f6xxwcexdqnzin38psg" xml:space="preserve">{{Islam}}
'''Jumrah''' ([[basa Arab]]: ''jamarah'', jamak: ''jamaraat'') iku tugu saka watu kang dibalangi krikil sajeroning ritual [[ngibadah kaji]]. Dunungé ana ing [[Mina]] cedhak kutha [[Mekah]] lan cacahé ana [[telu]], yaiku kang gedhé dhéwé jenengé [[Jumrah Aqabah]], déné jumrah liyané kang luwih [[cilik]] jenengé [[Jumrah Ula]] lan [[Jumrah Wustha]].

== Mbalang jumrah ==
Mbalang jumrah iku hukumé wajib sajeroning ngayahi [[ngibadah kaji]]. Nalika [[ngibadah kaji]] mau para jemaah kaji kudu mbalang jumrah nganggo krikil kanggo mèngeti lelaku [[Nabi Ibrahim]] kang mbalangi sétan-sétan kang nggoda nalika [[Nabi Ibrahim]] arep ngèstokaké dhawuhé [[Allah]] ngurbanaké putrané [[Ismail]].
Para jemaah nglumpukaké krikil kang dianggo mbalang jumrah mau ana ing tlatah [[Muzdalifah]]. Kagiatan mbalang jumrah iki minangka kagiyatan kaping sanga sajeroning urutan kagiyatan-kagiyatan ritual kang kudu dilakoni wektu nindakaké [[Ibadah Kaji]]. Ritual mbalang jumrah iki mung dilakoni sajeroning ngibadah kaji lan ora ana sajeroning ngibadah [[umrah]].

Amarga sipaté wajib mula jama'ah kang ora ngayahi mbalang jumrah kudu mbayar Dam (dendha) wujud nyembelèh wedhus. Yèn ora kuwawa bisa diganti mbayar fidyah utawa pasa 10 dina yaiku telung dina ing mangsa kaji ing tanah suci lan sisané dilakoni ing omah.

Nalika mbalang jumrah iki kerep kadadéan kacilakan amarga kurang luwih rong yuta jamaah kaji bebarengan lan dhesek-dhesekan ing panggonan kang padha. Mula saiki wis diyasa jalur kanggo mbalang jumrah nganti limang tingkat lan wis dipepaki sarana pengawasan kanthi èlèktronik&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/dunia-islam/umroh-haji/10/10/24/142173-lantai-lima-jembatan-untuk-lempar-jumrah-siap-digunakan-jamaah-haji |title=Republika.com: Lantai lima siap digunakan |access-date=2010-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028162205/http://www.republika.co.id/berita/dunia-islam/umroh-haji/10/10/24/142173-lantai-lima-jembatan-untuk-lempar-jumrah-siap-digunakan-jamaah-haji |archive-date=2010-10-28 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tabel wektu mbalang jumrah ==
{| class=nowraplinks style=&quot;background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#789; color:white&quot; | Tabel wektu mbalang jumrah ([[nafar Awal]])
|-
|'''Tanggal''' 
|'''Kagiatan'''   
|'''Wektu paling wiwitan'''   
|'''Wektu pungkasan'''   
|-bgcolor=&quot;#fffaf0&quot;
|10 Dulhijah
|Mbalang jumrah Aqabah kaping pitu
|Soré
|Tengah wengi
|-
|11 Dulhijah
|Mbalang telu jumrah kanthi urutan: Ula, Wustha, Aqabah
|Surup
|Tengah wengi
|-bgcolor=&quot;#fffaf0&quot;
|12 Dulhijah
| Mbalang telu jumrah kanthi urutan: Ula, Wustha, Aqabah
|Surup
|Tengah wengi
|-
|-
|}

{| class=nowraplinks style=&quot;background: #f5f5f5; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;background:#789; color:white&quot; | Tabel wektu mbalang jumrah ([[nafar Sani]])
|-
|'''Tanggal''' 
|'''Kagiatan'''   
|'''Wektu paling wiwitan'''   
|'''Wektu pungkasan'''   
|-bgcolor=&quot;#fffaf0&quot;
|10 Dulhijah
|Mbalang jumrah Aqabah kaping pitu
|Soré
|Tengah wengi
|-
|11 Dulhijah
|Mbalang telu jumrah kanthi urutan: Ula, Wustha, Aqabah
|Surup
|Tengah wengi
|-bgcolor=&quot;#fffaf0&quot;
|12 Dulhijah
| Mbalang telu jumrah kanthi urutan: Ula, Wustha, Aqabah
|Surup
|Tengah wengi
|-
| 13 Dulhijah
| Mbalang telu jumrah kanthi urutan: Ula, Wustha, Aqabah (Mung tumrap nafar sani)
|Surup
|Tengah wengii
|-bgcolor=&quot;#fffaf0&quot;
|-
|}

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Ibadah Kaji]]
* [[Mina]]
* [[Muzdalifah]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://hajj.al-islam.com/default.asp?lang=ind Haji dan Umrah] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040611224512/http://hajj.al-islam.com/default.asp?lang=ind |date=2004-06-11 }}

[[Kategori:Islam]]
[[Kategori:Kaji]]


{{Islam-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haute-Normandie</title>
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      <text bytes="2117" sha1="09nbq20265hv8wajnj9ki7r7uu5rq4q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Region Prancis
|native_name              =Région Haute-Normandie
|common_name              =Haute-Normandie 
|image_flag               =
|image_flag_size          =115px
|image_logo               =HNlogo.gif
|image_logo_size          =90px
|flag                     =(Gendéra Haute-Normandie)&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|capital                  =[[Rouen]]
|area                     =12.318
|Regional president       =[[Alain Le Vern]]
|population_census        =1.780.192 
|population_census_year   =1999
|population_estimate      =1.806.000 
|population_estimate_year =2005 
|population_density       =147
|population_density_year  =2005 
|arrondissements          =6
|cantons                  =112
|communes                 =1.420 
|départements             =[[Eure]]&lt;br&gt;[[Seine-Maritime]] 
|image_map                =Haute-Normandie map.png 
|image_map_size           =200px
|footnotes=&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Gendéra [[Normandia]] kang uga digunakaké déning ''région'' [[Basse-Normandie]].
|}}
'''Haute-Normandie''' iku siji ''[[Région ing Perancis|région]]'' [[Perancis]] kang diwangun taun [[1956]] nalika laladan [[Normandia]] dipara loro dadi [[Basse-Normandie]] lan Haute-Normandie. [[Selat Inggris]] dumunung ing sisih kulon-lor. Sapérangan gedhé lemah ing Haute-Normandie wujud dhataran endhèk. Sawetara yasan sajarah bisa tinemu ing [[Rouen]], kutha krajan ''région''.

== Komunitas ==
* [[Dieppe, Seine-Maritime|Dieppe]]
* [[Évreux]]
* [[Fécamp]]
* [[Le Grand-Quevilly]]
* [[Le Havre]]
* [[Le Petit-Quevilly]]
* [[Mont-Saint-Aignan]]
* [[Rouen]]
* [[Saint-Étienne-du-Rouvray]]
* [[Sotteville-lès-Rouen]]
* [[Vernon, Eure|Vernon]]

== Pranala njaba ==
{{commons|Category:Haute-Normandie}}
* {{fr}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20060118042428/http://www.region-haute-normandie.com/db/homepage.asp Situs resmi]
* [http://www.normandy-tourism.org/gb/index.asp Situs resmi pariwisata] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107143503/http://www.normandy-tourism.org/gb/index.asp |date=2006-01-07 }}

{{Region Prancis}}

[[Kategori:Region Prancis]]
[[Kategori:Provinsi ing Prancis]]


{{geo-stub}}</text>
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    <title>Fitna (film)</title>
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      <text bytes="10156" sha1="d6pyua63ar8wack4np6lw18121f7bem" xml:space="preserve">'''{{Infobox Film
|name       = Fitna
|image      = Fitnathemovie.jpg
|image_size = 232
|caption    = Title card for Fitna
|writer     = Geert Wilders
|director   = [[Geert Wilders]] 
|producer   = Geert Wilders
|released   = [[March 27]], [[2008]]
|runtime    = 16:48
|country    = [[The Netherlands]]
|website    = http://www.fitnathemovie.com
|imdb_id    = 1198399
|language   = [[Dutch language|Dutch]], [[English language|English]], [[Arabic language|Arabic]], [[Persian language|Persian]], others
}}
'''''Fitna''''' iku filem saka [[Walanda]] karya [[Pulitikus]] [[Geert Wilders]], pamimpin [[Parté Kabébasan]] (PVV) ing [[Parlemèn Walanda]]. Film iki nawakaké panemuné bab [[Islam]] lan [[Al Qur'an]]. Irah-irahan filem iki njupuk saka [[basa Arab]] ''[[Fitna (tembung)|fitna]]'' kang dipigunakaké kanggo njlèntrèhaké &quot;kaanan ora setuju lan béda wacana (''disagreement and division among people'')&quot;, utawa &quot;tès marang kapitayan sajeroning pacoban (''test of faith in times of trial'')&quot;.
''Fitna'' dirilis ing Internet tanggal [[27 Maret]] [[2008]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc27mar&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/england/london/7317506.stm|title=Dutch MP posts Islam filem on web|work=[[BBC]]|date=2008-03-27|accessdate=2008-03-27|}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;sciam27mar&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=dutch-mp-launches-anti-ko|title=Dutch MP launches anti-Koran filem online|work=[[Reuters]]|publisher=[[Scientific American]]|date= 2008-03-27|accessdate=2008-03-27|first=Emma|last=Thomasson}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rilis ==
Wilders ngrilis filem mau ing tanggal [[27 Maret]] [[2008]] jam 7 wengi wektu ([[Walanda]]) ing video website [[Liveleak]]. Ésuké, website mau wis njabel  video filem iku saka serveré amarga anané anceman marang staf Liveleak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.informationweek.com/management/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=207000505|title=Anti-Islamic Film Taken Offline Following Threats|first=Thomas|last=Claburn|date=2008-03-28|accessdate=2008-03-28|work=[[InformationWeek]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanadyan mangkono, wiwit iku, situs-situs liya wis njupuk video iku saka Liveleak lan wiwit nyiaraké.

== Plot ==
Film iki nuduhaké sawatara [[Surah]] {{Al Qur'an]] kang dipilih lan dijumbuhaké karo kliping koran lan média.&lt;ref name=&quot;repetition&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nrc.nl/international/article1028543.ece/Fitna_the_Movie_not_hyperbole_or_metaphor_but_repetition|title=Fitna the Movie: not hyperbole or metaphor but repetition|first=Bas|last=Blokker|date=2008-03-28|accessdate=2008-03-28|work=[[NRC Handelsblad]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Film iki diiringi musik saka [[Peer Gynt suite]] déning [[Edvard Grieg]], mligi wektu patiné Aase (Aase iku ibuné Per ing drama kang tinulis déning [[Henrik Ibsen]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;dpr&quot;&gt;{{cite news|work=[[Deutsche Presse-Agentur]]|url=http://news.trend.az/index.shtml?show=news&amp;newsid=1163839&amp;lang=EN|title=Euromed states condemn Dutch anti-Islam filem|date=2008-03-28|accessdate=2008-03-28}}{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Téma ===
Wilders nyatakaké yèn filem kanthi dhurasi 15-menit iku bakal nuduhaké yèn sawatara ayat (''verses'') saka Al Qur'an dina iki dipigunakaké kanggo ngasut umat Muslim modhèren supaya tumindak kejem lan anti-democrati dhedhasar ayat-ayat mau.&lt;ref name=&quot;content&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Koranfilem Wilders heet 'het kwaad'|language=Dutch|url =http://www.telegraaf.nl/binnenland/3253921/_Koranfilm_Wilders_heet__het_kwaad___.html?pageNumber=2|work=telegraaf.nl|date=2008-02-09|accessdate=2008-03-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;spectator_interview&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.spectator.co.uk/print/the-magazine/features/553681/a-filmmaker-who-lives-in-the-shadow-of-a-fatwa.thtml|title=A filem-maker who lives in the shadow of a fatwa|first=Douglas|last=Murray|work=Spectator.co.uk|date=2008-03-12|accessdate=2008-03-24}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite mailing list | url=http://www.pvv.nl/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=931&amp;Itemid=1 |last = | first = | authorlink = | title = Nieuwsbrief Maart | mailing-list = Nieuwsbrief-Partij voor de Vrijheid (The PVV)| date = 2008-03-11 | accessdate = 2008-03-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wilders njlèntrèhaké yèn filem iku minangka ajakan kanggo nguwalaké saka tirani Islamisasi (''a call to shake off the creeping tyranny of [[Islamization]]'').&lt;ref name=&quot;foxiranwarn&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324406,00.html|title=Iran Warns Netherlands Not to Air Controversial 'Anti-Muslim' Film|work=[[FOX News]]|first=Michael|last=Park|date=2008-01-21|accessdate=2008-03-08|archive-date=2013-05-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130516013901/http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,324406,00.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gambar:Menkominfo fitna.jpg|right|thumb|300px|Instruksi Menkominfo kepada APJII]]
== Reaksi ==
Dikuwatiraké filem mau bakal mancing anané démonstrasi kanthi kakerasan déning umat Muslim kaya déné protès marang [[Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy|Kartun Muhammad]] kang diterbitaké déning koran [[Dhénemarken]] '[[Jyllands-Posten]]' ing taun [[2005]].&lt;ref name=&quot;embassyburning&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4681294.stm|title=Embassies burn in cartoon protest|date=2006-02-04|accessdate=2008-03-08|publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Iran]], [[Pakistan]] lan [[Indonésia]] wis nglarang (''condemned'') filem iki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2008/0326/p01s03-woeu.html|title='Fitna': Dutch leader's anti-Islam filem brings strife|first=Robert|last=Marquand|work=[[The Christian Science Monitor]]|date=2008-03-26|accessdate=2008-03-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa15.cfm|title=Iran, Indonésia Condemn Anti-Islamic Dutch Film|work=[[Voice of America]]|date=2008-03-28|accessdate=2008-03-30|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331012107/http://voanews.com/english/2008-03-28-voa15.cfm|archivedate=2008-03-31|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pakistan wis ngusulaké diskusi bab ''Fitna'' ing konferènsi OKI kang bakal teka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.radionetherlands.nl/news/international/5671207/Pakistan-summons-Dutch-ambassador|title=Pakistan summons Dutch ambassador|date=2008-03-05|accessdate=2008-03-30|work=[[Radio Netherlands Worldwide]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kecaman terus muncul kanthi diputaré filem propaganda iki. Sekjen PBB [[Ban Ki Moon]] ngutuk penayangan filem iki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://international.okezone.com/index.php/ReadStory/2008/03/29/18/95826/sekjen-pbb-kutuk-penayangan-fitna |title=Okezone.com |access-date=2008-04-09 |archive-date=2008-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080331173040/http://international.okezone.com/index.php/ReadStory/2008/03/29/18/95826/sekjen-pbb-kutuk-penayangan-fitna |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://beritasore.com/2008/03/29/sekjen-pbb-kecam-keras-film-fitna/ |title=Harian Berita Sore |access-date=2008-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127053659/http://beritasore.com/2008/03/29/sekjen-pbb-kecam-keras-film-fitna/ |archive-date=2020-11-27 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamaréntah Iran ngundang dhuta besar [[Walanda]] kanggo mrotès penayangan filem mau. Samono uga Malaysia. Malah, mantan PM Malaysia [[Mahathir Mohamad]], nyerokaké marang kabèh ummat [[Islam]] supaya mboikot kabèh produk Walanda.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.eramuslim.com/berita/int/8331135623-film-quotfitnaquot-pemerintah-belanda-jangan-cuma-kecam-seret-wilders-ke-pengadilan.htm |title=Era Muslim |access-date=2008-04-09 |archive-date=2008-09-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080927185224/http://www.eramuslim.com/berita/int/8331135623-film-quotfitnaquot-pemerintah-belanda-jangan-cuma-kecam-seret-wilders-ke-pengadilan.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://epemudapas.wordpress.com/2008/03/30/tun-mahathir-gesa-boikot-produk-belanda-fitna-the-movie-sialan/ Wordpress]&lt;/ref&gt; Déné pamaréntah [[Indonésia]] kanthi ''tegas'' ngecam lan nyegah supaya Geert Wilders ora bisa lumebu Indonésia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.liputan6.com/actual/?id=10586 |title=Liputan 6 |access-date=2008-04-09 |archive-date=2008-04-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080401234237/http://www.liputan6.com/actual/?id=10586 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pemblokiran situs ing Indonésia ==
Tanggal [[2 April]] [[2008]], [[Mantri Komunikasi dan Informatika]] [[Muhammad Nuh]] mréntahaké marang [[APJII]] supaya mblokir situs lan blog kang ngamot filem Fitna. Tanggal [[8 April]] [[2008]], [[ISP]] [[Telkom Speedy]] lan [[Indonet]] wiwit mblokir situs [[Youtube]], [[Multiply]], [[Myspace]], [[Metacaf]]e, [[Liveleak]], situs resmi filem Fitna lan [[Rapidshare]]. Sauntara iku situs www.fitnathemovie.info [http://www.fitnathemovie.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201215103336/http://www.fitnathemovie.info/ |date=2020-12-15 }} ora kena pamblokiran.
&lt;!--
== Uga delengen ==
*''[[Al Mouftinoun]]'', reaksi marang ''Fitna'' déning [[Liga Arab Éropah]].
*''[[Obsession: Radical Islam's War Against the West]]'', a documentary critical of Islam.
*''[[Submission (film)|Submission]]'', a film critical of Islam by [[Theo van Gogh]].
*''[[Undercover Mosque]]'', a British documentary on hate-preaching at [[mosque]]s.
--&gt;

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Pranala njaba ==
&lt;!--

     Please do not add any more links!!!

Backup site: http://video.google.com/videoplay?docid=3369102968312745410
ONLY add this if the video on Wikileaks becomes unavailable!

--&gt;
* [http://www.fitnathemovie.com/ Original official website of ''Fitna''] (currently suspended)
* Original [https://web.archive.org/web/20210506042055/https://www.liveleak.com/view?i=ee4_1206625795 Dutch] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20210506102341/https://www.liveleak.com/view?i=7d9_1206624103 English] versions of ''Fitna'' at [[LiveLeak]] (removed due to threats)
* [http://wikileaks.org/wiki/Fitna_anti-islam_movie_by_Geert_Wilders &quot;Fitna anti-islam movie by Geert Wilders&quot;] at [[Wikileaks]]
&lt;!--

     Please do not add any more links!!!

{{Muslims and controversies footer}}
--&gt;

[[Kategori:Kontroversi 2008]]
[[Kategori:Film Walanda]]
[[Kategori:Islam ing Walanda]]</text>
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{{Elementbox_heatfusion_kjpmol | 6.21 }}
{{Elementbox_heatvaporiz_kjpmol | 99.87 }}
{{Elementbox_heatcapacity_jpmolkat25 | 26.020 }}
{{Elementbox_vaporpressure_katpa | 530 | 583 | 654 | 745 | 867 | 1040 | comment= }}
{{Elementbox_section_atomicprop | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }}
{{Elementbox_crystalstruct | hexagonal }}
{{Elementbox_oxistates | 2&lt;br /&gt;(mildly [[base (chemistry)|basic]] oxide) }}
{{Elementbox_electroneg_pauling | 1.69 }}
{{Elementbox_ionizationenergies3 | 867.8 | 1631.4 | 3616 }}
{{Elementbox_atomicradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|155]] }}
{{Elementbox_atomicradiuscalc_pm | [[1 E-10 m|161]] }}
{{Elementbox_covalentradius_pm | [[1 E-10 m|148]] }}
{{Elementbox_vanderwaalsrad_pm | [[1 E-10 m|158]] }}
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{{Elementbox_magnetic | no data }}
{{Elementbox_eresist_ohmm | (22&amp;nbsp;°C) 72.7 n}}
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{{Elementbox_thermalexpansion_umpmkat25 | 30.8 }}
{{Elementbox_speedofsound_rodmpsat20 | 2310 }}
{{Elementbox_youngsmodulus_gpa | 50 }}
{{Elementbox_shearmodulus_gpa | 19 }}
{{Elementbox_bulkmodulus_gpa | 42 }}
{{Elementbox_poissonratio | 0.30 }}
{{Elementbox_mohshardness | 2.0 }}
{{Elementbox_brinellhardness_mpa | 203 }}
{{Elementbox_cas_number | 7440-43-9 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_begin | color1=#ffc0c0 | color2=black }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=106 | sym=Cd
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{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=108 | sym=Cd
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 | dm=[[double electron capture|εε2ν]] | de=- | pn=108 | ps=[[palladium|Pd]] }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=109 | sym=Cd
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{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=110 | sym=Cd | na=12.49% | n=62 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=111 | sym=Cd | na=12.8% | n=63 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_stable | mn=112 | sym=Cd | na=24.13% | n=64 }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=113 | sym=Cd
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{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay2 | mn=113[[nuclear isomer|m]] | sym=Cd
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 | dm2=[[isomeric transition|IT]] | de2=0.264 | pn2=113 | ps2=Cd }}
{{Elementbox_isotopes_decay | mn=114 | sym=Cd
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'''Cadmium''' ({{pronEng|ˈkædmiəm}}) iku [[unsur kimia]] kanthi simbul '''Cd''' lan [[nomer atom]] 48. 
&lt;!--
A relatively abundant (price 3.55 USD/lb as of 2-15-08), soft, bluish-white, [[transition metal]], cadmium is known to cause [[cancer]] and occurs with [[zinc]] ores. Cadmium is used largely in batteries and [[pigment]]s, for example in [[plastic]] products.

==Extraction==
Cadmium is a common impurity in [[zinc]], and it is most often isolated during the production of zinc. Zinc [[sulfide]] ores are roasted in the presence of [[oxygen]], converting the zinc sulfide to the [[oxide]]. Zinc metal is produced either by [[smelting]] the oxide with [[carbon]] or by [[electrolysis]] in [[sulfuric acid]]. Cadmium is isolated from the zinc metal by [[vacuum distillation]] if the zinc is smelted, or cadmium sulfate is [[precipitate]]d out of the electrolysis solution.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cd/key.html Cadmium] at WebElements.com&lt;/ref&gt;

== Notable characteristics ==
Cadmium is a soft, [[malleable]], [[ductile]], toxic, bluish-white [[bivalent]] [[metal]]. It is similar in many respects to [[zinc]] but reacts to form more complex compounds.

The most common [[oxidation state]] of cadmium is +2, though rare examples of +1 can be found.

One particular isotope of cadmium, &lt;sup&gt;113&lt;/sup&gt;Cd, absorbs neutrons with very high probability if they have an energy below the ''cadmium cutoff'' and transmits them readily otherwise. The cadmium cutoff is about 0.5 eV &lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Knoll |first=G.F. |title=Radiation Detection and Measurement, 3rd edition |publisher=Wiley |date=1999 |id=ISBN 978-0-471-07338-3}} p505&lt;/ref&gt;. Neutrons with energy below the cutoff are deemed slow neutrons, distinguishing them from intermediate and fast neutrons.

[[Image:Cadmium_cutoff.png|thumb|The cadmium-113 total cross section clearly showing the cadmium cutoff.]]

== Applications ==
About three-quarters of cadmium is used in [[Battery (electricity)|batteries]] (especially [[nickel-cadmium battery|Ni-Cd]] batteries), and most of the remaining quarter is used mainly for [[Cadmium pigments|pigments]], coatings and plating, and as stabilizers for [[plastic]]s. Other uses include:
*In some of the lowest-melting [[alloy]]s
*In bearing alloys, due to a low [[coefficient of friction]] and very good fatigue resistance
*In [[electroplating]] (6% cadmium)
*In many kinds of [[solder]]
*As a barrier to control [[nuclear fission]]
*In black and white [[television]] phosphors and in the blue and green phosphors for color television picture tubes
*In paint pigments: Cadmium forms various [[salt]]s, with [[cadmium sulfide]] being the most common. This sulfide is used as a [[Cadmium pigments|yellow pigment]]. [[Cadmium selenide]] can be used as red pigment, commonly called ''cadmium red''. To painters that work with the pigment, cadmium yellows, oranges, and reds are the most potent colours to use. In fact, during production, these colours are significantly toned down before they are ground with oils and binders, or blended into watercolours, gouaches, acrylics, and other paint and pigment formulations. These pigments are toxic, and it is recommended to use a barrier cream on the hands to prevent absorption through the skin when working with them. There is no such thing as cadmium blue, green, or violet. 
*In some [[semiconductor]]s such as cadmium sulfide, cadmium selenide, and [[cadmium telluride]], which can be used for [[light]] detection or [[solar cell]]s. [[HgCdTe]] is sensitive to [[infrared]].
*In [[Polyvinyl chloride|PVC]] as stabilizers.
*In molecular biology, used to block voltage-dependent calcium channels from fluxing calcium ions.

:''See also [[:Category:Cadmium compounds]].''

== History ==
Cadmium ([[Latin]] ''cadmia'', [[Greek language|Greek]] ''καδμεία'' meaning &quot;[[calamine]]&quot;, a Cadmium-bearing mixture of minerals, which was named after the Greek mythological character, Κάδμος ([[Cadmus]])) was [[discovery of the chemical elements|discovered]] in  [[Germany]] in [[1817]] by [[Friedrich Strohmeyer]]. Strohmeyer found the new element within an impurity in [[zinc carbonate]] (calamine), and, for 100 years, Germany remained the only important producer of the metal. The metal was named after the Latin word for calamine, since the metal was found in this zinc compound. Strohmeyer noted that some impure samples of calamine changed color when heated but pure calamine did not.

Even though cadmium and its compounds are highly toxic, the [[British Pharmaceutical Codex]] from 1907 states that [[cadmium iodide]] was used as a [[medicine]] to treat &quot;enlarged joints, scrofulous glands, and chilblains&quot;.

In [[1927]], the [[Bureau International des Poids et Mesures|International Conference on Weights and Measures]] redefined the [[metre|meter]] in terms of a red cadmium spectral line (1m = 1,553,164.13 wavelengths). This definition has since been changed (see [[krypton]]).

== Occurrence ==
[[Image:CadmiumMetalUSGOV.jpg|thumb|left|Cadmium metal]]
[[Image:2005cadmium.PNG|thumb|left|Cadmium output in 2005]]
[[Image:Cadmium - world production trend.svg|thumb|World production trend]]
In 2001, China was the top producer of cadmium with almost one-sixth world share closely followed by South Korea and Japan, reports the [[British Geological Survey]].

Cadmium-containing ores are rare and, when found, occur in small quantities. [[Greenockite]] (Cd[[sulfur|S]]), the only cadmium [[mineral]] of importance, is nearly always associated with [[sphalerite]] ([[zinc|Zn]]S). As a consequence, cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct from mining, smelting, and refining [[sulfide]] ores of zinc, and, to a lesser degree, [[lead]] and [[copper]]. Small amounts of cadmium, about 10% of consumption, are produced from secondary sources, mainly from dust generated by recycling [[iron]] and [[steel]] scrap.  Production in the [[United States]] began in [[1907]], but it was not until after [[World War I]] that cadmium came into wide use.

:''See also [[:Category:Cadmium minerals]].''

==Biological role==
A role of cadmium in biology has been recently discovered. A cadmium-dependent [[carbonic anhydrase]] has been found in marine [[diatom]]s. Cadmium does the same job as zinc in other anhydrases, but the diatoms live in environments with very low zinc concentrations, thus biology has taken cadmium rather than zinc, and made it work. The discovery was made using X-ray absorption fluoresence spectroscopy (XAFS), and cadmium was characterised by noting the energy of the X-rays that were absorbed.

[[Image:HeCd laser.jpg|thumb|left|150px|Image of the violet light from a [[helium]] cadmium metal vapor [[laser]]. The highly [[monochromatic]] color arises from the 441.563 nm transition [[spectral line|line]] of cadmium.]]

==Isotopes of cadmium==
{{main|isotopes of cadmium}}
Naturally occurring cadmium is composed of 8 [[isotope]]s. For two of them, natural [[radioactivity]] was observed, and three others are predicted to be [[radioactive]] but their decays were never observed, due to extremely long [[half-life]] times. The two natural radioactive isotopes are &lt;sup&gt;113&lt;/sup&gt;Cd ([[beta decay]], [[half-life]] is 7.7 × 10&lt;sup&gt;15&lt;/sup&gt; years) and &lt;sup&gt;116&lt;/sup&gt;Cd (two-neutrino [[double beta decay]], [[half-life]] is 2.9 × 10&lt;sup&gt;19&lt;/sup&gt; years). The other three are &lt;sup&gt;106&lt;/sup&gt;Cd, &lt;sup&gt;108&lt;/sup&gt;Cd ([[double electron capture]]), and &lt;sup&gt;114&lt;/sup&gt;Cd ([[double beta decay]]); only lower limits on their [[half-life]] times have been set. At least three isotopes - &lt;sup&gt;110&lt;/sup&gt;Cd, &lt;sup&gt;111&lt;/sup&gt;Cd, and &lt;sup&gt;112&lt;/sup&gt;Cd - are absolutely stable. Among the isotopes absent in the natural cadmium, the most long-lived are &lt;sup&gt;109&lt;/sup&gt;Cd with a half-life of 462.6 days, and &lt;sup&gt;115&lt;/sup&gt;Cd with a half-life of 53.46 hours. All of the remaining [[radioactive]] isotopes have half-lives that are less than 2.5 hours, and the majority of these have half-lives that are less than 5 minutes. This element also has 8 known [[meta state]]s, with the most stable being &lt;sup&gt;113m&lt;/sup&gt;Cd (t&lt;sub&gt;½&lt;/sub&gt; 14.1 years), &lt;sup&gt;115m&lt;/sup&gt;Cd (t&lt;sub&gt;½&lt;/sub&gt; 44.6 days), and &lt;sup&gt;117m&lt;/sup&gt;Cd (t&lt;sub&gt;½&lt;/sub&gt; 3.36 hours).

The known isotopes of cadmium range in [[atomic mass]] from 94.950 [[atomic mass unit|u]] (&lt;sup&gt;95&lt;/sup&gt;Cd) to 131.946 u (&lt;sup&gt;132&lt;/sup&gt;Cd). The primary [[decay mode]] before the second-most-abundant stable isotope, &lt;sup&gt;112&lt;/sup&gt;Cd, is [[electron capture]], and the primary modes after are [[beta emission]] and [[electron capture]]. The primary [[decay product]] before &lt;sup&gt;112&lt;/sup&gt;Cd is element 47 ([[silver]]), and the primary product after is element 49 ([[indium]]).&lt;br style=&quot;clear:left;&quot;/&gt;

== Toxicity ==
{{main|Cadmium poisoning}}

Cadmium is an [[occupational hazard]] associated with industrial processes such as metal plating and the production of nickel-cadmium batteries, pigments, plastics, and other synthetics.  The primary route of exposure in industrial settings is inhalation.  Inhalation of cadmium-containing fumes can result initially in [[metal fume fever]] but may progress to chemical [[pneumonitis]], [[pulmonary edema]], and death.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ijmt.net/ijmt/4_5/4_5_41.html] Principles and Methods of Toxicology (fourth edition). A. Wallace Hayes. Taylor and Francis Publishing Inc.; Philadelphia, 2001.&lt;/ref&gt;

Cadmium is also a potential environmental hazard.  Human exposures to environmental cadmium are primarily the result of the burning of fossil fuels and municipal wastes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/cadmium.html EPA summary on cadmium]&lt;/ref&gt;  However, there have been notable instances of toxicity as the result of long-term exposure to cadmium in contaminated food and water.  In the decades following [[World War II]], Japanese mining operations contaminated the [[Jinzu River]] with cadmium and traces of other toxic metals.  As a consequence, cadmium accumulated in the rice crops growing along the riverbanks downstream of the mines.  The local agricultural communities consuming the contaminated rice developed [[Itai-itai]] disease and renal abnormalities, including [[proteinuria]] and [[glucosuria]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.springerlink.com/content/n0773057mw738u05/] Environmental cadmium exposure, adverse effects, and preventative measures in Japan. Nogowa et al. Biometals. 2004 Oct; 17(5):581-7.&lt;/ref&gt; Cadmium is one of six substances banned by the European Union's [[ROHS|Restriction on Hazardous Substances]] (RoHS) directive, which bans carcinogens in computers.

Cadmium and several cadmium-containing compounds are known [[carcinogen]]s and can induce many types of [[cancer]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/index.cfm?objectid=32BA9724-F1F6-975E-7FCE50709CB4C932 11th Report on Carcinogens] provided by the National Toxicology Program&lt;/ref&gt;

Current research has found that cadmium toxicity may be carried into the body by [[zinc]] binding proteins; in particular, proteins that contain [[zinc finger]] protein structures. Zinc and cadmium are in the same group on the periodic table, contain the same common oxidation state (+2), and when ionized are almost the same size. Due to these similarities, cadmium can replace zinc in many biological systems, in particular, systems that contain softer ligands such as sulfur. Cadmium can bind up to ten times more strongly than zinc in certain biological systems, and is notoriously difficult to remove. In addition, cadmium can replace [[magnesium]] and [[calcium]] in certain biological systems, although these replacements are rare.

Tobacco smoking is the most important single source of cadmium exposure in the general population. It has been estimated that about 10% of the cadmium content of a cigarette is inhaled through smoking. The absorption of cadmium from the lungs is much more effective than that from the gut, and as much as 50% of the cadmium inhaled via cigarette smoke may be absorbed.

On average, smokers have 4-5 times higher blood cadmium concentrations and 2-3 times higher kidney cadmium concentrations than non-smokers. Despite the high cadmium content in cigarette smoke, there seems to be little exposure to cadmium from [[passive smoking]]. No significant effect on blood cadmium concentrations could be detected in children exposed to environmental tobacco smoke.

==Precautions==
While working with cadmium, it is important to do so under a [[fume hood]] or with the use of an appropriate [[respirator]] to protect against dangerous fumes.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/cadmium/solutions.html OSHA Solutions for workplace cadmium exposure]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Solder]], for example, which may contain cadmium, should be handled with care.
--&gt;
== Rujukan ==
&lt;references/&gt;

== Pranala njaba ==
{{wiktionarypar|cadmium}}
{{Commons|Cadmium}}
{{Wikisource1911Enc|Cadmium}}
* [http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol58/mono58-2.htm IARC Monograph &quot;Cadmium and Cadmium Compounds&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051015082333/http://www-cie.iarc.fr/htdocs/monographs/vol58/mono58-2.htm |date=2005-10-15 }}
* [http://www.npi.gov.au/database/substance-info/profiles/17.html National Pollutant Inventory - Cadmium and compounds]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050824201808/http://www.webelements.com/webelements/elements/text/Cd/index.html WebElements.com – Cadmium]
* [http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/48.html Los Alamos National Laboratory – Cadmium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228191622/http://periodic.lanl.gov/elements/48.html |date=2009-02-28 }}
* [http://publicdocs.mnr.gov.on.ca/View.asp?Document_ID=10690&amp;Attachment_ID=25585] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090609233824/http://publicdocs.mnr.gov.on.ca/View.asp?Document_ID=10690&amp;Attachment_ID=25585 |date=2009-06-09 }} Warning Moose and Deer Liver
* [http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/Cadmium National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health - Cadmium Page]
{{clear}}
{{Tabel périodik unsur kimia}}

[[Kategori:Unsur kimia]]
[[Kategori:Logam transisi]]
[[Kategori:Toksikologi]]
[[Kategori:IARC Group 1 karsinogen]]
[[Kategori:Cadmium]]

&lt;!-- interwiki --&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bawang</title>
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      <text bytes="9188" sha1="5da6pwzq6exz46936h4494fpdbypuiw" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightgreen
| name = Bawang putih
| image = Garlic.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = Bawang putih
| regnum = [[Tetuwuhan|Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Tetuwuhan ngembang|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Liliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Asparagales]]
| familia = [[Alliaceae]]
| subfamilia = Allioideae
| tribus = Allieae
| genus = ''[[Allium]]''
| species = '''''A. sativum'''''
| binomial = ''Allium sativum''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}

'''Bawang''' utawa ing [[Basa Indonésia]] '''bawang putih''' (jeneng [[Latin]]: '''''Allium sativum, Linn.''''') iku jeneng [[tetuwuhan]] saka [[génus]] [[Allium]] lan jeneng umbi sing diasilké.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Umbi saka tuwuhan bawang putih minangka bahan utama kanggo bumbu dhasar masakan [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Bawang mentah sugih [[senyawa]]-[[senyawa]] [[sulfur]], kalebu dat [[kimia]] sing karan [[alliin]] sing agawé bawang [[putih]] mentah krasa [[getir]] utawa angur.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Bawang kalebu [[familia]] ''[[Liliaceae]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Tuwuhan iki uga kalebu [[tuwuhan]] usuman.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Bawang bisa ditangkaraké saka [[umbi]]né.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Pérangan [[umbi]] sing ndhuwur dipèngkès utawa dikethok, banjur ditandur kanthi dicublekaké ing [[lemah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Bawang luwih apik ora dipangan mentah amarga ngganggu asem lambung.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Bawang luwih becik dimasak dhisik kanthi digodhog, digorèng utawa dipanggang dhisik.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Kandhutan dat ==
Bawang ngandhut [[lenga atsiri]], [[aliin]], [[kalium]], [[saltivine]], lan [[diallysulfide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.warintek.ristek.go.id/pangan_keséhatan/tanaman_obat/lipi_pdii/bawangputih.htm warintek.ristek.go.id]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(diundhuh tanggal 19 April 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dasanama ==
Jeneng [[Latin]]:
'''''Allium sativum, Linn.'''''&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

Jeneng lokal:
''Garlic'' ([[Inggris]]), bawang putih ([[Indonésia]]), bawang ([[Jawa]]); bawang bodas ([[Sunda]]), bawang handak ([[Lampung]]); kasuna ([[Bali]]), lasuna pute ([[Bugis]]), bhabang pote ([[Madura]]); bawa bodudo ([[Ternate]]), Kalfeo foleu ([[Timor]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

Jeneng tlatah liyané:
* [[Sumatra]]: bawang putih ([[Melayu]]), lasun ([[Acèh]]), dasun ([[Minangkabau]]), lasuna ([[Batak]]), bacong landak ([[Lampung]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;
* [[Jawa]]: bawang bodas ([[Sunda]]), bawang ([[Jawa]]), babang pole ([[Madura]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;
* [[Kalimantan]]: bawang kasihong ([[Dayak]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;
* [[Sulawesi]]: lasuna kebo ([[Makassar]]), lasuna pote ([[Bugis]]), pia moputi ([[Gorontalo]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;
* [[Nusa Tenggara]]: Incuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;

== Klasifikasi ==
* Divisio: Spermatophyta&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;
* Sub divisio: Angiospermae&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;
* Kelas: Monocotyledonae&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;
* Bangsa: Liliales&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;
* Suku: Liliaceae&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;
* Marga: Allium&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;
* Jinis: Allium sativum&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;
* Jeneng umum: bawang putih&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;

== Khasiyat ==
Kanggo obat lelara [[hipertensi]], [[asma]], [[watuk]], masuk angin, lara sirah, lara kuning; sesek napas, busung banyu, [[ambeien]], [[sembelit]], njarem utawa abuh, [[abses]]; tatu bendha landhep, dicokot [[gegremet]], [[cacingen]], angèl turu (insomnia).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?id=130 iptek.net.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522033122/http://www.iptek.net.id/ind/pd_tanobat/view.php?id=130 |date=2010-05-22 }}(diundhuh 19 April 2011]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 22 khasiyat ===
* Saliyané bisa mbiyantu sistem kakebalan lan kinerja [[otek]], bawang putih uga duwé akèh khasiyat liyané.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Bisa njaga awak lan [[sèl]]-sèl saka prosès panuwan dhini, ngalonaké patumbuhan [[sèl]] [[kanker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Kanthi ngonsumsi bawang, bisa ngurangi risiko kéna [[kanker]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Bawang yèn dikonsumsi kanthi rutin bisa ngurangi kadhar [[kolèsterol]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Bawang nduwé dat [[anti-kolèsterol]] kang jenengé [[''ajoene'']], dat iki bisa nyegah panggumpelan getih.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Bawang bisa mbiyantu ngurangi strèss lan dhèprèsi.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Bawang ngandhut [[vitamin]] [[A]] lan duwé èfèk luwih lembut.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Bawang ngandhut [[vitamin]] [[B]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Bawang ngandhut [[vitamin]] [[C]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Bawang ngandhut [[kalsium]] &lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Bawang ngandhut [[potasium]] &lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Bawang ngandhut [[antioksidan]], [[karotèn]] lan [[selenium]] &lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Mangan bawang [[2]]-[[3]] [[siyung]] saben dinané, bisa nyegah [[lelara]] [[jantung]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Kanggo tamba utawa obat lelara getih dhuwur [[hipertènsi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Njaga lan ngènthèngaké kinerja [[tukak]] [[lambung]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Ngedhunaké [[kolèsterol]] getih.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Bawang bisa ngundhakaké insulin getih kanggo wong kang duwé lelara dhiabètès.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Nglumpuhaké radhikal bébas kang ngganggu sistem kakebalan awak.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Bawang uga kena kanggo panawar [[racun]] ([[detoxifier]]) kang bisa njaga awak saka warna-warna [[lelara]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Bawang yèn dipangan mentah bisa ngundhakaké nepsu mangan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Njaga [[stamina]] awak.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
* Ngandhut khasiyat [[antimikroba]], [[antitrombotik]], [[hipolipidemik]], [[antiarthritis]], [[hipoglikemik]], lan uga duwé aktivitas [[antitumor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;&gt;[http://www.kabarinews.com/article/Berita_Amerika/Amerika_Tips/22_KHASIAT_BAWANG_PUTIH/2344 kabarinews.com](diundhuh tanggal 19 April 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Paédah ==
Bawang putih kanggo [[bumbu pawon|bumbu]] sing digunakaké tumrap mèh saben panganan lan masakan [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Sadurungé dianggo [[bumbu]], bawang dijur kanthi dipenet nganggo lading ([[dikeprèk]]) sadurungé dirajang alus lan ditumis ing [[wajan]] nganggo [[lenga]] [[gorèng]] sethithik.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Bawang bisa uga dialuské kanthi diuleg bebarengan karo bumbu-bumbu liyané.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Bawang kena diwuwurna ing [[mi]] utawa [[soto]] lan masakaan liyané.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Bawang kang diwuwurna ing masakan yaiku bawang kang digorèng.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Saliyané kanggo bumbu masakan, bawang bisa nyegah lelara [[jantung]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Bawang ngandhut [[lenga]] [[atsiri]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;&gt;[http://www.nyonyameneer.com/ nyonyameneer.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110404161711/http://www.nyonyameneer.com/ |date=2011-04-04 }}(diundhuh tanggal 19 April 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Saliyané iku bawang uga duwé sipat [[antibakteri]] lan antisèptik.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Bawang duwé khasiat minangka [[antibiotik]] alami.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Dat [[allicin]] lan [[aliin]] kalebu [[dat]] kang nduwé daya anti [[kolèsterol]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Dat iki uga bisa nyegah lelara [[jantung]] [[koronèr]], tekanan getih dhuwur utawa [[hipertènsi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;&gt;[http://www.kamusilmiah.com/keséhatan/kandungan-dan-khasiat-bawang-putih/ kamusilmiah.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119003204/http://www.kamusilmiah.com/kes%C3%A9hatan/kandungan-dan-khasiat-bawang-putih/ |date=2019-11-19 }}(diundhuh tanggal 19 April 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asil olahan ==
Bawang bisa diolah dadi bawang [[gorèng]] lan [[bumbu]] [[instan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt; Sadurungé diolah, bawang luwih dhisik digaringna.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;
Bawang kang garing, kadhar banyuné sithik, saéngga luwih krasa gurih yèn diolah.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt; Saliyané iku, asil olahané uga luwih kemriyuk.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;
Saiki ana piranti kanggo nggaringaké bawang, saliyané kanggo nggaringaké bawang, piranti iki uga kena kanggo nggaringaké brambang.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt;
Piranti iki kanggo nggaringaké bawang kanthi kapasitas [[5]]-[[6]] [[kuintal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt; Saben prosès penggaringan mbutuhaké wektu kurang luwih [[15]] [[jam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;/&gt; Déné suhu kang kanggo nggaringaké yaiku 42-45 drajat Celcius.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet6&quot;&gt;[http://balitbangjatim.com/d_penelitian3.asp?ID=1143 balitbangjatim.com]{{Pranala mati|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(diundhuh tanggal 19 Mèi 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Gladri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;

Gambar:Bawang Goreng.jpg|bawang gorèng
Gambar:Daun Bawang.jpg|godhong bawang
Gambar:Bawang Putih.jpg|bawang
Gambar:Bawang Bombay Putih.jpg|bawang bombay putih
Gambar:Indonésian spices.jpg|bumbu
Gambar:Fried shallots bawang goreng.JPG|bawang gorèng
Gambar:Bawang goreng.JPG|bawang gorèng énak

&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Chatetan sikil ==
{{reflist}}

== Deleng uga ==
* [[Brambang]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081225075550/http://rumahkanker.com/ bawang putih minangka obat kanker]

{{bumbon crakèn}}

[[Kategori:Bumbon crakèn]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Giurtelecu Şimleului</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3177" sha1="ioielakuvopjjfr568u7hnq5js3y73x" xml:space="preserve">{| {{prettytable}} align=&quot;right&quot; width=&quot;300&quot;
|+ &lt;big&gt;'''Giurtelecu Şimleului'''&lt;/big&gt;
|- 
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 1px solid gray;&quot; | [[Gambar:Location of Giurtelecu Şimleului within Romania.jpg|280px]]
|- 
| '''Wilayah'''&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Total:&lt;br /&gt;
| &lt;br /&gt;20&amp;nbsp;km²
|- 
| '''[[Sing ndunungi]]'''&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Total (2004):&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;- Kapadhetan: 
| &lt;br /&gt;1.055&lt;br /&gt;53/km² 
|- 
|}
[[File:Giurtelecu Simleului in Europe.jpg|thumb|200px]] 
[[File:Simleu Silvaniei, Salaj Location.png|thumb|200px]] 
[[File:Census 1715 in Giurtelecu Simleului 1.jpg|thumb|200px]]

'''Giurtelecu Şimleului''', [[Rumania]], [[Éropah]].

== Dhémografi == 
{| class=&quot;wikitable collapsible&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;line-height:120%;&quot;
! colspan= &quot;15&quot; style=&quot;background: #6688AA; color: white; font-size: 1.2em;&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;float:left; width:6em;&quot;&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;/div&gt; Perkembangan demografi Giurtelecu Şimleului  
|-
! style=&quot;background: #446688; color: #FFFFFF&quot; ! |Gads 
! style=&quot;background: #446688; color: #FFFFFF&quot; ! |Iedzīvotāji 
|- 
| 2002
| 1,055
|- 
| 1992
| 1,149
|- 
| 1920
| 1,395
|- 
| 1910
| 1,322
|- 
| 1900
| 1,216
|- 
| 1890
| 1,059
|- 
| 1880
| 996
|- 
| 1869
| 1,190
|- 
| 1847
| 684
|- 
| 1750
| 231 
|- 
| 1720
| 90
|- 
| 1715
| 72
|}

== Pranala njaba == 
* http://www.donau-archaeologie.de/doku.php/kataloge/grabkatalog/g/giurtelec {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151213160859/http://www.donau-archaeologie.de/doku.php/kataloge/grabkatalog/g/giurtelec |date=2015-12-13 }}
* http://www.mek.oszk.hu/04700/04750/html/293.html
* http://sebok1.adatbank.transindex.ro/legbelso.php3?nev=Szilagy {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090122042840/http://sebok1.adatbank.transindex.ro/legbelso.php3?nev=Szilagy |date=2009-01-22 }} 
* http://ro.wikisource.org/wiki/Legea_nr._2/1968,_republicat%C4%83_%C3%AEn_1981/Anexa_1_-_Jude%C5%A3ul_S%C4%83laj
* http://harta.infoturism.ro/romania/Salaj/harta_Salaj.php 
* http://www.photomagazine.ro/galeriefoto/pic_detail.php?image=7228&amp;categ=9 {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 
* http://www.cimec.ro/scripts/Monumente/Culte/detaliu.asp?k=31123-1 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303210451/http://www.cimec.ro/scripts/Monumente/Culte/detaliu.asp?k=31123-1 |date=2016-03-03 }}
* http://www.cjsj.ro/localitati/giurtelecusimleului.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818170551/http://www.cjsj.ro/localitati/giurtelecusimleului.html |date=2007-08-18 }} 
* http://www.simleusilvaniei.ro/prezentare_personalitati_15.php 
* http://www.hiszi-map.hu/catalog/displayimage.php?pid=2337&amp;fullsize=1
* http://www.revistatransilvania.ro/arhiva/2008/pdf/numarul2/art06.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110819095416/http://www.revistatransilvania.ro/arhiva/2008/pdf/numarul2/art06.pdf |date=2011-08-19 }} 
* http://www.magazinsalajean.ro/index.php?cmd=article&amp;artid=1925 
* http://www.arhivelenationale.ro/images/custom/image/Pdf-uri/DJAN-uri/DJAN_Salaj_fonduri_si_colectii_date_in_cercetare.pdf

{{wikivoyage|Giurtelecu Şimleului}} 
{{sisterlinks|Giurtelecu Şimleului}}

[[Kategori:Rumania]]


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  <page>
    <title>Joseph Priestley</title>
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      <text bytes="3004" sha1="qb4u4ha5a5owhmhohhml4wslekyn0s7" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Priestley.jpg|thumb|200px|Joseph Priestley]]
'''Joseph Priestley''' ([[13 Maret]] [[1733]]-[[6 Fèbruari]] [[1804]]) iku [[filosofi|filsuf]] lan ahli [[kimia]] kabangsan [[Inggris]]. Lair ing sawijining tlatah cedhak [[Leeds]], Inggris ing tanggal 13 Maret 1733, Priestley sakbeneré ora naté sinau sains kanthi formal. Nanging, Priestley minangka wong sing tansah gigih sajeroning sinau. Sikapé sing tolèran lan liberal dadi salah siji modhal kasuksèsané. Modhal iku kalebu cara mikiré sing tansah péngin weruh lan ora naté marem tumrap sawijiing karya. Bab iki kabukti saka taun-taun kauripané sing ora naté sepi saka prèstasi, kalebu sawatara tulisan sing diasilaké saka cabang ngèlmu sing béda-béda.

Ing yuswa usia 28 taun, Priestley sing wektu semana kapilut babagan basa, ngasilaké tulisan sing udhulé ''The Rudiments of English Grammar'' (Dasar-dhasar Tatabasa Inggris). Tulisan mau minangka wedharan Priestley ngenani tata basa Inggris, kaya sing disinaoni dina iki.

== Pranala njaba ==
{{commons|Category:Joseph Priestley|Joseph Priestley}}

* [[List of works by Joseph Priestley#External links to full-text works online|List of Priestley's works available online]]
* [http://www.priestleysociety.net/ The Joseph Priestley Society]
* [http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bhsm/toh/priestley/priestleyhouse.asp?secid=14 Joseph Priestley House in PA] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512192342/http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/bhsm/toh/priestley/priestleyhouse.asp?secid=14 |date=2008-05-12 }}
* [http://www.josephpriestley.com/index.html Joseph Priestley Online]: Comprehensive site with bibliography, links to related sites, images, information on manuscript collections, and other helpful information.
* [http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/history/inourtime/inourtime_20071115.shtml Radio 4 program on the discovery of oxygen] by the [[BBC]]

=== Biografi cekak ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111002141806/https://portal.acs.org/portal/acs/corg/memberapp?_nfpb=true&amp;_pageLabel=PP_ARTICLEMAIN&amp;node_id=925&amp;content_id=CTP_004441&amp;use_sec=true&amp;sec_url_var=region1 &quot;Joseph Priestley: Discoverer of Oxygen&quot;] at the [[American Chemical Society]]
* [http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistry/institutes/1992/Priestley.html Joseph Priestley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070228055714/http://www.woodrow.org/teachers/chemistry/institutes/1992/Priestley.html |date=2007-02-28 }} at the [[Woodrow Wilson National Fellowship Foundation]]
* [http://www.spaceship-earth.de/Biograph/Priestley.htm Joseph Priestley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302094050/http://spaceship-earth.de/Biograph/Priestley.htm |date=2009-03-02 }} from the ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''
* [http://www.chemheritage.org/classroom/chemach/forerunners/priestley.html Joseph Priestley] at the [[Chemical Heritage Foundation]]

{{authority control}}
[[Kategori:Lair 1733|Priestley]]
[[Kategori:Pati 1804|Priestley]]
[[Kategori:Kimiawan Inggris|Priestley]]


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  <page>
    <title>Gréja Katulik</title>
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      <text bytes="18791" sha1="2p1g6z1gsshwgdw2f3yy2ctffpd1czr" xml:space="preserve">{{Greja Katulik}}
'''Gréja Katulik''', ingkang ugi sinebat '''Gréja Katulik Roma''',{{#tag:ref|Nami &quot;Gréja Katulik&quot; ngandhut kerancuan, amargi Gréja punika boten namung satunggal-satunggalipun lembaga ingkang mratélakaken dhiri minangka [[Katulik]]. Gréja punika sinebat lan nyebat piyambak kanthi sawatawis nama, miturut kondhisi ing saubengipun. Tembung Yunani καθολικός (katholikos), asal saking tembung &quot;Katulik&quot;, tegesipun &quot;universal&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title =Concise Oxford English Dictionary | publisher =Oxford University Press | date =2005 | url =http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/catholic?view=uk | format =online version | accessdate =10 April 2009 | archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20071030174857/http://www.askoxford.com/concise_oed/catholic?view=uk | archive-date =30 October 2007 | url-status =dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tembung punika ingkang kaping sepindhahan dipunagem kanggé nyebat Gréja Kristen ing wiwitan abad kaping 2.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last =Marthaler| first = Berard| title =The Creed | publisher =Twenty-Third Publications| year =1993| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=TY3-aZIo9HEC&amp;pg=PA303&amp;dq=catholic+Ignatius+of+Antioch&amp;lr=#PPA303,M1| df=dmy|access-date=9 Mèi 2008}} kaca. 303&lt;/ref&gt; Pasca [[Skisma Wétan-Kilèn|Skisma Akbar]], Gréja Kilèn ngagem nama &quot;Katulik&quot;, sauntawis Gréja Wétan nganggé nama &quot;Ortodoks&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;McBrien&quot;/&gt; Pasca [[Reformasi Protèstan|Reformasi]] ing abad kaping 16, Gréja ingkang dumunung wonten ing salebeting pasekuton kaliyan Biskop Roma nganggé sebatan &quot;Katulik&quot; kanggé mbèntenaken saking manéka Gréja Protèstan.&lt;ref name=&quot;McBrien&quot;&gt;McBrien, Richard (2008). ''The Church''. Harper Collins. kaca. xvii. Vèrsi online cumawis ing [http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213 mriki] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827023130/http://browseinside.harpercollins.com/index.aspx?isbn13=9780061245213 |date=2009-08-27 }}. Pethikan: ''Pangginaan adjektiva &quot;Katulik&quot; minangka tambahan ing tembung &quot;Gréja&quot; mawi sipat divisif namung sasampunipun Skisma Wétan-Kilèn... lan Réformasi Protèstan... Ing salebeting kasus sepindhahan, Gréja Kilèn mawi nama Gréja Katulik, déné pihak Wétan migunakaken nama Gréja Ortodoks ingkang Suci. Ing kasus kaping kalih, pihak ingkang dumunung ing pasekuton kaliyan Biskop Roma ''mempertahankan'' adjektiva &quot;Katulik&quot;, déné gréja-gréja ingkang mutusaken sesambetan kaliyan Kepausan dipunsebat Protèstan.''&lt;/ref&gt; Nami &quot;Gréja Katulik&quot;, sanès &quot;Gréja Katulik Roma&quot;, punika nama ingkang biyasa dipun-ginakaken Gréja punika wonten salebeting dhokumèn-dhokumènipun. Nami punika dipun-ginakaken ing judhul saking ''[[Katekismus Gréja Katulik]].''&lt;ref&gt;Libreria Editrice Vaticana (2003). [http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/_INDEX.HTM &quot;Katekismus Gréja Katulik.&quot;] Dipunaksès ing: 2009-05-01.&lt;/ref&gt; Nami punika ugi ingkang dipun-ginakaken déning Paus Paulus VI nalika napakastani dhokumèn-dhokumèn Konsili Vatikan Kaping kalih.&lt;ref&gt;Vatikan. [http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/ Dhokumèn-dhokumèn Konsili Vatikan II]. Diakses ing: 2009-05-04. Pènget: Tapak asta Paus katingal ing vèrsi Latin.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Declaration on Christian Formation'', dipunterbitaken déning Konferensi Waligréja Amérikah Sarékat, Washington DC 1965, kaca 13&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Whitehead, Kenneth (1996). &quot;[http://www.ewtn.com/faith/teachings/churb3.htm. &quot;How Did the Catholic Church Get Her Name?&quot;] Eternal Word Television Network. Dipunaksès ing 9 Mèi 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; Mligi ing nagara-nagara mawi penutur Basa Inggris, Gréja punika biyasa dipunsebat Gréja Katulik &quot;Roma&quot;; ing kesempatan-kesempatan tinamtu Gréja punika ugi nyebat dhiri piyambak nganggé sebatan wau.&lt;ref&gt;Conto: [http://www.vatican.edu/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/angl-comm-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19770429_paul-vi-coggan_en.html 1977 Pasetujon kaliyan Uskup Agung Donald Coggan saking Canterbury] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720110327/http://www.vatican.edu/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/angl-comm-docs/rc_pc_chrstuni_doc_19770429_paul-vi-coggan_en.html |date=2011-07-20 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing sawatawis wekdal, sebatan punika saged mbèntenaken Gréja punika kaliyan gréja-gréja sanès ingkang ugi nyatakaken dhiri minangka Katulik. Istilah punika dipun-ginakaken ing judhul dhokumèn-dhokumèn ingkang magepokan kaliyan sesambetan-sesambetan ekumenis. Sinaosa makaten, nama &quot;Gréja Katulik Roma&quot; boten dipunsenengi déning kathah umat Katulik ingkang nganggep minangka satunggiling labèl ingkang dipunsemataken déning pihak sanès ingkang gadhah makna manawi Gréjanipun namung salah satunggal saking sawatawis gréja katulik, lan gadhah makna manawi kasetyan dhumateng Sri Paus andadosaken karaos boten layak dipunpitados.&lt;ref&gt;Walsh, Michael (2005). ''Roman Catholicism''. Routledge. kaca. 19. Vèrsi online sumadiya ing [http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=a3u1xyovVx0C&amp;pg=PA19&amp;vq=properly&amp;source=gbs_search_r&amp;cad=1_1#PPA19,M1 sini]&lt;/ref&gt; Ing gréja punika, nama &quot;Gréja Roma&quot;, ing makna ingkang paling alit, tegesipun [[Kauskupan]] Roma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last =Beal| first = John| title =New Commentary on the Code of Canon Law| publisher =Paulist Press| year =2002| url = http://books.google.com/books?id=X5rcnhLnRYMC&amp;pg=PA464&amp;dq=%22roman+church%22+%22holy+see%22&amp;lr=&amp;as_brr=3&amp;as_pt=ALLTYPES#PPA468,M1| df=dmy|access-date=13 Mèi 2008}} kaca. 468&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The ''New Catholic Encyclopedia'' mratélakaken: &quot;Wnten satunggal aspèk ingkang langkung tebih prekawis istilah Katulik Roma ingkang perlu dipunfahami. Gréja Roma saged dipun-ginakaken kanggé nyebat, sanès Gréja universal ingkang gadhah satunggiling primat inggih punika Biskop Roma, nanging kanggé nyebat Gréja lokal ing Roma, ingkang gadhah kaistiméwaan amargi uskupipun ugi njabat minangka primat kanggé sadaya Gréja.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;|group=note}} punika [[Gréja]] [[Agama Kristen|Kristen]] paling ageng ing donya, lan gadhah 1,4 milyar anggota, inggih punika kinten-kinten setengah saking sedanten umat Kristiani{{#tag:ref|Buku taunan kepausan 2007 mratélakaken manawi wonten 1,115 milyar umat Katulik ing donya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zenit&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title =Number of Catholics and Priests Rises| publisher =Zenit News Agency| date =12 Fèbruari 2007| url =http://www.zenit.org/article-18894?l=english |df=dmy|accessdate=21 Fèbruari 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Data CIA ugi mbabaraken kintenan ingkang sami.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title =CIA World Factbook| publisher =United States Government Central Intelligence Agency| year =2009| url =https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html| df =dmy| accessdate =6 Juli 2009| archive-date =2018-12-24| archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211306/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2122.html| url-status =dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{br}} Mbandhingaken cacahing kaanggotaan Gréja Katulik kaliyan statistik-statistik ingkang cumawis bab gréja-gréja Kristen sanèsipun nuwuhaken kangèlan-kangèlan metodologis amargi boten wonten dhéfinisi ingkang sami bab kaanggotaan kanggé sedanten dhénominasi Kristen. Wonten satunggal rentang estimasi ingkang nyebataken manawi warga Gréja Katulik minangka 50% &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Major Branches of Religions Ranked by Number of Adherents |url=http://www.adherents.com/adh_branches.html#Christianity |accessdate=2009-07-05 |publisher=adherents.com |archive-date=2019-01-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190106014508/http://www.adherents.com/adh_branches.html#Christianity |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; saking gunggung umat Kristiani ing donya.|group=note}} lan sepraenem saking [[populasi donya]]. Gréja Katulik punika satunggal [[komuni]] (pasekuton) saking Ritus Kilèn ([[Ritus Latin]]) lan 22&amp;nbsp;[[Ritus Wétan|Gréja Katulik Wétan]] (dipunsebat [[Gréja Partikular#Gréja-Gréja utawi Ritus-Ritus otonom|gréja-gréja partikular]]), ingkang mbentuk 2.795&amp;nbsp;[[kauskupan]] ing 2008.

Otoritas kadonyan paling inggil Gréja punika wonten ing babagan iman, moral lan pamaréntahanipun inggih punika [[Paus|Sri Paus]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Schreck158&quot;&gt;Schreck, kaca. 158–159.&lt;/ref&gt; wekdal punika [[Paus Benediktus XVI]], ingkang nyepeng otoritas paling inggil sesarengan kaliyan [[Dewan Biskop]], ingkang dipunketuani piyambak.&lt;ref name=&quot;LumenG3&quot;&gt;{{cite web| last = Paulus VI| first = Paus| title =Lumen Gentium bab 3, pérangan 22| publisher =Vatikan| year =1964| url =http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html| df=dmy|accessdate=9 Maret 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hukum Kanon, kanon [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P15.HTM 331] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903033401/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P15.HTM |date=2015-09-03 }} lan [http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P16.HTM 336] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421202849/http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P16.HTM |date=2023-04-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://books.google.com/books?id=u9VOAzAZM8YC&amp;pg=PA57&amp;lpg=PA57&amp;dq=%22College+of+bishops%22+%22supreme+and+full+power%22+Catholic&amp;source=web&amp;ots=cUI3uA9sC3&amp;sig=ubR7qJv7f78tD_t9EoUO3jJAbAE&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;resnum=3&amp;ct=result Teaching with Authority, déning Richard R. Gaillardetz, kaca. 57]&lt;/ref&gt; Komunitas Katulik dumados saking panglados-umat katahbis (rohaniwan) lan umat [[awam]]; rohaniwan utawi umat awam saged ugi dados anggota saking [[Ordo kaagamaan Katulik|komunitas-komunitas religius]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Schreck153&quot;&gt;Schreck, kaca. 153.&lt;/ref&gt;

Gréja punika ndefinisèkaken manawi misinipun inggih punika martakaken Injil [[Yesus Kristus]], ngladosi [[Sakramèn (Katulik)|sakramèn-sakramèn]] lan ngayahi karya amal.&lt;ref name=&quot;OneFaith50&quot;&gt;Barry, kaca. 50–51.&lt;/ref&gt; Gréja punika nglampahi program-program lan lembaga-lembaga sosial ing donya, kalebet ugi [[sekolah Katulik|sekolah-sekolah]], universitas-universitas, griya-griya sakit, misi-misi lan perumahan, sarta organisasi-organisasi kados [[Catholic Relief Services]], [[Caritas|Caritas Internasionalis]] lan [[Catholic Charities]] ingkang mbiyantu kaum papa, kulawargi-kulawargi, tiyang-tiyang jompo, lan tiyang-tiyang sakit.&lt;ref name=&quot;OneFaith98&quot;&gt;Barry, kaca. 98–99.&lt;/ref&gt;

Langkung [[Suksesi Apostolik|suksesi apostolik]], Gréja punika pitados bilih dhirinipun minangka kalajengan saking komunitas Kristiani ingkang dipunadegaken déning Yesus kaliyan nahbisaken [[Santo Petrus]], satunggal pandhangan ingkang ugi dipunanut déning kathah sajarawan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeographic281&quot;&gt;Wilken, hal. 281, kutipan: &quot;Sawetawis (Komunitas Kristiani) dipunadegaken déning Petrus, murid ingkang dipuntetepaken Yesus minangka pendhiri Gréja kagunganipun.... Kados makaten kadhudhukan kasebat kalembagakaken, para sajarawan ninjo malih lan ngakeni Petrus minangka paus sepindhahan Gréja Kristen ing Roma&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Gréja punika netepaken dhoktrin-dhoktrinipun liwat manéka [[konsili Ekumenis|konsili ekumenis]], nulad para rasul sepindhahan ing [[Konsili Yerusalem]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Schreck152&quot;&gt;Schreck, kaca. 152.&lt;/ref&gt; Kanthi dhasar janji-janji Yesus dhumateng rasul-rasulipun ingkang kasebat wonten ing [[Injil]], Gréja punika pitados manawi dipuntuntun déning [[Hyang Roh Suci]] lan amargi saking punika kalindhungi saking kasalahan dhoktrin.&lt;ref name=&quot;OneFaith43&quot;&gt;Barry, kaca. 37, kaca. 43–44.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Matthew&quot;&gt;(Mat. 16:18–19)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;(Yoh. 16:12–13)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kayakinan-kayakinan Katulik dipundhasaraken dhumateng [[Tradhisi Suci|deposit iman]] (nyakup [[Alkitab|Kitab Suci]] lan [[Tradhisi Suci]]) ingkang dipunwarisi saking jaman [[Kalihwelas Rasul|Rasul-Rasul]], lan ingkang dipuninterpretasi déning [[Magisterium|Otoritas Pangajaran]] Gréja. Keyakinan-keyakinan kasebat karangkum wonten ing [[Pangakenan Iman Nicea|Kredo Nicea]], lan kanthi resmi dipunrinci wonten ''[[Katekismus Gréja Katulik]]''. Peribadatan Katulik ingkang formal, ingkang dipunsebat [[liturgi]], dipunatur déning otoritas Gréja. [[Ekaristi]], salah satunggal saking pitung [[sakramèn]] Gréja lan pérangan wigatos saking saben [[Misa]] Katulik utawi [[Liturgi Suci]] Katulik Wétan, punika pusat saking peribadatan Katulik.

Kanthi sajarah ingkang kalih èwu taun, Gréja punika minangka salah satunggal lembaga paling sepuh ing donya&lt;ref name=&quot;O'CollinsPref&quot;&gt;O'Collins, hal. v (pengantar).&lt;/ref&gt; lan gadhah peran wigatos ing salebeting [[sajarah peradaban Kilèn]] sabotenipun wiwit abad kaping 4.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ordandis&quot;&gt;Ordandis, pengantar&lt;/ref&gt; Ing abad kaping 11, satunggal perpecahan ageng, ingkang sok dipunsebat [[Skisma Wétan-Kilèn|Skisma Akbar]], dumadi antawisipun Kristianitas Wétan lan Kilèn ingkang mliginipun dipunakibataken awit padudon babagan [[Primasi Pontif Romawi|primasi kepausan]]. Gréja-Gréja Wétan ingkang tetep lan ingkang tembé wingking manunggal kaliyan Biskop Roma, Sri Paus, mbentuk [[Ritus Wétan|Gréja-Gréja Katulik Wétan]], lan Gréja-Gréja ingkang tetep wonten ing njawi otoritas kepausan limrahipun dipunsebat minangka Gréja-Gréja [[Gréja Ortodoks Wétan|Ortodoks Wétan]]. Ing abad kaping 16, ugi minangka tanggepan dhumateng tuwuhipun [[Reformasi Protèstan]] ing Éropah Kilèn, Gréja punika nyelenggarakaken prosès reformasi lan renovasi internal, ingkang dipuntepangi minangka [[Kontra-Reformasi]].

Senaos Gréja punika mratélakaken minangka &quot;[[Papat Ciri Gréja|Gréja ingkang satunggal, suci, katulik, lan apostolik]],&quot; dipunadegaken déning [[Yesus Kristus]], panggénan tiyang saged manggih kapenuhan sarana kaslametan,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last = Konsili Vatikan| first = Kedua| title =Lumen Gentium paragraf 14| publisher =Vatikan| year =1964| url =http://www.vatican.va/archive/hist_councils/ii_vatican_council/documents/vat-ii_const_19641121_lumen-gentium_en.html| df=dmy|access-date=17 Dhésèmber 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last =Paragraf nomer 846| title =Katekismus Gréja Katulik| publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG0015/__P29.HTM| df=dmy|accessdate=27 Dhésèmber 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gréja punika inggih ngakeni manawi Hyang Roh Suci saged migunakaken komunitas-komunitas Kristiani sanèsipun kanggé mbekta tiyang tumuju [[kaslametan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| last =Paragraf nomer 819| title =Katekismus Gréja Katulik| publisher = Libreria Editrice Vaticana| year = 1994| url = http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/p123a9p3.htm| df=dmy|accessdate=16 Mèi 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft110&quot;/&gt; Gréja punika pitados manawi panjenenganipun dipuntimbali déning Hyang Roh Suci kanggé ngupadosaken kamanunggalan umat Kristiani, satunggal obahan ingkang dipuntepangi minangka [[ekumenisme]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kreeft110&quot;&gt;Kreeft, hal. 110–112.&lt;/ref&gt; Tantangan-tantangan modhèren ingkang dipunadhepi Gréja punika nyakup bangkitipun [[sekularisme]] lan panentangan dhumateng sikap bab [[aborsi]], [[euthanasia]], [[kontrasepsi]], lan [[moralitas sèksual]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| last =Shorto| first =Russel| title =Keeping the Faith| work =The New York Times| date=8 April 2007| url =http://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/08/magazine/08pope.t.html| df=dmy|accessdate=29 Maret 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
&lt;div class=&quot;reflist4&quot; style=&quot;height: 220px; overflow: auto; padding: 3px&quot; &gt;
{{reflist|2}}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;references group=&quot;note&quot;/&gt;

== Pratélan pustaka ==
* {{cite web |title=Catechism of the Catholic Church |url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/catechism/ccc_toc.htm |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |year=1993}}
* {{cite web |title=Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church |url=http://www.vatican.va/archive/compendium_ccc/documents/archive_2005_compendium-ccc_en.html |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |year=2005}}
* {{cite web |title=Annuarium Statisticum Ecclesiae (Annual Church Statistics) |url=http://www.ewtn.com/library/CHISTORY/annu2004.HTM |date=July 2004 |publisher=EWTN |accessdate=2006-09-14}}
* {{cite book |title=History of Christendom |last=Carroll |first=Warren |date=October 2004 |publisher=Christendom Press |id=ISBN 0-931888-21-2}} 4 Volumes.
* {{cite book |title=[[Annuario Pontificio]] |year=2006 |id=ISBN 88-209-7806-7 |publisher=Libreria Editrice Vaticana |author=Central Statistics Office}}
* {{cite book |title=Triumph: The Power and the Glory of the Catholic Church: A 2,000-Year History |last=Crocker, III |first=H. W. |date=November 2001 |publisher=Prima Lifestyles |id=ISBN 0-7615-2924-1}}
* {{cite web |title=Catholic Encyclopedia |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/index.html |date=April 1913 |publisher=Encyclopedia Press |author=Herbermann, Charles G. et al.}}
* {{cite book |title=A History of the Church: The World in Which the Church Was Founded |url=https://archive.org/details/bwb_P9-APT-187 |last=Hughes |first=Philip |year=1947 |publisher=Sheed &amp; Ward |id=ISBN 0-7220-7981-8}}
* {{cite book |title=The Roman Catholic Church: A Divine Institution or a Human Invention? |last=Miller |first=Adam S. |year=1997, 2006 |publisher=Tower of David Publications}}
* {{cite book |title=How the Catholic Church Built Western Civilization |last=Woods, Jr. |first=Thomas |date=May 2005 |publisher=Regnery Publishing |id=ISBN 0-89526-038-7}}

== Pranala njawi ==
* [http://www.vatican.va/ Vatican: the Holy See] situs web resmi Vatikan
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/ Catholic Hierarchy] Informasi mengenai para biskop Katulik lan keuskupan-keuskupan
* [http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/cardinals.htm The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090703095216/http://www.fiu.edu/~mirandas/cardinals.htm |date=2009-07-03 }} Informasi mengenai para Kardinal Gréja Katulik
* [http://www.earthhealing.info/catholicstats.pdf Global Catholic Statistics: 1905 and Today] déning Albert J. Fritsch, SJ, PhD
* [http://www.catholic.com Catholic Answers] Salah satunggal saking apostolat-apostolat apologetika lan evangelisasi Katulik terbesar ingkang dikelola déning umat awam
* [http://www.maryfoundation.com Mary Foundation] CD gratis berisi ringkasan ajaran Gréja Katulik mengenai Misa, Maria, dst.
* [http://www.americancatholic.org/UpdateYourFaith American Catholic] Pertanyaan-pertanyaan Gréja Katulik-FAQ mengenai Katolisisme
* [http://www.catecheticsonline.com/wiki/index.php?title=Main_Page Catholic Wiki]-Satunggal situs orthodox wiki ingkang dibaktikan bagi pengumpudan limpahan informasi mengenai Gréja Katulik
* [http://www.masstimes.org/ MassTimes]-Satunggal database komprehensif saking sedanten Gréja lan Misa Katulik ing sedanten donya
* [http://www.parishesonline.org/ ParishesOnline] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428225338/http://www.parishesonline.org/ |date=2015-04-28 }}-U.S. directory of the Catholic Church.

{{featured article}}

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    <title>Kabupatèn Tambrauw</title>
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| jeneng	= Kabupatèn Tambrauw
| angka BPS     = 
| provinsi	= [[Papua Kulon]]
| ibuKutha= [[Fef, Tambrauw|Fef]]
| jembar	= 5.179,65 km²
| padunung	= 29.119 (2007)
| kacamatan=6 dhistrik
| cacah dati4	=-
| kodearea=-
| motto=-
| lambang= [[File:Lambang Kabupaten Tambrauw, Papua Barat.png|100px|Lambang_Kabupaten_Tambrauw,_Papua_Barat]]
| peta= [[File:92.09.00 PapuaBarat Tambrauw.svg|200px|92.09.00_PapuaBarat_Tambrauw]]
| koordinat=-
| dau=-
| dhasar ukum=UURI Tahun 2008 Nomor 56
| tanggal=26 November 2008
| kapadhetan    = 5,6
| kepala laladan=Bupati
| nama kepala laladan=Menase Paa (Pjs.)
| web=
}}

'''Kabupatèn Tambrauw''' yaiku salah satu Kabupatèn di Provinsi [[Papua Kulon]], [[Indonésia]]. Pusat papréntahan berada di [[Fef, Tambrauw|Fef]].

Dhasar ukum pambentukan Kabupatèn iki yaiku Undhang-Undhang Républik Indonésia Taun 2008 Nomor 56. Kabupatèn iki diresmèkaké déning [[Mantri Dalam Negeri Indonésia]], [[Mardiyanto]], ing tanggal [[29 Oktober]] [[2008]]. Penunjukan punggawa bupati sauntara ing tanggal 15 April 2009 ing Jakarta, kanthi nunjuk Menase Paa minangka punggawaé.&lt;ref&gt;Nina Susilo. [http://regional.kompas.com/read/xml/2009/04/15/1058186/mendagri.resmikan.dua.Kabupatèn.baru.di.papua.Kulon] {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Kompas Daring. Edisi 15-04-2009.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pratélan Distrik ==
Miturut Undhang-undhang mau ing dhuwur Kabupatèn Tambrauw diwangun saka sapérangan tilas wewengkon [[Kabupatèn Sorong]], yaiku:

# [[Abun, Tambrauw|Abun]]
# [[Fef, Tambrauw|Fef]]
# [[Kwoor, Tambrauw|Kwoor]]
# [[Miyah, Tambrauw|Miyah]]
# [[Sausapor, Tambrauw|Sausapor]]
# [[Yembun, Tambrauw|Yembun]]

Sabanjuré ana putusan [[Mahkamah Konstitusi Indonésia]] nomer: 127/PUU-VII/2009 ngenani pangujian Undhang-undhang Nomer: 56 Taun 2008 ngenani Pambentukan Kabupatèn Tambrauw ing [[Papua Kulon|Provinsi Papua Kulon]], sing ngukuhaké panambahan sawatara dhistrik asal saka [[Kabupatèn Manokwari]]  lan [[Kabupatèn Sorong]], saéngga dhistrik ing Kabupatèn Tambrauw dadi:

# [[Abun, Tambrauw|Abun]] 
# [[Amberbaken, Tambrauw|Amberbaken]]

# [[Fef, Tambrauw|Fef]]
# [[Kebar, Tambrauw|Kebar]]
# [[Kwoor, Tambrauw|Kwoor]]
# [[Miyah, Tambrauw|Miyah]]
# [[Mubrani, Tambrauw|Mubrani]]
# [[Muraid, Tambrauw|Muraid]]
# [[Sausapor, Tambrauw|Sausapor]]
# [[Senopi, Tambrauw|Senopi]]
# [[Yembun, Tambrauw|Yembun]]

== Wates Wewengkon ==

{{wates_LKKW
|lor=[[Samodra Pasifik]]
|kidul=[[Aifat Lor, Sorong Kidul|Aifat Lor]], [[Mare, Sorong Kidul|Mare]], [[Sawiat, Sorong Kidul|Sawiat]]
|wétan=-
|kulon=[[Sayosa, Sorong|Sayosa]]
}}

== Laladan-laladan otonomi sing diresmèkaké ing tanggal sing padha ==
# [[Kabupatèn Mesuji]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kabupatèn Tulang Bawang Kulon]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kabupatèn Pringsewu]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kutha Gunung Sitoli]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Nias Lor]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Nias Kulon]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# Kabupatèn Tambrauw, ing [[Papua Kulon]].
# [[Kabupatèn Pulo Morotai]], ing [[Maluku Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Intan Jaya]], ing [[Papua]].
# [[Kabupatèn Deiyai]], ing [[Papua]].
# [[Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua]], ing [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]].
# [[Kutha Tangerang Kidul]], ing [[Banten]].

== Rujukan ==
* [http://www.setneg.go.id/index.php?option=com_perundangan&amp;curr_page=3&amp;total_pages=3&amp;Itemid=42&amp;catid=1&amp;tahun=2008 Dasar Hukum Pembentukan di Situs Sekretariat Nagara]
* http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nasional/2008/10/29/brk,20081029-142906,id.html
* http://www.kontan.co.id/index.php/Nasional/news/2900/Laladan_Kian_Berkembang__12_Kabupatèn_Berdiri_
* http://beritasore.com/2008/10/29/dpr-setuju-pembentukan-12-KabupatènKutha-baru/ {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Cathetan sikil ==

{{reflist}}

{{Kabupatèn Tambrauw}}
{{Papua Kulon}}

[[Kategori:Kabupatèn Tambrauw| ]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Papua Kulon|Tambrauw]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Indonésia|Tambrauw]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabupatèn Deiyai</title>
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      <text bytes="3156" sha1="cgtg0out66q8wiy92my14l6kxs9a7y4" xml:space="preserve">{| {{InfoboxAttribs}}
|+ &lt;big&gt;'''Kabupatèn Deiyai'''&lt;/big&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;background: #ffffff;&quot; align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
{| cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot;
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140&quot; | [[Gambar:Lambang Kabupaten Deiyai.png|100px|Lambang Kabupatèn Deiyai]]
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; width=&quot;140&quot; | &lt;small&gt;'''Lambang Kabupatèn Deiyai'''&lt;/small&gt;
|}
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;border-bottom: 3px solid gray;&quot; | &lt;small&gt;[[Sesanti]]: &quot;---&quot;&lt;/small&gt;
|-
| align=&quot;center&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[File:91.28.00 Papua Deiyai.svg|91.28.00 Papua Deiyai]]
|-
| Dina Dadi:
|---
|-
| [[Kutha krajan]]:
| kutha [[Tigi, Deiyai|Tigi]]
|-
| [[Bupati]]:
|---
|-
| Wakil Bupati:
|---
|-
| Jembar&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;-Total:
| &lt;br /&gt;537,39&amp;nbsp;km²
|-
| Distrik&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;-Cacahe:
| &lt;br /&gt;5 Distrik
|-
| [[Padunung]]&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;-Total:&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;-Kapadhetan:
| &lt;br /&gt;+/-38.301 (2007)&lt;br /&gt;+/-71 jiwa/km²
|-
| [[Suku Bangsa]]:
|---
|-
| [[Agama]]:
| [[Protèstan]], [[Katulik]], [[Islam]] lan liyané
|-
| Basa:
| [[Basa Indonésia]] lan liyané
|}

'''Kabupatèn Deiyai''' iku kabupatèn ing Provinsi [[Papua]], [[Indonésia]]. Kutha [[Tigi, Deiyai|Tigi]] iku [[kutha krajan]] kabupatèné, kutha-kutha liyané: [[Diyai, Tigi Kulon, Deiyai|Diyai]], lan liya-liyané. Jembar wewengkon Kabupatèn iki ± 535&amp;nbsp;km² utawa 53739 hèktar. Kabupatèn iki wewatesan:
{{Wates LKKW
|lor=[[Yatamo, Paniai|Yatamo]]
|kidul=[[Mimika Kulon, Mimika|Mimika Kulon]], [[Mimika Wétan, Mimika|Mimika Wétan]]
|kulon=[[Kamu Kidul, Dogiyai|Kamu Kidul]], [[Kamu Wétan, Dogiyai|Kamu Wétan]]
|wétan=[[Paniai Wétan, Paniai|Paniai Wétan]]
}}

== Papréntahan ==

Kabupatèn Deiyai ketata sajeroning 3 [[dhistrik]]. Distrik-dhistrik ing Kabupatèn iki yaiku:

# [[Bowobado, Deiyai|Bowobado]]
# [[Kapiraya, Deiyai|Kapiraya]]
# [[Tigi, Deiyai|Tigi]]
# [[Tigi Kulon, Deiyai|Tigi Kulon]]
# [[Tigi Wétan, Deiyai|Tigi Wétan]]

== Laladan-laladan otonomi sing ingresmèkaké ing tanggal sing padha ==
# [[Kabupatèn Mesuji]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kabupatèn Tulang Bawang Kulon]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kabupatèn Pringsewu]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kutha Gunung Sitoli]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Nias Lor]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Nias Kulon]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Tambrauw]], ing [[Papua Kulon]].
# [[Kabupatèn Pulau Morotai]], ing [[Maluku Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Intan Jaya]], ing [[Papua]].
# Kabupatèn Deiyai, ing [[Papua]].
# [[Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua]], ing [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]].
# [[Kutha Tangerang Kidul]], ing [[Banten]].

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}
* http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nasional/2008/10/29/brk,20081029-142906,id.html
* http://www.kontan.co.id/index.php/Nasional/news/2900/Laladan_Kian_Berkembang__12_Kabupatèn_Berdiri_
* http://beritasore.com/2008/10/29/dpr-setuju-pembentukan-12-kabupatènkota-baru/ {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Master Wewengkon Skema 456 Kabupatèn/Kota (Keadaan Dhésèmber 2007), halaman 1.402-1.404

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.deiyaikab.go.id/ Situs Web Resmi (urung ana)]

{{Kabupatèn Deiyai}}
{{Papua}}

[[Kategori:Papua]]


{{indo-geo-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabupatèn Intan Jaya</title>
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      <text bytes="3162" sha1="er7b191pmizv3i86ymi3qr9heiwnhb0" xml:space="preserve">{{Dati2|settlement_type=Kabupaten
| jeneng        = Kabupatèn Intan Jaya
| provinsi    = [[Papua]]
| ibuKutha     = [[Sugapa, Intan Jaya|Sugapa]]
| luas        = 
| penduduk    = 
| kepadatan   = 
| kacamatan   = 6
| kalurahan   = 
| kodearea    = 
| motto       = 
| lambang     = [[Gambar:Lambang Kabupaten Intan Jaya.png|100px]]
| peta        = [[File:91.27.00 Papua Intan Jaya.svg|91.27.00_Papua_Intan_Jaya]]
| koordinat   = 
| dau         = 
| web         = 
| dhasar ukum = UURI Tahun 2008 No. 54
| tanggal     = 29 Oktober 2008
| kepala laladan      = 
| nama kepala laladan = 
}}
'''Kabupatèn Intan Jaya''' iku Kabupatèn ing Provinsi [[Papua]], [[Indonésia]]. Sadurungé tau dadi péranganing wewengkon [[Kabupatèn Paniai]]. Kabupatèn iki diresmèkaké déning [[Mantri Dalam Negri Indonésia]], [[Mardiyanto]], tanggal [[29 Oktober]] [[2008]].

== Kampung/désa per dhistrik ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! No.
! Distrik
! Kampung/Désa
|-
| 1
| [[Agisiga, Intan Jaya|Agisiga]]
| Agisiga, Balaimai, Mbamogo, Pugusiga, Tousiga, Unabundaga
|-
| 2
| [[Biandoga, Intan Jaya|Biandoga]]
| Biandoga, Bugalaga, Danggatadi, Kalawa, Yagaito, Yanei
|-
| 3
| [[Hitadipa, Intan Jaya|Hitadipa]]
| Wabui, Zanaba, Kulapa, Pugisiga, Balamai
|-
| 4
| [[Homeyo, Intan Jaya|Homeyo]]
| Bilai I, Bilai II, Degesiga, Kendetapa, Kobae, Mapa, Maya, Pogapa, Selemama, Zomban Doga
|-
| 5
| [[Sugapa, Intan Jaya|Sugapa]]
| Bilogai, Emondi, Jalai, Mamba, Mindau, Puyagiya, Ugimba, Yokatapa, Yoparu
|-
| 6
| [[Wandai, Intan Jaya|Wandai]]
| Sabisa
|}

== Wates Wewengkon ==
* Lor: [[Masirei, Waropen|Masirei]] ([[Kabupatèn Waropen]])
* Kidul: [[Dumadama, Paniai|Dumadama]], [[Bibida, Paniai|Bibida]], [[Ekadide, Paniai|Ekadide]], [[Aradide, Paniai|Aradide]] ([[Kabupatèn Paniai]])
* Kulon: [[Bogoboida, Paniai|Bogoboida]] ([[Kabupatèn Paniai]]), [[Napan, Nabire|Napan]] ([[Kabupatèn Nabire]])
* Wétan: [[Doufo, Pucuk|Doufo]], [[Beoga, Pucuk|Beoga]], [[Ilaga, Pucuk|Ilaga]] ([[Kabupatèn Pucuk]])

== Laladan-laladan otonomi sing diresmèkaké ing tanggal sing padha ==
# [[Kabupatèn Mesuji]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kabupatèn Tulang Bawang Kulon]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kabupatèn Pringsèwu]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kutha Gunung Sitoli]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Nias Lor]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Nias Kulon]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Tambrauw]], ing [[Papua Kulon]].
# [[Kabupatèn Pulo Morotai]], ing [[Maluku Lor]].
# Kabupatèn Intan Jaya, ing [[Papua]].
# [[Kabupatèn Deiyai]], ing [[Papua]].
# [[Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua]], ing [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]].
# [[Kutha Tangerang Kidul]], ing [[Banten]].

== Rujukan ==
* http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nasional/2008/10/29/brk,20081029-142906,id.html
* http://www.kontan.co.id/index.php/Nasional/news/2900/Laladan_Kian_Berkembang__12_Kabupatèn_Berdiri_
* http://beritasore.com/2008/10/29/dpr-setuju-pembentukan-12-KabupatènKutha-baru/ {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Kabupatèn Intan Jaya}}
{{Papua}}

[[Kategori:Kabupatèn Intan Jaya| ]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Papua|Intan Jaya]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Indonésia|Intan Jaya]]</text>
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| jeneng	= Kabupatèn Mesuji
| angka BPS     = 
| provinsi	= [[Lampung]]
| nama       = Kabupatèn Mesuji
| kalurahan=
| jembar	=  2.184,00 km²
| padunung	=  188.999 jiwa (2006)
| kapadhetan    = 86
| dhasar ukum=UURI No. 49 Tahun 2008
| web=
| lambang=[[Gambar:Lambang Kabupaten Mesuji.png|100px]]
| peta=[[Gambar:Lokasi Lampung Kabupaten Mesuji.svg|300px]]
}}
'''Kabupatèn Mesuji''' iku Kabupatèn ing Provinsi [[Lampung]], [[Indonésia]]. Kabupatèn ini diresmèkaké déning [[Mantri Dalam Negri Indonésia]], [[Mardiyanto]], tanggal [[29 Oktober]] [[2008]]. Jembar wewengkon Kabupatèn iki 2.184,00&amp;nbsp;km², déné cacahing sing ndunungi ana 188.999 jiwa (2006)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.djpp.depkumham.go.id/inc/buka.php?czoyOToiZD0yMDAwKzgmZj11dTQ5LTIwMDguaHRtJmpzPTEiOw== Undang-Undang Républik Indonésia Nomor 49 Tahun 2008]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Laladan-Laladan otonomi sing diresmèkaké ing tanggal sing padha:
# Kabupatèn Mesuji, ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kabupatèn Tulang Bawang Kulon]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kabupatèn Pringsèwu]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kutha Gunung Sitoli]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Nias Lor]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Nias Kulon]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Tambrauw]], ing [[Papua Kulon]].
# [[Kabupatèn Pulo Morotai]], ing [[Maluku Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Intan Jaya]], ing [[Papua]].
# [[Kabupatèn Deiyai]], ing [[Papua]].
# [[Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua]], ing [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]].
# [[Kutha Tangerang Kidul]], ing [[Banten]].

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nasional/2008/10/29/brk,20081029-142906,id.html
* [http://www.kontan.co.id/index.php/Nasional/news/2900/Laladan_Kian_Berkembang__12_Kabupatèn_Berdiri_ Kontan - Laladan kian berkembang, 12 Kabupatèn berdiri]
* [http://beritasore.com/2008/10/29/dpr-setuju-pembentukan-12-Kabupatènkota-baru/ Berita Sore - DPR setuju pembentukan 12 Kabupatèn/kota baru] {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Kabupatèn Mesuji}}
{{Lampung}}

[[Kategori:Kabupatèn Mesuji| ]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Lampung|Mesuji]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Indonésia|Mesuji]]</text>
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|nama = Kabupatèn Pringsèwu
|jeneng               = Kabupatèn Pringsèwu
|lambang            = [[Gambar:Lambang Kabupaten Pringsewu.png|100px]]
|peta               = [[Gambar:Lokasi Lampung Kabupaten Pringsewu.svg|300px]]
|koordinat          = 
|motto              = 
|semboyan           =
|provinsi           = [[Lampung]]
|kutha krajan            = 
|luas               = 625 km2
|penduduk           = 368.318 jiwa (taun 2006)
|kepadatan          = 
|kacamatan          =
|kalurahan          =
|dhasar ukum        = UURI Taun 2008 Nomor 48
|tanggal            = 29 Oktober 2008
|hari jadi          =
|kepala laladan      = 
|nama kepala laladan = 
|kodearea           =
|kodepos            = 
|apbd               =
|dau                =
|bebrayan        = [[Wong Jawa|Jawa]], [[Suku Lampung|Lampung]]
|bahasa             = [[Basa Jawa|Jawa]], [[Basa Lampung|Lampung]], [[Basa Indonésia|Indonésia]]
|agama              = Islam
|flora              =
|fauna              =
|zona wektu         = WIB
|papan anggegana       =
|web                = 
}}

'''Pringsèwu''' iku Kabupatèn ing [[Lampung|Provinsi Lampung]], [[Indonésia]]. Kabupatèn iki disahké dadi Kabupatèn sajeroning [http://www.dpr.go.id/artikel/terkini/artikel.php?aid=5351 Rapat Paripurna DPR tanggal 29 Oktober 2008]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, minangka pemekaran saka [[Kabupatèn Tanggamus]]. Kabupatèn iki dumunung 37 kilomèter sisih kulon [[Kutha Bandar Lampung|Bandar Lampung]], [[kutha krajan]] provinsi.
Kabupatèn Pringsèwu jembaré 625 km2, kanthi sing ndunungi 368.318 jiwa (taun 2006), dumadi saka 8 (wolung) kacamatan, ya iku Kacamatan [[Pringsèwu, Pringsèwu|Pringsèwu]], [[Pagelaran, Pringsèwu|Pagelaran]], [[Padasuka, Pringsèwu|Pardasuka]], [[Gadhingreja, pringsèwu|Gadingrejo]], [[Sukaharja, Pringsèwu|Sukoharjo]], [[Ambarawa, Pringsèwu|Ambarawa]], [[Adi Luwih, Pringsèwu|Adiluwih]], lan Kacamatan [[Banyumas, Pringsèwu|Banyumas]].  Saka jembar  luas wewengkon, Kabupatèn Pringsèwu minangka kabupatèn sing paling cilik ing Provinsi [[Lampung]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://disnakan-pringsewu.info/berita-2-profil-kabupatèn-pringsewu.html Profil Kabupatèn Pringsewu]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Laladan-Laladan otonomi sing diresmèkaké ing tanggal sing padha:
# [[Kabupatèn Mesuji]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kabupatèn Tulang Bawang Kulon]], ing [[Lampung]].
# '''Kabupatèn Pringsèwu''', ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kutha Gunung Sitoli]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Nias Lor]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Nias Kulon]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Tambrauw]], ing [[Papua Kulon]].
# [[Kabupatèn Pulo Morotai]], ing [[Maluku Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Intan Jaya]], ing [[Papua]].
# [[Kabupatèn Deiyai]], ing [[Papua]].
# [[Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua]], ing [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]].
# [[Kutha Tangerang Kidul]], ing [[Banten]].

== Wates Wewengkon ==
* Sisih lor: [[Kabupatèn Lampung Tengah]]
* Sisih kidul: [[Kabupatèn Pesawaran]]
* Sisih wétan: [[Kabupatèn Pesawaran]]
* Sisih kulon: [[Kabupatèn Tanggamus]]

=== Rujukan ===
{{reflist}}

* [http://www.legalitas.org/proses/uu.php?k=2008&amp;n=45-56 UURI Tahun 2008 Nomor 48, Dasar Hukum Pembentukan]
* http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nasional/2008/10/29/brk,20081029-142906,id.html
* http://www.kontan.co.id/index.php/Nasional/news/2900/Laladan_Kian_Berkembang__12_Kabupatèn_Berdiri_
* http://beritasore.com/2008/10/29/dpr-setuju-pembentukan-12-Kabupatènkota-baru/ {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Kabupatèn Pringsèwu}}
{{Lampung}}

[[Kategori:Kabupatèn Pringsèwu| ]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Lampung|Pringsèwu]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Indonésia|Pringsèwu]]</text>
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    <title>Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua</title>
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| nama=Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua
| provinsi=[[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]]
| kutha krajan=[[Sabu Kulon, Sabu Raijua|Sabu Kulon]]
| luas=460,54 km²
| penduduk=72.190 (2006)
| kepadatan=-
| kacamatan=-
| kalurahan=-
| kodearea=0386
| zona waktu=WITA
| dau=-
| lambang=-
| peta=[[Gambar:Lokasi Nusa Tenggara Wétan Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua.svg|300px|Peta lokasi Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua]]
| koordinat=-
| dhasar ukum=UU Nomor 52 Taun 2008
| tanggal= 26 November 2008
| motto=-
| kepala laladan=Bupati
| nama kepala laladan=-
| web=-
}}

'''Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua''' iku kabupatèn ing Provinsi [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]], [[Indonésia]]. Kabupatèn iki diresmèkaké déning [[Mantri Dalam Negeri Indonésia]], [[Mardiyanto]], tanggal [[29 Oktober]] [[2008]] minangka asil pamekaran saka [[Kabupatèn Kupang]].

== Pratélan Kacamatan ==

# [[Hawu Mehara, Sabu Raijua|Hawu Mehara]]
# [[Raijua, Sabu Raijua|Raijua]]
# [[Sabu Kulon, Sabu Raijua|Sabu Kulon]]
# [[Sabu Liae, Sabu Raijua|Sabu Liae]]
# [[Sabu Tengah, Sabu Raijua|Sabu Tengah]]
# [[Sabu Wétan, Sabu Raijua|Sabu Wétan]]

== Wates Wewengkon ==

{{wates LKKW
|lor= [[Sagara Sawu]]
|kidul= [[Samodra Hindia]]
|wétan= [[Sagara Sawu]]
|kulon= [[Sagara Sawu]]
}}

== Pulo ing Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua ==
Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua duwé loro pulo ya iku:
* [[Pulo Sawu]] utawa Pulo Sabu
* [[Pulo Raijua]]

== Laladan-laladan otonomi sing diresmèkaké ing tanggal sing padha ==
# [[Kabupatèn Mesuji]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kabupatèn Tulang Bawang Kulon]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kabupatèn Pringsèwu]], ing [[Lampung]].
# [[Kutha Gunung Sitoli]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Nias Lor]],ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Nias Kulon]], ing [[Sumatra Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Tambrauw]], ing [[Papua Kulon]].
# [[Kabupatèn Pulo Morotai]], ing [[Maluku Lor]].
# [[Kabupatèn Intan Jaya]], ing [[Papua]].
# [[Kabupatèn Deiyai]], ing [[Papua]].
# Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua, ing [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]].
# [[Kutha Tangerang Kidul]], ing [[Banten]].

== Rujukan ==
* http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/nasional/2008/10/29/brk,20081029-142906,id.html
* http://www.kontan.co.id/index.php/Nasional/news/2900/Laladan_Kian_Berkembang__12_Kabupatèn_Berdiri_
* http://beritasore.com/2008/10/29/dpr-setuju-pembentukan-12-kabupatènkota-baru/ {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua}}
{{Nusa Tenggara Wétan}}

[[Kategori:Kabupatèn Sabu Raijua| ]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Nusa Tenggara Wétan|Sabu Raijua]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatèn ing Indonésia|Sabu Raijua]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Surat Shaad</title>
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| name = Sad38 {{br}}&lt;big&gt;ص&lt;/big&gt;
| image = Sad(38).png
| caption = 
| audio = Chapter 38, Sad (Murattal) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3
| arti = ''[[Ṣad]]''
| nama_lain = 
| klasifikasi = [[Makkiyah]]
| surah_ke = 38
| nomor_juz = [[Juz 23]]
| waktu_pewahyuan = 
| jumlah_ruku = 5 ruku
| jumlah_ayat = 88 ayat
| jumlah_kata = 
| jumlah_huruf = 
| ayat_sajdah = Ayat 24
| Harf-e-Mukatta'at = 
}}
[[Barkas:Chapter 38, Sad (Mujawwad) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3|jmpl|Surat Shaad]]
'''Surat Shaad''' ([[basa arab|Arab]]: '''ص''' , &quot;''[[Ṣad]]''&quot;) iku [[surat]] angka 38 sajeroning [[al-Qur'an]]. Surat sing dumadi saka 88 ayat iki éwoning surat [[Makkiyah]] lan diturunaké sawisé [[surat Al-Qamar]]. Dijenengaké ''Shaad'' amarga surat iki diwiwiti kanthi aksara ''Shaad''.
&lt;!--
== Pokok-pokok isi ==
# Keimanan: Dalil-dalil tentang kenabian [[Muhammad]] s.a.w., yaitu bahwa dia mengetahui hal-hal yang hanya dapat diketahui dengan jalan wahyu; sumpah iblis untuk menyesatkan manusia seluruhnya kecuali hamba- hamba Allah yang ikhlas; Al Quran diturunkan untuk menjadi pelajaran bagi jin dan manusia seluruhnya. 
# Kisah-kisah: Kisah Daud a.s. dan kisah Sulaiman a.s.; kisah Ayyub a.s. 
# Dan lain-lain: Kaum musyrikin tercengang mendengar pengakuan Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. bahwa Allah adalah Maha Esa; rahasia yang terdapat pada kejadian alam; pertengkaran antara orang-orang yang sesat dan pengikut mereka di neraka; nikmat-nikmat yang dilimpahkan kepada penduduk surga dan azab yang ditimpakan atas isi neraka. 
--&gt;
== Pranala njaba ==
{{wikisource|Al-Qur'an/Sad|Surah Sad}}
Mukaddimah pertalan Al Qur'an versi Depag RI
{{Sura|38|[[Surat As-Saffat]]|[[Surat Az-Zumar]]}}
{{Qur'an}}</text>
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      <text bytes="1623" sha1="97tffuwsalgfxp6xp6ncm77orjjz2md" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Sura
| name = Sad38 {{br}}&lt;big&gt;ص&lt;/big&gt;
| image = Sad(38).png
| caption = 
| audio = Chapter 38, Sad (Murattal) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3
| arti = ''[[Ṣad]]''
| nama_lain = 
| klasifikasi = [[Makkiyah]]
| surah_ke = 38
| nomor_juz = [[Juz 23]]
| waktu_pewahyuan = 
| jumlah_ruku = 5 ruku
| jumlah_ayat = 88 ayat
| jumlah_kata = 
| jumlah_huruf = 
| ayat_sajdah = Ayat 24
| Harf-e-Mukatta'at = 
}}
'''Surat Shaad''' ([[basa arab|Arab]]: '''ص''' , &quot;''[[Ṣad]]''&quot;) iku [[surat]] angka 38 sajeroning [[al-Qur'an]]. Surat sing dumadi saka 88 ayat iki éwoning surat [[Makkiyah]] lan diturunaké sawisé [[surat Al-Qamar]]. Dijenengaké ''Shaad'' amarga surat iki diwiwiti kanthi aksara ''Shaad''.
&lt;!--
== Pokok-pokok isi ==
# Keimanan: Dalil-dalil tentang kenabian [[Muhammad]] s.a.w., yaitu bahwa dia mengetahui hal-hal yang hanya dapat diketahui dengan jalan wahyu; sumpah iblis untuk menyesatkan manusia seluruhnya kecuali hamba- hamba Allah yang ikhlas; Al Quran diturunkan untuk menjadi pelajaran bagi jin dan manusia seluruhnya. 
# Kisah-kisah: Kisah Daud a.s. dan kisah Sulaiman a.s.; kisah Ayyub a.s. 
# Dan lain-lain: Kaum musyrikin tercengang mendengar pengakuan Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. bahwa Allah adalah Maha Esa; rahasia yang terdapat pada kejadian alam; pertengkaran antara orang-orang yang sesat dan pengikut mereka di neraka; nikmat-nikmat yang dilimpahkan kepada penduduk surga dan azab yang ditimpakan atas isi neraka. 
--&gt;
== Pranala njaba ==
{{wikisource|Al-Qur'an/Sad|Surah Sad}}
Mukaddimah pertalan Al Qur'an versi Depag RI
{{Sura|38|[[Surat As-Saffat]]|[[Surat Az-Zumar]]}}
{{Qur'an}}</text>
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      <comment>Murungaké owahan [[Special:Diff/1761232|1761232]] déning [[Special:Contributions/Atcovi|Atcovi]] ([[User talk:Atcovi|rembugan]])</comment>
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| name = Sad38 {{br}}&lt;big&gt;ص&lt;/big&gt;
| image = Sad(38).png
| caption = 
| audio = 
| arti = ''[[Ṣad]]''
| nama_lain = 
| klasifikasi = [[Makkiyah]]
| surah_ke = 38
| nomor_juz = [[Juz 23]]
| waktu_pewahyuan = 
| jumlah_ruku = 5 ruku
| jumlah_ayat = 88 ayat
| jumlah_kata = 
| jumlah_huruf = 
| ayat_sajdah = Ayat 24
| Harf-e-Mukatta'at = 
}}
[[Barkas:Chapter 38, Sad (Murattal) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3|jmpl|Surat Shaad]]
'''Surat Shaad''' ([[basa arab|Arab]]: '''ص''' , &quot;''[[Ṣad]]''&quot;) iku [[surat]] angka 38 sajeroning [[al-Qur'an]]. Surat sing dumadi saka 88 ayat iki éwoning surat [[Makkiyah]] lan diturunaké sawisé [[surat Al-Qamar]]. Dijenengaké ''Shaad'' amarga surat iki diwiwiti kanthi aksara ''Shaad''.
&lt;!--
== Pokok-pokok isi ==
# Keimanan: Dalil-dalil tentang kenabian [[Muhammad]] s.a.w., yaitu bahwa dia mengetahui hal-hal yang hanya dapat diketahui dengan jalan wahyu; sumpah iblis untuk menyesatkan manusia seluruhnya kecuali hamba- hamba Allah yang ikhlas; Al Quran diturunkan untuk menjadi pelajaran bagi jin dan manusia seluruhnya. 
# Kisah-kisah: Kisah Daud a.s. dan kisah Sulaiman a.s.; kisah Ayyub a.s. 
# Dan lain-lain: Kaum musyrikin tercengang mendengar pengakuan Nabi Muhammad s.a.w. bahwa Allah adalah Maha Esa; rahasia yang terdapat pada kejadian alam; pertengkaran antara orang-orang yang sesat dan pengikut mereka di neraka; nikmat-nikmat yang dilimpahkan kepada penduduk surga dan azab yang ditimpakan atas isi neraka. 
--&gt;
== Pranala njaba ==
{{wikisource|Al-Qur'an/Sad|Surah Sad}}
Mukaddimah pertalan Al Qur'an versi Depag RI
{{Sura|38|[[Surat As-Saffat]]|[[Surat Az-Zumar]]}}
{{Qur'an}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Institut Tèknologi Bandung</title>
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      <text bytes="26296" sha1="ojwcx4rfpqj11pow8kq08onmbcjm8de" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox University 
|name         = Institut Téknologi Bandung
|image_name   = itb.gif
|image_size   = 150px
|motto        = ''In Harmonia Progresio'' ([[basa Latin|Latin]]:&quot;Kemajuan dalam keselarasan&quot;)
|established  = 3 Juli 1920 (Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng)&lt;br&gt;2 Maret 1959 (Institut Téknologi Bandung)
|type         = Universitas nagari kanthi status Badan Hukum Milik Nagara
|rector       = Prof. Dr. Ir. Tatacipta Dirgantara, M.T. 
|city         = [[Bandhung]] 
|state        = [[Jawa Kulon]]
|country      = [[Indonésia]]
|faculty      = 
|students     = 19.747 (2014)
|undergrad    = 14.320
|postgrad     = 4.776
|doctoral     = 651
|profess      = 
|specialist   = 
|extension    = 
|int'l class  =    
|campus       = [[area urban|Urban]] 
|colors       = Biru
|nickname     = Kampus Ganésha
|affiliations = ABET, ASIIN e. V., JABEE, KAAB, RSC, ABEST21, ASAIHL, [[ASEAN University Network|AUN]], EBA Consortium, ASEA UNINET, Global E3, AOTULE, SEATUC
|website      = {{url|https://www.itb.ac.id/}}
|footnotes    = 
|address      = 
|telephone    = +62 22 2500935
}}

'''Institut Téknologi Bandung''' ('''ITB''') iku [[perguruan tinggi]] nagari sing dumunung ing [[Kutha Bandung]]. ITB diadegaké tanggal [[2 Maret]] [[1959]]. Wektu iki status ITB yaiku BHMN (Badan Hukum Milik Nagara).

Kampus utama ITB sapunika ana ing sekolah tinggi tèhnik kapisan  [[Indonésia]].Lan duwé  institusi [[pandhidhikan]] tinggi ngutamakake ITB duwé karakteristik lan misi.Banjur mènèhi prabawa lan perkembangan kang tumuju ing madegé ITB

Rektor ITB sapunika yaiku Prof. Dr. Ir. Tatacipta Dirgantara, M.T. kanggo periode 2025-2030.

== Sajarah ==
Sajarah ITB asal usulé wiwit abad kalihdasa, kanthi prakarsa masarakat panguasa ing mangsa iku. Gagasan utama madegake kanggo nyukupi kabutuhan tenaga tèhnik kang siyap ing mangsa ngarep antara gayutan Inonésia lan njaba nagari  kaya ta gayutan antara nagari [[Walanda]] uga tlatah jajahan ing kawasan Nusantara, kang njalari anané [[Perang Donya Kapisan]]. ''De Techniche Hoogeschool te'' Bandung madeg tanggal 3 Juli 1920.

ITB madeg kapisanan ing tanggal [[3 Juli]] [[1920]] kanthi jeneng &quot;Technische Hooge School (THS)&quot; te Bandoeng lan duwé siji  fakultas ''de Faculteit van Technische Wetenschap'' sarta duwé siji jurusan yaiku ''de afdeeling der Weg en Waterbouw''. ITB uga dadi tlatah [[Pratélan Présidhèn Indonésia|présidhèn]] [[Indonésia]] kapisanan, [[Soekarno]] nyabet gelar insinyur sajeroning ngangsu ngèlmu ing  babagan [[Teknik Sipil]].
 
== Fakultas ==
[[Gambar:ITBPlazaWidya.jpg|thumb|Plaza Widya ITB kanthi [[Gunung Tangkuban Perahu]] ing kadohan.]]
[[Gambar:ITB library building.JPG|thumb|Wangunan [[pabukon]] pusat ITB]]
Wektu iki ITB duwé 12 [[fakultas]] utawa [[sekolah]]. Karolas fakultas/sekolah mau yaiku:
# Fakultas Matematika lan Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam (FMIPA)
## [[Astronomi]]
## [[Kimia]]
## [[Matematika]]
## [[Fisika]]
# Sekolah Ilmu lan Teknologi Hayati (SITH)
## [[Biologi]]
## [[Mikrobiologi]]
# Sekolah Farmasi (SF) 
## [[Sains dan Teknologi Farmasi]]
## [[Farmasi Klinik lan Komunitas]]
# Fakultas Teknik Pertambangan lan Perminyakan (FTTM)
## [[Teknik Metalurgi]]
## [[Teknik Pertambangan]]
## [[Teknik Perminyakan]]
## [[Teknik Geofisika]]
# Fakultas Ilmu lan Teknologi Kebumian (FITB)
## [[Teknik Geodesi lan Geomatika]]
## [[Teknik Géologi]]
## [[Meteorologi]]
## [[Oseanografi]]
# Fakultas Teknologi Industri (FTI)
## [[Teknik Kimia]]
## [[Teknik Fisika]]
## [[Teknik Industri]]
# Fakultas Teknik Mesin lan Dirgantara (FTMD)
## [[Teknik Mesin]]
## [[Aeronotika lan Astronotika]]
## [[Teknik Material]]
# [http://stei.itb.ac.id Sekolah Teknik Elektro dan Informatika (STEI)]
## [[Teknik Elektro]]
## [[Teknik Tenaga Elektrik]]
## [[Teknik Telekomunikasi]]
## [[Teknik Informatika]]
## [[Sistem lan Teknologi Informasi]]
# Fakultas Teknik Sipil dan Lingkungan (FTSL)
## [[Teknik Sipil]]
## [[Teknik Lingkungan]]
## [[Teknik Kelautan]]
# Sekolah Arsitektur, Perencanaan lan Pengembangan Kebijakan (SAPPK)
## [[Arsitektur]]
## [[Perencanaan Wewengkon lan Kutha]]
# Fakultas Seni Rupa lan [[Desain]] (FSRD)
## [[Seni Rupa Murni]]
## [[Desain Komunikasi Visual]]
## [[Desain Interior]]
## [[Desain Produk]]
## [[Kriya Seni]]
# [[Sekolah Bisnis lan Manajemen (SBM)]]
## [[Manajemen]]

== Rektor ==
{{utama|Pratélan rektor Institut Teknologi Bandung}}
* Prof. Ir. R. [[Soemono]] (2 Maret 1959-1 November 1959)&lt;ref&gt;Ketua Presidium: Prof. Ir. [[Soemono]]; Anggota: Prof. Ir. [[Goenarso]]; Prof. dr. [[Djoehana Wiradikarta]] (Ketua/Dekan FIPIA UI Bandung); Prof. Ir. [[Soetedjo]] (Ketua/Dekan FT UI Bandung); Panitera: Prof. Dr. Ir. R. M. [[Soemantri Brodjonegoro]] (Ketua Jurusan Teknologi Kimia).&lt;/ref&gt;
* Prof. Ir. R. [[Otong Kosasih]] (1 November 1959-20 April 1964)
* Ir. R. [[Ukar Bratakusumah]] (14 April 1964-22 Fèbruari 1965)&lt;ref&gt;http://www.itb.ac.id/news/46 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119194755/http://www.itb.ac.id/news/46 |date=2016-01-19 }} ITB News Portal, 13 Maret 2003, ''Mantan Rektor ITB, Ir. Ukar Bratakusumah Meninggal''&lt;/ref&gt;
* Letnan Kolonel Ir. [[Koentoadji]]	(22 Fèbruari 1965-1969)
* Prof. Dr. [[Doddy Achdiat Tisna Amidjaja]] (1969-7 Dhésèmber 1976)
* Prof. Dr. Ing. [[Iskandar Alisjahbana]] (7 Dhésèmber 1976-14 Fèbruari 1978)
* Dr. [[Soedjana Sapi'ie]] (16 Fèbruari 1978-30 Mèi 1979)&lt;ref&gt;Ketua Rektorium: Dr. [[Soedjana Sapi'ie]]; Anggota: Prof. Dr. [[Moedomo Soedigdomarto]]; Prof. Ir. [[Wiranto Arismunandar]], MSME; Ir. [[Djuanda Suraatmadja]].&lt;/ref&gt;
* Prof. Dr. [[Doddy Achdiat Tisna Amidjaja]] (30 Mèi 1979-22 November 1980)&lt;ref name=&quot;Pejabat Sementara&quot;&gt;Pejabat Sementara.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Prof. [[Hariadi Paminto Soepangkat]], Ph.D.	(22 November 1980-12 Dhésèmber 1988)
* Prof. Ir. [[Wiranto Arismunandar]], MSME (12 Dhésèmber 1988-7 Maret 1997)
* Prof. Ir. [[Lilik Hendrajaya]], M.Sc., Ph.D. (7 Maret 1997-10 November 2001)
* Ir. [[Kusmayanto Kadiman]], Ph.D. (10 November 2001-21 Oktober 2004)
* Prof. Ir. [[Adang Surahman]], M.Sc., Ph.D. (23 Oktober 2004-29 Januari 2005)&lt;ref name=&quot;Pejabat Sementara&quot;/&gt;
* Prof. Dr. Ir. [[Djoko Santoso (rektor ITB)|Djoko Santoso]], M.Sc. (29 Januari 2005-29 Januari 2010)
* Prof. [[Akhmaloka]], Dipl.Biotech., Ph.D. (29 Januari 2010-sekarang)

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==

=== Umum ===
* [http://www.itb.ac.id/ Situs resmi]
* [http://www.itb.or.id/ Situs komunitas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070520064435/http://www.itb.or.id/ |date=2007-05-20 }}
* [http://forum.itb.or.id/ Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402004044/http://forum.itb.or.id/ |date=2007-04-02 }}

=== Fakultas/departemen/sekolah ===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20101024100312/http://www.chem.itb.ac.id/ Program Studi Kimia]
* Program Studi Teknik Géologi
* [http://www.gd.itb.ac.id/ Program Studi Teknik Geodesi dan Geomatika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160621112754/http://www.gd.itb.ac.id/ |date=2016-06-21 }}
* [http://www.math.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Matematika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070905184001/http://www.math.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-09-05 }}
* [http://www.as.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Astronomi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425065440/http://www.as.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-25 }}
* [http://www.ee.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Elektro] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070425133435/http://www.ee.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-25 }}
* [http://www.tf.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Fisika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070916064446/http://www2.tf.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-09-16 }}
* [http://www.ti.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Industri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071014110030/http://www.ti.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-10-14 }}
* [http://www.if.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Informatika] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070517105035/http://www1.if.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-05-17 }}
* [http://www.ae.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Penerbangan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070421225131/http://www.ae.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-21 }}
* [http://www.che.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Teknik Kimia]
* [http://www.sbm.itb.ac.id/ Sekolah Bisnis dan Manajemen (SBM)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070420220803/http://www.fi.itb.ac.id/ Departemen Fisika]
* [http://www.sith.itb.ac.id/ Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati (SITH)]
* [http://www.metallurgy.itb.ac.id/ Program Studi Teknik Metalurgi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110203065850/http://www.metallurgy.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-02-03 }}

=== Unit kagiyatan mahasiswa ===
* [http://www.lfm.itb.ac.id/ Liga Film Mahasiswa (LFM) ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170503091942/http://lfm.itb.ac.id/ |date=2017-05-03 }}
* [http://hati.unit.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kajian Islam Ideologis HATI ITB (Harmoni Amal Titian Ilmu)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029193022/http://hati.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2010-10-29 }} 
* [http://www.boulevard.or.id/ Situs Boulevard ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422210132/http://www.boulevard.or.id/ |date=2007-04-22 }}
* [http://pstk.unit.itb.ac.id/ Perkumpulan Seni Tari&amp;Karawitan Jawa-ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312131140/http://pstk.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-12 }}
* [http://www.gamais.itb.ac.id/ Keluarga Mahasiswa Islam &quot;GAMAIS&quot; (Islamic Student Society)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430025329/http://gamais.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-30 }}
* [http://loedroek.itb.ac.id/ Paguyuban Seni Budaya Jawa Timuran (Loedroek ITB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310215723/http://loedroek.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-03-10 }}
* [http://www.arc.itb.ac.id/ Amateur Radio Club ITB (ARC ITB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422120306/http://www.arc.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-22 }}
* [http://www.psik-itb.org/ Unit Perkumpulan Studi Ilmu Kemasyarakatan (PSIK)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513090935/http://www.psik-itb.org/ |date=2007-05-13 }}
* [http://www.webcitation.org/query?id=1256601233514116&amp;url=www.geocities.com/akarnaisea Unit Matematika dan Linguistik (Akarna ISEA)]
* [http://scout.itb.ac.id/ Pramuka ITB]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://psm-itb.itgo.com/ Paduan Suara Mahasiswa ITB]
* [http://www.pmk-itb.com/ Persekuthuan Mahasiswa Kristen (PMK) ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070420185339/http://www.pmk-itb.com/ |date=2007-04-20 }}
* [http://www.psik-itb.org/ Situs resmi PSIK ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513090935/http://www.psik-itb.org/ |date=2007-05-13 }}
* [http://uksu.unit.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kesenian Sumatera Utara (UKSU) ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312191114/http://uksu.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-12 }}
* Unit Kebudayaan Jepang (UKJ) ITB
* [http://genshiken.unit.itb.ac.id/ Kelompok Studi Visual Budaya Modern (Genshiken ITB)]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}* Unit Pendidikan
** [http://www.ksep-itb.org/ Kelompok Studi Ekonomi dan Pasar Modal ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091002044546/http://www.ksep-itb.org/ |date=2009-10-02 }}
** [http://lfm-itb.com// Liga Film Mahasiswa &quot;LFM&quot; ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128014211/http://lfm-itb.com/ |date=2011-11-28 }}
** [http://hati.unit.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kajian Islam Ideologis HATI ITB (Harmoni Amal Titian Ilmu)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101029193022/http://hati.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2010-10-29 }} 
** [http://www.psik-itb.org PSIK - ITB ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070513090935/http://www.psik-itb.org/ |date=2007-05-13 }}
** Unit Matematika dan Linguistik-Akarna ISEA
** Pramuka 
** [http://e-club.itb.ac.id/ Entrepreneur Club ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125122356/http://e-club.itb.ac.id/ |date=2010-01-25 }}
** [http://radiokampus.ee.itb.ac.id/ Radio Kampus - ITB community radio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627190042/http://radiokampus.ee.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-06-27 }}
** [http://www.arc.itb.ac.id/ Amateur Radio Club ITB - ARC ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422120306/http://www.arc.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-22 }}
** [http://www.gamais.itb.ac.id/ Keluarga Mahasiswa Islam &quot;GAMAIS&quot; (Islamic Student Society)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070430025329/http://gamais.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-04-30 }}
** Keluarga Mahasiswa Katulik &quot;KMK&quot; (Catholic Student Society)
** [http://www.pmk-itb.blogspot.com/ Persekuthuan Mahasiswa Kristen &quot;PMK&quot; (Christian Student Fellowship)]
** Keluarga Mahasiswa Hindhu &quot;KMH&quot; (Hindhu Student Society)
** Keluarga Mahasiswa Budhis &quot;Dhammanano&quot; (Buddhist Student Society)
** Kulawarga Donor Darah ITB &quot;KDD&quot; (Blood Donor Society)
** Perkumpulan Studi Ilmu Kemasyarakatan &quot;PSIK&quot; (Societal Study Union)
** [http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_English_Forum_ITB Student English Forum &quot;SEF&quot;]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
** Keluarga Mahasiswa Pencinta Alam Ganesha &quot;KMPA&quot;
** Pramuka ITB
** Resimen Mahasiswa Batalyon I/ITB (Student Regiment Battalion I / ITB)
** Unit Pembinaan Kewirausahaan Mahasiswa &quot;UPKM&quot;
** Koperasi Kesejahteraan Mahasiswa &quot;KOKESMA&quot;
** [http://www.boulevard.or.id/ Tabloid Mahasiswa Boulevard] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422210132/http://www.boulevard.or.id/ |date=2007-04-22 }} 
** Salman ITB (Karisma)
** Unit Kelompok Studi Ékonomi dan Pasar Modal (KSEP)
** Kolaborasi Studi Ilmiah Mahasiswa ITB (SICOS: Scientific Collaboration Studies)
** Kelompok Studi Sajarah Ékonomi dan Pulitik (KS-SEP)
** GaneshaTV (GTV)
** Lingkar Studi Gerakan Mahasiswa Madani (LSGMM)
** Korps Sukarela Palang Merah Indonésia (KSR-PMI)
** Lembaga Kajian dan Praksis Dhémokrasi (VERITAS)
** Kelompok Analisa dan Komunikasi Islam Strategis
** Studi Komunikasi Massa ITB
** Cendekia ITB
** Pers Mahasiswa ITB
** ITB Internet Community (COMMUNET-ITB)
** Online Game Research Group (OGRG)
** [http://genshiken.unit.itb.ac.id/ Kelompok Studi Visual Budaya Modern (Genshiken ITB)]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
** [http://ugreenitb.multiply.com/ U-green ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722085720/http://ugreenitb.multiply.com/ |date=2011-07-22 }}
* Unit Kesenian
** [http://ukj.unit.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kebudayaan Jepang]
** Studi Teater Mahasiswa (STEMA)
** Unit Kebudayaan Acèh
** [http://lss.unit.itb.ac.id/ Lingkung Seni Sunda (LSS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013005052/http://lss.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-10-13 }}
** [http://ukm.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kesenian Minangkabau (UKM)]
** [http://uksu.unit.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kesenian Sumatra Utara (UKSU)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312191114/http://uksu.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-12 }}
** [http://mgg.unit.itb.ac.id/ Maha Gotra Ganesha (MGG) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312190423/http://mgg.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2008-03-12 }}
** [http://pstkjawa.unit.itb.ac.id/ Perkumpulan Seni Tari&amp;Karawitan Jawa-ITB] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904072046/http://pstkjawa.unit.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-09-04 }}
** Paguyuban Seni Budaya Jawa Timur
** Unit Kesenian Sulawesi Selatan (UKSS)
** Kulawarga Paduan Angklung (KPA)
** [http://www.mbwg.net/frontpage/ Marching Band Waditra Ganesha (MBWG)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110426005812/http://www.mbwg.net/frontpage/ |date=2011-04-26 }}
** [http://psm.unit.itb.ac.id/?page_id=2 Paduan Suara Mahasiswa (PSM-ITB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110804080926/http://psm.unit.itb.ac.id/?page_id=2 |date=2011-08-04 }}
** Unit Apres ITB
** Grup Aspresiasi Sastra ITB &quot;GAS-ITB&quot;
** [http://ubala.itb.ac.id/ Unit Kesenian Budaya Lampung (UBALA)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110912085408/http://ubala.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-09-12 }}
** Unit Kesenian Borneo (UKB)
** Unit Kebudayaan Betawi
** Kebudayaan Irian Jaya (UKIR)
** [http://musi.itb.ac.id Mahasiswa Bumi Sriwijaya (MUSI)]
** ITB Students Ochestra (ISO)
* Unit Ulah raga
** Kendo ITB
** Unit Karate ITB
** Kyokushinkai
** Unit Yudo ITB
** Pencak Silat Tenaga Dasar Indonésia
** Unit Capoeira Quizumba ITB (UCQI)
** Unit Renang dan Polo Air (URPA)
** Unit Catur
** Unit Hoki
** Unit Basket &quot;GANESHA&quot; (UBG-ITB)
** Unit Bridge
** Unit Tenis ITB
** Unit Aktivitas Tenis Meja ITB (UATM ITB)
** Unit Bola Voli (UBV)
** Unit Bulu Tangkis
** Persatuan Beladiri Kempo Indonésia
** Satria Nusantara
** Perisai Diri
** Tae Kwon-Do
** Persatuan Sepak Bola ITB (PS ITB)
** Pendawa Padma
** Unit Soft Ball
** Wanadri
** Sinar Putih
** Panahan
** Tri Eka Dharma Margaluyu &quot;313&quot;
** Tarung Drajat (Boxer)
** Bela Diri Hikmatul Iman
** Bridge (UAB)
** Aikido
** Aerokreasi
** [http://www.facebook.com/photo.php?pid=994627&amp;op=1&amp;o=global&amp;view=global&amp;subj=1451291274&amp;id=1078967531#!/group.php?gid=49321944735&amp;ref=ts Ganesha Bicycler]
* Himpunan mahasiswa Program Studi
** HMFT ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Fisika Teknik)
*** http://skullers.tf.itb.ac.id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110904035611/http://skullers.tf.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-09-04 }}
*** http://hmft.tf.itb.ac.id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110729073358/http://hmft.tf.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-07-29 }}
*** http://avantgarde.tf.itb.ac.id {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112120951/http://avantgarde.tf.itb.ac.id/ |date=2012-01-12 }}
** HIMAFI ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Fisika)
** [http://hmp.pl.itb.ac.id HMP PANGRIPTA LOKA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Planologi Pangripta Loka) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110913140102/http://hmp.pl.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-09-13 }}
** [http://hmif.itb.ac.id HMIF ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Informatika)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110817002906/http://hmif.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-08-17 }}
** [http://himpunan.ee.itb.ac.id HME ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Elektroteknik) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070808124704/http://himpunan.ee.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-08-08 }}
** [http://img.gd.itb.ac.id IMG ITB (Ikatan Mahasiswa Geodesi) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212035741/http://img.gd.itb.ac.id/ |date=2007-12-12 }}
** [http://himastron.as.itb.ac.id HIMASTRON ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Astronomi)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100411022531/http://himastron.as.itb.ac.id/ |date=2010-04-11 }}
** [http://hmt.mining.itb.ac.id HMT ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Tambang) ]
** [http://hms.si.itb.ac.id HMS ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Sipil)]
** HMTM PATRA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Perminyakan)
** HMME Atmosphaira (Himpunan Mahasiswa Meteorologi) ITB
** HMO TRITON (Himpunan Mahasiswa Oseanografi) ITB
** HMTL ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Lingkungan)
** [http://www.himatekitb.com HIMATEK ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Kimia)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110825051211/http://www.himatekitb.com/ |date=2011-08-25 }}
** [http://mti.ti.itb.ac.id MTI ITB (Keluarga Mahasiswa Teknik Industri)Avanti MTI ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902060712/http://mti.ti.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-09-02 }}
** [http://web.himatika-itb.or.id HIMATIKA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Matematika)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713103359/http://web.himatika-itb.or.id/ |date=2011-07-13 }}
** [http://amisca.chem.itb.ac.id HMK AMISCA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Kimia)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720143548/http://amisca.chem.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-07-20 }}
** [http://ima-g.ar.itb.ac.id IMA-G (Ikatan Mahasiswa Arsitektur - Gunadharma) ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628150744/http://ima-g.ar.itb.ac.id/ |date=2011-06-28 }}
** HMM ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Mesin)
** KMPN ITB (Keluarga Mahasiswa Teknik Penerbangan)
** MTM ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Material)
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903025541/http://hmf.fa.itb.ac.id/ HMF 'Ars Praeparandi' ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Farmasi)]
** HIMASITH NYMPHAEA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Sekolah Ilmu dan Teknologi Hayati, &quot;Nymphaea&quot;)
** HIMATG TERRA ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Geofisika)
** KMSR ITB (Keluarga Mahasiswa Seni Rupa)
** [http://gea.itb.ac.id HMTG &quot;GEA&quot; ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Géologi &quot;GEA&quot; ITB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109202356/http://gea.itb.ac.id/ |date=2012-01-09 }}
** KM-SBM (Keluarga Mahasiswa SBM)
** IMMG ITB (Ikatan Mahasiswa Metalurgi ITB)
** [http://gea.itb.ac.id HMTG &quot;GEA&quot; ITB (Himpunan Mahasiswa Teknik Géologi &quot;GEA&quot; ITB)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120109202356/http://gea.itb.ac.id/ |date=2012-01-09 }}
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20110517212006/http://kmkl.ocean.itb.ac.id/ KMKL ITB (Keluarga Mahasiswa teknik Kelautan ITB)]

== Alumni ==

* [[Abdullah Puteh]], Mantan Gubernur Nanggroe Acèh Darrusalam
* [[Al Aziz Abbie Roossano]], pengusaha
* [[Afrizal ssi.]], pengusaha
* [[Aburizal Bakrie]], [[Menko Kesra]], pengusaha terkaya Indonésia 2007
* [[Al Hilal Hamdi]], Mantan Mantri Tenaga Kerja dan Transmigrasi
* [[Alvin Anderson]], Analis keuangan RI, Direktur Utama Exxon Indonésia
* [[Aming]], Komedian Lokal
* [[Arifin Panigoro]], Anggota [[DPR]], Pemilik [[Medco Group]]
* [[Azwar Anas]], mantan Mantri Koordinator Kesejahteraan Rakyat, mantan Gubernur Sumatera Barat
* [[Armein Z R Langi]], Kepala Pusat Penelitian Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi ITB (PPTIK-ITB)
* [[Bambang Harymurti]], Mantan Pemimpin Redaksi TEMPO
* [[Bambang Hidayat]], Astronom Dunia
* [[Bambang Subianto]], Mantan Mantri Keuangan
* [[Betti Alisjahbana]], CEO IBM Indonésia
* [http://budi.insan.co.id/ Budi Rahardjo], nimpuna ''IT-Security'' Indonésia, kolumnis Majalah Info Linux
* [[BJ Habibie]], [[Présidhèn RI]] ke-3, Ahli Teknik Penerbangan
* [[Cacuk Sudarijanto]], Mantan Direktur [[Indosat]], Direktur Utama [[Telkom]] dan mantan Kepala [[BPPN]] 
* [[Ciputra]], Pengusaha
* [[Dian Angreniwati Soerarso]], Direktur Bank Niaga
* [[Djuanda Kartawidjaja]], Mantan [[Nayakotama|Nayakotama Indonésia]]
* [[Dimitri Mahayana]], Dosen ITB, Pengusaha
* [[Eddie Widiono]], Mantan Direktur Utama [[PLN]]
* [[Erna Witoelar]], Mantan Mantri Pemukiman &amp; Prasarana Wewengkon
* [[Enda Nasution]], Penulis
* [[Fadel Muhammad]], Mantri Kelautan dan Perikanan
* [[Fariz RM]], musisi
* [[Ginandjar Kartasasmita]], Ketua DPD
* [[Giri Suseno Hadihardjono]], mantan Mantri Perhubungan Indonésia
* [[Gito Rollies]], penyanyi dan aktor
* [[Hans Wospakrik]], Fisikawan
* [[Harijono Djojodihardjo]], Mantan Ketua [[LAPAN]]
* [[Harry Roesli]], musisi, politisi, budayawan
* [[Hartono Rekso Dharsono]]. Mantan Pangdam Siliwangi, tokoh [[Petisi 50]]
* [[Hartarto Sastrosoenarto]], Mantan Mantri Perindustrian
* [[Hasnul Suhaimi]], Direktur Utama PT XL Axiata
* [[Hatta Rajasa]], [[Mantri Koordinator babagan Perékonomian]]
* [[Herman Johannes]], Mantan Mantri Pekerjaan Umum, Mantan Rektor [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]]
* [[Hilmi Panigoro]], Pengusaha
* [[Hokky Situngkir]], Ilmuwan
* [[Indra Herlambang]], Artis
* [[Istiqlal]],pengusaha
* [[Jero Wacik]], [[Mantri Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata Républik Indonésia|Mantri Kebudayaan dan Pariwisata]]
* [[Joko Anwar]], penulis naskah filem 
* [[Jusman Syafii Djamal]], Mantan Direktur Utama PT DI, Mantri Perhubungan
* [[Karlina Leksono]], Astronom
* [[Kuntoro Mangkusubroto]], [[Ketua Unit Kerja Présidhèn Babagan Pengawasan dan Pengendalian Pembangunan]]
* [[Kusmayanto Kadiman]], Mantan [[Mantri Nagara Riset dan Teknologi Républik Indonésia|Mantri Nagara Riset dan Teknologi]]
* [[Laksamana Sukardi]], Mantan [[Mantri Nagara Badan Usaha Milik Nagara Républik Indonésia|Mantri Nagara BUMN]]
* [[Luluk Sumiarso]], Deputi ESDM
* [[Muslimin Nasution]], Mantan [[Mantri Kehutanan Républik Indonésia|Mantri Kehutanan]] dan Ketua [[ICMI]]
* [[Nabiel Makarim]], Mantan Mantri Nagara Lingkungan Hidup (2 semester di FIKTM ITB)
* [[Onno W Purbo]], nimpuna tèknologi informasi dan tokoh [[Sumber terbuka]] Indonésia
* [[Pantur Silaban]], Fisikawan
* [[Pangeran M. Noor]], Mantan Mantri Pekerjaan Umum, Mantan Gubernur Kalimantan
* [[Pater Drost]], Rohaniwan, Pakar pendidikan
* [[Pramono Anung]], Mantan Ketua HMT ITB, Pulitikus,Sekjen PDI-P
* [[Purnomo Yusgiantoro]], [[Mantri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral Républik Indonésia|Mantri Energi dan Sumber Daya Mineral]]
* [[Rachmat Witoelar]], Mantan Mantri Nagara Lingkungan Hidup
* [[Raden Pardede]], Komisaris Bank Central Asia
* [[Revantino]], Seniman, Budayawan
* [[Rinaldi Firmansyah]], Direktur Utama PT Telkom
* [[Rizal Ramli]], Mantan Menko Perékonomian
* [[Rozik Boedioro Soetjipto]], mantan Mantri Nagara Pekerjaan Umum
* [[Said Djauharsjah Jenie]], Ketua [[BPPT]]
* [[Salahuddin Wahid]], Rohaniwan, Politisi
* [[Samaun Samadikun]], Profesor, Guru Besar di Babagan (Mikro) Elektronika, Mantan Direktur [[PAUME Pusat Mikroelektronika]]
* [[Sanyoto Sastrowardoyo]], Mantan Mantri Nagara Investasi, Kepala BKPM
* [[Sarwono Kusumaatmadja]], Anggota DPD, Mantan Mantri Nagara Pendayagunaan Aparatur Nagara 
* [[Sedyatmo]], Penemu Pondasi Cakar Ayam
* [[Siswono Yudo Husodo]], Mantan Mantri Perumahan Rakyat
* [[Soekarno]], [[Présidhèn RI]] pertama
* [[Sri Bintang Pamungkas]], Politisi
* [[Sudjiwo Tedjo]], Seniman, Budayawan
* [[Suhono Harso Supangkat]] Staf Ahli Menkominfo
* [[Syafruddin Arsjad Temenggung]], Mantan Kepala BPPN
* [[Taufik Akbar]], Ahli Satelit
* [[Tjia May On]], Fisikawan
* [[Tjokorda Raka Sukawati]], Ahli Konstruksi
* [[Tri Haryo Susilo]], CEO PT Rekayasa Industri
* [[Wimar Witoelar]], Pengamat Sosial &amp; Pulitik
* [[Winardi Sutantyo]], Astronom
* [[Wiranto Arismunandar]], Mantan Mantri Pendidikan &amp; Kebudayaan
* [[Wiratman Wangsadinata]], Ahli Konstruksi
* [[Wiyoto Wiyono]], Ahli Konstruksi
* [[Yusuf Bilyarta Mangunwijaya]], rohaniwan, novelis, aktivis HAM
* [[Zuhal]], mantan Mantri Riset &amp; Teknologi, mantan Dirut PLN

{{PTN ing Indonésia}}

[[Kategori:Institut Teknologi Bandung| ]]
[[Kategori:Perguruan tinggi nagari ing Jawa Kulon|Teknologi Bandung, Institut]]
[[Kategori:Perguruan tinggi ing Jawa Kulon]]
[[Kategori:Arsitèktur Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Wangunan Walanda ing Indonésia]]


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  <page>
    <title>Gunung Suribachi</title>
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      <text bytes="2183" sha1="mszchpdkcmbrwuqe4ft3z3hniuatd6l" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:MtSuribachi2.jpg|thumb|210px|Gunung Suribachi]]
{{nihongo|'''Gunung Suribachi'''|摺鉢山|Suribachiyama}} (jeneng liya: Paipuyama utawa Gunung Pipe; [[basa Inggris]]: Mount Suribachi) iku [[gunung geni]]&lt;ref name=volcanoes&gt;{{cite book |last= Fisherl |first= Richard Virgil |author2= Grant Heiken, Jeffrey B. Hulen|title= Volcanoes: Crucibles of Change |url= https://archive.org/details/volcanoescrucibl0000fish_t3n3 |publisher= Princeton University Press |date=September 1997 |isbn=0-6910-0249-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; jinis krucut [[piroklastik]] saka watu [[andesit]] sing dhuwuré 169 [[mèter]]. Dunungé ing pérangan [[kidul-kulon]] [[Iwo Jima]], sawijining pulo sing dumunung ing 1.200&amp;nbsp;km kidulé [[Tokyo]].

Wiwit taun [[1889]], pamaréntah Jepang nyathet gunung iki wis njeblug kaping 16. Jeblugan sing pungkasan kadadéan taun [[1957]]. Jeblugan watara 65 menit, lan nyiptakaké kawah kanthi diamèter 35 mèter lan jeroné 15 mèter ing cedhak tilas [[landhas pacu]] tilas [[Perang Donya II]].&lt;ref name=volcanoes /&gt;

== Sajarah ==
[[Gambar:USMC War Memorial 02.jpg|thumb|Tugu pèngetan perang Korps Marinir Amérikah Sarékat ing Makam Pahlawan Arlington]]
Wangun gunung iki kaya [[mangkok]] kanggo ngalusaké panganan (''suribachi'') sing mengkurep saéngga ingaran Gunung Suribachi. Jeneng liyané ya iku Gunung Pipe amarga saka gunung iki ngetokaké keluk lan gas, lan katon kaya [[oncé]] sing pinuju kumepul.

Gunung iki dadi seksi pertempuran [[Pertempuran Iwo Jima|Iwo Jima]] sing ngakibataké akèh kurban ing pihak Amérikah Sarékat lan Jepang. Iwo Jima minangka markas wadya Jepang, lan dipertahanaké mati-matian amarga karebuté Iwo Jima ateges kekalahan tumrap Jepang. Ing Gunung Suribachi, prajurit Jepang gawé jaringan [[guwa]] ngisor lemah kanggo ndhelikaké mriem-mriem kalibèr gedhé, antarané [[mriem]] kalibèr 20&amp;nbsp;cm. Nanging, pemboman [[kapal perang]] wadya lautan Amérikah Sarékat ngajuraké kabèh posisi mriem Jepang.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{ja}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20220116192051/http://tonesan.fc2web.com/iou.htm Iwo Jima dan Gunung Suribachi]

[[Kategori:Gunung ing Jepang]]


{{jepang-geo-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Papan Anggegana Internasional Jenderal Ahmad Yani</title>
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      <comment>Infobox airport Updated</comment>
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      <text bytes="3991" sha1="5i3k6ue5rptspbumdbg6ylobdo9q018" xml:space="preserve">{{Kothakinfo papan anggegana
|name=Papan Anggegana Nagarantara Ahmad Yani
|IATA=SRG
|ICAO=WAHS
|lokasi=[[Kutha Semarang|Semarang]], [[Jawa Tengah]]
|nagara=[[Indonésia]]
|tipe=sipil lan militèr
|waktu=UTC+7
|elevasi=3 [[mèter|m]] (10 [[feet|f]])
|koordinat={{koordinat|6|58|21|82|S|110|22|31|31|T|type:airport|br=Y}}
|image=Logo of Jenderal Ahmad Yani International Airport.png|image2=SemarangAirportTerminal.jpg|image-width=280|image2-width=280}}

'''Papan Anggegana Nagarantara Ahmad Yani''' ([[IATA]]: [[SRG]], [[ICAO]]: [[WAHS]]) dumunung ing kutha [[Semarang]], [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonésia]]. Jeneng papan anggegana iki dijupuk saka salah siji pahlawan revolusi Indonésia, [[Achmad Yani]]. Peresmian dadi papan anggegana nagarantara nalika miwiti ana pamaburan perdhana [[Garuda Indonésia]] menyang [[Singapura]] wulan [[Maret]] [[2004]]. 
[[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Een Fokker vliegtuig op vliegveld Simongan TMnr 60026230.jpg|thumb|220px|Pesawat [[Fokker]] ing lapangan terbang Simongan ing taun 1930-an]]

== Data papan anggegana ==
* Landhasan utama: 2.680 x 45 m &lt;ref&gt;[http://mediaindonésia.com/index.php?ar_id=MTM3MjY= Media Indonésia]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://cetak.kompas.com/read/xml/2008/07/05/12052448/.beroperasi.landhasan.pacu.baru.papan anggegana.ahmad.yani Landhasan pacu papan anggegana Ahmad Yani]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gunggung penumpang saben dina: 1.600 nganti 2.000 ([[2006]])

== Parusahan pamaburan ==
[[Gambar:srg_2009.jpg‎|thumb|upright|220px|right|Papan Anggegana Nagarantara Ahmad Yani [[Semarang]]]]
* [[AirAsia]] ([[Kuala Lumpur-Nagarantara]])
* [[Airfast Indonesia]] ([[Karimunjawa]])
* [[Batik Air]] ([[Jakarta-Halim Perdanakusuma]], [[Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta]])
* [[Citilink]] ([[Jakarta-Halim Perdanakusuma]], [[Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta]])
* [[Garuda Indonesia]] ([[Denpasar/Bali]], [[Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta]])
* [[Lion Air]] ([[Jakarta-Soekarno Hatta]])
* [[Wings Air]] ([[Surabaya]], [[Denpasar]])
* [[Trigana Air]] ([[Pangkalanbun]])
* [[Kalstar]] ([[Pangkalanbun]])
* [[Batavia Air]] ([[Jakarta]], [[Singapura]])
* [[Mandala Airlines]] ([[Jakarta]], [[Banjarmasin]], [[Balikpapan]])
* [[Sriwijaya Air]] ([[Jakarta]], [[Surabaya]], [[Banjarmasin]])
* [[Merpati Nusantara Airlines]] ([[Bandung]], [[Jakarta]], [[Pangkalanbun]], [[Sampit]]

== Rencana mangsa ngarep ==
Pamaréntah Provinsi Jawa Tengah miwiti proyèk iki taun [[2005]]. Papan anggegana nagarantara Achmad Yani mengko bakal duwé fasilitas:

# Ndawakaké landhasan — Landhasan sing dawané 2.680 m sing bisa nampung [[Boeing 767]] lan [[Airbus A320]] anyar iki diresmaké Gubernur Jawa Tengah.&lt;ref&gt;[http://promojateng-bikk.com/berita.php?id=6574 Promo Jateng]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://seputarsemarang.com/papan anggegana-ahmad-yani-semarang-7250 Papan Anggegana Ahmad Yani Semarang]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.antarajateng.com/terkini.php?id=3860 Antara Jateng.com]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.suaramerdeka.com/smcetak/index.php?fuseaction=beritacetak.detailberitacetak&amp;id_beritacetak=20749 Suara Merdeka]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.angkasapura.net/isi.php?option=berap&amp;id=83 Angkasapura]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Terminal anyar sing luwih jembar — Terminal anyar iki bakal dibangun ing sisih lor terminal lawas, jembaré 21.500 mèter pesagi lan bisa nangani rong pesawat ukuran gedhé lan 8 pesawat ukuran cilik.

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

{{Papan anggegana ing Indonésia}}

[[Kategori:Papan anggegana ing Indonésia|Achmad Yani]]
[[Kategori:Papan anggegana nagarantara ing Indonésia|Achmad Yani]]
[[Kategori:Kutha Semarang]]


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  <page>
    <title>Gunungan</title>
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      <text bytes="8727" sha1="49xcvmt1rvfs327xsof7t3jg18vatgb" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Wajangfiguur van karbouwenhuid voorstellende een pauzeteken TMnr 4551-27.jpg|thumb|250px| Gunungan]]
'''Gunungan''' inggih punika gambar [[wayang]] ingkang wujudipun kados [[gunung]].&lt;ref name=&quot;buku1&quot;&gt;Hardjowirogo. (1982). ''Sajarah Wayang Purwa''. Jakarta: Balai Pustaka&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oneearthmedia.net/ind/?p=271 |title=''Makna Gunungan'' |author=Triwidodo |date=23 November 2008 |publisher=OneEarthMedia |accessdate=5 Maret 2011 |archive-date=28 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628180002/http://www.oneearthmedia.net/ind/?p=271 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Salebetipun gunungan wonten gambar lawang kados déné [[gerbang]], ingkang dipunjagi déning buta cacah kalih cepengan [[gada]] lan [[tébéng]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Gunungan ing [[wayang|pawayangan]] ugi asring sinebat '''Kayon'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Sanésipun gunungan punika nggambaraken karajan, gunungan ugi kanggé pratandha giyaran [[wayang]] badhé dipunwiwiti.&lt;ref name=&quot;buku1&quot;/&gt; Gunungan utawi kayon wiwitanipun dipunripta déning [[Radèn Patah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Winastan gunungan amargi wujudipun mèmper gunung limrahipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Gambar wayang punika dipun-ginakaken saben pagelaran wayang ([[wayang purwa]], [[Wayang Krucil|wayang krucil]], [[wayang golèk]], [[wayang gedhog]], [[wayang suluh]], lan sanèsipun).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wayangprabu.com/galeri-wayang/kayongunungan/ |title=''Kayon/Gunungan'', Budaya Wayang &quot;World Masterpiece&quot; |author= |year= |publisher=Media Berbagi Paguyuban Pecinta Wayang |accessdate=28 April 2011 |archive-date=28 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528182939/http://wayangprabu.com/galeri-wayang/kayongunungan/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jinisipun Gunungan ==
Mituhu wujudipun, gunungan utawi kayon saged dipunpérang dados kalih, inggih punika:
* Kayon Gapuran, wujudipun radi alit kanthi gambar [[gapura]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Sisih kiwa tengenipun dipunjagi déning buta utawi raseksa. Sisih wingking kayon wonten gambaran utawi wewujudan [[geni]] warna abrit.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;
* Kayon Blumbangan, wujudipun radi ageng lan langkung endhèp upami dipunbandhingaken kaliyan kayon gapuran.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Sisih ngandhapipun wonten gambar kolam kanthi toya wening, samadyanipun kayon wonten gambar [[iwak|ulam]] cacahipun kalih ingkang sami adhep-adhepan, lan sisih wingkingipun wonten gambar sagara ingkang warninipun sami kaliyan warni langit.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

== Gambar Salebetipun Gunungan ==
Sedaya gambar ing salebetipun gunungan inggih punika:
* griya éndah kanthi undhag-undhagan ingkang cacahipun tiga lan korinipun dipunrengga gambaripun Bethara [[Kamajaya]] ingkang adhep-adhepan kaliyan [[Dèwi Ratih]],
* buta utawi raseksa ingkang sami adhep-adhepan, kanthi mbekta gada utawi pedhang jangkep kaliyan taméngipun,
* naga ingkang ngghadhahi swiwi kalih,
* alas ingkang dipunrengga déning para kéwan,
* [[macan]] ingkang adhep-adhepan kaliyan [[banthèng]],
* wit-witan ageng ing tengahipun alas, dipunubeti déning sawer,
* makara ing tengahipun wit,
* [[kethèk]] cacahipun kalih lan [[lutung]] ingkang mapan ing wit,
* [[pitik alas]] cacah kalih ing sanginggilipun wit-witan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

== Ginanipun Gunungan ==
[[Gambar:Wayang Kulit Indonésia, Yogyakarta.jpg|235px|thumb|Gunungan ing pagelaran wayang gagrag [[Yogyakarta]].]]
Gambar-gambar salebetipun gunungan nggambaraken saisining jagad raya jangkep kaliyan isinipun. Gunungan ing pagelaran [[wayang]] gadhah jejer ingkang wigati.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;
* Minangka tandha pagelaran wayang badhé dipunwiwiti, inggih nalikanipun gunungan dipunbedhol ing tengah-tengahipun [[kelir]], lajeng dipuntancepaken ing sisih tengen.
* Minangka tandha gantosipun jejer lan ugi dipun-ginakaken [[dhalang]] kanggé nggambaraken owah-owahanipun swasana.
* Minangka tandha gantosipun [[pathet]].
* Nggambaraken tumuruning wahyu saking déwa, angin, lan sanèsipun.
* Nggambaraken geni, inggih punika kanthi malik gunungan ingkang sisihipun gadhah gambar geni.
* Minangka sarana dhalang anggènipun nggambaraken medalipun kekiyataning paraga wayang.
* Minangka tandha purnanipun pagelaran [[wayang]], kanthi nancepaken gunungan ing tengah-tengahipun [[kelir]].

== Werdinipun Gunungan ==
Gunungan saged dipunmaknani:&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://setyawara.webnode.com/news/makna-kayon-atau-gunungan/ |title=''Makna Gunungan atau Kayon'' |author=Setya Amrih Prasaja, S.S |date=27 Juni 2009 |publisher=E - Learning Basa Jawa di SMA Negeri 1 Sanden, Kabupatèn Bantul - DIY |accessdate=28 April 2011 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100905193506/http://setyawara.webnode.com/news/makna-kayon-atau-gunungan/ |archivedate=2010-09-05 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gunungan saged dipunmaknani minangka lambang pancer, inggih punika jiwa utawi sukma.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Kajawi punika, wujudipun ingkang wujud wajik (''segitiga'') gadhah teges [[manungsa]] punika gadhah unsur cipta, rasa, lan karsa. Lambang gambar pesagi (''segiempat'') ngemu werdi, manungsa gadhah sekawan sadhérék. Sadhérék kasebat inggih punika (1) [[lemah|siti]], (2) [[geni]], (3) [[toya]], lan (4) hawa utawi [[angin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;
* Gunungan minangka lambang alam ing pawayangan. Mituhu kapitayanipun [[Hindhu]], segi makrokosmos gunungan ingkang dipunputer-puteraken kaliyan dhalang, ngetingalaken campuhipun sadaya piranti dados satunggal. Salajengipun, samudayanipun dados wewujudan donya saisinipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;
* Gunungan ngadhahi werdi, minangka tandha panguripan. Saben gambar ing gunungan, ngetingalaken saisining piranti ing sajeroning jagad. Wiwit saking manungsa, [[kéwan]], alas, lan samudayanipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Wujud gunungan wujud limas (''segilima''), nggambaraken gangsal wekdal ingkang kedah dipunlampahaken déning manungsa [[muslim]]. Wujud lancip punika gadhah werdi gandhéng cénéng antawisipun manungsa kaliyan gustinipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Gambar wit minangka pratandha ingkang mbabaraken digdayanipun Gusti Ingkang Maha Wikan, ingkang sampun maringi pangayoman dhumateng sadaya titah ing ngalam donya.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Sedaya kéwan ingkang karipta ing gunungan gadhah 3 (tigang) teges, (1) sipat, (2) bebudén, lan (3) watek, ingkang dipungadhahi saben manungsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Gambar sirah raseksa utawi buta nggambaraken kaanan manungsa ingkang gesangipun ing ngalam donya gadhah sipat rakus lan awon kados [[sétan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Gambar ilu-ilu [[geni]] nggambaraken lampahipun gesang manungsa karidhu déning manéka warna godha, coba, bebaya, lan sanès-sanèsipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Gambar sagara ngemu pratandha ingkang njléntrehaken pikiranipun manungsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Gambar buta nyepeng gada gadhah werdi panjagining rasa ing ngalam peteng lan padhang.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Gambar [[Omah Joglo|Joglo]] mbabaraken kahananipun nagari ingkang aman lan tenterem, awit sampun kinayoman déning ngrembakanipun wit-witan lan isén-isén sanèsipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Gambar raseksa minangka lambangipun manungsa ingkang kirang tata.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://eprints.umm.ac.id/8567/ |title=''Simbolisme Dalam Ukiran Gunungan &quot;Kayon&quot; Wayang Kulit (Telaah Semiotika Budaya)'' |author=Eko Stiyono |year=2007 |publisher=UMM Institutional Repository, University Of Muhammadiyah Malang |format=PDF |accessdate=29 April 2011 |archive-date=11 October 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131011071253/http://eprints.umm.ac.id/8567/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
* [http://wayangprabu.com/galeri-wayang/kayongunungan/ '''Kayon / Gunungan'''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110528182939/http://wayangprabu.com/galeri-wayang/kayongunungan/ |date=2011-05-28 }}
* [http://filsafat.kompasiana.com/2011/06/19/filosofi-gunungan-wayang-kulit/ ''Filosofi Gunungan Wayang Kulit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110622202025/http://filsafat.kompasiana.com/2011/06/19/filosofi-gunungan-wayang-kulit |date=2011-06-22 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100905193506/http://setyawara.webnode.com/news/makna-kayon-atau-gunungan/ ''Makna Kayon atau Gunungan'']
* [http://www.oneearthmedia.net/ind/?p=271 ''Makna Gunungan dalam Pagelaran Wayang Kulit] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628180002/http://www.oneearthmedia.net/ind/?p=271 |date=2022-06-28 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100621063158/http://pantheon.org/articles/k/kayon.html '''Kayon''']

[[Kategori:Wayang]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Wayang]]
[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jumuwah Adi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="5130" sha1="tfhaghgtncui5xjqqpsf9tis49z7xur" xml:space="preserve">{{dablink|Artikel puniki arupi dinten riyaya Kristen ingkang dipundhasaraken dhumateng prastawa [[Sédanipun Yesus]]}}
[[Gambar:Cristo de San Plácido, by Diego Velázquez.jpg|thumb|Jumuwah Adi, pèngetan panyaliban lan sédanipun Yesus Kristus]]
{{Taun Liturgi}}
'''Jumuwah Adi''' punika dinten [[Jemuwah|Jumuwah]] sadèrèngipun [[Minggu Paskah]], dinten pèngetan [[Panyaliban Yesus]] Kristus lan [[Sédanipun Yesus|sédanipun]] ing [[Golgota]].&lt;BR&gt;
Kanthi dhasar rincèn kitab suci ngéngingi [[Pangadilan Sanhedrin dhumateng Yesus]], lan analisis èlmiah, prastawa panyaliban Yesus sanget mungel dumados ing dinten Jumuwah, nanging tanggal dumadosipun boten dipunmangertosi kanthi cetha, lan akir-akir puniki dipunprakirakaken dumados nalika [[taun]] [[33]] [[Masehi]], déning kalih golongan èlmuwan, lan sadèrèngipun dipunprakirakaken dumados nalika taun [[34]] Masehi déning [[Isaac Newton]] liwat pangètangan slisih-slisih antawisipun kalèndher Yahudi lan kalèndher Julian lan agengipun [[rembulan|mbulan]] sabit.&lt;ref&gt;Isaac Newton, 1733, ''Of the Times of the Birth and Passion of Christ'', ing &quot;Observations upon the Prophecies of Daniel and the Apocalypse of St. John&quot; (London: J. Darby lan T. Browne)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bradley Schaefer, 1990, ''Lunar Visibility and the Crucifixion'' Jurnal Triwulanan dari Royal Astronomical Society 31.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Waktu Penyaliban miturut para Astronom http://www.mirabilis.ca/archives/000736.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110425083159/http://www.mirabilis.ca/archives/000736.html |date=2011-04-25 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Waktu Wafat Kristus miturut para Astronom http://english.pravda.ru/science/tech/16-05-2003/2819-christ-0&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;John Pratt ''Newton's Date For The Crucifixion'' &quot;Jurnal Triwulanan saking Royal Astronomical Society&quot;, Sept. 1991&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Tanggal Penyaliban Menurut Newton http://www.johnpratt.com/items/docs/newton.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Priksani ugi ==
* [[Sédanipun Yesus]]
* [[Setu Suci]]
* [[Paskah]]

== Réferènsi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
{{refbegin}}
* [http://paskah.sabda.org/ Situs Paskah lan Jemuwah Adi Indonésia]
* [http://www.request.org.uk/main/festivals/friday/friday00.htm Jemuwah Adi ing RE:Quest] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417121219/http://www.request.org.uk/main/festivals/friday/friday00.htm |date=2009-04-17 }}
* [http://www.oca.org/OCchapter.asp?SID=2&amp;ID=74 Pèngetan Jemuwah Adi Ortodoks Wétan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607102453/http://www.oca.org/OCchapter.asp?SID=2&amp;ID=74 |date=2011-06-07 }}
* [http://www.transfigcathedral.org/faith/Bulgakov/0543.pdf Jemuwah Adi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110424223624/http://www.transfigcathedral.org/faith/Bulgakov/0543.pdf |date=2011-04-24 }} pitedah-pitedah saking ''Buku sak kanggé para Petugas Gréja'' ([[Gréja Ortodoks Ruslan]]) karya S. V. Bulgakov
* [http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06643a.htm &quot;Jemuwah Adi&quot;] artikel saking ''[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]''
* [http://archives.umc.org/frames.asp?url=http%3A//www.gbod.org/worship/default.asp%3Fact%3Dreader%26item_id=2619&amp;loc_id=9%2C10,32,49 Saking pundi istilah &quot;Jemuwah Adi&quot; asalipun?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210502095738/http://archives.umc.org/frames.asp?url=http%3A//www.gbod.org/worship/default.asp%3Fact%3Dreader%26item_id=2619&amp;loc_id=9%2C10,32,49 |date=2021-05-02 }} [[United Methodist Church]]
* [http://www.liturgies.net/Lent/GoodFriday.htm Ibadhat Jemuwah Adi Episkopal]
* [http://www.mapc.com/html/03_worship/PDF/2008-03-21a-Good%20Friday.pdf Ibadhat Jemuwah Adi Presbiterian] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325002942/http://www.mapc.com/html/03_worship/PDF/2008-03-21a-Good%20Friday.pdf |date=2009-03-25 }}
* [http://www.st-takla.org/Feastes-&amp;-Special-Events/Feasts-Holy-Lent_Al-Soum-Al-Kebeer-&amp;-Pascha.html Himne Jemuwah Adi] ing [http://St-Takla.org St-Takla.org] ([[Gréja Ortodoks Koptik]])
* [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&amp;case=/data2/circs/4th/971935p.html Koenick v Felton] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417134356/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&amp;case=/data2/circs/4th/971935p.html |date=2009-04-17 }} prakara ukum—hak praja-praja kanggé ndadosaken Dinten Jemuwah Adi minangka dinten préi praja dipunbéla déning Pangadilan Inggil Amérikah Sarékat (findlaw.com)
* [http://www.textweek.com/festivals/friday.htm Naskah Minggu Puniki: Jemuwah Adi]
* [http://www.csp.org/practices/entheogens/docs/young-good_friday.html Èkspèrimèn Jemuwah Adi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170315152259/http://www.csp.org/practices/entheogens/docs/young-good_friday.html |date=2017-03-15 }}, sawijining pangujèn ingkang dipunlapmahaken ing dinten Jemuwah Adi, 1962, ing Univèrsitas Boston kanggé nemtokaken khasiyat [[psilocybin]] kanggé maringi fasilitas pengalaman mistis.
{{refend}}
{{Paskah}}
{{Pekan Suci|state=show}}
{{Dina riyaya Indonésia}}

[[Kategori:Paskah|Jemuwah Adi]]
[[Kategori:Dina riyaya ing Indonésia|Jemuwah Adi]]
[[Kategori:Dina riyaya Kristen|Jemuwah Adi]]


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  <page>
    <title>Gianluigi Buffon</title>
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      <text bytes="23052" sha1="fpeny0ewaa8dic9v792hxc57dx355zt" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Football biography
|playername = Gianluigi Buffon
|image = [[Gambar:Gianluigi Buffon (31784615942).jpg|250px]]
|fullname =Gianluigi Buffon
|height = {{height|m=1.91}}
|dateofbirth = {{birth date and age|1978|1|28|df=y}}
|cityofbirth = [[Carrara]] {{ITA}}
|countryofbirth = Itali
|currentclub  = [[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]
|clubnumber = 1
|position = [[Kiper]]
|youthyears = 1991–1995
|youthclubs = [[Parma F.C.|Parma]]
|years = 1995–2001&lt;br /&gt;2001–2018&lt;br /&gt;2018-2019&lt;br /&gt;2019-saiki
|clubs = [[Parma F.C.|Parma]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Paris Saint-Germain]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]
|caps = 168&lt;br /&gt;275
|caps(goals) = {{0}}168 (0)&lt;br /&gt;286 (0)
|nationalyears = 1995–1997&lt;br /&gt;1997–2018
|nationalteam = [[Tim nasional Bal-balan Itali U-21|Itali U-21]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Tim nasional bal-balan Itali|Itali]]
|nationalcaps(goals) = {{0}}11 (0)&lt;br /&gt;102 (0)
|nationalteam1 = [[Tim nasional Bal-balan Itali U-21|Itali U-21]]
|pcupdate = [[16 Januari]] [[2011]]
|ntupdate = [[14 Juni]] [[2010]]
}}

'''Gianluigi Buffon''' kang duwé nama paraban ''seuperman'' lair ing [[Carrara]], [[Italia]] tanggal [[28 Januari]] [[1978]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.juventus.co.id/detail_pemain.php?id_ref_menu=31&amp;id_parents_menu=6&amp;id_pemain=227 |title=Situs rasmi Juventus Football Club Indonesia, Copyright ©2009. Dipuntingali tanggal 22 Maret 2011. |access-date=2011-03-22 |archive-date=2011-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110810104630/http://www.juventus.co.id/detail_pemain.php?id_ref_menu=31&amp;id_parents_menu=6&amp;id_pemain=227 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kapit&quot;&gt;[http://www.goal.com/id-ID/people/italy/90/gianluigi-buffon. Dipuntingali tanggal 11 Maret 2012.]&lt;/ref&gt; Buffon main dados kiper wonten ing klub [[Juventus]] lan [[Tim Nasional Italia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.bola.net/profile/gianluigi_buffon/ Situs rasmi KapanLagi.com, Copyright © 2009 - 2011. Dipuntingali tanggal 22 Maret 2011.]&lt;/ref&gt; Piyambakipun Miwiti debutipun nalika yuswa 17 taun wonten ing klub [[Parma]] nalika main lawan [[AC Milan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;
Prestasi ingkang saé piyambak saking Buffon inggih punika nalika piyambakipun dados juara donya [[2006]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Buffon asring dipunsebat dados salah satunggal kiper ingkang saé piyambak wonten ing donya.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Salah satunggaling bebungah ingkang dipunsabet déning piyambakipun inggih punika gelar Kiper ingkang saé piyambak Serie A kaping 8.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Profil ==
Lair saking kulawarga ingkang latar belakangipun ulah raga&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.soccer-fans-info.com/gianluigi-buffon-biography.html |title=Gianluigi Buffon Biography |access-date=2011-05-01 |archive-date=2011-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813163710/http://www.soccer-fans-info.com/gianluigi-buffon-biography.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BuffonBio&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.footbo.com/Players/Gianluigi_Buffon/Biography |title=Gianluigi Buffon Biography |access-date=2011-05-01 |archive-date=2011-05-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519113414/http://www.footbo.com/Players/Gianluigi_Buffon/Biography |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Maria Stella]] inggih punika ibunipun minangka satunggaling atlet [[lempar cakram]] lan Bapakipun inggih punika Adriano Buffon minangka atlet [[angkat wesi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;BuffonBio&quot;/&gt;. Buffon punika putra pembarep saking tingang sadulur. Rayinipun inggih punika Veronica lan Guendalina ingkang gadhah profesi dados atlet voli. Paklikipun Buffon Angelo Masocco inggih gadhah pakaryan minangka atlet [[basket]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BuffonBio&quot;/&gt; Satunggaling kiper legendaris saking Italia Lorenzo Buffon uga taksih gadhah paseduluran kaliyan mbah kakungipun Gianluigi Buffon. Buffon gadah sisihan wanudya saking Ceko inggih punika Alena Šeredová.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.kickette.com/expecting_gianluigi_buffon_and_alena_seredova/ Expecting: Gianluigi Buffon and Alena Seredova]&lt;/ref&gt; Buffon lan Alena sampun kanugrahan lare kalih inggih punika [[Louis Thomas]] (lair [[28 Dhésèmber]] [[2007]]) [[lan David Lee]] (lair [[31 Oktober]] [[2009]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;BuffonBio&quot;/&gt; Putra nomer satunggal saking Buffon dipunparingi nama &quot;Thomas&quot; amarga Buffon gadhah idola inggih punika Thomas N'Kono.&lt;ref name=&quot;BuffonBio&quot;/&gt;

== Kareir Klub ==
=== AC Parma ===
Buffon miwiti kariéripun wonten ing akademi bal-balan klub AC Parma taun 1991 nalika yuswanipun 15 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;uefa&quot;/&gt; Buffon lulus saking tim ''junior'' taun 1995 nalika taksih yuswa 19 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;uefa&quot;/&gt; Buffon lajeng miwiti debutipun wonten Serie A nalika Parma lawan AC Milan tanggal 19 Novèmber 1995, lan wonten tetandhingan punika Parma saged nahan imbang Milan kanthi skor 0-0.&lt;ref name=&quot;uefa&quot;/&gt; Buffon lajeng angsal kesempatan malih kanggo main. Nalika taun 1996 Buffon resmi dados kiper utama Parma, nalika dados kiper utama, pelatih kiper wonten ing klub Parma inggih punika Louie P kang uga dados kiper legendaris saking klub Parma.&lt;ref name=&quot;uefa&quot;/&gt; Buffon lajeng main langkung saking 200 tetandhingan, lan wonten ing mangsa kaping sekawanipun inggih punika nalika mangsa 1998-1999, piyambakipun saged mbekta Parma dados juwara [[Piala UEFA]] lan [[Coppa Italia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;uefa&quot;&gt;[http://www.rsssf.com/ec/ec199899.html#uefa www.rsssf.com]&lt;/ref&gt; Mangsa 2000-01 dados mangsa ingkang pungkasan Buffon wonten ing Klub Parma.&lt;ref name=&quot;ujar&quot;/&gt; Kathah gosip ingkang nyebataken bilih Buffon dados inceran saking klub-klub Italia.&lt;ref name=&quot;ujar&quot;/&gt; Gosip ingkang paling santer inggih punika Buffon dipunminati déning klub ingkang dados juara bertahan Liga Italia inggih punika klub [[AS Roma]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ujar&quot;/&gt; Kabar punika lajeng dipunbantah déning pihak saking klub Roma ingkang mendhet [[Ivan Pelizzoli]] saking [[Atalanta B.C.|Atalanta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ujar&quot;/&gt; Buffon piyambak boten nanggepi gosip ingkang sampun sumebar kanthi temen, lan Buffon banjur ngucap: {{cquote2|''Saya rasa, Roma bukanlah papan yang baik bagi saya untuk mengembangkan karier. Mereka memang juara nanging keuangan mereka tipis sehingga kemungkinan akan membuat saya berjuang sendirian sebagai salah satu bintang di sana bersama [[Francesco Totti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ujar&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_Itali/sep21l.html|title=Roma nearly signed Buffon|publisher=Football Itali|access-date=25 Dhésèmber 2007|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080502225646/http://www.channel4.com/sport/football_Itali/sep21l.html|archive-date=2008-05-02|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;''}} Klub saking Kutha Turin, Juventus lajeng rikat-rikat mundhut Buffon kang dados satunggal paket kaliyan [[Lilian Thuram]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mahal&quot;/&gt; Regi transfer Buffon piyambak nalika jaman samanten inggih punika £32,6 yuta ingkang ndamel piyambakipun dados kiper paling awis.&lt;ref name=&quot;mahal&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/europe/1422132.stm|title=Juve land £32.6m Buffon|date=4 Juli 2001|accessdate=6 April 2010|work=BBC Sport}}&lt;/ref&gt; Minangka pérangan saking transferipun, Juventus lajeng maringaken [[Jonathan Bachini]] kanggé klub Parma.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.juventus.com/news/0,,A_332049|2=L_IT,00.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010907142812/http://www.juventus.com/news/0,,A_332049|4=L_IT,00.html|title=Acquistato Buffon|date=3 Juli 2001|accessdate=6 April 2010|archive-date=7 September 2001|work=Juventus FC|language=Italin|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Juventus FC (2001-2018 lan 2019-saiki) ===
Gianluigi Buffon dados salah satunggaling juru main ingkang dipunpundhut Juventus saking klub Parma wonten ing mangsa kompetisi 2001-02 sesarengan kaliyan kanca satunggal timipun Lilian Thuram lan uga glandhang saking klub [[SS Lazio]] [[Pavel Nedved]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1064964.html |title=Nedved: I can retire happy |access-date=2011-09-04 |archive-date=2013-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130923083602/http://www.fifa.com/worldfootball/news/newsid=1064964.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Juventus piyambak saged ngrawuhaken arto seger sasampunipun nglego bintangipun [[Zinedine Zidane]] menyang klub [[Real Madrid]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.juventus.com/news/0,,A_336083|2=L_IT,00.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20010806031702/http://www.juventus.com/news/0%2C%2CA_336083%7CL_IT%2C00.html|title=Zidane al Real|date=2001-07-09|archivedate=2001-08-06|accessdate=2010-04-06|work=Juventus F.C.|language=Italin|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Juventus lajeng ngrawuhake [[Marcello Lippi]] malih sasampunipun [[Carlo Ancelotti]] dipunpecat amargi piyambakipun gagal mbekta Juventus dados juara Serie A.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.juventus.com/site/filesite/finance/bilanci_relazioni/28_ott_2002_eng_.pdf|title=Reports and Financial Statements at 30 June 2002|date=2002-10-28|accessdate=2010-03-08|work=Juventus F.C.|archive-date=2008-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081207045734/http://www.juventus.com/site/filesite/finance/bilanci_relazioni/28_ott_2002_eng_.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mangsa ingkang kapisan wonten ing klub Juventus, Buffon sampun saged dados kiper utama lan uga dados ''starting eleven''.&lt;ref name=&quot;juven&quot;/&gt; Piyambakipun sampun tampil kaping 45 tetandhingan resmi.&lt;ref name=&quot;juven&quot;/&gt; Buffon lajeng saged mbekta Juventus dados juwara Serie A.&lt;ref name=&quot;juven&quot;/&gt; Wonten ing mangsa 2002-03, Buffon tampil wonten ing 47 laga resmi lan sapisan malih saged ndadosake Juventus juwara Serie A.&lt;ref name=&quot;juven&quot;/&gt; Piyambakipun uga saged mbekta Juventus wonten ing final Liga Champions ingkang dipungelar wonten ing [[Stadion Old Trafford]], [[Inggris]].&lt;ref name=&quot;juven&quot;&gt;[http://en.archive.uefa.com/competitions/ucl/history/season=2002/round=1640/match=1045288/report=rp.html Milan lift European crown]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Saking prestasinipun kala wau, Buffon lajeng pikantuk kanugrahan ''UEFA Most Valuable Player'' nalika taun 2003 lan uga gelar minangka Kiper ingkang saé piyambak wonten ing donya.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.uefa.com/uefasupercup/news/newsid=95982.html&lt;/ref&gt; Mangsa 2003-04, Buffon tampil wonten ing 38 laga, nanging nalika taun punika Juventus gagal anggoné dados juwara Serie A. Piyambakipun uga pikantuk kanugrahan sanèsipun, inggih punika kalebu wonten ing Pratélan 125 Pesepakbola Aktif Paling Sae versi legenda bal-balan Brasil nalika taun 2004, [[Pele]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pele&quot;&gt;{{cite news
|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/football/3533833.stm
|title=Fifa names greatest list
|publisher=[[BBC]]
|date=2004-03-04
| accessdate = 2007-04-30}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Lajeng wonten ing mangsa 2004-05, Buffon uga saged dados salah satunggaling bintang ingkang saged mbekta Juventus dados juwara Serie A saking asuhan pelatih [[Fabio Capello]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pele&quot;/&gt;
Nalika sasi Agustus 2005, Buffon ngalami kacilakan nalika ngadhepi AC Milan wonten ing ajang pra mangsa Luigi Berlusconi Trophy.&lt;ref name=&quot;trof&quot;&gt;Piyambakipun tabrakan kaliyan [[Kaka]]. Buffon lajeng divonis cedhera dislokasi bahu lan kedah nglakokaké operasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;trof&quot;&gt;[http://www.bola.net/profile/christian_abbiati/video/christian-abbiati-in-juventus.html Abbiati and Juventus - VIDEO]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Karier internasional ==
[[Gambar:2006 FIFA World Cup - Italy - Buffon, Materazzi and Perrotta.jpg|thumb|Gianluigi Buffon bebarengan karo kanca-kancanipun wonten ing [[tim nasional bal-balan Italia]] nalika dados juwara [[Piala Dunia 2006|Piala Donya 2006]] ing [[Jerman]].]]
Gianluigi Buffon miwiti debutipun kanggé [[tim nasional bal-balan Italia]] nalika tanggal 29 Oktober 1997.&lt;ref name=&quot;karier&quot;&gt;[http://ulah raga.infogue.com/internasional_buffon_baru_pensiun_jika_dibuang ulah raga.infogue.com ulah raga.infogue.com]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Debutipun Buffon wonten timnas inggih punika kanggé nggantos kiper utama [[Gianluca Pagliuca]] ingkang ngalami cedera nalika badhé nglampahi laga ''play off'' [[Piala Donya 1998]] nglawan [[tim nasional bal-balan Ruslan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;karier&quot;/&gt; Yuswanipun nalika nglampahi debutipun wonten ing timnas nalika taun 1997 inggih punika nembé 19 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;karier&quot;/&gt; Piyambakipun uga kalebu wonten ing pratélan 23 juru main ingkang dipunbekta pelatih kanggé Piala Donya 1998, nanging piyambakipun dèrèng pikantuk kesempatan kanggé main.&lt;ref name=&quot;karier&quot;/&gt; Buffon uga kalebu anggota tim Italia wonten ing [[Olimpiade Atlanta 1996]], [[Piala Donya 2002]], lan [[Euro 2004]].&lt;ref name=&quot;karier&quot;/&gt; Buffon sajatosipun uga dados pilihan utama [[Dino Zoff]] kanggé kiper wonten ing [[Piala Éropa 2000]], nanging 8 dina saderengipun kompetisi dipunwiwiti, astanipun ''cedera'' ingkang ndadosaken piyambakipun kedah digantos déning [[Francesco Toldo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;karier&quot;/&gt;
Sakdawanipun putaran final [[Piala Donya 2006]] ing Jerman, Buffon saged tampil kanthi maksimal lan piyabakipun namung kebobolan 2 gol lan uga kacathet kaping 5 nglakokaken ''clean sheet''. Cathetan sanèsipun saking Buffon wonten ing PD 2006 inggih punika piyambakipun saged boten kebobolan sakdawane 453 menit. Buffon kebobolan kaping kalih nalika jaman samanten inggih punika saking ''gol bunuh diri'' [[Cristian Zaccardo]] nalika ngadhepi [[tim nasional bal-balan Amérikah Sarékat]] lan gol penalti saking [[Zinedine Zidane]] nalika wonten ing final.&lt;ref name=&quot;final&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/results/matches/match=97410025/report.html |title=Italy-United States Match Report |access-date=2011-09-29 |archive-date=2014-03-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305161224/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/results/matches/match=97410025/report.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Buffon uga dados pahlawan wonten ing final PD 2006, nalikanipun saged menangaken wnten ing drama adu pinalti.&lt;ref name=&quot;final&quot;/&gt; Buffon saged nahan tendangan saking David Trezeguet lan saking penaltinipun Fabio Grosso, Italia saged dados juwara Piala Donya 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=191983&amp;cc=5739&amp;league=FIFA.WORLD|title=Italy 1–1 France: Italy triumph as Zizou explodes|date=2006-07-09|work=ESPN Soccernet|accessdate=2010-06-15|archive-date=2012-10-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023163425/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=191983&amp;cc=5739&amp;league=FIFA.WORLD|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/results/matches/match=97410064/report.html |title=France-Italy Match Report |access-date=2011-09-29 |archive-date=2009-02-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207085003/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/germany2006/results/matches/match=97410064/report.html |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Saking prestasinipun kala wau, Buffon lajeng pikanthuk kanugrahan Lev Yashin.&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb|url=http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/fifa-awards.html#yashin|title=FIFA World Cup &quot;Lev Yashin&quot; Award|date=|work=rssf.com|accessdate=2010-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Nalika Euro 2008, Gianluigi Buffon dados kapten timnas nggantos Fabio Cannavaro ingkang mundur saking turnamen amarga cedera.&lt;ref name=&quot;euro2&quot;/&gt; Wonten ing tetandhingan penyisihan grup lawan [[tim nasional bal-balan Rumania]] tanggal 13 Juni, Buffon sukses nahan pinalti saking [[Adrian Mutu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;euro2&quot;/&gt; Buffon uga saged tampil ''luar biyasa'' nalika lawan Perancis wonten ing tetandhingan pungkasan grup.&lt;ref name=&quot;euro2&quot;&gt;{{citeweb|url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=232283&amp;cc=5739&amp;league=UEFA.EURO|title=Spain 0 – 0 Italy|date=2008-06-22|work=ESPN Soccernet|accehssdate=2010-06-15|access-date=2011-09-29|archive-date=2008-06-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080628205252/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/report?id=232283&amp;cc=5739&amp;league=UEFA.EURO|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Tanggal 14 Juni 2010 wonten ing [[Piala Donya 2010]], Buffon diganti nalika babak pisanan sasampunipun Italia namung imbang lawan [[tim nasional bal-balan Paraguay]] ing Grup F.&lt;ref name=&quot;imbang&quot;&gt;[http://www.republika.co.id/berita/piala-dunia/berita-lapangan-hijau/10/06/17/120268-cedera-buffon-mundur-dari-piala-dunia Cedera, www.republika.co.id Buffon Mundur dari Piala Dunia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619073432/http://www.republika.co.id/berita/piala-dunia/berita-lapangan-hijau/10/06/17/120268-cedera-buffon-mundur-dari-piala-dunia |date=2010-06-19 }}-[[Republika]]&lt;/ref&gt; Alasan digantosipun Buffon inggih punika amarga piyambakipun ''cedera'' urat syarafipun kambuh lan Italia uga gagal wonten ing PD 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/football/world_cup_2010/8740361.stm|title=World Cup 2010: Gianluigi Buffon's World Cup in doubt|date=2010-06-15|work=BBC Sport|accessdate=2010-06-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kiper Paling Apik Abad 21 ==
Gianluigi Buffon pikantuk pangalembana minangka kiper ingkang saé piyambak sadonya ing abad 21 déning [[Federasi Bal-balan Sajarah lan Statistik Internasional]] (IFFHS).&lt;ref name=&quot;kaptainkapit&quot;/&gt; IFFHS ngempalaken data saking saeindhenging donya, ngantos pungkasanipun Buffon pikantuk poin ingkang kathah piyambak saéngga panjenenganipun pikantuk predhikat kiper ingkang saé piyambak sadonya.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaptainkapit&quot;/&gt; Panjenenganipun ngoleksi 199 poin.&lt;ref name=&quot;kaptainkapit&quot;&gt;[http://www.goal.com/id-ID/news/1353/sepakbola-italia/2012/02/08/2892422/gianluigi-buffon-kiper-terbaik-abad-21 ''Gianluigi Buffon Kiper Terbaik Abad 21''] dipunundhuh tanggal 11 Maret 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

== Data Karier ==

=== Klub ===
Data statistik saking Buffon wonten ing klub Parma lan Juventus:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Klub
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|Mangsa Kompetisi
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Liga
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Piala
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[UEFA#Klub|Éropa]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Liyane
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total
|-
!Main!!Gol!!Main!!Gol!!Main!!Gol!!Main!!Gol!!Main!!Gol
|-
|rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|[[Parma F.C.|Parma]]
|[[1995–96 Serie A|1995–96]]||9||0||1||0||0||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||10||0
|-
|[[1996–97 Serie A|1996–97]]||27||0||1||0||1||0||0||0||29||0
|-
|[[1997–98 Serie A|1997–98]]||32||0||6||0||8||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||46||0
|-
|[[1998–99 Serie A|1998–99]]||34||0||10||0||11||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||55||0
|-
|[[1999–2000 Serie A|1999–2000]]||32||0||0||0||8||0||1||0||42||0
|-
|[[2000–01 Serie A|2000–01]]||34||0||2||0||7||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||43||0
|-
!Total
!168!!0!!20!!0!!36!!0!!1!!0!!225!!0
|-
|rowspan=&quot;12&quot;|[[Juventus F.C.|Juventus]]
|[[2001–02 Serie A|2001–02]]||34||0||1||0||10||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||45||0
|-
|[[2002–03 Serie A|2002–03]]||32||0||0||0||15||0||1||0||48||0
|-
|[[2003–04 Serie A|2003–04]]||32||0||0||0||6||0||1||0||39||0
|-
|[[2004–05 Serie A|2004–05]]||37||0||0||0||11||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||48||0
|-
|[[2005–06 Serie A|2005–06]]||18||0||2||0||4||0||0||0||24||0
|-
|[[2006–07 Serie B|2006–07]]||37||0||3||0||colspan=&quot;4&quot;|–||40||0
|-
|[[2007–08 Serie A|2007–08]]||34||0||1||0||colspan=&quot;4&quot;|–||35||0
|-
|[[2008–09 Serie A|2008–09]]||23||0||2||0||5||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||30||0
|-
|[[2009–10 Serie A|2009–10]]||27||0||1||0||7||0||colspan=&quot;2&quot;|–||35||0
|-
|[[2010–11 Serie A|2010–11]]||16||0||1||0||colspan=&quot;4&quot;|–||17||0
|-
|[[2011–12 Serie A|2011–12]]||1||0||0||0||colspan=&quot;4&quot;|–||1||0
|-
!Total
!291!!0!!11!!0!!58!!0!!2!!0!!362!!0
|-
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|Total
!459!!0!!31!!0!!94!!0!!3!!0!!587!!0
|}

=== International ===
Dhata statistik Buffon wonten ing tim nasional bal-balan Italia:&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/buffon-intl.html&lt;/ref&gt;
{{Football player national team statistics|Itali}}
|-
|1997||1||0
|-
|1998||3||0
|-
|1999||8||0
|-
|2000||4||0
|-
|2001||7||0
|-
|2002||12||0
|-
|2003||7||0
|-
|2004||12||0
|-
|2005||3||0
|-
|2006||15||0
|-
|2007||8||0
|-
|2008||9||0
|-
|2009||11||0
|-
|2010||2||0
|-
|2011||6||0
|-
!Total||108||0
|}

== Gelar ==
=== Klub ===

;Parma
* [[UEFA Cup]] (1): [[1999 UEFA Cup Final|1998–99]]
* [[Coppa Italia]] (1): [[1998–99 Coppa Italia|1998–99]]
* [[Supercoppa Italiana]]: [[1999 Supercoppa Italiana|1999]]

;Juventus
* [[Serie A]] (2): [[2001–02 Serie A|2001–02]], [[2002–03 Serie A|2002–03]]
* [[Serie B]] (1): [[2006–07 Serie B|2006–07]]
* [[Supercoppa Italiana]] (2): [[2002 Supercoppa Italiana|2002]], [[2003 Supercoppa Italiana|2003]]

=== Internasional ===

;Italia U21
* [[UEFA Under-21 European Championship]] (1): [[1996 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship|1996]]

;Italia
* [[FIFA Word Cup]] (1): [[2006 Piala Donya|2006]]

=== Pribadi ===
&lt;!--LEAGUE AND FEDERATION-SANCTIONED AWARDS ONLY. No fan or magazine-voted awards. Listed in chronological order from last time won.--&gt;

* [[Bravo Award]]: 1999
* [[Best European Goalkeeper]]: 2003
* [[UEFA Champions League Most Valuable Player]]: 2003
* [[UEFA Club Football Awards]] Best Goalkeeper: 2003
* [[FIFA 100]]
* [[Yashin Award]]: 2006
* [[2006 FIFA World Cup]] [[Mastercard All Star Team|All-Star Team]]
* [[European Footballer of the Year]] (Silver Ball): 2006
* [[Serie A Goalkeeper of the Year]]: 1999, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008
* [[UEFA Team of the Year]]: 2003, 2004, 2006
* UEFA Euro Team of the Tournament: 2008
* [[FIFPro|FIFPro World XI]]: 2006, 2007
* [[IFFHS World's Best Goalkeeper]]: 2003, 2004, 2006, 2007
* [[UEFA Euro 2008]] [[UEFA Euro 2008#Awards|Team of the Tournament]]
* [[International Federation of Football History &amp; Statistics|IFFHS]] Goalkeeper of the Decade

{{FIFA 100}}

== Pranala njawi ==
&lt;!--NO FANSITES. Wikipedia is ''not'' an advertising service. Any such links will be removed.--&gt;
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [http://www.gianluigibuffon.com/index.html Official website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926214116/http://www.gianluigibuffon.com/index.html |date=2011-09-26 }} {{it icon}} {{en icon}}
* [http://footbalistic.com/en/players/5832/gianluigi_buffon Gianluigi Buffon Player Profile and Stats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100619134011/http://www.footbalistic.com/en/players/5832/gianluigi_buffon |date=2010-06-19 }} at Footbalistic
* {{FIFA player|159304|Gianluigi Buffon}}
* [http://www.juventus.com/wps/portal/en/incampo/giocatori-e-staff/prima/giocatori/001buffon/ Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111029101346/http://www.juventus.com/wps/portal/en/incampo/giocatori-e-staff/prima/giocatori/001buffon/ |date=2011-10-29 }} on Juventus's official website
* [http://soccernet.espn.go.com/player/_/id/12947/gianluigi-buffon?cc=5739&amp;ver=global ESPN Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023163434/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/player/_/id/12947/gianluigi-buffon?cc=5739&amp;ver=global |date=2012-10-23 }}

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Lair 1978]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Pamain bal-balan Itali]]
[[Kategori:Pamain Bèker Donya FIFA 2010]]
[[Kategori:Pamain Bèker Éropa UEFA 2012]]
[[Kategori:Pamain Bèker Donya FIFA 2014]]
[[Kategori:Pamain Bèker Éropa UEFA 2016]]
[[Kategori:Pamain njuwarani Bèker Donya FIFA]]
[[Kategori:Pamain Juventus FC]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Papan Anggegana Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>71628</id>
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      <parentid>1751318</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-12T01:41:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Vanguard Man</username>
        <id>72249</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Infobox airport Updated</comment>
      <origin>1761228</origin>
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      <text bytes="2383" sha1="bgy0q5epsvcvhm4vz9pw1ij2akq0i1b" xml:space="preserve">{{Kothakinfo papan anggegana
|name=Papan Anggegana Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman
|IATA=BPN
|ICAO=WALL
|lokasi=[[Kutha Balikpapan|Balikpapan]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]]
|nagara=[[Indonesia]]
|pengelola=[[PT Angkasa Pura I]]
|tipe=sipil
|waktu=UTC+8
|elevasi=4 [[mèter|m]] (12 [[feet|f]])
|koordinat={{koordinat|1|16|5|78|S|116|53|40|12|T|type:airport|br=Y}}|image2=2017-10-23 Sepinggan Aerial.jpg|image=Logos of Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman Sepinggan International Airport.png|image2-width=280|image-width=280}}
'''Papan Anggegana Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman''' ([[kodhe IATA]]: '''BPN'''; [[ICAO]]: WALL) iku papan anggegana domestik lan internasional ing [[Balikpapan]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]]. Papan Anggegana iki dioperasèkaké déning [[PT Angkasa Pura I]] lan dibuka tanggal [[6 Agustus]] [[1997]]. Papan Anggegana iki duwé jembar 300 hèktar.

== Data-data ==
=== Data Papan Anggegana ===
Domestik lan Internasional, {{br}}
Let saka pusat kutha [[Balikpapan]]: 4,5&amp;nbsp;km (2,5 mil), {{br}}
Posisi 01°16´02&quot;LS, 116°53´38&quot;BT, {{br}}
Elevasi 3,75m (12 kaki), {{br}}
Terminal Penumpang Domestik 1917m², {{br}}
Terminal Penumpang Internasional 860m² {{br}}
Terminal Kargo {{br}}
Hangar Fix wing 2 pesawat ''setara'' B737 {{br}}
Hangar Rotary wing 6 helikopter ''setara'' C212 {{br}}
bisa didharati Boeing-747 lan Airbus A-330

=== Data Lapangan Terbang ===
Runway: Heading 07/25, 2.495m x 45m, ILS {{br}}

== Maskapé ==
Sawetara maskapé sing dilayani [[papan anggegana]] iki:
=== Dalam Negeri ===
* [[Batik Air]]
* [[Citilink]]
* [[Garuda Indonesia]]
* [[Lion Air]]
* [[Kal Star Aviaton]]
* [[Sriwijaya Air]]
* [[Susi Air]]
* [[Wings Air]]

=== Luar Negri ===
* [[Silk Air]]

== Delenga uga ==
* [[Pratélaning papan anggegana ing Indonésia]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.sepingganairport.com http://www.sepingganairport.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301105008/http://www.sepingganairport.com/ |date=2019-03-01 }}
* [http://www.angkasapura1.co.id http://www.angkasapura1.co.id] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130518023345/http://www.angkasapura1.co.id/ |date=2013-05-18 }}

{{Papan anggegana ing Indonésia}}

[[Kategori:Papan anggegana ing Indonésia|Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman]]
[[Kategori:Papan anggegana internasional ing Indonésia|Sultan Aji Muhammad Sulaiman]]
[[Kategori:Kutha Balikpapan]]


{{Papan anggegana-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>bgy0q5epsvcvhm4vz9pw1ij2akq0i1b</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ilat baya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>71846</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1761271</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="7478" sha1="hyqsulmd7f5h37p06k1zkg7szx4ymea" xml:space="preserve">{{taxobox
|image = Lidah Buaya.jpg
|name = Ilat baya
|color = lightgreen
|image_caption = kembang ilat baya
|regnum = [[Plantae]]
|_divisio = [[Angiosperms]]
|hclassis = [[Monocots]]
|ordo = [[Asparagales]]
|familia = [[Asphodelaceae]]
|genus = ''[[Aloe]]''
|species = '''''Aloe vera'''''
|binomial = ''Aloe vera''
|binomial_authority = ([[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]) [[Nicolaas Laurens Burman|Burm.f.]]
}}
[[Gambar:Tanduran obat.jpg|jmpl|Tanduran obat]]
'''Ilat baya''' (''Aloe vera'') punika salah satunggaling [[tetuwuhan]]. [[Tetuwuhan]] punika wiwit rumiyin kathah mupangatipun. Lidah buaya punika gadhah 72[[72]] zat ingkang dipunbetahaken déning badan. Saking 72 zat punika wonten 18[[18]] manéka warni kados ta [[asem amino]], [[karbohidrat]], [[lemak]], toya, [[vitamin]], [[mineral]], [[enzim]], [[hormon]], lan zat golongan [[obat]]. Antawisipun ''antibiotik, antisèptik, antibakteri, antikanker, antivirus, antijamur, antiinfeksi, antiperadangan, antipembengkakan, antiparkinson, antiaterosklerosis'', sarta ''antivirus'' ingkang resisten kanggé [[antibiotik]].&lt;ref name=&quot;lidahbuaya3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://resepherbal.e-salim.com/2008/08/khasiat-manfaat-lidah-buaya-aloevera/ |title=resepherbal.e-salim.com |access-date=2011-04-28 |archive-date=2011-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111008215500/http://resepherbal.e-salim.com/2008/08/khasiat-manfaat-lidah-buaya-aloevera/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lidah buaya, kanthi ilmiah dikenal kanthi jeneng Lidah buaya, minangka spesies tanduran succulent sing asale saka Semenanjung Arab. Iki kalebu genus Aloe lan kulawarga Asphodelaceae. Aloe vera wis digunakake kanggo ewu taun kanggo macem-macem tujuan medicinal lan kaendahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.liputan6.com/feeds/read/5866157/ciri-ciri-lidah-buaya-manfaat-dan-cara-perawatannya?page=5|title=Ciri-Ciri Lidah Buaya: Manfaat dan Cara Perawatannya|last=Prabandari|first=Ayu Isti|date=2025-01-09|website=Liputan6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing purwanipun Aloe Vera punika sampun dipunserat wonten ''Rig Weda'', inggih punika buku ingkang miwiti ingkang ngemot obat - obatan alami wonten warsa 4,500 SM kaliyan 1,600 SM. Wonten ing buku kala wau dipunsebataken mupangatipun ilat baya inggih punika kanggé ''sistem reproduksi'', ''hati'', ''membasmi cacing'', sarta mantunaken tatuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;lidahbuaya5&quot;&gt;[http://woman.kapanlagi.com/keséhatan//6618-serba-serbi-lidah-buaya.html/ woman.kapanlagi.com]{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Langkung sami, èfèk farmakologis ilat baya punika antawisipun ''pencahar'', ''memperbaiki'' pankreas, ''anti - inflamasi'', lan ''parasiticide''. Nanging kanggé wanodya ingkang saweg ''haid'' utawi saweg ngandhut, ''gangguan pencernaan'', ''gangguan ginjel'' boten angsal dhahar ilat baya.&lt;ref name=&quot;lidahbuaya6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://naturindonesia.com/lidah-buaya/manfaat-lidah-buaya.html |title=naturindonesia.com |access-date=2011-05-04 |archive-date=2011-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501160209/http://naturindonesia.com/lidah-buaya/manfaat-lidah-buaya.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wonten malih ingkang unik saking ilat baya punika. Ilat baya punika boten kanggé fisik panjenengan kemawon, nanging inggih kanggé psikis utawi mental.&lt;ref name=&quot;lidahbuaya3&quot;/&gt; Ilat baya punika saged nyuda émosi panjenengan, saged ndamel panjenenganipun kraos sekéca.&lt;ref name=&quot;lidahbuaya&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.metrotvnews.com/read/news/2011/04/13/48458/Lidah-Buaya-Dapat-Redam-Emosi/ |title=Metro TV News |access-date=2011-04-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110414080009/http://www.metrotvnews.com/read/news/2011/04/13/48458/Lidah-Buaya-Dapat-Redam-Emosi |archive-date=2011-04-14 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kajawi paedah kala wau, ilat baya punika inggih saged ugi dipundhahar. Miturut [[Ir Sutrisno Koswara]] (IPB), dhahar ilat baya punika mbiyantu ''memperlancar'' ''sistem pencernaan''. Amargi ilat baya punika nggadhahi''zat aloemoedin'' lan ''aloebarbadiod'', kaliyan [[senyawa]] ingkang kalebet golongan ''antrakuinon''.&lt;ref name=&quot;lidahbuaya2&quot;&gt;[http://m.suaramerdeka.com/index.php/read/cetak/2009/05/08/62678 m.suaramerdeka.com]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gel aloe biasane digunakake kanggo nggawe obat topikal kanggo kondisi kulit, kayata kobong, tatu, frostbite, rashes, psoriasis, lara kadhemen, utawa kulit garing.&lt;ref name=&quot;mayo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/drugs-supplements-aloe/art-20362267 |title=''Aloe'' (''Aloe vera'') |publisher=Mayo Clinic |date=2017-09-17 |access-date=2020-01-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nih&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://nccih.nih.gov/health/aloevera |title=Aloe vera |publisher=National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health, US National Institutes of Health |date=2020-10-01 |access-date=2021-07-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lateks aloe bisa dipikolehi ing wangun garing sing disebut resin utawa minangka &quot;jus garing aloe&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://businesstimenow.com/does-aloe-vera-gel-ever-expire/ |title=Assessment report on ''Aloe barbadensis'' Mill. and on Aloe (various species, mainly ''Aloe ferox'' Mill. and its hybrids), folii succus siccatus |date=2016-11-22|access-date=2021-01-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Paédah ilat baya ==

*Kanggé Ngobati Kukul ''(jerawat)''

Ilat baya gadhah kandhutan toya ingkang kathah. Ilat baya saged ngrangsang nuwuhaken sel[[sel]] énggal wonten ing kulit. Ing lendiripun ngandhut sat [[lignin]] ingkang saged mlebet saha nresep wonten ing salebeting pori-pori kulit. Lendir punika nahan icalipun cuwèran badan saking lumah kulit. Saéngga kulit boten rikat garing, dados seger, saha katon langkung enèm. Ilat baya uga gadhah sipat [[astringent]] kanggé netralaken [[lemak]] ingkang numpuk ing lapisan kulit, antibakteripun kanggé matèni [[baktèri]] [[P. acne]] ingkang dadosaken jerawat. Dadosipun, ilat baya saged kanggé ngawekani tuwuhipun kukul kanthi cara kanggé masker [[gel]] ilat baya kanthi teratur.

*Kanggé Kasuburan Rambut

Ilat baya ngandhut zat [[glyco ptotein]] saged ngrangsang thukulipun rambut[[rambut]]. Rambut dados kuat[[kuat]], ketel[[ketel]], lan katon ireng ingkang alami. Ilat baya uga saged ngelongi [[ketombe]], mula ilat baya asring dipundadosaken bahan kanggé damel [[shampo]].

* Ngilangi Jerawat

Panliten nuduhaké yen ngolesaké gel lidah baya uga migunani kanggo rai nalika dienggo saben ésuk lan sonten. Yen digunakaké bebarengan karo obat antijerawat sing wis diresepaké dhokter, gel iki bisa nambah efektivitas obat kanggo nyagekaké jerawat. Manfaat lidah baya kanggo ngatasi jerawat iki asalé saka kandhungan asam salisilat lan senyawa antiseptik liyane sing ana ing jerone, sing bisa mbantu matèni bakteri panyebab jerawat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.alodokter.com/khasiat-lidah-buaya-yang-sebenarnya|title=13 Manfaat Lidah Buaya untuk Kesehatan|last=Fensynthia|first=dr. Gracia|date=2025-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Senadyan manfaat lidah buaya, tanduran iki bisa duweni efek negatif marang wanita ngandhut lan nyusoni, bocah-bocah ing umur 12 taun, pasien penyakit radang usus, lan pasien tuwa sing duwe gangguan usus. Mula, tansah takon dhokter sadurunge nggunakake lidah buaya minangka obat herbal.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://hellosehat.com/herbal-alternatif/herbal/lidah-buaya-manfaat-penggunaan/|title=Lidah Buaya|last=Swari|first=Rizqi Candra|date=2021-01-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Tetuwuhan]]
[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]</text>
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    <title>Kacilakan nuklir Fukushima I</title>
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      <text bytes="5623" sha1="otv6t7ybmo0bnw9e1msszft7rchkl1b" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2011}}
&lt;!-- This article uses Japan Standard Time (JST) for events taking place in Japan. Before adding the time of an event to the article, ensure that it is a JST time and use the format &quot;23:59 JST&quot;.--&gt;
{{Infobox news event
| image_name = Fukushima I by Digital Globe.jpg
| image_size = 260px
| caption = Satellite image on 16 March of the four damaged reactor buildings
| date = {{start date|2011|03|11|df=y}}–ongoing
| time = 14:46 [[Japan Standard Time|JST]] (05:46 [[UTC]])
| place = [[Ōkuma, Fukushima|Ōkuma]], [[Fukushima Prefecture|Fukushima]], Japan
| outcome = [[International Nuclear Event Scale|INES]] Level 7 (ratings by Japanese authorities as of 11 April)&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/04/12/japan-severity-idUSTKE00635720110412 |title=Japan raises nuclear crisis severity to highest level |publisher=Reuters |date= |accessdate=12 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Fukushima Accident Upgraded to Severity Level 7|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/energy/nuclear/fukushima-accident-upgraded-to-severity-level-7/?utm_source=techalert&amp;utm_medium=email&amp;utm_campaign=041411|publisher=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|date=April 12, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;
| coordinates = {{coord|37|25|17|N|141|1|57|E|region:JP-07_type:landmark_dim:500|display=inline}}
|reported injuries =37 with physical injuries,&lt;!-- see talk page for figures--&gt;&lt;ref name=IAEAtsunami1/&gt;&lt;br /&gt; 3 workers taken to hospital for [[radiation exposure]]
|reported death(s) = 0 direct; 2 caused by physical injuries (bleeding) due to tsunami |notes = {{Superimpose
| base =
| base_width = 260px
| base_alt =
| base_caption = Nuclear power plants of Japan
| float = Locator Dot2.gif
| float_width = 8
| x = 168
| y = 153
}}
}}
'''Kacilakan nuklir Fukushima I''' (福島第一原子力発電所事故Fukushima [[Dai-ichi]]) ({{Audio|Fukushima daiichi.ogg|pocapan|lang=ja|help=no}}) genshiryoku hatsudensho jiko}} iku rangkéan kadadéan kacilakan radhiasi nuklir  sing kadadéan ing Réaktor nuklir Fukushima I, sawisé ana lindhu kanthi kakuwatan 9.0 lan tsunami Tōhoku ing tanggal 11 Maret 2011.&lt;!--&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/world/news/article.cfm?c_id=2&amp;objectid=10716671|title=Japan's unfolding disaster 'bigger than Chernobyl'|publisher=[[New Zealand Herald]]|date=2 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Explainer: What Went Wrong in Japan's Nuclear Reactors|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/energy/nuclear/explainer-what-went-wrong-in-japans-nuclear-reactors|publisher=[[IEEE Spectrum]]|date=4 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt; Réaktor iku dumadi saka enem réaktor kapisah separate sing direksa déning Parusajan Listrik Tokyo  (TEPCO). 
== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.tepco.co.jp/nu/f1-np/camera/index-j.html Webcam Fukushima nuclear power plant I]
* [http://inethub.olvi.net.ua/fukuschima.php Chronology of images from a webcam] {{ref-ru}}
* [http://www.tepco.co.jp/en/press/corp-com/release/index-e.html TEPCO News Releases], [[Tokyo Electric Power Company]]
* [http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/ NISA Information update] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120829070907/http://www.nisa.meti.go.jp/english/ |date=29 August 2012 }}, [[Nuclear and Industrial Safety Agency]], the nuclear safety authority of Japan
* [http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/ JAIF Information update, Japan Atomic International Forum] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508173350/http://www.jaif.or.jp/english/ |date=8 May 2013 }}
* [http://www.jaea.go.jp/english/ JAEA Information update], [[Japan Atomic Energy Agency]]
* [http://www.iaea.org/newscenter/news/tsunamiupdate01.html IAEA Update on Japan Earthquake], [[International Atomic Energy Agency]]
* {{youtube|id=LuQOFasEOhQ|title=Second &quot;Explosion&quot; at Reactor No. 3}}
* [http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2011/03/fukushima_crisis_anatomy_of_a.html Anatomy of a meltdown] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110315203626/http://blogs.nature.com/news/thegreatbeyond/2011/03/fukushima_crisis_anatomy_of_a.html |date=15 March 2011 }}, ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]''
* [http://www.yr.no/place/Japan/Other/Fukushima_I_Nuclear_Power_Plant/ Weather forecast for the area] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319035629/http://www.yr.no/place/Japan/Other/Fukushima_I_Nuclear_Power_Plant/ |date=19 March 2011 }}
* [http://transport.nilu.no/products/fukushima FLEXPART analysis showing particle transport forecast for the northern hemisphere]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110430030516/http://www.weatheronline.co.uk/weather/news/fukushima?LANG=en Weather Maps: Precipitation]
* [http://xkcd.com/radiation/ Radiation Dose Chart]
* [http://www.jma.go.jp/en/amedas/000.html?elementCode=1 Wind: Japan], [[Japan Meteorological Agency]]
* [http://www.data.kishou.go.jp/db/kaikyo/daily/current_jp.html Daily Currents] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110322191315/http://www.data.kishou.go.jp/db/kaikyo/daily/current_jp.html |date=22 March 2011 }}, Japan Meteorological Agency, [[Ocean current|oceanic currents]] around Japan
* [http://www.journalismus.com/cms_neu/documentpool/Fukushima_V1.2.pdf Extensive collection of sources about the Fukushima nuclear accidents (expert links and research sources from Journalismus.com) (pdf) (German)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501063717/http://www.journalismus.com/cms_neu/documentpool/Fukushima_V1.2.pdf |date=1 May 2011 }}
{{2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Fukushima I Kacilakan nuklir }}
[[Kategori:Prefektur Fukushima]]
[[Kategori:Kacilakan nuklir]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hasyim Asy'arie</title>
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      <text bytes="10884" sha1="o3ctdt8gyq3t6um7ta2yusg5csw3oir" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox_Person 
| name        = Kyai Haji Hasyim Asy'arie
| residence   = 
| other_names = 
| image       = Hasyim Asyari.jpg
| imagesize   = 
| caption     = 
| birth_name  = 
| birth_date  = 10 April 1875
| birth_place = [[Kabupatèn JOmbang|Jombang]], [[Jawa Wétan]]
| death_date  = 7 September 1947
| death_place = Jombang, Jawa Wétan
| death_cause = 
| known       = Pendiri [[Nahdlatul Ulama]]&lt;br /&gt; dan [[Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia|Pahlawan Nasional]]
| occupation  = 
| title       = Hadratusy Syaikh
| salary      = 
| term        = 
| predecessor = 
| successor   = 
| party       = 
| boards      = 
| religion    = Islam
| spouse      = Nyai Nafiqoh&lt;br /&gt; Nyai Masruroh
| partner     = 
| children    = Hannah, Khoiriyah, Aisyah, Azzah, [[Wahid Hasjim|Abdul Wahid]], Abdul Hakim (Abdul Kholiq), Abdul Karim, Ubaidillah, Mashurroh, Muhammad Yusuf&lt;br /&gt;
Abdul Qodir, Fatimah, Chotijah, Muhammad Ya’kub
| relations   = 
| website     = 
| footnotes   = 
| employer    = 
| height      = 
| weight      = 
}}
'''KH. Hasyim Asy'ari''' yaiku kyai kang nggawé ([[Basa Indonésia]]: ''organisasi massa [[Islam]]'') gedhé dhéwé ing [[Indonésia]], yaiku [[Nahdlatul Ulama]] utawa ing masarakat ingaran [[NU]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.tebuireng.net/ Hasyim Asy'ari] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510073640/http://www.tebuireng.net/ |date=2011-05-10 }} (07 Mèi 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Hasyim Asy'ari lair ing Gedang, désa Tambakrejo [[Jombang]] nalika [[10 April 1875]] lan séda ing dukuh Tebu Ireng, désa Cukir kabupatèn [[Jombang]] tanggal [[25 Juli 1947]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Lan uga dimakamké ing Désa Tebu Ireng ing lingkungan Pondok [[Pesantrèn Tebu Ireng]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kyai Hasyim Asy'ari uga kalebu ing pratélan [[Pahlawan Nasional]], kajaba iku piyambaké kalebu salah sawijining tokoh gedhé ing [[Indonésia]] ing ''abad 20''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Kulawarga ==
KH. Hasyim Asy'ari yaiku anak kang nomer 3 saka 11 dulur.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.nu.or.id/page.php?lang=id&amp;menu=news_view&amp;news_id=7348 NU] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523161539/http://www.nu.or.id/page.php?lang=id&amp;menu=news_view&amp;news_id=7348 |date=2007-05-23 }} (07 Mèi 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Bapaké gadhah asma Kyai Asy'ari, pengasuh [[Pesantrèn Keras]] ing [[Désa Seblak]], [[Kacamatan Diwek]], [[Jombang]] lan Ibuné gadhah asma Halimah.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Miturut garis turunipun ibuné, KH. Hasyim Asy'ari iku kalebu turunan kaping wolu saka [[Jaka Tingkir]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

== Wiyata ==
KH. Hasyim Asy'ari sinau dhasar-dhasar ngèlmu agama saka bapak lan simbahé, Kyai Utsman simbahé Hasyim Asy'ari uga duwé pesantrèn ing [[Nggedang]] [[Kabupatèn Jombang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;&gt;[http://news.okezone.com/read/2010/01/04/337/290508/gus-dur-bisa-bicara-dengan-arwah-hasyim-asy-ari news.okezone.com]&lt;/ref&gt; Wiwit cilik, Hasyim Asy'ari wis katon cerdasé.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Mula saka iku nalika isih umur 13 taun dhèwèké wis bisa mbiyantu bapakè ngajar para santri kang umuré luwih tuwa tinimbang Hasyim.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Saliyané cerdas, Hasyim Asy'ari uga sregep nyambut gawé.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Watak iku kang ngajarké simbahé, mula ndadékaké dhèwèké swatantra.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Saben ana wektu sela Hasyim Asy'ari nyempetna tani lan dodolan, mula saka iku kabéh kebutuhané dicukupi dhéwé tanpa njaluk wong tuwané kalebu tuku kitab-kitab kanggo pasinaonan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Nalika umur 15 taun, Hasyim rumaja wis pisah karo wong tuwané saperlu ngulandara nuntut ngèlmu.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kang sapisan dadi santri ing Pesantrèn [[Wonorejo]] [[Jombang]], banjur nerusaké ing pesantrèn [[Wonokoyo]] [[Prabalingga]], trun ing Pesantrèn [[Langitan]] [[Tuban]], lan Pesantrèn Trenggilis [[Surabaya]]. Amarga durung rumangsa pinter karo ilmuné, Hasyim banjur nutukaké rihlah ilmiyah ning Pesantrèn Kademangan, [[Bangkalan]], [[Madura]], asuhan Kyai Kholil bin Abdul Latif kang kondhang waliyullah.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;
Sawisé nyantri limang taun ing [[Bangkalan]], ing taun 1307 H/1891 M., Kiai Hasyim mulih ing tanah Jawa lan nyantri manèh ing pesantrèn Siwalan, [[Panji]], [[Sidoarjo]], asuhan Kyai Ya’qub.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Hasyim nyantri limang taun ing kana.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Nalika umur 21 taun, Hasyim di rabiaké karo Nafiqah, salah sawiji puteri Kiai Ya'qub taun 1892 M/1308 H.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ora wetara suwé, Hasyim lan garwané uga mara tuwané saperlu nindakaké ngibadah haji ing tanah suci [[makkah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kanggo ngisi wektu ing sela-selané ngibadah haji kanggo sinau karo para alim ulama ing [[makkah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kabèh ngèlmu agama disinauni, mligi [[ngèlmu hadist]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; 7 wulan lawasé ing [[makkah]] nyai Nafisah nglairaké jabang bayi trus diwènèhi aran Abdullah, Kyai Hasyim, Nafisah lan maratuwané seneng banget.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Lakuning urip iku isiné ora mung seneng, nanging uga ana susahé.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ing atasé nembé bungah amarga lairé jabang bayi, nyai Nafiqah lara nganti séda ing [[Makkah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; 40 dinané nyai Nafiqah, Abdullah uga nyusul ibuné ing ngarsané Allah.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Nanging kabèh iku mau ora ndadèkakè kyai Hasyim kendho anggoné sinau lan ngibadah ing Makkah, kyai Hasyim uga tetep iling marang gusti kanthi nglakoni [[thawaf]] lan ngibadah liyané.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Sawisé iku Kyai Hasyim bali ning [[Indonésia]] saperlu ngeteraké mulih mara tuwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ing taun 1309 H/1893 M kyai Hasyim balik manèh ing Makkah saperlu sinau bab agama karo adhiné Anis.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Perjuangan ==
Nalika taun 1899, sak kunduré saka [[Makkah]] Kyai Hasyim Asy'ari nggawé pondhok pesantrèn ing [[Désa Tebuireng]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://anti-islamlib.com/2010/05/kh-hasyim-asyari-menentang-liberalisme/ |title=KH. Hasyim Asy'ari |access-date=2011-05-12 |archive-date=2010-12-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101224070621/http://anti-islamlib.com/2010/05/kh-hasyim-asyari-menentang-liberalisme/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wiwit taun 1900, kyai Hasyim ndadèkaké [[Pesantrèn Tebu Ireng]] minangka punjering pengajaran [[Islam]] tradhisional.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Pesantrèn [[Tebu Ireng]] dadi masyhur nalika para santri angkatan sapisan wis lulus lan bisa ngembangaké pesantrèn ing laladan-laladan lan uga bisa dadi masyhur.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Ing tanggal 31 Januari 1926, bareng tokoh-tokoh Islam tradhisional, Kyai Hasyim Asy’ari gawé Nahdlatul Ulama, kang artiné kebangkitan ulama.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Saya suwé [[NU]] saya maju lan saya akèh anggotané, kabèh iku amarga prabawa [[positif]] kyai Hasyim lan panjurung saka kanca-kancané.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Sanajan nduwé golongan dhéwé kyai Hasyim uga tetep ngormati ilèn-ilèn liyané, malah kepara tansah ngraketaké ukhuwah islamiyah.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Kyai Hasyim ora seneng gawé crah.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Kanthi alasan kang ora genah, nalika [[Indonésia]] ana ing panguasané [[Jepang]] kyai Hasyim dicekel karo prajurit [[Jepang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Amarga pambiyantuné anaké KH. A. Wahid Hasyim, Kyai Hasyim bisa metu saka tahanané bangsa [[Jepang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Banjur sawisé iku kyai Hasyim diangkat minangka kepala urusan agama, kalungguhan iku ditampa amarga kapeksa.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt; Sanajan wis dadi kepala urusan agama, kyai Hasyim tetep dadi pengasuh pesantrèn [[Tebu Ireng]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;
Sawisé [[Indonésia]] mardika, liwat pidatoné kyai Hasyim Asy'ari ngangkat semangaté para mudha taruna supaya gelem lan wani mbela nagara.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;/&gt;

== Karya ==
Karya Sang Ulama Ing sak gesangé, KH Hasyim Asy'ari wis akèh gawé karya.
&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/dunia-islam/islam-nusantara/09/06/02/53882-kh-hasyim-asy-ari-ulama-pembaru-pesantren |title=Pesantren karya |access-date=2011-05-12 |archive-date=2021-04-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417044346/https://www.republika.co.id/berita/dunia-islam/islam-nusantara/09/06/02/53882-kh-hasyim-asy-ari-ulama-pembaru-pesantren |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing antarané:

# [[Al-Tibyan fi al-Nahy ‘an Muqatha’ah al-Arham wa al-Aqarib wa al-Ikhwan]]. isiné bab tata caca silaturahmi lan wigatiné gayutan sosial (1360 H).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Mukaddimah al-Qanun al-Asasy Li Jam’iyyah Nahdhatul Ulama]]. Pambuka undang-undang dhasar organisasi Nahdhatul Ulama’ (1971 M).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Risalah fi Ta’kid al-Akhdz bi Madzhab al-A’immah al-Arba’ah]]. Risalah madzhab papat.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Mawaidz (Babagan Nasihat)]]. isiné bab fatwa lan wejangan kanggo umat (1935).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Arba’in Haditsan Tata’allaq bi Mabadi’ Jam’lyah Nahdhatul Ulama’]]. isiné 40 hadis Nabi kang ana gegayutane karo dhasar-dhasar Nahdhatul Ulama’.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Al-Nur al-Mubin fi Mahabbah Sayyid al-Mursalin, 1346 H]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[At-Tanbihat al-Wajibat liman Yashna’ al-Maulid bi al-Munkarat. 1355]] H.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Risalah Ahli Sunat Wal Jama’ah fi Hadits al-Mauta wa Syarat as-Sa’ah wa Bayan Mafhum al-Sunat wa al-Bid’ah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Ziyadat Ta’liqat a’la Mandzumah as-Syekh ‘Abdullah bin Yasin al-Fasuruani]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Dhau’ul Misbah fi Bayan Ahkam al-Nikah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Ad-Durrah al Muntasyiroh Fi Masail Tis’a ‘Asyarah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Al-Risalah fi al-’Aqaid. basa Jawa, isisné bab tauhid 1356 H/1937 M]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Al-Risalah fi at-Tasawwuf. isiné bab tashawuf.ditulis nganggo basa Jawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Adab al-‘Alim wa al-Muta’allim fima Yahtaju ilaih al-Muta’allim fi Ahwal Ta’limih wama Yatawaqqaf ‘alaih al-Muallim fi Maqat Ta’limih]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;

Saliyané kitab-kitab ing dhuwur iku mau, uga ana manèh naskah manuskrip karya KH. Hasyim Asy'ari kang nganti saiki durung diterbitaké.
&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt; yaiku:

# [[Hasyiyah ‘ala Fath ar-Rahman bi Syarh Risalah al-Wali Ruslan li Syeikh al-Islam Zakariya al-Anshari]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Ar-Risalah at-Tawhidiyah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Al-Qala’id fi Bayan ma Yajib min al-Aqa’id]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Al-Risalah al-Jama’ah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Tamyiz al-Haqq min al-Bathil]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[al-Jasus fi Ahkam al-Nuqus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;
# [[Manasik Shughra]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;/&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}
{{Pahlawan Indonésia}}

[[Kategori:Tokoh Islam Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Nahdlatul Ulama]]
[[Kategori:Pahlawan Nasional Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1875]]</text>
      <sha1>o3ctdt8gyq3t6um7ta2yusg5csw3oir</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Irfan Bachdim</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="8658" sha1="klvhxvmgozrgllfrwdvyz5f4ei1spn4" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| playername = Irfan Bachdim
| image = [[Gambar:Irfan Bachdim.jpg|200px]]
| fullname = Irfan Haarys Bachdim
| height = 175 cm
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1988|8|11}}
| birth_place = [[Amsterdam]], [[Walanda]]
| currentclub  = [[Persema Malang]]
| clubnumber = 10
| youthyears = 1999 - 2001&lt;br /&gt;2002&lt;br /&gt;2003 - 2007
| youthclubs = [[Ajax Amsterdam]]&lt;br /&gt;[[SV Argon]]&lt;br /&gt;[[FC Utrecht]]
| years = 2008 - 2009 &lt;br /&gt; 2009&lt;br /&gt; 2010 - &lt;br /&gt;
| clubs = [[FC Utrecht]]&lt;br /&gt;[[HFC Haarlem]]&lt;br /&gt; [[Persema Malang]]
| caps(goals) = 1 (0)&lt;br /&gt; 19 (2)&lt;br /&gt; 6 (3)
| position = [[Gelandhang]], [[Panyerang]]
| nationalyears= 2010 - 
| nationalteam = {{fb|Indonesia}}
| nationalcaps(goals)= 8 (2)
| pcupdate= [[23 November]] [[2010]]
| ntupdate= [[30 Dhésèmber]] [[2010]]
}}
'''Irfan Haarys Bachdim''' ({{lahirmati|[[Amsterdam]]|11|8|1988}}) ya iku juru main [[bal-balan]] [[Indonesia]] sing duwé turunan [[Walanda]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.goal.com/id-ID/people/netherlands/20893/irfan-bachdim&lt;/ref&gt; Saiki dhèwèké main ing klub [[Bali United F.C.|Bali United]], nalika sepisan teka ing Indonésia, Irfan Bachdim bélani klub bapaké biyèn yaiku [[Persema Malang]]. Sepisanan main ing Timnas {{timnas|Indonesia}}, sing dilatih [[Alfred Riedl]] nalika Piala AFF 2010. Posisi mainé racaké dadi [[penyerang]] utawa dadi [[glandhang]] utawa [[glandhang sayap|sayap]].&lt;ref name=&quot;posisi&quot;&gt;{{cite news|
 url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/sepakbola/bolamania/11/01/04/156401-irfan-bachdim-cinta-mati-indonesia|
 title=Irfan Bachdim Cinta Mati Indonésia|
 publisher=Republika|
 date=2011-01-04|
 archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110107001800/http://www.republika.co.id/berita/sepakbola/bolamania/11/01/04/156401-irfan-bachdim-cinta-mati-indonesia|
 archive-date=2011-01-07|
 access-date=2011-05-07|
 url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pilih tetap&quot;&gt;{{cite news|
 url=http://bola.kompas.com/read/2011/01/01/21492269/Irfam.Bachdim.Pilih.Tetap.di.Indonésia|
 title=Irfan Bachdim Pilih Tetap di Indonésia|
 publisher=Kompas|
 date=2011-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Latar wuri ==
Bapaké Irfan Bachdim, [[Noval Bachdim]] yaiku warga nagara Indonesia kelairan kutha [[Malang]] pernahé ing [[Kacamatan]]  [[Lawang, Malang|Lawang]], [[Malang]] lan dumunung nganti taun 1980 an. Saiki manggon ing  [[Walanda]] bareng karo garwané yaiku Hester van Dijic sing asli warga [[Walanda]]. Kulawarga Bachdim manggon ing [[kutha]] [[Amsterdam]]. Simbahé Irfan Bachdim, Ali Bachdim ya iku [[purnawirawan]] [[TNI Angkatan Laut]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pilih tetap&quot;/&gt;

Kulawarga Irfan Bachdim iku juru main bal-balan ing jamané, Bapaké mantan juru main PS Fajar Lawang [[Persekam Malang]] ing [[taun]] 1980 an. Mbah kakungé ya iku Ali Bachdim, uga mantan juru main [[Persema Malang]] lan PSAD [[Jakarta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pilih tetap&quot;/&gt;
&lt;!---
== Karier ==
=== Di Belanda ===
Irfan Bachdim mulai bermain sepak bola di akademi sepakbola [[Ajax Amsterdam]]. Setelah tiga tahun ia pindah ke [[SV Argon]], di mana ia menjadi pencetak gol terbanyak meskipun ia bermain sebagai glandhang. Irfan Bachdim kemudian direkrut oleh pencari bakat [[FC Utrecht]], dan menandatangani kontrak dengan klub tersebut. Ia kemudian bermain untuk tim junior Utrecht, dan sesekali menjadi pemain cadangan tim senior. Setelah kontraknya tidak diperpanjang lagi, maka pada bulan Juli 2009 ia ditransfer tanpa biaya ke klub [[HFC Haarlem]].&lt;ref name=&quot;duet naturalisasi&quot;&gt;{{cite news|
 url=http://suaramerdeka.com/v1/index.php/read/sport/2010/12/18/8154/Duet-Naturalisasi-Pembuka-Pintu-Harapan|
 title=Duet Naturalisasi Pembuka Pintu Harapan|
 publisher=[[Suara Merdeka]] |
 date=2010-12-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Di Indonésia ===
Pada bulan Maret 2010, Irfan Bachdim mengikuti seleksi pemain di [[Persib Bandung]] dan [[Persija Jakarta]], namun kedua klub tersebut tidak memilihnya. Tanggal 9 Agustus 2010, ia direkrut pelatih [[Persema Malang]], [[Timo Scheunemann]], setelah sang pelatih melihat permainan Irfan dan para pemain muda berlaga amal untuk tokoh sepak bola [[Lucky Acub Zaenal]] di [[Stadion Gajayana]], [[Malang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sehari&quot;&gt;{{cite news|
 url=http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/sepakbola/2010/12/11/brk,20101211-298277,id.html|
 title=Sehari Bersama Irfan Bachdim  |
 publisher=Tempo |
 date=2010-12-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Irfan Bachdim direkrut bersama-sama dengan [[Kim Jeffrey Kurniawan]], pemain berdarah Indonesia-Jerman yang sebelumnya bermain di FC Heidelsheim.

Ketikak Persema memutuskan hijrah dari [[Liga Super Indonésia]] ke [[Liga Primer Indonésia]], Irfan sempat ingin meninggalkan Persema karena ancaman tidak dapat memperkuat [[Tim nasional sepakbola Indonésia|timnas]].&lt;ref name=bimbang&gt;
{{cite news|
 url=http://www.mediaindonesia.com/read/2011/01/03/192555/265/114/Ancaman-PSSI-Bikin-Irfan-Bachdim-Bimbang|
 title=Ancaman PSSI Bikin Irfan Bachdim Bimbang |
 publisher=[[Media Indonésia]]|
 date=2011-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=wolfgang&gt;
{{cite news|
 url=http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/sepakbola/2011/01/01/brk,20110101-303087,id.html|
 title=http://www.tempointeraktif.com/hg/sepakbola/2011/01/01/brk,20110101-303087,id.html |
 publisher=[[Koran Tempo|Tempo]]|
 date=2011-01-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Namun akhirnya ia memilih berkomitmen dengan Persema dengan menandatangani kontrak selama tiga tahun&lt;ref name=&quot;tetap ikut&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.goal.com/id-ID/news/1387/nasional/2011/01/04/2289127/resmi-irfan-kim-tetap-ikut-persema-dipastikan-tampil-di-liga| title=RESMI: Irfan &amp; Kim Tetap Ikut Persema, Dipastikan Tampil Di Liga Primer Indonésia| publisher=[[Goal.com]]| date=2011-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;panggil&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://bola.vivanews.com/news/read/197523-pssi-panggil-84-pemain-u-23| title=PSSI Panggil 84 Pemain U-23, Ada Kim &amp; Irfan| publisher=[[Vivanews]]| date=2011-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;, karena terus-menerus diintimidasi oleh PSSI untuk keluar dari Persema,&lt;ref name=&quot;intimidasi&quot;&gt;{{cite news|
 url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/sepakbola/bolamania/11/01/03/156051-irfan-bachdim-pssi-mengintimidasi-diriku|
 title=Irfan Bachdim: PSSI Mengintimidasi Diriku|
 publisher=Republika|
 date=2011-01-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bosan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|
 url=http://bola.kompas.com/read/2011/01/04/16161089/Bosan.PSSI..Irfan.Tetap.di.Persema|
 title=Bosan PSSI, Irfan Tetap di Persema|
 publisher=[[Kompas (surat kabar)|Kompas]]|
 date=2011-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
meski beberapa klub LSI menawarkan kontrak besar.&lt;ref name=&quot;bosan&quot;&gt;{{cite news|
 url=http://www.republika.co.id/berita/sepakbola/liga-indonesia/11/01/04/156513-irfan-bachdim-beberapa-klub-tawarkan-kontrak-besar|
 title=Irfan Bachdim: Beberapa Klub Tawarkan Kontrak Besar|
 publisher=Republika|
 date=2011-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Akhirnya [[Menteri Pendidikan dan Ulah raga|Menpora]] menjamin haknya untuk tampil di timnas&lt;ref name=&quot;menpora&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.pikiran-rakyat.com/node/131427| title=Menpora: Irfan Tetap Bisa Memperkuat Timnas| publisher=[[Pikiran Rakyat]]| date=2011-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt; dan ia dipanggil untuk memperkuat tim nasional U-23 [[Sea Games 2011]] dan kualifikasi [[Olimpiade 2012]].&lt;ref name=&quot;panggil&quot;/&gt;

== Tim nasional ==
Tahun 2006, Irfan Bachdim sempat hampir membela tim sepak bola U-23 Indonesia di [[Asian Games]] [[Qatar]]. Namun ia harus absen dari turnamen tersebut karena menderita cedera.

Dalam Piala AFF 2010, ia tergabung dalam timnas senior {{timnas|Indonesia}} di bawah pelatih [[Alfred Riedl]]. Debut pertama bersama timnas {{timnas|Indonesia}} ia awali ketika timnas menang 6-0 di laga persahabatan melawan [[Timor Leste]], di [[Palembang]] pada 21 November 2010. Penampilan pertamanya bersama timnas dalam turnamen resmi terjadi pada [[1 Desember]] 2010, saat Indonésia mengalahkan Malaysia 5-1 di [[Gelora Bung Karno]] pada ajang [[AFF 2010]]. Irfan Bachdim sendiri mencetak 1 gol dalam pertandingan tersebut. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.detiksport.com/sepakbola/read/2010/12/02/075124/1507213/76/irfan-bachdim-dipuji-digilai&lt;/ref&gt;
---&gt;
=== Gol Internasional ===
{{Ig header|n=Irfan Bachdim|ref=}}
{{Ig match
| n  = 1
| d1 = 1 Dhésèmber 2010
| st = Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno| ci=Jakarta| co=Indonesia
| o  = Malaysia
| sc = '''5''' - 1
| fr = 5 - 1
| comp=[[Piala Suzuki AFF 2010]]}}
{{Ig match
| n  = 2
| d1 = 4 Dhésèmber 2010
| st = Stadion Utama Gelora Bung Karno| ci=Jakarta| co=Indonesia
| o  = Laos
| sc = 0 - '''4'''
| fr = 0 - 6
| comp=[[Piala Suzuki AFF 2010]]}}
{{Ig footer}}

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Skuat Indonesia PSAFF 2010}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bachdim, Irfan}}
[[Kategori:Lair 1988]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Pamain bal-balan Indonesia]]
[[Kategori:Pamain bal-balan Walanda]]
[[Kategori:Éropah-Indonesia]]
[[Kategori:Arab-Indonesia]]


{{pemain-sb-stub}}</text>
      <sha1>klvhxvmgozrgllfrwdvyz5f4ei1spn4</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Joko Widodo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="19552" sha1="rcp8oclduervkwlec5a6yq6ktyz18oz" xml:space="preserve">{{Multiscript|aksara=ꦗꦏꦮꦶꦢꦢ}}
{{Infobox Officeholder
| name                = Joko Widodo
| native_name         = ꦗꦑꦮꦶꦢꦢ
| image               = Joko Widodo 2019 official portrait.jpg
| imagesize           = 
| caption             = 
| office              = Présidhèn Indonésia
| order               = 7
| term_start          = 20 Oktober 2014
| term_end            = 20 Oktober 2024
| succeeding          = 
| predecessor         = {{nowrap|[[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]}}
| successor           = [[Prabowo Subianto]]
| lieutenant          = [[Jusuf Kalla]] (2014 - 2019) &lt;br /&gt; [[Ma'ruf Amin]] (2019 - )
| office1             = Gubernur DKI Jakarta
| order1              = 17
| term_start1         = 15 Oktober 2012
| term_end1           = 16 Oktober 2014
| succeeding1         = 
| predecessor1        = [[Fauzi Bowo]]
| successor1          = [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]
| lieutenant1         = [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]
| president1          = [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]
| office2             = Walikutha Surakarta
| order2              = 
| term_start2         = 28 Juli 2005
| term_end2           = 1 Oktober 2012
| lieutenant2         = F.X. Hadi Rudyatmo
| monarch2            = [[Pakubuwana XIII]]
| president2          = [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]
| governor2           = [[Mardiyanto]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Ali Mufiz]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Bibit Waluyo]]
| predecessor2        = Slamet Suryanto
| successor2          = F.X. Hadi Rudyatmo
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1961|6|21|}}
| birth_place         = [[Surakarta]], [[Jawa Tengah]], [[Indonesia]]
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| nationality         = [[Indonesia]]
| party               = [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan]]
| spouse              = [[Iriana]]&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf18&quot;/&gt;
| relations           = 
| children            = Gibran Rakabuming Raka&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.solopos.com/2012/09/20/ayah-jadi-gubernur-gibran-cuek-331137 ''Ayah Jadi Gubernur Gibran cuek'']&lt;/ref&gt;{{br}}Kahiyang Ayu{{br}}Kaesang Pangarep
| alma_mater          = [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]]
| occupation          = [[Politikus]]
| religion            = [[Islam]]
| website             = 
| facebook            = jokowi
| namafacebook        = jokowi
| twitter             = jokowi
| footnotes           = 
| signature           = Signature of Joko Widodo.svg
}}

[[Insinyur|Ir.]] [[Haji|H.]] '''Joko Widodo''' ({{lang-jv|{{jawa|ꦗꦑꦮꦶꦢꦢ}}}}: '''Jaka Widada''') ({{lahirmati|[[Surakarta]]|21|6|1961}}),&lt;ref name=&quot;biografi&quot;&gt;[http://www.ugm.ac.id/index.php?page=headline&amp;artikel=141 &quot;Insan Berprestasi&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101201081436/http://ugm.ac.id/index.php?page=headline&amp;artikel=141 |date=2010-12-01 }}, [[UGM]] Daring, (dipunakses Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf3&quot;/&gt; inggih punika présidhèn Indonésia angka pitu. ingkang njabat wiwit tanggal [[20 Oktober 2014]]. Panjenenganipun kapilih minangka présidhèn sarengan kaliyan Wakil Présidhèn [[Muhammad Jusuf Kalla]] wonten ing Pemilu Présidhèn [[2014]].
Saderengipun njabat présidhèn, Joko Widodo njabat dados [[Gubernur]] [[Jakarta]] awit tanggal [[15 Oktober 2012]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf18&quot;&gt;[http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2013/01/21/231455788/Jokowi-Jakarta-Tidak-Seseram-Bayangan-Saya ''Jokowi: Jakarta Tidak Seseram Bayangan Saya''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131103055328/http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2013/01/21/231455788/Jokowi-Jakarta-Tidak-Seseram-Bayangan-Saya |date=2013-11-03 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 28 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Panjenenganipun dados gubernur angka [[17]] ingkang ngasta ing kutha krajan nagari Indhonésia.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf1&quot;/&gt; Panjenenganipun asring dipuntimbali kanthi asma '''Jokowi''' (cekakan saking asma Joko Widodo).&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt;

Sadèrèngipun ngasta gubernur Jakarta, panjenenganipun ngasta dados [[Walikutha]] [[Surakarta]] (Sala), [[Jawi Tengah|Jawa Tengah]] ngantos kalih periodhe, inggih punika awit 2005 ngantos 2010 lan 2010 ngantos 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf1&quot;/&gt; Nanging nalika nembé ngasta kalih taun ing periodhe kaping kalih punika, Jokowi pikantuk amanah saking bebrayan umum Jakarta kanggé dados pangarsaning DKI Jakarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf1&quot;&gt;[http://www.penchenk.com/2012/12/jokowi.html ''oto Profil Jokowi (Joko Widodo) Terbaru''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130312003623/http://www.penchenk.com/2012/12/jokowi.html |date=2013-03-12 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 15 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika samanten Jokowi dipuncalonaken gubernur DKI Jakarta déning [[Partai Demokrasi Indonesia Perjuangan]] (PDIP).&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf8&quot;/&gt; Wonten ing pancalonan kasebat, panjenenganipun dipunpasangaken kaliyan [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]] utawi Ahok.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf8&quot;/&gt;

== Sajarah asma &quot;Jokowi&quot; ==
Panjenenganipun miyos kanthi asma asli Joko Widodo.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Nanging nalika taksih aktif ing jagad bisnis mèbel lan gadhah tiyang ingkang tumbas saking [[Prancis]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Tiyang Prancis punika ngraos bingung, amargi nalika tumbas ing [[Jepara]], [[Semarang]], lan [[Surabaya]] tansah kepanggih kaliyan tiyang ingkang namanipun Joko.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Nalika kepanggih kaliyan Joko Widodo ing Sala, kanggé mbéntenaken saking Jokowi ingkang sanès, tiyang Prancis kalawau paring timbalan Jokowi.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;&gt;[http://duniabaca.com/profile-joko-widodo.html ''Sejarah Perjalanan hidup Jokowi atau Joko Widodo''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210074130/http://duniabaca.com/profile-joko-widodo.html |date=2013-02-10 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 15 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mangsa alit Jokowi ==
Miyos ing [[Surakarta|Sala]], [[21 Juni]] [[1961]], saking sarimbit Natamiharja lan Sujiatmi, awit alit Jokowi sampun ngraosaken gesang ingkang sarwa kirang.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Sareng kaliyan tiyang sepuh lan tiga sadhèrèk èstri, Jokowi kedah pindhah griya saking satunggal panggénan dhateng panggénan sanès.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Panggénan kalawau papanipun ing sapinggiring [[kali|lèpèn]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Amargi boten saged tumbas griya, Natamiharja kapeksa ndhawuhi kulawarganipun pindhah dhateng peken [[kayu|kajeng]] lan [[pring]] Gilingan, ingkang mapan ing sakidulipun lèpèn Kali Anyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf2&quot;/&gt; Ing Papan punika Natamiharja miwiti usaha sadéan kajeng.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf3&quot;&gt;[http://duniabaca.com/profile-joko-widodo.html ''Tumbuh di Bantaran Kali''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210074130/http://duniabaca.com/profile-joko-widodo.html |date=2013-02-10 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 15 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pendhidhikan ==
* SD Negeri 111 Tirtoyoso Surakarta,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf19&quot;&gt;[http://www.ceritamu.com/cerita/Joko-Widodo ''Joko Widodo''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130306115736/http://www.ceritamu.com/cerita/joko-widodo |date=2013-03-06 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 28 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;
* SMP Negeri 1 Surakarta,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf11&quot;/&gt;
* SMA Negeri 6 Surakarta,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf11&quot;/&gt;
* Fakultas Kehutanan [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]], [[Yogyakarta]] lulusan [[1985]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf11&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf4&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120921215716/http://spektrumdunia.blogspot.com/2012/07/profil-jokowi-biografi-lengkap-dan.html ''Profil Jokowi Cagub Jakarta kandidat 25 Walikota terbaik dunia''] (dipunundhuh tanggal 16 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karir ==
* Pengusaha mébel lan pertamanan,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf11&quot;/&gt;
* Pangadeg Koperasi Pengembangan Industri Alit Sala (1990),&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf12&quot;/&gt;
* Ketua Babagan Pertambangan lan Ènergi Kamar Dhagang lan Indhustri [[Surakarta]] (1992 - 1996),&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf12&quot;/&gt;
* Ketua Asosiasi Permebelan lan Industri Kerajinan Indonésia Surakarta (2002 - 2007),&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf12&quot;/&gt;
* Walikutha Surakarta (2005 - 2012)&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf12&quot;&gt;[http://biografi.rumus.web.id/biografi-jokowi-joko-widodo/ ''Biografi Jokowi (Joko Widodo)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130142342/http://biografi.rumus.web.id/biografi-jokowi-joko-widodo/ |date=2013-01-30 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 16 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf13&quot;&gt;[http://www.poztmo.com/2012/07/joko-widodo.html ''Biodata - Profil Joko Widodo (Jokowi)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130624022734/http://www.poztmo.com/2012/07/joko-widodo.html |date=2013-06-24 }} dipunundhuh tanggal 16 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;
* Gubernur DKI Jakarta (2012 - 2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf12&quot;/&gt;
* [[Presiden Republik Indonesia]] (2014 - saiki)

== Karir Pulitik ==
=== Walikutha Surakarta ===
Awit kathahipun pengalaman ing mangsa mudhanipun, Jokowi saged ngembangaken Sala ingkang sadèrèngipun awon ing tatanan kutha lan manèka panulakan saking masarakat kanggé dipuntertibaken.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf6&quot;/&gt; Jokowi saged ndadosaken Sala dados langkung saé saèngga dados satunggaling kajian saking [[universitas]] mancanegari.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf6&quot;&gt;[http://www.princeton.edu/successfulsocieties/content/data/policy_note/PN_id199/Policy_Note_ID199.txt ''Defusing A Volatile City, Igniting Reforms: Joko Widodo and Surakarta, Indonésia, 2005 - 2011''] (dipunundhuh tanggal 16 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== ''Rebranding'' Sala ===
Branding kanggé kutha Sala dipunlaksanakaken kanthi nyarujuki slogan kutha Sala (Sala) &quot;Sala: The Spirit of Java&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf8&quot;&gt;[http://www.masaksih.com/2012/12/profil-joko-widodo.html ''Profil Joko Widodo''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208210412/http://www.masaksih.com/2012/12/profil-joko-widodo.html |date=2013-02-08 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 16 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf20&quot;&gt;[http://www.sindoweekly-magz.com/artikel/30/i/27-september-3-oktober-2012/mainreview/148/urusannya-hanya-pemilihan-gubernur ''Joko Widodo, Wali Kota Solo &quot;Urusannya Hanya Pemilihan Gubernur&quot;''] (dipunundhuh tanggal 1 Maret 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Tindakan saking Joko Widodo punika kalebet progrèsif kanggé ukuran kutha-kutha ing Jawa.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf8&quot;/&gt; Joko Widodo ugi saged ngrélokasi para pedhagang piranti tilas ing Taman Banjarsari kanthi lancar kanggé damel fungsi panggénan taman.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf8&quot;/&gt; Panjenenganipun ugi paring syarat dhateng para invèstor kanggé purun mikiraken kapentingan publik, ngawontenaken komunikasi langsung kaliyan masarakat.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf7&quot;&gt;[http://fakta12.com/?p=1310 ''Gubernur Bibit Setuju Tunda Bongkar Sari Petojo''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006182431/http://fakta12.com/?p=1310 |date=2014-10-06 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 16 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Taman Balekambang, ingkang sadèrèngipun boten karumat, déning Jokowi dipundamel taman. Jokowi ugi boten ajrih nulak invèstor ingkang boten sarujuk kaliyan prinsip Jokowi.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf12&quot;/&gt;

=== Ndadosaken Sala minangka &quot;tuan rumah&quot; Konferensi Organisasi Kutha-kutha Warisan Donya ===
Awit taun 2006 kapungkur kutha Surakarta sampun dados anggota Organisasi Kutha-kutha Warisan Donya.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf11&quot;/&gt; Kanthi punika, ing taun salajengipun (2007) Sala dados panggènan Festival Musik Dunia (FMD) ingkang dipunwontenaken ing Benteng Vastenburg.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf11&quot;/&gt; Wontenipun acara punika gadhah misi kanggé nylametaken situs sajarah amargi bètèng kasebat kaancem badhé dipunicalaken kanggé kapentingan bisnis.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf11&quot;/&gt; Taun 2008, Sala dados &quot;tuan rumah&quot; konferènsi Organisasi Kutha-kutha Warisan Donya.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf11&quot;/&gt;

=== Ndhamekaken Kraton Surakarta ===
Nalika tanggal 11 Juni 2004, [[Paku Buwono XII]] tilar donya tanpa paring wasiat dhateng permaisuri utawi putra makutha, saéngga wonten kadadosan konflik pamanggih antawisipun putra-putranipun PK XII, Sampeyan Dalem Ingkang Sinuwun Kanjeng Susuhunan (SDISKS) Paku Buwono XIII lan Kanjeng Gusti Pangeran Haryo (KGPH) Panembahan Agung Tedjowulan.&lt;ref name=&quot;cha&quot;/&gt; Sadangunipun pitung taun wonten kalih ratu ingkang dipuntunjuk déning kalih pihak ing satunggal kraton.&lt;ref name=&quot;cha&quot;&gt;[http://www.kerajaannusantara.com/id/surakarta-hadiningrat/keluarga/ ''Keluarga Raja/Sunan'', diakses dari situs Kasunanan Surakarta Hadiningrat.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323150728/http://www.kerajaannusantara.com/id/surakarta-hadiningrat/keluarga |date=2023-03-23 }} (dipunakses saking situs Kasunanan Surakarta Hadiningrat, Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gubernur DKI Jakarta ===
Joko Widodo ingkang nyalonaken piyambak minangka Gubernur DKI Jakarta saged menang ing Pilkadha DKI Jakarta kanthi ngliwati prosès pemilu kalih ubengan.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf12&quot;/&gt; Nalika 15 Oktober 2012, Jokowi dipunlantik minangka Gubernur DKI Jakarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf12&quot;/&gt;

== Agama ==
Agaminipun Joko Widodo punika agami [[Islam]], lan panjenenganipun naté cariyos bilih pisanan tindak [[haji]] ing taun 2003, lan tindak ngibadah umrah minimal kaping sekawan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://m.liputan6.com/indonesia-baru/read/2054461/jokowi-tanggapi-isu-sara-semua-keluarga-saya-sudah-naik-haji Jokowi Tanggapi Isu SARA: Semua Keluarga Saya Sudah Naik Haji], diakses di situs Liputan 6 padha 15 Januari 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, nalika pemilihan umum présidhèn 2014 sampun caket, medal manéka warni issu kirang saé ngengingi kaislaman Jokowi, saéngga ing tanggal 24 Mèi 2014 Jokowi mratélakaken bilih, panjenenganipun agaminipun Islam &quot;Islam yang rahmatan lil alamin, Islam yang hidup berketurunan dan berkarya di nagara RI yang memegang teguh UUD 45.&quot; (&quot;Islam ingkang rahmatan lil alamin, Islam ingkang gesang ngrembaka lan makarya ing nagara RI ingkang dhedhasar UUD 45.&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;rahmatan&quot;&gt;[http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/05/24/1429414/.Saya.Jokowi.Bagian.dari.Islam.yang.Rahmatan.Lil.Alamin. &quot;Saya Jokowi, Bagian dari Islam yang Rahmatan Lil Alamin&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140525153113/http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2014/05/24/1429414/.Saya.Jokowi.Bagian.dari.Islam.yang.Rahmatan.Lil.Alamin. |date=2014-05-25 }}, diakses di situs Kompas padha tanggal 25 Mèi 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bebingah ==
=== Bebingah pribadi ===
* Joko Widodo kapilih minangka salah satunggalipun &quot;10 Tokoh 2008&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf11&quot;&gt;[http://profil.merdeka.com/indonesia/j/joko-widodo/ ''Joko Widodo''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130308072649/http://profil.merdeka.com/indonesia/j/joko-widodo |date=2013-03-08 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 16 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;
* Walikutha ingkang saé piyambak taun 2009,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Bung Hatta Anticorruption Award (2010),&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* [[Universitas Sebelas Maret]] [[Surakarta]] (UNS) Award,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf4&quot;/&gt;
* Charta Politica Award (2011),&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Walikutha teladan saking Kementerian Dalam Negeri (2011),&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;&gt;[http://jakartabaru.co/home/profile/jokowi ''H.Joko Widodo (Jokowi)''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121016152355/http://jakartabaru.co/home/profile/jokowi |date=2012-10-16 }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 16 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;
* Salah satunggal Walikutha ingkang saé piyambak sadonya 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf5&quot;&gt;[http://www.worldmayor.com/contest_2012/comments-surakarta.html ''Testimonials for Joko Widodo Mayor of Surakarta (Indonésia)''] (dipunundhuh tanggal 16 Fèbruari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Bebingah minangka Walikutha Surakarta ===
* Kutha kanthi Tata Ruang ingkang saé piyambak nomer kalih ing Indonésia,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Piala lan Piagam Citra Bhakti Abdi Nagara saking Présidhèn Républik Indonésia (2009), kanggé kinerja kutha ing babagan panyedhiaan sarana pelayanan Publik, Kabijakan Deregulasi, Panegakan Disiplin lan Pangembangan Manajemen Pelayanan,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Piala Citra Babagan Palayanan Prima Tingkat Nasional déning Mantri Nagara Pendayagunaan Aparatur Nagara Républik Indonésia (2009),&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Bebingah saking [[Departemen Keuangan]] wujud dana hibah ingkang agengipun 19,2 miliar kanggé nglaksanakaken parumatan ''keuangan'' ingkang saé (2009),&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Bebingah saking [[UNICEF]] kanggé Program panjagian laré (2006),&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Indonésia Tourism Award 2009 ing Kategori Indonésia Best Destination saking Departemen Kebudayaan lan Pariwisata RI,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Bebingah Kutha Sala minangka inkubator bisnis lan tèknologi (2010) saking Asosiasi Inkubator Bisnis Indonésia (AIBI),&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Grand Award Layanan Publik ing babagan Wiyata (2009),&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* 5 bebingah Anugerah Wahana Tata Nugraha (2006 - 2011) Bebingah Tata Tertib Lalu Lintas lan Angkudan Umum,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Bebingah Manggala Karya Bhakti Husada Arutala saking DepKes (2009),&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Kutha paling favorit Wisatawan 2010 ing Indonésia Tourism Award 2010 ingkang dipunselenggaraaken Kementerian Kebudayaan lan Pariwisata,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Pamaréntah Kutha Sala pikantuk bebingah kutha/kabupatèn pengembang UMKM ingkang saé piyambak versi [[Universitas Sebelas Maret|Universitas Negeri Sebelas Maret]] utawi ''UNS SME's Awards 2012'',&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Bebingah saking Présidhèn RI, [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]] minangka salah satunggaling kutha ingkang saé piyambak ing bab panyelenggaraan program pangembangan mujudaken Kutha Layak Anak (KLA) 2011,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Bebingah Langit Biru 2011 saking Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup kanggé kategori Kutha kanthi kualitas hawa paling resik,&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Bebingah saking Présidhèn Susilo Bambang Yudoyono ing babagan Pelopor Inovasi Pelayanan Prima (2010).&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf10&quot;/&gt;
* Bebingah Tandha Kaurmatan Bintang Jasa Utama saking [[Présidhèn]] Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono.&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf17&quot;&gt;[http://www.harianjogja.com/?p=110992&amp;replytocom=34910 ''Jokowi raih penghargaan Bintang Jasa Utama''] (dipunundhuh tanggal 26 februari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ugi pirsani ==
* [[Kutha Surakarta]]
* [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist|2}}
Profil dan Biodata [http://ontips-in.blogspot.com/ Joko Widodo]

== Pranala njawi ==
{{Commons category|Joko Widodo}}
{{sisterlinks|wikt=no|news=no}}
* [http://www.surakarta.go.id/news/mayor.and.vice.major.surakarta.html Profil Walikutha lan Wakil Walikutha ing situs resmi Pemréntah Kutha Surakarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210000527/http://www.surakarta.go.id/news/mayor.and.vice.major.surakarta.html |date=2012-02-10 }}
* [http://www.suaramerdeka.com/harian/0507/26/slo01.htm Biaya Pelantikan Wali Kutha Rp 100 Yuta: Ora Dadi Dilaksanakaké Wayah Soré]
* [http://jtraharjo.wordpress.com/2011/05/19/32/ Jokowi, Pamimpin kang Jiwané Mardika]
* ''[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/11/01/joko-widodo-solo%E2%80%99s-mayor-keeps-his-promises.html The Jakarta Post: Solo’s Mayor keeps his promises] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225114550/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/11/01/joko-widodo-solo%E2%80%99s-mayor-keeps-his-promises.html |date=2014-02-25 }}''
* ''[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2010/10/26/interview-yogyakarta-and-surakarta-mayors-prove-good-governance-sells.html Interview: Yogyakarta and Surakarta mayors prove good governance sells]''

{{S-start}}
{{S-off}}
{{Succession box
|before = Slamet Suryanto
|title = Wali Kota Surakarta
|years = 2005 - 2012
|after = F.X. Hadi Rudyatmo
}}
{{Succession box
|before = [[Fauzi Bowo]] 
|title = [[Pratélan Gubernur Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Gubernur DKI Jakarta]]
|years = 2012 - 2014
|after = [[Basuki Tjahaja Purnama]]
}}
{{s-bef|before= [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]}}
{{s-ttl|title= [[Présidhèn Indonésia]]|years=2014 - saiki}}
{{s-inc}}
{{S-end}}

{{Kelompok templat
|list1 =
{{Joko Widodo}}
{{Présidhèn Indonésia}}
{{Kabinet Kerja}}
{{Pemimpin G20}}
}}

{{artikel pilihan}}

[[Kategori:Tokoh Surakarta]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1961]]
[[Kategori:Alumni Universitas Gadjah Mada]]
[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]
[[Kategori:Présidhèn Indonésia]]</text>
      <sha1>rcp8oclduervkwlec5a6yq6ktyz18oz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Donal Bèbèk</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>75256</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1761247</id>
      <parentid>1736899</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-12T03:33:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>319</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Sign_of_Donald_Duck_on_strike_at_Disney_film_studios.jpg|Sign_of_Donald_Duck_on_strike_at_Disney_film_studios.jpg]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Abzeronow|Abzeronow]] because: per [[:c:Commons:Deletion requests/Files i</comment>
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      <text bytes="5630" sha1="9f2cv1ojsia3eivfgac7xbgugbuuoyj" xml:space="preserve">{{Karakter Disney
| nama              = Donal Bèbèk
| gambar            = 
| keterangan gambar = Donal Bèbèk
| debut             = ''[[The Wise Little Hen]]'' (''[[Silly Symphonies]]'') taun [[1934]]&lt;ref name=archives&gt;{{cite web | title = Donal Bebek | work = Arsip Disney | publisher = Disney | url = http://disney.go.com/vault/archives/characterstandard/donald/donald.html | access-date = 2007-08-30 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| kang ngréka          = [[Walt Disney]]
| pengisi suara     = [[Clarence Nash]] ([[1934]]-[[1985]]), [[Tony Anselmo]] ([[1985]]-sekarang)
| nama saudara      = [[Gober Bèbèk]], [[Kwik, Kwèk, lan Kwak]], [[Hortensia Bèbèk]], [[Dumbella Bèbèk]], [[Kweker Bebek]], [[Untung Banyak]], [[Didi Bèbèk]], [[Nenek Bebek]], [[Agus Banyak]]
| nama teman        = [[James]], [[Desi Bèbèk]], [[Lang Ling Lung]]
| nama musuh        = [[Pokijan]], [[Grombolan Siberat]], [[Untung Banyak]], [[Mimi Hitam]]
}}
'''Donal Bèbèk''' (basa Inggris: ''Donald Duck'') ya iku salah sawijining karakter [[Walt Disney|Disney]] kang wujud [[Bèbèk]] kang asring nganggo klambi [[pelaut]] [[biru]] / kelasi ora nganggo kathok. Donal tampil pertama tanggal [[9 Juni]] [[1934]] ana ing kartun &quot;''[[The Wise Little Hen]]''&quot;.
Miturut kartun ''[[Donald Gets Drafted]]'' ([[1942]]), jeneng lengkape Donal Bèbèk ya iku '''Donal Fauntleroy Bèbèk''' (jeneng tengahe iku referensi kanggo topi pelaut kang dadi aksesoris klambi [[Little Lord Fauntleroy|Fauntleroy]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = All Hands On Duck | work = Quack Pack | publisher = TV.com | url = http://www.tv.com/quack-pack/all-hands-on-duck/episode/157617/summary.html?tag=ep_list;title;4 | access-date = 2011-06-30 | archive-date = 2007-09-29 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070929205818/http://www.tv.com/quack-pack/all-hands-on-duck/episode/157617/summary.html?tag=ep_list;title;4 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
Karakter Donal karo swara khase iku asil kerjane pengisi swara. ya iku [[Clarence Nash|Clarence &quot;Ducky&quot; Nash]]. Karyane iki kang bisa ngangkat Donal lan dadi icon kanthi karakter kang unik.
Sifat Donal kang paling kaloka ya iku sipaté kang gampang nesu. Dhèwèké uga asring dipecat lan gonta-ganti prakaryan, nanging iku nunjukake yèn dhèwèké luwih terampil saka karakter [[Disney]] liyané amarga bisa kerja warna-warna.
Ulang taun Donal diakoni ing tanggal [[9 Juni]] [[1934]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = When is Donald Duck's birthday? When did he debut? | work = Guest Services | publisher = Disney | url = http://home.disney.go.com/guestservices/faqs#history_archives9 | access-date = 2011-07-01 | archive-date = 2014-08-17 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140817103103/http://home.disney.go.com/guestservices/faqs#history_archives9 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; dina pas pertama Donal metu, nanging ing filem ''[[The Three Caballeros]]'', ulang taune dina Jumat kaping 13, malah, miturut kartun ''[[Donald's Happy Birthday]]'', ulang taun Donal tanggal [[13 Maret]].

Swara Donal kang kaloka diswarai déning Nash, nanging dhèwèké mung ngisi swara Donal tekan taun [[1985]], saka taun [[1985]], Donal diswarai déning [[Tony Anselmo]] kang wis dilatih déning Nash.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top Ten Most Famous Cartoon/Comic Characters |url=http://hubpages.com/hub/Top_Ten_Most_Famous_CartoonComic_Characters |accessdate=2007-08-30 |archive-date=2007-10-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012023726/http://hubpages.com/hub/Top_Ten_Most_Famous_CartoonComic_Characters |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;[[li:Donald Duck]]

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://goofy313g.free.fr/calisota_online/trees/ducktrees/index.html Pohon keluarga Donal Bebek]
* [http://coa.inducks.org/character.php/x/DD Profik Donal di Inducks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091210131135/http://coa.inducks.org/character.php/x/DD |date=2009-12-10 }}
* [http://www.toonopedia.com/donald.htm Toonopedia: Donal Bebek]
* [http://www.disneyshorts.org/characters/donald.html Ensiklopedia film pendek animasi Disney - Donal Bebek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119005653/http://www.disneyshorts.org/characters/donald.html |date=2010-01-19 }}
* [http://users.cwnet.com/xephyr/rich/dzone/hoozoo/donald.html Disney's Hoo Zoo - Donal Bebek]
* [http://www.d-zine.se/en/ Disneyania]
* [http://www.perunamaa.net/donrosa/english.html DuckMaster]
* [http://www.duckhunt.de/ Duckhunt]
* [http://duckman.pettho.com/drinfo/drwork.html Artikel tentang karya Don Rosa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407044433/http://duckman.pettho.com/drinfo/drwork.html |date=2007-04-07 }}
* {{fr}} [http://duckstories.free.fr/ Duckstories] Data Don Rosa dan Carl Barks
* {{sv}}[http://www.disney.se/kalleanka/ankeborg/portratt/kalleanka/index.html Kalle Anka &amp; C:o - Porträtt av Kalle] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070208025748/http://www.disney.se/kalleanka/ankeborg/portratt/kalleanka/index.html |date=2007-02-08 }}
* {{sv}}[http://www.nafsk.se/ Nationella Ankistförbundet i Sverige (kvack)]
* {{sv}}[http://kalleanka.tk/ Forum Donal Bebek] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110129051729/http://kalleanka.tk/ |date=2011-01-29 }}

== Réferènsi ==
* Ariel Dorfman, Armand Mattelart, David Kunzle (trans.), ''How to Read Donald Duck: Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic'' ISBN 0-88477-023-0 (Anti-Donald Duck Marxist Critique)
* Walt Disney Productions, ''Walt Disney's Donald Duck: 50 Years of Happy Frustration'', Courage Books, May 1990 ISBN 978-0-89471-530-3.

== Cathetan suku ==

{{Reflist}}

[[Kategori:Bebek fiktif]]
[[Kategori:Donal Bèbèk| ]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Disney]]


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  <page>
    <title>Garis wektu</title>
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      <text bytes="1078" sha1="5iz4q3cip77wvq3qpzbca5lcgnefye3" xml:space="preserve">{{multiscript|Garis wektu|ꦒꦫꦶꦱ꧀ꦮꦼꦏ꧀ꦠꦸ}}
[[Gambar:CMB Timeline300 no WMAP.jpg|thumb|250px|Garis wektu perkembangan [[alam semesta]].]]
'''Garis wektu''', '''linimasa''' utawa '''alur wektu''' iku siji répresèntasi [[kronologis]] urutan [[prastawa]] utawa [[jadwal]] aktivitas. Garis wektu bisa digawé miturut [[éra]], [[abad]], [[taun]], [[sasi]], [[minggu]], [[dina]], lan bisa uga [[jam]] sing dawané bisa warna-warna. Sajeroning garis wektu, ana titik-titik sing makili prastawa-prastawa wigati.

== Pranala njaba ==

* [http://www.datesofhistory.com World History Database]
* [http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/13/timelines.php A Timeline of Timelines]
* [http://www.timelines.info Timelines.info - Graphical timelines of world history]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120403082851/http://www.wikitimescale.org/ WikiTimeScale, Wiki for graphical illustration of historic events, persons and so on.]
* [http://www.historyexplorer.net Historical Timelines]

[[Kategori:Garis wektu| ]]
[[Kategori:Kronologi]]
[[Kategori:Wektu]]


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  <page>
    <title>Han Hyo-joo</title>
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      <text bytes="4671" sha1="9uwcv8lgohco26uzuzydbs1bpdww3g4" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=Maret 2016}}

{{Infobox actor
| name          = Han Hyo-joo
| image         = Hanhyojooredpepper.jpg
| birthdate     = {{birth date and age|1987|2|22|mf=y}} 
| location      = [[Cheongju]], [[Koréa Kidul]]
| occupation      = [[Aktris]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Model]] 
| yearsactive   = 2005–sekarang
}}

'''Han Hyo Joo''' (lair 22 Februari 1987) ya iku aktris lan modhel saka Kore Kidul. Debut akting pisanane ing sitcom Nonstop 5. Ing Indonésia dhèwèké lewat drama [[Brilliant Legacy]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.dramabeans.com/2009/08/drinking-interview-with-han-hyo-joo-part-1/ Drinking interview with Han Hyo-joo (Part 1)] ''Dramabeans'' (31 Juli 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Filmography ==
=== Drama ===
* [[2005]]: 논스톱5 ''Nonstop 5'' (MBC) minangka ''Han Hyo Joo''
* [[2006]]: 봄의 왈츠 ''Spring Waltz'' (KBS2) minangka ''Chu Eun Young''
* [[2007]]: 하늘만큼 땅만큼 ''Like Land and Sky'' (KBS1) minangka ''Suk Ji Soo''
* [[2008]]: 일지매 ''Iljimae'' (SBS) minangka ''Eun Chae''
* [[2009]]: 찬란한 유산 ''Brilliant Legacy'' (SBS) minangka ''Go Eun Sung''
* [[2009]]: 쏘울 스페셜 ''Soul Special'' (KBS) minangka ''Jin Mi Ah''
* [[2010]]: 동이 ''Dong Yi'' (MBC) minangka ''Choi Dong Yi(Suk bin Choi)''

=== Film ===
* [[2005]]: 투사부일체 ''My Boss, My Teacher'' minangka ''Yoo Mi Jung''
* [[2006]]: 아주 특별한 손님 ''Ad-lib Night]'' minangka ''the Girl''
* [[2008]]: 달려라 자전거 ''Ride Away'' minangka ''Im Ha Jung''
* [[2008]]: 멋진 하루 ''My Dear Enemy'' minangka ''Woman at the bus stop / Voice on the phone (cameo)''
* [[2009]]: Telecinema - 천국의 우편 배달부 ''Heaven's Postman'' minangka ''Jo Hana / Saki''

=== TV Show ===
* [[2005]] - [[2006]]: 인기가요 ''The Music Trend-Popular Song'' (SBS) MC

=== Musik Video ===
* [[2004]]: 사랑해요 ''I Love You'' by Simply Sunday
* [[2005]]: 그대가 세상에 있는 것 만으로 by Position
* [[2005]]: Paris by [[Epik High]]
* [[2006]]: 이별은 ''Farewell is...'' by U
* [[2006]]: Tree by Kwon Jin Won
* [[2009]]: 남잔 다 그래 by Lee Woo Sang
* [[2009]]: 헤어져 ''Break up'' by ''As One''
* [[2009]]: 사랑한단 말을 못해서 ''Because I Couldn't Say that I Love You'' by [[K.Will]]
* [[2009]]: 너 정말이니 ''Are You Serious?'' by Rumble Fish
* [[2009]]: 왈칵눈물이 ''Sudden Burst of Tears'' by Han Hyo Joo (feat. Gan-D)

=== Iklan TV ===
* [[2005]]: Anti-smoking Campaign {{·}} Crencia
* [[2005]]: Han Game {{·}} Pizza Hut
* [[2006]]: CYOU Soju {{·}} Green Time Green Tea
* [[2006]]: Enprani Cosmetics {{·}}
* [[2008]]: Samchuly {{·}} Maxim Coffee
* [[2008]]: Korean Air {{·}} Baskin Robbins
* [[2009]]: Jambangee {{·}} LG SU:M 37'
* [[2009]]: Viki {{·}} Nong Shim natural snacks
* [[2009]]:Samsung VLUU Digital Camera
* [[2009]]: Cello {{·}} Kia Soul
* [[2010]]: Yoplait {{·}} Lotte Card
* [[2010]]: Mr. Pizza {{·}}

== Pahargyan ==
* [[2003]]: Binggrae Smile Awards - First Prize
* [[2006]]: Korean Screen Critics Awards- Best Female Newcomer Award (''Ad-lib Night'')
* [[2007]]: Singapore International Film Festival - Best Actress Award (''Ad-lib Night'') &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/newsview_sub.php?menu=5&amp;key=2007043021 |title=Kbs Global&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2011-07-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601171626/http://english.kbs.co.kr/news/newsview_sub.php?menu=5&amp;key=2007043021 |archive-date=2008-06-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[2007]]: Koréa Best Dresser Awards
* [[2007]]: KBS Drama Awards - Best Couple with [[Park Hae Jin]] (''Like Land and Sky'')
* [[2007]]: KBS Drama Awards - Female Popularity Award (''Like Land and Sky'')
* [[2008]]: SBS Drama Awards - New Star Award (''[[Iljimae]]'')
* [[2009]]: Mnet 20's Choice Awards - Hot Female Drama Star (''Brilliant Legacy'')
* [[2009]]: SBS Drama Awards - Best Couple with [[Lee Seung Gi]] (''Brilliant Legacy'')
* [[2009]]: SBS Drama Awards - Best Actress for Special Production Dramas (''Brilliant Legacy'')
* [[2009]]: SBS Drama Awards - Top 10 Stars Award (''Brilliant Legacy'')
* [[2010]]: Seoul Drama Awards - Hallyu Special Award for Female Actress (''Brilliant Legacy'')
* [[2010]]: Koréa Drama Festival - Best Actress (''[[Dong Yi]]'')

== Cathetan sikil ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{ko}}[http://www.cyworld.com/HJ_agnes Han Hyo Joo Cyworld] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603190646/http://www.cyworld.com/HJ_agnes |date=2013-06-03 }}
* {{imdb name|2174122|Han Hyo-joo}}
* (China)[http://hanhyojoo.5dforum.com/bbs.php 韓孝珠中文網Han hyo joo]
* {{ko}}[http://cafe.daum.net/mtmhj daum fan cafe FTE Han Hyo Joo ]

[[Kategori:Artis]]
[[Kategori:Aktris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Galbitang</title>
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      <text bytes="1455" sha1="7mgu73w8aisa29kqs53w7zzxo7qzwkx" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Korean soup-Galbitang-02.jpg|thumb|right|Galbitang]]
'''Galbitang''' ya iku jinis tang ([[sup]]) ing [[masakan Korea]] kang digawé saka [[sup]] godhogan [[balung]] [[iga]] [[sapi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;galbitang&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last= | first= | year=2002 | title=An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture - 233 traditional key words| publisher=Hakgojae Publishing Co| location=Seoul | isbn= 89-8546-98-1 | pages=29}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://english.kbs.co.kr/life/cuisine/1340028_11769.html Galbi-tang (beef short rib soup)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501030941/http://img.kbs.co.kr/pageerror/ |date=2013-05-01 }}, ''kbs''. Diundhuh tanggal 5 Juni 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Sup iki uga dikenal minangka '''galbitguk''' lan cara memasake rada padha karo masakan [[jangguk]] (sup kecap), [[gomguk]] (sup daging) dan [[malgeunjangguk]] (sup kecap bening).&lt;ref name=&quot;galbitang&quot;/&gt; Bahan-bahan kang digunakakake ya iku balung iga sapi ([[galbi]]) kang dikethok cilik-cilik kira-kira 5 nganti 6&amp;nbsp;cm banjur digodhog bareng kuah lan diwenehi[[saus]] [[kecap]].&lt;ref name=&quot;galbitang&quot;/&gt; Sawise daging empuk lan ngasilake [[kaldu]], banjur ditambahi [[bawang]] kang wis diajurake.&lt;ref name=&quot;galbitang&quot;/&gt; Jaman biyèn masakan galbitang kanggo suguhan tamu, nanging saiki disajekake ing restoran-[[restoran]] minangka gantine masakan [[mi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;galbitang&quot;/&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Olah-olahan Koréa]]
[[Kategori:Sup]]


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  <page>
    <title>Gangjin</title>
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      <text bytes="4140" sha1="599ml8zmbvurgrlw260ypb1vazkkbjm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Settlement
| name                    = Gangjin
| native_name             = 강진
| native_name_lang        = Korean
| settlement_type         = [[Kabupatèn]]
| translit_lang1          = Koréa
| translit_lang1_type1    = Hangul
| translit_lang1_info1    = 강진군
| translit_lang1_type2    = Hanja
| translit_lang1_info2    = 康津郡
| translit_lang1_type3    = {{nowrap|Revised Romanization}}
| translit_lang1_info3    = Gangjin-gun
| translit_lang1_type4    = {{nowrap|McCune-Reischauer}}
| translit_lang1_info4    = Kangjin-gun
| image_skyline           =
| imagesize               = 280px
| image_caption           =
| image_map               = Map Gangjin-gun.png
| mapsize                 = 280px
| subdivision_type        = Nagara
| subdivision_name        = {{Flagcountry|Koréa Kidul}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Regions of Koréa|Wewengkon]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Honam]]
| population_blank1_title = Dialek
| population_blank1       = [[Dialek Jeolla|Jeolla]]
| area_total_km2          = 495.98
| population_as_of        = 2001
| population_total        = 49254
| population_density_km2  = 99.3
| parts_type              = [[Pembagian Administratif]]
| parts                   = 1 ''eup'', 10 ''myeon''
| image_blank_emblem      = Gangjin logo.png
| blank_emblem_type       = Lambang Gangjin
}}
'''Gangjin''' (강진군) ya iku sawijining [[kabupatèn]] kang dumunung ing pasisir provinsi [[Jeolla Kidul]], [[Koréa Kidul]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pergi ke gangjin&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kim|first=Joo-young|title=Kangjin|journal=Koreana|volume=19|url=http://koreana.kf.or.kr/viewPdf.asp?filename=1999_WINTER_E052.pdf|date=Winter 1999|page=54-59|access-date=2011-07-31|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303173954/http://koreana.kf.or.kr/viewPdf.asp?filename=1999_WINTER_E052.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kawit biyèn laladan iki dikenal minangka produsen [[kramik ijo Goryeo]] lan [[panganan laut|hasil laut]] kaya ta pirang-pirang jinis [[iwak]] lan [[urang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pergi ke gangjin&quot;/&gt; Laladan pasisir kabupatèn Gangjin dikepung dataran [[pasang surut]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pergi ke gangjin&quot;/&gt;

== Tempayan Chilhyang ==
Kabupatèn Gangjin dadi sentra produksi kerajinan jinis [[tembikar]] utawa [[Tempayan Chilhyang]] kang digunake kanggo nyimpen panganan kang difermentasekake.&lt;ref name=&quot;pergi ke gangjin&quot;/&gt; Tempayan Chilhyang minangka nyimpen [[kimchi]], [[gochujang]], [[doenjang]] lan [[ganjang]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pergi ke gangjin&quot;/&gt; Sentra produksi tempayan Chilhyang ana ing [[désa Bonghwang]], [[kacamatan Chilhyang]] cedhaké [[Teluk Gangjin]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pergi ke gangjin&quot;/&gt; Biyèn, désa iki wis ngekspor tempayane ing pirang-pirang provinsi kaya ta [[Chungcheong]], [[Hwanghae]] lan kutha [[Gangneung]] ing provinsi [[Gangwon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;pergi ke gangjin&quot;/&gt;

== Kramik Ijo Goryeo ==
[[Tungku]]-tungku produksi [[kramik ijo Goryeo]] dumunung ing désa Yong-un, Gye-yul, Sadang, Sudong ing kacamatan Taegu.&lt;ref name=&quot;pergi ke gangjin&quot;/&gt; Kabupatèn Gangjin ya iku kawasan produksi kramik ijo kawit jaman [[Dinasti Goryeo]] (935-1397).&lt;ref name=&quot;pergi ke gangjin&quot;/&gt; Ana sakiwa-tengené 400 tungku kramik ijo ing Gangjin.&lt;ref name=&quot;pergi ke gangjin&quot;/&gt; Ing antarané 188 tungku dianggap minangka situs bersejarah kang dijaga déning pamaréntah.&lt;ref name=&quot;pergi ke gangjin&quot;/&gt; Tungku-tungku iiki digawé ing abad kaping 9 nganti abad kaping 14.&lt;ref name=&quot;pergi ke gangjin&quot;/&gt; Kanggo manuhaké kramik ijo Goryeo marang masarakat, pamaréntah laladan kabupatèn Gangjin nganakake [[Festival Kramik Ijo Gangjin]] saben tahune.&lt;ref name=&quot;keramik ijo&quot;&gt;[http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_2_1.jsp?cid=587521 Gangjin Celadon Festival] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110829155535/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/SI/SI_EN_3_2_1.jsp?cid=587521 |date=2011-08-29 }}, ''visitkorea''. Diundhuh tanggal 31 Mèi 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Museum Kramik Ijo Gangjin]]
* [[Goryeo Cheongja]]
* [[Dataran pasang surut ing Koréa]]
* [[Jeong Yak-yong]]
* [[Baeknyeonsa]]

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}
{{Jeolla Selatan}}

[[Kategori:Jeolla Selatan]]


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    <title>Guwa Chauvet</title>
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      <text bytes="2825" sha1="g59y6wg49v25zsbbx9926vmtqe6jfy1" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Paintings_from_the_Chauvet_cave_(museum_replica).jpg|right|thumb|Lukisan Guwa Chauvet]]
'''Guwa Chauvet''' ya iku [[guwa]] [[arkéologi]]s kang dumunung ing [[Lembah Ardeche]], [[Prancis]] Kidul-Wétan.&lt;ref name=&quot;satu&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Adams|first=Laurie Schneider|title=A History of Western Art|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofwestern0003adam|publisher=McGraw-Hill|year=2001|pages=|isbn=0-07-231717-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; Guwa iki tinemu ing wulan Dhésèmber taun 1994 déning [[spéléologis]] (pangumbara guwa) telu cacahé kang jenengé Christian Hillaire, Eliette Brunel-Deschamps lan Jean-Marie Chauvet kang nemu lawang guwa ing ngisor lemah.&lt;ref name=&quot;satu&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.experienceardeche.com/page/the-chauvet-cave/56 The Chauvet Cave] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100523214553/http://www.experienceardeche.com/page/the-chauvet-cave/56 |date=2010-05-23 }}, ''experienceardeche. Diaksès tanggal 21 Mèi 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Jeneng guwa mau banjur diarani salah sijiné anggota penjelajah ya iku [[Jean-Marie Chauvet]].&lt;ref name=&quot;satu&quot;/&gt; Guwa iki guwa kang gedhé dhéwé ing wewengkon mau lan wigati banget tumrap panalitèn [[arkéologi]] amarga dadi situs 300 [[lukisan]], [[ukiran]] lan [[artefak]] [[balung]] [[kéwan]] kaya ta [[beruang]] [[paleolitikum]], jejak sikil lan sisa perapian [[manungsa prasajarah]].&lt;ref name=&quot;satu&quot;/&gt;

Adhedhasar analisis étungan [[radio karbon]], artefak-artefak balung mau asalé saka 30.000 SM.&lt;ref name=&quot;satu&quot;/&gt; Lukisan-lukisan kang ana ing guwa nggambaraké kéwan-kéwan kaya ta [[warak]], [[singa]], [[kucing|kucing alas]] gedhé dan [[mammoth]].&lt;ref name=&quot;satu&quot;/&gt; Ana 34 gambar lukisan [[mammoth]] saka 22 diukir ing watu lan 13 dilukis ing lumahing gebyog.&lt;ref name=&quot;satu&quot;/&gt;

Salah siji pérangan ''serambi'' diarani ''Panel Singa'', kang ndarbèni gambar pirang-pirang [[hewan]] kang ngebaki lorong.&lt;ref name=&quot;satu&quot;/&gt; Lukisan-lukisan iki kira-kira dilukis antarané 25.000 SM-17.000 SM.&lt;ref name=&quot;satu&quot;/&gt; Kéwan-kéwan mau ing antarané [[singa]] gedhé kang cacahé 2 lan uga ana kang luwih cilik, sarta warak-warak.&lt;ref name=&quot;satu&quot;/&gt; Lukisan iki duwé bayangan, mligi ing pérangan dhuwur.&lt;ref name=&quot;satu&quot;/&gt; Ing ngisor singa ana jejak-jejak [[pigmen]] abang lan garis dhasar kangngambarake [[rusa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;satu&quot;/&gt; Kira-kira lukisan kang warna dasare abang luwih disik diciptakake.&lt;ref name=&quot;satu&quot;/&gt;

{{coord|44|21|00|N|4|29|24|E|display=title}}
== Pranala njaba ==
{{Commons category|Chauvet Cave}}
* [http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/arcnat/chauvet/en/ Chauvet-Pont-d'Arc Cave]
* [http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/chav/hd_chav.htm Chauvet Cave (ca. 30,000 B.C.)]
== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Kategori:Guwa kapur]]
[[Kategori:Guwa ing Perancis]]
[[Kategori:Situs arkéologi ing Perancis]]
[[Kategori:Ardèche]]
[[Kategori:Seni prasajarah]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hefaistos</title>
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      <text bytes="3516" sha1="5kxw3yx0qvnq0so6b5fzk25g2p5zc5x" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox déwa Yunani
| name = Hefaistos
| image = Vulcan (Bissen).jpg
| imagesize = 
| caption = Patung Hefaistos ing [[Musiyum Thorvaldsens]], [[Kopenhagen]], gawéané [[Herman Wilhelm Bissen]], 1838.
| God of  = Déwa [[tèknologi]], [[pandhé wesi]], [[kriya|pengrajin]], [[gunung geni]], lan geni.
| Abode   = [[Gunung Olimpus]], bèngkèl Hefaistos 
| Symbol  = [[Palu]], [[landhesan]],  lan [[panjepit]]
| Parents = [[Hera]] lan [[Zeus]], utawa Hera
| Consort = [[Afrodit]] lan [[Aglaia]]
| Siblings= [[Ares]], [[Eileithyia]], [[Enyo]] lan [[Hebe]]
| Children= [[Thalia (nimfa)|Thalia]], [[Euklia]], [[Eufeme]], [[Filofrosine]] lan [[Euthenia]] 
| Mount   =
| Roman_equivalent = [[Vulkanus]]
}}
'''Hefaistos''' ({{lang-el|Ἥφαιστος}}, ''Hēphaistos'') ana ing [[mitologi Yunani]] ya iku déwa [[tèknologi]], [[pandhé wesi]], [[kriya|pengrajin]], [[seni patung|pemahat]], [[logam]], [[metalurgi]], [[geni]], lan [[gunung geni]].&lt;ref name=&quot;buku1&quot;&gt;[Walter Burkert, ''Greek Religion'' 1985: III.2.ii)]&lt;/ref&gt; Ana ing [[mitologi Romawi]] dhèwèké ditepungi dadi [[Vulkanus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nter1&quot;&gt;[http://www.eocommunity.com/showthread.php?tid=17832 www.eocommunity.com]&lt;/ref&gt; Hefaistos ya iku putra saka [[Zeus]] lan [[Hera]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nter1&quot;/&gt; Dhèwèké duwé peran dadi pandhé wesi kanggo para déwa utawa asring nggawé piranti lan gegaman kang migunani kanggo para [[déwa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nter1&quot;/&gt; Hefaistos disembah ana ing kabèh panggon indhustri lan manufaktur ing [[Yunani]] mligi ana ing Kutha [[Athena]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nter1&quot;/&gt; Simbol saka Hefaistos ya iku [[palu]], landhesan wesi, lan panjepit. Dhèwèké uga digambaraké lagi nyekel [[kapak]]. [[Kuil]] Hefaistos manggon ana ing cedhaké [[agora]] ing [[kutha Athena]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nter1&quot;/&gt;

== Silsilah ==
Ana ing [[Odisseia]] lan kamungkinané ana ing [[Iliad]], Hefaistos lair saka gayutané Zeus karo Hera. Ana ing carita liyané, Hera nglairaké Hefaistos dhéwé, Hera nglakokaké amarga Zeus uga nglairaké [[Athena (mitologi)|Athena]] dhéwé.&lt;ref name=&quot;nter1&quot;/&gt; Nanging ana ing lukisan-lukisan vas ing [[Attika]], Hefaistos digambaraké wis ana sadurungé kelairané Athena.&lt;ref name=&quot;nter1&quot;/&gt; Hefaistos dilukisaké nyekel kapak kanggo nyigar sirahé Zeus lan ngetokké Athena.&lt;ref name=&quot;nter1&quot;/&gt;
Ing ngisor iki keturunan saka Hefaistos:
# [[Afrodit]]
# [[Aglaia]]
#* [[Eukleia]]
#* [[Euthenia]]
#* [[Eufeme]]
#* [[Filofrosine]]
# [[Gaia]]
#* [[Erikhthonios]]

== Uga delengen ==
* [[12 Déwa Olimpus]]

== Cathetan sikil ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{commons|Hephaestus}}
* [http://www.theoi.com/Olympios/Hephaistos.html Theoi Project, Hefaistos] sajeroning sastra lan seni klasik
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020804020813/http://homepage.mac.com/cparada/GML/Hephaestus.html Greek Mythology Link, Hefaistos] ikhtisar ngenani mitos Hefaistos
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121227074422/http://www.pantheon.org/articles/h/hephaestus.html Hefaistos ing Encyclopedia Mythica]
* [http://www.mythweb.com/gods/Hephaestus_easy.html Hefaistos ing MythWeb] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529025002/http://www.mythweb.com/gods/Hephaestus_easy.html |date=2010-05-29 }}
* [http://gogreece.about.com/cs/mythology/a/mythhephaestus.htm Kasunyatan-kasunyatan Hefaistos] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090919163107/http://gogreece.about.com/cs/mythology/a/mythhephaestus.htm |date=2009-09-19 }}

{{Déwa Dewi Yunani}}

[[Kategori:Déwa Olimpus]]
[[Kategori:Déwa-dèwi Yunani]]


{{mitologi-yunani-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kaisar Tang Xuanzong</title>
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      <text bytes="2066" sha1="f9yt83qg47xvphh1pgb5y850z67wint" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Tang XianZong.jpg|thumb|250 px| Kaisar Tang Xuanzong]]

'''Kaisar Tang Xuanzong''' ({{lang-zh|c=[[wikt:唐|唐]][[wikt:玄|玄]][[wikt:宗|宗]]}}) ({{lahirmati||8|9|685||3|5|762}}).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kaisar Tang Xuanzong uga dikenal kanthi jeneng '''Kaisar Tang Ming''' ({{lang-zh|c=唐明皇|p=Táng Mínghuáng}}), lan uga nduwéni jeneng '''Li Longji''' (李隆基), utawa '''Wu Longji''' (武隆基).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kaisar Tang Xuanzong urip wiwit taun 690 nganti 705.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kaisar Tang Xuanzong iku kaisar [[dinasti Tang]] kang kaping pitu.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kaisar Tang Xuanzong mimpin Dinasti Tang wiwit taun 712 nganti taun 756.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kapemimpinane kang suwené [[43]] [[taun]] kalebu paling suwé ing Dinasti Tang.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Kaisar Tang Xuanzong kalebu kaisar kang sregep lan pinter, malah-malah dianggep dadi kaisar kang bisa nggawé jaya Dinasti Tang.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Nanging amarga banget percayané karo [[Li Linfu]], [[Yang Guozhong]] lan [[An Lushan]] ing akir kauwasaane saéngga ana [[Pemberontakan Anshi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Papréntahan Kaisar Tang Xuanzong diarani Papréntahan [[Kaiyuan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Sanajan nalika sepisanan nagara dadi sugih lan rakyat makmur nanging anané pambrontakan [[Anshi]] ndadèkaké [[Dinasti Tang]] bangkut lan ambruk.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://indonesian.cri.cn/401/2009/06/10/1s97702.htm indonesian.cri.cn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906134927/http://indonesian.cri.cn/401/2009/06/10/1s97702.htm |date=2010-09-06 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 12 Agustus 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;
Kaisar Tang Xuanzong uga tau menéhi jeneng kahormatan tumrap [[An Zhongzhang]] kanthi jeneng Baoyu kang tegesé kang nyekel [[watu]] kumala.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Jeneng iki diwénéhaké amarga An Zhongzhang nduwéni prestasi kang apik.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.tionghoa.com/page/4/ tionghoa.com](dipunundhuh tanggal 12 Agustus 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Kaisar Dinasti Tang]]


{{stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Julius Nepos</title>
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      <text bytes="3039" sha1="p6wsshylpnfxmz88wxtlrq8uxi633d4" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Tremissis Julius Nepos-RIC 3221.jpg|thumb|250 px|Tremissis Julius Nepos]]

'''Julius Nepos''' (430 M – 480 M) iku [[Kaisar Romawi]] Barat kang kanthi cara [[de facto]] wiwit saka [[474]] M nganti 475 M lan de jure nganti 480 M.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Para sejarawan nganggep Julius Nepos dadi [[Kaisar Romawi Barat]] kang pungkasan, nanging ana uga kang nganggep yèn garis katurunan Barat kang pungkasané ya iku [[Romulus Augustus]] nalika taun 476 M.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;
Julius Nepos dinominasikaké dadi Kaisar ing pérangan Barat nalika 474 M karo Kaisar Romawi Timur, [[(Kaisar) Leo I|Leo I]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Julius Nepos dikongkon nggantekaké Kaisar Barat [[Glycerius]] kang dianggep ngrebut kakuwasaan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Sawisé [[Glycerius]] nyerah nalika sasi Juni 474, Nepos banjur nguwasani kabéh sisa karajan ''barat'' kalebu [[Italia]] kang dadi jantung karajan, sanajan kapital administratife wis diatur saka [[Roma]] kang nalika iku manggon ing [[Ravenna]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Pamaréntahan Nepos pungkasan ana ing [[Italia]] nalika Julius Nepos dikalahaké karo salah sijiné komandan militeré kang jenengé [[Flavius Orestes]] nalika taun [[475 M]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Sawisé Julius Nepos lunga saka Italia lan [[Orestes]], Nepos banjur nguwasani tlatah ing saubengé [[Dalmatia]], ing gendi Nepos manggon las sisa saka [[Gaul]] Romawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;
Sawisé Julius Nepos lunga, Orestes banjur ngangkat anaké kang isih enom dadi Kaisar Barat kang anyar kanthi jeneng [[Romulus Augustus]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;
Sawisé kamaharajan [[Romawi]] ambruk nalika tanggal [[4]] [[September]] [[476]], ya iku [[Romulus Augustus]], kang dipecat karo [[Odoacer]], salah sijiné wong [[Jerman]] kang nguwasani Itali sawisé Julius Nepos Éropah ngalami ''Masa-masa Kegelapan'' utawa diarani ''Dark Ages''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://www.babinrohis-nakertrans.org/apa-siapa/fakta-fakta-sejarah-penemuan-sains-dan-teknologi-islam-yang-disembunyikan-barat babinrohis-nakertrans.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925070542/http://www.babinrohis-nakertrans.org/apa-siapa/fakta-fakta-sejarah-penemuan-sains-dan-teknologi-islam-yang-disembunyikan-barat |date=2011-09-25 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 26 Agustus 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;
Julius Nepos iku anak saka [[Nepotianus (magister militiae)|Nepotianus]], kang kerja dadi ''[[magister militum]]'' ing Karajan Romawi Barat nalika tau 458 lan 461.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ibuné Julius Nepos iku adhik wadon saka [[Marcellinus (magister militum)|Marcellinus]], ''magister militum'' ing [[(provinsi Romawi) Dalmatia|Dalmatia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.roman-colosseum.info/roman-emperors/julius-nepos.htm roman-colosseum.info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111010132306/http://roman-colosseum.info/roman-emperors/julius-nepos.htm |date=2011-10-10 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 26 Agustus 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Lair 430]]
[[Kategori:Romawi Kuno]]
[[Kategori:Kaisar Romawi]]


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  <page>
    <title>Filem porno</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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      <text bytes="2074" sha1="heqcz45nqk81y6w1todigebig4domf5" xml:space="preserve">'''Filem porno''' ya iku [[filem]] kang lumebu kategori filem kang ngandhung unsur ''eksploitasi'' [[gayutan sèksual]] lan [[aurat]] manungsa.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.bizreport.com/news/8560/ Fil Porno] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060901063157/http://www.bizreport.com/news/8560/ |date=2006-09-01 }}(09 September 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Filem porno iku pérangan kang tabu kanggo diomongké, apa manèh ing [[donya]] sisih wétan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Filem porno didol lan diséwaké ing wujud [[DVD]], ditampilké ing [[internet]] lan tivi mirunggan lan saluran tivi [[pay-per-view|bayar-per-tayang]] ing tivi [[kabel]] lan tivi [[satelit]], lan uga ditayangké ing [[biyoskup]] diwasa.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Filem porno metu ora suwé sawisé tinemu filem ing wiwitan 1900-an.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Filem porno padha persis karo wujud [[pornografi]] lan [[erotisisme]] liyané.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://female.kompas.com/read/2011/09/09/15553493/Mengapa.Film.Porno.Harus.Ditonton.dengan.Suami Porno] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110925031648/http://female.kompas.com/read/2011/09/09/15553493/Mengapa.Film.Porno.Harus.Ditonton.dengan.Suami |date=2011-09-25 }}(10 September 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Jeneng liya saka filem porno ya iku &quot;filem diwasa&quot; lan &quot;filem biru&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Lumrahé, &quot;[[softcore]]&quot; ya iku pornografi kang ora ngétokaké penetrasi utawa ''fetish'' kang ''èkstrim'', banjur &quot;[[hardcore]]&quot; iku luwih ning pornografi kang ngètokakè penetrasi lan fetish kang èkstrim.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

Filem porno iku bisnis kang subur subur lan nguntungké, miturut artikel [[Reuters]] taun 2004, nyebutaké yèn &quot;indhustri multi-miliaran dolar iki mproduksi sakiwa-tengené 11.000 judhul DVD saben taun, banjur ndadikaké indhustri kang kuat....&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Filem porno saiki dibagi miturut sub-genre jinis kelamin pemainé, jinis gayutan sèksual kang ditampilké, lan penonton kang dituju.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Film porno]]
[[Kategori:Filem]]


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  <page>
    <title>Kanker mripat</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2046" sha1="ssvran4usexz23786ch8u7yjjbj7gte" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Anatomy
|Name         = {{PAGENAME}}
|Image        = Rb whiteeye.PNG
|Caption      = Kanker mata pada anak-anak
|Image2       = Retinoblastoma .jpg
|Caption2     = Kanker mata terjadi pada laladan retina
}}

'''Kanker mripat''' (''retinoblastoma'') ya iku kanker kang ana ing laladan amburine mripat kang peka [[cahya]] (ing [[retina]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;medicastore.com&quot;&gt;[http://medicastore.com/penyakit/1052/Retinoblastoma.html Retinoblastoma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120200711/http://medicastore.com/penyakit/1052/Retinoblastoma.html |date=2012-01-20 }}, ''medicastore.com''. Diakses pada 11 Juni 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Kanker [[mripat]] bisa ngusadani wong-wong ing kabèh umur, nanging racaké lelara iki nyerang bocah-bocah kang kurang saka 5 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;medicastore.com&quot;/&gt; Adhedasar panaliten ''American Cancer Society'', akèhé bocah-bocah kang didiagnosis kaserang kanker mripat cacahé 200 ratus wong saben dinane.&lt;ref name=&quot;www.scumdoctor.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.scumdoctor.com/Indonesian/disease-prevention/cancer/eye-cancer/Eye-Cancer-In-Kids.html Eye Kanker pada Anak-Anak] {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, ''www.scumdoctor.com''. Diundhuh tanggal 11 Juni 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; Kanker bisa nyerang salah siji utawa loro-lorone mripat kanthi cara nyebar tekan kantung mripat lan ing [[otek]] (lumantar [[saraf pandelengan]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;medicastore.com&quot;/&gt;

== Panyebab ==
Panyebab anané kanker mripat ya iku ora anané [[gen]] kang asipat mudunake [[tumor]]. Lumrahé kanker mripat diturunake dhedhasar gen keturunan.&lt;ref name=&quot;medicastore.com&quot;/&gt;

== Tandha-tandha ==
# [[Pupil]] warna putih.&lt;ref name=&quot;medicastore.com&quot;/&gt;
# [[Mripat juling]] (''strabismus'').&lt;ref name=&quot;medicastore.com&quot;/&gt;
# Mripat kemeng lan abang.&lt;ref name=&quot;medicastore.com&quot;/&gt;
# Gangguan pandelengan.&lt;ref name=&quot;medicastore.com&quot;/&gt;
# [[Iris]] ing mripat lorone wernane bedha.&lt;ref name=&quot;medicastore.com&quot;/&gt;
# Wuta.&lt;ref name=&quot;medicastore.com&quot;/&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Kanker]]


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  <page>
    <title>Jeneng Tionghoa</title>
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      <text bytes="5638" sha1="50vxkmqupnihljsrrodsobhmao6ypdp" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Xingming.png|thumb|100px|right|Karakter Xingming sing tegesé jeneng lan jeneng kulawarga]]
'''Jeneng Tionghoa''' iku jeneng sing dipratélakaké kanthi [[karakter Han]] (Hanzi). Jeneng iki digunakaké déning warga nagara [[Républik Rakyat Tiongkok]], [[Républik Tiongkok]], [[Hong Kong]], [[Makau]] lan keturunan [[Tionghoa]] ing nagara-nagara liya.

Jeneng Tionghoa racaké dumadi saka 2 karakter nganti 4 karakter, sanadyan ana sing punjul 4 karakter, nanging lumrahé jeneng kaya iku njupuk saka pertalan basa liya saéngga ora dianggep jeneng Tionghoa.

Jeneng Tionghoa ngandhut [[jeneng kulawarga]] lan jeneng. [[Jeneng kulawarga Tionghoa]] dipasang ing ngarep jeneng, racaké 1 nganti 2 karakter; jeneng ana ing samburiné.
== Pratélan jeneng kulawarga Tionghoa sing wis diindonésiakaké ==
{{Pratélan durung pepak}}
{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;2&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot;
|-
! Jeneng kulawarga Tionghoa
! Diwaca
! Éjaan Latin [[Hokkian]]
! Pengindonésiaan
|-
| 欧阳/歐陽 ([[Ouyang|Oūyáng]])
| O Yang
| Auwjong 
| Ojong
|-
| 安 ([[An|Ān]])
| An
| &amp;nbsp;
| Anadra, Andy, Anita, Ananta,
|-
| 白, 柏 ([[Bai|Bái]])
| Pai
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| 薄 ([[Bo|Bó]])
| Po
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| 蔡 ([[Cai|Cài]])
| Jae
| Tjoa
| Cahyo, Cahyadi 
|-
|曹 ([[Cao]])
|Cao
|Tjo
|Cokro, Vonco
|-
| 程, 成 ([[Cheng|Chéng]])
| Jheng
| Seng
| Sengani
|-
| 叢/丛 ([[Cong|Cóng]])
| Jhong
| &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|-
| 陈 ([[Chen]])
| Jen
| Tan, Tjhin 
| Tanto, Tanoto, Tanu, Tanutama, Soetanto, Cendana, Tanudisastro, Tandiono, Tanujaya, Santoso, Tanzil, Tanasal, Tanadi, Tanusudibyo, Tanamal, Tandy, Tantra, Intan, Natan, Virtandy 
|-
| 鄧/邓 ([[Deng]])
| Teng
| 
| Tenggara, Tengger, Ateng
|-
| 郭 ([[Guo]])
| Kuo
| Kwee, Kwik
| Kartawiharja, Kusuma, Kusumo
|-
| 韩 ([[Han]])
| Han
| Han
| Handjojo, Handaya, Handoyo, Handojo, Hantoro
|-
| 洪 ([[Hong (Chinese name)|Hong]])
| Hung
| Ang
| Anggawarsito, Anggakusuma, Angela, Angkiat, Anggoro, Anggodo, Angkasa, Angsana
|-
| 黄 ([[Huang]])
| Huang
| Oei, Oey&lt;!--, Ng (吴 Wu?)--&gt;
| Wibowo, Wijaya, Winata, Widagdo, Winoto, Willys, Wirya, Wiraatmadja, Winarto, Witoelar, Widodo
|-
| 江 ([[Jiang]])
| Ciang
| Kang/Kong
| Kangean
|-
| 李 ([[Li]])
| Lhi
| Li, Lie, Lee
| Lijanto, Liman, Liedarto, Rusli
|-
| 梁 ([[Liang]])
| Lhiang
| Nio
| Liangani, Liando, Liandow, Liandouw, Meliangan
|-
| 林 ([[Lin]])
| Lhin
| Liem, Lim
| Halim, Salim, Limanto, Limantoro, Limianto, Limijanto, Wanandi, Liemena, Alim, Limawan, Liemantika, Liman
|-
| 劉/刘 ([[Liu]])
| Lhiu
| Lau, Lauw
| Mulawarman, Lawang, Lauwita, Lawanto
|-
| 陆 ([[Lu]])
| Lhû
| Liok, Liuk
| Loekito, Loekman, Loekali
|-
| 吕 ([[Lü]])
| Liw
| Loe, Lu
| Loekito, Luna, Lukas, Lukita, Loeksono
|-
|  羅  /  罗 ([[Luo]])
| Lo
| Ro, Loe, Lou, Lo, Luo
| Lolang, Louris, Robert, Rowi, Robin, Rosiana, Rowanto, Rohani, Rohana, Samalo, Susilo,
|-
| 全 ([[Quan|Quán]])
| Jhiwyen
| &amp;nbsp;
| Kuanna
|-
| 施 ([[Shi]])
| Shi
| Sie
| Sidjaja, Sidharta
|-
| 司徒 ([[Situ]])
| Sê Dhu
| Sieto, Szeto, Seto, Siehu, Suhu
| Lutansieto, Suhuyanli, Suhuyanly
|-
| 苏 ([[Su]])
| Su
| Souw, So, Soe
| Soekotjo, Soehadi, Sosro, Solihin, Soeganda, Suker, Suryo, Surya, Soerjo
|-
| 王 ([[Wang]])
| Whang
| Ong, Wong
| Ongko, Wangsadinata, Wangsa, Radja, Wongsojoyo, Ongkowijaya, Setiawan
|-
| 温 ([[Wen]])
| Whên
| Oen, Boen, Woen 
| Benjamin, Bunjamin, Budiman, Gunawan, Basiroen, Bunda, Wendi, Unang
|-
| 吳/吴, 武, 伍, 仵, 烏, 鄔 ([[Wu]])
| Whu
| Go, Gouw, Goh, Ng
| Gono, Gondo, Sugondo, Gozali, Wurianto, Gunawan, Govino, Gotama, Utama, Widargo, Sumargo, Gossidhy, Bagus, Bagoes, Prayogo
|-
| 许 ([[Xu]])
| Xiw
| Kho, Khouw, Khoe
| Kosasih, Komar, Kurnia, Kusnadi, Kholil, Kusumo, Komara, Koeswandi, Kodinata 
|-
| 謝 ([[Xie]])
| Shie
| Cia/Tjia
| Tjiawijaya, Tjahyadi, Sudarmadi, Ciawi
|-
| 楊 / 杨 ([[Yang]])
| Yang
| Njoo, Nyoo, Jo, Yong
| Yongki, Yoso, Yohan, Yuwana
|-
| 叶 ([[Ye]])
| Ye
| Yap/Jap
| Japhar
|-
| 曾 ([[Zeng]])
| Ceng
| Tjan, Tsang
| Tjandra, Tjandrakusuma, Chandra, Chandrawinata, Candrakusuma
|-
| 张 ([[Zhang]])
| Chang
| Thio, Tio, Chang, Theo, Teo, Tjong
| Canggih, Setyo, Setio, Sulistio, Sutiono
|-
| 郑 ([[Zheng]])
| Cheng
| Te, The
| Tedyono, Suteja, Teja, Teddy, Tedjokumoro, Tejarukmana, Tejawati
|-
| 周 ([[Zhou]])
| Chou
| Tjio, Tjioe
| Tjokrorahardjo (Cokroraharjo), Tjokrowidjokso (Cokrowijokso)
|-
| 朱 ([[Zhū]])
| Chu
| &amp;nbsp;
| Zulkifri, Zuneng
|-
| {belum{{br}}dikelompokkan)
| &amp;nbsp;
| Djiaw, Gan, Hoo,{{br}}Keng, Pek, Poo,{{br}}Siauw, Sie, Siem, Sim, Shim, Shen,  Tjoa,{{br}}Tjun, Tjiam, Tong
| &amp;nbsp;
|}

== Pranala njaba ==

* [http://www.tionghoa.com Budaya, Tradisi &amp; Sejarah Tionghoa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201227142445/https://www.tionghoa.com/ |date=2020-12-27 }} Budaya, Tradisi &amp; Sajarah Tionghoa
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/budaya_tionghua/message/15885 Peraturan ganti nama bagi warga nagara Indonésia jang memakai nama Tjina] {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://groups.yahoo.com/group/budaya_tionghua/message/12961 Tentang penggunaan nama generasi] {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110902082208/http://groups.yahoo.com/group/budaya_tionghua/ Forum diskusi tentang ketionghoaan di Indonésia]
* [http://www.fib.ui.edu/index1.php?id=view_news&amp;ct_news=75 Ganti Nama di Kalangan Keturunan Tionghoa Peraturan dan Kebebasan ─ Irzanti Sutanto]{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

{{Jeneng}}

[[Kategori:Budaya Tionghoa]]
[[Kategori:Jeneng|Tionghoa]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Harun Ar-Rasyid</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4481" sha1="2mm4yyp5lqvd6ho0xgdfpnto15ec0dq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Monarch | name =Harun ar-Rasyid
| title          =[[Khalifah]] [[Baghdad]]
| image          =[[Gambar:Harun_Al-Rashid_and_the_World_of_the_Thousand_and_One_Nights.jpg|[[Persian miniature]] depicting Hārūn ar-Rashīd.]]
| reign          =[[14 September]] [[786]]-[[24 March]] [[809]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;''[[Rabi' al-awwal|15 Rabi' al-awwal]] [[Islamic calendar|170AH]]-[[Jumada al-thani|3 Jumada al-thani]] [[Islamic calendar|193AH]]''&lt;/small&gt;
| coronation     =
| predecessor    =[[Al-Hadi|Abu Abdullah Musa bin Mahdi al-Hadi]]
| successor      =[[Al-Amin|Muhammad bin Harun al-Amin]]
| heir           =
| consort        =
| issue          =
| dynasty        =[[Bani Abbasiyah]]
| royal anthem   =
| father         =[[Al-Mahdi|Muhammad bin Mansur al-Mahdi]]
| mother         =[[Al-Khayzuran]]
| date of birth  =[[17 Maret]] [[763]]
| place of birth =[[Rayy]]
| date of death  =[[24 Maret]] [[809]]
| place of death =
| place of burial=
|}}
'''Harun Ar-Rasyid''' inggih punika khalifah kaping gangsal saking [[dhinasti Abbasiyah]], panjenenganipun misuwur minangka kadhermawananipun lan ugi gurit-syairipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Panjenenganipun maréntah ngantos 23 taun ([[786]]-[[809]]), lan mbekta dhinasti kasebat dados majeng lan jaya ing babagan ékonomi, dagang, wewengkon, kakuaosan, pulitik, ngèlmu kawruh, lan peradaban [[Islam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Panjenenganipun punika putranipun [[Al-Mahdi bin Abu Ja'far Al-Mansyur]] (ingkang maréntah taun 159-169 H/[[775]]-[[785]] M) khalifah kaping tiga dhinasti Abbasiyah.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ibunipun gadhah asma Khazirun, satunggalipun tilas batur tukon saking nagari [[Yaman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://translate.google.co.id/translate?hl=id&amp;langpair=en|id&amp;u=http://historymedren.about.com/library/who/blwwrashid.htm ''Harun Al-Rasyid'']{{Pranala mati|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} dipunundhuh tanggal 10 September 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Ibunipun dados tiyang èstri ingkang gadhah pangaribawa (''prabawa'') dhateng papréntahan garwanipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.scribd.com/doc/17392583/Institusi-Pendidikan-Islam-Pada-Masa-Harun-Arrasyid ''INSTITUSI PENDIDIKAN ISLAM PADA MASA HARUN AR-RASYID''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001140916/http://www.scribd.com/doc/17392583/Institusi-Pendidikan-Islam-Pada-Masa-Harun-Arrasyid |date=2011-10-01 }} dipunundhuh tanggal 10 September 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

Harun Ar-Rasyid minggah dados [[raja]] minangka gantosipun khalifah [[Al-Hadi]] (ingkang maréntah ing taun [[785]]-[[786]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Harun Ar-Rasyid pikantuk pandidikan ing pura, pendidikan [[agama|agami]] kaliyan ngèlmu kawruh.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Panjenenganipun kathah pikantuk pendidikan saking [[Yahya bin Walid (tilar donya taun [[805]]; salah satunggalipun mantri nalika wekdal khalifah Harun Ar-Rasyid).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; wiwit dados khalifah, Harun Ar-Rasyid ngawontenaken tali silaturahim ingkang raket supeket kaliyan [[ulama]], ahli [[hukum]], [[qari]], panyerat, lan [[seniman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Harun Ar-Rasyid punika saatunggalipun tiyang ingkang sregep ngibadah, saben dintenipun tansah nglaksanakaken [[salat sunat]] satus rakangat.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ngibadah [[haji]], [[umroh]] ping kalih sataun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Manawi tindak haji, para ulama lan putranipun ndhèrèk tindak.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Manawi boten tindak haji, panjenenganipun ngajikaken tigang atus tiyang kanthi ragad sadaya saking pamaréntah.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;
Harun Ar-Rasyid kajumenengaken dados raja nalika tanggal 15 Rabiul Awal 170 H utawi [[4 September]] [[786]], minangka gantosipun sadhèrèkipun ingkang tilar donya ing taun 170 H/[[786]] M.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

== Pranala njawi ==
[http://filsafat.kompasiana.com/2010/03/27/kesedihan-khalifah-harun-ar-rasyid/ ''Kesedihan Khalifah Harun Ar-Rasyid''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110926083810/http://filsafat.kompasiana.com/2010/03/27/kesedihan-khalifah-harun-ar-rasyid |date=2011-09-26 }}
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110225011706/http://www.republika.co.id/berita/ensiklopedia-islam/islam-digest/10/11/20/147823-belajar-melawan-korupsi-dari-khalifah-harun-ar-rasyid ''Belajar Melawan Korupsi dari Khalifah Harun Ar Rasyid'']

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

{{Commons category|Harun al-Rashid}}

[[Kategori:Lair 766]]
[[Kategori:Pati 809]]
[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]
[[Kategori:Khalifah Abbasiyah]]


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  <page>
    <title>Jamur kuping putih</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2899" sha1="0s5yuavtzbq0rkaw22c4ict9v9v1hj8" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| color = lightblue
| name = Jamur kuping pethak
| image = Tremella closeup.jpg
| image_width = 250px
| regnum = [[Fungi]]
| divisio = [[Basidiomycota]]
| subdivisio = [[Hymenomycotina]]
| classis = [[Heterobasidiomycetes]]
| ordo = [[Tremellales]]
| familia = [[Tremellaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Tremella]]''
| species = '''''T. fuciformis'''''
| binomial = ''Tremella fuciformis''
| binomial_authority = [[Miles Joseph Berkeley|Berkeley]]
}}
'''Jamur kuping pethak''' utawi mawi [[basa Jawa|basa Jawi]] ngoko '''jamur kuping putih''' ingkang gadhah nama Latin ''Tremella fuciformis'' punika salah setunggaling spésies saking kelas [[Heterobasidiomycetes]] (''jelly fungi'').&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Jamur kuping pethak gadhah badan ingkang wangunipun kados ''rumbai-rumbai'' ingkang boten aturan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Jamur kuping pethak gadhah warni [[putih|pethak]] saha bening utawi transparan kados [[ager-ager]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Wonten ing basa [[Tionghoa]], jamur kuping pethak misuwur kanthi nama pinyin: yin er, &quot;kuping pérak&quot; utawi (pinyin: bai mu er, &quot;kuping wit putih&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Jamur kuping pethak tuwuh wonten ing [[kayu]] ingkang sampun lapuk saking [[wit]]-witan ingkang [[godhong|ronipun]] wiyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Jamur kuping pethak wonten ingkang dipunmasak nalika taksih seger, wonten ugi ingkang dipunmasak kanthi dipungaringaken rumiyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Jamur kuping pethak ingkang dipungaringaken punika wangunipun lajeng mengkeret.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Manawi badhé masak jamur kuping pethak ingkang garing punika kedah dipunkum rumiyin wonten [[banyu|toya]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Jamur kuping pethak langkung kathah dipunsadé kanthi wangun garing.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt;

Jamur kuping punika asring dipun-ginakaken kanggé dhaharan panutup.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Jamur kuping pethak boten gadhah raos menapa-menapa.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Jamur kuping pethak gadhah tèkstur ingkang kenyal kados [[jelly]] nalika dipudhahar.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Jamur kuping pethak punika migunani tumrap [[kaséhatan]] [[manungsa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.naturindonesia.com/jamur-pangan.html naturindonesia.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903014133/http://www.naturindonesia.com/jamur-pangan.html |date=2011-09-03 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 16 September 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

Kajawi dipunmasak, jamur kuping pethak ugi saged dipundamel [[ès]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;/&gt; Ès punika dipunwastani ès jamur kuping pethak.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://gayahidup.liputan6.com/read/332622/es-jamur-kuping-putih-pereda-panas-dalam gayahidup.liputan6.com] {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 16 September 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Basidiomycetes]]
[[Kategori:Jamur pangan]]
[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]


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  <page>
    <title>Jung Yong Hwa</title>
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      <text bytes="5580" sha1="6ysf914lq96zdwkzxorv854u6unhn6p" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox musical artist&lt;!-- See Wikipedia:WikiProject_Musicians --&gt;
|Name            = Jung Yong Hwa&lt;br /&gt;정용화
|Img             =Jung yong hwa.jpg
|Img_capt =Jung Yong Hwa
|Imge_size       =350px
| caption       = 
|Landscape       = 
|Background      =[[Pamimpin|Leader]], [[Gitaris]], [[Penyanyi]], [[Aktor]]
|Born            ={{birth date and age|1989|06|22}} [[Koréa Kidul]]&amp;nbsp;{{flagicon|South Koréa}}
|Origin          =[[Busan, South Koréa]]
| Instrument          = [[Guitar]], [[Piano]]
|Genre           = [[Indie band|Indie]], [[Contemporary R&amp;B|R&amp;B]], [[hip-hop]]
|Alias           =Yong Choding, Towel Guy, Milk Guy, Bolmaejung
|Years_active    =  2009-sekarang
|Label           =F&amp;C Music (Koréa)&lt;br /&gt;AI Entertainment Inc. (Jepang)
| associated_acts      = [[C.N.Blue]], A.N.Jell
| siblings      = 
|Current_members = 
|Past_members    = 
|URL             = Http://www.cnblue.co.kr/
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|title=Nama Koréa
|color=khaki
|hangul=정용화
|hanja=
|rr=Jeong Yong Hwa
|mr=Jŏng Yong Hwa atau Chŏng Yong Hwa
}}

'''Jung Yong Hwa''' (정용화) inggih punika ketua lan vokalis saking ''boyband'' CN Blue saking [[Koréa Kidul]]. Sanèsipun gadhah kasuksesan ageng ing debut akting, dados Kang Shin Woo ing drama [[Koréa]] You’re Beautiful. Jung Yonghwa lan anggota SNSD [[Seohyun]] main veality show sareng ing MBC We Got Married Couple. Sapanunggalipun punika Yonghwa dados pambyawara [[Inkigayo]] kaliyan anggota [[F(x)]], [[Sulli]] lan [[Jokwon]] saking [[2AM]].
Jung Yong Hwa lair ing [[Yeoksam-dong]], [[Seoul]] ing tanggal [[22]] [[Juni]] [[1989]]. Piyambakipun inggih punika putra nomer kalih lan gadhah mas ingkang [[4]] [[taun]] langkung sepuh saking piyambakipun. Yonghwa naté pindah ing [[Busan]] ngantos [[SMS]] lan miwiti damel [[tembang]] ingkang kapisan.

== Karir Musik Jung Yong Hwa ==
Sasampunipun mundhut ujian kanggé mlebet [[universitas]], Yonghwa wangsul ing [[Seoul]] ing pundhi lajengipun gabung kaliyan [[FNC Music]] lan miwiti gladhen [[teknologi]] bass ing [[F&amp;C Academy]]. Sapunika Yonghwa dados gitaris lan vokalis saking group ''boyband'' CN Blue. Sasampunipun sukses ing You’re Beautiful, Yonghwa dados ketua CN Blue gantosipun [[Lee Jong Hyun]]. CN Blue piyambak gadhah kapanjangan ''code name''.
== Karir Akting Jung Yong Hwa ==
Yonghwa miwiti karir akting ing [[drama]] [[Koréa]] [[You’re Beautiful]] kaliyan aktris [[Park Shin Hye]], [[Jang Geun Suk]] lan [[Lee Hong Ki]] ing wiwit taun [[2009]]. Sasampunipun punika Yonghwa kathah wonten ing acara variety show, salah satunggalipun ingkang misuwur inggih punika dados garwa saking [[Seohyun]] SNSD/[[Girls Generation]] ing acara [[We Got Married]] ing [[sasi]] [[Fèbruari]] [[2010]]. Saking akting kekalihipun punika gadhah sebatan ''sweet potato couple'' utawi ''goguma couple''. Nanging gadhah pungkasan ing sasi [[Maret]] taun [[2011]]. Jadwal kekalihipun ingkang padat dados salah satunggalipun alesan bubaripun acara punika.&lt;ref&gt;[http://koreanboyband.com/jung-yong-hwa-cn-blue-leader-and-vocalist-profile.html koreanboyband.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111113025030/http://koreanboyband.com/jung-yong-hwa-cn-blue-leader-and-vocalist-profile.html |date=2011-11-13 }}(dipuntingali tanggal November 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;
Lajeng punika, ing [[Juni]] [[2011]] Yonghwa gadhah akting malih ing drama [[musik]] [[Heartstrings]]. Ing drama punika Yonghwa dipunpasangaken kaliyan [[Park Shin Hye]], sasampunipun ing drama [[You’re Beautiful]] bèntenipun ing drama punika kekalihipun dados sapasang pacar. Sasenipun dados penyanyi lan [[aktor]], Yonghwa dados MC.
== Drama ==
* [[You’ve Fallen for Me]]/ [[Heartstring]] ([[MBC]], [[2011]]) dados Lee Shin
* [[You’re Beautiful]] ([[SBS]], [[2009]]) dados Kang Shin Woo
== Single ==
* ’’Because I Miss You’’ (Ost Heartstrings Part [[3]], [[2011]])
* ’’You’ve Fallen For Me’’ (Ost Heartstrings Part [[1]], [[2011]])
* ’’For First Time Lovers’’ aka ‘’Banmal Song’’ feat. [[Seohyun]] [[Girls Generation]] ([[WGM]], [[2011]])
* ’’Promise’’ (Ost. You’re Beautiful, [[2009]])
== Variety Show ==
* Running Man (Guest) ([[SBS]], [[2010]]-[[2011]])
* Night After Night (SBS, 2010-2011)
* We Got Married ([[MBC]], 2010- 2011) kaliyan Seohyun SNSD
* Sunday Sunday Night- Hunters: Echo House (MBC, 2009- 2010)
== MC ==
* Inkigayo ([[SBS]], 2010-2011) kaliyan [[F(x)]] [[Sulli]] lan [[Jo Kwon]] [[2AM]].
* Show Music Core (MBC, 2010) dados co-host kaliyan [[Kwon Yuri]] lan [[Seohyun]] [[SNSD]]
* Show Music Core (MBC, 2010) dados co-host kaliyan [[Ming Ye Min]] lan [[Kim Yoo Bin]] saking [[Wonder Girls]]
* Gayo-Daejun (SBS, 2009, 2010) kaliyan [[Kim Heechul]] lan [[Park Shin Hye]].
* Melon Music Award (2009) kaliyan aktris [[Lee In Hye]].
== Iklan (CF) ==
* [[2011]]: Scotch Puree, Hazzys Acc, BangBang, Suit House
* [[2010]]: NII (Spring), Holika Holika, Sony Ericsson Xperia (X10)
== Panghargyan ==
* [[2010]] Koréa Drama Festival Popularity Award (You’re Beautiful)
* [[2011]] [[MBC]] Entertainment Awards: Popularity Award (We Got Married)
* [[2010]] [[SBS]] Entertainment Award: SBS Variety New Star Award (Inkigayo)
* [[2009]] [[SBS]] Drama Awards: New Star Award (You’re Beautiful).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pelangidrama.net/2010/07/profil-jung-yong-hwa.html www.pelangidrama.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104042450/http://www.pelangidrama.net/2010/07/profil-jung-yong-hwa.html |date=2011-11-04 }}(dipuntingali tanggal 8 November 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Aktor Koréa Kidul]]


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  <page>
    <title>Influenza</title>
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|Name=Influenza
|Image=EM of influenza virus.jpg
|Caption=[[transmisi èlèktron mikroskopik|TEM]] saka [[virus]] influenza, digedhèkaké kurang luwih tikel kaping 100.000.
|Width=226
|DiseasesDB=6791
|ICD10={{ICD10|J|10||j|09}}, {{ICD10|J|11||j|09}}
|ICD9={{ICD9|487}}
|MedlinePlus=000080
|eMedicineSubj=med
|eMedicineTopic=1170
|eMedicine_mult={{eMedicine2|ped|3006}}
|MeshID=D007251
}}
'''Influenza''', kang asring ditepungi kanthi sebutan flu, wujud [[lelara nular]] kang disebabaké déning [[Virus#Virus RNA|virus RNA]] saka [[famili]] [[Orthomyxoviridae]] (virus influenza), kang nyerang [[unggas]] lan [[mamalia]]. Tandha-tandha sing paling lumrah saka lelara iki yaiku ndredheg, mriyang, perih tenggorokane, perih otot, sirah abot, [[watuk]], lemes, lan [[malaise]].&lt;ref name=Merck&gt;{{cite web
|url=http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198d.html
|title=Influenza: Viral Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition
|publisher=www.merck.com
|accessdate=2008-03-15
|last=
|first=
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

Sanajan asring kijolan karo lelara mèmper influenza liyané, mligi [[selesma]], influenza wujud lelara kang luwih abot tinimbang selesma lan disababaké déning jinis virus kang béda&lt;ref name=Eccles&gt;{{cite journal |last=Eccles |first=R |title=Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=5 |issue=11 |pages=718–25 |year=2005 |pmid=16253889 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; Influenza bisa njalari eneg, lan muntah, mligi ing bocah-bocah,&lt;ref name=Merck/&gt; nanging tandha-tandha mau luwih asring ana ing lelara [[gastroenteritis]], kang babar pisan ora ana gegandhèngané, kang uga sok-sok kanthi ora trep diarani &quot;flu weteng&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm Seasonal Flu vs. Stomach Flu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707074827/http://coldflu.about.com/od/flumisconceptions/f/stomachflu.htm |date=2011-07-07 }} by Kristina Duda, R.N.; Diakses 12 Maret 2007 (Website: &quot;About, Inc., A part of The New York Times Company&quot;).  So-called &quot;stomach flu&quot; is sometimes also called &quot;24-hour flu.&quot;  Neither one is actually flu and are instead unrelated [[gastroenteritis]].&lt;/ref&gt; Flu sok-sok bisa nimbulaké pneumonia  kanthi langsung uga njalari pneumonia bakterial sékundhèr.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ballinger-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal  | last1 = Ballinger | first1 = MN. | last2 = Standiford | first2 = TJ. | title = Postinfluenza bacterial pneumonia: host defenses gone awry. | journal = J Interferon Cytokine Res | volume = 30 | issue = 9 | pages = 643-52 |date=Sep 2010 | doi = 10.1089/jir.2010.0049 | PMID = 20726789 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lumrahé, influenza nular saka udara utawa wahin, sing bakal njalari ''[[aerosol]]'' sing ngandhut virus. Influenza uga bisa ditularraké merga tepungan karo ndemok tai manuk utawa [[umbel]], uga bisa liwat lumahan kang wis kena kontaminasi. Aerosol kang kagawa déning udara (airborne aerosols) dinuga nimbulaké sapérangan gedhé infèksi, sanajan jalur panularan endi kang paling duwé peran sajeroning lelara iki durung cetha temenan.&lt;ref name=Brankston/&gt; Virus influenza bisa diinaktivasi déning sinar [[srengéngé]], [[disinfektan]], lan [[deterjen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Suarez |first=D |author2=Spackman E, Senne D, Bulaga L, Welsch A, Froberg K |title=The effect of various disinfectants on detection of avian influenza virus by real time RT-PCR |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_avian-diseases_july-september-2003_47_3/page/1091 |journal=Avian Dis |volume=47 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=1091–5 |year=2003 |pmid=14575118 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.1091}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cidrap.umn.edu/cidrap/content/influenza/avianflu/biofacts/avflu_human.html Avian Influenza (Bird Flu)]: Implications for [[Disease|Human Disease]]. Physical characteristics of influenza A viruses. UMN CIDRAP.&lt;/ref&gt;  Asring ngumbah tangan bakal ngurangi risiko infèksi amarga virus bisa diinaktivasi karo sabun.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jefferson-2010&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal  | last1 = Jefferson | first1 = T. | last2 = Del Mar | first2 = C. | last3 = Dooley | first3 = L. | last4 = Ferroni | first4 = E. | last5 = Al-Ansary | first5 = LA. | last6 = Bawazeer | first6 = GA. | last7 = van Driel | first7 = ML. | last8 = Nair | first8 = S. | last9 = Foxlee | first9 = R. | title = Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses. | journal = Cochrane Database Syst Rev | volume =  | issue = 1 | pages = CD006207 | year = 2010 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub3 | PMID = 20091588 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Influenza nyebar menyang saindhenging donya sajeroning [[epidemi]] mangsan, kang nimbulaké pepati 250.000 lan 500.000 wong saben tauné,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ Influenza (Seasonal)], [[World Health Organization]], April 2009. Diaksès 13-02-2010.&lt;/ref&gt; malah nganti mayuta-yuta wong ing sapérangan taun pandemik. Rata-rata 41.400 wong mati saben tauné ing [[Amérikah Sarékat]] sajeroning kurun wektu antara taun 1979 tekan 2001 amarga influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/full/163/2/181 |title=Mortality due to Influenza in the United States — An Annualized Regression Approach Using Multiple-Cause Mortality Data | author=[[Jonathan Dushoff]] | journal =[[American Journal of Epidemiology]] | volume = 163| issue = 2| pages = 181–7|accessdate=2009-10-29 |quote=The regression modhèl attributes an annual average of 41,400 (95% confidence interval: 27,100, 55,700) deaths to influenza over the period 1979–2001. |work= |pmid=16319291 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwj024 |year=2006 |first2=JB |first3=C |first4=DJ |first5=L |last2=Plotkin |last3=Viboud |last4=Earn |last5=Simonsen }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika taun 2010 [[Pusat Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara]] ing Amérikah Sarékat ngowahi carané nglapuraké prakiran pepati amarga influenza sajeroning 30 taun. Saiki Pusat Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara nglapuraké yèn ana kisaran angka pepati wiwit saka 3.300 nganti 49.000 pepati per tauné.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=[[Julie Steenhuysen]] |title=CDC backs away from decades-old flu death estimate |url=http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSTRE67P3NA20100826 |quote=Instead of the estimated 36,000 annual flu deaths in the United States... the actual number in the past 30 years has ranged from a low of about 3,300 deaths to a high of nearly 49,000, the CDC said on Thursday. |work=[[Reuters]] |date=August 26, 2010 |accessdate=2010-09-13 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Telu pandemi influenza dumadi nalika abad karongpuluh lan wis niwasaké puluhan yuta wong. Saben pandemi mau disababaké déning munculé galur anyar [[virus]] iki ing manungsa. Asring uga, [[galur]] anyar iki muncul nalika virus flu kang wis ana nyebar ing manungsa saka [[spésies]] kéwan kang liya, utawa nalika galur virus influenza manungsa kang wis ana njupuk [[gen]] anyar saka virus kang lumrahé nginfèksi unggas utawa babi. Galur unggas kang diarani [[H5N1]] wis nimbulaké kakuwatiran munculé pandemi influenza anyar, sawisé kamunculané ing [[Asia]] nalika taun 1990-an, nanging virus mau durung [[évolusi]] dadi wangun kang nyebar kanthi gampang saka manungsa-menyang-manungsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Avian influenza (&quot;bird flu&quot;) fact sheet |url=http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/ |date=February 2006 |publisher=WHO |accessdate=2006-10-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nalika sasi April 2009 sawijining galur virus flu anyar ngalami évolusi kang ngandhut campuran gen saka flu [[manungsa]], [[babi]], lan [[unggas]], kang ing awalé diarani &quot;[[flu babi]]&quot; lan uga ditepungi minangka [[Virus H1N1|influenza A/H1N1]], kang muncul ing [[Mèksiko]], [[Amérikah Sarékat]], lan sapérangan nagara liya. [[Organisasi Kaséhatan Donya]] (WHO) kanthi resmi ndhéklarasikaké wabah iki minangka pandemi nalika tanggal 11 Juni 2009 (delengen [[Wabah flu babi 2009|pandemi flu 2009]]). Dhéklarasi WHO ngenani pandemi tingkat 6 wujud indhikasi panyebaran virus, dudu abot-ènthèngé lelara, galur iki sajatiné duwé tingkat mortalitas kang luwih asor tinimbang wabah virus flu biyasa.&lt;ref&gt;World Health Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Vaksin influenza|Vaksinasi marang influenza]] lumrahé sumadiya kanggo wong-wong ing [[nagara ngrembaka]].&lt;ref name=WHOvaccines&gt;[http://www.who.int/wer/2005/wer8033.pdf WHO position paper: influenza vaccines] ''WHO weekly Epidemiological Record'' 19 August 2005, vol. 80, 33, hal. 277–288.&lt;/ref&gt; Kéwan ingon unggas asring divaksinasi kanggo nyegah tumpes tapisé kabèh kéwan ingon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Villegas |first=P |title=Viral diseases of the respiratory system |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_poultry-science_1998-08_77_8/page/1143 |journal=Poult Sci |volume=77 |issue=8 |pages=1143–5 |year=1998 |pmid=9706079}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Vaksin kanggo manungsa kang paling asring dipigunakaké yaiku vaksin influenza trivalen (''trivalent influenza vaccine'' [TIV]) kang ngandhut [[antigen]] kang wis dimurnèkaké lan diinaktivasi marang telung galur virus. Lumrahé, vaksin jinis iki ngandhut matérial saka rong galur [[virus influenza A|virus influenza subtipe A]] lan [[virus influenza B|siji galur influenza subtipe B]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Horwood F, Macfarlane J |title=Pneumococcal and influenza vaccination: current situation and future prospects |journal=Thorax |volume=57 |issue=Suppl 2 |pages=II24–II30 |date=October 2002 |pmid=12364707 |pmc=1766003 |url=http://thorax.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=12364707}}&lt;/ref&gt; TIV ora duwé risiko nularaké lelara, lan duwé réaktivitas kang asor banget. Vaksin kang diformulasikaké kanggo setaun mungkin dadi ora èfèktif kanggo taun sabanjuré, amarga virus influenza ngalami évolusi kanthi rikat, lan galur anyar bakal rikat nggantèkaké galur kang sadurungé. Obat-obatan antivirus bisa dipigunakaké kanggo nambani influenza, ''[[neuraminidase inhibitor]]'' (kaya ta Tamiflu utawa Relenza).&lt;ref name=WHOmedrecDec2009&gt;World Health Organization, Global Alert and Response (GAR), [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/swineflu/frequently_asked_questions/antivirals/definitions_use/en/index.html Antiviral drugs for pandemic (H1N1) 2009: definitions and use], 22 Dhésèmber 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--yang terutama efektif--&gt;.

== Klasifikasi ==
{{Flu}}
=== Jinis-jinis virus ===
Sajeroning [[Virus#Klasifikasi virus|klasifikasi virus]], virus influenza kalebu [[Virus#Virus RNA|virus RNA]] kang wujud telu saka lima [[genera]] sajeroning famili Oethomyxoviridae:&lt;ref name=Kawaoka&gt;{{cite book |author=Kawaoka Y (juru besut). |title=Influenza Virology: Current Topics |publisher=Caister Academic Press |year=2006 |url=http://www.horizonpress.com/flu |isbn=978-1-904455-06-6 |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2008-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509195454/http://www.horizonpress.com/flu |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Virus influenza A]]
* [[Virus influenza B]]
* [[Virus influenza C]]

Virus-virus mau duwé kakerabatan kang adoh karo [[virus parainfluenza manungsa]], kang wujud  virus RNA kang wujud péranganing famili [[Paramyxoviridae#Paramyxovirus|paramyxovirus]] kang wujud jalaran umum saka infèksi [[sistem ambegan|ambegan]] ing bocah, kaya ta [[croup]] (laryngotracheobronchitis),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Vainionpää R, Hyypiä T |title=Biology of parainfluenza viruses |journal=Clin. Microbiol. Rev. |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=265–75 |date=April 1994 |pmid=8055470 |pmc=358320 |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=8055470}}&lt;/ref&gt; nanging bisa uga nimbulaké lelara kang sarupa karo influenza ing wong diwasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hall CB |title=Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus |journal=N. Engl. J. Med. |volume=344 |issue=25 |pages=1917–28 |date=June 2001 |pmid=11419430 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=short&amp;pmid=11419430&amp;promo=ONFLNS19 |doi=10.1056/NEJM200106213442507}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Virus influenza A ====
Genus iki duwé siji spésies, virus influenza A. Unggas akuatik alasan wujud inang alamiah kanggo pérangan gedhé variétas influenza A. Sok-sok, virus bisa ditularaké marang spésies liya lan bisa nimbulaké wabah kang duwé dhampak gedhé ing paternakan unggas dhomèstik utawa nimbulaké sawijining [[pandemi]] influenza manungsa.&lt;ref name=sobrino6&gt;{{cite book|chapter-url=http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|author=Klenk|display-authors=etal|year=2008|chapter=Avian Influenza: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Range|title=Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology|publisher=Caister Academic Press|isbn=978-1-904455-22-6|access-date=2012-03-18|archive-date=2016-08-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820202716/http://www.horizonpress.com/avir|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virus jinis A wujud patogèn manungsa paling virulen ing antarané katelu jinis influenza lan nimbulaké lelara kang paling abot. Virus influenza A bisa dipérang manèh dadi subdhivisi wujud [[serovar|serotipe-serotipe]] kang béda dhedhasar tanggepan [[antibodi]] marang virus iki.&lt;ref name=hay/&gt; Serotipe kang wis dikonfirmasi ing manungsa, diurutaké dhedhasar guènggung pepati pandemi ing manungsa, yaiku:
* [[H1N1]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Spanyol]] nalika taun 1918, lan [[Flu Babi]] nalika taun 2009
* [[H2N2]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Asia]] nalika taun 1957
* [[H3N2]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Hongkong]] nalika taun 1968
* [[H5N1]], kang nimbulaké [[Flu Manuk]] nalika taun 2004
* [[H7N7]], kang duwé potènsi [[zoanatik]] kang ora biyasa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Fouchier |first=R |author2=Schneeberger P, Rozendaal F, Broekman J, Kemink S, Munster V, Kuiken T, Rimmelzwaan G, Schutten M, Van Doornum G, Koch G, Bosman A, Koopmans M, Osterhaus A |title=Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/101/5/1356 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=101 |issue=5 |pages=1356–61 |year=2004 |pmid=14745020 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0308352100 |last12=Bosman |first12=A |last13=Koopmans |first13=M |last14=Osterhaus |first14=AD |pmc=337057}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[H1N2]], endemik ing manungsa, babi, lan unggas
* [[H9N2]]
* [[H7N2]]
* [[H7N3]]
* [[H10N7]]

==== Virus influenza B ====
Genus iki duwé siji spésies, yaiku virus influenza B. Influenza B mèh kanthi èksklusif mung nyerang manungsa&lt;ref name=hay&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hay |first=A |author2=Gregory V, Douglas A, Lin Y |title=The evolution of human influenza viruses |journal=Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci |volume=356 |issue=1416 |pages=1861–70 |date=29 Dhésèmber 2001 |pmid=11779385 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0999 |pmc=1088562}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan luwih arang dibandhingaké karo influenza A. Kéwan liya kang dikawruhi bisa kena infèksi déning influenza B yaiku [[asu laut]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Osterhaus |first=A |author2=Rimmelzwaan G, Martina B, Bestebroer T, Fouchier R |title=Influenza B virus in seals |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2000-05-12_288_5468/page/1051 |journal=Science |volume=288 |issue=5468 |pages=1051–3 |year=2000 |pmid=10807575 |doi=10.1126/science.288.5468.1051}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan [[garangan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jakeman KJ, Tisdale M, Russell S, Leone A, Sweet C |title=Efficacy of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibosides against influenza A and B viruses in ferrets |journal=Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. |volume=38 |issue=8 |pages=1864–7 |date=August 1994 |pmid=7986023 |pmc=284652 |doi=|url=http://aac.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=7986023}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jinis influenza iki ngalami mutasi kaping 2-3 luwih alon dibandhingaké jinis A&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Nobusawa |first=E |author2=Sato K |title=Comparison of the mutation rates of human influenza A and B viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2006-04_80_7/page/3675 |journal=J Virol |volume=80 |issue=7 |pages=3675–8 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16537638 |doi=10.1128/JVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006 |pmc=1440390}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan mula saka iku karagaman génétiké luwih sithik, mung ana siji serotipe influenza B.&lt;ref name=hay/&gt; Amarga ora ana karagaman [[antigen]]ik, sapérangan tingkat [[imunitas|kakebalan]] marang influenza B lumrahé dièntuki ing umur enom. Nanging, mutasi kang dumadi ing virus influenza B cukup kanggo gawé kakebalan permanèn dadi ora mungkin.&lt;ref name=webster&gt;{{cite journal |first=Webster |last=R |author2=Bean W, Gorman O, Chambers T, Kawaoka Y |title=Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses |pmc=372859 |journal=Microbiol Rev |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=152–79 |year=1992 |pmid=1579108}}&lt;/ref&gt; Owah-owahan antigèn kang alon, dikombinasikaké karo gunggung inang kang winates (ora mungkinaké [[pepindhahan antigèn]] antarspesies), agawé pandemi influenza B ora dumadi.&lt;ref name=Zambon&gt;{{cite journal |last=Zambon |first=M |title=Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza |journal=J Antimicrob Chemother |volume=44 Suppl B |issue=|pages=3–9 |date=November 1999 |pmid=10877456 |url=http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/reprint/44/suppl_2/3 |doi=10.1093/jac/44.suppl_2.3}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Virus influenza C ====
Genus iki duwé siji spésies, virus influenza C, kang nginfèksi manungsa, asu, lan babi, sok-sok nimbulaké lelara kang abot lan èpidemi lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;Matsuzaki&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Matsuzaki |first=Y |author2=Sugawara K, Mizuta K, Tsuchiya E, Muraki Y, Hongo S, Suzuki H, Nakamura K |title=Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza C viruses which caused two outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998 |pmc=153379 |journal=J Clin Microbiol |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=422–9 |year=2002 |pmid=11825952 |doi=10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Taubenberger2008/&gt; Nanging, influenza C luwih arang dumadi dibandhingaké karo jinis liya lan lumrahé mung nimbulaké lelara ènthèng ing bocah-bocah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Matsuzaki |first=Y |author2=Katsushima N, Nagai Y, Shoji M, Itagaki T, Sakamoto M, Kitaoka S, Mizuta K, Nishimura H |title=Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_2006-05-01_193_9/page/1229 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=193 |issue=9 |pages=1229–35 |date=1 Mèi 2006|pmid=16586359 |doi=10.1086/502973}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Katagiri&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Katagiri |first=S |author2=Ohizumi A, Homma M |title=An outbreak of type C influenza in a children's home |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1983-07_148_1/page/51 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=148 |issue=1 |pages=51–6 |date=July 1983 |pmid=6309999}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Struktur, sipat, lan tata jeneng subtipe ===
Virus influenza A, B, lan C sarupa banget ing struktur sakabèhé.&lt;ref&gt;International Committee on Taxanamy of Viruses descriptions of: [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm Orthomyxoviridae] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002234624/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46000000.htm |date=2006-10-02 }}, [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46040000.htm Influenzavirus B] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006034903/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/46040000.htm |date=2007-10-06 }} and [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.02.htm Influenzavirus C] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091231084902/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.02.htm |date=2009-12-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Partikel virus iki dhiameteré 80-120 [[nanometer]] lan lumrahé kurang-luwih wanguné kaya bal, sanadyan wangun filamèntosa mungkin waé ana.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=International Committee on Taxanamy of Viruses |title=The Universal Virus Database, version 4: Influenza A |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2010-01-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113220345/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ICTVdb/ICTVdB/00.046.0.01.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Lamb&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lamb RA, Choppin PW |title=The gene structure and replication of influenza virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_annual-review-of-biochemistry_1983_52_annual/page/467 |journal=Annu. Rev. Biochem. |volume=52 |issue=|pages=467–506 |year=1983 |pmid=6351727 |doi=10.1146/annurev.bi.52.070183.002343}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wangun filamèntosa iki luwih asring dumadi ing influenza C, kang bisa minangka struktur kaya bolah kanthi dawa tekan 500 [[mikrometer]] ing lumahan saka sèl kang kena infèksi.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Nanging, sanadyan manéka wanguné, partikel saka kabèh virus influenza duwé komposisi kang padha.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Komposisi mau wujud [[envelope virus]] kang ngandhut loro jinis [[glikoprotein]], kang mbungkus sawijining inti punjer. Inti punjer mau ngandhut [[genom]] [[RNA]] lan protèin viral liya kang mbungkus lan ngreksa RNA. RNA ''cenderung'' kapérang saka sauntaian nanging ing kasus-kasus mirunggan bisa wujud rong untaian.&lt;ref name=Lamb/&gt; Ing virus, génom virus ora kapérang saka rerangkèn [[asem nukleat]]; nanging lumrahé kapérang saka pitu utawa wolung pérangan RNA ''[[negative-sense]]'' kang kasègmèntasi, saben pérangan RNA ngandhut siji utawa loro gèn.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Contoné, génom influenza A ngandhut 11 gèn sajeroning wolung pérangan RNA, kang ngodhe 11 [[protèin]]: [[hemagglutinin]] (HA), [[neuraminidase]] (NA), [[nukleoprotein]] (NP), [[protèin M1|M1]], [[protèin M2|M2]], [[protèin NS1 influenza|NS1]],  NS2 (NEP: ''nuclear export protéin''), PA, PB1 (''polymerase basic'' 1), PB1-F2 lan PB2.&lt;ref name=Ghedin&gt;{{cite journal |last=Ghedin |first=E | last2 = Sengamalay | first2 = NA | last3 = Shumway | first3 = M | last4 = Zaborsky | first4 = J | last5 = Feldblyum | first5 = T | last6 = Subbu | first6 = V | last7 = Spiro | first7 = DJ | last8 = Sitz | first8 = J | last9 = Koo | first9 = H |title=Large-scale sequencing of human influenza reveals the dynamic nature of viral genome evolution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2005-10-20_437_7062/page/1162 |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=437 |issue=7062 |pages=1162–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16208317 |doi=10.1038/nature04239 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hemagglutinin (HA) lan neuraminidase (NA) wujud loro flikoprotèin gedhé kang ana ing sanjabaning partikel virus. HA wujud [[lektin]] kang dadi mèdhiasi ikatan (binding) virus marang sèl targèt lan lumebuné génom virus ing sèl targèt, sauntara NA kalibat sajeroning uculé anak virus saka sèl kang kainfèksi, kanthi nyigar gula kang silih iket ing partikel virus diwasa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Suzuki |first=Y |title=Sialobiology of influenza: molecular mechanism of host range variation of influenza viruses |url=http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf |journal=Biol Pharm Bull |volume=28 |issue=3 |pages=399–408 |year=2005 |pmid=15744059 |doi=10.1248/bpb.28.399 |access-date=2012-03-18 |archive-date=2009-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112023059/http://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/bpb/28/3/399/_pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Oleh karena itu, protéin ini merupakan target bagi obat-obat antivirus.&lt;ref name=Itzstein&gt;{{cite journal |last=Wilson |first=J |author2=von Itzstein M |title=Recent strategies in the search for new anti-influenza therapies |journal=Curr Drug Targets |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=389–408 |date=July 2003 |pmid=12816348 |doi=10.2174/1389450033491019}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Lan manèh, kaloroné wujud antigèn, ing endi antibodi marang antigèn mau bisa diriptakaké. Virus influenza A diklasifikasikaké dadi subtipe dhedhasar rèspons antibodi marang HA lan NA. Jinis-jinis HA lan NA mau wujud pambédan H lan N sajeroning pamènèhan jeneng virus, umpamané H5N1.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt; Ana 16 subtipe H lan 9 subtipe N kang wis dikawruhi, nanging mung H 1, 2, lan 3, sarta N 1 lan 2 kang lumrahé tinemu ing manungsa.&lt;ref name=Lynch&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lynch JP, Walsh EE |title=Influenza: evolving strategies in treatment and prevention |journal=Semin Respir Crit Care Med |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=144–58 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17458769 |doi=10.1055/s-2007-976487}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Réplikasi ===
Virus bisa nglakoni réplikasi mung ing sèl urip.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Smith AE, Helenius A |title=How viruses enter animal cells |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2004-04-09_304_5668/page/237 |journal=Science |volume=304 |issue=5668 |pages=237–42 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15073366 |doi=10.1126/science.1094823}}&lt;/ref&gt; Infèksi lan réplikasi influenza wujud prosès mawa tahap: pisanan, virus kudu gawé ikatan karo sèl lan ngleboni sèl, banjur mindhahaké genomé ing sawijining papan ing endi virus mau bisa mrodhuksi dhuplikat saka protèin virus lan RNA, banjur nyusun komponèn-komponèn mau dadi partikel virus anyar, lan pungkasan, metu saka sèl inang.&lt;ref name=Bouvier&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bouvier NM,  [[Peter Palese|Palese P]] |title=The biology of influenza viruses |journal=Vaccine |volume=26 Suppl 4 |pages=D49–53 |date=September 2008 |pmid=19230160 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.07.039}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virus influenza gawé ikatan liwat [[hemagglutinin]] karo gula [[asem sialat]] ing lumahing [[epitelium|sèl èpitèl]], lumrahé ing irung, tenggorok, lan [[paru-paru]] mamalia, lan usus unggas (tahap 1 ing gambar infèksi).&lt;ref name=Wagner&gt;{{cite journal |last=Wagner |first=R |author2=Matrosovich M, Klenk H |title=Functional balance between haemagglutinin and neuraminidase in influenza virus infections |journal=Rev Med Virol |volume=12 |issue=3 |pages=159–66 |date=May 2002|pmid=11987141 |doi=10.1002/rmv.352}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sawisé hemagglutinin [[proteolisis|dipecah]] déning [[protease]], sèl bakal nglebokaké virus liwat prosès [[endositosis]].&lt;ref name=Steinhauer&gt;{{cite journal |author=Steinhauer DA |title=Role of hemagglutinin cleavage for the pathogenicity of influenza virus |url=https://archive.org/details/virology_1999-05-25_258_1/page/1 |journal=Virology |volume=258 |issue=1 |pages=1–20 |date=May 1999 |pmid=10329563 |doi=10.1006/viro.1999.9716}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
Sawisé ana ing njero sèl, kaanan asem sajeroning [[éndosom]] bakal njalari loro kedadèn dumadi: pisanan, péranganing protèin hemagglutinin bakal nyawijikaké envelope virus karo mèmbran vakuola, banjur [[kanal ion]] M2 bakal mungkinaké [[proton]] kanggo pindhah ngliwati envelope virus lan ngasamaké inti virus, kang bakal nyababaké inti dadi kaurai lan ngeculaké RNA virus lan protèin inti.&lt;ref name=Bouvier/&gt; Molekul RNA virus (vRNA), protèin aksesoris, lan RNA polymerase kang gumantung ing RNA (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase) bakal dieculaké ing sitoplasma (Tahap 2).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Lakadamyali |first=M |author2=Rust M, Babcock H, Zhuang X |title=Visualizing infection of individual influenza viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2003-08-05_100_16/page/9280 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=100 |issue=16 |pages=9280–5 |date=August 2003 |pmid=12883000 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0832269100 |pmc=170909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanal ion M2 bakal disekat (diblok) déning obat amantadine, kang bakal nyegah infèksi.&lt;ref name=Pinto&gt;{{cite journal |author=Pinto LH, Lamb RA |title=The M2 proton channels of influenza A and B viruses |journal=J. Biol. Chem. |volume=281 |issue=14 |pages=8997–9000 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16407184 |doi=10.1074/jbc.R500020200 |url=http://www.jbc.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=16407184 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Protèin inti iki bebarengan karo vRNA bakal minangka komplèks kang bakal ditranspor menyang [[inti sèl]], ing endi polimerase RNA kang gumantung RNA bakal miwiti transkripsi vRNA komplemèntèr sense positif (langkah 3a lan b).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cros |first=J |author2=Palese P |title=Trafficking of viral genomic RNA into and out of the nucleus: influenza, Thogoto and Borna disease viruses |journal=Virus Res |volume=95 |issue=1–2 |pages=3–12 |date=September 2003 |pmid=12921991 |doi=10.1016/S0168-1702(03)00159-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; vRNA bisa metu nuju sitoplasma lan ngalami translasi (langkah 4) utawa tetep ''bertahan'' ing nukléus. Protèin virus kang anyar disintèsis bisa disèkrèsi liwat [[apparatus Golgi]] nuju lumahing sèl (ing neuraminidase lan hemagglutinin, langkah 5b) utawa ditranspor manèh nuju inti sèl kanggo gawé ikatan karo vRNA lan minangka partikel génom virus kang anyar (langkah 5a). Protèin virus liyané duwé makarya kang manéka ing sèl inang, kalebu ngurai [[mRNA]] sèlulèr lan migunakaké [[nukléotida]] bébas kanggo sintèsis vRNA lan uga nyandhet translasi mRNA lan uga nyandhet [[translasi (biologi)|translasi]] mRNA sèl inang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kash |first=J |author2=Goodman A, Korth M, Katze M |title=Hijacking of the host-cell response and translational control during influenza virus infection |journal=Virus Res |volume=119 |issue=1 |pages=111–20 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16630668 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2005.10.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

vRNA ''negative-sense'' kang [[génom]] saka calon virus, RNA polimerase kang gumantung RNA (RNA-dependent RNA polymerase), lan protèin virus liya bakal disusun dadi virion. Molekul hemagglutinin lan neuraminidase bakal gawé golongan minangka sawijining tonjolan ing lumahing sèl. vRNA lan protèin [[capsid|inti virus]] bakal ninggal inti sèl lan ngeboni panonjolan mèmbran iki (langkah 6). Virus diwasa bakal nglakokaké budding off saka sèl sajeroning sawijining wangun bal kang kapérang saka mèmbran fosfolipid inang, éntuk hemagglutinin lan neuraminidase kang kakandhut sajeroning lapisan mèmbran iki (langkah 7).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Nayak |first=D |author2=Hui E, Barman S |title=Assembly and budding of influenza virus |journal=Virus Res |volume=106 |issue=2 |pages=147–65 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15567494 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.08.012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kaya sadurungé, virus bakal gawé ikatan liwat hemagglutinin; virus diwasa bakal ngeculaké dhiri yèn [[neuraminidase]]é wis mecah résidhu asem sialat saka sèl inang.&lt;ref name=Wagner/&gt; Obat kang nyandhet neuraminidase, kaya déné [[oseltamivir]], bakal nyegah uculé virus infèksius anyar lan nyegah réplikasi virus.&lt;ref name=Itzstein/&gt; Sawisé uculé virus influenza anyar, sèl inang bakal mati.

Amarga ora anané ènzim [[proofreading (biologi)|proofreading]] RNA, polimerase RNA kang gumantung RNA kang ngopi génom virus bakal nglakokaké kasalahan kurang luwih saben 10 éwu nukléotida, kang selaras karo rata-rata saka vRNA influenza. Mula saka iku, sapérangan gedhé saka virus influenza kang rampung dironcé iku mutan; iki bakal nimbulaké [[hanyutan antigèn]], kang wujud owah-owahan alon ing antigèn ing lumahing virus sairing karo lumakuné wektu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Drake |first=J |title=Rates of spontaneous mutation among RNA viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_1993-05-01_90_9/page/4171 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci USA |volume=90 |issue=9 |pages=4171–5 |date=1 Mèi 1993|pmid=8387212 |doi=10.1073/pnas.90.9.4171 |pmc=46468}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pamisahan génom dadi wolu sègmèn vRNA kang kapisah mungkinaké panyampuran utawa [[reassortment]] saka vRNA yèn punjul sajinis virus influenza nginfèksi sawijining sèl tunggal. Iki bakal nimbulaké owah-owahan rikat saka génétika virus kang bakal nimbulaké [[papindhahan antigèn]], kang wujud owah-owahan dumadakan saka sawijining antigèn menyang antigèn liyané. Owah-owahan gedhé kang dadakan mungkinaké virus kanggo nginfèksi spésies inang anyar lan bisa kanthi rikat ngatasi kakebalan protèktif kang wis ana.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt;  Iki wigati sajeroning mékanisme munculé pandemi, kang didhiskusikaké ing ngisor iki sajeroning pérangan [[#Epidemiologi|Epidemiologi]].

== Tandha lan tandha-tandha ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;float:right; text-align:center; width:40%;&quot;
|+ Tandha-tandha kang paling sènsitif kanggo ndhiagnosis influenza &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15728170&quot;/&gt;
! Tandha-tandha: !! [[Sènsitivitas (pacoban)|Sènsitivitas]] !! [[Spésifisitas (pacoban)|Spésivisitas]]
|-
! Mriyang
|68–86% ||25–73%
|-
! Watuk
|84–98% || 7–29%
|-
! Irung mampet
|68–91% ||19–41%
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot;|
&lt;small&gt;
* Katelu temuan mau, mligi mriyang, kurang sènsitif marang pasièn kanthi umur punjul 60 taun.&lt;/small&gt;
|}

Tandha-tandha influenza bisa diwiwiti kanthi rikat, sadina nganti rong dina sawisé infèksi. Lumrahé tandha-tandha pisanan yaiku ndrodhog utawa rumangsa adhem, nanging mriyang uga asring dumadi ing awal infèksi, kanthi suhu awak watara 38-39&amp;nbsp;°C (kurang luwih 100-103&amp;nbsp;°F).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Suzuki E, Ichihara K, Johnson AM |title=Natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children |journal=Clin Pediatr (Phila) |volume=46 |issue=1 |pages=76–9 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17164515 |doi=10.1177/0009922806289588}}&lt;/ref&gt; Akèh wong krasa lara banget saéngga ora bisa tangi saka papan anggoné turu suwéné pirang-pirang dina, kanthi rasa lara lan nyeri saawak, kang krasa luwih abot ing tlatah geger lan sikil.&lt;ref name=Merck /&gt; Tandha-tandha influenza bisa ngambah:

* Mriyang lan krasa adhem kang èkstrem (ndrodhog, gumeter)
* Watuk
* Irung mampet
* Nyeri awak, mligi sendhi lan tenggorok
* Kekeselen
* Nyeri sirah
* Iritasi mata, mata mbanyu
* Mata abang, kulit abang (mligi rai), sarta semu abang ing tutuk, tenggorok, lan irung
* [[Ruam petechiae]] &lt;ref name=&quot;pmid10476766&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Silva ME, Cherry JD, Wilton RJ, Ghafouri NM, Bruckner DA, Miller MJ |title=Acute fever and petechial rash associated with influenza A virus infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_1999-08_29_2/page/453 |journal=Clinical Infectious Diseases: an Official Publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America |volume=29 |issue=2 |pages=453–4 |date=August 1999 |pmid=10476766 |doi=10.1086/520240}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Ing bocah, tandha-tandha gastrointestinal kaya déné [[diare]] lan nyeri [[abdomen]],&lt;ref name=Richards/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Heikkinen T |title=Influenza in children |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_acta-paediatrica_2006-07_95_7/page/778 |journal=Acta Paediatr. |volume=95 |issue=7 |pages=778–84 |date=July 2006 |pmid=16801171 |doi=10.1080/08035250600612272}}&lt;/ref&gt; (bisa dumadi parah ing bocah kanthi influenza B) &lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kerr AA, McQuillin J, Downham MA, Gardner PS |title=Gastric 'flu influenza B causing abdominal symptoms in children |journal=Lancet |volume=1 |issue=7902 |pages=291–5 |year=1975 |pmid=46444 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91205-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sok-sok angèl mbédakaké antarané [[selesma]] lan influenza ing tahap awal saka infèksi iki,&lt;ref name=Eccles/&gt; nanging flu bisa diidhèntifikasi yèn ana mriyang dhuwur ndadak kanthi rasa kesel kang èkstrém. Diare lumrahé dudu tandha-tandha saka influenza bocah,&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15728170&quot;/&gt; nanging iki bisa ditemoni ing sapérangan kasus &quot;flu manuk&quot; H5N1 ing manungsa&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hui DS |title=Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection |journal=Respirology |volume=13 Suppl 1 |issue=|pages=S10–3 |date=March 2008 |pmid=18366521 |doi=10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01247.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;  lan bisa dadi tandha-tandha ing bocah-bocah.&lt;ref name=Richards&gt;{{cite journal |author=Richards S |title=Flu blues |journal=Nurs Stand |volume=20 |issue=8 |pages=26–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16295596}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tandha-tandha kang paling asring ana ing influenza dituduhaké ing tabèl ing sisih tengen.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid15728170&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Call S, Vollenweider M, Hornung C, Simel D, McKinney W |title=Does this patient have influenza? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_jama_2005-02-23_293_8/page/987 |journal=JAMA |volume=293 |issue=8 |pages=987–97 |year=2005 |doi=10.1001/jama.293.8.987 |pmid=15728170}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amarga obat-obat antivirus èfèktif sajeroning nambani influenza yèn diwènèhaké kawit awal (deleng pérangan [[#Terapi|terapi]] ing ngisor), wigati kanggo ngidhèntifikasi kasus kanthi gasik. Saka tandha-tandha-tandha-tandha kang disebutaké ing ndhuwur, kombinasi mriyang karo watuk, nyeri tenggorok lan/utawa irung mampet bisa ngundhakaké akurasi diagnositik.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid11088084&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Monto A, Gravenstein S, Elliott M, Colopy M, Schweinle J |title=Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection |journal=Arch Intern Med |volume=160 |issue=21 |pages=3243–7 |year=2000 |pmid=11088084 | doi=10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243 |url=http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/abstract/160/21/3243}}&lt;/ref&gt; Loro panalitèn analisis kaputusan&lt;ref name=&quot;pmif12361816&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Smith K, Roberts M |title=Cost-effectiveness of newer treatment strategies for influenza |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_2002-09_113_4/page/300 |journal=Am J Med |volume=113 |issue=4 |pages=300–7 |year=2002 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01222-6 |pmid=12361816}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |author=Rothberg M, Bellantonio S, Rose D |title=Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy |journal=Ann Intern Med |volume=139 |issue=5 Pt 1 |pages=321–9 |date=2 Sèptèmber 2003|url=http://www.annals.org/cgi/content/abstract/139/5_Part_1/321 |pmid=12965940 }}&lt;/ref&gt; nuduhaké yèn nalika ana wabah influenza lokal, [[prevalensi]]né punjul 70%,&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;/&gt; Mula pasièn kanthi salah siji kombinasi saka tandha-tandha mau bisa ditambani kanthi [[inhibitor neuraminidase]] tanpa pamriksan. Malah nalika ora anané wabah lokal, pangobatan bisa dibeneraké ing pasièn tuwa nalika mangsa influenza suwéné prévalènsiné punjul 15%.&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;/&gt;

Kasumadyan pamriksan laboratorium kanggo influenza terus ngalami paningkatan. [[Punjer Pangendhalian lan Panyegahan Lelara]] (CDC) Amérikah Sarékat, ngrangkum pamriksan laboratorium paling anyar kang cumawis.&lt;ref&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/ Lab Diagnosis of Influenza.] Diaksès 1 Mèi 2009&lt;/ref&gt; Miturut CDC, pamriksan diagnostik rikat (rapid diagnostic test) duwé sènsitivitas  70-75% lan spésifisitas 90-95% dibandhingaké karo kultur virus. Pamriksan iki mligi migunani ing mangsa influenza (prévalènsi = 25%) tanpa anané wabah langsung, utawa mangsa periinfluenza (prévalènsi = 10%&lt;ref name=&quot;pimd12965940&quot;/&gt;).

== Mekanisme ==
=== Panularan ===
''Shedding'' virus influenza (wektu ing ngendi sawijining wong bisa nularaké virus marang wong liya) diwiwiti sadina sadurungé tandha-tandha muncul lan virus bakal diuculaké suwéné antara 5 tekan 7 dina, sanajan sapérangan wong mungkin ngeculaké virus suwéné périodhe kang luwih suwé. Wong kang katular influenza paling infèktif ing dina kaloro lan katelu sawisé infèksi.&lt;ref name=Carrat&gt;{{cite journal |author=Carrat F, Luong J, Lao H, Sallé A, Lajaunie C, Wackernagel H |title=A 'small-world-like' modhèl for comparing interventions aimed at preventing and controlling influenza pandemics |pmc=1626479 |journal=BMC Med |volume=4 |issue=|page=26 |year=2006|pmid=17059593 |doi=10.1186/1741-7015-4-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gunggung virus kang diculaké katoné gegandhèngan karo mriyang, gunggung virus kang diculaké luwih gedhé nalika suhuné luwih dhuwur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|title = CDC H1N1 Flu : Updated Interim Recommendations for the Use of Antiviral Medications in the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza for the 2009-2010 Season|url=http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/recommendations.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bocah-bocah luwih infèksius tinimbang wong diwasa lan bocah mau ngeculaké virus sadurungé ngalami tandha-tandha nganti rong minggu sawisé infèksi.&lt;ref name=Carrat/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Mitamura K, Sugaya N |title=[Diagnosis and Treatment of influenza—clinical investigation on [[viral shedding]] in children with influenza] |journal=Uirusu |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=109–16 |year=2006 |pmid=17038819 |doi=10.2222/jsv.56.109}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panularan influenza bisa [[modhèl matématis lelara nular|dimodhèlaké kanthi matématis]], kang bakal mbantu sajeroning prédhiksi kepriyé virus nyebar sajeroning populasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Grassly NC, Fraser C |title=Mathematical models of infectious disease transmission |journal=Nat. Rev. Microbiol. |volume=6 |issue=6 |pages=477–87 |date=June 2008 |pmid=18533288 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro1845}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Influenza bisa disebaraké sajeroning telu cara utama:&lt;ref name=Weber&gt;{{cite journal |author=Weber TP, Stilianakis NI |title=Inactivation of influenza A viruses in the environment and modes of transmission: a critical review |journal=J. Infect. |volume=57 |issue=5 |pages=361–73 |date=November 2008 |pmid=18848358 |doi=10.1016/j.jinf.2008.08.013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hall CB |title=The spread of influenza and other respiratory viruses: complexities and conjectures |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=353–9 |date=August 2007 |pmid=17599315 |doi=10.1086/519433 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/519433}}&lt;/ref&gt; lumantar panularan langsung (nalika wong kang kainfèksi wahing, ana ilu irung kang lumebu kanthi langsung menyang mata, irung, lan tutuk saka wong liya); lumantar udara (nalika sawijining wong nyedhot aerosol (butiran cuwèran cilik sajeroning udara) kang diasilaké nalika wong kang kainfèksi watuk, wahing, utawa idu), lan lumantar panularan tangan-menyang-mata, tangan-menyang-irung, utawa tangan-menyang-tutuk, saka lumahan kang kakontaminasi utawa saka kontak personal langsung kaya déné salaman. Modhèl panularan endi kang paling wigati isih durung cetha, nanging kabèh duwé kontribusi sajeroning panyebaran virus.&lt;ref name=Brankston&gt;{{cite journal |author=Brankston G, Gitterman L, Hirji Z, Lemieux C, Gardam M |title=Transmission of influenza A in human beings |journal=Lancet Infect Dis |volume=7 |issue=4 |pages=257–65 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17376383 |doi=10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Tellier R |title=Review of aerosol transmission of influenza A virus |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=11 |pages=1657–62 |date=November 2006 |pmid=17283614 |doi=|url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no11/06-0426.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing rute panularan udara, ukuran droplèt kang cukup cilik kanggo disedhot duwé dhiameter 0,5 nganti 5 [[Mikrometer|μm]] lan inhalasi sadroplèt mungkin cukup kanggo nimbulaké infèksi.&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt; Sanajan sapisan wahing bisa ngeculaké nganti 40.000 droplèt,&lt;ref name=Cole_1998&gt;{{cite journal |author=Cole E, Cook C |title=Characterization of infectious aerosols in health care facilities: an aid to effective engineering controls and preventive strategies |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-infection-control_1998-08_26_4/page/453 |journal=Am J Infect Control |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=453–64 |year=1998 |pmid=9721404 | doi=10.1016/S0196-6553(98)70046-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; sapérangan gedhé saka droplèt mau cukup gedhé lan bakal ilang saka udara kanthi rikat.&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt; Pira suwéné virus influenza bisa tahan sajeroning droplèt udara katoné diprabawai déning kadhar kalembaban lan [[Ultraungu|radhiasi ultraviolèt]]: kalembaban asor lan kurangé [[cahya]] [[srengéngé]] ing [[mangsa adhem]] mbantu tahané virus iki.&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt;

Amarga virus influenza bisa tahan ing njaba awak, virus iki uga bisa ditularaké liwat lumahan kang kakontaminasi kaya déné lembaran [[dhuwit]],&lt;ref name=Thomas&gt;{{cite journal |author=Thomas Y, Vogel G, Wunderli W|display-authors=etal|title=Survival of influenza virus on banknotes |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_applied-and-environmental-microbiology_2008-05_74_10/page/3002|journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol. |volume=74 |issue=10 |pages=3002–7 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18359825 |pmc=2394922 |doi=10.1128/AEM.00076-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; gagang lawang, saklar lampu, lan bandha-bandha rumah tangga liyané.&lt;ref name=Merck/&gt; Suwéné wektu virus bisa tahan marang sawijining lumahan manéka wektuné, virus bisa tahan suwéné sadina utawa rong dina ing lumahan kang atos lan ora duwé pori kaya déné [[plastik]] utawa métal, suwéné kurang luwih limalas menit ing [[kertas]] tissue garing, lan mung limang menit ing [[kulit]].&lt;ref name=Moore&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bean B, Moore BM, Sterner B, Peterson LR, Gerding DN, Balfour HH |title=Survival of influenza viruses on environmental surfaces |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1982-07_146_1/page/47 |journal=J. Infect. Dis. |volume=146 |issue=1 |pages=47–51 |date=July 1982 |pmid=6282993}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, yèn virus ana sajeroning mukus/lendhir, lendhir mau bisa ngreksa virus saéngga tahan ing sajeroning wektu kang suwé (nganti 17 dina ing dhuwit kertas).&lt;ref name=Weber/&gt;&lt;ref name=Thomas/&gt; Virus flu manuk bisa tahan ing sajeroning wektu kang durung dikawruhi nalika ana sajeroning kaanan beku.&lt;ref name=cfsph&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/influenza.pdf |title=Influenza Factsheet|publisher=Center for Food Security and Public Health, Iowa State University}} hal. 7&lt;/ref&gt;  Virus ngalami inaktivasi déning pamanasan nganti 56&amp;nbsp;°C (133&amp;nbsp;°F) suwéné minimun 60 menit, lan uga déning asem (ing pH &lt;2).&lt;ref name=cfsph/&gt;

=== Patofisiologi ===
Mékanisme kepriyé infèksi influenza bisa nimbulaké tandha-tandha ing manungsa wis disinaoni kanthi intènsif. Salah saji mékanisme kang dipercaya yaiku kanthi inhibisi hormon adrenokortikotropik (ACTH/Adrenocorticotropic Hormone) kang nimbulaké pamudhunan kadhar hormon kortisol.&lt;ref name=jefferies1998&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jefferies WM, Turner JC, Lobo M, Gwaltney JM Jr. |title=Low plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone in patients with acute influenza. |journal=Clin Infect Dis. |volume=26 |issue=26 |pages=708–10 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdf/10.1086/514594 |year=1998 |pmid=9524849 |pmc= |doi=10.1086/514594 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngawruhi gèn endi kang sok sajeroning galur virus tinentu bisa mbiyantu mrédhiksi kepriyé virus mau bisa nular lan sepira aboté infèksi kang bakal dumadi (mrédhiksi [[patofisiologi]] saka sawijining galur virus).&lt;ref name=Taubenberger2008&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Taubenberger | first1 = JK | last2 = Morens | first2 = DM |title=The pathology of influenza virus infections |journal=Annu Rev Pathol |volume=3 |issue=|pages=499–522 |year=2008 |pmid=18039138 |pmc=2504709 |doi=10.1146/annurev.pathmechdis.3.121806.154316}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Korteweg&gt;{{cite journal |author=Korteweg C, Gu J |title=Pathology, molecular biology, and pathogenesis of avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=172 |issue=5 |pages=1155–70 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18403604 |pmc=2329826 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2008.070791}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Contoné, péranganing prosès kang mungkinaké virus influenza nginvasi sawijining sèl yaiku panguraian saka protèin hemagglutinin virus déning salah saji ènzim [[protease]] manungsa.&lt;ref name=Steinhauer/&gt; Ing virus kang infèksiné asifat ringan lan avirulèn, struktur hémagglutinin kang ana mung bisa diurai déning protease kang tinemu sajeroning tenggorok lan paru, saéngga virus iki ora bisa nginfèksi jaringan liya. Nanging, ing galur kang virulèn banget, kaya ta H5N1, hémagglutinin kang kakandhut sajeroning virus bisa diurai déning variétas protease kang manéka, saéngga mungkinaké virus nyebar menyang sakabèhing awak.&lt;ref name=Korteweg/&gt;

Protèin hémagglutinin virus duwé tanggung jawab sajeroning nemtokaké spésiès endi kang bisa diinfèksi déning sawijining galur virus uga papan [[saluran ambegan]] endi kang bisa duwé ikatan karo sawijining galur virus influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Nicholls JM, Chan RW, Russell RJ, Air GM, Peiris JS |title=Evolving complexities of influenza virus and its receptors |journal=Trends Microbiol. |volume=16 |issue=4 |pages=149–57 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18375125 |doi=10.1016/j.tim.2008.01.008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galur kang bisa ditularaké kanthi gampang saka manungsa-marang-manungsa duwé protèin hémagglutinin kang duwé ikatan karo résèptor ing saluran ambegan pérangan ndhuwur, kaya ta ing irung, tenggorok, lan tutuk. Suwaliké, strain H5N1 kang mbebayani banget duwé ikatan karo résèptor kang paling akèh tinemu ing njero paru.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E|display-authors=etal|title=H5N1 Virus Attachment to Lower Respiratory Tract |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_2006-04-21_312_5772/page/n88|journal=Science |volume=312 |issue=5772 |page=399 |date=April 2006 |pmid=16556800 |doi=10.1126/science.1125548}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prabédan ing papan infèksi iki mungkin wujud péranganing alesan ngapa galur H5N1 nimbulaké pnéumonia virus kang abot ing paru, nanging ora ditularaké kanthi gampang liwat watuk lan wahing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shinya K, Ebina M, Yamada S, Ono M, Kasai N, Kawaoka Y |title=Avian flu: influenza virus receptors in the human airway |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2006-03-23_440_7083/page/435 |journal=Nature |volume=440 |issue=7083 |pages=435–6 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16554799 |doi=10.1038/440435a}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=van Riel D, Munster VJ, de Wit E|display-authors=etal|title=Human and avian influenza viruses target different cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and other mammals |journal=Am. J. Pathol. |volume=171 |issue=4 |pages=1215–23 |date=October 2007 |pmid=17717141 |pmc=1988871 |doi=10.2353/ajpath.2007.070248}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Tandha-tandha kang asring ana ing flu kaya ta mriyang, sirak cekot-cekot, lan kekeselen wujud asil saka sapérangan gedhé [[sitokin]] lan [[chemokin]] proinflamasi (kaya ta [[interferon]] utawa ''[[tumor necrosis factor]]'' (TNF)) kang diprodhuksi déning sèl kang kainfèksi influenza.&lt;ref name=Eccles/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Schmitz N, Kurrer M, Bachmann M, Kopf M |title=Interleukin-1 is responsible for acute lung immunopathology but increases survival of respiratory influenza virus infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_2005-05_79_10/page/6441 |journal=J Virol |volume=79 |issue=10 |pages=6441–8 |year=2005 |pmid=15858027 | doi=10.1128/JVI.79.10.6441-6448.2005 |pmc=1091664}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ora kaya rhinovirus kang nimbulaké selesma (common cold/masuk angin), influenza nimbulaké karusakan jaringan, saéngga tandha-tandha kang dumadi ora kabèh disebabaké déning rèspons inflamasi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Winther B, Gwaltney J, Mygind N, Hendley J |title=Viral-induced rhinitis |journal=Am J Rhinol |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=17–20 |year=1998|pmid=9513654 |doi=10.2500/105065898782102954}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rèspons imun kang gedhé iki bisa nimbulaké “badai sitokin” kang bisa ngancam nyawa. Kadadéan iki dinuga wujud jalaran saka pati kang ora biyasa ing flu manuk H5N1,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Cheung CY, Poon LL, Lau AS|display-authors=etal|title=Induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza A (H5N1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_2002-12-07_360_9348/page/1831|journal=Lancet |volume=360 |issue=9348 |pages=1831–7 |date=December 2002 |pmid=12480361 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(02)11772-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan galur pandemik 1918.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kobasa D, Jones SM, Shinya K|display-authors=etal |title=Aberrant innate immune response in lethal infection of macaques with the 1918 influenza virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2007-01-18_445_7125/page/319|journal=Nature |volume=445 |issue=7125 |pages=319–23 |date=January 2007 |pmid=17230189 |doi=10.1038/nature05495 |last12=Alimonti |first12=JB |last13=Fernando |first13=L |last14=Li |first14=Y |last15=Katze |first15=MG |last16=Feldmann |first16=H |last17=Kawaoka |first17=Y}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kash JC, Tumpey TM, Proll SC|display-authors=etal|title=Genomic analysis of increased host immune and cell death responses induced by 1918 influenza virus |journal=Nature |volume=443 |issue=7111 |pages=578–81 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17006449 |pmc=2615558 |doi=10.1038/nature05181 |last12=Katze |first12=MG}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, kamungkinan liyané yaiku sapérangan gedhé sitokin kang diasilaké mung wujud asil saka réplikasi virus kang gedhé banget kang ditimbulaké déning galur mau, lan rèspons imun ora mènèhi kontribusi marang lelara.&lt;ref name=Beigel/&gt;

== Panyegahan ==
=== Vaksinasi ===
Vaksinasi marang influenza kanthi vaksin influenza asring dirékomendhasikaké marang golongan risiko dhuwur, kaya ta bocah-bocah lan lansia, utawa marang panandhang [[asma]], [[diabetes]], [[lelara jantung]], utawa wong-wong kang ngalami gangguan imun. Vaksin influenza bisa diprodhuksi liwat sapérangan cara; cara kang paling umum yaiku kanthi nuwuhaké virus ing endhog pitik kang wis diwohi. Sawisé dimurnèkaké, virus banjur bakal diaktivasi (upamané, mawa détergen) kanggo ngasilaké vaksin virus kang ora aktif. Minangka alternatif, virus bisa dituwuhaké ing endhog nganti kélangan virulensiné banjur virus kang avirulen diwènèhaké minangka vaksin urip.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt;  Èfèktivitas saka vaksin influenza iku manéka rupa. Amarga tingkat mutasi virus kang dhuwur banget, vaksin influenza tinentu lumrahé mènèhaké pangreksan suwéné ora punjul sapérangan dina. Saben tauné, WHO mrédhiksikaké galur virus endi kang paling mungkin sirkulasi ing taun sabanjuré, saéngga mungkinaké perusahaan farmasi kanggo ngembangaké vaksin kang bakal nyumadyakaké kakebalan kang paling apik marang galur mau.&lt;ref name=WHOrecommendation/&gt; Vaksin uga wis dikembangaké kanggo ngreksa sato iwèn unggas saka flu manuk. Vaksin iki bisa èfèktif marang sapérangan galur lan minangka strategi preventif, utawa dikombinasikaké karo culling (pamuliaan) minangka usaha kanggo nyuresaké wabah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Capua |first=I |author2=Alexander D |title=The challenge of avian influenza to the veterinary community |url=http://www.informaworld.com/smpp/section?content=a747651074&amp;fulltext=713240928 |journal=Avian Pathol |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=189–205 |year=2006 |pmid=16753610 |doi=10.1080/03079450600717174}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ana kamungkinan kena influenza sanajan wis divaksin. Vaksin bakal diformulasi ulang saben mangsa kanggo galur flu spésifik nanging ora bisa nyakup kabèh galur kang kanthi aktif nginfèksi kabèh manungsa ing mangsa mau. Merlokaké wektu suwéné enem sasi manèh manufaktur kanggo mformulasikaké lan mrodhuksi mayuta-yuta dosis kang diperlokaké kanggo ngadhepi epidemi mangsan; sok-sok, galur anyar utawa galur kang ora dinuga pinunjul ing wektu tinentu lan nginfèksi wong-wong sanajan wong-wong mau wis divaksinasi (kaya déné kang dumadi ing [[flu Fujian|Flu Fujian H3N2]] ing mungsa flu 2003-2004).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Holmes |first=E |author2=Ghedin E, Miller N, Taylor J, Bao Y, St George K, Grenfell B, Salzberg S, Fraser C, Lipman D, Taubenberger J |title=Whole-genome analysis of human influenza A virus reveals multiple persistent lineages and reassortment among recent H3N2 viruses |journal=PLoS Biol |volume=3 |issue=9 |pages=e300 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16026181 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.0030300 |pmc=1180517}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uga ana kamungkinan éntuk infèksi sadurungé vaksinasi lan dadi lara déning galur kang kuduné dicegah déning vaksinasi, amarga vaksin merlokaké wektu rong minggu sadurungé dadi èfèktif.&lt;ref name=CDCkeyfacts/&gt;

Ing muangsa 2006-2007, CDC kaping pisanané ngrékomendasikaké bocah kang umuré kurang saka 59 sasi kanggo nampa vaksin influenza taunan.&lt;ref name=cdcreport&gt;{{cite journal
| author = Smith NM, Bresee JS, Shay DK, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Strikas RA
| title = Prevention and Control of Influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)
| journal = [[MMWR Recomm Rep]]
| volume = 55
| issue = RR-10
| pages = 1–42
|date=July 2006
| pmid = 16874296
| url = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5510.pdf
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vaksin bisa nimbulaké sistem imun kanggo réaksi nalika awak nampa infèksi kang sabeneré, lan tandha-tandha infèksi umum (akèh tandha-tandha selesma lan flu mung wujud tandha-tandha infèksi umum) bisa mijil, sanajan tandha-tandha mau lumrahé ora padha aboté utawa tahan suwéné influenza. Èfèk samping kang paling mbebayani yaiku réaksi alèrgi abot ing matérial virus uga résidu saka endhog pitik kang dipigunakaké kanggo nuwuhaké virus influenza; nanging réaksi mau arang banget.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/about/qa/flushot.htm Questions &amp; Answers: Flu Shot] Publikasi CDC dianyaraké 24 Juli 2006. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Minangka tambahan saliyané vaksinasi marang influenza mangsan, paneliti ngupaya kanggo ngembangaké vaksin marang kamungkinan pandemi influenza. Perkembangan, prodhuksi, lan distribusi vaksin inluenza pandemik kang rikat bisa nylametaké nyawa mayuta-yuta wong nalika dumadi pandemi influenza. Amarga mung ana wektu kang cendhak antarané idhèntifikasi galur pandemik lan kabutuhan vaksinasi, para paneliti lagi nggolèk pilihan moda prodhuksi vaksin saliyané liwat endhog. Tèknologi vaksin urip kang diinaktivasi (kanthi basis endhog utawa kanthi basis sèl), lan tèknologi rékombinan (protèin lan partikel mèmper virus), bakal mènèhaké aksès wektu nyata (''real time'') kang luwih apik lan bisa diprodhuksi kanthi luwih kejangkau, saéngga ngundhakaké aksès kanggo wong-wong kang urip ing nagara-nagara kanthi pangasilan sedheng lan asor, ing endi dadi asal kamungkinan pandemi. Tekan Juli 2009, punjul 70 uji klinis kang dikawruhi wis ditindakaké utawa lagi ditindakaké ngenani vaksin influenza pandemi.&lt;ref&gt;World Health Organization. Tables on the Clinical trials of pandemic influenza prototype vaccines. Juli 2009. http://www.who.int/vaccine_research/immunogenicity/immunogenicity_table.xls&lt;/ref&gt; Ing sasi September 2009, Badan POM Amérikah Sarékat nyarujuki papat vaksin marang virus influenza H1N1 2009 (galur pandemik nalika wektu iku), lan njaluk stok vaksin mau sumadiya sajeroning sasi sabanjuré.&lt;ref&gt;US Food &amp; Drug Administration. FDA Approves Vaccines for 2009 H1N1 Influenza Virus Approval Provides Important Tool to Fight Pandemic. 15 September 2009. http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm182399.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015083833/http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/Newsroom/PressAnnouncements/ucm182399.htm |date=2009-10-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangendhalian infèksi ===
Cara kang cukup èfèktif kanggo ngedhunaké panularan influenza salah sajiné yaiku njaga kaséhatan pribadi lan kabiyasan higiénis kang becik: kaya ta ora ndumuk mata, irung lan tutuk;&lt;ref name=&quot;CDCQA&quot;&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/H1N1flu/qa.htm Center for Disease Control and Prevention: &quot;QUESTIONS &amp; ANSWERS: Novel H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) and You&quot;]. Diaksès 15 Dhésèmber 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; asring ngumbah tangan (mawa banyu lan sabun, utawa mawa cuwèran pangumbah kanthi basis alkohol);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Grayson ML, Melvani S, Druce J|display-authors=etal|title=Efficacy of soap and water and alcohol-based hand-rub preparations against live H1N1 influenza virus on the hands of human volunteers |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2009-02-01_48_3/page/285|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=285–91 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19115974 |doi=10.1086/595845}}&lt;/ref&gt; nutup tutuk lan irung nalika watuk lan wahing, ngéndhani kontak cerak karo wong kang lara; lan tetep ana ing ngomahé dhéwé nalika lagi lara. Ora idu uga disaranaké.&lt;ref name=Aledort&gt;{{cite journal |author=Aledort JE, Lurie N, Wasserman J, Bozzette SA |title=Non-pharmaceutical public health interventions for pandemic influenza: an evaluation of the evidence base |journal=BMC Public Health |volume=7 |issue=|page=208 |year=2007 |pmid=17697389 |pmc=2040158 |doi=10.1186/1471-2458-7-208 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan masker rai bisa mbiyantu nyegah panularan nalika ngrawat wong kang lara&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=MacIntyre CR, Cauchemez S, Dwyer DE|display-authors=etal|title=Face mask use and control of respiratory virus transmission in households |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=15 |issue=2 |pages=233–41 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19193267 |pmc=2662657 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/eid/content/15/2/pdfs/233.pdf |doi=10.3201/eid1502.081167}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bridges CB, Kuehnert MJ, Hall CB |title=Transmission of influenza: implications for control in health care settings |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2003-10-15_37_8/page/1094 |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=37 |issue=8 |pages=1094–101 |date=October 2003 |pmid=14523774 |doi=10.1086/378292}}&lt;/ref&gt; ana bukti-bukti kang matentangan ngenani mupangan babagan mau ing masarakat.&lt;ref name=Aledort/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/infectioncontrol/maskguidance.htm Interim Guidance for the Use of Masks to Control Influenza Transmission] ''Coordinating Center for Infectious Diseases (CCID)'' 8 Agustus 2005&lt;/ref&gt; Ngrokok ngundhakaké risiko panularan influenza, lan uga nimbulaké tandha-tandha lelara kang luwih abot.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| pmid = 16231688| volume = 72| issue = 10| pages = 916–920| last = Murin| first = Susan| author2 = Kathryn Smith Bilello| title = Respiratory tract infections: another reason not to smoke| journal = Cleveland Clinic Journal of Medicine| accessdate = 2009-10-01| year = 2005| url = http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/10/916.full.pdf| doi = 10.3949/ccjm.72.10.916| archive-date = 2011-07-15| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110715112713/http://www.ccjm.org/content/72/10/916.full.pdf| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| doi = 10.1056/NEJM198210213071702| issn = 0028-4793| volume = 307| issue = 17| pages = 1042–1046| last = Kark| first = J D| author2 = M Lebiush, L Rannon| title = Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for epidemic a(h1n1) influenza in young men| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_new-england-journal-of-medicine_1982-10-21_307_17/page/1042| journal = The New England Journal of Medicine| year = 1982 | pmid = 7121513}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amarga influenza nyebar liwat aerosol lan kontak karo lumahan kang kakontaminasi, pangresikan lumahan mau bisa mbiyantu nyegah sapérangan saka infèksi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hota B |title=Contamination, disinfection, and cross-colonization: are hospital surfaces reservoirs for nosocomial infection? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2004-10-15_39_8/page/1182 |journal=Clin Infect Dis |volume=39 |issue=8 |pages=1182–9 |year=2004 |pmid=15486843 | doi=10.1086/424667}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Alkohol]] wujud bahan sanitasi kang èfèktif marang virus influenza, sauntara senyawa amonium kuarterner bisa dipigunakaké bebarengan karo alkohol saéngga èfèk sanitasi mau bisa tahan luwih suwé.&lt;ref name=McDonnell&gt;{{cite journal |author=McDonnell G, Russell A |title=Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance |url=http://cmr.asm.org/cgi/reprint/12/1/147.pdf |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=147–79 |date=1 Januari 1999|pmid=9880479 |pmc=88911}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ing [[rumah sakit]], senyawa amonium kuarterner lan [[bahan pamutih]] dipigunakaké kanggo ngresiki ruwangan lan piranti kang sadurungé dipigunakaké déning pasièn kanthi tandha-tandha influenza.&lt;ref name=McDonnell/&gt; Ing ngomah, babagan mau bisa dilakokaké kanthi èfèktif kanthi migunakaké bahan pamutih chlorine kang dièncèraké.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/winter_2005/chlorine_bleach.html |title=Chlorine Bleach: Helping to Manage the Flu Risk |publisher=Water Quality &amp; Health Council |date=April 2009 |accessdate=2009-05-12 |archive-date=2009-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090607164343/http://www.waterandhealth.org/newsletter/new/winter_2005/chlorine_bleach.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing pandemi kapungkur, panutupan sekolah, gréja, lan biyoskup nyandhet panyebaran virus nanging ora duwé dampak kang gedhé marang angka pepati sakabèhé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hatchett RJ, Mecher CE, Lipsitch M |title=Public health interventions and epidemic intensity during the 1918 influenza pandemic |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7582.full.pdf |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7582–7587 |year=2007 |pmid=17416679 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0610941104 |pmc=1849867}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bootsma MC, Ferguson NM |title=The effect of public health measures on the 1918 influenza pandemic in U.S. cities |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/104/18/7588.full.pdf |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7588–7593 |year=2007 |pmid=17416677 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0611071104 |pmc=1849868}}&lt;/ref&gt; Durung bisa dipesthèkaké apa ngedhunaké patemon publik, upamané kanthi nutup sekolah lan papan makarya, bakal ngedhunaké panularan amarga wong kang nandhang influenza bisa waé isih pindhah saka sawijining papan menyang papan liyané; panyerakan kaya iki uga bakal angèl dilakokaké lan mungkin ora disenengi.&lt;ref name=Aledort/&gt; Yèn sapérangan cilik wong ngalami infèksi, ngisolasi wong kang lagi lara bisa ngurangi risiko panularan.&lt;ref name=Aledort/&gt;

== Pangobatan ==
Wong kang nandhang flu disaranaké kanggo akèh istirahat, minum akèh cuwèran, ngéndhani panggunaan [[alkohol]] lan [[rokok]], lan yèn diperlokaké, ngonsumsi obat kaya ta asetaminofen ([[parasetamol]]) kanggo ngredhakaké tandha-tandha mriyang lan perih otot kang gegandhèngan karo flu.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/article/000080.htm |title=Flu: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia |publisher=U.S. National Library of Medicine |access-date=7 Fèbruari 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bocah-bocah lan nom-noman kanthi tandha-tandha flu (mligi mriyang) sabeciké ngéndhani panggunaan [[aspirin]] nalika infèksi influenza (mligi influenza jinis B), amarga bisa nimbulaké [[Sindrom Reye]], sawijining lelara [[ati]] kang langka nanging duwé potènsi nimbulaké pepati.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Glasgow |first=J |author2=Middleton B |title=Reye syndrome — insights on causation and prognosis |url=http://adc.bmj.com/content/85/5/351.full.pdf |journal=Arch Dis Child |volume=85 |issue=5 |pages=351–3 |year=2001 |pmid=11668090 |doi=10.1136/adc.85.5.351 |pmc=1718987}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga influenza disababaké déning virus, antibiotik ora duwé prabawa marang infèksi; kajaba diwènèhaké kanggo [[infèksi sékundhèr]] kaya déné [[pneumonia]] baktérialis. Pangobatan antiviral bisa èfèktif, nanging sapérangan galur influenza bisa nuduhaké résistènsi marang obat-obat antivirus baku.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hurt AC, Ho HT, Barr I |title=Resistance to anti-influenza drugs: adamantanes and neuraminidase inhibitors |journal=Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther |volume=4 |issue=5 |pages=795–805 |date=October 2006 |pmid=17140356 |doi=10.1586/14787210.4.5.795}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Loro kelas obat antivirus kang dipigunakaké marang influenza yaiku inhibitor neuraminidase lan inhibitor [[protéin M2]] (derivat [[adamantane]]). Inhibitor neuraminidase saiki luwih disenengi tumrap infèksi virus amarga kurang toksik lan luwih èfèktif.&lt;ref name=Beigel&gt;{{cite journal |author=Beigel J, Bray M |title=Current and future antiviral therapy of severe seasonal and avian influenza |journal=Antiviral Res. |volume=78 |issue=1 |pages=91–102 |date=April 2008 |pmid=18328578 |pmc=2346583 |doi=10.1016/j.antiviral.2008.01.003}}&lt;/ref&gt;  CDC ngrékomendhasikaké supaya ora migunakaké inhibitor M2 ing mangsa influenza 2005-06 amarga dhuwuré tingkat [[résistènsi obat]].&lt;ref&gt;Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/han011406.htm CDC Recommends against the Use of Amantadine and Rimantadine for the Treatment or Prophylaxis of Influenza in the United States during the 2005–06 Influenza Season.] 14 Januari 2006. Diaksès 1 Januari 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga wanita ngandhut katoné bakal kena dhampak kang luwih gedhé tinimbang populasi umum déning virus influenza H1N1 2009, pangobatan sacepeté kanthi obat-obat anti influenza wis dirékomendhasikaké.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Jamieson|first=Denise J|last2=Honein|first2=Margaret A|last3=Rasmussen|first3=Sonja A|last4=Williams|first4=Jennifer L|last5=Swerdlow|first5=David L|last6=Biggerstaff|first6=Matthew S|last7=Lindstrom|first7=Stephen|last8=Louie|first8=Janice K|last9=Christ|first9=Cara M|date=Agustus 2009|title=H1N1 2009 influenza virus infection during pregnancy in the USA|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0140673609613040|journal=The Lancet|language=en|volume=374|issue=9688|pages=451–458|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61304-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing Konferènsi Pèrs influenza H1N1 November 2009, WHO ngrékomendhasikaké wong ing golongan risiko dhuwur, kalebu wanita ngandhut, bocah umur kurang saka rong taun lan wong kanthi masalah ambegan, supaya wiwit ngonsumsi obat-obat antivirus sacepeté sawisé ngalami tandha-tandha flu.&lt;ref name=WHOpressconf12Nov2009&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/vpc_transcript_12_november_09_nikki_shindo.pdf Transcript of virtual press conference with Gregory Hartl, Spokesperson for H1N1, and Dr Nikki Shindo, Medical Officer, Global Influenza Programme, World Health Organization], 12 November 2009. &quot;... persistent or rapidly worsening symptoms should also be treated with antivirals. These symptoms include difficulty breathing and a high fever that lasts beyond 3 days... [page 1]&quot; &quot;... The pandemic virus can cause severe pneumonia even in healthy young people... [page 2]&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Obat anti virus kang dipigunakaké kalebu oseltamivir (Tamiflu) lan zanamivir (Relenza).

=== Inhibitor neuraminidase ===
Obat-obat antivirus kaya déné [[oseltamivir]] (mèrek dagang Tamiflu) lan [[zanamivir]] (mèrek dagang Relenza) wujud [[inhibitor neuraminidase]] kang didhesain kanggo nyandhet panyebaran virus ing awak.&lt;ref name=Neuraminidase_inhibitors&gt;{{cite journal |last=Moscona |first=A |title=Neuraminidase inhibitors for influenza |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMra050740 | format = PDF |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=353 |issue=13 |pages=1363–73 |year=2005 |pmid=16192481 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra050740}}&lt;/ref&gt; Obat-obatan iki asring èfèktif marang influenza A lan B.&lt;ref name=Stephenson/&gt; ''[[Cochrane Collaboration]]'' ninjo manèh obat-obat iki lan nyimpulaké yèn obat-obat iki bisa ngurangi tandha-tandha lan komplikasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;pmid16855962&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Jefferson |first=T |author2=Demicheli V, Di Pietrantonj C, Jones M, Rivetti D |editor1-last=Jefferson |editor1-first=Tom |title=Neuraminidase inhibitors for preventing and treating influenza in healthy adults |journal=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |volume=3 |issue=|pages=CD001265 |year=2006|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001265.pub2 |pmid=16855962}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galur influenza kang béda duwé drajat résistènsi kang béda marang obat antivirus iki, lan ora mungkin kanggo mpédhiksi segedhé apa résistènsi kang diduwèni galur pandemik ing mangsa ngarep.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Webster |first=Robert G. |title=H5N1 Influenza — Continuing Evolution and Spread |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMp068205 | format = PDF |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=355 |issue=21 |pages=2174–77 |year=2006 |pmid=17124014 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp068205 |first2=E. A. |last2=Govorkova}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Inhibitor M2 (adamantanes) ===
Obat-obat antivirus [[amantadine]] lan [[rimantadine]] bakal mblokadhe [[kanal ion]] virus (protéin M2) lan nyegah virus kanggo nginfèksi sèl.&lt;ref name=Pinto/&gt; Obat-obatan mau sok-sok èfèktif marang influenza yèn diwènèhaké kawit awal ing infèksi nanging mesthi ora èfèktif marang influenza B amarga virus influenza B ora duwé molekul M2.&lt;ref name=Stephenson&gt;{{cite journal |last=Stephenson |first=I |author2=Nicholson K |title=Chemotherapeutic control of influenza |url=http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/1/6.full.pdf |journal=J Antimicrob Chemother |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=6–10 |year=1999 |pmid=10459804 |doi=10.1093/jac/44.1.6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Résistènsi kang kaukur tumrap amantadine lan rimantadine ing isolat Amerka saka H3N2 wis ngalami paningkatan tekan 91% nalika taun 2005.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=|title=High levels of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses and interim guidelines for use of antiviral agents — United States, 2005–06 influenza season |url=http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/pdf/wk/mm5502.pdf |journal=MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep |volume=55 |issue=2 |pages=44–6 |year=2006 |pmid=16424859 |author1=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhuwuré tingkat résistènsi iki mungkin disababaké déning sumadyané wiyar saka amantadine minangka obat kang didol tanpa [[resèp dhokter]] kanggo pangobatan selesma ing nagara-nagara kaya déné Cina lan Ruslan,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal | last1 = Bright | first1 = Rick A | last2 = Medina | first2 = Marie-jo | last3 = Xu | first3 = Xiyan | last4 = Perez-Oranaz | first4 = Gilda | last5 = Wallis | first5 = Teresa R | last6 = Davis | first6 = Xiaohong M | last7 = Povinelli | first7 = Laura | last8 = Cox | first8 = Nancy J | last9 = Klimov | first9 = Alexander I | doi = 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67338-2 | title = Incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_october-1-7-2005_366_9492/page/1175 | journal = The Lancet | volume = 366 | issue = 9492 | pages = 1175–81 | year = 2005 | pmid = 16198766 }}&lt;/ref&gt; lan panggunaané kanggo nyegah wabah influenza ing kéwan ingon unggas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Ilyushina NA, Govorkova EA, Webster RG |title=Detection of amantadine-resistant variants among avian influenza viruses isolated in North America and Asia |journal=Virology |volume=341 |issue=1 |pages=102–6 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16081121 |doi=10.1016/j.virol.2005.07.003 |url=http://birdflubook.com/resources/0Ilyushinaxxx.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721204615/http://birdflubook.com/resources/0Ilyushinaxxx.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-21 |access-date=2012-06-22 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Parry J |title=Use of antiviral drug in poultry is blamed for drug resistant strains of avian flu |journal=BMJ |volume=331 |issue=7507 |page=10 |date=July 2005 |pmid=15994677 |pmc=558527 |doi=10.1136/bmj.331.7507.10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Prognosis ==
Prabawa influenza adoh luwih abot lan tahan luwih suwé tinimbang selesma. Sapérangan gedhé wong bakal mari dhéwé ing sajeroning wektu seminggu tekan rong minggu, nanging kang liyané bakal ngalami komplikasi kang ngancam nyawa (kaya déné pneumonia). Influenza misa njalari pepati, mligi ing wong kang lemah, enom lan tuwa, utawa ngalami lelara kronis.&lt;ref name=Hilleman/&gt; Wong-wong kanthi sistem imun kang lemah, kaya déné panandhang infèksi [[HIV]] tingkat lanjut utawa pasièn panampa transplan (kang sistem imuné ditekan karo obat kanggo nyegah panulakan organ transplan), nandhang lelara kang luwih abot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hayden FG |title=Prevention and treatment of influenza in immunocompromised patients |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_american-journal-of-medicine_1997-03-17_102_3a/page/55 |journal=Am. J. Med. |volume=102 |issue=3A |pages=55–60; discussion 75–6 |date=March 1997 |pmid=10868144 |doi=10.1016/S0002-9343(97)80013-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; Golongan risiko dhuwur liyané yaiku wanita ngandhut lan bocah cilik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Whitley RJ, Monto AS. |title=Prevention and treatment of influenza in high-risk groups: children, pregnant women, immunocompromised hosts, and nursing home residents. |journal=J Infect Dis. |volume=194 S2 |pages=S133–8 |year=2006 |pmid=17163386 |doi=10.1086/507548 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/507548 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Flu bisa nambah ala masalah kaséhatan kronis. wong-wong kanthi emfisema, bronkitis kronis utawa asma bisa ngalami [[dispnea|kangèlan ambegan]] nalika ngalami flu, lan influenza bisa nimbulaké saya alané lelara [[jantung koroner]] utawa [[gagal jantung kongestif]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Angelo SJ, Marshall PS, Chrissoheris MP, Chaves AM |title=Clinical characteristics associated with poor outcome in patients acutely infected with Influenza A |journal=Conn Med |volume=68 |issue=4 |pages=199–205 |date=April 2004 |pmid=15095826}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngrokok wujud faktor risiko liya kang gegandhèngan karo lelara kang luwih abot lan mortalitas kang luwih dhuwur kang ditimbulaké déning influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Murin S, Bilello K |title=Respiratory tract infections: another reason not to smoke |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_cleveland-clinic-journal-of-medicine_2005-10_72_10/page/916 |journal=Cleve Clin J Med |volume=72 |issue=10 |pages=916–20 |year=2005 |pmid=16231688 |doi=10.3949/ccjm.72.10.916}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Miturut WHO: “Saben mangsa adhem, puluhan yuta wong kena flu. Sapérangan gedhé mung lara lan ora nyambut gawé suwéné seminggu, sauntara para lanjut usia duwé risiko pati kang luwih dhuwur amarga lelara iki. Awaké dhéwé ngawruhi yèn kurban mati ing saindhenging donya ngluwihi atusan èwu wong saben tauné, nanging malah ing nagara maju, gunggung mau ora bisa dipesthèkaké, amarha pihak mèdhis kang duwé kuwajiban lumrahé ora mvèrifikasi wong kang mati amarga influenza lan wong kang mati kanthi lelara-mèmper-flu.”&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Sandman | first1 = Peter M. | last2 = Lanard | first2 = Jody | year = 2005 | title = Bird Flu: Communicating the Risk  | url = http://www.paho.org/English/DD/PIN/Number22_article1.htm | journal = Perspectives in Health Magazine | volume = 10 | issue = 2 | pages = 1–6 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Malah wong séhat bisa kena, lan masalah sérius kang ditimbulaké déning influenza bisa dumadi ing umur pira waé. Wong kanthi umur punjul 50 taun, bocah kang enom banget, lan wong saka kabèh umur kanthi kaanan mèdhis kronis luwih mungkin kanggo éntuk komplikasi influenza, kaya déné pneumonia, [[bronkitis]], infèksi sinus lan kuping.&lt;ref name=CDCkeyfacts&gt;[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/protect/keyfacts.htm Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) Vaccine] CDC publication. Published 17 October 2006. Diaksès 18 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing sapérangan kasus, réspons autoimun marang influenza bisa mènèhaké kontribusi marang [[sindrom Guillain-Barré]] (GBS).&lt;ref name=Sivadon-Tardy&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R|display-authors=etal|title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza virus infection |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2009-01-01_48_1/page/n67|journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=48–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19025491 |doi=10.1086/594124}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, amarga akèh infèksi liya kang bisa ngundhakaké risiko lelara iki, influenza wujud jalaran kang wigati mung nalika dumadi epidemi.&lt;ref name=Sivadon-Tardy/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Jacobs BC, Rothbarth PH, van der Meché FG|display-authors=etal|title=The spectrum of antecedent infections in Guillain-Barré syndrome: a case-control study |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neurology_1998-10_51_4/page/1110|journal=Neurology |volume=51 |issue=4 |pages=1110–5 |date=October 1998 |pmid=9781538}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sindrom iki wis dipercaya uga minangka èfèk samping kang langka saka vaksin influenza. Sanajan sawijining lapuran panalitèn mènèhaké insidensi gedhéné sakasus per sayuta vaksinasi,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|author=Vellozzi C, Burwen DR, Dobardzic A, Ball R, Walton K, Haber P |title=Safety of trivalent inactivated influenza vaccines in adults: Background for pandemic influenza vaccine safety monitoring |journal=Vaccine |volume=27 |issue=15 |pages=2114–2120 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19356614 |doi=10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.01.125}}&lt;/ref&gt; sawijining panalitèn gedhé ing Cina, kang dilapuraké ing [[NEJM]] kang nyakup mèh 100 yuta dosis vaksin marang flu”babi” H1N1 2009 mung tinemu sewelas kasus sindrom Guillain-Barré, (0,1%) saka total insidensi ing wong kang divaksin, sabeneré luwih asor saka tingkat kedadèyan lelara ing Cina, lan ora ana èfèk samping kang tinemu; &quot;rasio risiko-mupangat, kang biyasa ditrepaké ing vaksin lan kabèh sajeroning pangobatan médhis, banget luwih condong marang panggunaan vaksin.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.wunderground.com/DisplayHealthDay.asp?id=649531 |title=2009 H1N1 Flu Vaccine Was Safe |access-date=2012-06-22 |archive-date=2011-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629001728/http://www.wunderground.com/DisplayHealthDay.asp?id=649531 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Éntuk infèksi influenza dhéwé ngundhakaké risiko pepati (tekan 1 saka 10.000) lan ngundhakaké risiko ngalami GBS nganti tingkat kang luwih dhuwur tinimbang kang ditimbulaké déning panggunaan vaksin (kurang luwih kaping 10 ing panggunaan prakiran saiki).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Stowe J, Andrews N, Wise L, Miller E |title=Investigation of the temporal association of Guillain-Barre syndrome with influenza vaccine and influenzalike illness using the United Kingdom General Practice Research Database |journal=Am. J. Epidemiol. |volume=169 |issue=3 |pages=382–8 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19033158 |doi=10.1093/aje/kwn310 |url=http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/169/3/382.long}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Sivadon-Tardy V, Orlikowski D, Porcher R |display-authors=etal |title=Guillain-Barré syndrome and influenza virus infection |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=48–56 |date=January 2009 |pmid=19025491 |doi=10.1086/594124 |url=http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/full/10.1086/594124 }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Epidemiologi ==
=== Variasi mangsan ===
Influenza nggayuh prévalènsi pucuk nalika [[mangsa adhem]], lan amarga [[wilahan bumi lor]] lan [[wilahan bumi kidul|kidul]] ngalami mangsa adhem ing wektu kang béda saben tauné, ana loro mangsa flu saben tauné. Mula WHO (dibantu déning National Influenza Centers) gawé rékomèndhasi kanggo loro formulasi vaksin saben tauné; siji kanggo wilahan bumi lor, lan siji kanggo kidul.&lt;ref name=WHOrecommendation&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20060528111237/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/2007northreport.pdf Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2006–2007 influenza season] WHO report 2006-02-14. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wis suwé dadi pitakonan kenapa wabah flu dumadi kanthi mangsan, ora dumadi kanthi mangsan sadawané taun. Siji wedharan kang mungkin yaiku amarga wong ana sajeroning ruwangan luwih asring ing mangsa adhem, wong-wong mau ana sajeroning kontak cerak luwih asring, lan babagan mau ngundhakaké panularan saka wong-menyang-wong. Paningkatan tingkat lelaku amarga prèinan mangsa adhem ing wilahan bumi pérangan lor mungkin uga nyekel peranan.&lt;ref name=&quot;NPR2003-12-17&quot;&gt;[http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1551913 Weather and the Flu Season] NPR Day to Day, 17 December 2003. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Faktor liyané yaiku suhu kang adhem njalari udara luwih adhem, kang bisa nggaringaké mukus/lendhir, nyegah awak kanggo ngusir partikel virus kanthi èfèktif. Virus uga tahan luwih suwé ing lumahan ing suhu kang luwih adhem lan transmisi aerosol saka virus paling dhuwur ing lingkungan kang adhem (kurang saka 5&amp;nbsp;°C) kanthi kalembaban rélatif kang asor.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = Influenza virus transmission is dependent on relative humidity and temperature | last1 = Lowen | first1 = AC | last2 = Mubareka | first2 = S | last3 = Steel | first3 = J | last4 = Palese | first4 = P | authorlink4 = Peter Palese | journal = PLoS Pathogens | volume = 3 | issue = 10 | page = e151 | url = http://www.plospathogens.org/article/fetchObjectAttachment.action?uri=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.0030151&amp;representation=PDF | format = PDF | doi = 10.1371/journal.ppat.0030151 | pmc = 2034399 | pmid = 17953482 |date=October 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Kalembaban udara kang asor ing mangsa adhem katoné wujud jalaran utama saka transmisi influenza mangsan ing iklim sedheng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shaman J, Kohn M |title=Absolute humidity modulates influenza survival, transmission, and seasonality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2009-03-03_106_9/page/3243 |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=106 |issue=9 |pages=3243–8 |date=March 2009 |pmid=19204283 |pmc=2651255 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0806852106}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Shaman J, Pitzer VE, Viboud C, Grenfell BT, Lipsitch M |editor1-last=Ferguson |editor1-first=Neil M. |title=Absolute humidity and the seasonal onset of influenza in the continental United States |journal=PLoS Biol. |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=e1000316 |date=February 2010 |pmid=20186267 |pmc=2826374 |doi=10.1371/journal.pbio.1000316}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nanging, owah-owahan mangsan ing tingkat infèksi uga dumadi ing wewengkon [[tropis]], lan ing sapérangan nagara pucuk infèksi katon mligi ing mangsa udan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | doi = 10.1016/S1526-0542(03)00024-1 | last1 = Shek | first1 = LP | last2 = Lee | first2 = BW | title = Epidemiology and seasonality of respiratory tract virus infections in the tropics. | journal = Paediatric respiratory reviews | volume = 4 | issue = 2 | pages = 105–11 | year = 2003 | pmid = 12758047 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Owah-owahan mangsan sajeroning tingkat kontak kang magepokan karo mangsa sekolah (semèster) wujud faktor utama sajeroning lelara anak liyané kaya déné [[campak]] lan [[pertussis]], mungkin uga nyekel peranan sajeroning kombinasi lelara flu. Kombinasi saka èfèk mangsan cilik iki bisa digedhèkaké kanthi résonansi dinamis siklus endogen lelara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Dushoff | first1 = J | last2 = Plotkin | first2 = JB | last3 = Levin | first3 = SA | last4 = Earn | first4 = DJ | title = Dynamical resonance can account for seasonality of influenza epidemics. | url = https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2004-11-30_101_48/page/16915 | journal = Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America | volume = 101 | issue = 48 | pages = 16915–6 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15557003 | pmc = 534740 | doi = 10.1073/pnas.0407293101 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  H5N1 nuduhaké pola mangsan ing [[manungsa]] lan unggas.&lt;ref name=WHOH5N1data&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20040218103733/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/country/en/ WHO Confirmed Human Cases of H5N1] Data published by WHO Epidemic and Pandemic Alert and Response (EPR). Diaksès 24 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawijining hipotèsis alternatif kang njelasaké pola mangsan ing infèksi influenza yaiku èfèk kadhar [[vitamin D]] tumrap kakebalan marang virus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Cannell |first=J |author2=Vieth R, Umhau J, Holick M, Grant W, Madronich S, Garland C, Giovannucci E |title=Epidemic influenza and vitamin D |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_epidemiology-and-infection_2006-12_134_6/page/1129 |journal=Epidemiol Infect |volume=134 |issue=6 |pages=1129–40 |year=2006 |pmid=16959053 |doi=10.1017/S0950268806007175 |pmc=2870528 |authorlink=John Cannell}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pendhapat iki pisanan diajokaké déning [[Robert Edgar Hope-Simpson]] nalika taun 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=HOPE-SIMPSON |first=R |title=The nature of herpes zoster: a long-term study and a new hypothesis |journal=Proc R Soc Med |volume=58 |issue=|pages=9–20 |year=1965|pmid=14267505 |pmc=1898279}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké ngajokaké yèn jalaran epidemi influenza ing mangsa adhem mungkin gegandhèngan karo fluktuasi mangsan vitamin D, kang timbul ing [[kulit]] ing sangisoré prabawa [[radhiasi UV]] [[srengéngé]] (utawa radhiasi artifisial). Iki bisa njelasaké kenapa influenza dumadi mligi nalika [[mangsa adhem]] lan ing [[mangsa udan]] ing tlatah tropis, nalika wong akèh ana sajeroning ruwangan, adoh saka sinar srengéngé, lan kadhar vitamin D-né ngalami pamudhunan.

=== Panyebaran epidemi lan pandemi ===
Amarga influenza disababaké déning manéka spésiès lan galur virus, saben tauné sapérangan galur bisa cures sauntara galur kang liyané nimbulaké epidemi, sauntara galur kang liyané nimbulaké pandemi. Lumrahé, loro mangsa flu taunan (siji sajeroning sawilahan bumi), ana telu nganti limang yuta kasus abot lan nganti 500.000 pepati ing saindhenging donya, kang nyukupi kritéria epidemi influenza taunan.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ Influenza] WHO Fact sheet No. 211 revised March 2003. Diaksès 22 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan insidènsi influenza bisa banget manéka saka taun-menyang-taun, kurang luwih 36.000 pepati lan punjul 200.000 rawat inep gegandhèngan kanthi langsung karo influenza saben tauné ing Amérikah Sarékat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=W |author2=Shay D, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Cox N, Anderson L, Fukuda K |title=Mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the United States |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/289/2/179 |journal=JAMA |volume=289 |issue=2 |pages=179–86 |year=2003 |pmid=12517228 |doi=10.1001/jama.289.2.179}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Thompson |first=W |author2=Shay D, Weintraub E, Brammer L, Bridges C, Cox N, Fukuda K |title=Influenza-associated hospitalizations in the United States |url=http://jama.ama-assn.org/cgi/content/full/292/11/1333 |journal=JAMA |volume=292 |issue=11 |pages=1333–40 |year=2004 |pmid=15367555 |doi=10.1001/jama.292.11.1333}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kurang luwih kaping telu sajeroning saabad, dumadi pandemi, kang bakal nginfèksi sapérangan gedhé populasi donya lan bisa njalari patiné mayuta-yuta wong (delengen pérangan [[#sajarah|sajarah]]). Sawijining panalitèn mrakirakaké yèn sawijining galur kanthi virulènsi kang padha karo [[pandemi flu 1918|influenza 1918]] muncul saiki, mula virus mau bisa matèni 50 nganti 80 yuta wong.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Murray CJ, Lopez AD, Chin B, Feehan D, Hill KH |title=Estimation of potential global pandemic influenza mortality on the basis of vital registry data from the 1918-20 pandemic: a quantitative analysis |journal=Lancet |volume=368 |issue=9554 |pages=2211–8 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17189032 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69895-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Virus influenza anyar ngalami [[évolusi]] spontan lumantar [[mutasi]] utawa lumantar reassortment.&lt;ref name=hay/&gt;  Mutasi bisa nimbulaké owah-owahan cilik ing [[hemagglutinin]] lan antigen [[neuraminidase]] ing lumahan virus. Iki diarani antigenic drift, kang kanthi alon-alon nimbulaké akèh variasi galur nganti salah siji bisa nginfèksi manungsa kang kebal marang galur kang wis ana sadurungé. Varian anyar iki banjur nggantèkaké galur kang luwih tuwa amarga galur mau kanthi rikat nyapu populasi manungsa – asring nimbulaké epidemi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wolf, Yuri I|title=Long intervals of stasis punctuated by bursts of positive selection in the seasonal evolution of influenza A virus |journal=Biol Direct |volume=1 |issue=1 |page=34 |year=2006 |pmid=17067369|doi=10.1186/1745-6150-1-34 |first2=C |first3=EC |first4=EV |first5=DJ |pmc=1647279 |last2=Viboud |last3=Holmes |last4=Koonin |last5=Lipman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, amarga galur kang ditimbulaké déning kèlinan mau bakal cukup sarupa karo galur sadurungé, sapérangan wong bakal isih imun marang virus mau. Suwaliké, yèn virus influenza ngalami reassortment, wong-wong bakal olèh antigen kang anyar – umpamané reassortment antarané galur unggas lan galur manungsa; iki diarani [[pepindhahan antigen]]. Yèn virus influenza manungsa duwé antigen kang anyar, saben wong bisa kena infèksi, lan virus influenza anyar mau bakal nyebar kanthi ora kakontrol lan nimbulaké pandemi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Parrish |first=C |author2=Kawaoka Y |title=The origins of new pandemic viruses: the acquisition of new host ranges by canine parvovirus and influenza A viruses |journal=Annual Rev Microbiol |volume=59 |issue=|pages=553–86 |year=2005|pmid=16153179 |doi=10.1146/annurev.micro.59.030804.121059}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Béda karo modhèl pandemi kang didhasaraké marang katutan lan pepindhahan antigen, sawijining panyerakan alternatif wis diajokaké ing endi pandemi périodik ditimbulaké déning interaksi saka sawijining rangkéyan galur virus kang tetep karo populasi manungsa kang kanthi konstan ngalami owah-owahan imunitas marang galur virus kang béda.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Recker M, Pybus OG, Nee S, Gupta S |title=The generation of influenza outbreaks by a network of host immune responses against a limited set of antigenic types |url=http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/full/104/18/7711 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. |volume=104 |issue=18 |pages=7711–7716 |year=2007 |pmid=17460037 | doi=10.1073/pnas.0702154104 |pmc=1855915}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
=== Ètimologi ===
Tembung influenza asalé saka [[basa Italia]] kang tegesé “prabawa”, iki ngrujuk marang jalaran lelara; awalé lelara iki disebutaké disababaké déning prabawa [[astrologi]]s kang kurang apik.&lt;ref&gt;''Influenza'', [[Oxford English Dictionary|The Oxford English Dictionary]], second edition.&lt;/ref&gt; Owah-owahan pendhapat mèdhis njalari modhifikasi jeneng dadi influenza del freddo, kang tegesé “prabawa adhem”. Tembung influenza pisanan dipigunakaké sajeroning basa Inggris kanggo nyebut lelara kang awaké dhéwé kawruhi saiki nalika taun 1703 déning J Hugger saka Univèrsitas Edinburgh sajeroning thesisé kang judhulé &quot;''De Catarrho epidemio, vel influenza, prout in India occidentali sese ostendit''&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Creighton, Charles (1965): A History Of Epidemics In Britain, With Additional Material By D.E.C. Eversley&lt;/ref&gt;

Istilah biyèn kang dipigunakaké kanggo influenza yaiku ''epidemic catarrh'', ''grippe'' (saka [[basa Prancis]], pisanan dipigunakaké déning Molyneaux nalika taun 1694&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | pmid=11576290 | last1=Potter | first1=CW | year=2001 | title=A history of influenza. | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-applied-microbiology_2001-10_91_4/page/572 | journal=Journal of applied microbiology | volume=91 | issue=4 |pages= 572–579 | doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;), ''sweating sickness'', lan mriyang Spanyol (mligi ing galur flu pandemi 1918).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Smith|first=P|title=Swine Flu|journal=Croatian Medical Journal|doi= 10.3325/cmj.2009.50.412|year=2009|volume=50|page=412|pmid=19673043|issue=4|pmc=2728380}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pandemi ===
Tandha-tandha influenza manungsa dijlèntrèhaké kanthi cetha déning [[Hippocrates]] kurang luwih 2.400 taun kapungkur.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Martin |first=P |author2=Martin-Granel E |title=2,500-year evolution of the term epidemic |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no06/05-1263.htm#cit |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |date=Juni 2006 |volume=12 |issue=6 |pmid=16707055 |pages=976–80}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Hippocrates |author2=Adams, Francis |title=Of the Epidemics |url=http://classics.mit.edu/Hippocrates/epidemics.html |orig-date=400 BCE |accessdate=2006-10-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan virus katoné njalari epidemi sadawané sajarah manungsa, data historis ngenani influenza angèl kanggo diinterprétasikaké, amarga gejalané bisa sakrupa karo tandha-tandha lelara ambegan liyané.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| pmid = 1724803| volume = 13| issue = 2| pages = 223–234| last = Beveridge| first = W I| title = The chronicle of influenza epidemics| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_history-and-philosophy-of-the-life-sciences_1991_13_2/page/223| journal = History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences| year = 1991}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Potter/&gt; Lelara iki mungkin wis nyebar saka Éropah menyang Amérika nalika kolonisasi Amérika déning wong-wong Éropah; amarga mèh kabèh warga [[Antilles]] mati déning epidemi kang mèmper karo influenza kang nyebar nalika taun 1493, sawisé tekané [[Christopher Columbus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|doi=10.2307/1171451|author=Guerra, Francisco |title=The Earliest American Epidemic: The Influenza of 1493 |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_social-science-history_fall-1988_12_3/page/305|year=1988 |journal=Social Science History |volume= 12 |issue= 3 | pages=305–325|pmid=11618144|jstor=1171451 }} (only the first page can be read for free, but that has enough information about influenza being the main disease brought by Columbus killing 90 % of the indiginous population)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal| pmid = 7529930| volume = 15| issue = 3| pages = 313–327| last = Guerra| first = F| title = The European-American exchange| url = https://archive.org/details/sim_history-and-philosophy-of-the-life-sciences_1993_15_3/page/313| journal = History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences| year = 1993| doi = 10.1016/S1471-0846(02)80108-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Lapuran pisanan kang nyakinaké ngenani pandemi influenza yaiku wabah nalika taun 1580, kang awalé ing Ruslan lan nyebar menyang Éropah liwat Afrika. Ing [[Roma]], punjul 8.000 wong mati, lan sapérangan kutha Spanyol mèh kabèh cures. Pandemi terus lumaku kanthi sporadis tekan abad ka 17 lan 18, kanthi pandemi 1830-1833 kang mligi nyebar kanthi wiyar; pandemi mau nginfèksi kurang luwih saprapat saka warga kang kapapar.&lt;ref name=Potter&gt;{{cite journal |author=Potter CW |title=A History of Influenza |journal=Journal of Applied Microbiology |date=October 2001 |volume=91 |issue=4 |pages=572–579 |pmid=11576290 |url=http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/fulltext/120718156/HTMLSTART |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2672.2001.01492.x }}{{Pranala mati|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wabah kang paling misuwur lan paling matèkaké yaiku pandemi flu 1918 (pandemi flu Spanyol) (influenza jinis A, subtipe H1N1), kang dumadi antarané taun 1918 tekan 1919. Ora dikawruhi kanthi cetha sapira akèhé pati kang ditimbulaké, nanging prakirané watara 20 nganti 100 yuta wong.&lt;ref name=Knobler&gt;{{cite book |editor=Knobler S, Mack A, Mahmoud A, Lemon S |title=The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready? Workshop Summary (2005) |chapter=1: The Story of Influenza |pages=60–61 |chapter-url=http://books.nap.edu/openbook.php?record_id=11150&amp;page=58 |publisher=The National Academies Press |location=Washington, D.C.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Patterson1&gt;{{cite journal |last=Patterson |first=KD |author2=Pyle GF |title=The geography and mortality of the 1918 influenza pandemic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_bulletin-of-the-history-of-medicine_spring-1991_65_1/page/n7 |journal=Bull Hist Med. |date=Spring 1991 |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=4–21 |pmid=2021692}}&lt;/ref&gt; Pandemi iki diarani “pambantéyan médhis gedhé dhéwé sajeroning sajarah” lan mungkin wis matèni wong padha akèhé karo [[Pepati Ireng]].&lt;ref name=Potter/&gt; Angka pepati kang gedhé banget iki disebabaké déning tingkat infèksi kang dhuwur banget ngancik 50% lan tingkat tandha-tandha kang abot banget, dinuga disababaké déning [[badai sitokin]].&lt;ref name=Patterson1/&gt;  Tandha-tandha flu nalika taun 1918 ora biyasa banget nganti influenza ing awalé salah didiagnosis minangka mriyang dengue, [[kolera]], utawa uga [[mriyang tifoid]]. Sawijining pangamat nulisaké, “Salah sawijining komplikasi kang paling abot yaiku panggetihan saka [[selaput lendhir]], mligi saka [[irung]], [[lambung]], lan [[usus]]. Panggetihan saka [[kuping]] lan panggetihan [[petechia]] uga dumadi.”&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt;  Mayoritas pepati disababaké déning [[pneumonia bakterial]], [[infèksi sékundhèr]] kang ditimbulaké déning influenza, nanging virus uga matèni wong kanthi langsung, nimbulaké panggetihan masif lan [[edema]] paru.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite journal | author = Taubenberger JK, Reid AH, Janczewski TA, Fanning TG | title = Integrating historical, clinical and molecular genetic data in order to explain the origin and virulence of the 1918 Spanish influenza virus | journal = [[Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci.]] | volume = 356 | issue = 1416 | pages = 1829–39 |date=December 2001 | pmid = 11779381 | pmc = 1088558 | doi = 10.1098/rstb.2001.1020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pandemi flu 1918 (pandemi flu Spanyol) bener-bener mandonya, malah nyebar tekan Kutub Lor lan [[Kapuloan Pasifik]] kang adoh. Lelara kang abot banget matèni watara 2 nganti 20% saka panandhang kang kainfèksi, ora kaya tingkat pepati epidemi flu kang lumrahé mung 0,1%.&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Taubenberger&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Taubenberger |first=J |author2=Morens D |title=1918 Influenza: the mother of all pandemics |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-0979.htm |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=15–22 |year=2006 |pmid=16494711}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tandha-tandha liya saka pandemi iki yaiku kedadèyan iki sapérangan gedhé matèni wong diwasa enom, kanthi 99% pepati pandemi influenza dumadi ing wong-wong kanthi umur sangisoré 65, lan punjul setengahé umur 20 tekan 40 taun.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Simonsen |first=L |author2=Clarke M, Schonberger L, Arden N, Cox N, Fukuda K |title=Pandemic versus epidemic influenza mortality: a pattern of changing age distribution |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-infectious-diseases_1998-07_178_1/page/53 |journal=J Infect Dis |volume=178 |issue=1 |pages=53–60 |date=July 1998 |pmid=9652423}}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki ora biyasa amarga influenza lumrahé paling matèkaké ing umur enom banget (sangisoré umur 2 taun) lan ing umur tuwa banget (sandhuwuré 70 taun). Mortalitas total saka pandemi 1918-1919 ora dikawruhi, nanging diprakirakaké watara 2,5% nganti 5% saka kabèh populasi donya wis mati amarga flu iki. Akèhé 25 yuta mungkin wis mati sajeroning 25 minggu pisanan; minangka tetimbangan, [[AIDS|HIV/AIDS]] wis matèni 25 yuta panandhangé sajeroning 25 taun pisanan.&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt;

Pandemi flu kang dumadi sabanjuré ora duwé dampak gedhé banget. Pandemi mau yaiku [[Flu Asia]] 1957 (jinis A, galur [[H2N2]]) lan [[Flu Hongkong]] 1968 (Tipe A, galur [[H3N2]]), nanging wabah kang luwih cilik iki malah matèni mayuta-yuta wong. Ing pandemi kang dumadi ing samburiné antibiotik wis sumadiya kanggo ngendhalèkaké infèksi sékundhèr lan iku wis mbiyantu ngurangi mortalitas tinimbang Flu Spanyol 1918.&lt;ref name=Taubenberger/&gt;

{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|+ [[Pandemi flu]] kang wis dikawruhi&lt;ref name=Hilleman&gt;{{cite journal |last=Hilleman |first=M |title=Realities and enigmas of human viral influenza: pathogenesis, epidemiology and control |journal=Vaccine |volume=20 |issue=25–26 |pages=3068–87 |date=19 Agustus 2002 |pmid=12163258 |doi=10.1016/S0264-410X(02)00254-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Potter/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TenThings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|publisher=World Health Organization|date=2005-10-14|title=Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza|accessdate=2009-09-26|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051016015026/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html|archivedate=2005-10-16|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Jeneng pandemi !! Wektu !!Pepati !! Tingkat pepati !! Subtipe kang duwé peran !! [[Tingkat Aboté Pandemi]]
|-
! [[Flu Ruslan|Flu (Ruslan) Asia]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Valleron AJ, Cori A, Valtat S, Meurisse S, Carrat F, Boëlle PY |title=Transmissibility and geographic spread of the 1889 influenza pandemic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2010-05-11_107_19/page/8778 |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. |volume=107 |issue=19 |pages=8778–81 |date=May 2010 |pmid=20421481 |doi=10.1073/pnas.1000886107 |pmc=2889325}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1889–1890 ||1 yuta ||0,15% ||kamungkinan [[H3N8]] ||NA
|-
! [[Pandemi flu 1918]]&lt;br /&gt;(Flu Spanyol)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Mills CE, [[James Robins|Robins JM]], Lipsitch M |title=Transmissibility of 1918 pandemic influenza |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-12-16_432_7019/page/904 |journal=Nature |volume=432 |issue=7019 |pages=904–6 |date=December 2004 |pmid=15602562 |doi=10.1038/nature03063 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|1918–1920 ||20 nganti 100 yuta ||2%||[[H1N1]] ||5
|-
! [[Flu Asia]]
|1957–1958 ||1 nganti 1,5 yuta ||0,13%||[[H2N2]] ||2
|-
! [[Flu Hong Kong]]
|1968–1969 ||0,75 nganti 1 yuta ||&lt;0,1%||[[H3N2]] ||2
|-
! [[Pandemi flu 2009]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Donaldson LJ, Rutter PD, Ellis BM|display-authors=etal |title=Mortality from pandemic A/H1N1 2009 influenza in England: public health surveillance study |journal=BMJ |volume=339 |issue= |pages=b5213 |year=2009 |pmid=20007665 |pmc=2791802 |doi=10.1136/bmj.b5213}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|2009–2010 ||18.000 ||0,03%||[[H1N1]] ||NA
|}
Virus influenza pisanan kang kasil diisolasi asalé saka unggas, nalika taun 1901 agèn kang nimbulaké lelara kang diarani “''fowl plague''” diliwataké lumantar [[filter Chamberland]], kang duwé pori kang ukurané cilik banget kanggo diliwati déning bakteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Heinen PP |url=http://www.vetscite.org/publish/articles/000041/print.html |title=Swine influenza: a zoanasis |journal=Veterinary Sciences Tomorrow |issn=1569-0830 |date=15 Sèptèmber 2003}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Etiologi]] influenza, famili virus Orthomyxoviridae, pisanan tinemu ing babi déning [[Richard Shope]] nalika taun 1931.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Shimizu |first=K |title=History of influenza epidemics èand discovery of influenza virus |journal=Nippon Rinsho |date=October 1997 |volume=55 |issue=10|pages=2505–201 |pmid=9360364}}&lt;/ref&gt; Panemon iki banjur diumiluni déning isolasi virus saka manungsa déning saklompok panaliti kang dipanggedhèni déning [[Patrick Laidlaw]] saka [[Konsili Panalitèn Brtainia Raya]] nalika taun 1933.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Smith |first=W |author2=Andrewes CH, Laidlaw PP |title=A virus obtained from influenza patients |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1933-01-14_1_2/page/66 |journal=Lancet |year=1933 |volume=2 |pages=66–68 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(00)78541-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, nalika taun 1935, nalika Wendell Stanley pisanan ngristalisasikaké [[tobacco mosaic virus]], sipat non sélulèr saka virus dikawruhi.

Laku signifikan pisanan sajeroning nyegah influenza yaiku dikembangaké vaksin virus mati kanggo influenza nalika taun 1944 déning [[Thomas Francis, Jr.]]. Iki wujud perkembangan saka karya [[Frank Macfarlane Burnet]], sawijining wong Australia, kang nuduhaké yèn virus bakal kélangan virulènsiné nalika dhèwèké dikultur sajeroning endhog pitik kang wis dibagi.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nobel&quot;&gt;[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/medicine/laureates/1960/burnet-bio.html Sir Frank Macfarlane Burnet: Biography] The [[Nobel Foundation]]. Diaksès 22 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Aplikasi saka temon iki déning Francis mungkinaké dhèwèké lan tim panalitiné ing [[Universitas Michigan]] kanggo ngembangaké vaksin influenza pisanan, kanthi panjurung saka [[Angkatan Bersenjata Amérikah Sarékat]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last=Kendall |first=H |title=Vaccine Innovation: Lessons from World War II |url=http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v27/n1/abs/3200064a.html |journal=Journal of Public Health Policy |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=38–57 |year=2006 |doi=10.1057/palgrave.jphp.3200064 |pmid=16681187 |access-date=2012-06-28 |archive-date=2014-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141004142356/http://www.palgrave-journals.com/jphp/journal/v27/n1/abs/3200064a.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Dinas Katentaraan duwé katerlibatan ing panalitèn iki amarga pengalaman ing influenza nalika [[Perang Donya I]], nalika èwonan wadya mati déning virus sajeroning étungan sasi.&lt;ref name=Knobler/&gt; Dibandhingaké karo vaksin, perkembangan obat anti-influenza luwih alon, kanthi diwetokaké lisènsi [[amantadine]] nalika taun 1966, lan mèh telung puluh taun sabanjuré, golongan obat sabanjuré ([[inhibitor neruaminidase]]) dikembangaké.&lt;ref name=Lynch/&gt;

== Masarakat lan kabudayan ==
Influenza nimbulaké beban béya langsung amarga ilangé [[prodhuktivitas]] lan béya pangobatan mèdhis kang diakibataké, lan uga béya ora langsung wujud laku-laku prévèntif. Ing Amérikah Sarékat, influenza duwé tanggung jawab kanggo total beban gedhéné punjul 10 yuta dollar per taun, sauntara wis diprakirakaké yèn pandemi ing mangsa ngarèp bisa nimbulaké tuna atusan yuta dolar sajeroning wangun beban langsung lan ora langsung.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html Statement from President George W. Bush on Influenza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109011356/http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html |date=2009-01-09 }} Diakses 26 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Nanging, dampak [[ékanami]] saka pandemi kang sadurungé durung disinaoni kanthi intènsif, lan sapérangan panulis wis nduga yèn influenza Spanyol sabeneré duwé èfèk jangka dawa positif ing patuwuhan ''pendapatan per-kapita'', sanajan ana pamudhunan kang gedhé ing populasi punggawa lan èfèk déprèsi jangka cendhak kang abot.&lt;ref&gt;Brainerd, E. and M. Siegler (2003), &quot;The Ecanamic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic&quot;, ''CEPR Discussion Paper'', no. 3791.&lt;/ref&gt; Panalitèn liya wis ngupaya kanggo mrédhiksi beban béya saka sawijining pandemi kang padha aboté karo flu Spanyol 1918 ing ékanami Amérikah Sarékat, ing endi 30% saka kabèh punggawa dadi lara, lan 2,5% ngalami pati. Angka lelara watara 30% lan suwéné lelara watara telung minggu bakal ngedhunaké [[prodhuk dhomèstik bruto]] gedhéné 5%. Beban tambahan bisa muncul saka pangobatan mèdhis saka 18 yuta nganti 45 yuta wong, lan beban ékanami kabèh bakal dadi kurang luwih 700 yuta dolar.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Poland G |title=Vaccines against avian influenza—a race against time |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/13/1411 |journal=N Engl J Med |volume=354 |issue=13 |pages=1411–3 |year=2006 |pmid=16571885 |doi=10.1056/NEJMe068047 |access-date=2012-06-29 |archive-date=2007-12-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071230075940/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/354/13/1411 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Béya pancegahan uga dhuwur. Pamaréntah ing saindhenging donya wis ngentèkaké mayuta-yuta dolar Amérika sajeroning persiapan lan parencanaan sajeroning ngadhepi kamungkinan pandemi flu manuk H5N1, kanthi beban béya kang magepokan karo panukonan obat lan vaksin lan uga ngembangaké latihan bencana lan strategi sajeroning ngundhakaké [[pangawasan wewatesan]].&lt;ref name=Rosenthal/&gt; Pada 1 November 2005, [[Présidhèn Amérikah Sarékat]] [[George W. Bush]] mengeluarkan ''the National Strategy to Safeguard Against the Danger of Pandemic Influenza'' (Strategi Nasional kanggo Ngreksa Bebaya Pandemi influenza)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html National Strategy for Pandemic Influenza] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090109011356/http://www.whitehouse.gov/homeland/pandemic-influenza.html |date=2009-01-09 }} Whitehouse.gov Diaksès 26 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; kang dijurung déning panjaluk dana marang [[kongrès Amérikah Sarékat|kongrès]] gunggungé 7,1 yuta dollar kanggo miwiti implemèntasi rencana mau.&lt;ref&gt;[http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3 Bush Outlines $7 Billion Pandemic Flu Preparedness Plan] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807204025/http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3 |date=2007-08-07 }} US Mission to the EU, Diaksès 12 Dhésèmber 2009 {{Wayback|url=http://useu.usmission.gov/Article.asp?ID=D43D21FD-3D72-4780-BCDB-599EC56B12B3|date =2007-08-07|bot=DASHBot}}{{dead link|date=August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing donya internasional, ing tanggal 18 Januari 2006, nagara-nagara danar wis janji kanggo nyumbang 2 yuta dolar kanggo merangi flu manuk ing Konferènsi Prajanjian Internasional ngenani influenza Unggas lan Manungsa ''(International Pledging Conference on Avian and Human Influenza)'' kang ditindakaké suwéné rong dina ing Cina.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/jan2006/2006-01-18-02.asp Danar Nations Pledge $1.85 Billion to Combat Bird Flu] Newswire Diaksès 26 Oktober 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Sajeroning pambijian pandemi H1N1 2009 ing nagara-nagara kapilih ing wilahan bumi pérangan kidul, data nuduhaké yèn kabèh nagara ngalami dampak sosio/ékanami sajeroning wates wektu lan/utawa géografis tartamtu lan pamudhunan sauntara sajeroning kapariwisataan kang mligi disababaké déning kewedèn bakal lelara H1N1 2009. Isih awal banget kanggo nemtokaké apa pandemi H1N1 wis nimbulaké dampak ékanami jangka dawa.&lt;ref&gt;Assessment of the 2009 influenza A (H1N1) Outbreak on Selected Countries in the Southern Hemisphere. 2009. http://flu.gov/professional/global/southhemisphere.html&lt;/ref&gt;

== Panalitèn ==
[[Gambar:Influenza virus research.jpg|thumb|left|upright|200px|Dr. Terrence Tumpey mriksa virus [[flu Spanyol]] 1918.]]
Panalitèn ing influenza nyakup panalitèn ing [[virologi molekulèr]], kepriyé virus nimbulaké lelara ([[patogenesis]]), [[rèspon imun]] inang, génom virus, lan kepriyé panyebaran virus ([[epidemiologi]]). Panalitèn iki mbiyantu pangembangan laku nangkal influenza; contoné, pamahaman kang luwih becik ngenani rèspons sistem imun awak mbiyantu pangembangan vaksin, lan gambaran kang dhetil ngenani kepriyé influenza nyerang sèl mbiyantu dikembangaké obat-obat antivirus. Salah siji program panalitèn dhasar kang paling wigati yaiku ''Influenza Genome Sequencing Project'' (Proyèk panemton urutan génom influenza), kang nyiptakaké pustaka (pratélan kumpulan) sékuèns (gèn) influenza; pustaka iki bisa mbiyantu nemtokaké faktor endi kang gawé sawijining galur luwih matèkaké tinimbang galur liyané, gèn endi kang paling mangaruhi [[imunogenisitas]], lan kepriyé virus évolusi saka wektu menyang wektu sabanjuré.&lt;ref&gt;[http://msc.tigr.org/infl_a_virus/index.shtml Influenza A Virus Genome Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061108045050/http://msc.tigr.org/infl_a_virus/index.shtml |date=2006-11-08 }} at The Institute of Genomic Research. Diaksès 19 Oktober 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

Panalitèn vaksin anyar wigati banget, amarga vaksin kang sumadiya saiki alon banget lan larang kanggo diprodhuksi lan kudu diformulasi ulang saben tauné. Panemton urutan (sequencing) saka génom influenza lan tèknologi [[DNA rékombinan]] bisa nyepetaké tinemu galur vaksin anyar kanthi mungkinaké panaliti ngganti antigèn anyar ing galur vaksin kang wis dikembangaké sadurungé.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Subbarao K, Katz J |title=Influenza vaccines generated by reverse genetics |journal=Curr Top Microbiol Immunol |volume=283 |issue=|pages=313–42 |year=2004|pmid=15298174}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tèknologi anyar uga nembé dikembangaké kanggo nuwuhaké virus ing kultur sèl, kang njanjèkaké angka prodhuksi kang luwih dhuwur, béya kang luwih asor, kualitas kang luwih apik lan ''surge capacity'' kang luwih apik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bardiya N, Bae J |title=Influenza vaccines: recent advances in production technologies |url=http://www.springerlink.com/content/jdt26gc39v4bwk9q/ |journal=Appl Microbiol Biotechnol |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=299–305 |year=2005 |pmid=15660212 |doi=10.1007/s00253-004-1874-1 |access-date=2012-06-30 |archive-date=2020-03-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326073534/http://www.springerlink.com/content/jdt26gc39v4bwk9q/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Panalitèn ing vaksin influenza A universal, kang dituduhaké ing domain èksternal saka [[protéin M2]] transmémbran virus (M2e), nembé ditindakaké déning [[University of Ghent]] déning [[Walter Fiers]], [[Xavier Saelens]], lan klompoké&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Neirynck S, Deroo T, Saelens X, Vanlandschoot P, Jou WM, Fiers W |title=A universal influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of the M2 protéin |journal=Nat. Med. |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=1157–63 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10502819 |doi=10.1038/13484 }}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Fiers W, Neirynck S, Deroo T, Saelens X, Jou WM |title=Soluble recombinant influenza vaccines |journal=Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. |volume=356 |issue=1416 |pages=1961–3 |date=December 2001 |pmid=11779398 |pmc=1088575 |doi=10.1098/rstb.2001.0980 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Fiers W, De Filette M, Birkett A, Neirynck S, Min Jou W |title=A &quot;universal&quot; human influenza A vaccine |journal=Virus Res. |volume=103 |issue=1-2 |pages=173–6 |date=July 2004 |pmid=15163506 |doi=10.1016/j.virusres.2004.02.030 }}&lt;/ref&gt; lan saiki wis kasil ngliwati uji klinis fase 1.

Sapérangan ''[[biologic]]'', vaksin lan ''imunobiologic'' terapeutik uga nembé ditliti kanggo nambani infèksi kang disebabaké déning virus. Biologi terapeutik dirancang kanggo ngaktivasi rèspon imun tumrap virus utawa antigèn. Lumrahé ''biologic'' ora nargètaké [[jalur métabolik]] kaya déné obat-obat antivirus, nanging ngrangsang sèl imun kaya déné [[limfosit]], [[makrofag]], lan/utawa ''[[antigen presenting cells]]'' kanggo mènèhi rèspon imun tumrap èfèk [[sitotoksik]] marang virus. Modhèl influenza, kaya déné influenza mencit (''murine influenza'') wujud modhèl kang apik kanggo dipigunakaké kanggo nguji èfèk ''biologic'' profilaksis lan terapeutik. Contoné ''[[Lymphocyte T-Cell Immune Modulator]]'' nyandhet patuwuhan virus ing modhèl influenza mencit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |year=2008 |title=Lymphocyte T-Cell Immunomodulator: Review of the ImmunoPharmacology of a new Veterinary Biologic |journal=Journal of Applied Research in Veterinary Medicine |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=61–68 | url=http://jarvm.com/articles/Vol6Iss2/Vol6Iss2Gingerich61-68.pdf |format=PDF | access-date=5 Dhésèmber 2010 |author=Gingerich, DA}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Infèksi ing kéwan liya ==
Influenza nginfèksi akèh spésiès [[kéwan]], lan transfer galur virus antar spésiès bisa dumadi. Unggas dinuga wujud inang kéwan utama saka virus influenza.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Gorman O, Bean W, Kawaoka Y, Webster R |title=Evolution of the nucleoprotein gene of influenza A virus |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_1990-04_64_4/page/1487 |pmc=249282 |journal=J Virol |volume=64 |issue=4 |pages=1487–97 |year=1990 |pmid=2319644}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nembelas wangun [[hémagglutinin]] lan sanga wangun [[néuraminidase]] wis diidhèntifikasi. Kabèh subtipe kang wis dikawruhi (HxNy) tinemu ing unggas, nanging akèh subtipe endemik ing [[manungsa]], [[asu]], [[jaran]], lan [[babi]]; populasi [[onta]], [[garangan]], [[kucing]], [[asu laut]], cerpelai (mink) lan [[iwak lodan]] uga nuduhaké bukti-bukti infèksi utawa paparan tumrap influenza.&lt;ref name=webster/&gt; Varian saka virus flu sok-sok dijenengi miturut spésiès ing endi galur mau endemik utawa adhaptasi. Varian utama saka jeneng-jeneng kang migunakaké konvènsi iki yaiku: flu unggas, flu manungsa, flu babi, [[flu jaran]], lan [[flu asu]]. ([[Flu kucing]] lumrahé ngrujuk marang [[rhinotracheitis virus kucing]] utawa ''[[Feline calicivirus]]'' lan dudu wujud infèksi kang asalé saka virus influenza.). Ing babi, jaran, lan asu, tandha-tandha influenza sarupa karo ing manungsa, mawa watuk, mriyang, lan [[anoreksia|kéhalangan nepsu mangan]].&lt;ref name=webster/&gt;  Frékuènsi lelara iki ing kéwan ora disinaoni padha apiké ing infèksi marang manungsa, nanging wabah influenza ing asu laut pelabuhan nimbulaké kurang luwih 500 patiné asu laut ing pasisir [[New England]] nalika taun 1979-1980.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hinshaw V, Bean W, Webster R, Rehg J, Fiorelli P, Early G, Geraci J, St Aubin D |title=Are seals frequently infected with avian influenza viruses? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-virology_1984-09_51_3/page/863 |pmc=255856 |journal=J Virol |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=863–5 |year=1984 |pmid=6471169}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ing sisih liya, wabah ing babi asring dumadi lan ora nimbulaké angka pepati kang abot.&lt;ref name=webster/&gt;

=== Flu unggas ===
Tandha-tandha flu ing unggas manéka lan mungkin ora spésifik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Elbers A, Koch G, Bouma A |title=Performance of clinical signs in poultry for the detection of outbreaks during the avian influenza A (H7N7) epidemic in The Netherlands in 2003 |journal=Avian Pathol |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=181–7 |year=2005 |pmid=16191700 | doi=10.1080/03079450500096497}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tandha-tandha kang ngetutaké infèksi flu unggas kanthi patogenesitas kang asor bisa wujud wulu kang morak-marik, pamudhunan cilik sajeroning prodhuksi endhog, utawa pamudhunan bobot awak dikombinasikaké karo [[lelara ambegan]] ènthèng.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | last1=Capua| first1= I |last2= Mutinelli | first2= F. |chapter=Low pathogenicity (LPAI) and highly pathogenic (HPAI) avian inﬂuenza in turkeys and chicken | title=A Colour Atlas and Text on Avian Inﬂuenza |publisher= Papi Editore |location= Bologna |year= 2001 |pages=13–20 | isbn=88-88369-00-7 | url=http://books.google.com/books?id=S1hEAAAACAAJ }}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga tandha-tandha kang ènthèng iki bisa gawé diagnosis ing lapangan dadi angèl, ngetutaké panyebaran flu unggas merlokaké uji laboratorium saka sampel kang asalé saka unggas kang kainfèksi. Sapérangan galur kaya déné [[H9N2]] Asia virulèn banget marang kéwan ingon unggas lan bisa nimbulaké tandha-tandha kang luwih èkstrém lan mortalitas kang signifikan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Bano S, Naeem K, Malik S |title=Evaluation of pathogenic potential of avian influenza virus serotype H9N2 in chickens |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_avian-diseases_july-september-2003_47_3/page/817 |journal=Avian Dis |volume=47 |issue=3 Suppl |pages=817–22 |year=2003 |pmid=14575070 |doi=10.1637/0005-2086-47.s3.817}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing wangun kang paling patogenik, influenza ing [[pitik]] lan [[kalkun]] nimbulaké munculé tandha-tandha ndadak lan pepati mèh 100% sajeroning rong dina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Swayne D, Suarez D |title=Highly pathogenic avian influenza |journal=Rev Sci Tech |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=463–82 |year=2000 |pmid=10935274}}&lt;/ref&gt; Amarga virus nyebar kanthi rikat ing kaanan kang padhet kaya déné ing paternakan intènsif pitik lan kalkun, wabah iki bisa nimbulaké dampak [[ékanami]] kang gedhé kanggo paternak unggas.

Galur H5N1 kang wis adhaptasi marang unggas lan patogèn banget (diarani HPAI A(H5N1), cekakan saka &quot;''highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of type A of subtype H5N1''&quot;) nimbulaké flu H5N1, kang lumrahé ditepungi minangka flu unggas, utawa &quot;flu manuk&quot;, lan endemik ing akèh populasi manuk, mligi ing [[Asia Kidul-wétan]]. Galur turunan Asia saka HPAI A (H5N1) nyebar kanthi global. Epizootik (epidemi ing makluk urip dudu manungsa) lan panzootik (lelara kang ngenani kéwan saka akèh spésiès, mligi sajeroning wewengkon kang wiyar banget), wis matèni puluhan yuta unggas lan njalari pepati disengaja atusan yuta unggas liya sajeroning upaya kanggo ngendhalèkaké panyebarané. Sapérangan gedhé réferènsi ing médhia marang “flu manuk” lan sapérangan gedhé réferènsi marang H5N1 yaiku ngenani galur spésifik iki.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Li K, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith G, Xu K, Duan L, Rahardjo A, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen T, Estoepangestie A, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long H, Hanh N, Webby R, Poon L, Chen H, Shortridge K, Yuen K, Webster R, Peiris J |title=Genesis of a highly pathogenic and potentially pandemic H5N1 influenza virus in eastern Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_nature-uk_2004-07-08_430_6996/page/209 |journal=Nature |volume=430 |issue=6996 |pages=209–13 |year=2004 |pmid=15241415 | doi=10.1038/nature02746}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Li KS, Guan Y, Wang J, Smith GJ, Xu KM, Duan L, Rahardjo AP, Puthavathana P, Buranathai C, Nguyen TD, Estoepangestie AT, Chaisingh A, Auewarakul P, Long HT, Hanh NT, Webby RJ, Poon LL, Chen H, Shortridge KF, Yuen KY, Webster RG, Peiris JS. [http://www.nap.edu/books/0309095042/html/116.html &quot;The Threat of Pandemic Influenza: Are We Ready?&quot; Workshop Summary] The National Academies Press (2005) &quot;Today's Pandemic Threat: Genesis of a Highly Pathogenic and Potentially Pandemic H5N1 Influenza Virus in Eastern Asia&quot;, pages 116–130&lt;/ref&gt;

Saiki, HPAI A(H5N1) wujud lelara unggas, lan ora ana bukti kang nuduhaké panularan kang èfisièn manungsa-marang-manungsa saka HPAI A(H5N1). Ing mèh kabèh kasus, wong-wong kang kainfèksi wis ngalami kontak fisik kang èkstènsif karo unggas kang kainfèksi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Liu J |title=Avian influenza—a pandemic waiting to happen? |url=http://jmii.org/content/pdf/v39n1p4.pdf |journal=J Microbiol Immunol Infect |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=4–10 |year=2006 |pmid=16440117 |format=PDF |access-date=2012-07-01 |archive-date=2008-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216094539/http://jmii.org/content/pdf/v39n1p4.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing mangsa ngarep, H5N1 bisa mutasi utawa ngalami réassortment dadi galur kang mampu ditularaké antar manungsa kanthi èfisièn. Owah-owahan kang diperlokaké nganti iki dumadi durung dikawruhi kanthi becik.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Salomon R, Webster RG |title=The influenza virus enigma |url=https://archive.org/details/cell_2009-02-06_136_3/page/402 |journal=Cell |volume=136 |issue=3 |pages=402–10 |date=February 2009 |pmid=19203576 |pmc=2971533 |doi=10.1016/j.cell.2009.01.029}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Nanging, amarga dhuwuré angka pepati lan virulènsi H5N1, kaanan endemiknya, lan inang réservoir biologis kang gunggungé gedhé lan tansaya tambah, virus H5N1 wujud ancaman pandemi donya ing mangsa flu taun 2006-07, lan milyaran dolar wis diklumpukaké lan dientèkaké sajeroning nliti H5N1 lan ngrencanakaké kanggo kamungkinan pandemi influenza.&lt;ref name=Rosenthal&gt;{{cite news | last1=Rosenthal |first1= E. |last2= Bradsher |first2= K. |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/03/16/business/16bird.html?_r=1&amp;oref=slogin | title= Is Business Ready for a Flu Pandemic? |work= The New York Times |date=16 Maret 2006 |accessdate= 17 April 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Flu babi ===
Ing [[babi]], influenza babi nimbulaké mriyang, awak lemes, wahing, watuk, kangèlan ambegan, lan pemudhunan nepsu mangan.&lt;ref name=Kothalawala&gt;{{cite journal |author=Kothalawala H, Toussaint MJ, Gruys E |title=An overview of swine influenza |journal=Vet Q |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=46–53 |date=June 2006 |pmid=16841566}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing sapérangan kasus infèksi bisa nimbulaké aborsi. Sanajan mortalitas lumrahé asor, virus bisa nimbulaké pamudhunan bobot awak lan patuwuhan kang ala, nimbulaké dampak karugèn ékanami kanggo para paternak.&lt;ref name=Kothalawala/&gt; Babi kang kainfèksi bisa ngalami kélangan bobot watara 12 pon bobot awak sajeroning jangka wektu 3 nganti 4 minggu.&lt;ref name=Myers&gt;{{cite journal |author=Myers KP, Olsen CW, Gray GC |title=Cases of swine influenza in humans: a review of the literature |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-infectious-diseases_2007-04-15_44_8/page/1084 |journal=Clin. Infect. Dis. |volume=44 |issue=8 |pages=1084–8 |date=April 2007 |pmid=17366454 |pmc=1973337 |doi=10.1086/512813 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika taun 2009, galur virus [[H1N1]] kang asalé saka babi, kang asring diarani “flu babi” njalari pandemi flu 2009, nanging ora ana bukti yèn virus iki èndemik ing babi (temenan wujud flu babi) utawa bisa nular saka babi menyang manungsa, nanging virus iki nyebar saka manungsa-marang-manungsa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090427.htm|title=Press Release: A/H1N1 influenza like human illness in Mexico and the USA: OIE statement|author=Maria Zampaglione|publisher=[[World Organisation for Animal Health]]|date=April 29, 2009|accessdate=April 29, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430105521/http://www.oie.int/eng/press/en_090427.htm|archivedate=April 30, 2009|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/health/01name.html?scp=5&amp;sq=&amp;st=nyt |title=W.H.O. Gives Swine Flu a Less Loaded, More Scientific Name | work=The New York Times | first=Denise | last=Grady | date=2009-05-01 | accessdate=2010-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Galur iki wujud réassortment saka sapérangan galur H1N1 kang lumrahé tinemu kanthi kapisah, ing manungsa, unggas, lan babi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/01/health/01origin.html?scp=2&amp;sq=&amp;st=nyt |title=Virus's Tangled Genes Straddle Continents, Raising a Mystery About Its Origins |format=| work=The New York Times | first=Donald G. | last=McNeil Jr. | date=2009-05-01 | accessdate=2010-03-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan sikil ==
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== Wacan terusan ==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-1-of-2}}
'''Umum'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Beigel JH, Farrar J, Han AM |display-authors=etal |title=Avian influenza A (H5N1) infection in humans |journal=N Engl J Med. |volume=353 |issue=13 |pages=1374–85 |date=September 2005 |pmid=16192482 |doi=10.1056/NEJMra052211 |url=http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374 |access-date=2012-02-09 |archive-date=2010-07-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100722104920/http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/full/353/13/1374 |url-status=dead }}
* Bernd Sebastian Kamps, Christian Hoffmann and Wolfgang Preiser (Eds.) [http://www.InfluenzaReport.com/ Influenza Report], 225 pp, PDF, free download. Flying Publisher 2006
* {{cite book |author=Levine, Arnold J. |title=Viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780716750314 |publisher=Scientific American Library |location=New York |year=1992 |isbn=0-7167-5031-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Baron, Samuel |title=Medical microbiology |publisher=University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston |location=Galveston, Tex |year=1996 |isbn=0-9631172-1-1 |edition=4th |url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?rid=mmed }}
* {{cite journal |author=Cox NJ, Subbarao K |title=Influenza |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_the-lancet_1999-10-09_354_9186/page/n64 |journal=Lancet |volume=354 |issue=9186 |pages=1277–82 |date=October 1999 |pmid=10520648 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(99)01241-6}}
* ISBN 978-3-211-80892-4 The Influenza Viruses Hoyle L 1968 Springer Verlag
{{Refend}}

'''Sajarah'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Kilbourne ED |last2=Zhang |first2=Yan B. |last3=Lin |first3=Mèi-Chen |title=Influenza pandemics of the 20th century |journal=Emerging Infect Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=9–14 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494710 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1254.htm }}
* {{cite book |author=Collier, Richard |title=The plague of the Spanish lady: the influenza pandemic of 1918–1919 |url=https://archive.org/details/plagueofspanish00coll |publisher=Macmillan |location=New York |year=1974 |isbn=0-333-13864-3}}
* {{cite book |author=Barry, John M. |title=The great influenza: the epic story of the deadliest plague in history |url=https://archive.org/details/greatinfluenzaep00barr |publisher=Viking |location=New York, N.Y |year=2004 |pages=|isbn=0-670-89473-7}}
{{Refend}}

'''Mikrobiologi'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Webster RG, Bean WJ, Gorman OT, Chambers TM, Kawaoka Y |title=Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses |journal=Microbiol Rev. |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=152–79 |date=1 Maret 1992|pmid=1579108 |pmc=372859 |url=http://mmbr.asm.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=1579108 }}
* {{cite journal |author=Steinhauer DA, Skehel JJ |title=Genetics of influenza viruses |journal=Annu. Rev. Genet. |volume=36 |issue=|pages=305–32 |year=2002 |pmid=12429695 |doi=10.1146/annurev.genet.36.052402.152757}}
{{Refend}}

{{Col-2-of-2}}

'''Patogenesis'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=García-Sastre A |title=Antiviral response in pandemic influenza viruses |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=44–7 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494716 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1186.htm}}
* {{cite journal |author=Zambon MC |title=The pathogenesis of influenza in humans |journal=Rev Med Virol. |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=227–41 |year=2001 |pmid=11479929 |doi=10.1002/rmv.319}}
{{Refend}}

'''Epidemiologi'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Dowdle WR |title=Influenza pandemic periodicity, virus recycling, and the art of risk assessment |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=34–9 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494714 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1013.htm}}
* {{cite journal |author=Horimoto T, Kawaoka Y |title=Pandemic threat posed by avian influenza A viruses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_clinical-microbiology-reviews_2001-01_14_1/page/129 |journal=Clin Microbiol Rev. |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=129–49 |date=January 2001 |pmid=11148006 |pmc=88966 |doi=10.1128/CMR.14.1.129-149.2001}}
* [http://www.who.int/wer/wer8126.pdf Epidemiology of WHO-confirmed human cases of avian influenza A(H5N1) infection]
{{Refend}}

'''Pananganan lan panyegahan'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Harper SA, Fukuda K, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Bridges CB |title=Prevention and control of influenza. Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) |journal=MMWR Recomm Rep |volume=54 |issue=RR-8 |pages=1–40 |date=July 2005 |pmid=16086456}}
* {{cite journal |author=Monto AS |title=Vaccines and antiviral drugs in pandemic preparedness |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=55–60 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494718 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1068.htm}}
{{Refend}}

'''Panelitèn'''
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal |author=Palese P |title=Making better influenza virus vaccines? |journal=Emerging Infect. Dis. |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=61–5 |date=January 2006 |pmid=16494719 |url=http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no01/05-1043.htm }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060824004040/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/avian_influenza/guidelines/recommendationvaccine.pdf WHO (PDF) contains latest Evolutionary &quot;Tree of Life&quot; for H5N1] article ''Antigenic and genetic characteristics of H5N1 viruses and candidate H5N1 vaccine viruses developed for potential use as pre-pandemic vaccines'' published 18 August 2006
* [http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/influenza/WHO_CDS_EPR_GIP_2006_3C.pdf WHO's assessment of Flu Research] as of November 2006.
{{Refend}}
{{Col-end}}

== Pranala njaba ==
{{sisterlinks}}
{{Refbegin}}
* [http://www.ers-education.org/pages/default.aspx?id=331 ERS Online Course on Influenza]
* [http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx Swine and Seasonal Flu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727105753/http://www.myfamilywellness.org/MainMenuCategories/FamilyHealthCenter/Flu.aspx |date=2011-07-27 }}, [http://www.goodmedicine.org/ Institute for Good Medicine] at the [http://www.pamedsoc.org/ Pennsylvania Medical Society]
* [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/ Info on influenza] at [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]
* [http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/the-flu/overview.html Summary of the disease] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714223418/http://health.nytimes.com/health/guides/disease/the-flu/overview.html |date=2011-07-14 }} at the [[NYTimes]].
* [http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/05/health/05virus.html 10 Genes, Furiously Evolving] [[NYTimes]] May 2009
* [http://www.outbreakalerts.com/ Outbreak Alerts] United States based communicable disease notification website
* [http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/influenza/DS00081 Influenza (Mayo Clinic)]
* [http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/index.html Fact Sheet] Overview of influenza at World Health Organization
* [http://origem.info/misms/index.php The Multinational Influenza Seasonal Mortality Study (MISMS)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909230155/http://www.origem.info/misms/index.php |date=2016-09-09 }} [[Fogarty International Center]]
* [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/genomes/FLU/flubiology.html Influenza Virus Resource] from the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|NCBI]]
* [http://www.eiss.org/ European Influenza Surveillance Scheme] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111013203342/http://www.eiss.org/ |date=2011-10-13 }}
* [http://www.google.org/flutrends/ Flu Trends] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225232746/http://www.google.org/flutrends/ |date=2008-12-25 }} – flu activity across the U.S.
* [https://www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk/Sat/Topics/ColdsAndFlu.aspx?Host=Nhsd&amp;SyndicationPartnerGuid=d19370ea-a100-407d-9695-b73407f701c7&amp;TopicGuid=8c903315-a302-412a-bfae-9cb576d4b4cd Cold and flu advice] (NHS Direct)
* [http://www.vega.org.uk/video/programme/6 Online video discussing influenza outbreaks and spread of other infectious diseases] (Vega Science Trust)
* [http://www.pandemicflu.gov/ Flu.gov: Know What To Do About the Flu]
* [http://www.path.org/vaccineresources/influenza.php PATH Vaccine Resource Library influenza resources]
* [http://www.fludb.org/ Influenza Research Database] – Database of influenza genomic sequences, serotypes, polymorphisms, structures, epitopes, drugs and related tools.
* [http://www.recombinomics.com/whats_new.html? Recombinomics - What's New]: Up to date details of circulating strains.
{{Refend}}
{{artikel pilihan}}

[[Kategori:Influenza| ]]
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  <page>
    <title>Hanyu Pinyin</title>
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      <text bytes="13711" sha1="piki11lujwma68ez1hsdft8yvqehxqs" xml:space="preserve">{{Chinese|title=Pinyin|c={{linktext|拼音}}|p={{unicode|pīnyīn}}|poj=peng-im/pheng-im
|bpmf=ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ
|h=pin&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; im&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt;
|j=ping&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; jam&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
|wuu=phin&lt;sup&gt;平&lt;/sup&gt; in&lt;sup&gt;平&lt;/sup&gt;
|altname=Scheme of the Chinese Phonetic Alphabet|s2=汉语拼音方案|t2=漢語拼音方案|p2={{unicode|Hànyǔ pīnyīn fāng'àn}}
|bpmf2=ㄏㄢˋ ㄩˇ ㄆㄧㄣ ㄧㄣ ㄈㄤ ㄢˋ
|h2=hon&lt;sup&gt;55&lt;/sup&gt; ngi&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; pin&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; im&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; fong&lt;sup&gt;24&lt;/sup&gt; on&lt;sup&gt;55&lt;/sup&gt;
|poj2=hàn-gú pheng-im hong-àn
|j2=hon&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; jyu&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; ping&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; jam&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; fong&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; on&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
|wuu2=hoe&lt;sup&gt;去&lt;/sup&gt; nyiu&lt;sup&gt;上&lt;/sup&gt; phin&lt;sup&gt;平&lt;/sup&gt; in&lt;sup&gt;平&lt;/sup&gt; faon&lt;sup&gt;平&lt;/sup&gt; oe&lt;sup&gt;去&lt;/sup&gt;}}
{{IPA notice}}

'''Hanyu Pinyin''' ({{zh|s=汉语拼音|t=漢語拼音|p=Hànyǔ Pīnyīn}}; {{IPAc-cmn|p|in|1|-||yin|1}}) iku tatalaku jawatjati (Ind: sistem resmi) kanggo angowahi aksara Cina menyang [[aksara Latin]] ing nagara [[Cina]], [[Republik Cina|Taiwan]]&lt;ref name=snowling&gt;{{cite book|first= Margaret J. |last= Snowling |first2= Charles |last2 = Hulme | publisher = Wiley-Blackwell |year= 2005 |isbn= 1-4051-1488-6 |title = The science of reading: a handbook | volume = 17 | series = Blackwell handbooks of developmental psychology) |url= http://books.google.com/?id=qV7s-Oyx13oC |pages = 320–22}}&lt;/ref&gt;, [[Singapura]], lan [[Malaysia]] kang uga karanan [[Romanisasi|caralatin]].  Tatalaku iki kerep dinggo amulang [[basa Mandarin|basa Mandharin]] angéja jeneng Cina ing publikasi manca lan kanggo [[lebonan]] (''input'') menyang komputer kang anganggo aksara Kan (Cina) (汉字 / 漢字, ''hànzì'').

Tatalaku iki digawé ing taun 1950 an M adhadhasar wangun caralatin sadurungé, lan dibabar déning pamaréntah Cina ing taun 1958 kanthi bola-bali dibenakake.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |publisher=Xinhua News Agency |date=2008-02-11 |title = Pinyin celebrates 50th birthday |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/news/242463.htm |accessdate = 2008-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[International Organization for Standardization]] ajupuktrima (Ind: mengadopsi) pinyin saemper caralatin baku kanthi baunagara (Ind: international) ing taun 1982 M.&lt;ref name=&quot;ISO1982&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iso.org/iso/iso_catalogue/catalogue_ics/catalogue_detail_ics.htm?csnumber=13682|title=ISO 7098:1982 – Documentation – Romanization of Chinese |accessdate=2009-03-01}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tatalaku iki didadèkaké baku ing [[Taiwan]] ing taun 2009 M, lan lumrahé karan Tatalaku Swarajati Anyar.&lt;ref name=&quot;pinyin_tt&quot;&gt;{{cite news | publisher=Taipei Times |date=2008-09-18 |title=Hanyu Pinyin to be standard system in 2009 |url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2008/09/18/2003423528 |accessdate=2008-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pinyin_cp&quot;&gt;{{cite news |publisher=The China Post |date=2008-09-18 |title=Government to improve English-friendly environment |url=http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national%20news/2008/09/18/175155/Gov%27t-to.htm |accessdate=2008-09-20 |archive-date=2008-09-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919054355/http://www.chinapost.com.tw/taiwan/national/national%20news/2008/09/18/175155/Gov%27t%2Dto.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

''Hànyǔ'' tegesé basa pocapan saka [[Wong Han]] lan ''pinyin'' kanthi barès tegesé 'swarajati' utawa 'pocapan' (Ing: phonetics).&lt;ref name=&quot;Harbaugh&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://zhongwen.com/d/186/x126.htm|title=中文字普 (Chinese Characters: A Genealogy and Dictionary) |last= Harbaugh |first= Richard |year= 1998 |publisher= Zhongwen.com |accessdate= 2008-04-27 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Purwaksara ===
Ing saben kothakan ing ngisor, baris pisanan anuduhaké [[Pitulung:IPA|IPA]], baris kaloro aaanuduhaké pinyin.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin:auto;&quot;
|-
|
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Konsonan bilabial|Bilabial]]
!|[[Konsonan labiodental|Labio-&lt;br /&gt;dental]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Konsonan alveolar|Alveolar]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Konsonan retroflex|Retroflex]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Konsonan alveolo-palatal|Alveolo-&lt;br /&gt;palatal]]
!|[[Konsonan palatal|Palatal]]
!colspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Konsonan velar|Velar]]
|-
!style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;|[[Konsonan plosive|Plosive]]
|style=&quot;background: #cfc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[p]}}&lt;br /&gt;b
|style=&quot;background: #cfc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[pʰ]}}&lt;br /&gt;p
|
|style=&quot;background: #ccf;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[t]}}&lt;br /&gt;d
|style=&quot;background: #ccf;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[tʰ]}}&lt;br /&gt;t
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|
|style=&quot;background: #fcc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[k]}}&lt;br /&gt;g
|style=&quot;background: #fcc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[kʰ]}}&lt;br /&gt;k
|-
!style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;|[[Nasal stop|Nasal]]
|colspan=&quot;2;&quot; style=&quot;background: #cfc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[m]}}&lt;br /&gt;m
|
|colspan=&quot;2;&quot; style=&quot;background: #ccf;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[n]}}&lt;br /&gt;n
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
!style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;|[[Konsonan affricate|Affricate]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|
|style=&quot;background: #cff;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[ts]}}&lt;br /&gt;z
|style=&quot;background: #cff;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[tsʰ]}}&lt;br /&gt;c
|style=&quot;background: #ffc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[tʂ]}}&lt;br /&gt;zh
|style=&quot;background: #ffc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[tʂʰ]}}&lt;br /&gt;ch
|style=&quot;background: #fcf;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[tɕ]}}&lt;br /&gt;j
|style=&quot;background: #fcf;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[tɕʰ]}}&lt;br /&gt;q
|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot;|
|-
!style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;|[[Konsonan fricative consonant|Fricative]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|style=&quot;background: #cfc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[f]}}&lt;br /&gt;f
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #cff;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[s]}}&lt;br /&gt;s
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #ffc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[ʂ]}}&lt;br /&gt;sh
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #fcf;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[ɕ]}}&lt;br /&gt;x
|
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background: #fcc;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[x]}}&lt;br /&gt;h
|-
! style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |[[Konsonan liquid|Liquid]]
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
| colspan=&quot;2;&quot; style=&quot;background: #ccf;text-align: center;&quot; |{{IPA|[l]}}&lt;br /&gt;l
| colspan=&quot;2;&quot; style=&quot;background: #ffc;text-align: center;&quot; |{{IPA|[ɻ~ʐ]}}&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;r
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|-
!style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot;|[[Semivowel]]
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
| &amp;nbsp;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; |
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;|{{IPA|[j]}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp; or {{IPA|[ɥ]}}&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;y&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;
|style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot;|{{IPA|[w]}}&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;br /&gt;w
|}
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; {{IPA|/ɻ/}} bisa kanthi swarajati kocap {{IPA|[ʐ]}} (a [[voiced retroflex fricative]]). Pocapan iki owah miturut pamicara, lan dudu rong ''fonèm'' kang abéda.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; Aksara &quot;w&quot; lan &quot;y&quot; ora kalebu ing tabel wiwitan iki. Ana ''konvènsi'' tatatulis tumrap medial &quot;i&quot;, &quot;u&quot; lan &quot;ü&quot; kang ora ana ing tabel wiwitan. Yèn &quot;i&quot;, &quot;u&quot; utawa &quot;ü&quot; pungkasan lan ora ana wiwitané, diwaca &quot;yi&quot;, &quot;wu&quot;, lan &quot;yu&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; &quot;y&quot; dipocapaké {{IPA|[ɥ]}} (a [[labial-palatal approximant]]) sadurungé &quot;u&quot;.

Urutan kanthi ''konvènsional'' (ora kalebu ''w'' lan ''y''), wiwitan saka tatalaku [[Bopomofo|Cuin]], yaiku:
:{|cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;background: #cfc;&quot;|b p m f
|style=&quot;background: #ccf;&quot;|d t n l
|style=&quot;background: #fcc;&quot;|g k h
|style=&quot;background: #fcf;&quot;|j q x
|style=&quot;background: #ffc;&quot;|zh ch sh r
|style=&quot;background: #cff;&quot;|z c s
|}

=== Wasanaksara ===
{{mandarin vowels}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
|-
!colspan=2 rowspan=2|
!colspan=12|Kodhah
|-
!colspan=3|∅!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/i/}}!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/u/}}!!colspan=2|{{IPA|/n/}}!!colspan=3|{{IPA|/ŋ/}}
|-
!rowspan=4|Madyaksara
!∅
|{{IPA|[ɨ]}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;-i||{{IPA|[ɤ]}}&lt;br&gt;e&lt;br&gt;-e||{{IPA|[a]}}&lt;br&gt;a&lt;br&gt;-a
|{{IPA|[ei̯]}}&lt;br&gt;ei&lt;br&gt;-ei||{{IPA|[ai̯]}}&lt;br&gt;ai&lt;br&gt;-ai
|{{IPA|[ou̯]}}&lt;br&gt;ou&lt;br&gt;-ou||{{IPA|[au̯]}}&lt;br&gt;ao&lt;br&gt;-ao
|{{IPA|[ən]}}&lt;br&gt;en&lt;br&gt;-en||{{IPA|[an]}}&lt;br&gt;an&lt;br&gt;-an
|{{IPA|[ʊŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;-ong||{{IPA|[əŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;eng&lt;br&gt;-eng||{{IPA|[aŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;ang&lt;br&gt;-ang
|-
!{{IPA|/i/}}
|{{IPA|[i]}}&lt;br&gt;yi&lt;br&gt;-i||{{IPA|[i̯e]}}&lt;br&gt;ye&lt;br&gt;-ie||{{IPA|[i̯a]}}&lt;br&gt;ya&lt;br&gt;-ia
| ||
|{{IPA|[i̯ou̯]}}&lt;br&gt;you&lt;br&gt;-iu||{{IPA|[i̯au̯]}}&lt;br&gt;yao&lt;br&gt;-iao
|{{IPA|[in]}}&lt;br&gt;yin&lt;br&gt;-in||{{IPA|[i̯ɛn]}}&lt;br&gt;yèn&lt;br&gt;-ian
|{{IPA|[i̯ʊŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;yong&lt;br&gt;-iong||{{IPA|[iŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;ying&lt;br&gt;-ing||{{IPA|[i̯aŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;yang&lt;br&gt;-iang
|-
!{{IPA|/u/}}
|{{IPA|[u]}}&lt;br&gt;wu&lt;br&gt;-u||{{IPA|[u̯o]}}&lt;br&gt;wo&lt;br&gt;-uo &lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;||{{IPA|[u̯a]}}&lt;br&gt;wa&lt;br&gt;-ua
|{{IPA|[u̯ei̯]}}&lt;br&gt;wei&lt;br&gt;-ui||{{IPA|[u̯ai̯]}}&lt;br&gt;wai&lt;br&gt;-uai
| ||
|{{IPA|[u̯ən]}}&lt;br&gt;wen&lt;br&gt;-un||{{IPA|[u̯an]}}&lt;br&gt;wan&lt;br&gt;-uan
| ||{{IPA|[u̯əŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;weng&lt;br&gt;&amp;nbsp;||{{IPA|[u̯aŋ]}}&lt;br&gt;wang&lt;br&gt;-uang
|-
!{{IPA|/y/}}
|{{IPA|[y]}}&lt;br&gt;yu&lt;br&gt;-ü &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; ||{{IPA|[y̯e]}}&lt;br&gt;yue&lt;br&gt;-üe &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;||
| ||
| ||
|{{IPA|[yn]}}&lt;br&gt;yun&lt;br&gt;-ün &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;||{{IPA|[y̯ɛn]}}&lt;br&gt;yuan&lt;br&gt;-üan &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| || ||
|}
&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; {{IPA|[ɑɻ]}} iku katulis ''er''. Kanggo kabeh wasanaksara kang antuk wasanaksara-r, ora ana tatatulis kang umligi. Kandhawara angenani wasanakasara-r, bisa diwaca ing [[Pranata Erhwà|Pranata Êrhwà]].&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; &quot;ü&quot; tinulis &quot;u&quot; sabubare j, q, x, utawa y.&lt;br /&gt;
&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; &quot;uo&quot; tinulis &quot;o&quot; sabubare b, p, m, utawa f.

Kanthi tehnis, ''i, u, ü'' tanpa dieloni aksara swara iku wasanaksara, dudu madyaksara, lan amarga saka iku nganggo sandhangan laras. Saliyané iku, ''ê'' {{IPA|[ɛ]}} (欸, 誒) lan anuswara swarajati (Ing: syllabic nasal) ''m'' (呒, 呣), ''n'' (嗯, 唔), ''ng'' (嗯, 𠮾) kanggo [[interjection]].

== Paripustaka ==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

== Wacan ==
*Yin Binyong 尹斌庸 and Mary Felley (1990). ''Chinese Romanization''. Pronunciation and Orthography (Hanyu pinyin he zhengcifa 汉语拼音和正词法). Beijing: Sinolingua. ISBN 7-80052-148-6 / ISBN 0-8351-1930-0.
*Gao, J. K. (2005). ''Pinyin shorthand: a bilingual handbook = [Pinyin su ji fa]''. Dallas, TX: Jack Sun. ISBN 1-59971-251-2
*Kimball, R. L. (1988). ''Quick reference Chinese: a practical guide to Mandarin for beginners and travelers in English, Pinyin romanization, and Chinese characters''. San Francisco, CA: China Books &amp; Periodicals. ISBN 0-8351-2036-8
*{{cite book |last=Uy |first=Dr. Tim and Jim Hsia (ed.) |title=Webster's Digital Chinese Dictionary: Advanced Reference Edition|year=2009 |publisher=Loqu8 Press |location=Mountain View, CA}}
*Wu, C.-j. (1979). ''The Pinyin Chinese–English dictionary''. Hong Kong: Commercial Press. ISBN 0-471-27557-3

== Pranala njaba ==
*[http://www.zdic.net/appendix/f43.htm (Proper sound of pinyin from zdic.net with sounds, require java script turned on)]
*[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin/Vocabulary Pinyin-Hanzi-English Chinese-English dictionary]
*[http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Pinyin/Pinyin-English_News_Summary Pinyin-English news summary for learners of Chinese language]
*[http://chineseandbeyond.com/pinyin Free Pinyin Tutorial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120123064700/http://chineseandbeyond.com/pinyin |date=2012-01-23 }} (Chinese &amp; Beyond)
*[http://www.chinesestudies.hawaii.edu/media/pdf/abc/appendix1.pdf Basic Rules for Hanyu Pinyin Orthography] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120803030805/http://www.chinesestudies.hawaii.edu/media/pdf/abc/appendix1.pdf |date=2012-08-03 }} (National Standard of the People's Republic of China (ICS 01.140.10), 1996)
*[http://www.quickmandarin.com/chinesepinyintable/ Interactive Pinyin Table] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110106003931/http://www.quickmandarin.com/chinesepinyintable/ |date=2011-01-06 }}
*[http://www.archchinese.com/arch_pinyin_table.html Standard Mandarin Pinyin Chart]
*[http://sites.google.com/site/pinyinsite/pinyinaid-1 pinyinAID] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111229122340/http://sites.google.com/site/pinyinsite/pinyinaid-1 |date=2011-12-29 }}
*[http://pinyin.info/readings/zyg/rules.html Basic Rules of Hanyu Pinyin Orthography] by [[Zhou Youguang]] (Pinyin.info)
*[http://pinyin.info/rules/initials_finals.html Table of Combinations of Initials and Finals] (Pinyin.info)
*[http://mandarinspot.com/annotate Chinese text annotation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101021837/http://mandarinspot.com/annotate |date=2010-11-01 }}
*[http://www.StandardMandarin.com/ Free Chinese Pronunciation Online]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20101009010342/http://www.sayjack.com/advanced/pinyin/quiz Pinyin Listening Test for 4 Tones]
*[http://pinyin.quickmandarin.com/learn_chinese_quiz/blue/ Pinyin Tone Recognition Test] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210413045550/http://pinyin.quickmandarin.com/learn_chinese_quiz/blue/ |date=2021-04-13 }}
*[http://www.hakenberg.de/language/mandarin/pinyin.zip Pinyin audio of Google Translate (mp3 files)] 1243 different syllables and tones
* [http://szotar-magyar.hu/azsianet/nyelv/kinainyelvpinyinvonasatalakito.html pinyin converter (shui3→shuǐ)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113210557/http://szotar-magyar.hu/azsianet/nyelv/kinainyelvpinyinvonasatalakito.html |date=2012-01-13 }}
* [http://www.ichineseflashcards.com/pinyin.asp Refresh how to pronounce a word in Pinyin]

{{s-start}}
{{succession box|title=[[Romanization of Chinese|Official romanization adopted&lt;br /&gt; by the People's Republic of China]]|before=[[Gwoyeu Romatzyh]] | after=current|years=1958-}}
{{succession box|title=[[Romanization of Chinese|de facto used romanization &lt;br /&gt; by the People's Republic of China]]|before=[[Wade-Giles]] | after=current|years=1978-}}
{{succession box|title=[[Romanization of Chinese in Taiwan|Official romanization adopted&lt;br /&gt; by the Republic of China (Taiwan)]]|before=[[Tongyong Pinyin]] | after=current|years=2009-}}
{{s-end}}

{{ISO standards}}

[[Kategori:Standar ISO]]
[[Kategori:Romanisasi Cina]]
[[Kategori:Abjad fonètik]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Marica</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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        <username>Rotondus</username>
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      <minor />
      <comment>/* Rusuh ing Alas Dhandhaka lan Iguhe Kala Marica marang Dasamuka */ Cithakan</comment>
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      <text bytes="3647" sha1="3r39u9h00blzrzc7eznvruslkew54mb" xml:space="preserve">{{TMH Infobox|
| Image = COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Reliëf op de aan Shiva gewijde tempel op de Candi Lara Jonggrang oftewel het Prambanan tempelcomplex TMnr 10016190.jpg
| Caption = Rama mburu Kala Marica kang nyamar dadi kidang.
| Devanagari = मारीच
| Nama = Kala Marica
| Golongan = [[Buta]]
| Ejaan_Sanskerta = Mārīca
| Kitab =''[[Ramayana]]''; ''[[Purana]]''
| Orangtua = [[Tataka]] lan Sunda
| Asal = [[Guwa Karang]]
|Nama_lain=Marica, Ditya Marica|Aksara_Jawa=ꦢꦶꦠ꧀ꦪꦏꦭꦩꦫꦶꦕ}}

'''Marica''' ([[Sanskerta]]: मारीच; Mārīcha) utawa '''Kala Marica''' utawa '''Ditya Kala Marica''' iku abdi kinasihe [[Rahwana|Prabu Dasamuka]]. Wujude buta lemu ginuk-ginuk, mripate kiyipan (kelipan), tutuke mrenges, siyunge ngarep dhewe nyrongat (kaya siyunge [[Buta Cakil]]). Mula yen [[dhalang]] ora nduwe wayange, nyilih wayang Cakil, rambute gimbal, jarike motif kambil secukil. Sugih akal, licik, pinter ngudhari prekara, mula kecaket ing ratu gustine. Kajaba iku, Kala Marica pinter mancala warna wujud apa wae. Dhangkane (papan dununge) ing [[Guwa Karang]], adoh saka Kedhaton Ngalengkadiraja. Tokoh iki mung tinemu ing wayang [[Ramayana]].
==Rusuh ing Alas Dhandhaka lan Iguhe Kala Marica marang Dasamuka==
Nalika Prabu Dasamuka antuk wadule [[Surpanaka|Dewi Sarpakenaka]] sing grumpung irunge, kang mratelakake yen [[Rama|Raden Rama]] lan garwane kang asmane [[Sinta|Dewi Sinta]] sarta [[Laksmana|Raden Laksmana]] padha mapan ing [[alas Dhandhaka]], ing mangka Dewi Sinta iku ayune prasasat widadari tumurun, [[Dewi Tari]], [[Dewi Kiswani]], lan [[Dewi Triwati]] kalah ayune. Sanalika Prabu Dasamuka banjur eling pangandikane [[Begawan Maruta]] duking nguni.

&quot;Dewi Sinta iki cetha panjanmane [[Wedawati|Dewi Sri Widawati]]. Saiki mapan ing alas Dhandhaka? Wah, kebeneran. Aku bakal klakon mondhong putri panjanmane Dewi Sri Widawati,&quot; batine Prau Dasamuka.

Prabu Dasamuka banjur mijil saka dhatulaya, mabur mangalor. Sawise ngliwati samodra, banjur niyup ing madyaning alas, nedya ngupadi Kala Marica (Ditya Marica), kang mapan ing sajroning Guwa Karang.

Sawise ketemu, Prabu Dasamuka pratela yen nedya menyang alas Dhandhaka, ndhusta Dewi Sinta. Kala Marica kadhawuhan mbiyantu.

Kala Marica asung (aweh, weweh) iguh, &quot;Gusti Prabu, supados karsa paduka ndhusta Dewi Sinta saged kalaksanan tanpa sambekala, kula badhe mancala warni kidang kencana, glibad-glibed wonten ing sacelakipun Sang Dewi. Menawi Dewi Sinta sumerep kula ingkang sampun awujud kidang kencana, temtu lajeng mothah dhateng Raden Rama, nyuwun dipuncepengaken kidang kencana. Raden Rama temtu lajeng tumandang ngoyak-oyak kula ngangkah sagedipun nyepeng, kanthi dipunbiyantu Raden Laksmana. Dados, Dewi Sinta kantun anggana (Ijen, dhewe). Salebetipun Rama kaliyan Laksmana ngoyak-oyak kula, punapa ingkang badhe paduka tindakaken tumanduk dhateng Sang Dewi Sinta kula sumanggaaken.&quot;

Midhanget ature Kala Marica sanalika pasuryane Prabu Dasamuka katon bingar, &quot;Iya Kala Marica, aku bakal nayogyani marang iguh pratikelmu iku.&quot;

Prabu Dasamuka didherekake Kala Marica banjur menyang alas Dhandhaka. Satekane ing alas iku, Kala Marica banjur mancala warna (malih) kidang kencana, klintar-klinter ing sacedhake Dewi Sinta. Dene, Prabu Dasamuka singidan (ndhelik) ing gegrumbulan, ora adoh saka papane Dewi Sinta.

Bener petungane Kala Marica. Bareng priksa wujuding kidang kencana (emas), Dewi Sinta mothah (merengek) marang Raden Rama supaya nyekelake kidang iku urip-uripan.

{{ramayana}}
{{Tokoh wayang}}

[[Kategori:Wayang]]
[[Kategori:Ramayana]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh Ramayana]]


{{stub}}
[[Kategori:Paraga wayang]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Wayang]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Android</title>
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      <text bytes="10804" sha1="gxwh1zgv8xx4qiou08fh8w7s07nuywp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox OS
| name                   = Android
| logo                   = [[File:Android 2023 3D logo and wordmark.svg]]
| screenshot             = [[File:Android 17 Beta 3 Screenshot en-us.png|167px]]
| screenshot_size        = 250px
| caption                = Layar ngarep Android 17 Beta 3 nggunakake [[Pixel Launcher]]
| collapsible            = yes
| developer              = {{ubl|[[Google]]|[[Open Handset Alliance]]}}
| family                 = [[Unix-like]]
| working state          = Aktif
| source model           = [[Perangkat lunak sumber terbuka|Sumber terbuka]]&lt;ref name=&quot;philosophy&quot;&gt;{{cite web
 | url = http://source.android.com/source/index.html
 | title = The Android Source Code: Governance Philosophy
 | date = December 17, 2014 | accessdate = January 25, 2015
 | website = source.android.com
}}&lt;/ref&gt; dan pada sapérangan besar perangkat dengan komponèn [[Perangkat lunak milik perorangan|perorangan]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ars-irongrip&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Google’s iron grip on Android: Controlling open source by any means necessary |url=http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/10/googles-iron-grip-on-android-controlling-open-source-by-any-means-necessary |work=Ars Technica |accessdate=December 8, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160617013945/http://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2013/10/googles-iron-grip-on-android-controlling-open-source-by-any-means-necessary/ |archive-date=June 17, 2016 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| released               = {{start date|2008|9|23}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://android-developers.blogspot.in/2008/09/announcing-android-10-sdk-release-1.html|title=Announcing the Android 1.0 SDK, release 1 |date=September 9, 2008 |accessdate=September 21, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| latest release version = [[Android 17]]
| latest release date    = {{release date and age|2026|6|16}}
| latest preview version =
| latest preview date    =
| marketing target       = [[Telepon pintar]], [[komputer tablet]], [[TV]]
| programmed in          = [[C (basa pemrograman)|C (inti)]], [[C++]], [[Java (basa pemrograman)|Java (UI)]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Android Code Analysis&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Android Code Analysis|url=http://www.ohloh.net/p/android/analyses/latest|accessdate=June 6, 2012|archive-date=September 14, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130914185702/http://www.ohloh.net/p/android|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Android Code Analysis&quot;/&gt;
| language               = 46 basa
| package manager        = [[Google Play]], [[APK (format berkas)|APK]]
| supported platforms    = [[Arsitektur ARM|ARM]], [[Arsitektur MIPS|MIPS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.eetimes.com/electronics-news/4215490/MIPS-gets-sweet-with-Honeycomb |title=MIPS gets sweet with Honeycomb |publisher=Eetimes.com |date= |accessdate=February 20, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; dan [[x86]]&lt;ref name=&quot;ARMAN-4.0-on-x86&quot; /&gt;{{Efn|[[32-bit]] dan [[64-bit computing|64-bit]] variants of all three platforms are officially supported since Android 5.0 &quot;Lollipop&quot;.}}
| kernel type            = [[Kernel monolitik|Monolitik]] ([[Android (sistem operasi)#Linux|modifikasi kernel Linux]])
| userland               = [[Bionic (perangkat lunak)|Bionic libc]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/bionic/+/master/libc/|title=android/platform/bionic/|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Shell Almquist|shell]] dari [[NetBSD]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/master/sh/ |title=android/platform/system/core/sh/ |access-date=2015-02-23 |archive-date=2013-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922083203/https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/%2B/master/sh/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; beberapa utilitas asli dari NetBSD&lt;ref&gt;[https://android.googlesource.com/platform/system/core/+/master/toolbox/ android/platform/system/core/toolbox/]&lt;/ref&gt;
| ui                     = [[Antarmuka pengguna grafis|Grafis]] ([[multi sentuh]])
| license                = [[Lisensi Apache]] 2.0 &lt;br&gt;Modifikasi [[kernel Linux]] berlisensi [[GNU General Public License|GNU GPL]] v2&lt;ref name=&quot;Licenses&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://source.android.com/source/licenses.html|title=Licenses|work=Android Open Source Project.|publisher=Open Handset Alliance|accessdate=September 9, 2012|date=|quote=''The preferred license for the Android Open Source Project is the Apache Software License, 2.0.&amp;nbsp;... Why Apache Software License?&amp;nbsp;... For userspace (that is, non-kernel) software, we do in fact prefer ASL2.0 (and similar licenses like BSD, MIT, etc.) over other licenses such as LGPL. Android is about freedom and choice. The purpose of Android is promote openness in the mobile world, but we don't believe it's possible to predict or dictate all the uses to which people will want to put our software. So, while we encourage everyone to make devices that are open and modifiable, we don't believe it is our place to force them to do so. Using LGPL libraries would often force them to do so.''}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| website = {{URL|https://www.android.com/}}
| bodystyle = width:323px
}}'''Android''' inggih punika [[sistem operasi]] telepon genggam ingkang adhedhasar ing vèrsi ingkang dipunmodifikasi saking kernel [[Linux]] lan [[piranti alus]] sumber tinarbuka sanèsipun, ingkang dipundamel utamanipun kangge piranti telepon genggam touchscreen kadosta telepon genggam lan tablet. Android dipundamel déning konsorsium pangembang ingkang dipunsebut [[Open Handset Alliance]], sanajan vèrsi ingkang paling kathah dipunginakaken dipundamel utamanipun déning [[Google]]. Menika dipunumumaken ing November 2007, kanthi piranti Android komersial ingkang sepisan, [[HTC Dream]], ingkang dipunluncuraken ing September 2008.

Kasunyatanipun, Android dipunsebut Android Open Source Project (AOSP)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2018/07/googles-iron-grip-on-android-controlling-open-source-by-any-means-necessary/|title=Google's iron grip on Android: Controlling open source by any means necessary|last=Amadeo|first=Ron|date=July 21, 2018|website=Ars Technica|language=en-us|access-date=December 31, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan inggih punika piranti alus bebas lan [[sumber tinarbuka]] (''free and open source software;'' FOSS) ingkang utamanipun dilisènsi miturut [[Lisènsi Apache]]. Ananging, piranti paling kathah mlampah ing vèrsi Android katutup (''proprietary'') ingkang dipundamel déning Google, ingkang ngirim kanthi piranti alus katutup ingkang dipunpasang saderengipun,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/android-really-open-source-matter/|title=Is Android Really Open Source? And Does It Even Matter?|date=March 28, 2016|website=MakeUseOf}}&lt;/ref&gt; paling utamanipun [[Google Mobile Services]] (GMS)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.android.com/gms/|title=Android – Google Mobile Services|website=Android|access-date=October 21, 2018|quote=While the Android Open Source Project (AOSP) provides common, device-level functionalities such as email and calling, GMS is not part of AOSP. GMS is only available through a license with Google [..] We ask GMS partners to pass a simple compatibility test and adhere to our compatibility requirements for their Android devices.}}&lt;/ref&gt; ingkang nyakup aplikasi inti kadosta [[Google Chrome]], platform distribusi digital Google Play, lan platform pangembangan [[Google Play|Google Play Services]] ingkang dipunhubungaken. Firebase Cloud Messaging dipunginakaken kangge notifikasi. Sanajan AOSP inggih punika bebas, nami lan logo &quot;Android&quot; inggih punika [[merek dagang]] Google, ingkang nerapaken standar kangge matesi pangginaan merek Android déning piranti &quot;sanes idin&quot; ing njawi ekosistem Google.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://source.android.com/setup/start/faqs|title=Frequently Asked Questions|publisher=Android Open Source Project|access-date=January 4, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.greenbot.com/article/3153485/with-cyanogen-dead-googles-control-over-android-is-tighter-than-ever.html|title=With Cyanogen dead, Google's control over Android is tighter than ever|last=Simon|first=Michael|date=December 26, 2016|website=www.greenbot.com|access-date=January 4, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Langkung saking 70 persen telepon genggam adhedhasar Android Open Source Project mlampah ekosistem Google (ingkang dipunsebut kanthi sederhana minangka Android), sawetawis kanthi antarmuka pangguna lan paket piranti alus vendor-customized, kadosta TouchWiz lan salajengipun [[One UI]] déning [[Samsung]] lan [[HTC Sense]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://appdevelopermagazine.com/google-and-android-are-not-the-same...-and-that's-a-good-thing/|title=Google and Android Are Not the Same... and That's a Good Thing|last=Hughes|first=Terry|date=July 28, 2014|work=App Developer Magazine|access-date=July 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ekosistem ingkang saingan lan cabang saking AOSP nyakup Fire OS (dipundamel déning Amazon), ColorOS déning [[Oppo]], OriginOS déning [[Vivo]], MagicUI déning [[Honor (merk)|Honor]], utawi ROM khusus kadosta LineageOS.

Kode sumber sampun dipunginakaken kangge ndamel variasi Android ing rerangkènan elektronik sanèsipun, kadosta konsol game, [[kamera digital]], [[pemutar media portabel]], lan [[Komputer|komputer pribadi]], saben setunggal kanthi antarmuka pangguna ingkang khusus. Sawetawis turunan ingkang terkenal nyakup Android TV kangge [[televisi]]. Paket piranti alus ing Android, ingkang ngginakaken format [[APK]], umumipun dipundistribusikaken lumatar toko aplikasi proprietary kadosta [[Google Play|Google Play Store]], [[Amazon]] Appstore, Samsung Galaxy Store, [[Huawei]] AppGallery, Cafe Bazaar, GetJar, lan Aptoide, utawi platform sumber tinarbuka kadosta F-Droid.

Android sampun dados OS paling kathah sadunyo ing telepon genggam wiwit 2011 lan ing tablet wiwit 2013. Nalika Mei 2021, menika nggadhahi langkung saking tiga miliar pangguna aktif saben wulan, paling kathah saking sistem operasi menapa kémawon ing dunya,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/5/18/22440813/android-devices-active-number-smartphones-google-2021|title=There are over 3 billion active Android devices|last=Cranz|first=Alex|date=May 18, 2021|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=March 24, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan nalika Januari 2021, Google Play Store nampilaken langkung saking 3 yuta aplikasi.&lt;ref name=&quot;3 million apps2&quot; /&gt; Android 14, ingkang dipunluncuraken nalika 4 Oktober 2023, inggih punika vèrsi paling énggal, lan Android 12.1/12L ingkang énggal kémawon diluncuraken nyakup perbaikan spesifik kangge telepon genggam lipat, tablet, layar ukuran desktop&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://android-developers.googleblog.com/2021/10/12L-preview-large-screens.html|title=12L and new Android APIs and tools for large screens|website=Android Developers Blog|language=en|access-date=November 15, 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan [[Chromebook]].

== Sitiran ==
[[Kategori:Google]]
[[Kategori:Telepon pintar]]
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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    <title>Naraguna:JV03 Shofwan Yusuf</title>
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[[Kategori:Naraguna peserta pelatihan kompetisi Papat Limpad 2012 saka Universitas Diponegoro]]

[[en:User:JV03 Shofwan Yusuf]]
[[id:Pengguna:JV03 Shofwan Yusuf]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>JKT48</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="40626" sha1="f3dp3x32mmn1i86cmx6k4hav6k9lvu8" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Musical artist
| name            = JKT48
| image           = JKT48 revisi kaping 4JKT48 revisi kaping 4.jpg
| caption         = Anggotaning JKT48 génerasi kaping pisan + anggota saking [[AKB48]] [[Jepang]]
| image_size      = 217px
| Background      = Idol Grup
| Saka          = [[Jakarta]], [[Bandung]], [[Bogor]], [[Dèpok]]. [[Indonésia]]
| Genre       = [[J-pop]], [[musik pop|pop]]
| Taun aktif    = {{Tanggal wiwit|2011}}– Saiki
| Label           = Déntsu Média
|Associated_acts = [[AKB48]]
|URL         = {{URL|http://www.jkt48.com JKT48}}
|Current_members = [[JKT48#Anggota|Generasi kapisan]]
}}

'''JKT48''' yaiku Grup Idol saka Indonésia sing diproduseri déning [[Yasushi Akimoto]] saka [[Jepang]]. Grup Idol iki salah sawijining sadulur saka [[AKB48]] kaping pisan ing njabané [[Jepang]], lan ngadeg ing [[Jakarta]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Rujukan 1&quot;&gt;[http://www.oricon.co.jp/news/entertainment/2001678/full/ title=インドネシア・ジャカルタで「JKT48」始動！ AKB48海外初の姉妹グループ誕生へ]&lt;/ref&gt; JKT48 yaiku Sedulur saka AKB48 duwé konsép sing padha, yaiku &quot;Idol sing bisa ketemu lan pacelathon saben dina.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/interest/2011-09-11/akb48-idol-group-to-spawn-jkt48-spinoff-in-indonesia]&lt;/ref&gt; JKT48 duwé teater tetep ing [[Fx Sudirman]] Lanté 4 lan yasa konser saben minggu.

== Karier ==
=== Pandirian ===
[[Gambar:Logo JKT48.jpg|250px|jmpl|ka|Logo JKT48]]
JKT48 digawé tanggal [[11 September]] [[2011]] ing acara AKB48 sing dianakake ing [[Makuhari Messe]] ing [[Prefektur Chiba|Chiba]]. wawancara kanggo peserta dilangsungaké nganti pamungkase wulan séptember, lan audhisi finalé kanggo finalis padha, yaiku kaping 8 Oktober 2011-9 Oktober 2011&lt;ref name=&quot;referensi 3&quot;/&gt;

Gunggung pendaftar nganti 1200 Peserta sing diwawancarai, ana 51 peserta sing lolos selèksi tahap kaping pindho.&lt;ref name=&quot;referensi 3&quot;&gt;[http://www.nikkei.com/news/headline/article/g=96958A9C93819499E2EAE2E3E28DE2EAE2E0E0E2E3E0E2E2E2E2E2E0;df=2]{{Pranala mati|date=February 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ＡＫＢ初の海外姉妹グループ、ＪＫＴ４８の可能性&lt;/ref&gt; Audisi tahap anyar dianakaké tanggal 2 November 2011. Sawisé disaring nganggo joget tembang &quot;Heavy Rotation&quot; lan dikon nyanyi tembang sing disenengi, 28 peserta ketampa ing Audisi JKT48 tahap anyar. Prodhuser [[Yasushi Akimoto]] lunga menyang [[Jakarta]] kanggo nganakaké Audisi. Nalika ditakoni bab standaring selèksi, jaréné Akimoto, &quot; Ngenani pamilihan anggota, ciri-ciri saka laladan ora wigati, sing wigati yaiku pesona saka cah wadon saka [[Indonésia]] lan nagara liyané iku padha. Kita luwih mentingi kapribadèn sing becik, nalika ana saka sak sekolahan ya ora apa-apa, malah tambah apik&quot; ujaré.

Generasi kaping pisan dikenalake tanggal [[3 November]] [[2011]].&lt;ref name=&quot;manichi20111103&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://mdn.mainichi.jp/arts/news/20111103p2a00m0na003000c.html|title=AKB48 Indonésian sister group JKT48 introduces first 28 members|date=2011-11-03|accessdate=2011-11-03|publisher=Manichi Shimbun|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103191132/http://mdn.mainichi.jp/arts/news/20111103p2a00m0na003000c.html|archivedate=2011-11-03|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ana 28 peserta sing ketampa ing tahap anyar, salah sawijing personil [[JKT48 Generasi 1]] iku asli saka jepang, yaiku [[Rena Nozawa]] lan [[Ayana Shahab]]. nanging saiki manggon ana ing [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;manichi20111103&quot; /&gt; Produser [[Yasushi Akimoto]] ndawuh JKT48 iku bisa dadi &quot; Kreteg Persahabatan antarané Indonésia lan Jepang &quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;manichi20111103&quot; /&gt;

== Manggung ning Televisi Indonésia ==

[[Gambar:Konser di mega konser JKT48.jpg|250px|jmpl|ka|Mega konser JKT48 ing Televisi]]

JKT48 manggung kaping pisan ing program musik [[100% Ampuh]], tayang live ing [[Global TV]] saka [[Bekasi Square]], 17 Dhésèmber 2011. Tembang sing digawa yaiku &quot;[[Heavy Rotation]]&quot; nganggo lirik ing basa indonesia. Klambi sing di anggo JKT48 memper kaya klambi skolah ing Jepang sing padha kaya AKB48. Sak dina sawisé manggung ing 100% Ampuh, ing tanggal 18 Dhésèmber 2011, JKT48 kapisan pachalaton lan geguyonan kaliyan penggemar ngatut acara Meet and great JKT48 ing Fx Center Jakarta, lan nembang &quot;[[Heavy Rotation]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://natalie.mu/music/news/61548 |title=title=JKT48、母国で「ヘビロテ」初パフォーマンス＆初握手会 |access-date=2012-09-26 |archive-date=2022-11-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105115457/https://natalie.mu/music/news/61548 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;.
Metune pidio tembang [[Heavy Rotation]] versi JKT48 dilakoake ing acara salaman 14 Januari 2012 ing atrium Fx Center. Pidio tembang iki duwé tema acara ing katampaning pelajar ing SMA.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://mdpr.jp/021165266 |title=Archive copy |access-date=2012-09-29 |archive-date=2015-07-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150723042542/http://mdpr.jp/021165266 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Melody [[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani]] ngenteni tibane loro kancané sing telat lumebu sekolah ing sekolah anyare. [[Shania Junianatha]] telat tangi ésuk lan [[Cleopatra Djapri]] kena macet. Tembang iki sadurungé kalebu iklan tv [[Pocari Sweat]] sing dibintangi kabèh anggotane JKT48 (isih ana [[Fahira al-Idrus]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://npn.co.jp/article/detail/83190475/ |title=Archive copy |access-date=2012-09-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201042732/http://npn.co.jp/article/detail/83190475/ |archive-date=2017-12-01 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sawisé peluncurane tembang [[Heavy Rotation]], JKT48 kerep kalebu ing program musik TV. ing [[SCTV]], JKT48 tampil ing acara [[Inbox]] lan iPop. anggotane uga tampil ing [[100% Ampuh]] lan Lampion 100% Cinta saka [[Global TV]], lan uga Dahsyat RCTI. Ing [[Indosiar]] dheknen manggung ing [[Hitzteria]].&lt;ref&gt;http://jkt48.com/news-id.html#top {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319081012/http://jkt48.com/news-id.html#top |date=2012-03-19 }} Berita Terbaru saka website resmi JKT48&lt;/ref&gt; tembang sing digawa member JKT48 yaiku Heavy Rotation lan [[Aitakatta]] versi basa Indonésia.

Diwiwiti saka [[Otsuka Indonésia]] karo [[Pocari Sweat]], perusahaan-perusahaan [[Jepang]] ing [[Indonésia]] ndawuhi JKT48 dadi bintang iklan produk lan layanan produsèn iku. [[Rakuten]] kerjasama kaliyan [[MNC Media]] ndawuhi JKT48 kanggo iklan Rakuten Belanja Online.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/6228122/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131115509/http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/6228122/ |date=2012-01-31 }} JKT48が楽天のインドネシアECモールのCMに登場！&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Kao]] nganggo JKT48 kanggo iklan [[Laurier]], lan [[Yamaha]] nganggo JKT48 awujud iklan pit montor [[Mio J]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.chunichi.co.jp/article/shizuoka/20120229/CK2012022902000135.html |title=東南アジアに製品研究開発の拠点を　ヤマハ発・柳社長にインタビュー |author= |date=2012-02-29 |work= |publisher=Chunichi Shimbun |accessdate=2012-03-29 }}{{Pranala mati|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sharp]] Electronics Indonésia nganggo JKT48 kanggo kagiyatan promosi.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hariansumutpos.com/2012/03/28190/sharp-indonesia-gandeng-jkt48.htm |title=Sharp Indonésia Gandeng JKT48 |author= |date=2012-03-07 |work= |publisher=Sumut Post |accessdate=2012-03-29 |archive-date=2012-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312220437/http://www.hariansumutpos.com/2012/03/28190/sharp-indonesia-gandeng-jkt48.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; JKT48 nyanyi 2 tembang kanggo promosi ing acara galèri produk Sharp (Sharp konten) ing [[Best Denki]], [[Senayan City]], 4 Maret 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://trendy.nikkeibp.co.jp/article/pickup/20120307/1039954/ |title=JKT48起用！ シャープがインドネシアでシェア拡大狙う |author= |date= |work=大河原克行 |publisher=Nikkei Trendy net |accessdate=2012-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

JKT48 manggung kaliyan [[AKB48]] ing konser ''J-Pop Culture Festival 2012'' ning [[Balai Kartini]], Jakarta, 25 Fèbruari 2012. Festival punika awujud saka kerjasama [[Kedutaan Besar Jepang]] ing Jakarta karo [[Japan Foundation]] Jakarta, [[Kemeterian Pariwisata lan Ékonomi Kreatif]] Indonésia, Komunitas Alumni Jepang ing Indonésia, lan [[Universitas Al-Azhar Indonésia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.id.emb-japan.go.jp/jpopculfest.html |title=Japan Pop Culture Festival (25 - 26 Februari 2012) |author= |date=2012-01-31 |work= |publisher=Kedutaan Besar Jepang di Indonésia |accessdate=2012-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; Konser JKT48 dirawuhi nganti 3.000 penonton,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.47news.jp/CN/201202/CN2012022501001699.html |title=ＡＫＢ４８、ジャカルタで公演　Ｊポップ紹介イベント |author= |date=2012-02-25 |work= |publisher=47 News |accessdate=2012-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150721154752/http://www.47news.jp/CN/201202/CN2012022501001699.html |archive-date=2015-07-21 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; kalebu uga ''[[Otaku|wota]]'' sing nyeluki lan nyemangati ''[[Wotagei|mix]]'' ing basa Jepang.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mainichi.jp/enta/geinou/news/20120226spn00m200003000c.html |title=ＡＫＢ４８：インドネシアでＪＫＴと“合体”ライブ！ |author= |date= |work= |publisher=Mainichi Shimbun |accessdate=2012-03-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301083557/http://mainichi.jp/enta/geinou/news/20120226spn00m200003000c.html |archivedate=2012-03-01 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing 17-20 mei 2012, JKT48 nglakoaké debut ing tèater sawatara, gedung Nyi Ageng Sèrang, Pasar Fèstival, Kuningan Jakarta Selatan. JKT48 gawa sètlist (album konsèr) &quot;[[Pajama Drive]]&quot; ing vèrsi basa Indonésia.

Ing tanggal 17 Juli 2012, JKT48 tampil ''live'' ing acara télévisi bertajuk ''Mega Konsèr JKT48'' sing ditampilaké [[RCTI]]. ana 10 tembang luwih sing digawa déning JKT48 ing konsèr iku.

Teater resmi Permanen JKT48 ngadhek padha 8 September 2012 ing lantai 4 mal [[fX Lifestyle X'nter]], Sudirman, Jakarta. JKT48 tetep nampilake ''Pajama Drive'' sing sadurungé wis ditampilake ing gedung teater sawatara lan uga ''Mega Konser JKT48''. setlist pajama drive wis tau ditampilake nganti kaping 3 konser, yaiku (17–20 Mèi, 14–17 Juni, dan 13–15 Juli 2012) ing gedung Nyi Ageng Sèrang, Pasar Fèstival, Kuningan Jakarta Selatan. Lan [[Pasaraya Grande]], [[Blok M]].

Perayaan Tanggap Warsa JKT48 ditindakaké ing Teater JKT48, 23 desember 2012, lan langsung tayang olèh [[RCTI]] ing acara ''[[Dahsyat]]''. Acara Dimulai dengan pengumuman setlist anyar &quot;[[Aturan Anti Cinta]]&quot; (''Renai Kinshi Jourei'') sebagai sesirah pertunjukan teater salajengipun ing tanggal 26 desember 2012. Ing acara tanggap warsa iku, penonton uga dikei CD Promo tembang sing nganggo basa indonesia saka JKT48, yaiku: &quot;[[Heavy Rotation]]&quot;, &quot;[[Baby! Baby! Baby!]]&quot;, &quot;[[Ponytail to Chou Chou]]&quot; (&quot;Ponytail lan Shu-shu&quot;), uga nurut &quot;[[Kimi no Koto ga Suki Dakara]]&quot; (&quot;Karena Kusuka Dirimu&quot;), sing pendhak isi CDne 1 waé. 4 CD tersebut kalebu CD promosi Album JKT48 ing arep didol wulan Januari 2012.

[[Gambar:Renai kenshi jourei.jpg|250px|jmpl|ka|setlist 2 Renai kenshi jourei]]

Konser ''JKT48 First Anniversary Event'' digelar ing Gedung Bulutangkis Senayan, uga tanggal 23 desember 2012. Ing konser tersebut diumumkan pangadhekan Tim J sisan panganggkatan 22 anggota génerasi kaping pisan JKT48 uga kalebu [[Aki Takajo]] lan [[Haruka Nakagawa]] sing ditransfer saka [[AKB48]] sebagai anggota Tim J. [[Devi Kinal Putri]] diangkat dadi Kapten Tim J. ing konser iku, JKT48 kapisan nggawa tembang &quot;Hikouki Gumo&quot; saka setlist &quot;[[Aturan Anti Cinta]]&quot;. Aki Takajo dadi posisi sentral ing lagu &quot;[[Karena Kusuka Dirimu]]&quot; sing digawa tim J,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=JKT48:1月に初のCD発売決定　高城&amp;仲川も公演デビューへ|author=|url=http://mainichi.jp/mantan/news/20121224dyo00m200022000c.html|newspaper=Mainichi jp|date=2012-12-24|accessdate=2012-12-24|archiveurl=https://archive.ph/20130423085946/http://mainichi.jp/mantan/news/20121224dyo00m200022000c.html|archivedate=2013-04-23|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; lan Generasi 2 JKT48 nggawa lagu &quot;[[Aitakatta]]&quot;.

== Manggung Ning [[Jepang]] ==

[[Gambar:JKT48 ing jepang-1.jpg|250px|jmpl|ka|JKT48 manggung ning jepang]]

=== Taun 2011 ===

JKT48 manggung ing jepang kapisan ing acara konser AKB48 ''Kōhaku Taikō Uta Gassen'', tanggal 20 desember 2011 ing [[Tokyo Dome City Hall]]. enemlas anggotaning JKT48 manggung ing konser kulawarga gedhi [[AKB48]], [[SKE48]], [[NMB48]], lan [[HKT48]]. ing konser iku, JKT48 didelok nganti 2.000 Penonton ing Tokyo Dome City Hall, koser iku uga ditampilake ing 113 layar gedung biyoskup ing kabehe Jepang, uga ing [[Youtube]] lan [[Google+]].&lt;ref name=hatsu /&gt; ing koser punika, Kulawarga gedhen AKB48 ing kabehe persoline wonten 155 manungsa dipar dadi rong tim, tim abang lan tim putih sing pendhak ngusahakake kaprigelan pendhak tim.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hochi.yomiuri.co.jp/entertainment/news/20111221-OHT1T00026.htm |title=ＡＫＢら総勢１５５人が「紅白対抗歌合戦」ファン２０００人熱狂！ |author= |date=2011-12-21 |work= |publisher=Sports Hochi |accessdate=2012-03-29 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111220235358/http://hochi.yomiuri.co.jp/entertainment/news/20111221-OHT1T00026.htm |archivedate=2011-12-20 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; JKT48 kalebu ing tim abang, enemlas anggotaning JKT48 tampil ing panggung dadi bintang tamu kaliyan kejutan kanggé penonton.&lt;ref name=hatsu&gt;{{cite web |url=http://natalie.mu/music/news/61616 |title=AKB48、初の紅白歌合戦イベントは大島優子率いる白組優勝 |author= |date=2011-12-21 |work= |publisher=Natalie |accessdate=2012-03-29 |archive-date=2012-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204052102/http://natalie.mu/music/news/61616 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Amerga wakil tim abang, JKT48 manggung gawa tembang &quot;[[Aitakatta]]&quot; ing basa indonesia, ngadu lawan [[HKT48]] saka tim putih gawa tembang ''Te o Tsunaginagara''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.scramble-egg.com/artist/akb48/161_kouhaku2011_2.htm |title=AKB48紅白対抗歌合戦(2011年)取材レポート(2) |author= |date=2011-12-27 |work= |publisher=Scramble Egg |accessdate=2012-03-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nalika [[21 Dhésèmber]] [[2012]], JKT48 kalebu ing acara Televisi Fuji TV yaiku Waratte Iitomo! nembangake &quot;[[Aitakatta]]&quot; sing lirik lagune nganggo basa Indonésia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://japan.techinsight.jp/2011/12/jkt48-iitomo-hatutojyou201112.html |title=会いたかったDenganmu…」。JKT48が“いいとも”でテレビ番組に初登場。 |author= |date=2011-12-21 |work= |publisher=Techinsight |accessdate=2012-03-29 |archive-date=2022-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027120709/https://japan.techinsight.jp/2011/12/jkt48-iitomo-hatutojyou201112.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Enem anggota JKT48 yaiku: [[Shania Junianatha|Shania]], [[Cleopatra Djapri|Cleopatra]], [[Rena Nozawa|Rena]], [[Nabilah Ratna Ayu Azalia|Nabilah]], [[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani|Melody]], lan [[Ayana Shahab|Ayana]] tampil ing acara promosi pariwisata Indonésia sing dianakake [[Garuda Indonésia]] ning [[Papan Anggegana Internasional Narita]], [[24 Dhésèmber]] [[2011]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.j-cast.com/mono/2011/12/24117448.html |title=JKT48が成田でイベント　会場から「かわいい！」 |author= |date=2011-12-24 |work= |publisher=J-Cast |accessdate=2012-03-29 |archive-date=2012-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511124911/http://www.j-cast.com/mono/2011/12/24117448.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Anggota ==
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;
===Tim J &lt;ref name=&quot;members&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url= http://www.jkt48.com/memberlist-id.html|title= JKT48 Member Profiles|date= |accessdate= 2011-11-03|publisher= JKT48|archive-date= 2012-09-19|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120919220625/http://jkt48.com/memberlist-id.html|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;===

pangadekan tim J ing konser JKT48 First Anniversary Event 23 Dhésèmber 2012.

Generasi kaping pisan uga [[Aki Takajo]] lan [[Haruka Nakagawa]] kalebu Tim J JKT48.

Kapten saka Tim J yaiku [[Devi Kinal Putri]].
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Jeneng lengkap !! Tanggal lair
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Rica Leyona]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1991|8|19}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Diasta Priswarini]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1991|9|9}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Aki Takajo]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1991|10|3}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Nakagawa Haruka]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1992|2|10}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1992|3|24}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Sendy Ariani]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1993|8|12}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Jessica Veranda Tanumihardja]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1993|8|19}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Stella Cornelia]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1994|11|3}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Ghaida Farisya]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1995|5|29}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Rezky Wiranti Dhike]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1995|11|22}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Devi Kinal Putri]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1996|1|2}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Jessica Vania Widjaja]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1996|1|22}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Frieska Anastasia Laksani]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1996|3|4}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Sonya Pandarmawan]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1996|5|18}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Cindy Gulla]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1997|5|29}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Ayana Shahab]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1997|6|3}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Delima Rizky]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1997|10|25}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Sonia Natalia]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1997|12|17}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Beby Chaesara Anadila]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1998|3|18}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Gabriela Margareth Warouw]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1998|4|11}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Rena Nozawa]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1998|5|6}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Shania Junianatha]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1998|6|27}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;|[[Nabilah Ratna Ayu Azalia]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1999|11|11}}
|}

=== Transfer saka AKB48 ===
{{col|2}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
! Jeneng Jangkep !! Tanggal lair
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;| [[Aki Takajo]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;  align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1991|10|3}}
|-
| bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot;| [[Haruka Nakagawa]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1992|2|10}}
|}
{{end-col}}

=== ''Kenkyuusei'' Generasi kaping pindo&lt;ref name=&quot;Angotane JKT48&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url= http://jkt48.com/member/list-2nd?lang=id|title= JKT48 Profil Anggota|date= |accessdate= 2012-11-04|publisher= JKT48|archive-date= 2012-10-31|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121031151653/http://www.jkt48.com/member/list-2nd?lang=id|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
! Jeneng Lengkap !! Tanggal lair
|-
| [[Alicia Chanzia]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; | {{birth date and age|1999|5|24}}
|-
| [[Annisa Athia]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1997|10|8}}
|-
| [[Cindy Yuvia]] &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shukanbunshun.com/2019/04/cindy-yuvia-ingin-menikah-usai-graduate.html|title=Cindy Yuvia Ingin Menikah JKT48 Graduate|date=2019-03-16|accessdate=2019-03-17|publisher=Shukan Bunshun|language=Indonesian|archive-date=2019-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402210308/https://www.shukanbunshun.com/2019/04/cindy-yuvia-ingin-menikah-usai-graduate.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1998|1|14}}
|-
| [[Della Delila]] ||  bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1998|11|15}}
|-
| [[Dellia Erdita]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1996|12|19}}
|-
| [[Dena Siti Rohyati]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1997|3|15}}
|-
| [[Dwi Putri Bonita]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1997|11|17}}
|-
| [[Fakhiryani Shafariyanti]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1995|7|14}}
|-
| [[Intar Putri Kariina]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1997|10|23}}
|-
| [[Jennifer Hanna]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1998|1|26}}
|-
| [[Jennifer Rachel Natasya]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1999|4|10}}
|-
| [[Lidya Maulida Djuhandar]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1996|8|17}}
|-
| [[Nadhifa Karimah]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1995|11|24}}
|-
| [[Nadila Cindi Wantari]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1998|9|23}}
|-
| [[Natalia|Natalia JKT48]] || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1996|12|28}}
|-
| [[Noella Sisterina]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1997|11|16}}
|-
| [[Novinta Dhini]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1995|11|26}}
|-
| [[Octi Sevpin]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1997|10|7}}
|-
| [[Olivia Robberecht]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1997|5|21}}
|-
| [[Priscillia Sari Dewi]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1999|4|5}}
|-
| [[Ratu Vienny Fitrilya]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1996|2|23}}
|-
| [[Riskha Fairunissa]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1996|3|22}}
|-
| [[Rona Anggreani]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1995|3|19}}
|-
| [[Saktiya Oktapyani]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1995|10|1}}
|-
| [[Shinta Naomi]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1994|6|4}}
|-
| [[Sinka Juliani]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1996|6|4}}
|-
| [[Thalia]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1996|12|22}}
|-
| [[Thalia Ivanka Elizabeth]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1999|6|29}}
|-
| [[Viviyona Apriani]]  || bgcolor=&quot;ccffcc&quot; align=&quot;right&quot;| {{birth date and age|1994|4|13}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; vertical-align: top; white-space: nowrap; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;

=== Mantan anggota ===
==== Generasi Kaping pisan ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Jeneng !! Tanggal lair !! Tanggal lulus
|-
| [[Siti Gayatri]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1993|3|11}} || 12 Fèbruari 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;pengumuman 2012-2-12&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.facebook.com/notes/jkt48/pengumuman-pengunduran-diri-siti-gayatri-dan-intania-pratama-ilham/332945136748536 |title=Wara-wara Pengunduran Diri Siti Gayatri dan Intania Pratama Ilham |date=2012-02-12 |publisher=JKT48 |accessdate=2013-01-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Intania Pratama Ilham]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1991|7|19}} || 12 Fèbruari 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;pengumuman 2012-2-12&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Allisa Astri]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1990|6|23}} || 10 Mèi 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;perihal 105&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/38?lang=id |title=Perihal Fahira Al Idrus dan Allisa Astri |date=2012-05-10 |publisher=JKT48 Official Web Site |accessdate=2013-01-20 }}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Fahira al-Idrus]] || align=&quot;right&quot;|{{birth date and age|1998|7|27}} || 10 Mèi 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;perihal 105&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Neneng Rosediana]] || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{birth date and age|1999|1|24}} || 25 November 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;beritaochi&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url= http://www.jkt48.com/news/detail/id/85?lang=id|title= Mengenai Neneng Rosdiana|date= |accessdate= 2012-11-21|publisher= JKT48|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20121122233918/http://www.jkt48.com/news/detail/id/85?lang=id|archive-date= 2012-11-22|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Cleopatra Djapri]] || align=&quot;right&quot; |{{birth date and age|1993|12|20}} || 10 Dhésèmber 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;beritacleo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url= http://www.jkt48.com/news/detail/id/91?lang=id|title= Mengenai Cleopatra Japri|date= |accessdate= 2012-12-10|publisher= JKT48|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230605200038/https://jkt48.com/news/detail/id/91?lang=id|archive-date= 2023-06-05|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Alissa Galliamova]] || align=&quot;right&quot; |{{birth date and age|1993|8|28}}}} || 16 Januari 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;beritamova&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url= http://www.jkt48.com/news/detail/id/108?lang=id|title= Mengenai Alissa Galliamova|date= |accessdate= 2013-01-22|publisher= JKT48|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130123004925/http://www.jkt48.com/news/detail/id/108?lang=id|archive-date= 2013-01-23|url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==== Generasi Kaping Pindo ====
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Nama !! Tanggal lair !! Tanggal lulus
|-
| Althea Callista || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{birth date and age|1997|7|11}}}} || 10 Januari 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;Mengenai20130110&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jkt48.com/news/detail/id/102?lang=id |title=Mengenai Althea Callista dan Nurhalima Oktavianti |date=2013-01-10 |publisher=JKT48 Official Web Site |accessdate=2013-01-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130112013644/http://www.jkt48.com/news/detail/id/102?lang=id |archive-date=2013-01-12 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Nurhalima Oktavianti || align=&quot;right&quot; | {{birth date and age|1996|10|18}}}} || 10 Januari 2013&lt;ref name=&quot;Mengenai20130110&quot; /&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: left; vertical-align: top; margin-right: 1em;&quot;&gt;-

== Diskografi ==

Temabang saka basa Jepang, sing digubah ning basa Indonésia:

Singgel:

;AKB48

* &quot;[[Heavy Rotation (lagu AKB48)|Heavy Rotation]]&quot; (versi Indonésia), [[video musik]], 14 Januari 2012
* &quot;[[Aitakatta|Aitakatta/Ingin Bertemu]]&quot; (versi Indonésia), Fèbruari 2012
* &quot;[[&quot;Kimi no Koto ga Suki Dakara&quot;|Kimi no Koto ga Suki Dakara/Karena Ku Suka Dirimu]] (versi Indonésia), Maret 2012
* &quot;[[Ponytail to shushu]]&quot; (versi Indonésia), Juni 2012
* &quot;[[Baby! Baby! Baby!]]&quot; (versi Indonésia), Juli 2012
* &quot;[[Oogoe Diamond]] (versi Indonésia), Januari 2013
* &quot;[[Namida Surprise!]] (versi Indonésia), Januari 2013

;SKE48
* &quot;[[Gomen ne, Summer]] (Maafkan, Summer)&quot; (versi Indonésia) Dhésèmber 2012

;NMB48
* &quot;[[Kitagawa Kenji]] (Versi Indonésia) Januari 2013

;Tim J JKT48
* Setlist 1 &quot;[[Pajama Drive|Pajama Drive Setlist]]
** &quot;[[Hissatsu Teleport]]&quot; (versi Indonésia), Agustus 2012
** &quot;[[Shiroi Shirts]]&quot; (versi indonesia), September 2012
** &quot;[[Pajame Drive]]&quot; (versi indonesia), September 2012
** &quot;[[Inochi no Tsukaimichi]]&quot; (versi indonesia), September 2012
** &quot;[[Suifu wa Arashi ni Yume wo Miru]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Oktober 2012
** &quot;[[Two Years Later]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Oktober 2012
** &quot;[[Kagami no Naka no Jean Da Arc]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Oktober 2012
** &quot;[[Temodemo no Namida]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Oktober 2012
** &quot;[[Tenshi No Shippo]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Oktober 2012
** &quot;[[Junjou Shugi]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Oktober 2012
** &quot;[[Gokigen Naname na Mermaid]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Oktober 2012
** &quot;[[Futari Nori no Jitensha]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Oktober 2012
** &quot;[[overture]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Oktober 2012
* Setlist 2 &quot;[[Renai Kinshi Jourei|Renai Kinshi Jourei Setlist]]
** &quot;[[Nagai Hikari]] (Cahaya Panjang), Januari 2013
** &quot;[[Squall no Aida Ni]] (Di Tengah Hujan Badai Tiba-Tiba), Januari 2013
** &quot;[[JK Nemurihime]] (Gadis SMA Putri Tidur), Januari 2013
** &quot;[[Kimi ni Au Tabi Koi wo Suru]] (Jatuh Cinta Setiap Bertemu Denganmu), Januari 2013
** &quot;[[Kuroi Tenshi]] (Malaékat Hitam): ((C)Melody,Gaby,Jeje), Januari 2013
** &quot;[[Heart Gata Virus]] (Virus Tipe Hati): (C)Haruka,Rena,Ayana, Januari 2013
** &quot;[[Renai Kinshi Jourei]] (Aturan Anti Cinta) ((C)Akicha,Ve,Beby), Januari 2013
** &quot;[[Tsundere!]] ((C)Nabila,Cindy,Sendy), Januari 2013
** &quot;[[Manatsu no Christmas Rose]] (Mawar Natal Mangsa Panas):((C)Shania,Dhike,Kinal,Ghaida), Januari 2013
** &quot;Switch, Januari 2013
** &quot;109, Januari 2013
** &quot;[[Hikoukigumo]] (Jejak Awan Pesawat), Januari 2013
** &quot;[[Ano koro no Sneakers]] (Sneakers Waktu Itu), Januari 2013
** &quot;[[JKT Sanjou!]] (JKT Datang!), Januari 2013
** &quot;[[Namida no Shinkokyuu]] (Nafas Dalam Air Mata), Januari 2013
** &quot;[[Oogoe Diamond]] (Teriakan Berlian), Januari 2013

;TEAM Kenkyusei
* &quot;[[Hissatsu Teleport]]&quot; (versi Indonésia), Dhésèmber 2013
* &quot;[[Shiroi Shirts]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Januari 2013
* &quot;[[Pajame Drive]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Januari 2013
* &quot;[[Inochi no Tsukaimichi]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Januari 2013
* &quot;[[Suifu wa Arashi ni Yume wo Miru]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Januari 2013
* &quot;[[Two Years Later]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Januari 2013
* &quot;[[Kagami no Naka no Jean Da Arc]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Januari 2013
* &quot;[[Temodemo no Namida]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Januari 2013
* &quot;[[Tenshi No Shippo]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Januari 2013
* &quot;[[Junjou Shugi]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Januari 2013
* &quot;[[Gokigen Naname na Mermaid]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Januari 2013
* &quot;[[Futari Nori no Jitensha]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Januari 2013
* &quot;[[overture]]&quot; (versi indonesia), Januari 2013

== Penampilan ==

=== Indonésia ===

==== Acara varietas ====
* ''[[JKT48 School]]''

==== Konser ====
* ''J-Pop Culture Festival 2012'', Balai Kartini, Jakarta, 25 Fèbruari 2012
* ''Konser Cinta Jakarta'', [[RCTI]], 22 Juni 2012
* ''Konser Terbaik [[Anugerah Musik Indonésia 2012|15th AMI Awards 2012]]'', 9 Juli 2012 di [[RCTI]]
* ''Mega Konser JKT48'', RCTI, 17 Juli 2012
* ''Mahakarya RCTI 23 Tahun'', RCTI, 8 Agustus 2012
* ''Konser Super Dahsyat'', RCTI, 1 September 2012
* ''Pista Lamp10n'', [[Global TV]], 8 Oktober 2012
* ''Konser 'AMA21NG' Ulang Tahun Ke-21 MNCTV'', [[MNCTV]], 20 Oktover 2012
* ''11th Anniversary Concert Kota Wisata Batu'' (10 November 2012, Alun-alun Kota Batu, Jawa Wétan)
* ''HUT Emas Seskoal 50 Anniversary'' (17 November 2012, Pasisir Karnaval Ancol, Jakarta)
* ''Konser Super Dahsyat &quot;Hello Goodbye&quot;'', RCTI, 26 November 2012
* ''Salut Indonésia 2012'', Global TV, 2 Dhésèmber 2012
* ''JKT48 First Anniversary Event'', 23 Dhésèmber 2012, Gedung Bulutangkis Senayan, Jakarta
* ''Konser Cinta &quot; Sendiri Itu Seru'', 13 Fèbruari 2013
* ''Konser JKT48: Warnai Harimu'', 17 Fèbruari 2013

==== Penampilan Non Konser ====
* ''Festival Jak-Japan Matsuri 2012'', Jakarta, 23 dan 30 September 2012
* ''HAI Day'', Parkir Timur Senayan, Jakarta, 27 Oktober 2012
* ''Perayaan HUT Kota Batu Ke-11'', Malang, Jawa Wétan, 10 November 2012
* ''Pekan Produk Kreatif Indonésia 2012'', Epicentrum Walk, Jakarta, 21 November 2012
* ''Yahoo! OMG Award 2012'', Balai Kartini, Jakarta, 24 November 2012
* ''Jelajah TKP (Perayaan Ulang Tahun KASKUS Ke-13)''. Tenis Indoor Senayan, 25 November 2012

==== Televisi ====
* ''[[100% Ampuh]]'', 3 Dhésèmber 2011 di [[Global TV]]
* ''[[100% Ampuh]]'', 17 Dhésèmber 2011 di Global TV
* ''[[Inbox]]'', 26 Januari 2012 di [[SCTV]]
* ''[[I-Pop]]'', 28 Januari 2012 di [[SCTV]]
* ''[[100% Ampuh]]'', 29 Januari 2012 di Global TV
* ''[[100% Ampuh]]'', 10 Fèbruari 2012 di Global TV
* ''[[Hitzteria]]'', 13 Fèbruari 2012 di [[Indosiar]]
* ''[[A-POP]]'', 18 Fèbruari 2012 di [[Sindo TV]]
* ''[[100% Lampion Cinta]]'', 22 Fèbruari 2012 di Global TV
* ''[[Fokus Selebriti]]'', 22 Fèbruari 2012 di Global TV
* ''[[Obsesi]]'', 27 Fèbruari 2012 di Global TV
* ''[[A-POP]]'', 18 Maret 2012 di Sindo TV
* ''[[100% Ampuh]]'', 10 Maret 2012 di Global TV
* ''[[Teenlicious]]'', 11 Maret 2012 di Global TV
* ''[[Inbox]]'', 12 Maret 2012 di [[SCTV]]
* ''[[Brownies]]'', 14 Maret 2012 di [[Trans7]]
* ''[[Bukan Empat Mata]]'', 29 Maret 2012 di Trans7
* ''[[100% Ampuh]]'', 1 April 2012 di Global TV
* ''[[100% Ampuh]]'', 8 April 2012 di Global TV
* ''[[Putih Abu Abu]]'', 8 April 2012 (Episode 56) di SCTV
* ''[[Warna]]'', 10 April 2012 di [[Trans7]]
* ''[[100% Ampuh]]'', 14 April 2012 di Global TV
* ''[[Indonésia Beraksi]]'', 27 April 2012 di [[MNCTV]]
* ''[[Kungfu Chef]]'', 5 Mèi 2012 di Global TV
* ''[[Inter Milan Summer Tour 2012]]'', 23 Mèi 2012 di RCTI
* ''[[Teenlicous]]'', 27 Mèi 2012 di Global TV
* ''[[Hitam Putih]]'', 3 Juni 2012 di [[Trans7]]
* ''[[Comedy Project]]'', 4 Juni 2012 di [[Trans TV]]
* ''[[Anugerah Musik Indonésia 2012|15th AMI Awards 2012]]'', 4 Juli 2012 di [[RCTI]]
* ''Konser Terbaik [[Anugerah Musik Indonésia 2012|15th AMI Awards 2012]]'', 9 Juli 2012 di [[RCTI]]
* ''JKT48 2nd Generation Audition'', 29 September 2012, RCTI
* ''JKT48 2nd Generation Final Audition'', 6 Oktober 2012, RCTI
* ''Konser 'AMA21NG' Ulang Tahun Ke-21 MNCTV'', 20 Oktober 2012 di [[MNCTV]]
* ''[[Opera Van Java]]'', 24 Oktober 2012 di [[Trans7]]
* ''JKT48 2nd Generation Road To Japan'', 27 Oktober 2012, RCTI
* ''JKT48 2nd Generation Final Audition in Japan'', 17 November 2012, RCTI
* ''[[Sedap Malam]]'', 21 November 2012 di RCTI
* ''[[Indonésia Mencari Bakat]]'', 19 Januari 2012 di Trans TV
* ''[[Idola Cilik]]'', 3 Fèbruari 2013 di RCTI
* ''[[Hitam Putih]]'', Fèbruari 2013 di [[Trans7]]
* ''[[Coboy Junior Show]]'', 7 Fèbruari 2013 di [[ANTV]]
* ''[[Insert]]'', 12 Fèbruari 2013 di [[Trans TV]]
* &quot;[[Mel's Update]]&quot; Episode 95, 13 Fèbruari 2013 di ANTV

==== Pertunjukan teater ====
===== Teater Sawetara =====
* ''JKT48 1st Theater Live &quot;[[Pajama Drive]]&quot;'', Nyi Ageng Serang, Pasar Festival, Kuningan Jakarta Selatan, 17-20 Mèi 2012
* ''JKT48 June 2012 Theater &quot;[[Pajama Drive]]&quot;'', Studio 7 Pasaraya Grande Blok M Jakarta, 14-17 Juni 2012
* ''JKT48 July 2012 Theater &quot;[[Pajama Drive]]&quot;'', Studio 7 Pasaraya Grande Blok M Jakarta, 13-15 Juli 2012

===== Teater JKT48 =====
* Generasi 1 &quot;[[Team A 5th Stage &quot;Renai Kinshi Jourei&quot;#Pertunjukan JKT48 Team J 1st Stage &quot;Renai Kinshi Jourei&quot;|Pajama Drive]]&quot; (8 September 2012–13 Dhésèmber 2012)
* Tim J &quot;[[Renai Kinshi Jourei]]&quot; (26 Dhésèmber 2012–)
* Generasi 2 &quot;[[Team B 3rd Stage &quot;Pajama Drive&quot;#Pertunjukan Teater Generasi 2 JKT48 &quot;Pajama Drive&quot;|Pajama Drive]]&quot; (11 Januari 2013–)

==== Iklan ====
* [[Pocari Sweat]] &quot;Youth, Sweat, Beautiful&quot; (Dhésèmber 2011)
*: Lagu iklan: &quot;[[Heavy Rotation (lagu AKB48)|Heavy Rotation]]&quot; (versi Indonésia/versi Jepang)
* [[Rakuten]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/6228122/ |title=JKT48が楽天のインドネシアECモールのCMに登場！ |author= |date=2012-01-27 |work= |publisher=RBB Today |access-date=28 Januari 2012 |archive-date=2012-01-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120131115509/http://news.livedoor.com/article/detail/6228122/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Laurier]] &quot;Active Day&quot;, Laurier &quot;Relax Night&quot;
*: Lagu iklan: &quot;[[Kimi no Koto ga Suki Dakara|Kimi no Koto ga Suki Dakara/Karena Ku Suka Dirimu]]&quot; (versi Indonésia)
* [[Yamaha]] Indonésia, Mio J
*: Lagu iklan: &quot;[[Aitakatta|Aitakattta/Ingin Bertemu]]&quot;
* [[Pocari Sweat]] &quot;Heavy Rotation Dance Cover&quot;
*: Lagu iklan: &quot;Heavy Rotation&quot;
* [[Biore]] Body Foam: Freshy Blossom: Stella, Melody, Dhike
*: Lagu iklan: &quot;[[Ponytail to Shushu]]&quot;
* [[Sharp Corporation|Sharp]] Aquos
*: Lagu iklan: &quot;[[Baby! Baby! Baby!]]&quot;
* [[Pocari Sweat]] &quot;Love Letter&quot;: Nakagawa,Shania,Takajo,Nakagawa
*: Lagu iklan: &quot;[[Gomen ne, Summer]]&quot; (versi Jepang)
* [[Pocky]] JKT48 Member
*: Lagu iklan: &quot;[[Baby! Baby! Baby!]]&quot;
* [[Pocari Sweat]] &quot;Movie&quot;: Shania, Takajo,Melody,Nakagawa
*: Lagu iklan: &quot;[[Gomen ne, Summer]]&quot; (versi Jepang)
* [[Pocari Sweat]] &quot;Presentation&quot;: Takajo,Melody,Shania,Nakagawa
*: Lagu iklan: &quot;[[Gomen ne, Summer]]&quot; (versi Jepang)

==== Majalah ====
* ''[[Teen]]'' edisi 278
* ''[[GADIS]]'' 8-17 Mèi 2012
* ''[[HAI]]'' edisi 34, 20-27 Agustus 2012
* ''The 1st Official Guide Book &quot;LOVE JKT48&quot;'' (14 September 2012)
* ''[[NYLON]]'' Indonésia November 2012, RADAR &quot;Bright Young Things&quot; (Melody, Veranda, Ghaida, Ayana, Nabilah, Shania, Stella)
* ''[[HAI]]'' Senin, 24 Dhésèmber 2012

=== Jepang ===
==== Konser ====
* ''1st AKB48 Kōhaku Taikō Uta Gassen'' ([[20 Dhésèmber]] [[2011]], [[Tokyo Dome City Hall]]), 16 anggota
* ''AKB48 Request Hour Setlist Best 100 2012'' ([[20 Januari]] [[2012]], Tokyo Dome City Hall), 12 anggota, sebagai ''[[encore (konser)|ancora]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.scramble-egg.com/artist/akb48/166setlist2012_2.htm |title=AKB48 リクエストアワー セットリストベスト100 2012(2日目) |author= |date=2012-01-21 |work= |publisher=Scramble Egg |access-date=23 Januari 2012 |language=Jepang}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''AKB48 Gyoumu Renraku. Tanomuzo, Katayama Buchou!'' (23-25 Maret 2012, [[Saitama Super Arena]])
* ''AKB48 in Tokyo Dome &quot;1830m no Yume&quot;'' (24-26 Agustus 2012, [[Tokyo Dome]]), 16 anggota
* ''2nd AKB48 Kōhaku Taikō Uta Gassen'' ([[17 Dhésèmber]] [[2012]], [[Tokyo Dome City Hall]]), 16 anggota ([[Aki Takajo]], [[Haruka Nakagawa]], [[Ayana Shahab|Ayana]], [[Beby Chaesara Anadila|Beby]], [[Cindy Gulla|Cindy]], [[Devi Kinal Putri|Kinal]], [[Ghaida Farisya|Ghaida]], [[Jessica Vania]], [[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani|Melody]], [[Nabilah Ratna Ayu Azalia|Nabilah]], [[Rena Nozawa|Rena]], [[Rezky Wiranti Dhike|Dhike]], [[Sendy Ariani|Sendy]])

==== Televisi ====
* [[Morita Kazuyoshi]] Hour, ''[[Waratte Iitomo!]]'' ([[21 Dhésèmber]] [[2011]], [[Fuji TV]])
* ''[[Seyanen!]]'' (Ōmisoka RokeSP Kettei! Ima Kore Mite Hoshii Taisho!) ([[31 Dhésèmber]] [[2011]], [[Mainichi Broadcasting System|MBS]]), wewengkon tayang Kansai dan sekitarnya
* ''[[Kōhaku Uta Gassen]]'' ([[31 Dhésèmber]] [[2011]], [[NHK]])
* ''[[AKB to Chome Chome!]]'' ([[13 September]], [[27 September]] [[2012]], [[Yomiuri Telecasting Corporation|YTV]]), wewengkon tayang Kansai dan sekitarnya
* ''[[Shukan AKB]]'' ([[14 September]], [[21 September]], [[28 September]] [[2012]], [[TV Tokyo]])
* ''[[J-Melo]]'' ([[15 Oktober]] [[2012]], [[NHK]])

==== Iklan ====
* Nameraka Honpo, [[Tokiwa Pharmaceuticals]] (16 April 2012–)

==== Majalah ====
* ''[[TVnavi]]'' (24 Januari 2012), 16 anggota
* ''[[BEAUTIFUL Lady &amp; TELEVISION|BLT]]'' (24 Januari 2012), bersama [[Ayana Shahab|Ayana]], [[Shania Junianatha|Shania]], [[Cleopatra Japri|Cleopatra]], [[Rena Nozawa|Rena]], [[Sonya Pandarmawan|Sonya]], dan [[Jessica Veranda|Jessica]].
* ''[[smart (kalawarta)|smart]]'' (24 Januari 2012), 3 anggota ([[Nabilah Ratna Ayu Azalia|Nabilah]], [[Ghaida Farisya|Ghaida]], [[Sonya Pandarmawan|Sonya]]).
* ''[[Nikkei Entertainment!]]'' (3 Fèbruari 2012), 16 anggota (wawancara dengan Nozawa, Shania, dan Jessica Veranda)
* ''[[Shūkan Shōnen Magazine]]'' (15 Fèbruari 2012), 6 anggota (Jessica Veranda, Shania, Frieska, Stella, Dhike, Nozawa)
* ''[[Magazine Special]]'' (20 Maret 2012)
* ''[[Manga Action]]'' (18 Dhésèmber 2012), foto sampul, poster, dan sesi pemotretan di Jakarta: Nakagawa, Takajo, [[Ayana Shahab|Ayana]], [[Nabilah Ratna Ayu Azalia|Nabilah]], [[Stella Cornelia|Stella]], [[Jessica Veranda|Ve]], [[Shania Junianatha|Shania]], [[Melody Nurramdhani Laksani|Melody]]

== Bebungah ==

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Taun
! Acara
! Nominasi
! Karya
! Kasil
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot;|  2012
| Yahoo! OMG Awards Indonésia
| Best Group (grup paling apik)
| 
| {{won}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot;| HAI Readers Music Awards 2012 &lt;ref name=&quot;HAIMusicAwards&quot;&gt;[http://www.jkt48stuff.com/2012/11/hai-readers-poll-music-awards-2012/ &quot;JKT48 is nominated in HAI Reader’s Poll Music Awards 2012&quot;], JKT48Stuff. 29 Nov 2012. Diaksès nalika 1 Januari 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; 
| Best Single
| [[Heavy Rotation]]
| Menang
|-
| Best Costume
|
| Menang
|-
| Best Stage Performance
|
| Menang
|-
| Best Freshmeat
|
| Menang
|-
| Best of The Best (non-nominasi)
|
| Menang
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|  2013
| 100% Ampuh Awards
| Co Cuit (Best Female Group)
| 
| Menang
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|  DAHSYAT-nya Awards 2013
| Pendatang Baru Terdahsyat
| 
| Menang
|-
| Aksi Panggung Terdahsyat
| 
| kalebu nominasi
|-
|}

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{official|www.jkt48.com/}} {{ja}}
* {{Facebook|official.JKT48}}
* {{Twitter|officialJKT48}}
* {{YouTube|user=JKT48|JKT48}}
{{artikel pilihan}}

[[Kategori:Rintisan bertopik grup musik]]
[[Kategori:Grup musik Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Grup musik yang didirikan taun 2011]]
[[Kategori:AKB48]]
[[Kategori:JKT48]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ampyang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1761207</id>
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      <text bytes="4581" sha1="o2pzqpbqw93ostub4ivl81ns9ku5nzs" xml:space="preserve">{{Artikel ing krama}}
{{Infobox prepared food
| name             = Ampyang 
| image            = 5. Ampyang 3.jpg|
| image_size       = 280px
| caption          = Ampyang kacang kang ditumpuk
| alternate_name   = 
| country          = [[Indonésia]]
| region           = [[Jawa]]
| creator          = 
| course           = Nyamikan
| type             = Jajanan
| served           = Adhem
| main_ingredient  = [[Kacang]]. [[Gula]] Jawa, [[Jaé]]
| variations       = 
| calories         = 
| other            = 
}}
'''Ampyang''' inggih punika kalebet salah satunggaling nyamikan khas [[Jawa]] ingkang dipundamel saking [[kacang]] dipuncampur [[gula jawa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 1&quot;&gt;[http://www.resepkomplit.com/resep-ampyang-kue-dari-gula-merah.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207003557/http://www.resepkomplit.com/resep-ampyang-kue-dari-gula-merah.html |date=2013-02-07 }} Resep Ampyang: Kue dari Gula Merah | Resep Masakan Komplit (dipunundhuh tanggal 17 Dhésèmber 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; Raosipun ampyang punika legi, tur gurih. Ingkang damel ampyang kraos éco punika jae ingkang minangka salah satunggaling bahan dhasar damel ampyang. Kanthi wontenipun jaé, tiyang ingkang dhahar ampyang badhé langkung anget badanipun saéngga saged damel badan pribadi langkung saras. Ampyang punika dhedhaharan ingkang prasaja sanget cara damelipun. Nanging sajatosipun supados raosipun ampyang punika saged manis lan éco, kacangipun gurih, saha [[gula]] nipun boten gosong dipunbetahaken kathah gladhi masak ampyang punika. Kanggé resèpipun punika ngginakaken takeran kira-kira. Nanging ugi wonten ingkang ngginakaken bahan-bahan kanthi takeran ingkang sampun dipunukur, kados perbandinganipun 1:1 utawi 2:1, sadayanipun miturut pamanggih ilat saben tiyang ingkang damel. Sampun kesupen dipunsukani sarem. Wonten ing resèp sanèsipun wonten ingkang boten ngginakaken toya saha gendhis pasir minangka bahan tambahanipun. Samangké manawi resèp punika dipundamel badhé ngasilaken ampyang kanthi raos gendhis [[aren]] ingkang langkung legit saha kacang kanthi langkung renyah.
Jinising ampyang ingkang dipunsadé wonten ing kathah toko sapunika langkung manéka warna. Wonten ingkang dipundamel saking kacang brol, kacang [[mete]], ugi supados langkung narik kawigatosan wonten ingkang dipundamel saking [[coklat]].

== Bahan-bahanipun ==
Bahan-bahan ingkang dipun-ginakaken kanggé damel ampyang inggih punika kados makaten:&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;&gt;[http://resepmasakanindonesia.info/resep-ampyang-kacang-tanah/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121231224716/http://resepmasakanindonesia.info/resep-ampyang-kacang-tanah/ |date=2012-12-31 }} Resep Ampyang kacang tanah (dipunundhuh tanggal 17 Dhésèmber 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;
* 300 gr [[kacang brol]]
* 100 gr [[gendhis]] pasir
* 200 gr [[gendhis jawa]]
* 75 ml [[toya]]
* 8&amp;nbsp;cm [[jae]]

== Caranipun damel ==

# Kacang brol dipungongso ngantos mateng, lajeng dipunangkat lan dipunpisah.
# Gendhis pasir, gula jawa, lan kacang brol dipungongso ngantos mateng, dipunangkat, lajeng dipunsisihaken.
# Masak gendhis pasir, gendhis jawi, toya, lan jae ing wajan,kanthi geni ingkang alit.
# Masak dumugi gulanipun kenthel.
# Lebetaken kacang brol, dipuncampur ngantos rata.
# Sukani 1 sdm adhonan gendhis kacang ing ngandhap tampah.
# Manawi sampun garing lan atos, dipunpisahaken saking papanipun.
# Simpen ing papan ingkang garing saha kirang hawa.

== Tips Damelipun ==
* Supados kacang ingkang dipunpanggang langkung renyah, langkung rata matengipun tinimbang kacang ingkang namung dipungongso, caranipun inggih kanthi kacang dipunpanggang boten pareng kematengen utawi taksih mentah. Titikanipun inggih manawi kulit kacang sampun éwah warninipun radi coklat nanging boten gosong, lajeng kacang sampun mekrok, saha manawi dipundhahar kacang sampun kraos renyah.
* Sadèrèngipun dipuncairaken, gendhis arèn kedah dipuniris-iris alus langkung rumiyin supados boten wonten gendhis ingkang taksih awujud bongkokan ingkang dèrèng nyair nalika dipunmasak.
* Suhu gendhis nika dipunpanasaken punika gadhah pangaribawa sanger dhateng raosipun ampyang samangke. Manawi anggènipun nggongso gendhis kegosongen, raosipun badhé pait. Nanging manawi gendhis ingkang dipunmasak dèrèng nyair sadaya, raosipun kirang mantep.
* Langkung saé manawi ngginakaken [[panci]] ingkang dhasaripun kandel supados geni langkung ngrata lan saged nyebar ing sadaya pérangan panci, saéngga gendhis karamel ingkang dipunmasak langkung rata ugi anggènipun nyair.

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Kategori:Panganan]]
[[Kategori:Jajanan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kanker sèrviks</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>1761311</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-12T11:49:08Z</timestamp>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7)</comment>
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      <text bytes="6002" sha1="5tcwhl6vvj6fjpxhj45xjgrj3br3iim" xml:space="preserve">{{penyangkalan medis}}
[[Gambar:Papilloma Virus (HPV) EM.jpg|thumb|250px|Gambar Virus HPV.]]

'''Kanker sèrviks''' inggih punika kanker ingkang kawontenan ing leher rahim.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;/&gt; Kanker serviks ugi sinebut kanker leher rahim utawi kanker mulut rahim wonten ing lapisan serviks.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;/&gt; Leher rahim inggih punika peranganipun rahim wonten ing ngandhap, ingkang mbukak wonten arah liang vagina.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;/&gt; Kanker sérviks wonten ing badanipun tiyang éstri punika kagolong kabentukipun langkung dangu.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;/&gt; Sel-sèl ingkang normal punika berubah dumados sèl-sèl pra kanker lajeng dumados sèl kanker.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;/&gt; Owah-owahan punika dipunsebat displasia.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;/&gt; Kanker serviks ingkang sampun mlebet tahap lanjut saged nyebar wonten ing organ-organ sanèsipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 1&quot;&gt;[http://tentangkanker.com/2011/mengenal-kanker-serviks-kanker-leher-rahim/] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022021146/http://tentangkanker.com/2011/mengenal-kanker-serviks-kanker-leher-rahim/|date=2012-10-22}}(dipunundhuh tanggal 30 September 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; Sapunika kanker serviks dumados penyebab sedanipun tiyang èstri nomer kalih sasampunimpun jantung koroner.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 1&quot;/&gt; Wonten ing [[Indhonésia|Indonésia]], saben dinten dipuntemuake 40-45 kasus énggal kanker serviks kanthi jumlah ingkang séda ngantos 20-25 tiyang.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;/&gt; Jumlah tiyang èstri ingkang gadhah resiko kanker serviks ngantos 48 yuta tiyang.name= &quot;internet 2&quot;/&gt; Wonten kalih jinisng kanker sérviks ingkang utami inggih punika karsinoma lan sèl skuamosa.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;/&gt; Jinis sanèsipun ingkang ugi asring wonten ing badanipun tiyang èstri inggih punika melanoma, sarkoma, dan limfoma.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;/&gt; Kanker serviks punika cenderung nyerang tiyang èstri paruh baya.name= &quot;internet 2&quot;/&gt; Kathahipun kasus kanker serviks punika dipuntemuake wonten ing tiyang èstri ingkang yuswa 50 taun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;/&gt; Kanker punika ugi saged nyerang tiyang èstri ingkang yuswa 20 taunan nanging boten asring.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;&gt;[http://www.cancerhelps.com/kanker-serviks.htm](dipunundhuh tanggal 30 September 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; Wonten ing Asia Pasifik, Saben taun punika dipuntemuake udakara 266.000 kasus kanker serviks, 143.000 ing antawisipun séda wonten ing yuswa ingkang kagolong produktif.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 3&quot;/&gt; Wonten ing dunya saben taun punika wonten kirang langkung 400.000 kasus énggal kanker serviks, 80 % antawisipun nyerang tiyang èstri wonten nagara ingkang tumuwuh.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 3&quot;&gt;[http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2010/01/25/12525540/Informasi.Akurat.Kanker.Serviks.Belum.Meluas.](dipunundhuh tanggal 30 September 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== penyebabipun kanker serviks ==
Kanker serviks punika dipunsebabaken déning virus HPV [[Human Papilloma Virus]]. Jinising virus ingkang njalari kanker serviks ingkang paling fatal akibatipun inggih punika virus HPV jinis 16 lan 18. Virus punika boten namung nular amargi cuwèran nanging ugi saged amargi sentuhan kulit.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 1&quot;/&gt;

•Radiasi utawi pencemaran bahan kimia.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 1&quot;/&gt;

•Gonta-ganti pasangan sèksual.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 4&quot;&gt;[http://female.kompas.com/read/2010/05/03/19362828/kebiasaan.buruk.yang.memicu.kanker.serviks.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406225558/http://female.kompas.com/read/2010/05/03/19362828/kebiasaan.buruk.yang.memicu.kanker.serviks. |date=2012-04-06 }}(dipunundhuh tanggal 30 September 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

•Mbojo enem (sadèrèngipun 20 taun) amargi leher rahim punika dèrèng siyap anggènipun nrima paparan saking njawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 4&quot;/&gt;

•Tiyang èstri ingkang sok ngandut.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 4&quot;/&gt;

•Rokok.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 4&quot;/&gt;

•Sistem kekebalanipun awak ingkang lemah.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 4&quot;/&gt;

•Ngginakake kontrasepsi oral ingkang dangu.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 4&quot;/&gt;

•Ngginakaken air kotor kanggé mbasuh piranti kelamin.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 4&quot;/&gt;

== tandha-tandha ==
Tandha-tandha fisik ingkang saged dirasaake kaliyan tiyang ingkang ngidhap kanker stadium lanjut inggih punika wonten rasa lara lan pendarahan pas berhubungan intim, keputihan ingkang kaluwihan lan boten normal, perdarahan nanging sanès kagolong siklus menstruasi lan mudhunipun bobot ingkang drastis. Manawi kanker sampun nyerang wonten panggul pasien punika saged kénging keluhan nyeri geger, hambatan wonten kemih sarta ginjel ingkang dumados gedhé. Perkembangan kanker serviks punika kagolong dangu antawis 5-20 taun kanggé owahan sèl nomral dumados sèl-sèl kanker. Pap smear inggih punika métodhe pemeriksaan baku kanggé ndeteksi kanker leher rahim. Cara sanèsipun inggih punika ngginakaken asem asetat (cuka). Nanging manawi badhé ngarepake khasil ingkang akurat sapunika wonten tèhnik ingkang énggal ingkang dipunsebat tèknologi Hybrid Capture II System (HCII).&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 1&quot;/&gt;

== Cara Nyegah Lelara Punika ==
Salah satunggaling pencegahanipun inggih imunisasi HPV kanggé tiyang èstri ingkang dèrèng bebojoan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 4&quot;/&gt; Manawi tiyang èstri ingkang sampun bebojoan punika saged nyegah kanker punika kanthi cara pap smear.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 4&quot;/&gt; Hal-hal sanèsipun ingkang saged nyegah lelara punika inggih ngathahi konsumsi sayuran ingkang warninipun ijo tuwa lan kuning ingkang kathah ngandut betakarotin, [[vitamin C]] lan E.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 5&quot;&gt;[http://www.republika.co.id/berita/gaya-hidup/info-sehat/12/05/05/m3jjr9-ini-cara-mencegah-kanker-serviks](dipunundhuh tanggal 30 September 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;
Perlu ingkang dipungatekaken bilih sadaya tiyang èstri ingkang sampun aktif kanthi sèksual punika saged kénging kanker serviks. Artinipun manawi dèrèng mbojo, nanging tiyang èstri punika. sampun aktif kanthi sèksual, tiyang punika saged berpotensi ngembangaken lelara punika.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 4&quot;/&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Kanker]]
[[Kategori:Kanker serviks]]
[[Kategori:Lelara]]


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    <title>Gunung Rokatenda</title>
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{{Infobox mountain
| name = Gunung Rokatenda 
| other_name = 
| photo = Paluweh.jpg
| photo_caption = Gunung Rokatenda
| elevation_m = 875
| elevation_ref = &lt;ref name=gvp&gt;{{cite gvp|vnum=0604-15=|name=Paluweh|accessdate= 26 Oktober 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| prominance =
| location = [[Flores]], [[Indonésia]]
| range = 
| map = Indonésia
| lat_d=8 |lat_m=19 |lat_s=00 |lat_NS=S| long_d=121 |longp_m=42 |long_s=30 |long_EW=E
| coordinates_ref= &lt;ref name=gvp/&gt;
| topo = 
| type = [[Stratovolcano]]
| age = 
| last_eruption = 1985&lt;ref name=gvp/&gt;
| first_ascent = 
| easiest_route = 
}}

[[Gambar:Gunung Rokatenda.jpg|thumb|Gunung Rokatenda]]

'''Gunung Rokatenda''' ugi kasebat '''Gunung Paluweh''' inggih punika salah satunggaling [[gunung api]] ingkang dumunung ing [[Pulo Palue]], ing sisih [[lor]] Pulo [[Flores]], [[Nusa Tenggara Wétan]], [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 1&quot;&gt;[http://www.metrotvnews.com/read/news/2012/10/18/110486/Status-Gunung-Rokatenda-Naik-Jadi-Siaga/6] {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (dipunundhuh tanggal 26 Oktober 2012)&lt;/ref&gt; Gunung Rokatenda ugi kagolong jinis [[strato]]. Gunung punika ingkang dados titik paling inggil wonten ing Pulo Palue kanthi dhuwuripun dumugi 875 mèter. Miterat cathetan geografisipun, gunung punika mapan wonten ing koordinat 121° 42' bujur timur and 8° 19' lintang selatan.
Gunung geni Rokatenda punika panci namung dhuwuripun 875 mèter saking sak nginggiling [[toya]] [[laut]]. Nanging, miturut data dhasar gunung api Indonésia ingkang dipunsusun déning [[Badan Géologi]] taun 2011, dhuwuripun gunung Rokatenda manawi dipunetang saking dhasaring laut saged dumugi 3.000 [[mèter]].

== Sajarah Gunung Njeblug ==
Gunung Rokatenda sampun asring njeblug. Ing tanggal [[4 Agustus]]-[[25 September]] [[1928]] [[gunung]] punika naté njeblug ageng. Jalaranipun inggih amargi wonten lindhu ingkang dipunsusul [[tsunami]].
Mara baya ingkang paling ageng ingkang naté dipunwedalaken déning gunung rokatenda punika inggih nalika gunung rokatenda njeblug ingkang dipunlajengaken wontenipun [[tsunami]] ing taun [[1928]]. Jejak vulkanis Rokatenda saged dipuntingali saking sebaran ''fumarola'' ingkang rumiyin sampun badhé nutup sadaya pérangan Pulo Palue. Fumarola inggih punika trabasan [[panas bumi]] ingkang awujud sisa-sisa saking aktivitas gunung api kala rumiyin.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 3&quot;&gt;[http://ekspedisi.kompas.com/cincinapi/index.php/detail/articles/2012/07/04/14110993/Mara.Rokatenda.di.Pulau.Palue] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130325044154/http://ekspedisi.kompas.com/cincinapi/index.php/detail/articles/2012/07/04/14110993/Mara.Rokatenda.di.Pulau.Palue |date=2013-03-25 }} Mara Rokatenda di Pulau Palue (dipunundhuh tanggal 11 Januari 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;
Gunung geni Rokatenda punika njedhul saking dhasaring laut, lan njeblug kaping pisan ing taun 1928. Lajeng, gunung punika anteng dangu kirang langkung 35 taun. Nanging, sadèrèngipun taun 1928, gunung rokatenda punika sampun naté njeblug alit rumiyin. Ing pungkasaning taun 1963, Gunung Rokatenda njeblug malih. Lajeng, wiwit punika, ing wekdal 1-8 taun, Gunung Rokatenda njeblug malih ing taun, [[1966]], [[1972]], [[1973]], [[1981]], [[1984]], saha [[1985]]. Nalika gunung punika njeblug, padatanipun ngasilaken kubah lava, kados ingkang sampun kadadosan nalika njeblug kaping pungkasan ing taun 23 Maret 1985. Lan nembé Gunung Rokatenda njeblug malih ing tanggal 21 Dhésèmber [[2012]].
Jeblugan gunung Rokatenda ingkang kadadosan ing sasi Dhésèmber 2012 punika langkung ageng tinimbang nalika gunung punika njeblug ing sasi [[Oktober]] 2012, amargi nalika gunung njeblug ing sasi Dhésèmber dipunsarengi kaliyan medalipun [[geni]] ingkang ageng ingkang medal saking pucuking [[gunung]]. Gunung Rokatenda punika ugi medalaken [[wlahar]] panas, nanging wlahar punika boten dugi kampung para warga, amargi arahipun wlahar tumuju dhateng [[laut]]. Kajawi punika, [[awu]] vulkanik ingkang medal saking gunung langkung inggil saéngga saged nyebar ngantos sadaya wewengkon Pulo Palu'e saha dadosaken reged toya kanggé ngunjuk para warganipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 4&quot;&gt;[http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2012/12/21/058449637/Gunung-Rokatenda-Meletus-Warga-Mengungsi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140414223744/http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2012/12/21/058449637/Gunung-Rokatenda-Meletus-Warga-Mengungsi |date=2014-04-14 }} Gunung Rokatenda Meletus, Warga Mengungsi (dipunundhuh tanggal 11 Januari 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

{{Gunung ing Indonésia}}

[[Kategori:Gunung ing Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Gunung ing Nusa Tenggara Wétan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Guksu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Infobox Korean name
|img=Korean noodles-Bibim guksu-02.jpg
|caption=''Bibim guksu'', jinis bakmi Koréa
|hangul=국수 atau 면
|hanja=tidak ada untuk guksu, [[wikt:麵|麵]]
|rr=guksu atau myeon
|mr=
|}}
'''Guksu''' utawi '''myeon''' utawi jinis ''[[mi]]'', minangka salah satunggaling [[masakan Koréa|makanan pokok Koréa]] ingkang kadamel saking [[glepung gandum]], [[glepung wos]], pati, [[kenthang]], lsp.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 1&quot;&gt;[http://groups.yahoo.com/group/bahasa_korea/message/519 jinis Guksu] {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (dipununduh 10 nopember 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;
== Bahan-bahan mi ==
[[Gambar:Korean cuisine-Naengmyeon-01.jpg|thumb|Naengmyeon]]
wonten ing masakan Koréa, mi kadamel saking warna warni bahan, inggih punika:
* [[Dangmyeon]] (당면; [[sohun]]) – kadamel saking [[pati]], [[tela]], utawi kenthang.
* [[Memil guksu]] (메밀국수) – mi ingkang kadamel saking [[buckwheat]], ugi dipunwastani [[soba]] [[Koréa]] minangka mi ingkang kas asli dataran inggil ing provinsi [[Gangwon]].
* [[Gamja guksu]] (감자국수) – mi ingkang kadamel saking campuran pati kenthang, glepung wos, saha glepung ketan.
* [[Gamjanongma guksu]] (감자농마국수) – mi kas saking provinsi ingkang kadamel saking [[Hwanghae]] kang wujudipun kenyal.
* [[Somyeon]] – mi ingkang kadamel saking gandum ingkang ukuranipun tipis.
* [[Dotori guksu]] – mi ingkang kadamel saking glepung [[acorn]].
* [[Chilk guksu]] (칡국수) – mi ingkang kadamel saking pati [[kudzu]] saha glepung [[buckwheat]].
* [[Ssuk kalguksu]] (쑥칼국수) – mi ingkang kadamel saking gandum saha [[Artemisia princeps]].
* [[Hobak guksu]] (호박국수) – mi ingkang kadamel saking campuran gandum saha [[Labu]].
* [[Kkolttu guksu]] (꼴뚜국수)-mi ingkang kadamel saking campuran buckwheat saha glepung gandum.
* [[Cheonsachae]] – mi bening ingkang kadamel saking ekstrak jelly sasampunipun bethak [[kombu]] saha dipuncampur kaliyan bahan glepung wos saha sari pati.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 1&quot;/&gt;

== Variasi ==
=== Banchan ===
[[Gambar:Korean cuisine-Japchae-01.jpg|thumb|Japchae]]
* [[Japchae]] – ingkang kadamel saking [[dangmyeon]] ([[sohun]]) saha dipunthugel kaliyan bahan sayuran saha daging [[sapi]].
=== Masakan mi saking Cina ===
[[Gambar:Jjampong.JPG|thumb|Jjampong]]
* [[Jajangmyeon]] – mi ingkang kandhel ingkang dipunsajikaken kanthi saus kedele cemeng.
* [[Jjamppong]] (짬뽕) – bakmi ingkang toyanipun pedhes.
=== Mi toya panas ===
[[Gambar:Korean.noodle-Kalguksu-01.jpg|thumb|Kalguksu]]
* [[Janchi guksu]] – mi ingkang dipunsajikaken kanthi kaldu [[iwak]], [[tosan]] sapi utawi [[kombu]].
* [[Kalguksu]] – bakmi ingkang dipunsajikaken kanthi kaldu [[iwak]] saha sayuran.
* [[Gomguksu]] (곰국수) – bakmi kanthi kaldcu tosan.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 1&quot;/&gt;
=== Mi Anyep ===
* [[Bibim guksu]] – mi ingkang dipunsajikaken kanthi toya saus [[gochujang]] saha [[cuka]], kanthi topping tigan rebus, [[timun]] saha [[kimchi]].
* [[Makguksu]] – mi saking buckwheat minangka masakan saking provinsi [[Gangwon]].
* [[Naengmyeon]] – mi tipis saking buckwheat ingkang dipunsajikaken kanthi toya kaldu sapi anyep saha sayuran, tigan saha daging sapi, masakan kas saking [[Koréa Utara]].
* [[Bibim naengmyeon]]-&quot;bakmi anyep campur&quot; minangka naengmyeon tanpa toya ingkang dipunsajikaken kanthi saus [[gochujang]].
* [[Jjolmyeon]] (쫄면) – kados ta bibim naengmyeon nanging wujudipun langkung kenyel.
* [[Milmyeon]] (밀면) – bakmi anyep saking [[Busan]] kados ta bibim naengmyeon.
* [[Kongguksu]] – bakmi toya anyep susu kedele.
* [[Jatguksu]] (잣국수) – mi buckwheat kas kutha [[Gapyeong]], [[Gyeonggi]], ingkang dipunsajikaken kanthi kaldu kang kadamel saking [[kacang cemara]].
* [[Dongchimi guksu]] (동치미국수) – mi gandum utawi buckwheat ingkang dipundhahar kanthi toya anyep.
[[dongchimi]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 1&quot;/&gt;

=== Mi instan ===
* [[Ramyeon]] – [[ramen]] kas Koréa.
* [[Shin ramyun]] – merek ramyeon instan ingkang misuwur ing [[Koréa Kidul]].
Bibim Guksu raos kang utami saking saos, ingkang gadhah raos pedhes manisa saha asem, saha aroma saking lenga wijen. Bibim Guksu punika masakan korea ingkang misuwur rikala mangsa panas ing Koréa.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet 2&quot;&gt;[http://mykoreankitchen.com/2007/05/29/spicy-sweet-and-vinegary-noodles-bibim-guksu/ Pangginaan Guksu] (dipununduh 10 nopember 2012)&lt;/ref&gt;
== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}
== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://www.lifeinkorea.com/food/Food.cfm?Subject=noodle Korean Food: Noodles and Noodle Dishes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090425113803/http://www.lifeinkorea.com/Food/food.cfm?Subject=noodle |date=2009-04-25 }}

{{Masakan Koréa}}
{{Commons category|Guksu}}

[[in:Guksu]]

[[Kategori:Olah-olahan Koréa]]
[[Kategori:Mi]]


{{makanan-stub}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hibari Misora</title>
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{{Infobox musical artist
| Name                = Hibari Misora
| Img                 =
| Img_capt            = Hibari Misora (awal 1950-an)
| Img_size            = 
| Landscape           = 
| Background          = solo_singer
| Birth_name          = Kazue Katō
| Alias               = 
| Birth                = {{birth date|1937|5|29}}
| Died                = {{death date and age|1989|6|24|1937|5|29}}
| Origin              = [[Isogo, Yokohama|Isogo]], [[Yokohama]], [[Jepang]]
| Instrument          = vokal
| Voice_type          = 
| Genre               = [[enka]], [[kayōkyoku]], [[jazz]], [[chanson]]
| Occupation          = [[penyanyi]], [[aktris]]
| Years_active        = 1949-1989
| Label               = 
| Associated_acts     = 
| URL                 = [http://www.misorahibari.com/intro.html Situs resmi]
| Current_members     = 
| Past_members        = 
| Notable_instruments = 
}}

{{nihongo|'''Hibari Misora'''|美空ひばり|''Misora Hibari''|{{lahirmati|[[Yokohama]]|29|5|1937|[[Tokyo]]|24|6|1989}}}} inggih punikz [[penyanyi]] lan [[aktris]] lègèndaris [[Jepang]]. Hibari kalebet salah seorang artis musik ingkang suksès ing donya, ngantos wafatipun, piyambakipun sampun merèkam sawatawis 1.200 lagu lan rekamanipun pajèng ingkang katahipun 68 yuta kopi.&lt;ref name=NYT&gt;{{cite web |title=Hibari Misora, Japanese Singer, 52 |url=http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=950DE7DA1E3EF936A15755C0A96F948260 |date=25 Juni 1989 |work= |publisher=New York Times |accessdate=2009-06-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lagu hit terakhirnya, &quot;Kawa no Nagare no yōni&quot; asring dipunbèta déning artis-artis ingkang misuwur lan orkestra, kalebèt [[The Three Tenors]] dan [[Teresa Teng]].

Dados aktris, Hibari saking taun [[1949]] ngantos [[1971]] mbintangi sawatawis 160 judhul filem. Peranipun ing ''[[Tokyo Kid]]'' (1950) nggambaraken anak jalanan, ugi simbol kerja keras lan optimisme nasional Jepang pasca-[[Perang Dunia II]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Tansman|first=Alan|editor=John Whittier Treat|title=Contemporary Japan and Popular Culture|chapter=Mournful tears and sake: The postwar myth of Misora Hibari|year=1996|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press|University of Hawai'i Press]]|location=Honolulu|isbn=0-824818-54-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Hibari inggih punika wanita Jepang ingkang wiwitan ingkang nampi [[Penghargaan Kehormatan Rakyat]] saking [[Mahamantri Jepang]]. Artis ingkang dados penyanyi rekaman ing yuswa 12 taun punika gadhah asma panggilan kesayangan {{nihongo|Ojō|御嬢||Nona}}.

== Karier ==
=== Masa kecil ===
Dipunlahiraken ing [[Isogo, Yokohama|Isogo-ku]], [[Yokohama]] dados ''Katō Kazue'', putri sulung saking ayah tukang iwak namanipun Katō Masukichi lan ibu rumah tangga namanipun Kimie, bakat musik Hibari sampun katingal sejak usia dini. Kedua orang tuanya penggemar musik, dan mereka memiliki [[fonograf]] di rumah. Hibari kecil remen nyanyi lagu-lagu [[kayōkyoku]] lan lagu ingkang sedang populer wekdal punika.
Ing tengah berkecamukipun [[Perang Dunia II]], ayahipun ing wulan Juni 1943 mangkat ing medan perang. Hibari ing wekdal punika berusia 6 taun, ngantar kepergian ayah kaliyan nyanyiaken lagu ''Kudan no Haha''. Hadirin ing pista perpisahan sangat kesan ngantos nangis. Sadar manawi bakat nyanyi putrinipun, ibu gadhah usaha ngeluncuraken karier Hibari dados penyanyi.
=== Penampilan Kawiwitan ===
Boten lami sasampunipun perang pungkasan, Kimie ugi nerusaken usaha supados putrinipun saged dados penyanyi. Kaliyan yatra piyambak, Kimie mendirikan orkes Aozora Gaku lan ingkang dipunpimpin piyambak. Dados panggung panggènan Hibari alit nyanyi inggih punika balai-balai rakyat lan panggènan-panggènan pemandian umum. Ibunipun nyiptaaken asma panggung Misora Kazue ingkang wiwit dipunengge ing yuswa 8 taun.

ing taun salajengipun ([[1946]]), piyambakipun tampil ing acara madosi bakat ''Shiroto Nodo Jiman'' ing [[NHK]]. ''Ringo no Uta'' inggih punika lagu ingkang dipunyanyiaken ing babak penyisihan. Hibari lan ibunipun yakin badhé lulus. Nanging juri punika boten sembunyiaken lonceng tanda lulus, punika namung kritikan tajam ingkang saged Hibari.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Top 100 Japanese pops Artists-No.5 |url=http://www.hmv.co.jp/news/newsDetail.asp?newsnum=311040086 |date=26 November 2003 |work= |publisher=HMV Online |accessdate=2009-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417010028/http://www.hmv.co.jp/news/newsDetail.asp?newsnum=311040086 |archive-date=2009-04-17 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ing wulan September taun ingkang sami, Teater Athena ing Yokohama dados panggènan manggung ingkang kawiwitan kanggé Hibari. Ing mangsa semi taun salajengipun, [[Koga Masao]] datan kunjung ing griya ibu Hibari. Koga sedang gadhah tugas dados juri acara ''Nodo Jiman'' ing wanci punika dipunlajengaken ing Yokohama. Hibari diminta supados nyanyi ing ngajeng Koga. Secara [[a capella]], Hibari nyanyiaken lagu ciptaan Koga, ''Kanashiki Takebue''. Koga terkesan kaliyan bakat, keberanian, lan penjiwaan lagu déning Hibari ingkang taksih bocah, ujarnipun, &quot;Kamu bukan tataran 'Nodo Jiman' ugi, nanging penyanyi ingkang sampun matang.&quot;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Misora, Hibari}}
[[Kategori:Penyanyi Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh dari Prefektur Kanagawa]]
[[Kategori:Idola Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1937]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haruna Kojima</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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{{Infobox musical artist
|Name            = Haruna Kojima&lt;br /&gt;小嶋 陽菜
|Img             = Haruna Kojima (小嶋陽菜) at Anime Expo 2010.jpg
|Img_capt = Haruna Kojima ing konser AKB48, Anime Expo AKB48, [[Los Angeles]], 2010
|Imge_size       =220
| caption       = [[idola Jepang|idola]], [[penyanyi]], [[pemeran]]
|Landscape       = 
|Background      =[[Aktris]], [[Penyanyi]]
|Born            ={{Birth date and age|1988|4|19}}
|Origin          =[[Prefektur Saitama]], [[Jepang]]
|Genre           = [[J-pop]]
|Alias           =
|Years_active    =  1998–2001&lt;br /&gt;2005–saiki
|Label           =
| Associated_acts = [[AKB48]], [[No3b]], [[AKB Idoling!!!]], [[Team Dragon ing AKB48]]
| siblings      = 
|Current_members = 
|Past_members    = 
|URL             = [http://www.ogipro.com/talent/kojima/index.html Situs resmi]
}}

'''Haruna Kojima''' (小嶋 陽菜 Kojima Haruna?, lair ing Prefektur Saitama, 19 April 1988; umur 24 taun) ya iku paraga lan penyanyi Jepang anggota grup idola [[AKB48]] Tim A dan unit [[No3b]]. Déwéké ya iku siji- sijiné anggota [[AKB48]] kang nyanyi ing sekabéhé singel kang dirilis [[AKB48]].

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{ja}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150209114541/http://www.akb48.co.jp/about/members/detail.php?name=kojima_haruna Profil resmi AKB48]
* {{ja}} [http://www.ogipro.com/talent/kojima/ Profil di Production Ogi]
* {{ja}} [http://akb48teamogi.jp/ Situs resmi AKB48 TeamOgi]
* {{ja}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20150924180118/http://blog.oricon.co.jp/no3b/category_1/ Blog resmi no3b: Haruna Kojima] (Oricon, nganti 19 April 2011)
* {{ja}} [http://ameblo.jp/no3b-official/theme-10039984369.html Blog resmi no3b, Haruna Kojima, wiwit 19 Juli 2011]
* {{Twitter|kojiharunyan|Haruna Kojima}}
* {{ja}} [http://ameblo.jp/kojima-haruna/ Blog resmi Haruna Kojima AKB48]
* {{IMDb name|id=2684859}}

[[Kategori:Anggota AKB48]]
[[Kategori:Idola Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Penyanyi Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Lair Prefektur Saitama]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fobos</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>96904</id>
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      <id>1761230</id>
      <parentid>1757433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-12T01:46:43Z</timestamp>
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[[Gambar:Gigantomachy Staatliche Antikensammlungen 1553.jpg|250px|right|thumb|Fobos lan [[Ares]] wonten ing kereta perang Ares.]]

Wonten ing [[mitologi Yunani]], '''Fobos''' ({{lang-el|Φόβος}}) inggih punika satunggaling déwa saking raos ajrih lan horor ''(déwa rasa takut dan horor)''. Fobos punika putra saking [[Ares]] déwa perang kaliyan [[Afrodit]] &lt;ref name=&quot;foboos1&quot;&gt;(id) http://www.fisikanet.lipi.go.id/utama.cgi?cetakartikel&amp;1111717422 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001044756/http://www.fisikanet.lipi.go.id/utama.cgi?cetakartikel&amp;1111717422 |date=2020-10-01 }}, Phobos dan Deimos (dipun''akses'' tanggal 02 Fèbruari 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;. Piyambakipun punika asring ngrencangi bapakipun nalika kesah perang sesarengan kaliyan sedherekipun, [[Deimos (mitologi)|Deimos]], dewi [[Enyo]], ugi para pendherek saking bapakipun. [[Timor]] punika ingkang sejajar kaliyan Fobos ingkang wonten ing [[mitologi Romawi]]. Tiyang Romawi kuna punika mastani Fobos minangka putra saking [[Venus]] lan [[Mars]] &lt;ref name=&quot;foboos2&quot;&gt;(id) http://smunsakebumen.8m.com/buletin/smunsa/3_04_2001_mars_satelit.htm {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120119040136/http://smunsakebumen.8m.com/buletin/smunsa/3_04_2001_mars_satelit.htm |date=2012-01-19 }}, Mars Satelit (dipun''akses'' tanggal 02 Fèbruari 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Silsilah ==
Fobos inggih punika putra saking Afrodit kaliyan Ares. Pérangan punika saged dipunpirsani wonten ing ''Theogonia'' karyanipun [[Hesiod]]. Silsilah Fobos mau kaandharaken wonten ing ngandhap punika:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Nama
! Hubungan
|-
| [[Dione (mitologi)|Dione]]
| Nenek (ibu Afrodit)
|-
| [[Zeus]] 
| Kakek (saking kalih pehak)
|-
| [[Hera]]
| Nenek (ibu Ares)
|-
| [[Ares]]
| Ayah
|-
| [[Afrodit]]
| Ibu
|-
| [[Deimos (mitologi)|Deimos]]
| sedhèrèk kembar
|-
| [[Anteros]]
| sedhèrèk
|-
| [[Harmonia]]
| sedhèrèk
|-
| [[Himeros]]
| sedhèrèk
|-
| [[Enyo]]
| Bibi
|-
|}

== Pamujan ==
Para tiyang ingkang naté nyembah Fobos punika padatanipun damel pangurbanan kanthi getih awit saking namanipun sang déwa. Wonten ing drama  &quot;Tujuh Melawan Thebes&quot; karya [[Aiskhilos]], pitung prajurit mbelèh satunggal banteng ing nginggilipun perisai [[ireng]]. Lajeng sami ndemok getih punika ngginakaken [[tangan|asta]] sinambi ngaturaken sumpah awit saking nama Fobos. Prajurit lan pahlawan ingkang nyembah Fobos ing antawisipun punika [[Herakles]] lan [[Agamemnon]]. Prajurit lan pahlawan kekalihn punika gadhah perisai kanthi gambar Fobos. [[Aleksander Agung]] ugi paring persembahan kanggé Fobos nalika dalu sadèrèngipun [[Pertempuran Gaugamela]].

== Gambaran ==
[[Hesiodos]] nggambaraken Fobos ing perisai Herakles minangka déwa ingakng gadhah mata geni, gadhah taring, (siyung), lan medeni. Déné Fobos wonten ing perisai Agamemnon punika kagambaraken déning [[Pausanias]] wonten ing ''Hellados Periegesis'', piyambakipun ngndharaken bilih Fobos punika gadhah sirah (kepala) [[singa]].

== Wonten ing donya ingkang modern ==
[[Astronom]] Amérika, [[Asaph Hall]], maringi nama salah satunggaling [[satelit]] [[Mars]] kanthi ngginakaken nama [[Phobos]] nalika taun 1877. Wonten ing [[psikologi]], istilah ''[[fobia]]'' punika asalipun saking nama Fobos.

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
* http://www.reference.com/search?q=aphrodite
* http://www.reference.com/search?q=ares
* https://web.archive.org/web/20230603002355/https://www.theoi.com/Daimon/Deimos.html
* http://www.reference.com/search?q=hera 
* https://web.archive.org/web/20090520083753/http://www.pantheon.org/articles/p/phobos.html
* http://www.reference.com/search?q=Phobos+(mythology)
* http://www.reference.com/search?q=zeus

[[Kategori:Déwa personifikasi]]
[[Kategori:Déwa-Dewi Yunani]]
[[Kategori:Mitologi Yunani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ginsèng</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="7161" sha1="j0jgkw7li350tmis7vt11jkqm71mxoj" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| name = Ginseng
| image = Panax quinquefolius.jpg
| image_width = 270px
| image_caption = Godhong lan woh ''Panax quinquefolius''
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Flowering plant|Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Apiales]]
| familia = [[Araliaceae]]
| subfamilia = [[Aralioideae]]
| genus = '''''Panax'''''
| genus_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Spesies
| subdivision = 
Subgenus ''Panax''&lt;br /&gt;
:Section ''Panax''
::Series ''Notoginseng''
:::''[[Panax notoginseng]]''
::Series ''Panax''
:::''[[Panax bipinnatifidus]]''
:::''[[Panax ginseng]]''
:::''[[Panax japonicus]]''
:::''[[Panax quinquefolius]]''
:::''[[Panax vietnamensis]]''
:::''[[Panax wangianus]]''
:::''[[Panax zingiberensis]]''
:Section ''Pseudoginseng''
:::''[[Panax pseudoginseng]]''
:::''[[Panax stipuleanatus]]''
Subgenus ''Trifolius''&lt;br /&gt;
:::''[[Panax trifolius]]''
}}

'''Ginsèng''' (''Panax'') punika jinising [[terna]] mawi khasiat [[obat]] ingkang kalebet ing suku [[Araliaceae]]. Ginsèng tuwuh ing wewengkon belahan bumi sisih [[lor|lèr]] mliginipun wonten ing [[Siberia]], [[Manchuria]], [[Koréa]], lan [[Amérikah Sarékat]]. Jinis ginsèng tropis saged kapanggih wonten ing [[Vietnam]], inggih punika ''Panax vietnamensis''. Nama &quot;ginsèng&quot; dipunpendhet saking [[Basa Inggris]] ingkang dipunwaos ndhèrèk lafal [[Basa Kantonis]], ''jên shên'', wonten ing [[Basa Mandarin]] dipunwaos &quot;ren shen&quot;, &quot;人蔘&quot; (''duplikat manungsa''), amargi wujuding [[oyot]] ingkang kados manungsa. Gingsèng dipun-ginakaken wonten ing pangobatan tradhisional. Oyot saking tuwuhan punika saged nglancaraken aliran lan nginggilaken produksi sèl getih [[abang|abrit]] sarta paring pambiyantu pamulihan saking [[lelara]]. Ing [[Indonesia]] wonten ugi tuwuhan ingkang gadhah khasiat sami kaliyan gingsèng inggih punika [[ginseng Jawa]] utawi som jawa, ''Talinum paniculatum'' Gaertn. lan [[kolesom]], ''Talinum triangulare'' Wild. Ing sajeroning pangobatan tradhisional oyotipun dipuncampur kaliyan manéka jinis obat lan ingkang paling kawéntar wonten ing wujud campuran [[anggur]]. Kajian babagan khasiat lan mupangatipun gingsèng sampun dipunwontenaken kanggé ndadosaken [[kolesom]] minangka ginsèng Indonesia.

&lt;br /&gt;

== Piguna ==
Tetuwuhan Gingseng dimupangataké manungsa kanggo ningkataké daya tahan fisik lan mental, nambah tenaga, nyetabilaké fisiologi awak, mudhunaké gunggung [[kolésterol]] ing awak, lan nyegah lara [[kanker]]. Mupangat Gingseng kang paling kawentar yai iku minangka paningkat organ seks wong lanang amarga bisa ningkataké prodhuksi hormon [[Testostéron]], lan ningkataké libido.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2011/08/01/1628447/7.Manfaat.Ginseng.untuk.Kesehatan.|title=Manfaat Ginseng Untuk Kesehatan|last=Candra|first=Asep|date=2016-08-01|website=Kompas|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810054316/https://lifestyle.kompas.com/read/2011/08/01/1628447/7.Manfaat.Ginseng.untuk.Kesehatan.|archive-date=2019-08-10|url-status=dead|access-date=2019-08-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Jinis-jinis Gingsèng ==

* ''Panax'' ''schinsen (Araliaceae)'' = Gingsèng Koréa/China
* ''Panax'' ''japonicum (Araliaceae) ='' Gingsèng Jepang
* ''Panax'' ''quinquefolius (Araliaceae) ='' Gingsèng Amérika
* ''Panax'' ''pseudoginseng (Araliaceae) ='' Gingsèng [[Himalaya]]
* ''Eleutherococcus'' ''senticoccus'' ''(Araliaceae) ='' Gingsèng [[Sibèri|Sibéria]]
* ''Rumex'' ''hymenosepalus'' (''Polygonaceae'') = Gingsèng [[Padang Pasir|Padhang Pasir]]
* ''Talinum'' ''paniculatum'' (''Portulacaceae'') = [[Ginsèng jawa|Gingséng Jawa]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Ginseng Multivitamin Alami Berkhasiat|last=Hidayat|first=Syamsul|publisher=Penenbar Swadaya|year=2005|isbn=979-489-954-2|location=Jakarta|pages=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Panax schinsen ==
''Panax schinsen'' utawi ''ginsèng korea'' punika jinising gingsèng ingkang asalipun saking [[Koréa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal  
|last1=  Yulia 
|first1=  
|last2=Wientarsih 
|first2=Ietje 
|last3=Razief
|first3=Norman
|year=2006 
|title= The Study of Phytochemistry of Java Ginseng Compare to Korean Ginseng
|journal= Journal of Agriculture and Rural Development in the Tropics and Subtropics
|volume=
|issue=
|pages= 45
|publisher= kassel
|doi= 
|url= http://www.uni-kassel.de/upress/online/frei/978-3-89958-247-5.volltext.frei.pdf
|}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Tiyang Koréa]] nyebat ginsèng minangka ''insam''.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINSENG KOREA-233 KEYWORDS&quot;&gt;{{cite book 
| last= 
| first= 
| year=2002
| title=An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture-233 traditional key words
| publisher=Hakgojae Publishing Co
| location=Seoul 
| isbn= 89-8546-98-1 
| pages=467}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing Koréa, Panax schinsen alasan ingkang tuwuh wonten ing wana pagunungan dipunsebat ''sansam'' (ginsèng gunung). ''Sansam'' punika ''ginseng alasan'', déné ''insam'' punika ginsèng ingkang dipundamel budidaya.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINSENG KOREA-233 KEYWORDS&quot;/&gt; Sanajan kapan kapisan ginsèng dipundamel budidaya wonten ing Koréa boten dipunmangertosi nanging kualitasipun sampun dipunmangertosi dangu.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINSENG KOREA-233 KEYWORDS&quot;/&gt; Salah satunggal produkipun dipunmangertosi kanthi nama ''goryeo insam'' (''ginsèng goryeo''/''ginseng Koréa'').

Ginsèng korea punika gadhah kualitas ingkang saé amargi dipuntandur wonten ing lemah ingkang subur mawi [[iklim]] ingkang trep.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINSENG KOREA-233 KEYWORDS&quot;/&gt; Sampun dangu tiyang Koréa ngregani ginseng lan gadhah kekajengan kanggé duwé gingseng.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINSENG KOREA-233 KEYWORDS&quot;/&gt; Tiyang ingkang madosi ginsèng ingkang tuwuh kanthi alasan wonten ing gunung lajeng dipunsadé dipunwastani ''sinamani'' (penggali ginsèng alasan).&lt;ref name=&quot;GINSENG KOREA-233 KEYWORDS&quot;/&gt; Amargi mastani sansam minangka bebungah [[déwa gunung]] (''sansin''), sadèrèngipun ngedhuk ginseng kaawiwitan kanthi ndedonga rumiyin dhumateng déwa gunung lan ngatos-atos anggènipun ngendikan lan tumindak. Manawi manggihaken sansam lajeng mbengok &quot;sim bwatda&quot; (kula sampun manggihaken). Lajeng nglampahi ritual dhumateng déwa gunung sadèrèngipun ngedhuk kanthi ngatos-atos. Wonten ing [[mitologi Koréa]], sansam punika obat minangka bebungah saking déwa.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINSENG KOREA-233 KEYWORDS&quot;/&gt; Piyambakipun saged urip lan micara.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINSENG KOREA-233 KEYWORDS&quot;/&gt; Sapunika insam sampun dipundamel budi daya kanthi wiyar amargi khasiat lan mupangatipun kanggé manungsa, antawisipun nglawan [[kanker]] lan [[lelara]], minangka tonik, bahan dhaharan, unjukan kanggé kasarasan lan sanèsipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;GINSENG KOREA-233 KEYWORDS&quot;/&gt;

== Ugi pirsani ==
* ''[[Salvia miltiorrhiza]]''
* [[Pangobatan tradhisional Tionghoa]]

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
{{commons|Ginseng}}
* [http://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/druginfo/natural/patient-ginseng.html MedlinePlus-Ginseng]
* [http://www.phytochemicals.info/korean-ginseng.php Phytochemicals in Korean Ginseng]
* [http://www.herbalgram.org/herbalgram/articleview.asp?a=2447 The Journal of the American Botanical Council] HerbalGram. 2003;57:35 American Botanical Council

[[Kategori:Araliaceae]]
[[Kategori:Tetuwuhan obat]]
[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]
[[Kategori:Wit obat]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hibiscus syriacus</title>
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      <text bytes="5949" sha1="fuytkhgchp307az21g4yhkgyznu72f9" xml:space="preserve">{{Taxobox
| image = Hibiscus syriacus 2.jpg
| image_width = 240px
| image_caption = 
| regnum = [[Plantae]]
| divisio = [[Magnoliophyta]]
| classis = [[Magnoliopsida]]
| ordo = [[Malvales]]
| familia = [[Malvaceae]]
| genus = ''[[Hibiscus]]''
| species = '''''H. syriacus'''''
| binomial = ''Hibiscus syriacus''
| binomial_authority = [[Carolus Linnaeus|L.]]
}}
'''''Hibiscus syriacus''''' ([[syn.]] ''Althaea frutex'' Hort. ex Mill.), inggih punika taneman mawi [[kembang]] saking jinis [[Hibiscus]], dipunsebat ugi '''Kembang Sharon'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;hibiscus s&quot;&gt;[http://www.hort.uconn.edu/plants/h/hibsyr/hibsyr1.html Hibiscus syriacus], ''hort.uconn''.&lt;/ref&gt; Taneman punika kathah tuwuh ing [[Asia]] lan asalipun saking famili [[Malvaceae]]. Wujudipun kembang kados vas lan pang-pangipun saged dumugi 2–4 m inggilipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;hibiscus s&quot;/&gt; Taneman punika nglampahi kembang biak ing wewengkon kanthi mangsa panas ingkang anget. Sekaripun gadhah warni [[putih]], [[jambon]], [[abang|abrit]], lan [[ungu]].&lt;ref name=&quot;hibiscus s&quot;/&gt;

== Kembang nasional Koréa Kidul ==
Wonten ing [[Basa Koréa]], Hibiscus syriacus dipunwastani ''mugunghwa'' (무궁화; 無窮花), kalebet [[kembang nasional]] [[Republik Koréa]] &lt;ref name=&quot;korea1&quot;&gt;[http://world.kbs.co.kr/indonesian/archive/program_fridayevent.htm?no=93&amp;current_page=3 Acara pemberian bunga Mugunghwa untuk menyambut hari penghijauan]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, (dipun''akses'' tanggal 11 Maret 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;. Kembangipun boten gadhah praupan ingkang ramé lan wanginipun kuwat saéngga katingal biyasa kemawon.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung satu&quot;&gt;{{cite book 
| last1=Yoo
| first1=Myeong-jong 
| last2=Lee, Ji-hye 
| year=2008
| title=100 Cultural Symbols of Koréa chapter 02-Nature, Science and technology
| publisher=Koréa Foundation 
| location=Seoul 
| isbn= 
| pages= 10}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanajan makaten, kembang punika dipunwastani minangka gambaran karakter nasional rakyat Koréa.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung satu&quot;/&gt; Kanggé tiyang Koréa, mugunghwa dados simbol keprigelan, kelembutan, lan keteguhan &lt;ref name=&quot;korea2&quot;&gt;[http://koreanindo.net/2011/04/14/culture-national-symbols-of-south-korea/ National Symbols of South Korea] {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, (dipun''akses'' tanggal 11 Maret 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung satu&quot;/&gt; Sanajan sampun dipunremeni dangu, mugunghwa naté boten dipun-gantos amargi panguwaos Koréa langkung milih [[kembang pir]] (''i-hwa'') minangka simbol.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung dua&quot;&gt;{{cite book
| last= 
| first= 
| year=2002 
| title=An Illustrated Guide to Korean Culture-233 traditional key words
| url= https://archive.org/details/illustratedguide0000unse_j0p0
| publisher=Hakgojae Publishing Co
| location=Seoul 
| isbn= 8985846981
| pages= [https://archive.org/details/illustratedguide0000unse_j0p0/page/462 462]-463}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mugunghwa dipunpilih minangka [[pratélan kembang nasional|kembang nasional]] déning rakyat Koréa nalika masa [[Penjajahan Jepang]] (1910-1945) lan dipuntandur kanthi wiyar minangka simbol ''perlawanan'' kanggé nywantunaken kamardikan.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung satu&quot;/&gt; Kembang mugunghwa mekar kanthi dangu 100 dinten, saking [[Juli]] dumugi [[Oktober]] langkung dangu tinimbang kembang sanèsipun. Kembang taneman sanès punika layu manawi sampun sadinten, nanging mugunghwa katingal tetep seger pinten-pinten dinten.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung dua&quot;/&gt; Sipat punika ingkang dados inspirasi kanggé rakyat Koréa nalika nglampahi kasengsaran awit saking penjajahan.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung dua&quot;/&gt;
 
Mugunghwa sampun dipuntepangi déning bangsa Koréa saking jaman kuna.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung satu&quot;/&gt; Wonten ing cathetan sajarah babagan karajan [[Gojoseon]] (2333 SM-108 SM), ''Handan-gogi'', kembang punika dipunparingi nama ''hwanhwa'', ''mokkeun'' utawi ''geunhwa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung satu&quot;/&gt; Setunggaling dhokumèn diplomatik [[Silla]] (57 SM-935) ingkang dipunkintun kanggé [[Dinasti Tang]] mawi isi rèferènsi ingkang sinerat bilih [[Silla]] punika negri ingkang kebak wewangian ''geunhwa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung satu&quot;/&gt; Kajawi punika koleksi géografis Cina, ''[[Shanhaijing]]'' (''Gunung lan Lautan Klasik'') lan ''[[Gujinzhu]]'' (&quot;Ensiklopedia&quot;) ingkang dipunsusun nalika jaman [[Dinasti Qin]] (221 SM-206 SM) nyerataken rèferènsi babagan Koréa minangka negri ingkang wonten mugunghwa lan tuwuh kanthi subur.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung satu&quot;/&gt;
 
Istilah mugunghwa dipun-ginakaken saking jaman [[Goryeo]] (918-1392) wonten ing ''[[Dongguk isanggukjip]]'' (''Koleksi Karya Mantri Yi'') ingkang dipunserat déning [[Yi Gyu-bo]] (1168-1241).&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung satu&quot;/&gt; Nalika masa Goryeo lan Joseon, raja paring bebungah sarjana ingkang lulus ([[gwageo]]) kaliyan mugunghwa [[kertas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung satu&quot;/&gt; Tembang [[Aegukga]] ingkang dipun''komposisi''aken nalika taun 1907, salah satunggaling cakepanipun ''mugunghwa samcheolli hwaryeo gangsan'' utawi ''pesona 3000-li sadaya negri ingkang dipunkebaki mugunghwa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung dua&quot;/&gt; Para pamimpin Koréa asring ndhèrèekaken ''keteguhan'' kembang mugunghwa wonten ing sesorah kanggé nuwuhaken kesadaran nasional.&lt;ref name=&quot;mugung dua&quot;/&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
* [http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Hibiscus+syriacus Plants For A Future: ''Hibiscus syriacus'']
* [http://www.discoverplants.com/plant-types/shrubs-and-bushes/rose-of-sharon/gardéning.php How to Grow a Rose of Sharon]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}

== Gladri ==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Gambar:OiseauBleu1UME.JPG|''Hibiscus syriacus'' 'Oiseau Bleu'
| 木槿-花苞.
| 木槿-花朵.
| 木槿-花蕊.
Gambar:Hibiscus.syriacus(01).jpg|Dedaunan ''Hibiscus syriacus''
Gambar:hibiscus syriacus 'Woodbridge'.jpg|''Hibiscus syriacus'' 'Woodbridge'
Gambar:Hibiscus syriacus Bombus ruderatus 1 Luc Viatour.jpg|Polinasi Bombus ruderatus
&lt;/gallery&gt;

[[Kategori:Simbul nasional Koréa Kidul]]
[[Kategori:Tetuwuhan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Derventio</title>
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      <text bytes="5265" sha1="itqyaqj51u9fe9bc5b96uzg6nlkeut6" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:Little Chester Roman Well.jpg|thumb|250 px|Pamukiman Romawi punika saking masa abad kaping 3. Derventio wonten ing sawingkingipun griya-griya punika.]]

'''Derventio''' inggih punika [[kutha]] ingkang wonten ing [[provinsi Romawi]] ing [[Britania]]. Sapunika kondhang minangka [[Little Chester]], ing pinggiran [[Derby]], mapan wonten ing laladan [[Derbyshire]], [[Inggris]].&lt;ref name=&quot;refhere&quot;&gt;{{cite book | last = Burnham | first = Barry C | author2 = Wacher, John | title = The Small Towns of Roman Britain | publisher = B T Batsford | date = 1990 | location = London | isbn=9780520073036}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Deskripsi ==
[[Bèntèng Romawi]] kapisan ing laladan punika dipunyasa ing sebrang [[Kali Derwent, Derbyshire|Kali Derwent]] ing [[Bèntèng Romawi Strutts Park|Strutts Park]]. Dipungantos ing taun [[80]] déning [[bètèng]] ingkang wonten sapunika lan namung kanggé kirang langkung sekawan dasa taun lajeng diputilaraken. Kala punika kathah kagiyatan Romawi wonten ing bètèng, ingkang kaubungaken dhateng sisih [[kulon|kilèn]] kaliyan [[Icknield Street]] lan dhateng sisih [[wétan]] lantaran margi tumuju ing Sawley ing [[Kali Trent|Lèpèn Trent]]. Satunggaling ''[[Pemukiman Romawi Derby Racehourse|bètèng tilaran]]'' ingkang damel gerabah lan manéka barang saking [[logam]] kapanggihaken 600 mèter sisih [[wétan]] saking Sawley Road. Benteng punika lajeng dipunpendhet lan dipun-ginakaken malih dumugi selangkung taun salajengipun. ''Gundukan pertahanan'' lan [[palisade]] dipundamel malih lan gerbang [[watu]] dipunyasa. Rumiyinipun dipuntilar lan boten dipun-ginakaken malih dumugi pungkasan [[abad]] kaping 3&lt;ref name=&quot;derventio2&quot;&gt;[http://www.biuldhome.tizo.pl/Pemukiman+Romawi+Derby.html Pemukiman Romawi Derby Racecourse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305043922/http://www.biuldhome.tizo.pl/Pemukiman+Romawi+Derby.html |date=2016-03-05 }}, (dipun''akses'' tanggal 24 Maret 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; nalika témbok watu dipunyasa wonten ing sakiwa tengenipun kutha.Punika boten dipun-ginakaken langkung dangu saking pungkasan abad kaping 4. ''Old Chester Road'' masa sapunika nyigar lokasi bètèng mau ing abad kaping 19 kanthi nugel jalur [[Midland Railway]].

== Sajarah ==
[[Gambar:Roman.Britain.campaigns.43.to.60.jpg|thumb|''Kampanye perang Ostorius Scapula'']]

Pérangan sajarah Britania punika naté dipunkuwaosi déning [[suku]] ingkang kawéntar kanthi nama [[Cornovii]]. Taun 46-47 Tentara Romawi ing sangandhaping pimpinan gubernur [[Aulius Plautius]] miturut prakiraan nguwaosi lemah punika dhateng pérangan [[kidul]] Lèpèn Trent, dados nalika taun 50 punika dados garis paling ngajeng. Sekedhik sanget ''dokumentasi'' sinerat ing taun punika ingkang dados sumbering informasi saking ''penggalian'' [[arkéologi]]. Ing pungkasan taun 47 gubernur énggal Britania [[Ostorius Scapula]], wiwit merangi suku-suku kados ta ing [[Wales]] lan [[Dataran Cheshire]]. Ing masa mau [[Bèntèng Romawi Strutts Park]] punika salah satunggaling bètèng énggal ingkang nembé dipunyasa kanggé margi lantaran ''perbekalan'' saking [[Wroxeter]] dhateng [[Rossington]]. Kampanye perang kanggé nguwaosi Silures kalajengaken ing sangandhaping gubernur [[Quintus Veranius]] lan penerusipun [[Gaius Suetonius Paulinus]] nanging peran Strutt Park sapunika njagi kedamaian. Ing taun 74 lahan ing [[lor|lèr]] Lepen Mersey dados ''labil'', nalika Ratu Cartimandus kasuwun paring pambiyantu Romawi kanggé merangi pamberontakan. Lajeng ing taun 78, [[Gnaeus Julius Agricola]] ingkang kondhang amargi pepujian wonten ing biografi ingkang dipunserat mantunipun [[Tacitus]] dados gubernur. Piyambakipun ngatur malih bètèng-bètèng, ngleresaken infrastruktur margi lan kampanye perang ingkang dipundokumentasi kanthi saé paling wiwitan ing taun 78. Piyambakipun nguwaosi malih Wales Lèr, lajeng ing taun 79 piyambakipun nguwaosi [[Brigantes]] lan [[Parisii]] mendhet sadaya Inggris laladan utara dumugi watesan [[Sekotlan]] sapunika. Bèntèng Strutt Park dipunkosongaken taun 80 nalika Derventio dipunyasa.

== Cathetan suku ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
* [http://www.derby.gov.uk/Environment/Planning/builtheritage/Archaeology_and_Scheduled_Ancient_Monuments_in_Derby.htm Derby City Council list of Scheduled Ancient Monuments]{{Webarchive|url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20110926201103/http://www.derby.gov.uk/Environment/Planning/builtheritage/Archaeology_and_Scheduled_Ancient_Monuments_in_Derby.htm |date=2011-09-26 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120511131142/http://www.derbyshire-peakdistrict.co.uk/ Little Chester / Chester Green] Discover Derby
* [http://www.derbyshire-peakdistrict.co.uk/derventio.htm Derventio Heritage Village] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511131142/http://www.derbyshire-peakdistrict.co.uk/ |date=2012-05-11 }} Discover Derby
* [http://www.roman-britain.org/places/derventio_coritanorum.htm Derventio Coritanorvm] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110806061549/http://www.roman-britain.org/places/derventio_coritanorum.htm |date=2011-08-06 }} Roman Britain
* [http://www.pastscape.org.uk/hob.aspx?hob_id=313283 Derventio Roman Fort] Pastscapes, English Heritage

{{Museum Derby}}

[[Kategori:Derby]]
[[Kategori:Situs arkéologi di Inggris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Haruka Nakagawa</title>
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      <text bytes="6954" sha1="t1nyf7ageclmnj9ayo31gqvfymhnebm" xml:space="preserve">{{infobox person
|name   = Nakagawa Haruka&lt;br /&gt;仲川遥香
|image  = 令和3年11月5日仲川遥香在外公館長表彰式(cropped).png
|caption = 
|birth_date  = {{birth date and age|1992|2|10}}
|birth_place =  [[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]]
|nationality = [[Jepang]]
|genre = [[J-pop]]
|othername = Harugon, Haruka, Haruka JKT48, Harusan, Harugon AKB48
|occupation = [[Penyanyi]]
|years_active  =  
|label = You! Be Cool/King 
|spouses = yayabarokeng
Records&lt;br /&gt;Pony Canyon&lt;br /&gt;Sony Music Records
|associated_acts = [[JKT48]] [[AKB48]]  [[Watarirouka Hashiritai 7]]
|siblings  = 
|current_members = 
|past_members = 
|URL  = 
}}
'''Haruka Nakagawa''' (仲川 遥香) Nakagawa Haruka, lair ing [[Tokyo]], 10 Fèbruari 1992; umur 27 taun) ya iku idola [[Jepang]] anggota grup idola [[JKT48]] lan unit [[Watarirouka Hashiritai]] saka [[AKB48]]. Sadurungé iku Haruka Nakagawa dadi anggota AKB48 Tim A.

== Profil ==
Haruka Nakagawa ya iku anak nomer 2 saka 5 sadulur. Bapake mono manten juru gulat profésional [[Jepang]]. Dhèwèké mèlu audhisi [[AKB48]] Angkatan 3, lan ditampa tanggal 3 Dhésèmber 2006.

Haruka Nakagawa lumebu ing unit [[Okashina Sisters]] saka [[AKB48]] bareng karo [[Aika Ota]] lan [[Mayu Watanabe]] kancané kang padha saka Angkatan 3. Unit mau genti jeneng dadi [[Watarirouka Hashiritai]] sawisé [[Natsumi Hirajima]] gabung.

Sawisé iku Haruka Nakagawa pindhah ing anggota Tim A wiwit Oktober 2009. lan miwiti debut Tim A ing tanggal 27 Juli 2010. Ing wengi konser AKB48 Tokyo Dome &quot;1830 m no Yume&quot; 24 Agustus 2012 diumumke déning transfer [[Aki Takajo]] lan Haruka Nakagawa saka AKB48 dadi anggota JKT48.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ristizona.com/2012/09/profil-dan-foto-haruka-nakagawa-jkt48.html www.ristizona.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708234421/http://www.ristizona.com/2012/09/profil-dan-foto-haruka-nakagawa-jkt48.html |date=2013-07-08 }}(ditingali tanggal 31 Maret 2013)&lt;/ref&gt;

== Diskografi ==
=== Album dan singel ===
==== AKB48 ====
* Ing &quot;[[River (lagu AKB48)|River]]&quot;
** {{nihongo|&quot;Kimi no Koto ga Suki Dakara&quot;|君のことが好きだから}} karo Under Girls
* Ing &quot;[[Sakura no Shiori]]&quot;
** &quot;Choose me!&quot; karo Tim YJ
* Ing &quot;[[Ponytail to Shushu]]&quot;
** {{nihongo|&quot;Boku no Yell&quot;|僕のYell}} karo Theatre Girls
* &quot;[[Heavy Rotation (lagu AKB48)|Heavy Rotation]]&quot;
* Ing &quot;[[Beginner (lagu)|Beginner]]&quot;
** {{nihongo|&quot;Boku Dake no Value&quot;|僕だけのvalue}} karo Under Girls
* Ing &quot;[[Chance no Junban]]&quot;
** {{nihongo|&quot;Kurumi to Dialogue&quot;|胡桃とダイアローグ}} karo Tim A
* Ing &quot;[[Sakura no Ki ni Narou]]&quot;
** {{nihongo|&quot;Gūzen no Jūjiro&quot;|偶然の十字路}} karo Under Girls
* Ing &quot;[[Everyday, Katyusha]]&quot;
** {{nihongo|&quot;Hito no Chikara&quot;|人の力}} karo Under Girls
* Ing &quot;[[Flying Get]]&quot;
** {{nihongo|&quot;Dakishimecha Ikenai&quot;|抱きしめちゃいけない}} karo Under Girls
* Ing &quot;[[Kaze wa Fuiteiru]]&quot;
** {{nihongo|&quot;Kimi no Senaka&quot;|君の背中}} karo Under Girls
* Ing &quot;[[Ue kara Mariko]]&quot;
** {{nihongo|&quot;Rinjin wa Kizutsukanai&quot;|隣人は傷つかない}} karo Tim A
* Ing &quot;[[Give Me Five !]]&quot;
** {{nihongo|&quot;Jung to Freud no baai&quot;|ユングやフロイトの場合}}
* Ing &quot;[[Manatsu no Sounds Good !]]&quot;
** {{nihongo|&quot;Gugutasu no Sora&quot;|ぐぐたすの空}}
* Ing &quot;[[Gingham Check]]&quot;
** {{nihongo|&quot;Doremifa Onchi&quot;|ドレミファ音痴}} karo Next Girls
* Ing &quot;[[Eien Pressure]]&quot;
** {{nihongo|&quot;Watashitachi no Reason&quot;|私たちのReason}}
==== JKT48 ====
* Dalam &quot;[[Heavy Rotation (album JKT48)]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Inilah 10 Lagu Andalan di Album ‘Heavy Rotation’ |author= |url=http://www.langitberita.com/entertainment/77692/inilah-10-lagu-andalan-di-album-heavy-rotation/ |newspaper= |date=2013-02-18 |accessdate=2013-02-25 |archive-date=2013-09-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130922003503/http://www.langitberita.com/entertainment/77692/inilah-10-lagu-andalan-di-album-heavy-rotation/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** &quot;[[Teriakan Berlian]]&quot;/&quot;Oogoe Diamond&quot;
** &quot;[[Maafkan, Summer]]&quot;/&quot;Gomen ne, Summer&quot;
*Kaze wa Fuiteru
*Kibouteki Refrain

=== Lagu unit pertunjukan teater ===
==== AKB48 ====
;[[Team B 1st Stage &quot;Seishun Girls&quot;]]
# {{nihongo|&quot;Fusidara na Natsu&quot;|ふしだらな夏}}

;[[Team B 2nd Stage &quot;Aitakatta&quot;]]
# {{nihongo|&quot;Glass no I Love You&quot;|ガラスのI LOVE YOU}}
# {{nihongo|&quot;Senaka Kara Dakishimete&quot;|背中から抱きしめて}}
# {{nihongo|&quot;Rio no Kakumei&quot;|リオの革命}}

;[[Team B 3rd Stage &quot;Pajama Drive&quot;]]
# {{nihongo|&quot;Pajama Drive&quot;|パジャマドライブ}}

;[[Team B 4th Stage &quot;Idol no Yoake&quot;]]
# {{nihongo|&quot;Tengoku Yarō&quot;|天国野郎}}

; [[Theatre G-Rosso &quot;Yume o Shinaseru Wake ni Ikanai]]''
# {{nihongo|&quot;Tonari no Banana&quot;|となりのバナナ}}
#: Cadangan untuk [[Tomomi Kasai]], [[Reina Fujie]], [[Aki Takajō]], [[Misaki Iwasa]].

;[[Team A 6th Stage &quot;Mokugekisha&quot;]]
# {{nihongo|&quot;Saboten to Gold Rush&quot;|サボテンとゴールドラッシュ}}

==== JKT48 ====
; Team J 1st Stage &quot;[[Renai Kinshi Jourei]]&quot;
# &quot;Virus Tipe Hati&quot; (&quot;Heart Gata Virus&quot;)

== Filmografi ==
=== Film ===
* ''[[Three Day Boys]]'' (4 Juli 2009, Freak Entertainment)
* {{nihongo|''[[Batsu Game]]''|×ゲーム}} (18 September 2010, [[Jolly Roger]])

=== Serial drama ===
* {{nihongo|''[[Majisuka Gakuen]]''|マジすか学園}} episode terakhir (26 Maret 2010, [[TV Tokyo]])
* ''[[Sakura kara no Tegami: AKB48 Sorezore no Sotsugyou Monogatari]]'' (26 Fèbruari-6 Maret 2011, [[Nippon Television]])
* Nichiyō Golden: {{nihongo|''[[Tsuri Deka]]''|釣り刑事}} &quot;Ai to Kanashimi no Sakanatachi (9 Mèi 2011, [[TBS]])
* {{nihongo|''[[Majisuka Gakuen 2]]''|マジすか学園2}} episode terakhir (1 Juli 2011, TV Tokyo)

=== Acara varietas ===
* {{nihongo|''[[AKB 0-ji 59-fun!]]''|AKB0じ59ふん!}} (5-26 Mèi 2008, [[Nippon Television]])
* ''[[AKB48 Nemousu Terebi]]'' ([[Family Gekijo]])
* ''[[Shukan AKB]]'' (10 Juli 2009-, tidak tetap, [[TV Tokyo]])
* ''[[AKBingo!]]'' (23 Dhésèmber 2009, 6 Januari, 3-17 Maret, 2/9 Juni 2010, Nippon Television)
* ''[[Naruhodo! High School]]'' (30 Mèi 2010, Nippon Television)

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/59?lang=id Profil di situs resmi JKT48] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130118000122/http://jkt48.com/member/detail/id/59?lang=id |date=2013-01-18 }}
* {{ja}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20131205184727/http://www.akb48.co.jp/about/members/detail.php?name=nakagawa_haruka Profil resmi Haruka Nakagawa di situs resmi AKB48]
* {{ja}} [http://www.ogipro.com/talent/nakagawa/ Profil di manajemen artis Production Ogi]
* {{ja}} [http://akb48teamogi.jp/ Situs resmi AKB48 TeamOgi]
* {{ja}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20130615171427/http://blog.oricon.co.jp/watarirouka/category_4/ Blog resmi Haruka Nakagawa-Watarirouka Hashiritai]
* {{ja}} [https://plus.google.com/u/0/?tab=wX#102249965218267255722/posts Haruka Nakagawa di Google+]

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Anggota AKB48]]
[[Kategori:Anggota JKT48]]
[[Kategori:Idola Jepang]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1992]]


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  <page>
    <title>Henry de Lumley</title>
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      <text bytes="6531" sha1="3t7ogjwmzmg9eg92hye7s237yq5qgxj" xml:space="preserve">[[Gambar:hdL.jpg|right|thumb | 200 px | Le professeur Henry de Lumley, Februari 2012.]]

'''Henry de Lumley-Woodyear''' utawa '''Henry de Lumley''' (lair [[14 Agustus]] [[1934]] ing Marseille) inggih punika pra-sejarawan [[Prancis]]. Karir profésional langkung saking 40 taun sampun wonten panemuan wigati sarta konstruksi piranti èlmiyah ingkang dipunsumbangaken kanggé nyengkuyungi program panelitian sarta panggalian arkéologi sarta paleontologi.

== Publikasi ==
* [[1957]] - « Les industrie à microlithes géométriques » avec [[Max Escalon de Fonton]], in ''[[Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française]]'', LIV, {{numéro|3}}-4.
* [[1969]] - '' Le Paléolithique inférieur et moyen du Midi méditerranéen dans son cadre géologique'', V{{e}} supplément à Gallia préhistoire.
* [[1969]] - '' Une cabane acheuléenne dans la Grotte du Lazaret'', Mémoires de la Société Préhistorique Française, tome 7.
* [[1972]] - '' La grotte moustérienne de l'Hortus (Valflaunès, Hérault)'', Université de Provence, Études Quaternaires, mémoire {{numéro|1}}.
* [[1976]] - '' La Préhistoire française. [Les] Civilisations paléolithiques et mésolithiques de la France'', Éditions du CNRS
* [[1984]] - '' Art et Civilisations des Chasseurs de la Préhistoire 34000-8000 ans av. J.-C.'', Éditeur : Musiyum National d'Histoire Naturelle.
* [[1992]] - '' Le Mont Bégo'', Imprimerie nationale.
* [[1995]] - '' Le grandiose et le sacré'', Edisud.
* [[1998]] - '' L'Homme premier'', Odile Jacob, rééd. 2009.
* [[1999]] - '' Trésors méconnus du musée de l'homme. Dans le secret des objets et des mondes'', Ed. Le Cherche-midi, Paris.
* [[2004]] - '' La Géorgie, berceau des Européens'', éd. Musée de la Préhistoire des Gorges du Verdon.
* [[2004]] - '' Le sol d'occupation acheuléen de l'unité archéostratigraphique UA 25 de la grotte du Lazaret, Nice, Alpes-Maritimes'', Edisud.
* [[2004]] - '' Teilhard de Chardin en Chine : Correspondance inédite (1923-1940)&quot; (préface),  Éditeur : Edisud.
* [[2005]] - '' La Grotte du Lazaret, un campement de chasseurs il y a 160 000 ans'', Edisud.
* [[2006]] - « Il y a 400 000 ans : le feu, un formidable facteur d’hominisation », Comptes rendus Palevol.
* [[2007]] - '' La Grande Histoire des premiers hommes européens'', Odile Jacob.
* [[2008]] - '' [[Homme de Yunxian|Le Site de l'Homme de Yunxian]]'', [[CNRS Éditions]].
* [[2009]] - '' Terra Amata : Tome 1 : Nice, Alpes-Maritimes'', [[CNRS Éditions]].
* [[2010]] - '' Les industries lithiques archaïques de Barranco Leon et de Fuente Nueva 3 : Orce, bassin de Guadix-Baza, Andalousie'', [[CNRS Éditions]].
* [[2011]] - '' Les industries du Paléolithique ancien de la Corée du Sud dans leur contexte stratigraphique et paléoécologique : Leur place parmi les cultures du Paléolithique ancien en Eurasie et en Afrique'', [[CNRS Éditions]].
* [[2011]] - '' Terra Amata : Tome 2 : Nice, Alpes-Maritimes'', [[CNRS Éditions]].
* [[2011]] - '' L'Atelier du Préhistorien'', [[CNRS Éditions]].
* [[2011]] - '' La Montagne Sacrée du Bego'', [[CNRS Éditions]].
* [[2011]] - '' Les premiers peuplements de la Côte d'Azur et de la Ligurie : 1 million d'années sur les rivages de la Méditerranée Tome 1, Le paléolithique'', Melis Éditions
* [[2011]] - '' Cent ans de préhistoire : L'Institut de Paléontologie Humaine '', [[CNRS Éditions]].
* [[2012]] - '' L'Univers, la Vie, l'Homme : Émergence de la conscience'', [[CNRS Éditions]].

=== Bebungah saking Nagara Sanes===
* {{Flag|Monaco}} : petugas [[Ordre du Mérite Culturel (Monaco)|Ordre du Mérite Culturel]], novembre 1987
* {{Flag|Monaco}} : [[Ordre de Saint-Charles|Officier de l’Ordre de Saint-Charles]], 18 novembre 1993
* {{Flag|Japan}} :  [[Ordre du Soleil levant|Commandeur de l’Ordre du Soleil levant]], 29 avril 1999
* {{Flag|Monaco}} : Commandeur de l'[[Ordre du Mérite Culturel (Monaco)|Ordre du Mérite Culturel]] (novembre 2011)&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.legimonaco.mc/Dataweb/jourmon.nsf/100ab120e52ceb84c12568ce002f2909/29ea16321aefc881c1257952005b8e43!OpenDocument Ordonnance Souveraine n° 3.540 du 18 novembre 2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220111182757/http://www.legimonaco.mc/Dataweb/jourmon.nsf/100ab120e52ceb84c12568ce002f2909/29ea16321aefc881c1257952005b8e43!OpenDocument |date=2022-01-11 }} portant promotions ou nominations dans l'Ordre du Mérite Culturel&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bebungah Ilmiyah ==
* Pemenang Academy of Sciences, Sastra kaliyan Seni Marseille, (Lauréat de l’Académie des sciences, lettres et beaux-arts de Marseille), Prix Dassy, 1965
* Prix Nicolas Lahovary de l’Académie des sciences, 11 desember 1972
* Prix Girard de l'[[Association française pour l'avancement des sciences]], 1972
* mendali perak saking [[Centre national de la recherche scientifique]], Juni 1974
* mendali perak ''Ville de [[Nice]]'', 13 September 1976
* Prix d’Aumale de l’Institut de France, sur proposition de l'[[Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres]], 5 Juli 1977
* Prix Lépine, Ville de Nice, 21 Januari 1983
* Prix Jacques de Morgan-Vachon de l’Académie des sciences, lettres et beaux-arts de Marseille, 8 November 1984
* Prix scientifique Maurice Pérouse de la [[Fondation de France]], 7 Maret 1988

== Film Ilmiyah ==
* ''Méthodes modernes de fouilles archéologiques'', 1967
* ''Archéologie en laboratoire'', 1969
* ''Découverte de l'Homme de l'Arago'', 1969
* ''La Vallée des Merveilles'', 1971
* ''La grotte de l'Hortus'', 1975
* ''Histoire d'ancêtres'', 1982
* ''L'Homme de Tautavel, 20 ans de recherches'', 1989

==Cathetan suku==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
* [http://www.ina.fr/archivespourtous/index.php?vue=notice&amp;from=fulltext&amp;full=pr%E9histoire&amp;num_notice=2&amp;total_notices=17 Extrait audio d'un entretien avec H. de Lumley], interrogé par [[Jacques Chancel]] pour Radioscopie à l'occasion du congrès de l'UISPP de Nice en 1976.
* [http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/2007/11/28/lhomme-du-futur-aura-des-bras-courts Un grand entretien avec Henry de Lumley] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090330070828/http://bibliobs.nouvelobs.com/2007/11/28/lhomme-du-futur-aura-des-bras-courts |date=2009-03-30 }} paru dans le [[Nouvel Observateur]] en novembre 2007 est en ligne, dans sa version intégrale, sur le site [[BibliObs]]. On peut également y écouter une partie de l'entretien de 1976 avec [[Jacques Chancel]].
* [http://www.fondationiph.org Site de l'Institut de paléontologie humaine].

[[Kategori:Tokoh Prancis]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1934]]</text>
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    <title>Cristian Gonzálés</title>
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{{Infobox football biography 
|playername= Cristian Gonzálés
|image =[[Gambar:Cristian Gonzales.jpg|200px]]
|fullname = Cristian Gérard Alfaro Gonzáles
|nickname = ''El Loco'' (Si Gila)
|dateofbirth = {{Tanggal lair dan umur|1976|8|30}}
|cityofbirth = {{Flagicon|Uruguay}} [[Montevideo]]
|countryofbirth = [[Uruguay]]
|height = {{height|m=1.77}}
|currentclub = [[Persisam Samarinda]]
|clubnumber = 99
|position = [[Penyerang|Penyerang tengah]]
|youthyears= [[1990]]–[[1995]]
|youthclubs= [[Defensor Sporting]]
|years = 1995–1997&lt;br /&gt;1997–1999&lt;br /&gt;1999–2000&lt;br /&gt;2000–2003&lt;br /&gt;2003–2005&lt;br /&gt;2005–2008&lt;br /&gt;2008–2009&lt;br /&gt;2009–2010&lt;br /&gt;2010–
|clubs = [[Sud America]]&lt;br /&gt;→ [[Huracán Corrientes]] (pinjaman)&lt;br /&gt;[[Sud America]] &lt;br /&gt;[[Deportivo Maldonado]] &lt;br /&gt;[[PSM Makassar]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Persik Kediri]]&lt;br /&gt;→ [[Persib Bandung]] (pinjaman)&lt;br /&gt;[[Persib Bandung]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Persib Bandung]]
|caps(goals) = 1 (0)&lt;br /&gt;3 (0)&lt;br /&gt;12 (1)&lt;br /&gt;22 (1)&lt;br /&gt;26 (27)&lt;br /&gt;83 (88)&lt;br /&gt;16 (14)&lt;br /&gt;38 (32)&lt;br /&gt;
|nationalyears = [[2010]]–''sapunika''
|nationalteam = {{Flagicon|Indonésia}} {{timnas|Indonésia}}
|nationalcaps(goals)= 9 (6)
|pcupdate= 
|ntupdate= [[30 Dhésèmber]] [[2010]]
}}
'''Cristian Gérard Alfaro Gonzáles''' ({{lahirmati|[[Montevideo]], [[Uruguay]]|30|8|1976}}) inggih punika salah satunggalipun juru main [[bal-balan]] saking [[Indonésia]] ingkang gadhah posisi minangka [[penyerang|penyerang tengah]] utawi [[penyerang|penyerang tunggal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[http://www.goal.com/en/people/indonesia/26355/cristian-gonzales Cristian Gonzales](dipunakses ing tanggal 18 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt;. Saderengipun dados warga nagara [[indonesia]], piyambakipun punika warga nagara [[Uruguay]], nanging wiwit [[1 November]] [[2010]], piyambakipun resmi dados warga nagara [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Sapunika Gonzáles main wonten ing klub bal [[Arema]].&lt;ref name=&quot;chaf&quot;&gt;[http://www.tempo.co/read/news/2012/12/12/099447680/Cristian-Gonzales-Akhirnya-Berlabuh-di-Arema-LSI]{{Pranala mati|date=November 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}(dipunakses ing tanggal 9 Maret 2013)&lt;/ref&gt; Awit [[21 November]] [[2010]] panjenenganipun mlebet timnas {{timnas|Indonésia|tim nasional Indonésia}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;

== Profil ==
Cristian punika kalebet salah satunggaling [[penyerang]] ingkang paling mbebayani ing sadangunipun sajarah kompetisi bal-balan [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;&gt;[http://www.glatica.com/christian-gonzales-biodata-profile-gonzales-biografi.html Profil singkat Christian Gonzales ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114172119/http://www.glatica.com/christian-gonzales-biodata-profile-gonzales-biografi.html |date=2011-11-14 }}(dipunakses ing tanggal 18 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Kasaenanipun ing bab nendhang, nglebetaken bal, visi permainan, fisik, lan sundhulan punika dados andhalanipun.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Wekdal main ing [[Uruguay]], piyambakipun dados [[glandhang|glandhang serang]]. Nanging prodhuktivitasipun kirang sanget saéngga piyambakipun lajeng ''ijrah'' dhateng [[PSM Makassar]] kanthi status ''bébas transfer'', lan pikantuk posisi minangka [[panyerang]]. Miturut '''Badan Liga Indonésia''' ing mangsa 2006, piyambakipun dados juru main paling awis ing [[Liga Indonésia]] kanthi bayaran 1,2 Milyar &lt;ref&gt;''BOLA'' Edisi 1652, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Tanggal 21 November [[2010]] Cristian Gonzales miwiti main dados anggota timnas bal-balan Indonésia nglawan [[Timor Lésté]], lan langsung nglebetaken kalih gol.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;[http://bola.kompas.com/read/2010/11/21/21261076/.quot.El.Loco.Dua.Gol..Indonésia.Bantai.Timor.Leste.6.0 &quot;El Loco&quot; Dua Gol, Indonésia Bantai Timor Leste 6-0] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020162655/https://bola.kompas.com/read/2010/11/21/21261076/.quot.El.Loco.Dua.Gol..Indon%C3%A9sia.Bantai.Timor.Leste.6.0 |date=2019-10-20 }}(dipunakses ing tanggal 18 Juni 2011)&lt;/ref&gt; Salajengipun, piyambakipun mlebet tim inti Timnas Indonésia ing [[Piala Suzuki AFF 2010]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt; Sasampunipun nggarwa kaliyan pawestri Indonésia ingkang namanipun [[Eva Nurida Siregar]], piyambakipun pikantuk paspor Indonésia. Cristian lan [[Eva Gonzales]] pikantuk kalih momongan [[Fernando]] lan Florencia. Piyambakipun ugi patutan saking. Cristian mlebet agami [[Islam]] ing taun 2003 lan gantos nama '''Mustafa Habibi'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;/&gt;

== ''Prestasi'' ==
=== ''Klub'' ===
* ''Juara [[Liga Indonésia]] 2006-2007''

=== ''Individu'' ===
* Pencetak Gol Paling kathah [[Liga Indonésia]] 2003-2004 kanthi 27 gol
* Pencetak Gol Paling kathah [[Liga Indonésia]] 2005-2006 kanthi 30 gol
* Pencetak Gol Paling kathah [[Liga Indonésia]] 2006-2007 kanthi 32 gol
* Pencetak Gol Paling kathah [[Liga Indonésia]] 2007-2008 kanthi 26 gol
* Pencetak Gol Paling kathah [[Indonésia Super League]] 2008-2009 kanthi 28 gol
* Pencetak Gol Paling kathah nomer kalih [[Indonésia Super League]] 2009-2010 kanthi 18 gol
* Pencetak Gol Paling kathah nomer kalih [[Piala Indonésia]] 2005-2006 kanthi 10 gol
* Pencetak Gol Paling kathah nomer kalih [[Piala Indonésia]] 2006-2007 kanthi 8 gol
* Pencetak Gol Paling kathah nomer kalih [[Piala Indonésia]] 2007-2008 kanthi 5 gol
* Pencetak Gol Paling kathah nomer kalih [[Piala Indonésia]] 2008-2009 kanthi 7 gol
* Pencetak Gol Paling kathah [[Piala Indonésia]] 2009-2010 kanthi 10 gol

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
* [http://www.pssi-football.com/id/view_news_111082.php?id=302 ''&quot;Christian Gonzales: Berkat Dukungan Penuh Keluarga&quot;'']
* [http://beritabobotoh.blogspot.com/ ''Berita Persib dan Sepakbola Teraktual'']
* [http://www.mediaindonesia.com/index.php?ar_id=NTg1NjI= ''Christian Gonzalez Bergabung ke Persib'']
* [http://www.mediaindonesia.com/index.php?ar_id=NTg2MjQ= ''Nurdin Halid Muluskan Kepindahan Gonzales ke Persib'']

[[Kategori:Lair 1976]]
[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Artikel mawa basa krama]]
[[Kategori:Pemain bal-balan Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Pemain Persib Bandung]]
[[Kategori:Panyerang (bal-balan)]]
[[Kategori:Tokoh pindah dhateng agama Islam]]
[[Kategori:Pamain bal-balan Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Pamain bal-balan]]


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  <page>
    <title>Dhaftar désa ing Rogaland</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>101704</id>
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      <text bytes="37045" sha1="45hrasbsf6zlndwp6sbkr2qu387j22e" xml:space="preserve">Punika '''dhaftar désa ing [[Rogaland]]''', ing nagara [[Nurwègen]]. Kanggo liyané tlatah Deleng [[Pratélan désa ing Nurwègen]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 95%&quot;
|-
!Panggonan
!Kordinat
!Kode pos
!Ing kotamadya
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Aksdal]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 5570 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Tysvær]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Amdal]] || || 5570 || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sauda]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Askje]] || || 4156 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Rennesøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Austre Åmøy]] || {{coord|59|2|0|N|5|45|0|E}} || 4154 || [[File:Stavanger komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Stavanger]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Avaldsnes]] || || 4262 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Barstad]] || {{coord|58|24|0|N|6|16|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sokndal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Bergjord]] || {{coord|59|28|0|N|6|26|0|E}} || 4230 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Bergsagel]] || || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sandnes]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Bjerkreim]] || {{coord|58|36|0|N|6|7|0|E}} || 4387 || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Bjerkreim]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Bjøreimsbygda]] || {{coord|59|5|0|N|6|2|0|E}} || 4120 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Botne, Rogaland|Botne]] || || 4100 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Breidborg]] || || || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sauda]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Brimse]] || || 4153 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Rennesøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Bru, Rogaland|Bru]] || {{coord|59|2|0|N|5|39|0|E}} || 4158 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Rennesøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Brusand]] || {{coord|58|32|0|N|5|46|0|E}} || 4363 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hå]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Bu, Rogaland|Bu]] || {{coord|58|21|0|N|6|17|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sokndal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Byre, Rogaland|Byre]] || || 4168 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Finnøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Byrkjedal]] || {{coord|58|47|0|N|6|20|0|E}} || || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Gjesdal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Dale, Rogaland|Dale]] || || || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sandnes]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Dirdal]] || {{coord|58|49|0|N|6|11|0|E}} || 4335 || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Gjesdal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Eide, Rogaland|Eide]] || {{coord|58|28|0|N|6|20|0|E}} || || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Eidsund]] || {{coord|59|14|0|N|5|57|0|E}} || 4187 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Finnøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Eik, Rogaland|Eik]] || {{coord|58|40|0|N|6|23|0|E}} || || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Eike]] || {{coord|59|23|54|N|5|21|50|E}} || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Eikelandsdalen]] || {{coord|58|37|0|N|6|27|0|E}} || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Eigersund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Eltravåg]] || || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sandnes]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Erfjord]] || {{coord|59|21|0|N|6|13|0|E}} || 4233 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Ferkingstad]] || {{coord|59|13|0|N|5|12|0|E}} || 4274 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Ferkingstadhamn]] || {{coord|59|13|49|N|5|10|53|E}} || 4274 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Feøy]] || || 5548 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Figgjo]] || {{coord|58|47|0|N|5|49|0|E}} || 4332 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sandnes]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Finnvik]] || || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Fiskå, Rogaland|Fiskå]] || {{coord|59|8|0|N|6|1|0|E}} || 4122 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Fister]] || {{coord|59|10|0|N|6|4|0|E}} || 4139 || [[File:Hjelmeland komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hjelmeland]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Fløyrli]] || {{coord|59|1|0|N|6|26|0|E}} || 4128 || [[File:Forsand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Forsand]]
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Fogn]] || || 4164 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Finnøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Foldøy]] || || 4198 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Forsand]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4110 || [[File:Forsand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Forsand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Frafjord]] || {{coord|58|50|0|N|6|18|0|E}} || || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Gjesdal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Føresvik]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|14|0|N|5|27|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 5561|| [[File:Bokn komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Bokn]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Førland]] || {{coord|59|24|0|N|5|30|0|E}} || 5570 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Tysvær]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Førresfjorden]] || || 5563 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Tysvær]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Gilja]] || {{coord|58|48|0|N|6|16|0|E}} || || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Gjesdal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Goa, Norway|Goa]] || {{coord|58|59|0|N|5|38|0|E}} || 4070 || [[File:Randaberg komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Randaberg]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Grinde, Rogaland|Grinde]] || {{coord|59|26|0|N|5|29|0|E}} || 5570 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Tysvær]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Grødeim]] || {{coord|59|0|38|N|5|38|45|E}} || 4070 || [[File:Randaberg komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Randaberg]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Hauge, Rogaland|Hauge i Dalane]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|21|0|N|6|17|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4380 || [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sokndal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Haugsgjerd]] || {{coord|59|39|26|N|5|41|59|E}} || || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Vindafjord]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hebnes]] || {{coord|59|22|0|N|5|58|0|E}} || 4235 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hegelstad]] || || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Bjerkreim]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Heia]] || || || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Helgøysund]] || || 4174 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Finnøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hellandsbygd]] || {{coord|59|41|0|N|6|30|0|E}} || || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sauda]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Helleland]] || {{coord|58|32|0|N|6|5|0|E}} || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Eigersund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hellemork]] || {{coord|58|23|0|N|6|35|0|E}} || || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hellvik]] || {{coord|58|29|0|N|5|54|0|E}} || 4376 || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Eigersund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hervik]] || {{coord|59|19|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || 5566 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Tysvær]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hesby]] || {{coord|59|11|0|N|5|49|0|E}} || 4160 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Finnøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Heskestad]] || {{coord|58|30|0|N|6|22|0|E}} || || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hestnes]] || {{coord|58|25|0|N|6|1|0|E}} || 4370 || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Eigersund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hindaråvåg]] || || 5560 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Tysvær]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hinderaker]] || {{coord|59|21|0|N|5|15|0|E}} || 4262 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Hjelmelandsvågen]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|14|0|N|6|11|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4130 || [[File:Hjelmeland komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hjelmeland]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hognestad]] || {{coord|58|42|0|N|5|40|0|E}} || || [[File:Time komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Time, Norway|Time]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hommersåk]] || {{coord|58|55|54|N|5|51|4|E}} || 4310/4311 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sandnes]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hovland, Rogaland|Hovland]] || || 4370 || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Eigersund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hovsherad]] || || 4462 || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hundvåg]] || || 4085 || [[File:Stavanger komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Stavanger]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hæen]] || || || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hå]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Høle]] || {{coord|58|53|0|N|6|0|0|E}} || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sandnes]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hålandsmarka]] || || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sola]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Hålandsosen]] || {{coord|59|21|0|N|6|15|0|E}} || 4233 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Håvik, Karmøy|Håvik]] || {{coord|59|19|0|N|5|18|0|E}} || 4265 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Idse]] || {{coord|58|59|0|N|5|57|0|E}} || 4102 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Ims]] || {{coord|58|54|0|N|5|58|0|E}} || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sandnes]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Innbjoa]] || {{coord|59|39|42|N|5|39|6|E}} || 5584 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Vindafjord]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Isvik]] || || || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Vindafjord]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Jelsa, Norway|Jelsa]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|6|4|0|E}} || 4234 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Judaberg]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|11|0|N|5|51|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4160 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Finnøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Jøsang]] || {{coord|59|0|0|N|6|4|0|E}} || 4102 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Jøsenfjorden]] || || 4134 || [[File:Hjelmeland komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hjelmeland]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Karmsund]] || || 5542 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Kjølevik]] || || 4120 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Klepp stasjon]] || {{coord|58|46|0|N|5|40|0|E}} || 4353 || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Klepp]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Kleppe]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|47|0|N|5|38|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4352 || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Klepp]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Kolabygda]] || {{coord|58|57|0|N|6|2|0|E}} || || [[File:Forsand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Forsand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Kolnes, Sola|Kolnes]] || {{coord|58|54|0|N|5|35|0|E}} || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sola]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Kolstø]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|5|18|0|E}} || 4265 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Krossberg]] || || || [[File:Stavanger komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Stavanger]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Kvalavåg]] || {{coord|59|19|23|N|5|12|30|E}} || 4264 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Kvernaland]] || || 4355 || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Klepp]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Time komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Time, Norway|Time]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Kvilldal]] || {{coord|59|31|0|N|6|38|0|E}} || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Laksesvela]] || || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Bjerkreim]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Ledre]] || || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Eigersund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Li, Norway|Li]] || || 4380 || [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sokndal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Lindanger]] || || || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Tysvær]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Lyefjell]] || || || [[File:Time komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Time, Norway|Time]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Lysebotn, Rogaland|Lysebotn]] || {{coord|59|3|0|N|6|40|0|E}} || 4127 || [[File:Forsand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Forsand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Løland]] || {{coord|59|33|0|N|6|21|0|E}} || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Marvik]] || {{coord|59|26|0|N|6|6|0|E}} || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Mjølhus]] || {{coord|58|28|0|N|6|2|0|E}} || 4370 || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Eigersund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Moi, Norway|Moi]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|28|0|N|6|32|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4460 || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Mong, Norway|Mong]] || || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Eigersund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Mydland]] || {{coord|58|24|0|N|6|26|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sokndal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Myklebust, Rogaland|Myklebust]] || || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Eigersund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Nedstrand]] || {{coord|59|21|0|N|5|51|0|E}} || 5560 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Tysvær]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Nesflaten]] || {{coord|59|38|0|N|6|48|0|E}} || 4244 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Nesvåg]] || {{coord|58|20|0|N|6|12|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sokndal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Nip, Norway|Nip]] || {{coord|59|41|0|N|6|22|0|E}} || || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sauda]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Nord-Hidle]] || || 4173 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Finnøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Nodviga]] || || || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Nordheim, Rogaland|Nordheim]] || || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Nærbø]] || {{coord|58|40|0|N|5|39|0|E}} || 4365 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hå]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Obrestad]] || {{coord|58|39|0|N|5|32|0|E}} || || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hå]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Ogna]] || {{coord|58|31|0|N|5|48|0|E}} || 4364 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hå]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Ognedal]] || || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Bjerkreim]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Oltedal]] || {{coord|58|50|0|N|6|2|0|E}} || 4333 || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Gjesdal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Oppstad]] || || || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hå]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Orre, Rogaland|Orre]] || {{coord|58|44|0|N|5|32|0|E}} || 4343 || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Klepp]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Osnes]] || {{coord|59|24|5|N|5|14|40|E}} || 4260 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Pollestad]] || {{coord|58|43|0|N|5|35|0|E}} || 4343 || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Klepp]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Randaberg]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|0|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4070 || [[File:Randaberg komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Randaberg]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Rekefjord]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|6|14|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sokndal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Rekeland]] || {{coord|58|22|0|N|6|16|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sokndal]]
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Reppsbygda]] || || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Roaldkvam]] || {{coord|59|39|0|N|6|52|0|E}} || 4244 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Røksund]] || {{coord|59|20|3|N|5|20|45|E}} || 5546 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Røvær]] || {{coord|59|27|0|N|5|8|0|E}} || 5549 || [[File:Haugesund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Haugesund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Røyland]] || || || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Røyneberg]]/[[Sørnes]] || {{coord|58|54|35|N|5|40|3|E}} || 4052 || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sola]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Ræge]] (Reke) || {{coord|58|51|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sola]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Salte]] || {{coord|58|42|0|N|5|35|0|E}} || || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Klepp]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Sand, Rogaland|Sand i Ryfylke]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4230 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Sandbekk]] || {{coord|58|22|0|N|6|20|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sokndal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Sande, Rogaland|Sande]] || {{coord|58|53|30|N|5|39|26|E}} || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sola]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Sandeid]] || {{coord|59|33|0|N|5|50|0|E}} || 5585 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Vindafjord]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Sandve]] || {{coord|59|11|0|N|5|12|0|E}} || 4272 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Saudasjøen]] || {{coord|59|38|0|N|6|19|0|E}} || 4208 || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sauda]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Segleim]] || {{coord|58|27|0|N|5|54|0|E}} || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Eigersund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Sirevåg]] || {{coord|58|30|0|N|5|47|0|E}} || 4364 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hå]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Sjernarøy]] || || 4170 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Finnøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Skartveit]] || || 4182 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Finnøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Skiftun]] || || 4146 || [[File:Hjelmeland komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hjelmeland]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Skjeveland]] || {{coord|58|40|0|N|6|5|0|E}} || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Bjerkreim]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Skjold, Rogaland|Skjold]] || {{coord|59|31|0|N|5|35|0|E}} || 5574 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Vindafjord]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Skjoldastraumen]] || {{coord|59|26|0|N|5|37|0|E}} || 5567 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Tysvær]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Skokland]] || || || [[File:Haugesund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Haugesund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Skora]] || || 4370 || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Eigersund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Skre]] || {{coord|59|25|0|N|5|22|0|E}} || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Skåland]] || {{coord|58|25|0|N|6|33|0|E}} || || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Snøde]] || || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sola]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Sogndalstrand]] || {{coord|58|19|0|N|6|17|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sokndal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Sola]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|53|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4050 || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sola]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Stenebyen]] || || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sola]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Stokka]] || {{coord|59|15|0|N|5|20|0|E}} || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Stol, Rogaland|Stol]] || {{coord|59|14|0|N|5|12|0|E}} || 4274 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Stronda]] || {{coord|58|53|0|N|5|47|0|E}} || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sandnes]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Suldalsosen]] || {{coord|59|30|0|N|6|30|0|E}} || 4237 || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Svandal]] || {{coord|59|37|0|N|6|16|0|E}} || || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sauda]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Sviland]] || {{coord|58|50|0|N|5|50|0|E}} || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sandnes]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Svånes]] || {{coord|58|23|0|N|6|2|0|E}} || || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Eigersund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Syre]] || {{coord|59|9|0|N|5|11|0|E}} || 4280 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Sævelandsvik]] || {{coord|59|16|0|N|5|12|0|E}} || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Sør-Hidle]] || || 4123 || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Sørbokn]] || || 4169 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Finnøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Sørbø]] || {{coord|59|9|0|N|5|39|0|E}} || 4150 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Rennesøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Talgje]] || || 4163 || [[File:Finnøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Finnøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Tananger]] || {{coord|58|56|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || 4056 || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sola]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Tau, Norway|Tau]] || {{coord|59|4|0|N|5|54|0|E}} || 4120  || [[File:Strand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Strand, Norway|Strand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Tengesdal]] || {{coord|58|32|0|N|6|1|0|E}} || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Bjerkreim]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Tengs]] || || 4370 || [[File:Eigersund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Eigersund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Tjelta]] || {{coord|58|50|0|N|5|37|0|E}} || 4054 || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sola]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Tjora]] || {{coord|58|55|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sola]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Torvastad]] || || 4260 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Tysværvåg]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|5|30|0|E}} || 5565 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Tysvær]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Ualand]] || {{coord|58|32|0|N|6|22|0|E}} || 4463 || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Undheim]] || {{coord|58|41|0|N|5|47|0|E}} || 4342 || [[File:Time komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Time, Norway|Time]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Utbjoa]] || {{coord|59|40|39|N|5|36|23|E}} || 5584 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Vindafjord]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Utsira]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|18|0|N|4|54|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 5547 || [[File:Utsira komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Utsira]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vanvik]] || {{coord|59|32|0|N|6|22|0|E}} || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Varhaug]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|37|0|N|5|39|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4360 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hå]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vassbø]] || || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Bjerkreim]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vassøy]] || || 4076 || [[File:Stavanger komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Stavanger]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vatnamo]] || {{coord|58|29|0|N|5|49|0|E}} || || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hå]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vatne, Rogaland|Vatne]] || {{coord|58|51|0|N|5|47|0|E}} || 4308 || [[File:Sandnes komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sandnes]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vats]] || || 5578 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Vindafjord]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vedavågen]] || {{coord|59|17|30|N|5|14|0|E}} || 4276 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Velle (Rogaland)|Velle]] || || || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Vindafjord]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Verdalen]] || || || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Klepp]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vestra, Rogaland|Vestra]] || {{coord|59|29|0|N|5|34|0|E}} || || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Vindafjord]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vestre Åmøy]] || || 4152 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Rennesøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vigre]] || {{coord|58|39|0|N|5|36|0|E}} || 4365 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hå]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vigrestad]] || {{coord|58|34|0|N|5|42|0|E}} || 4362 || [[File:Hå komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hå]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vikebygd]] || {{coord|59|36|3|N|5|35|37|E}} || 5568 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Vindafjord]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vikedal]] || {{coord|59|30|0|N|5|55|0|E}} || 5583 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Vindafjord]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vikesdal]] || || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Bjerkreim]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Vikeså]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|38|0|N|6|6|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4389 || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Bjerkreim]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Vikevåg]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|5|53|N|5|41|53|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4150 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Rennesøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vinjar]] || || || [[File:Suldal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Suldal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Visnes, Rogaland|Visnes]] || {{coord|59|21|20|N|5|13|27|E}} || 4262 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Voll, Rogaland|Voll]] || {{coord|58|48|0|N|5|37|0|E}} || 4354 || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Klepp]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Vormedal]] || {{coord|59|21|18|N|5|19|8|E}} || 5545 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Våge, Rogaland|Våge]] || {{coord|59|20|0|N|5|17|0|E}} || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Våre]] || || || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Yrke]] || || 5567 || [[File:Tysvær komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Tysvær]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Ystabø]] (Ystabøhamn) || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|4|0|N|5|25|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4180 || [[File:Kvitsøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Kvitsøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Ytraland]] || {{coord|59|18|0|N|5|14|0|E}} || 4250 || [[File:Karmøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Karmøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Ytre Bø]] || || 4070 || [[File:Randaberg komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Randaberg]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Øksnevad]] || || || [[File:Klepp komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Klepp]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Ølbør]] || {{coord|58|52|0|N|5|35|0|E}} || || [[File:Sola komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sola]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Ølen]]sjøen || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|59|36|13|N|5|48|27|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 5580 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Vindafjord]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Ølensvåg]] (Ølsvågen) || {{coord|59|35|47|N|5|44|47|E}} || 5582 || [[File:Vindafjord_komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Vindafjord]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Østhusvik]] || {{coord|59|6|0|N|5|47|0|E}} || 4150 || [[File:Rennesøy komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Rennesøy]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Øverbygd, Rogaland|Øverbygd]] || || || [[File:Bjerkreim komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Bjerkreim]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Øvre Espedal]] || {{coord|58|55|0|N|6|16|0|E}} || || [[File:Forsand komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Forsand]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Øvre Maudal]] || {{coord|58|46|0|N|6|21|0|E}} || || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Gjesdal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Øye, Rogaland|Øye]] || {{coord|59|14|0|N|6|6|0|E}} || || [[File:Hjelmeland komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hjelmeland]]
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Åbødalen]] || || || [[File:Sauda komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sauda]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; bgcolor=#EEEEFF|[[Ålgård]] || bgcolor=#EEEEFF|{{coord|58|46|0|N|5|51|0|E}} || bgcolor=#EEEEFF| 4330 || [[File:Gjesdal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Gjesdal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Åmdal]] || || 4463 || [[File:Lund komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Lund, Norway|Lund]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Årdal, Rogaland|Årdal i Ryfylke]] || {{coord|59|9|0|N|6|12|0|E}} || 4137 || [[File:Hjelmeland komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Hjelmeland]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Åmot, Rogaland|Åmot]] || {{coord|58|21|0|N|6|19|0|E}} || 4380|| [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sokndal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-class=&quot;vcard&quot;
|  class=&quot;fn org&quot; | [[Åna-Sira]] || {{coord|58|18|0|N|6|26|0|E}} || 4420 || [[File:Sokndal komm.svg|20px]] &lt;span class=&quot;label&quot;&gt;[[Sokndal]]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

==Réferènsi==
*{{cite book | first= | last=Statens kartverk | title=Kunnskapsforlagets store Norgesatlas | publisher=Kunnskapsforlaget | location=Oslo | year=1996 | editor= | isbn=82-573-0742-4}}
*{{cite web| author=Falling Rain Genomics, Inc.| year=2004| title=Directory of Cities and Towns in Rogaland Fylke, Norway| format=| work=Global Gazetteer Version 2.1| url=http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/14/| accessdate=2006-03-26| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060914110636/http://www.fallingrain.com/world/NO/14/| archive-date=2006-09-14| url-status=dead}}
*{{cite journal | author=Statistics Norway | title=Urban settlements. Population and area, by municipality. 1 January 2005 | year=2005 | url=http://www.ssb.no/en/beftett/tab-2005-06-03-01-en.html}}
*{{cite web | author=Statens kartverk | year=2003 | title=Map service (Kvasir) | format= | work= | url=http://www.kvasir.no/kart/ | accessdate=2006-05-23 | archive-date=2003-08-01 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030801080733/http://www.kvasir.no/kart/ | url-status=dead }}
*{{cite web | author=Støverud, Henning | year=2001 | title=Postal code search | format= | work= | url=http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form | accessdate=2006-03-26 | archive-date=2002-11-29 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021129052430/http://www.stoverud.no/content.php?page=poststeder_form | url-status=dead }}

== Pranala njaba ==
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{{Désa ing Nurwègen}}

[[Kategori:Désa ing Nurwègen|Rogaland]]</text>
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| website       =  
}}
'''Evi Idawati''' ({{Lahirmati|[[Demak]], [[Jawa Tengah]]|9|12|1973}}) iku sawijining [[seniman]] [[Indonésia|Indonesia]]. Dhèwèké ditepungi déné sawatara karyané wujud [[Carita cekak|carita pendek]], [[novèl]], lan [[Geguritan|puisi]] sing dibabar ing [[médhia massa]] lan buku. Evi uga nekuni babagan seni peran, maca puisi, presenter, sutradara, penulisan skenario, lan ngajar ing sanggar-sanggar sastra lan [[Dhosèn|perguruan tinggi]]. ''1 Kakak 7 Ponakan'' iku sawijining sinétron kang ditayangaké ing [[RCTI]] sing dhèwèké uga mèlu main dadi pemeran.&lt;ref name=&quot;nla&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pungkit&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;thejakartapost&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;yasayo&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;khatulistiwa&quot; /&gt;

== Karya ==

=== Kumpulan puisi ===
* ''Pengantin Sepi'' (Moestikawacana, 2002)&lt;ref name=&quot;nla&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title = National Library of Australia Catalogue|date = Tanpa Tanggal|url = http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Search/Home?lookfor=evi+idawati|work = Catalogue.nla.gov.au|accessdate = 28 Juni 2015|archive-date = 2021-07-02|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210702220546/https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Search/Home?lookfor=evi+idawati|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Namaku Sunyi'' (Adi Wacana, 2005)&lt;ref name=&quot;nla&quot; /&gt;
* ''Imaji dari Batas Negeri'' (Isac Book, 2008)
* ''Mencintaimu'' (Isac Book, 2010)
* ''9 Kubah'' (Isac Book, 2013)&lt;ref name=&quot;pungkit&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title = Narasi Perempuan “9 Kubah Evi Idawati”|date = 4 Juni 2014|url = http://www.pungkitwijaya.com/narrasi-perempuan-9-kubah-evi-idawati/|work = Pungkitwijaya.com|accessdate = 29 Juni 2015|archive-date = 2015-07-01|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150701073425/http://www.pungkitwijaya.com/narrasi-perempuan-9-kubah-evi-idawati/|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Kumpulan carita pendek ===
* ''Mahar'' (Gita Nagari, 2003)&lt;ref name=&quot;nla&quot; /&gt;
* ''Malam Perkawinan'' (Grasindo, 2005)&lt;ref name=&quot;nla&quot; /&gt;
* ''Perempuan Kedua'' (Pilar Media, 2005)
* ''7 Gerbang Cahaya'' (2019)

=== Novèl ===
* ''Teratak'' (Isac Book, 2009)&lt;ref name=&quot;nla&quot; /&gt;

=== Karya bersama ===
* ''Antologi Penyair Jateng'' (1993)
* ''Lirik-lirik Kemenangan'' (Taman Budaya Yogyakarta, 1993)
* ''Ketika Layar Turun'' (1994)
* ''Zamrud Khatulistiwa'' (Balai Basa Yogyakarta, 1997)
* ''Embun Tajali'' (Festival Kesenian Yogyakarta, 2000)
* ''Filantropi'' (2001)
* ''Akar Rumput'' (2002)
* ''Kemilau Mangsa'' (2003)
* ''Kopiyah dan Kun Fayakun'' (2003)
* ''Puisi Tak Pernah Pergi'' (Kompas, 2003)
* ''Di Batas Kota'' (2003)
* ''Cerita Pengantin'' (2004)
* ''Pesona Gemilang Mangsa'' (2004)
* ''Bacalah Cinta'' (2005)
* ''Dokumen Jibril'' (Republika, 2005)
* ''Maha Duka Acèh'' (2005)
* ''Surat Putih 3'' (2005)
* ''Karena Namaku Perempuan'' (2005)
* ''Robingah, Cintailah Aku'' (2007)
* ''Antariksa Dada'' (2008)
* ''Malioboro'' (Balai Basa, 2009)
* ''Bertahta di Atasnya'' (Basa Ruslan, 2009)
* ''Pilar Penyair'' (2010)
* ''Perempuan Bermulut Api'' (Balai Basa, 2010)
* ''Akulah Musi'' (2012)
* ''Narasi Tembuni'' (Antologi KSI Award, 2012)
* ''Antologi Perempuan Penyair Indonesia Mutakhir'' (2012)
* ''Rumah Penyair'' (2013)
* ''Pawestren'' (2013)
* ''Dari Negeri Poci 4: Negeri Abal-abal'' (Komunitas Radja Ketjil, 2013; bersama 98 penyair lain)
* ''PISAU: Antologi 27 Cerpen Perempuan Cerpenis Angkatan 2000 dalam Sastra Indonesia'' (Delacita, 2015; editor: [[Korrie Layun Rampan]])

== Pementasan drama ==
* Trilogi Oedipus&lt;ref name=&quot;thejakartapost&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title = Mom's the word in Oedipus 
trilogy|date = 17 Juli 1999|url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/1999/07/17/mom039s-word-oedipus-trilogy.html|work = The Jakarta Post|accessdate = 29 Juni 2015|archive-date = 2015-07-05|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150705013617/http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/1999/07/17/mom039s-word-oedipus-trilogy.html|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cabik
* Titik-titik Hitam
* Sumur Tanpa Dasar

== Sinetron lan FTV ==
* 1 Kakak 7 Ponakan (RCTI, 1996)
* Jejak-jejak Kecil (2012)
* Ketulusan Kartika (1995)

== Pangaji ==
* Bebungah Sastra Yogya dari Yayasan Sastra Yogya&lt;ref name=&quot;yasayo&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title = Tiga Sastrawan Terima Anugerah Bebungah Sastra Yogya|date = 21 April 2011|url = https://ugm.ac.id/id/berita/3270-tiga.sastrawan.terima.anugerah.hadiah.sastra.yogya|work = Ugm.ac.id|accessdate = 28 Juni 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* 10 Besar Khatulistiwa Literary Award 2013 untuk kumpulan puisi ''9 Kubah''&lt;ref name=&quot;khatulistiwa&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title = 10 Besar Khatulistiwa Literary Award 2013|date = 15 Sèptèmber 2014|url = http://www.kusalasastrakhatulistiwa.com/10-besar-khatulistiwa-literary-award-2013/|work = Kusalasastrakhatulistiwa.com|accessdate = 28 Juni 2015|archive-date = 2015-02-24|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150224013912/http://www.kusalasastrakhatulistiwa.com/10-besar-khatulistiwa-literary-award-2013/|url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Uga delengen ==
* [[Korrie Layun Rampan]]
* [[Siska Yuniati]]

== Cathetan suku ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://tembi.net/peristiwa-budaya/membicarakan-9-kubah-karya-evi-idawati Membicarakan 9 Kubah Karya Evi Idawati]
* [http://seleb.tempo.co/read/news/2012/12/26/114450482/tembi-rumah-budaya-yogya-luncurkan-antologi-puisi Tembi Rumah Budaya Yogya Luncurkan Antologi Puisi] {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.republika.co.id/berita/no-channel/08/11/17/14256-sajak-sajak-evi-idawati Sajak-sajak Evi Idawati di Republika Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924125227/http://www.republika.co.id/berita/no-channel/08/11/17/14256-sajak-sajak-evi-idawati |date=2015-09-24 }}
* [http://eviidawati.jogjanews.com/category/gallery/evi-idawati-mengisi-gelaran-sastra-bulan-purnama-edisi-ke-18-di-tembi-rumah-budaya-25-februari-2013 Evi Idawati Mengisi Gelaran Sastra Bulan Purnama Edisi Ke-18 di TeMBI Rumah Budaya, 25 Februari 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150701122228/http://eviidawati.jogjanews.com/category/gallery/evi-idawati-mengisi-gelaran-sastra-bulan-purnama-edisi-ke-18-di-tembi-rumah-budaya-25-februari-2013 |date=2015-07-01 }}
* [http://eviidawati.jogjanews.com Berita-berita tentang Evi Idawati di situs Jogjanews.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508004045/http://eviidawati.jogjanews.com/ |date=2015-05-08 }}
* [http://krjogja.com/read/202505/evi-idawati-luncukan-vcd-pembelajaran-sastra.kr Evi Idawati Luncukan VCD Pembelajaran Sastra]{{Pranala mati|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://ugm.ac.id/en/news/6419-three.writers.received.yogya.literature.prize Three Writers Received Yogya Literature Prize]
* [http://idwriters.com/writers/evi-idawati Profil Evi Idawati di Idwriters.com]
* [http://fbs.uny.ac.id/berita/85-siswa-sma-sederajat-mengikuti-lomba-baca-puisi-di-kampus-ungu.html Evi Idawati Menjadi Juri Lomba Baca Puisi di Fakultas Basa dan Seni UNY] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211549/http://fbs.uny.ac.id/berita/85-siswa-sma-sederajat-mengikuti-lomba-baca-puisi-di-kampus-ungu.html |date=2016-03-04 }}

[[Kategori:Lair 1973]]
[[Kategori:Juru gurit Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Sastrawati Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Sastrawati abad angka 21]]</text>
      <sha1>kbwg8in33wqva7kgxlay0fx87br66ue</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Joesoef Sou'yb</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="4925" sha1="67wro8wqrs5rzprffjxvnnnw6i0hii1" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
|name        = Joesoef Sou’yb
|image       = 
|imagesize   = 
|alt         = 
|caption     = 
|birth_name  = 
|birth_date  = {{Birth date|1916|7|14}}
|birth_place = [[Bayua, Tanjung Raya, Agam|Bayua]], [[Tanjung Raya, Agam|Tanjuang Rayo]], [[Kabupatèn Agam|Agam]], [[Hindia Belanda]]
|death_date  = {{Death date and age|1993|1|7|1916|7|14}} 
|death_place = {{Flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Kota Medan|Medan]], [[Sumatera Utara]]
|nationality = {{Flagicon|Indonésia}} [[Indonésia]]
|other_names = 
|known_for   = [[Intelektual]] [[Muslim]]
|occupation  = [[Sejarawan]], [[wartawan]], [[penulis]], [[pengajar]]
|religion    = [[Islam]]
|spouse      = 
|children    = 
|parents     = 
}}

'''Joesoef Sou'yb''' ya iku panganggit roman lan juru tulis carita dhetèktip.{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=148}}
Dhèwèké lair ana Bayur, Maninjau, Sumatra Kulon, tanggal 14 Juli 1916.{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=148}}
Jenengé wiwit kondhang kawit roman dhetèktipé kang irah-irahan ''Elang Emas'' terbit ing 1940.{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=148}}

==Donya Karya==

===Prosa===
Karya prosa anggitné, antarané:{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=148}} &lt;br/&gt;
1. ''Bibir Mengandoeng Ratjoen'', taun 1939; &lt;br/&gt;
2. ''Djiwa Bersiram Darah'', taun 1940; &lt;br/&gt;
3. ''Gadis Komidi'', taun 1941.

===Geguritan===
Déné karya geguritané:{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=148}}{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=149}} &lt;br/&gt;
1. ''Lusa'', nganggo jeneng Joed-Mahjoedin, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 12, 20 April 1936; &lt;br/&gt;
2. ''Duka'', nganggo jeneng Joed-Mahjoedin, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 13, 27 April 1936, uga ana [[Tonggak 1]], taun 1987 kaca 225; &lt;br/&gt;
3. ''Terkenang'', nganggo jeneng Joed-Mahjoedin, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 16, 20 Mèi 1936, uga ana [[Tonggak 1]], taun 1987 kaca 222; &lt;br/&gt;
4. ''Benarkah'', nganggo jeneng Joed-Mahjoedin, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 23, 17 Juli 1936; &lt;br/&gt;
5. ''Di Tandjoeng'', nganggo jeneng Jatim, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 39. 18 November 1936; &lt;br/&gt;
6. ''Ukuran Zaman'', nganggo jeneng Joed-Mahjoedin, diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]], taun III no. 10, April 1936; &lt;br/&gt;
7. ''Kartini'', nganggo jeneng Joeddakoesoema, diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]], taun III no. 11, Mèi 1936; &lt;br/&gt;
8. ''Selamat Berpisah'', nganggo jeneng Joenoes, diemot ana [[Pandji Islam]], taun IV no. 35, 15 Dhesember 1937; &lt;br/&gt;
9. ''Alhambra'', nganggo jeneng Joesda, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 34, 8 Oktober 1936, uga ana [[Tonggak 1]], taun 1987 kaca 229; &lt;br/&gt;
10. ''Ooo 'rang Dusun'', nganggo jeneng Joesda, diemot ana Pandji [[Masjarakat]], taun II no. 36, 26 Oktober 1936; &lt;br/&gt;
11. ''Oh, Ombak Serulah'', nganggo jeneng Joesda, diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 37, 31 Oktober 1936; &lt;br/&gt;
12. ''Tidak... Saudara'', diemot ana [[Pandji Masjarakat]], taun II no. 40, 25 November 1936; &lt;br/&gt;
13. ''Kuli Beban'', diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]],  taun I no. 12, Juni 1934, uga ana [[Tonggak 1]], taun 1987 kaca 223; &lt;br/&gt;
14. ''O, Angin'', diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]], taun II no. 5, November 1934, uga ana [[Tonggak 1]], taun 1987 kaca 228; &lt;br/&gt;
15. ''O, Bidaku'', diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]], taun II no. 5, November 1934; &lt;br/&gt;
16. ''Apa Fa'alnya'', diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]], taun I no. 12, Juni 1934; &lt;br/&gt;
17. ''Dari Relung Keinsafan'', diemot ana [[Poedjangga Baroe]], taun VIII no. 11, Mèi 1941, uga ana [[Tonggak 1]], taun 1987 kaca 230.

Bebarengan karo [[HAMKA]] lan [[A. Hasymi]], dhèwèké nyusun buku kumpulan geguritan kang irah-irahan ''Soenji Poedja'' (1948). Geguritan kang kaimpun ana ''Soenji Poedja'', antarané:{{sfn|Dendy Sugono|2003|p=149}} &lt;br/&gt;
1. ''Soekmakoe Diam''; &lt;br/&gt;
2. ''Zaman Moeda''; &lt;br/&gt;
3. ''Terkenang-kenang''; &lt;br/&gt;
4. ''Angan''; &lt;br/&gt;
5. ''Tersedar''; &lt;br/&gt;
6. ''Ratap Sendoe''; &lt;br/&gt;
7. ''Pelajan Toeboeh''; &lt;br/&gt;
8. ''Berangkat''; &lt;br/&gt;
9. ''Maboek Seorang''; &lt;br/&gt;
10. ''Renoeng Kalboe''; &lt;br/&gt;
11. ''Boedjoekan''.

==Cathetan suku==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliografi==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book
|title = Ensiklopedia Sastra Indonésia Modern
|first1 = 
|last1 = 
|editor = Dendy Sugono
|year = 2003
|publisher = Remaja Rosdakarya
|location = Bandung
| ISBN = 979-692-283-5
}}
{{refend}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* [http://islaminindonesia.com/news/ &quot;Indonesian Muslims&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222160753/http://islaminindonesia.com/news/ |date=2014-02-22 }} Islam in Indonesia. Diakses tanggal 23 Juli 2016.
* [http://books.google.co.id/books/about/Sejarah_Daulat_Khulafaur_Rasyidin.html?hl=id&amp;id=Cxc1NQAACAAJ &quot;Sejarah Daulat Khulafaur-Rasyidin&quot;] Books.google.co.id. Diakses tanggal 23 Juli 2016.
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20190713172236/http://repository.uinsu.ac.id/290/5/BAB%20II.pdf Riwayat Hidup dan Karya-Karya Joesoef Sou'yb ana http://repository.uinsu.ac.id/]

[[Kategori:Sastrawan]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani]]</text>
      <sha1>67wro8wqrs5rzprffjxvnnnw6i0hii1</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>'Salem's Lot</title>
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{{Orphan|date=Oktober 2016}}

'''''&lt;nowiki&gt;'&lt;/nowiki&gt;Salem's Lot''''' iku novèl horor fiksi taun 1975 sing dianggit  Stephen King. Novèl iki minangka novèl angka 2 sing ditulis King. 'Salem's Lot nyaritaaké panulis ajeneng Ben Mears sing mbalik menyang kutha Jerusalem's Lot (utawa singkaté ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Salem's Lot'') ing Maine, papan kanggo dhèwèké urip saka umur 9 nganti 13 saperlu nglingkab manawa para résidhèn ing kutha kui malih dadi vampir. Kuthané karan manèh ing carita cekak &quot;Jerusalem's Lot&quot; lan &quot;One for the Road&quot;, loro-loroné ana ing koleksi carita King asesirah ''Night Shift'' (taun 1978). Novèl iki dinominasi ing World Fantasy Award kanthi Novèl Paling Apik taun 1976,&lt;ref name=&quot;WWE-1976&quot;&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;[http://www.worldswithoutend.com/books_year_index.asp?year=1976 &quot;1976 Award Winners &amp; Nominees&quot;]. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; lan ing Locus Award kanthi Novèl Paling Apik Salawasé nalika taun 1987.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;[http://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/title.cgi?1272 &quot;Bibliography: 'Salem's Lot&quot;]. ''isfdb Science Fiction''&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. &lt;/span&gt;&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing rong wawancara sing kepisah, King ngomong nèk ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Salem's Lot'' dadi novèl favorité. Ing wawancara majalah ''Playboy'' taun 1983, pawawancara uga nakoni yèn King arep nggawé sékuèl ''&lt;nowiki/&gt;'Salem's Lot'',&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;[http://www.playboyph.com/2010/11/01/playboy-interview-stephen-king/ &quot;Playboy Interview: Stephen King&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203004555/http://www.playboyph.com/2010/11/01/playboy-interview-stephen-king/ |date=2013-12-03 }}. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; nanging King omong yèn dhèwèké ora arep nggawé sékuèl amarga dhèwèké wis nulis novèl seri ''The Dark Tower'' mawa sékuèl ''Wolves of the Calla'' lan dilanjutaké ''Song of Susannah''.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web&quot;&gt;[http://www.stephenking.com/faq.html#4.2 &quot;Frequently Asked Questions&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251113212914/https://stephenking.com/faq/#4.2 |date=2025-11-13 }}. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;div class=&quot;reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2&quot; style=&quot;-moz-column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;&quot;&gt;
&lt;references /&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

[[Kategori:Novèl horor Amérika]]
[[Kategori:Novèl déning Stephen King]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>KG Media</title>
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      <text bytes="15391" sha1="q1ync8e4rhpgx5ileya6fz2ulrv1rfs" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|perusahaan induk Indonesia}}
{{Infobox company
| company_name = Kompas Gramedia Group
| company_logo = 
| image = Kompas Gramedia.jpg
| image_size = 250px
| image_caption = Gedung Kompas Gramedia di [[Daerah Khusus Ibukota Jakarta|Jakarta]]
| company_type = Swasta
| foundation = [[Agustus|17 Agustus]] [[1963]]
| founder = [[Petrus Kanisius Ojong|P.K. Ojong]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jakob Oetama]]
| location = Jalan Palmerah Selatan 22-26, Jakarta
| key_people = Lilik Oetama ([[Ketua]] lan [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])
| products = Media&lt;br /&gt;Properti&lt;br /&gt;Penyelenggara acara&lt;br /&gt;tisu&lt;br /&gt;Yayasan
| industry = konglomerat
| subsid = {{unbulleted list|[[Kompas (koran)|KG Media]]&lt;br&gt;([[Kompas (koran)|Kompas Media Nusantara]], [[Gramedia Pustaka Utama]], dll)|Dyandra Promosindo|Santika Indonesia Hotels &amp; Resorts|Multimedia Nusantara University}}
| homepage = [http://www.kompasgramedia.com kompasgramedia.com]
}}
'''Kompas Gramedia''' iku sawijining konglomerat Indonésia. Wis fokus ing sawetara bisnis, utamane media massa, uga perhotelan, manufaktur, lan ngatur acara. Bisnis perusahaan kalebu pirang-pirang divisi, kayata aset media (kalebu koran harian ''[[Kompas]]''; jaringan televisi Kompas TV; jaringan radio Sonora; lan [[Gramedia (toko buku)|Gramedia]] jaringan toko buku), jaringan perhotelan Santika Indonesia, firma organisasi acara Dyandra, lan uga Graha Bumi Hijau, produsen kertas tisu sing dikenal kanthi merek Tessa.

==Media == 

Wiwit taun 2018, kabeh unit media Kompas Gramedia ditata maneh dadi siji anak perusahaan, yaiku KG Media.

=== Koran === 

====''Kompas''====

{{utama|Kompas}} PT Kompas Media Nusantara nerbitake ''Kompas'', koran harian nasional. ''Kompas'' wiwit terbitan kapisan tanggal 28 Juni 1965. Wiwit taun 1969, ''Kompas'' wis dominasi dodolan ing saindenging negoro. Ing taun 2013, ''Kompas'' duwe sirkulasi rata-rata 500.000 eksemplar saben dina, nganti rata-rata 1.850.000 wong saben dina.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=Kompas Gramedia| url=http://www.kompasgramedia.com/business/newspapers/kompas| access-date=8 Mèi 2013| archive-date=2011-11-03| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111103024539/http://www.kompasgramedia.com/business/newspapers/kompas| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''Kompas'' ora mung dianggep minangka koran sing paling gedhé ing Indonesia, nanging uga dadi koran paling gedhé ing Asia Tenggara.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Nama Kompas Pemberian Bung Karno| url=http://lipsus.kompas.com/hut45/sejarahkompas| access-date=8 Mèi 2013| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131003025324/http://lipsus.kompas.com/hut45/sejarahkompas| archive-date=3 Oktober 2013| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====''Kontan''====

{{utama|Kontan}} PT Grahanusa Mediatama menerbitkan &quot;Kontan&quot;, penerbitan bisnis dan keuangan. Originally diterbitake ing taun 1996 minangka koran mingguan (saiki disebut ''Tabloid Kontan''), saiki ''Kontan'' uga diterbitake minangka koran harian.
 
====''Tribun Network''====

{{utama|Jaringan Tribun}} PT Indopersda Primamedia, luwih dikenal kanthi jeneng Tribun Network, yaiku jaringan koran lokal sing didegake Kompas Gramedia. Ngoperasikake koran regional wiwit taun 1988, rantai kasebut saiki nerbitake 22 koran regional - sawetara sing nganggo jeneng gabungan &quot;Tribun&quot; - uga koran olahraga nasional &quot;Super Ball&quot;.
 
=====''Warta Kota''=====

{{anchor|Warta Kota}} ''Warta Kota'' (''The City News'') iku sawijining koran esuk ing Indonésia saben dina sing diterbitake ing [[Jakarta]], [[Indonesia]], sing nglayani tlatah [[Jabodetabek]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Media |url=https://www.kompasgramedia.com/business/media |website=Kompas Gramedia |access-date=7 Sèptèmber 2020 |archive-date=2023-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324033450/https://www.kompasgramedia.com/business/media |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iki ana ing format [[broadsheet]] lan diterbitake dening PT Metrogema Media Nusantara, anak perusahaan [[Kompas Gramedia]] (KG), lan bagéan saka ''The Tribun Network''.

''Warta Kota'' wiwit diterbitake sawisé [[Kementrian Penerangan (Indonesia)|Kementrian Penerangan]] ing [[B.J. Habibie]] administrasi melonggarkan tata cara pengajuan Surat Izin Usaha (SIUPP) media cetak.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;u&gt;Cathetan&lt;/u&gt;: PT Metrogema Media Nusantara entuk SIUPP No. 726/SK/MENPEN/SIUPP/1998 , tanggal 19 Nopember 1998 kanggo ngadegé Warta Kota.&lt;/ref&gt; Koran nasional Indonésia, [[Kompas]] (anak perusahaan KG), nganti taun 1998, mung ngetokaké rong kaca saben terbitan kanggo warta ing Jakarta lan saubengé. umume diisi pariwara, sanajan koran kasebut diterbitake ing Jakarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;wartakota&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Sejarah Harian Warta Kota |url=http://www.kompasgramedia.com/business/newspapers/wartakota |website=Kompas Gramedia |access-date=7 Sèptèmber 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107040252/http://www.kompasgramedia.com/business/newspapers/wartakota |archive-date=7 Januari 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanggo ngisi kekosongan iki, ''Warta Kota'' digawe. ''Warta Kota'' pisanan diterbitake tanggal 3 Mei 1999 ing tengah-tengah kampanye [[pemilihan legislatif Indonesia, 1999|1999]].&lt;ref name=&quot;wartakota&quot; /&gt;

===Majalah === 

Unit majalah Kompas Gramedia diatur ing anak perusahaan Grid Network. ''Intisari'', publikasi pisanan grup iki ing taun 1963, isih ana ing edaran nganti saiki. Unit bisnis uga nangani 43 tabloid lan judhul majalah (30 asli lan 13 sing dilisensi) uga seri komik sing sukses lan judhul buku liyane kayata:
* [[Hai (majalah)|Hai]] 
* [[Kawanku (majalah)|Kawanku]] 
* [[Nova (tabloid)|Nova]] 
* [[MotorPlus]] 
* [[Otomotif]]
* [[CHIC (majalah)|CHIC]] 
* [[Nakita (tabloid)|Nakita]]
* [[Sekar (majalah)|Sekar]] 
* [[Bobo (majalah)|Bobo]] 
* [[Bola (tabloid)|Bola]] 
* [[Komando (majalah)|Komando]]
* [[Citra (majalah)|Citra]] (mati) 
* [[Angkasa (majalah)|Angkasa]] 
Judhul majalah sing dilisensi kalebu:
* [[Martha Stewart Living]]
* [[Otomatis Bild]] 
* [[InStyle]] 
* [[Disney Junior]] 
* [[Majalah National Geographic]]  Wiwit Desember 2016, ana wolung majalah utawa tabloid sing dicithak saben wulan (Kawanku, Sinyal, Chip, Chip Foto Video, What Hi Fi, Auto Expert, Car and Turning Guide, lan Motor), sing diowahi dadi publikasi online.&lt;ref&gt; {{ngutip web | url=http://id.tempo.co/read/news/2016/12/19/056828823/Kompas-Gramedia-Stops-Printing-8-Magazines-Tabloids |title=Kompas Gramedia Stop Printing 8 Majalah, Tabloid |penulis =Larissa Huda |tanggal=19 Desember 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Penerbitan === 

Ing taun 1973 Kompas Gramedia mbentuk [[Gramedia Pustaka Utama]] (GPU) lan wiwit nerbitaké judhul pisanan. Perusahaan iki sukses banget lan saiki nerbitake luwih saka 600 judul saben taun.

=== Buku Pegangan ====

Klompok kasebut wis nyukupi panjaluk kanggo publikasi teknologi uga pendidikan. PT [[Elex Media Komputindo]] (EMK), didegaké ing taun 1985, nerbitaké buku babagan komputer lan elektronik. EMK uga nerbitake buku bisnis lan manajemen teknologi, komik, buku pendidikan, lan piranti lunak komputer. Saben taun EMK nerbitake udakara 1500 judhul anyar, 51% saka terjemahan saka karya asing. PT Prima Info Sarana Media ngetokake majalah komputer Infokomputer lan Tabloid PC Plus uga tabloid desain omah lan interior Rumah.

====Penerbitan Pendidikan==== 

Ing taun 1990 PT [[Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia]], kang misuwur kanthi jeneng Grasindo, wiwit fokus ing buku pelajaran sekolah lan bahan pendhidhikan liyane kanggo TK, SD lan SMP. Saiki nerbitake udakara 300 judhul anyar saben taun.

====Liyane====

Saliyane perusahaan kasebut, grup iki uga duwe sawetara perusahaan penerbitan liyane, kayata Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia (KPG, kanthi harfiah Gramedia Popular Books) lan Penerbit Buku Kompas (penerbitan buku kanthi merek Kompas).

=== Media online ===

====''Kompas.com''====

[[Kompas.com]] minangka [[warta online|portal warta online]] saka ''Kompas'', nanging staf redaksi sing kapisah. Wiwit awal 2014, Kompas.com dadi nomer loro paling gedhé sawisé [[detik.com]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.tribunnews.com/metropolitan/2014/03/21/syukuran-ultah-ke-4-tribunnewscom-bismillah-tahun-ini-tiga-besar-newsportal-nasional |title=Bismillah, Tahun Ini Tiga Besar Newsportal Nasional |date=21 Maret 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

====''Tribunnews.com''====

[[Tribun Network#Tribunnews.com|Tribunnews.com]] minangka portal warta online Tribun Network. Tribunnews.com dikutip dening [[Universitas Andalas]] ing taun 2018 minangka situs web host nasional sing paling populer ing Indonesia, kanthi kunjungan 183,2 yuta saben wulan.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation| title=Tribunnews.com Website Lokal Paling Diminati Netizen| trans-title=Tribunnews.com Situs Web Lokal Paling Ditarik Netizen| date=23 Mèi 2018| publisher=Perpustakaan Universitas Andalas (pustaka.unand.ac.id)| url=https://pustaka.unand.ac.id/berita-dan-peristiwa/item/177-tribunnews| access-date=2021-11-08| archive-date=2020-08-23| archive-url=https://archive.today/20200823120001/https://pustaka.unand.ac.id/berita-dan-peristiwa/item/177-tribunnews| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rangking 38 ing [[Dhaptar situs web paling populer|situs web paling populer ing donya dening lalu lintas]] {{Mulai|2020|04|16|df=us|lc=yes}} dening [[Alexa Internet]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexa&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.alexa.com/topsites| title=Alexa Top 500 Situs Global| work=[[Alexa Internet]]| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416015659/https://www.alexa.com/topsites| archive-date=16 April 2010| url-status=dead| access-date=27 Juni 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Penyiaran=== 

===Radio ====
 
1973 miwiti [[Radio Sonora]] (RS) sing nyebar utamane ing Jakarta metropolitan. Saiki RS duwe stasiun radio liyane ing kutha kayata [[Surabaya]] ([[Jawa Timur]]), [[Yogyakarta]] ([[DI Yogyakarta]]), [[Pangkalpinang]] ([[Bangka Belitung]] ), [[Pontianak]] ([[Kalimantan Barat]]), [[Palembang]] ([[Sumatera Selatan]]), [[Bandung]], [[Cirebon]] ([[Jawa Barat]]), [[Semarang]], [[Solo (Stasiun radio Indonésia)|Solo]], [[Purwokerto]] ([[Jawa Tengah]]), [[Bali]], [[Palangkaraya]], [[Banjarbaru]] , [[Makassar]], lan [[Medan]].

====Televisi====

Kanggo ngrampungake keselarasan bisnis inti, Kompas Gramedia ngedegake PT Duta Visual Nusantara Tivi Tujuh, sing misuwur kanthi jeneng TV7, ing taun 2001. TV7 nyedhiyakake program hiburan kulawarga (berita, program bocah, olahraga, lan film film). Ing taun 2006, Trans Corp (saiki [[Trans Media]], anak perusahaan [[CT Corp]]) tuku 55% saham TV7 lan ganti jeneng dadi [[Trans7|Trans 7]]. Tanggal 9 September 2011, Kompas Gramedia ngluncurake jaringan televisi liyane [[Kompas TV]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://nasional.kompas.com/read/2011/09/09/16013019/.Kompas.di.Layar.Kaca .Diluncurkan.Malam.Ini &quot;Kompas&quot; ing Layar Kaca Diluncurkan Malam Ini] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108081748/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2011/09/09/16013019/.Kompas.di.Layar.Kaca |date=2021-11-08 }}; ora ana info&lt;/ref&gt; Grup iki uga duwe lan ngoperasikake stasiun lokal [[KTV (Indonesia)|KTV]], stasiun TV lokal ing Jakarta sing dituku grup kasebut ing taun 2011 lan dadi salah sawijining afiliasi awal Kompas TV sadurunge. dadi stasiun independen ing taun 2015. Kompas Gramedia uga ngedegake [[K-Vision]], panyedhiya layanan [[satelit]], sadurunge 60% sahame dituku dening [[MNC Media]] ing taun 2019.&lt;ref &gt;{{cite web |last1=Dwijayanto |first1=Andy |year=2019 |title=MNC Vision Networks akuisisi 60% saham K-Vision |url=https://investasi.kontan.co.id/news/mnc-vision-networks-akuisisi-60-saham-k-vision |website=Kontan.co.id |access-date=6 Oktober 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Toko Buku ==

{{utama|Gramedia (toko buku)}} Gramedia pisanan diadegaké tanggal 2 Fèbruari 1970, diduweni lan dikelola déning PT Gramedia Asri Media (GAM), anak perusahaan Kompas Gramedia. GAM minangka saluran distribusi ritel kanggo grup sing uga nangani penerbit lan mitra asing. Toko buku pisanan ana ing [[Jalan Gajah Mada]], [[Jakarta Barat]]. Kompas Gramedia banjur ngedegake [[PT Gramedia]], pabrik percetakan ing [[Jakarta]] ing taun 1972 kanggo nyukupi kabutuhan koran lan majalah sing saya mundhak. Gramedia nawakake buku, alat tulis, perlengkapan kantor, perlengkapan olahraga, produk berteknologi tinggi, lan liya-liyane.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=Grup Kompas Gramedia| url=http://www.kompasgramedia.com/business/bookstores/gramedia| access-date=8 Mèi 2013| archive-date=2017-10-14| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014000828/http://www.kompasgramedia.com/business/bookstores/gramedia| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bisnis Perhotelan == 

Wiwit taun 1981, Grup Kompas Gramedia nyebar menyang bisnis perhotelan, ing [[Santika Indonesia Hotels &amp; Resorts|PT Grahawita Santika]]. Perusahaan sing duwe lan manajemen Hotel Santika mbukak hotel pisanan ing Bandung. Sawise sukses, Santika mbangun hotel anyar ing kutha-kutha gedhe ing Indonesia. Kabeh hotel Santika bintang papat kasebut dikategorikake ing Santika Premiere lan hotel sing isih ana isih kacathet minangka Hotel Santika. Ing taun 2006, hotel iki ngluncurake cabang perhotelan anyar ing wangun vila butik sing dikenal minangka The Royal Collection. Saliyane bisnis perhotelan dening Kompas Gramedia Group yaiku Merek Amaris. Merek iki nglayani macem-macem pelanggan, saka hotel bintang loro nganti properti vila sing mewah.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Santika |first=Hotel |url=http://www.santika.com/santika.php?gmid%3D1 |title=Santika |access-date=8 Mèi 2013 |archive-date=2013-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130501013300/http://santika.com/santika.php?gmid=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=PIK |url=http://pik.kompas.co.id/ |access-date=8 Mèi 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pendidikan ==

{{utama|Universitas Multimedia Nusantara}} Kompas Gramedia Group resmi ngluncurake [[Universitas Multimedia Nusantara]] ing taun 2006. Dumunung ing [[Tangerang]], [[Banten]], universitas kasebut nawakake pendidikan tinggi berbasis TIK. Grup iki uga ngoperasikake pelatihan pendidikan ELTI (singkatan saka ''English Language Training International'') kanthi cabang sing nyebar ing saindhenging Indonesia. Didegaké taun 1981, ELTI dadi bagéan saka grup kasebut ing taun 1989.{{perlu rujukan|tanggal=April 2021}}


== Liyane == 

Kompas Gramedia Group duwe macem-macem kapentingan kalebu firma organisasi acara [[Dyandra Promosindo]], developer real estate (ing PT Permata Media Land), biro perjalanan (ing PT Ina Media Wisatamas utawa Media Tour). Anak perusahaan liyane yaiku PT Graha Kerindo Utama lan PT Graha Bumi Hijau sing nggawe kertas tisu kanthi merek Tessa, Multi, lan Dynasty.

Grup iki duwé pusat budaya ing Jakarta, [[Yogyakarta]] lan [[Kabupatèn Gianyar|Gianyar]], [[Bali]] kanthi jeneng ''Bentara Budaya''. Iki omah koleksi antik perusahaan, lan aula asring digunakake kanggo diskusi babagan budaya uga galeri seni.
 
== Referensi ==

{{Reflist}}
 
== Pranala njaba ==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20211108081640/https://www.kompasgramedia.com/ Situs web resmi Kompas Gramedia]
* [https://wartakota.tribunnews.com/ Situs web resmi Warta Kota] {{DEFAULTSORT:Kompas Gramedia Group}} [[Kategori:Grup Kompas Gramedia|Grup Kompas Gramedia]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan media massa Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan konglomerat diadegaké taun 1965]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan penerbitan sing diadegaké taun 1965]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan Penerbitan Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Perusahaan konglomerat Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Merek Indonésia]] [[Kategori:Media Massa ing Jakarta]]

==Pranala njaba==
* {{id}} {{resmi|http://www.kompasgramedia.com}}</text>
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    <title>Grojogan Sekar Langit</title>
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|image= 
|caption = Grojogan Sekarlangit
|name= Grojogan Sekarlangit
|map_type= Indonesia
|map_size= 
|latitude= -6.95
|longitude= 110.38
|lokasi= Kabupatèn Magelang, Jawa Tengah
|nagara= {{flag|Indonésia}}
|arsitek= 
|pengelola= Pamaréntah [[Kabupatèn Magelang|Kab. Magelang]]
|pembuat= 
|mulai_dibangun= 
|selesai_dibangun= 
|ditutup=
|biaya=
|jenis_wisata= Wisata alam
|gaya= 
|luas= 
|fasilitas= Sesawangan alam, grojogan, tlaga.
}}
'''Air Terjun Sekar Langit''' (basa [[Jawa]]: Grojogan Sekar Langit) ya iku salah sijiné tlatah plesiran alam sing dumunung ana ing Désa Telogorejo, Kacamatan Grabag, [[Kabupatèn Magelang]], [[Jawa Tengah]]. Grojogan iki ana ing èrèng-èrèngé Gunung Telomoyo, winatesan karo tlatah [[Kabupatèn Semarang]] lan [[Kutha Salatiga]]. Dhuwuré grojogan iki selawé mèter saka dhasaré telaga.&lt;ref&gt;[http://negeriangin-negeriangin.blogspot.com/2013/03/air-terjun-sekar-langit-dan-segala.html Negeri Angin, diakses 16 Feb 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.magelangkab.go.id Website resmi Kabupaten Magelang, diakses 16 Feb 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Latar wuri ==
Grojogan Sekar Langit dumunung ana ing Désa Telogorejo, Kacamatan Grabag, [[Kabupatèn Magelang]], [[Jawa Tengah]], ing èrèng-èrèngé Gunung Telomoyo, winatesan karo tlatah [[Kabupatèn Semarang]] lan [[Kutha Salatiga]], [[Jawa Tengah]]. Kaéndahané tekan saiki isih dijaga kanthi apik. Akèh wit-witan kang ijo royo-royo ing sakiwa lan tengené dalan lumebu, sing dawané 400 mètèr saka dalan gedhé tumuju grojogan. Sekar Langit uga naté dadi papan kanggo nggarap film ''Yohana Gadis Rimba'' sing rikala semana diparagakaké déning [[Lidya Kandou]] lan [[Atek Soedharmo]] (1993). Éwandéné, juru arahé ya iku [[Wim Umboh]]. Pirang-pirang taun kapungkur, dalan lumebu ana ing kono rada rusak awit saka ketaman wancana longsor, nanging para pamangku praja, ora suwé banjur ndandani nganggo undhak-undhakan kang digawé saka semèn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ardiyanta.com/2013/01/4-air-terjun-ini-ada-di-sekitar.html |title=ARtiyanta, diakses 16 Feb 2015 |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-date=27 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927101119/https://www.ardiyanta.com/2013/01/4-air-terjun-ini-ada-di-sekitar.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.promojateng-pemprovjateng.com/detail.php?id=1858 |title=Promo Jateng, diakses 16 Feb 2015 |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150216052009/http://www.promojateng-pemprovjateng.com/detail.php?id=1858 |archive-date=16 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Mitos Jakatarub ==
Saliyané kaéndahan alamé, sing ndadèkaké para pelancong padha kersa ing Sekar Langit ya iku anané dongèng [[Jaka Tarub]]. Miturut critané, ing telaga kono iku Jaka Tarub ndingklik lan nyolong sléndang salah sijiné widadari sing lagi adus ing satengahé telaga, ya iku Nawangwulan. Widadari kang sléndangé kacolong iku, pungkasané ora bisa mulih manèh menyang kahyangan lan nglakoni urip (dadi garwané) karo Jaka Tarub. Éwadéné sléndang mau, dadi kunci kasektèné Nawangwulan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://yogyakarta.panduanwisata.id/wisata-alam-2/air-terjun-sekar-langit-air-terjun-penuh-dengan-legenda-dan-mitos-didalamnya/ |title=Yogyakarta Panduan Wisata, diakses 16 Feb 2015 |access-date=17 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210116053525/http://yogyakarta.panduanwisata.id/wisata-alam-2/air-terjun-sekar-langit-air-terjun-penuh-dengan-legenda-dan-mitos-didalamnya/ |archive-date=16 January 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://wikimapia.org/16997272/id/Air-Terjun-Sekarlangit Wikimapia, diakses 16 Feb 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pirsani uga ==
* [[Kabupatèn Magelang]]
* [[Kabupatèn Semarang]]
* [[Grabag, Magelang]]
* [[Kutha Salatiga]]

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Wisata alam]]
[[Kategori:Air terjun]]
[[Kategori:Air terjun di Indonesia]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatèn Magelang]]
[[Kategori:Artikel Wiki Mrebawani II kalamangsa 1]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Hasta Wardaya</title>
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|name               = Hasta Wardaya&lt;br /&gt;{{jav|ꦲꦱ꧀ꦠꦮꦂꦢꦪ}}
|image              = Hasto Wardoyo, 2016.jpg
|imagesize          = 200px
|caption            = 
|office             = [[Daftar Bupati Kulon Praga|Bupati Kulon Praga]] 
|order              = 9
|term_start         = 2011
|term_end           = 
|predecessor        = [[Toyo Santosa Dipa]]
|successor          = 
|lieutenant         = [[Sutedj]]
|appointed          =
|birth_date         = [[26 Maret]] [[1964]]
|birth_place        = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Kulon Praga]], [[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta]]
|death_date         = 
|death_place        = 
|nationality        = {{negara|Indonesia}} [[Indonesia]]
|party              = 
|spouse             = Dwikisworo Setyowireni
|relations          = 
|children           = 
|alma_mater         = [[Universitas Gadjah Mada]]
|president          = [[Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono]]{{br}}[[Joko Widodo]]
|governor           = [[Hamengkubuwana X]]
|monarch            = [[Hamengkubuwana X]]
|occupation         = 
|profession         = Dhokter
|religion           = [[Islam]]
|signature          = 
|website            =http://www.dokterhasto.com 
|footnotes          = 
}}
'''Dr. Hasta Wardaya, SP. OG.(K)''' (ind : Hasto Wardoyo) ({{lahirmati|[[Kabupatèn Kulon Praga|Kulon Praga]], [[Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta]]|30|7|1964}}) ya iku [[bupati]] [[Kabupatèn Kulon Praga|Kulon Praga]] kang njabat nalika periodhe [[2011]]-[[2016]] lan saiki isih mengku ing periodhe kapindho ([[2016]]-[[2021]]). Sadurungé mengku jabatan bupati, Hasta Wardaya dikenal minangka [[dhokter kandhutan]] lan pengusaha ing babagan rumah sakit.
== Nalika cilik lan sekolahé ==
Hasta lair ing desa [[Hargatirta, Kokap, Kulon Praga]] kang saiki dunungé ing sacedhaké [[Wadhuk Sermo|Wadhuk Serma]]. Saliyané sekolah, nalika cilik Hasta uga ngopèni [[sato iwèn]], ya iku ngingu pitik lan angon wedhus. Nalika ngancik SMP, dhèwèké wis ngopèni wedhus cacah wolulas. Sawisé lulus SMA ing [[Wates, Kulon Praga|Wates]], Hasta banjur kuliah ing UGM kanthi jurusan kedhokteran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://jogja.tribunnews.com/2014/12/26/ngarit-kisah-perjuangan-masa-kecil-bupati-kulonprogo|title=Ngarit, Kisah Perjuangan Masa Kecil Bupati Kulonprogo - Tribun Jogja|work=Tribun Jogja|access-date=2018-01-23|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Karir ing kedhokteran ==
Sawisé lulus saka kuliah, Hasta wiwit ngayahi jejibahan dadi [[dhokter]] ing [[Kabupatèn Kutai|Kutai]], [[Kalimantan Wétan]] ing taun 1990-an. Dhèwèjé banjur nerusaké anggoné makarya ing Rumah Sakit Sardjito, Ngayogyakarta lan nerusaké sekolah dhokteré ing spésialis obstètri lan ginealogi ing taun 2000. Ing taun 2006 dhèwèké uga nggayut Konsultan bidang Reproduksi-Infertilitas dan Bayi Tabung.
== Bisnis ==
Saliyané aktif ing [[Rumah Sakit Sardjito]] lan mulang ing Fakultas Kedhokteran [[UGM]], Hasta bebarengan karo sisihané kang dhokter spésialis anak uga madegaké Rumah Sakit Khusus Ibu dan Anak (RSKIA) Sadewa ing Babarsari, Kabupatèn Sléman.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.harianjogja.com/baca/2016/10/07/kesehatan-jogja-rskia-sadewa-bersiap-go-public-758954|title=KESEHATAN JOGJA : RSKIA Sadewa Bersiap Go Public|last=Media|first=Mediani Dyah Natalia - Harian Jogja Digital|work=Harianjogja.com|access-date=2018-01-23|language=id-ID}}{{Pranala mati|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasta uga nggawé sekolahan tingkat TPA, KB, TK lan SD ing Kutha [[Wates, Kulon Praga|Wates]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://daerah.sindonews.com/read/977898/22/sukses-bisnis-kesehatan-bupati-kulon-progo-bisnis-pendidikan-1426598533|title=Sukses Bisnis Kesehatan, Bupati Kulon Progo Bisnis Pendidikan|work=SINDOnews.com|access-date=2018-01-23|language=id-ID}} {{Pranala mati|date=November 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
== Pulitik ==
Sawisé suksès anggoné mengku karya ing babagan kasarasan, taun 2011 Hasta Wardaya dicalonaké dadi Bupati Kulon Praga bebarengan karo Drs. H. Sutedjo kang dadi calon wakilé diusung déning [[PDIP]], [[PAN]], lan [[PPP]]. Pasangan kuwi olèh 105.965 suwara utawa 46,30 persèn ing [[Pemilihan Bupati Kulon Praga 2011]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://jateng.tribunnews.com/2011/06/23/dr-h-hasto-wardoyo-menangkan-pemilukada-kulonprogo|title=dr H Hasto Wardoyo Menangkan  Pemilukada Kulonprogo - Tribun Jateng|work=Tribun Jateng|access-date=2018-01-23|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kulonprogokab.go.id/v21/KPU-Kulon-Progo-Tetapkan-Hasto-Tedjo-Sebagai-Pasangan-Terpilih_1545|title=KPU Kulon Progo Tetapkan Hasto-Tedjo Sebagai Pasangan Terpilih|last=Ahmad,admin@kulonprogokab.go.id|first=Jauhari|website=www.kulonprogokab.go.id|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-23|archive-date=2017-06-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601102524/http://www.kulonprogokab.go.id/v21/KPU-Kulon-Progo-Tetapkan-Hasto-Tedjo-Sebagai-Pasangan-Terpilih_1545|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sasuwéné dadi bupati, Hasta Wardaya gawé program unggulan antarané '''Béla Beli Kulon Praga''', ya iku program nuwuhaké semangat belanja lan nggunakaké barang-barang prodhuksi lokal antarané beras saka wong tani lan banyu mineral kemasan kang dijenengi [[AirKu]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3102031/bela-beli-kulonprogo-spirit-dan-sukses-bupati-hasto-angkat-produk-lokal|title='Bela Beli Kulonprogo', Spirit dan Sukses Bupati Hasto Angkat Produk Lokal|last=Kurniawan|first=Bagus|work=detiknews|access-date=2018-01-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240619100504/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3102031/bela-beli-kulonprogo-spirit-dan-sukses-bupati-hasto-angkat-produk-lokal|archive-date=2024-06-19|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanggo ningkataké indhustri bathik, Hasta Wardaya uga ngadani [[sayembara]] dhésain bathik kang banjur didadèkaké bathik idhèntitas Kulon Praga lan dadi sragam kanggo sakabèhané pegawé pemerintahan lan murid sekolahan sa-Kulon Praga.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3102521/bathik-motif-geblek-renteng-dan-bela-beli-kulonprogo-ala-bupati-hasto|title=Batik Motif Geblek Renteng dan 'Bela Beli Kulonprogo' ala Bupati Hasto|last=Kurniawan|first=Bagus|work=detiknews|access-date=2018-01-23}}{{Pranala mati|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Bathik mau dijenengi [[geblèk rèntèng]] amarga coraké kang pancèn niru wujud panganan khas [[geblèk]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.kulonprogokab.go.id/v21/Press-Release--Pengumuman-Hasil-Lomba-Desain-Motif-Batik-Khas-Kulon-Progo-Tahun-2012---_2102|title=Press Release  Pengumuman Hasil Lomba Desain Motif Batik Khas Kulon Progo Tahun 2012|last=Ahmad,admin@kulonprogokab.go.id|first=Jauhari|website=www.kulonprogokab.go.id|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-23|archive-date=2017-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530012739/http://www.kulonprogokab.go.id/v21/Press-Release--Pengumuman-Hasil-Lomba-Desain-Motif-Batik-Khas-Kulon-Progo-Tahun-2012---_2102|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanggo ningkataké kualitas kasarasan wargané, dibangun rumah sakit anyar kanggo nyedhiani warga ing sisih lor lan wétan, ya iku [[RSUD Nyi Ageng Sérang]] ing [[Sentolo, Kulon Praga|Sentolo]], lan ing layanané tanpa kelas.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jogja.antaranews.com/berita/327066/pemkab-kulon-progo-resmikan-rsu-tanpa-kelas|title=Pemkab Kulon Progo resmikan RSU tanpa kelas|website=jogja.antaranews.com|access-date=2018-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[RSUD Wates]] uga ditingkataké layanané.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://jogja.tribunnews.com/2017/11/16/rsud-wates-kembangkan-rumah-sakit-dengan-pelayanan-bertaraf-internasional|title=RSUD Wates Kembangkan Rumah Sakit dengan Pelayanan Bertaraf Internasional - Tribun Jogja|work=Tribun Jogja|access-date=2018-01-23|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing wilayah Kulon Praga uga ana larangan masang iklan rokok&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://health.liputan6.com/read/2238817/jalanan-di-kulon-progo-kini-bebas-iklan-rokok|title=Jalanan di Kulon Progo Kini Bebas Iklan Rokok|last=Liputan6.com|work=liputan6.com|access-date=2018-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; kalebu ing warung lan toko.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://regional.liputan6.com/read/3188324/dilarang-ada-iklan-rokok-di-toko-dan-warung-kulon-progo|title=Dilarang Ada Iklan Rokok di Toko dan Warung Kulon Progo|last=Liputan6.com|work=liputan6.com|access-date=2018-01-23|archive-date=2018-01-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180107183802/http://regional.liputan6.com/read/3188324/dilarang-ada-iklan-rokok-di-toko-dan-warung-kulon-progo|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.solopos.com/2017/12/07/pasang-iklan-rokok-20-warung-di-kulonprogo-dapat-teguran-874858|title=Pasang Iklan Rokok, 20 Warung di Kulonprogo Dapat Teguran|last=Media|first=Nina Atmasari - Solopos Digital|work=SOLOPOS.com|access-date=2018-01-23|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://nasional.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/daerah/17/12/07/p0l8fd399-satpol-pp-kulonprogo-tertibkan-iklan-rokok-di-warungwarung|title=Satpol PP Kulon Progo Tertibkan Iklan Rokok di Warung-warung {{!}} Republika Online|work=Republika Online|access-date=2018-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://nasional.tempo.co/read/581481/kulonprogo-cabut-semua-iklan-rokok-di-jalan|title=Kulonprogo Cabut Semua Iklan Rokok di Jalan|last=Sedayu|first=Agung|date=2014-05-31|work=Tempo|access-date=2018-01-23|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing selané ngayahi tugas dadi bupati, Hasta uga isih ngleksanakaké profèsi dhokter kandhutan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://health.liputan6.com/read/3132743/hasto-wardoyo-pagi-jadi-bupati-malam-bantu-ibu-melahirkan|title=Hasto Wardoyo, Pagi Jadi Bupati, Malam Bantu Ibu Melahirkan|last=Liputan6.com|work=liputan6.com|access-date=2018-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasta uga winisudha dadi abdi dalem ing [[Kraton Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat]], kanthi pangkat Bupati Anom kanthi asma peparing ''Kanjeng Mas Tumenggung Hastahusadadipura''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://jogjakartanews.com/baca/2014/02/04/892/dua-pejabat-daerah-diwisuda-menjadi-abdi-dalem-kraton-ngayogyakarta|title=Jogjakartanews.com: Dua Pejabat Daerah Diwisuda menjadi Abdi Dalem Kraton Ngayogyakarta|last=Jogjakartanews|work=Jogjakartanews.com|access-date=2018-01-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hasta lan Sutédja dicalonaké manèh kanggo periodhé kang kapindho (2016-2021) lan kasil kapilih kanthi suwara 85 persèn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://krjogja.com/web/news/read/24640/Pilkada_Kulonprogo_Hasto_Menang_Telak|title=Pilkada Kulonprogo, Hasto Menang Telak|website=krjogja.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-23|archive-date=2017-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170426120307/http://www.krjogja.com/web/news/read/24640/Pilkada_Kulonprogo_Hasto_Menang_Telak|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://pilkada.tempo.co/read/849529/raih-85-persen-suara-hasto-wardoyo-pimpin-kulon-progo-lagi|title=Raih 85 Persen Suara, Hasto Wardoyo Pimpin Kulon Progo Lagi|last=setiawan|first=Kodrat|date=2017-02-23|work=Tempo|access-date=2018-01-23|language=id-ID}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Harvey A. Feit</title>
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      <text bytes="2071" sha1="axb4lted18aobrvy3gl1csgspyyutmm" xml:space="preserve">'''Harvey A. Feit''' ya iku ahli [[antropologi]] saka ing Bronx, [[New York]], [[Amérikah Sarékat]], kalairan taun 1941&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/436848672|title=Biographical dictionary of social and cultural anthropology|last=Amit|first=Vered|date=|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=020364459X|location=London|pages=214|oclc=436848672}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Awité Harvey kuliah ing pawiyatan luhur Queen’s University (BA Hons) taun 1967, McGill University (MA) taun 1969, lan McGill University (Ph.D.) taun 1979&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/people/feit-harvey|title=Feit Harvey, FRSC {{!}} Professor Emeritus|website=McMaster Faculty of Social Sciences|language=en|access-date=2018-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621065645/http://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/people/feit-harvey|archive-date=2017-06-21|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Panlitian lapangan antropologis kang dilakoni déning Harvey ya iku ana ing Waswanipi, [[Quebec]] (1968, 1978, 1997-2000), Quebec, Montréal, Ottawa (1974), Geneva, [[Paris]], [[London]], lan [[Toronto]] (1984)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://dlc.dlib.indiana.edu/dlc/bitstream/handle/10535/2070/feit.pdf?sequence=1|title=Harvey A. Feit|last=|first=|date=|website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2018-01-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Karya-karya akademis dhèwèké kang wis tinerbit ya iku antarané ‘Self-management and state-management: forms of knowing and managing northern wildlife’, M.R.M.Freeman lan L.N.Carbyn (eds) ana ing buku ''Traditional Knowledge and Renewable Resource Management in Northern Regions'' (1988), ‘James Bay Cree self-governance and land management’ ana ing buku ''We Are Here: Politics of Aboriginal Land Tenure'' (1989)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;. Salah siji pisumbangané ya iku panlitiané sing nggabungké investigasi ètnografi bab ètnoèkologi lan hubungané karo pulitik administratif wong aborigin lan pamréntah ing Québec&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

==Rujukan==

[[Kategori:Antropolog]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jane Carter Goodale</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="2024" sha1="puesc7xm9a5dc6cm4hgcqbnr0n1gih7" xml:space="preserve">'''Jane Carter Goodale''' ya iku ahli [[antropologi]] wanita saka Boston, [[Massachusetts]], [[Amérikah Sarékat]], kalairan 18 Mei 1926&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/436848672|title=Biographical dictionary of social and cultural anthropology|last=Amit|first=Vered|date=|publisher=Routledge|year=2004|isbn=020364459X|location=London|pages=281-282|oclc=436848672}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/614934?c=people|title=Goodale, Jane C. (Jane Carter) (1926-) - People and organisations|website=Trove|language=en|access-date=2018-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Jane olèh pandhidhikan pawiyatan luhur saka Radcliffe College (BA) taun 1948 lan MA taun 1951. Sabanjuré ana ing Ph.D. saka [[University of Pennsylvania]] (Ph.D.) taun 1959&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://concordfuneral.tributes.com/obituary/show/Jane-Carter-Goodale-84952313|title=Jane Goodale  Obituary  - Bedford, Massachusetts - Concord Funeral Home|website=concordfuneral.tributes.com|language=en|access-date=2018-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810205943/http://concordfuneral.tributes.com/obituary/show/Jane-Carter-Goodale-84952313|archive-date=2018-08-10|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Panlitian lapangan antropologis kang linakonan Jane ya iku ana ing [[Arizona]] taun 1950, [[Australia]] lor taun 1954, 1962, 1981, lan [[Papua Nugini]] taun 1962, 1963, 1967, lan 1974&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Karya-karya akademis kang sinerat déning Jane ya iku antarané ''Tiwi Wives: A Study of the Women of Melville Island, North Australia'' (taun 1971), ''The Tiwi of North Australia'', sinerat bareng karo Hart lan Pilling taun 1988, ''To Sing with Pigs is Human: Concepts of Person in Papua New Guinea'' (taun 995), lan ''The Two-Party Line: Conversations in the Field'' (taun 1995)&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;. Jane iki kawentar amarga pisumbangané ing bab model panlitian [[ètnografi]] populer, organisasi sosial lan konsèp lintas budhaya humanis&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;.

==Rujukan==

[[Kategori:Antropolog]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Among-among</title>
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      <text bytes="2804" sha1="27d74xyx9n7fu0agan4vnqjwe9n9pmo" xml:space="preserve">'''Among-among''' ya iku tradhisi kanggo mengeti utawa pangéling-éling dina kalairan miturut tanggalan [[Jawa]][[Jawa|.]] Among-among saka tembung ‘pamomong’ tegesé ngemong. Among-among digawé 35 dina pisan utawa selapan. Ing tanggalan Jawa 5 dina pasar ya iku Legi, Pahing, Pon, Wagé, lan Kliwon. Tradhisi iki wujud sukur wong tuwa kanggo anaké. Latar wuri tradisi iki ya iku kabudayan [[Jawa]] kang isih kenthel kang ancasé kanggo ngéling-éling dina kalairan anak supaya séhat. Tradhisi iki uga wujud sukur marang Gusti Allah.

Among-among biasané dilakoni kanthi bancakan ya iku bocah-bocah lungguh ngubengi baki kang isiné sega, gudangan, gereh pèthèk, lan endog. Sawisé kuwi bocah-bocah padha donga bebarengan banjur mangan among-among bebarengan.

Teges saka tradhisi among-among ya iku prasaja, kang didelok saka bocah-bocah kang gelem mangan among-amongan. Bocah-bocah kang beberengan mangan among-among nuduhaké rasa preduli, ya iku ménéhi panganan marang wong liya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2009/11/12/13372696/artikel-detail-komentar-mobile.html|title=Tumpeng, Tradisi Penuh Misteri|last=kompas|first=kompas|date=2009-11-12|work=|access-date=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027122810/https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2009/11/12/13372696/artikel-detail-komentar-mobile.html|archive-date=2022-10-27|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Ubarampé ==
Ubarampé sing dianggo ing upacara iki ya iku:

# Gudangan, isiné kacang dawa, bayem, kobis, thokolan, lan wortel banjur dicampur parutan krambil supaya rasané gurih. Teges saka gudangan yaiku simbol kesuburan supaya olèh rejeki kang akèh.
# Jangan kluwih, duwèni teges njaluk mring Gusti Allah supaya diwènèhi rejeki kang akèh.
# Banyu putih, pralambang kasucèn. Didelok saka warna putih utawa bening mènèhi gambaran kang resik saka reregetan. Banyu putih didongani lan ditujokaké marang Gusti Allah.
# Tukon pasar, pralambang manéka warna isiné pasar. Ing among-among tukon pasar isiné slondok, kacang, gedhang, apem, lan bengkoang
# Gerèh pèthèk pralambang kacukupan asilé sagara.
# Thon-tho, pralambang tékad manungsa kang kuat.
# Jenang, jenang kang digunaaké ana 2 warna ya iku jenang abang lan jenang baro-baro. Jenang abang ya iku jenang sing diwènèhi tambahan gula jawa. Jenang iki pralambang wong wadon utawa ibu utawa getih. Jenang baro-baro ya iku saka tembung babaré wong loro tegesé manungsa lair saka bapak lan ibu. Jenang baro-baro disuguhaké ana ing sakpiring yaiku jenang putih lan jenang abang.
# Tumpeng/sega putih. Tumpeng duwéni pralambang urip lan mati manungsa duwéné Gusti Allah. Didelok saka wujudé kang gedhé ing ngisor lan kerucut cilik ing bagian dhuwur digambaraké kahanan manungsa karo Gusti Allah.

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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    <title>KH Zaenurrahman Arrahili</title>
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      <text bytes="1797" sha1="7nvye69gnchceueunhhd16nlvwfyz8m" xml:space="preserve">'''KH Zaenurrahman Arrahili''' inggih punika sosok Kiai ingkang aslinipun saking Sekuping [[Jepara]]. KH Zaenurrahman Arrahili akrab dipunsebat Mbah Zein. Mbah Zein inggih punika pengasuh Pondok Pesantren Gubuk Sekupuing Bani Rasul ingkang mapan wonten sak loré [[Stasiun Purwokerto]]. Yuswanipun Mbah Zein sampun 80 taun. Mbah Zein minangka salah satunggaling sosok karismatik wonten ing [[Banyumas, Banyumas|Banyumas]]. Mbah Zein asring dipun samabangi kaliyan tokoh saking sedaya kalangan masarakat. Kaprigelan anggenipun sesrawungan, lan sifat ingkang mboten mbeda-bedakaken ndadosaken Mbah Zein dipunremeni sinten kemawon.

Khususipun nalika ajang Pilkada utawa Pileg. Para Politisi saking pundi kemawon sowan nyuwun pandongané saking Mbah Zein. Saking pulitisi tataran [[Kabupatèn Banyumas]] dugi Cagub lan Cawagub [[Jawa Tengah]].

Mbah Zein inggih punika salah satunggaling murid saking Mbah Bisri Mustofa (Ramanipun [[Mustofa Bisri|Gus Mus]]). Mbah Zein nggadahi kaprigelan nyerat sastra sarta syair-syair ngginakaken basa Arab lan Jawa. Mbah Zein ngasta kajian Tafsir Ibris lan Ihya Ulummaddin ingkang rutin saben dinten Ahad Enjing. 

Mbah Zein maringi piwulang babagan Qona'ah, supados mboten kakean sambat anggenipun nagdepi pagesangan ing alam donya. Mbah Zein nagajak santrinipun supados urip kanthi prasaja lan nrima menapa kemawon ingkang sampun wonten.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nu.or.id/post/read/87476/mbah-zein-kiai-sederhana-penuh-talenta|title=Mbah Zein, Kiai Sederhana penuh Talenta|last=Muhammad Faizin|first=|date=20 Maret 2018|website=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181230085013/http://www.nu.or.id/post/read/87476/mbah-zein-kiai-sederhana-penuh-talenta|archive-date=2018-12-30|url-status=dead|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Garang asem</title>
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      <text bytes="2163" sha1="07bn9ojt4s9thr33klzhvantey8x8iv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox food|name=Garang asem|image=Garang asem Pj.JPG|image_size=245px|caption=Garang asem karo sega putih ing piring|alternate_name=|country=[[Indonésia]]|region=[[Surakarta]] [[Jawa Tengah]]|creator=|course=[[Mangan utama]]|served=anget|main_ingredient=[[Daging]], [[Bumbu]], [[Duduh]], [[Tomat]], [[Lombok rawit]], [[Blimbing wuluh]]  |variations=Diwungkus ron [[gedhang]] lan ora diwungkus|calories=|other=}}
[[Barkas:BUMBU GARANG ASEM.png|jmpl|Resep bumbu garang asem]]
'''Garang asem''' (carakan:ꦒꦫꦁꦲꦱꦼꦩ꧀'')'' ya iku sawijining olah-olahan kang digawé saka iwak pitik, lan duduh santen. Garang asem lumrahé diwungkus godhong gedhang lan dipangan karo sega putih. Panganan iki bisa ditemoni ing warung. Rasané gurih lan rada pedhes.  

== Cara nggawé ==

====== Piranti kang dicepakaké: ======

# &lt;bdi&gt;1/2 kilo [[iwak pitik]]&lt;/bdi&gt;
# &lt;bdi&gt;1/2&lt;/bdi&gt; peresan jeruk nipis
# Sesendhok gula 
# Uyah sejumput
# Banyu mateng
# 7 lembar godong [[gedhang]]
# 500 ml santen

====== Bumbu rajang: ======

# &lt;bdi&gt;10&lt;/bdi&gt; blimbing wuluh
# &lt;bdi&gt;1&lt;/bdi&gt;  tomat
# &lt;bdi&gt;6&lt;/bdi&gt; lombok rawit
# &lt;bdi&gt;4&lt;/bdi&gt; brambang
# 5 bawang
# 4 lembar salam
#5 lombok ijo
#4 lombok abang

====== Bumbu alus: ======

# &lt;bdi&gt;1&lt;/bdi&gt;  [[Kemiri|miri]]
# &lt;bdi&gt;1 j&lt;/bdi&gt;aé
# &lt;bdi&gt;1 [[seré]] digepuk&lt;/bdi&gt;
# [[Kaldhu]] bubuk

==== Cara ngolah: ====

# Godhog iwak pitik karo banyu lan peresan jeruk nipis nganti empuk banjur diirisi
# Rajang bumbu iris tipis-tipis
# Cepakaké godhong gedhang kang wis dipémé supaya ora gampang suwék
# Uleg bumbu alus lan dicampuri uyah uga gula
# Campur bumbu alus, bumbu rajang, iwak pitik lan santen ing mangkok gedhé
# Buntel campuran iku ing godhong gedhang banjur di sundhuk nganggo biting
# Dang bungkusan iku ing dandang kurang luwih 20 menit
# Sajékaké garang asem ing piring karo sega putih.

== Pranala njaba ==
[https://cookpad.com/id/resep/11160300-ayam-garang-asam?via=search&amp;search_term=garang%20asem Resep masak garang asem]

[https://web.archive.org/web/20191207155656/https://id.tastemade.com/videos/garang-asem-ayam Video masak garang asem]&lt;br /&gt;

[[Kategori:Olah-olahan Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Panganan Jawa]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>I've Got Your Number</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>160060</id>
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      <id>1761270</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-12T05:52:25Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="2278" sha1="6ipdc8ic96ofgwf62x1xrnjfbi3h6ya" xml:space="preserve">{{Kothakinfo buku|name=I've Got Your Number|author=[[Sophie Kinsella]]|published=2012|language=English|country=[[United Kingdom]]|genre=[[Chick lit]]|publisher=[[Bantam Press]]}}
'''I've Got Your Number''' yaiku novel Inggris sing ditulis déning Sophie Kinsella sing dadi ''Best Seller'' ana ing New York Times. &lt;ref&gt; [https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2012-03-04/hardcover-fiction/list.html Ing New York Times] &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; [https://www.nytimes.com/best-sellers-books/2012-04-08/hardcover-fiction/list.html Ing New York Times] &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://books.usatoday.com/book/sophie-kinsella-ive-got-your-number/r627134|title=I've Got Your Number|publisher=|access-date=16 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120628192725/http://books.usatoday.com/book/sophie-kinsella-ive-got-your-number/r627134|archive-date=28 June 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Aleran ==
Poppy Wyatt ngilangaké cincin dhuwèké kulawarga lanang sing uwis kanggo telung generasi, ing dina nalika wong tuwané teka saka AS. Dhèwèké uga uga kélangan télpon. Poppy nemokaké télpon sing ditinggal ing hotel lan nemtokaké supaya hotel ngendi dhèwèké ngilangké bisa nelpon dhèwèké. Nanging, pemilik hotèl, pengusaha Sam Roxton, kepengin bali. Banjur, uripé Poppy lan Sam dadi tambah ruwet.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sophiekinsella.co.uk/book_detail.php?b=I_ve_Got_Your_Number|title=I've Got Your Number|website=sophiekinsella.co.uk|language=en|access-date=7 February 2017|archive-date=13 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170313110458/http://www.sophiekinsella.co.uk/book_detail.php?b=I_ve_Got_Your_Number|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references group=&quot;&quot; responsive=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/references&gt; http://allreaders.com/book-review-summary/i-ve-got-your-number-39812 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190911094126/http://allreaders.com/book-review-summary/i-ve-got-your-number-39812 |date=2019-09-11 }} 

== Pranala njaba ==

* [http://www.sophiekinsella.co.uk/book_detail.php?b=I_ve_Got_Your_Number Situs web resmi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170819032853/http://www.sophiekinsella.co.uk/book_detail.php?b=I_ve_Got_Your_Number |date=2017-08-19 }} 
[[Kategori:Buku sing tanpa samak]]
[[Kategori:Novèl]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gianfranco Fini</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="7730" sha1="f93ucsyu23risnf4u99i9rbkivzjyts" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Honourable]]
| name = Gianfranco Fini
| image = Gianfranco Fini 2016.jpg
| order = [[List of Presidents of the Italian Chamber of Deputies|President of the Chamber of Deputies]]
| term_start = 30 April 2008
| term_end = 15 March 2013
| president = [[Giorgio Napolitano]]
| predecessor = [[Fausto Bertinotti]]
| successor =[[Laura Boldrini]]
| order2 = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Italy]]
| primeminister2 = [[Silvio Berlusconi]]
| term_start2 = 11 June 2001
| term_end2 = 17 May 2006
| president2 = [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]]
| order3 = [[Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs]]
| term_start3 = 18 November 2004
| term_end3 = 17 May 2006
| president3 = [[Carlo Azeglio Ciampi]]
| primeminister3 = [[Silvio Berlusconi]]
| predecessor3 = [[Franco Frattini]]
| successor3 = [[Massimo D'Alema]]
| order4 = Member of the [[Italian Chamber of Deputies|Chamber of Deputies]]
| constituency4 = [[Emilia Romagna|Emilia Romagna – XI]]
| term_start4 = 12 July 1983
| term_end4 = 15 March 2013
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1952|1|3|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Bologna]], [[Italy]]
| nationality = [[Italy|Italian]]
| spouse = Daniela Di Sotto &lt;small&gt;(1988–2007)&lt;/small&gt;
| partner = Elisabetta Tulliani &lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;(2008–present)&lt;/small&gt;
| party = [[Italian Social Movement|MSI]] &lt;small&gt;(1968–1995)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[National Alliance (Italy)|AN]] &lt;small&gt;(1995–2009)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[The People of Freedom|PdL]] &lt;small&gt;(2009–2010)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Future and Freedom|FLI]] &lt;small&gt;(2010–2013)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Fini lascia la politica. Basterà per rifondare la nuova destra?|url=http://www.formiche.net/2013/05/08/fini-lascia-la-politica-bastera-per-rifondare-la-nuova-destra/|author=Francesco De Palo|publisher=formiche|date=8 Mèi 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Adesso è tutto Fini-to: chiude Futuro e Libertà, Gianfry lascia la politica|url=http://www.liberoquotidiano.it/news/politica/1237438/Adesso-e-tutto-Fini-to---chiude-Futuro-e-Liberta---Gianfry-lascia-la-politica.html|author=Gianluca Veneziani|publisher=Libero Quotidiano|date=7 Mèi 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| children = Giuliana&lt;br&gt;Carolina&lt;br&gt;Martina
| residence = [[Rome]], Lazio, Italy
| alma_mater = [[Sapienza University of Rome]]
| profession = [[Journalist]] &lt;br&gt; [[Politician]]
}}

'''Gianfranco Fini''' (lair 3 Januari 1952) iku sawijining pulitikus Italia, mantan Présidhèn Dewan Perwakilan [[Italia]], mantan pamimpin Konservatif Nasional, Gerakan Sosial [[Italia]] pasca-fasis, lan partai Future and Freedom ing tengah-tengah . Panjenengané dadi Wakil Nayakotama lan Menteri Luar Negeri ing papréntahan Silvio Berlusconi wiwit 2001 nganti 2006.

==Biyografi==

===Kulawarga asli===
Fini lair tanggal 3 Januari 1952 ing [[Bologna]].&lt;ref name=vips&gt;{{cite web|title=Berlusconi cabinet|url=http://vipsgov.chez.com/italy.htm|publisher=VIPS|access-date=9 Juni 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304102903/http://vipsgov.chez.com/italy.htm|archive-date=2016-03-04|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mbahe, aktivis komunis, tilar donya ing taun 1970. Bapakné, Argenio &quot;Sergio&quot; Fini (Bologna 1923 - Roma 1998), minangka sukarelawan karo Républik Sosial Italia (negara fasis ing Italia Lor, sekutu Jerman nalika taun 1943-45); piyambakipun mengko nyatakake keprungu ing Partai Demokratik Sosialis Italia, nanging dhèwèké mundur saka kegiatan politik sawisé putrané dadi anggota Gerakan Sosial Italia .

Ibunipun, Erminia Marani ( Ferrara 1926 - Roma 2008), inggih punika putri Antonio Marani, ingkang nglampahi Italo Balbo ing pawai ing Roma, ingkang ngandhut awal fasisme taun 1922. Jeneng Gianfranco dipilih minangka pengetan sepupu, sing dipatèni nalika umure 20 taun dening partisans sasampunipun pembebasan Italia Utara tanggal 25 April 1945.

==Karir Pulitik==
===Wiwit dadi peran Wakil Giorgio Almirante===
Gianfranco Fini lumebu sekolah &quot;Laura Bassi&quot; ing Bologna. Keterlibatan sing sepisanan sing ditepungi nalika politik ing tahun 1968 nalika, Fini sing umuré 16 taun dilebokaké jroning clashes karo aktivis komunis, ing antarané protes ana ing ngarep bioskop nglawan penayangan film John Wayne The Green Berets . Ing wektu iki, dhèwèké melu Gerakan Sosial Italia (MSI), partai politik neo-fasis.

[[File:Gianfranco Fini 1992.jpg|thumb|left|180px|Gianfranco Fini in 1992.]]
Piyambakipun miwiti karir politikipun ing Fronte della Gioventù (Pemuda Pemuda), organisasi pemuda MSI.

Telung taun salajengipun, piyambakipun pindhah malih dhateng Romawi. Ing wulan Agustus 1976 dhèwèké nyambut gawé militèré ing Savona, banjur ing Roma ing Kementerian Pertahanan . Ing taun 1977, dhèwèké dadi sekretaris nasional Fronte della Gioventù, dipilih dening Giorgio Almirante, sekretaris partai sing saiki disebut &quot;MSI - Destra Nazionale&quot;. Fini nganggep kalima ing antarane pitung calon sing dipilih ing sekretariat nasional pemuda.

Nalika iku, Fini uga lulus kanthi gelar pedagogi saka Universitas La Sapienza ing Roma. Dhèwèké uga kolaborasi karo koran partai, Il Secolo d'Italia , bebarengan karo majalah pergerakan pemuda Dissenso.

Fini pisanan kapilih dadi anggota Dewan Perwakilan ing tanggal 26 Juni 1983 minangka anggota MSI. Re-elected in 1987, ing September dhèwèké dinominasikake dening Almirante dadi penerusipun minangka sekretaris partai.

Ing taun 2009, muncul minangka wiwitan taun 1980 Almirante ngakoni Fini minangka salah sawijining klompok sayap Italia sing &quot;enom, non-fasis, non-nostalgik, sing pracaya, kaya saiki, ing lembaga kasebut, ing Konstitusi iki . Amarga mung kanthi cara iki MSI bisa duwe masa depan &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Daniele Protti|url=http://www.corriere.it/europeo/politica/2009/03/protti-intervista-almirante_e08a8364-07ed-11de-805b-00144f02aabc.shtml|title= Almirante: &quot;Non voglio morire da fascista&quot;|access-date= 2009-03-06|editor=''[[Corriere della Sera]]''|date= 3 Maret 2009|language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Rujukan==
{{Reflist}}
{{wikiquote}}

==Pranala Njaba==
* [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/1751457.stm BBC profile]

{{s-start}}
{{s-off}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Enrico Micheli]]|as=Undersecretary of the Council of Ministers}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Prime Minister of Italy|Vice President of the Italian Council of Ministers]] |with= [[Marco Follini]] (2004–2005)|with2=[[Giulio Tremonti]] (2005–2006)|years=2001–2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Massimo D'Alema]] and [[Francesco Rutelli]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Franco Frattini]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Italian Minister of Foreign Affairs]]|years=2004–2006}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Massimo D'Alema]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Fausto Bertinotti]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Italian Chamber of Deputies|President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies]]|years=2008–2013}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Laura Boldrini]]}}
|-
{{s-par|it-lwr}}
{{s-bef|before=Title jointly held}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Italian Chamber of Deputies|Member of the Italian Chamber of Deputies]] &lt;br /&gt; Legislatures &lt;br /&gt; IX, X, XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV, XVI|years=1983 – 2013}}
{{s-aft|after=Title jointly held}}
|-
{{s-ppo}}
{{s-bef|before=[[Giorgio Almirante]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Movimento Sociale Italiano|Secretary of the Italian Social Movement]]|years=1987–1990}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Pino Rauti]]}}
|-
{{s-bef|before=[[Pino Rauti]]}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Movimento Sociale Italiano|Secretary of the Italian Social Movement]]|years=1991–1995}}
{{s-non|reason=Party dissolved}}
|-
{{s-new|party}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[National Alliance (Italy)|President of National Alliance]]|years=1995–2008}}
{{s-aft|after=[[Ignazio La Russa]]|as=[[Acting President]]}}
|-
{{s-new|party}}
{{s-ttl|title=[[Future and Freedom|President of Future and Freedom]]&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;[[Italo Bocchino]] acting (2011-2013)&lt;/small&gt;|years=2011–2013}}
{{s-aft|after=Vacant}}
{{s-end}}

[[Kategori:Lair 1952]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Greja Katulik St Andreas Malang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3020" sha1="get8sf7i31osy3s3wrmem0f03ksx8dg" xml:space="preserve">Greja [[Katulik Roma|Katulik]] Santo Andreas salah sawijining greja paroki ana ing tlatah Kutha [[Kutha Malang|Malang]]. Greja iki wis 19 taun mangadeg. Panyelehan watu sepisanan dumadi tanggal 6 September 1992 banjur lagi diresmikaké tanggal 21 Maret 1999&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://keuskupan-malang.org/keberadaan-orang-katolik-di-ujung-timur-pulau-jawa-di-pulau-madura/|title=Keberadaan Orang Katolik Di Ujung Timur Pulau Jawa &amp; Di Pulau Madura {{!}} Keuskupan Malang|last=admin|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-05-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190515090546/http://keuskupan-malang.org/keberadaan-orang-katolik-di-ujung-timur-pulau-jawa-di-pulau-madura/|archive-date=2019-05-15|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Pangetan ambal warsa greja dipengeti saben tanggal 21 Maret, upacara pangayom greja digelar saben taun ing tanggal 30 Nopember.

Greja Katulik St Andreas diwangun awit saka tuwuhe umat Katulik sing saya akeh ing Kutha Malang. Dipandégani dening Bapak F. X. Soemarmo sing sejatine salah sawijining umat katulik biyasa. Dene Romo sing sepisanan mangku ing greja iki yaiku Romo Ignasius Cahyo Irwanto&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hidupkatolik.com/tag/gereja-st-andreas-tidar-malang/|title=Gereja St Andreas Tidar Malang {{!}} HIDUPKATOLIK.com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-15|archive-date=2022-07-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702225644/https://www.hidupkatolik.com/tag/gereja-st-andreas-tidar-malang|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Nalika sepisanan dibuka, taun 1999, cacahe umat Katulik ana 428 kluwarga (KK).

== Proses Wangune Greja ==
[[Gambar:Wangun Greja St Andreas.jpg|jmpl|Wangune Greja Katulik St Andreas dipandheng saka Mburi]]
Ana telung tahap wangune Greja St. Andreas. Sawise penyelehan watu sing sepisanan, tahap sepisan age diwiwiti saka tahun 1992 nganti 1995. Tahap iki minangka pembangunan basement. Banjur kabacutaké taun 1995 nganti 1996, ing tahap iki mbangun basement  nganti rampung&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://keuskupan-malang.org/sejarah-paroki-tidar/|title=Sejarah Paroki Tidar {{!}} Keuskupan Malang|last=admin|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-05-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Tahap katelu yaiku pembangungan balé gréja nganti rampung, kawiwitan ing taun 1996, nanging ing taun 1998 pembangunan kapeksa mandheg sawatara amarga anané krisis. Pembangunan tahan iki dibacutaké nganti rampung ing taun 1999.

== Arsitektur ==
Grèja Santo Andrèas iki nduweni rancangwangun sing unik. Wangune wuwungan kaya téndha kèmah. Saka kadohan wanguné greja katon bunder seser nanging nyatané ana 12 sisi sing mupeng meh kaya bunderan. Arsitèk pambanguné Greja yaiku Tonnie Johan. Gaya arsitektur Grèja Santo Andreas memper kaya salah sawijining Grèja Katulik ing Kutha [[Sorong, Kutha Sorong|Sorong]], Papua. Saka peresmian nganti saiki durung nate ana rènovasi gedhé-gedhéan. Ing taun 2007 dibangun taman ibadah lan Guwa Maria ing salah sisih wetan lore greja kang diresmikake dening Uskup Malang.

== Referensi ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Kategori:Gréja Katulik ing Indonésia]]</text>
      <sha1>get8sf7i31osy3s3wrmem0f03ksx8dg</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sandur</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>161066</id>
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      <id>1761296</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Angga Wijanarko</username>
        <id>68345</id>
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      <comment>menambah referensi</comment>
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      <text bytes="4340" sha1="fyspi4rka4uej9yksgimua3fqyna8ab" xml:space="preserve">'''Sandur''' kalebu kasenian tradhisional. Kasenian Sandur iki padha karo [[ludruk]], ananging sing mbédakaké yaiku Sandur iki amung nduwèni siji lakon crita yaiku amung nyritakaké babagan tani.&lt;ref name=&quot;Waras2016&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Waras|first=Achmad|date=2016-10|title=Makna Kesenian Sandur Ronggo Budoyo Bagi Masyarakat Tuban|url=http://journal.unair.ac.id/download-fullpapers-aun9c6eb5c572full.pdf|journal=AntroUnairdotNet|volume=V NO.3|pages=374-386}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing pagelarané Sandur iki pamilihan lakon yaiku lakon Balong, Pethak, Cawik, lan Tangsil yaiku minangka bocah lanang kang durung disunat, kang durung nduwèni akèh dosa, lan dianggep isih suci.&lt;ref name=&quot;WBTB2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&amp;detailCatat=201800856|title=Sandur Bojonegoro / Tuban|website=Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia - Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|year=2018|access-date=12 November 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kasenian iki mèh padha karo [[kethoprak]] tradhisional ing ngendi ing jeroné ana sawijining interaksi antarané lakon. Ora amung pacelathonan waé, nanging uga ana tari-tariané. Ana interaksi antarané papat lakon karo Germo.&lt;ref name=&quot;WBTB2018&quot; /&gt; Ing pagelaran Sandur iki biasané dilakokaké kanthi lumaku muter ing sawijining lapangan. Basa kang digunakaké yaiku [[basa Jawa]] Ngoko, nanging ora jarang uga nggunakaké basa Jawa Krama. Ing sela-selané pagelaran ana uga sawijining parikan kang tujuané mènèhi pitutur marang manungsa kang urip ing donya iki, intiné yaiku ing donya iki kita urip minangka makhluk sosial ora olèh urip sakarepé dhéwé, kita kudu ngati-ati, ora olèh gumedhé, lan kudu gelem urip gantian karo wong liya, amarga kita urip ing donya iki uga mbutuhaké wong liya.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kusuma2026&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kusuma|first=Amalia Juwita|last2=Artono|date=25 Juli 2026|title=Pelestarian Kesenian Sandur Sekar Arum di Desa Sukorejo Kecamatan Parengan Kabupaten Tuban 2005–2018|url=https://garuda.kemdiktisaintek.go.id/documents/detail/6571898|journal=Socius: Social Sciences Research Journal|volume=4|issue=1|access-date=12 November 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Babak ==
Babak ing pagelaran Sandur iku ana: babak tutup kerudung, buka kerudung, bancik endhog, bancik kendhi, bancik dhengkul, bancik pundhak, lan babak kalongking. Saka babak-babak kasebut bisa nggambaraké makna uripé manungsa wiwit sadurungé lair nganti mati lan bisa uga nggambaraké alur-alur pertanian.&lt;ref name=&quot;Waras2016&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WBTB2018&quot; /&gt;

=== Babak tutup kerudung ===
Nggambaraké uripé manungsa kang isih ana ing jero kandhungané ibuné. Ing pertanian nggambaraké babat utawa reresik lahan.

=== Babak buka kerudung ===
Babak iki nggambaraké manungsa kang dilairaké ing donya. Ing pertanian nggambaraké petani sing ndhaut utawa njupuk wiji pari kang wis siap ditandur.

=== Babak bancik endhog ===
Nggambaraké manungsa kang isih timur utawa bayi, isih dijaga karo wong tuwa loroné. Ing pertanian iki nggambaraké tandur utawa wayah tandur pari.

=== Babak bancik kendhi ===
Nggambaraké kauripané manungsa kang isih bayi kang arep mudhun lemah utawa tedhak sitèn. Ing pertanian nggambaraké wayah meteng utawa wayah pari kang wis awoh.

=== Babak bancik dhengkul ===
Nggambaraké kauripané manungsa ing wayah enom, ing ngendi bocah-bocah isih seneng dolanan lan wayah nakal-nakalé. Ing pertanian nggambaraké pari uwis ambyak utawa wis awoh kabèh.

=== Babak bancik pundhak ===
Nggambaraké kauripané manungsa kang wis diwasa, wayah tuwa, lan wayahé ngabdi. Ing pertanian nggambaraké pari wis tuwa lan wis tumungkul, wis wayahé dipanèn.

=== Babak kalongking ===
Ing babak iki kauripané manungsa digambaraké wis mati utawa wis bali marang Gusti Kang Maha Kuwaos.

== Makna Crita ==
Ing kasenian iki uga akèh nyritakaké wernané sifat kang ana ing dhiri manungsa. Liwat sifat kuwi manungsa bakal bisa diarahaké ing arah apik lan ala. Kanthi anané sifat iku manungsa bakal nduwèni rasa syukur amarga apa sing wis diduwèni saiki. Pengungkapan rasa syukur kuwi dilakonaké kanthi anané pagelaran kasenian Sandur iki lan kudu asring dedonga lan nyuwun kaslametan marang Gusti Kang Maha Kuwaos, supaya diparingi rejeki kang lancar.&lt;ref name=&quot;Waras2016&quot; /&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Kategori:Kabudayan Jawa]]
[[Kategori:Seni tradhisional]]
[[Kategori:Kabupatèn Tuban]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>House at the End of the Street</title>
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      <text bytes="4748" sha1="ho974uh2ptz1kreyj7kxn446hgdm7df" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox film|name=House at the End of the Street|image=House at The End of the Street.jpg|caption=Poster resmi|director=[[Mark Tonderai]]|producer=[[Aaron Ryder]]&lt;br /&gt;Peter Block&lt;br /&gt;[[Ryan Kavanaugh]]&lt;br&gt;[[Sonny Mallhi]]|writer=[[David Loucka]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jonathan Mostow]]|starring=[[Jennifer Lawrence]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Max Thieriot]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Gil Bellows]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Elisabeth Shue]]&lt;br /&gt;Eva Link&lt;br /&gt;[[Nolan Gerard Funk]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Allie MacDonald]]|music=[[Theo Green]]|cinematography=Miroslaw Baszak|editing=Steve Mirkovich&lt;br /&gt;Karen Porter|studio=FilmNation Entertainment|distributor=[[Relativity Media]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Alliance Films]] (Canada)|released={{Filmdate|2012|09|21}}|runtime=101 Menit|country=Kanada&lt;br /&gt;Amerika Serikat|language=Inggris|budget=$6.9 Juta&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=House at the End of The Street|url=http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1582507/business|access-date=5 Januari 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;|gross=$44,103,982&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=House at the End of The Street|url=http://www.the-numbers.com/movie/House-at-the-End-of-the-Street|work=The Numbers|access-date=23 Dhésèmber 2014|archive-date=2023-07-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718094213/https://www.the-numbers.com/movie/House-at-the-End-of-the-Street|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''''House at the End of the Street''''' nggih punika sesirah [[Film|filem]] [[Amerika Serikat|Amérikah Sarékat]] taun [[2012]]. Filem punika kaarahaken déning [[Mark Tonderai]]. Skénario kagem filem punika kaanggit déning David Lucka lan Jonathan Mostow. Wondéné Aaron Ryder sesarengan Peter Block, Ryan Kavanaugh, lan Sonny Mallhi ngayahi minangka juru damel. Juru paraga ingkang kadhapuk ing filem Hous at the End of the Street antawisipun [[Jennifer Lawrence]], [[Max Thieriot]], Bobby Osborne, lan Elisabeth Sue. Filem punika dipunbabar ing surya [[21 September]] [[2012]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.movieweb.com/news/house-at-the-end-of-the-street-gets-february-2012-release-date|title=House at the End of the Street Gets February 2012 Release Date|last=Gallagher|first=Brian|date=April 22, 2011|work=[[MovieWeb]]|publisher=Watchr Media|accessdate=October 6, 2011|archive-date=January 8, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108160138/http://www.movieweb.com/news/house-at-the-end-of-the-street-gets-february-2012-release-date|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thehdroom.com/news/House-at-the-End-of-the-Street-with-Jennifer-Lawrence-Blu-ray-is-Unrated/11511|title=House at the End of the Street with Jennifer Lawrence Blu-ray is Unrated|last=Bradley|first=Dan|date=October 27, 2012|work=TheHDRoom|publisher=Zboos|accessdate=January 7, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030054142/http://www.thehdroom.com/news/House-at-the-End-of-the-Street-with-Jennifer-Lawrence-Blu-ray-is-Unrated/11511|archive-date=October 30, 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nextmovie.com/blog/house-at-the-end-of-the-street-blu-ray/|title=Killer Blu-ray Art For ‘House at the End of the Street’|last=Enk|first=Bryan|date=October 30, 2012|work=NextMovie|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140108213632/http://www.nextmovie.com/blog/house-at-the-end-of-the-street-blu-ray/|archivedate=January 8, 2014|url-status=dead|accessdate=January 7, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/daily/chart/?sortdate=2012-09-21&amp;p=.htm|title=Daily Box Office for Friday, September 21, 2012|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=July 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.boxofficemojo.com/news/?id=3530&amp;p=.htm|title=Weekend Report: 'End of Watch' Narrowly Beats 'House,' 'Curve'|last=Subers|first=Ray|date=September 23, 2012|work=[[Box Office Mojo]]|publisher=[[IMDb]]|accessdate=July 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Filem punika kasil ngempalaken langkung saking $44 yuta saking panggiyaran sadonya, kangmangka ardhana kagem pandamelan namung $6.9 yuta.

== Juru paraga ==

* [[Jennifer Lawrence]] minangka Elissa Cassidy
* [[Max Thieriot]] minangka Ryan Jacobson
* Bobby Osborne minangka Ryan nalika taksih lare
* [[Elisabeth Shue]] minangka Sarah Cassidy
* [[Gil Bellows]] minangka Officer Bill Weaver
* Eva Link minangka Carrie Anne
* [[Nolan Gerard Funk]] minangka Tyler Reynolds
* [[Allie MacDonald]] minangka Jillian
* [[Jordan Hayes]] minangka Peggy Jones
* Krista Bridges minangka Mary Jacobson
* John Healy minangka John Jacobson
* Grace Tucker-Duguay minangka Carrie-Ann Jacobson

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njawi ==
{{Portal|Film}}

* {{IMDb title|1582507}}
* {{mojo title|houseattheendofthestreet|House at the End of the Street}}
* {{Rotten-tomatoes|house_at_the_end_of_the_street|House at the End of the Street}}

[[Kategori:Film Amerika Serikat]]
[[Kategori:Film Amerika Serikat tahun 2012]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Jolene Marie Rotinsulu</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>162979</id>
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      <id>1761282</id>
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      <text bytes="3302" sha1="8kudzn1f3v24axgj76c1gomnum7ou1w" xml:space="preserve">[[File:Jolene Marie at the Kuyank film discussion, 2026.jpg|thumb|Jolene Marie ing taun 2026.]]
'''Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu''' ya iku [[Putri Indonesia]] [[2019]] saka [[Sulawesi Utara|Sulawesi Lor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;&gt;[https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-international/jolene-marie-cholock-crowned-miss-international-indonesia-2019/eventshow/68332261.cms Jolene Cholock crowned Miss International Indonesia 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327090100/https://beautypageants.indiatimes.com/miss-international/jolene-marie-cholock-crowned-miss-international-indonesia-2019/eventshow/68332261.cms |date=2019-03-27 }}(dipunundhuh 12 Maret 2019)&lt;/ref&gt; Dhèwèké lair ing Manado, 15 Mei [[1996]].

== Kariér ==
Wanita kang nduwé bobot 50 lan dhuwur 173&amp;nbsp;cm iki dadi jawara Putri Indonésia taun 2019 makili [[Sulawesi Utara|Sulawesi Lor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet1&quot;/&gt; Ora mung ''Pemilihan Putri Indonésia'', dhèwèké uga mèlu ''ajang Miss International'' kang kalaksanan ing [[Tokyo]], [[Jepang]], 12 November 2019 kapungkur. Nalika semana, dhèwèké dadi siji-sijiné wanodya [[Indonesia]] kang bisa mewakilin nang kompetisi karo 85 wanodya soko penjuru dunio lan bisa ngèntukake ''Kristal Miss International'' kanggo [[Indonésia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;internet2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://awardgoesto.com/miss-international-indonesia-2019-jolene-marie-rotinsulu/ |title=Miss International Indonesia 2019 award goes to Jolene Marie Rotinsulu |access-date=2019-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324212055/http://awardgoesto.com/miss-international-indonesia-2019-jolene-marie-rotinsulu/ |archive-date=2019-03-24 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;internet3&quot;&gt;[https://events.globallandscapesforum.org/new-york-2019/speaker/jolene-marie-rotinsulu/ 'Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu', Miss International Indonesia 2019]&lt;/ref&gt;

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Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu
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Saliyané mèlu ''kontès kecantikan'', Jolene uga ngrambah jagading panglipur. Dhèwèké wus tau mèlu dadi paraga ing filem ''[[:id:Para Pencari Tuhan|Para Pencari Tuhan (Season 4)]]'' ([[2010]]), [[:id:Olga Syahputra|Mengejar Cinta Olga 5 (Story of Olga)]] (2012) lan [[:id:Oh Ternyata|Oh Ternyata The Series]] (2014) &lt;ref name=&quot;internet4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.missitems.be/jolene-marie-cholock-rotinsulu-verkozen-tot-miss-international-indonesia-2019/ |title=Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu verkozen tot Miss International Indonesia 2019 |access-date=2019-10-12 |archive-date=2019-03-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091721/https://www.missitems.be/jolene-marie-cholock-rotinsulu-verkozen-tot-miss-international-indonesia-2019/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;internet5&quot;&gt;[https://thegreatpageantcommunity.com/2019/03/10/puteri-indonesia-2019-full-results/ Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu Pemenang Puteri Indonesia Lingkungan 2019]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Pribadi ==
Jolene Marie Cholock-Rotinsulu lahir ning kota Santa Ana, [[California]] teko bapak soko [[Manado]], Roy Gustaaf Rotinsulu, karo mbok teko [[Amerika Serikat]], Allery Lee-Cholock.

== Filmografi ==
Film-filem kang tau ''dibintangi'' Artika antarané:
# I AM HOPE (2016) minangka Mia ono ing Theater drama

== Réferènsi ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Artis]]
[[Kategori:Lair 1996]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cemara Lawang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="10684" sha1="6k22k7f9ue4aa80i5kd8ceh0278dotl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                            = Cemara Lawang
| official_name                   = 
| native_name                     = ꦕꦼꦩꦫꦭꦮꦁ
| settlement_type                 = [[Administrative village|''Dhusun'']]
| image_skyline                   = File:Sunrise Cemoro Lawang.jpg
| image_caption                   = Cemara Lawang ing wanci ésuk
| image_seal                      = 
| image_map                       = 
| coordinates                     = {{coord|7|55|22|S|112|57|52|E}}
| elevation_m                     = 2217
| timezone1                       = [[Time in Indonesia|WIB]]
| utc_offset1                     = +7
| website                         = {{URL|bromotenggersemeru.org}}
}}

'''Cemara Lawang''' ([[Aksara Carakan|Hanacaraka]]: ꦕꦼꦩꦫꦭꦮꦁ; [[basa Indonésia]]: ''Cemoro Lawang'') iku dhusun cilik kang pernahé ana ing sisih lor-wétan Gunung Brama ([[Jawa Wétan]]), [[Indonésia]] kalawan dhuwur 2.217 mèter ing dhuwuring sagara. Sacara administratif [[dhusun]] iki klebu Dhusun Ngadisari, Sukapura, Kabupapatèn Prabalingga.

Cemara Lawang iku salah sawijining saka sakèhing dalan menyang [[kawah]] [[Wong Tengger|Tengger]] liwat Prabalingga. Ana papan kanggo nyawang [[Gunung Batok|Gunung Bathok]] lan Gunung Brama. Sajatiné papan iki minangka jujugan kanggoné wong-wong kang munggah Gunung Brama wayah wengi. [[Gunung Brama]] iku gunung geni aktif kang mapan ana satengahing sagara wedhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://asocialnomad.com/indonesia/bromo-independent-travelers/|title=How to Get to Bromo Independently - No Tour Needed|date=2015-08-26|website=ASocialNomad|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hawa ing papan iki krasa adhem atis lan [[kabut]] saben dinané mudhun ing désa iki. Ing wayah [[wengi]] pedhut bakalé mudhun, nuli ing wayah ésuké pedhut bakalé ngilang bebarengan karo [[Srengéngé mlethèk|mlethèking srengéngé]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Pariwisata ==
Cemara Lawang iku minangka jujugan para [[plancong]] lokal lan [[Mancala|manca]] kang nuju menyang Gunung Brama, jalaran papan iki dadi dalan utawa kori sadurungé lumebu menyang laladan Gunung Brama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://panduanwisata.id/2017/05/19/panduan-wisata-ke-cemoro-lawang-probolinggo-kawasan-bromo-info-lengkap-dan-cara-menuju-cemoro-lawang/|title=Panduan Wisata ke Cemoro Lawang Probolinggo Kawasan Bromo, Info Lengkap dan Cara Menuju Cemoro Lawang|last=Iin|first=Veronica|website=Panduan Wisata Keliling Dunia|language=id|access-date=2019-12-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217170028/http://panduanwisata.id/2017/05/19/panduan-wisata-ke-cemoro-lawang-probolinggo-kawasan-bromo-info-lengkap-dan-cara-menuju-cemoro-lawang/|archive-date=2019-12-17|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Para plancong bisa nyawang sesawangan ''sunrise'' kang éndah yaiku nalikané srengéngé mlethèk.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ketahui.com/menikmati-cemoro-lawang-desa-cantik-nan-menakjubkan-gerbang-menuju-kawasan-bromo|title=Menikmati Cemoro Lawang Desa Cantik nan Menakjubkan Gerbang Menuju Kawasan Bromo|date=2016-02-29|website=Ketahui.com|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-date=2022-12-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221202204002/https://ketahui.com/menikmati-cemoro-lawang-desa-cantik-nan-menakjubkan-gerbang-menuju-kawasan-bromo|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Para plancong iku padha teka saka [[Kutha Surabaya|Surabaya]] kang adohé kurang luwih laku telung jam, saliyané iku uga ana kang teka [[Bali]]. Cemara Lawang mapan ing patang laladan kabupatèn/kutha, yaiku [[Prabalingga]], [[Kutha Pasuruan|Pasuruan]], [[Kutha Malang|Malang]], lan [[Lumajang]]. Cemara Lawang dadi salah sawijining dalan kang diliwati kanggo lumebu menyang [[Taman Nasional Gunung Brama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pesonaindo.com/nikmati-pesona-gunung-bromo/|title=Nikmati Pesona Desa Cemoro Lawang, Gerbang Menuju Gunung Bromo Paling Cantik|last=Indonesia|first=Pesona|date=2018-02-14|website=Pesona Indonesia|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Punthuk Mentingen ==
[[Punthuk]] Mentingen utawa Bukit Mentingen kang mapan ana ing Cemara Lawang iki dadi sawijining sana kang narik kawigatèné para plancong. Ing sana iki, para plancong bisa nyawang kanthi cetha sesawangané Gunung Brama lan [[Gunung Batok|Gunung Bathok]]. Wondéné punthukan kang isih [[alam]]i iki mapan ana [[Lor-Wétan|sawétan-loré]] Gunung Brama, mula saka papan iki bisa nyawang sagaran [[méga]] kang gumelar ana sakiwa-tengené Brama.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2020/08/26/142100227/5-wisata-bromo-yang-wajib-dikunjungi-saat-buka-kembali-jumat-besok|title=5 Wisata Bromo yang Wajib Dikunjungi Saat Buka Kembali Jumat Besok Halaman all|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|website=KOMPAS.com|language=id|access-date=2020-09-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Angkudan ==
Manawa menyang Cemara Lawang nganggo [[angkudan]] pribadi bisa liwat dalan aspal kang ngliwati Pasuruan-Prabalingga. Déné manawa nganggo angkudan umum bisa numpak [[bis]] saka [[Terminal Banyuangga]] ing Prabalingga, nuli mandheg ing [[terminal]] pungkasan ing Cemara Lawang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pegipegi.com/travel/ini-dia-rute-menuju-desa-wisata-cemoro-lawang-di-jawa-timur/|title=Ini Dia Rute Menuju Desa Wisata, Cemoro Lawang di Jawa Timur|last=Sathya|first=Adhie|date=2018-05-14|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-16|archive-date=2023-06-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603014918/https://www.pegipegi.com/travel/ini-dia-rute-menuju-desa-wisata-cemoro-lawang-di-jawa-timur/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Para plancong uga bisa numpak angkudan umum arupa mini bus kang uga diarani [[Bison]]. Angkudan karan Bison iki cocog kanggo plancong kang lungané bebarengan utawa rombongan, jalaran regané kang luwih murah lan lakuné bisa luwih cepet. Tarif angkudan umum iki gumantung saka sistem kang dipilih plancong marang agèn wisatané.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Sajarahing jeneng Cemara Lawang durung dimangertèni kanthi cetha. Ananging manawa manut tegesing [[basa]], jeneng Cemara Lawang iku ateges wit cemara iku minangka [[lawang]]. Mula papan iki dijenengi Cemara Lawang awit akèhing wit [[cemara]] utawa ''conifers'' kang ana ing papan iki. Cemara Lawang iku uga minangka kori utawa lawang menyang Gunung Brama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Suku Tengger ==
Suku [[Wong Tengger|Tengger]] iku suku asli ing laladan sakiwa tengené Brama lan ana kang padha netep ing Cemara Lawang.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Suku Tengger lumrahé tansah padha nganggo [[sarung]] kang dislémpangaké ing gulu. Bocah cilik apa déné [[wong tuwa]] padha nganggo sarung kabèh jalaran hawa ing laladan sakiwa tengené Brama pancèné adhem.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

[[File:Eksotisme Bromo 09.jpg|right|thumb|200x500px|Wong Tengger kang sarungan karo nunggangi jaran]]

Akèh-akèhé masarakat suku Tengger padha nganut agama [[Hindhu]] lan isih padha nguri-uri adat kabudayané, mula alam kang ana sakiwa-tengené Cemara Lawang nganti Brama iku isih kajaga. Salah sawijining upacara adat kang isih lestari kagelar déning para warga yaiku upacara [[Kasada]]. Upacara iki bisa diarani minangka dina riyayané suku Tengger lan dadi pawujuding rasa sukuré para warga tumrap peparingé [[Hyang|Gusti]] Kang Maha Kuwasa. Upacara iki kagelar rong dina lan kawit wanci wengi kanthi diiringi wewacan mantra. Nuli nganti pucaking adicara yaiku para pradangga adat mènèhi [[Sesajèn|sajèn]] arupa [[Sato kéwan|kéwan]] sarta asiling [[tetanèn]] menyang kawah Gunung Brama.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

== Iklim ==
Iklim ing Cemara Lawang yaiku anget lan sedhengan. Manut klasifikasi [[iklim Köppen]], papan iki kalebu [[subtropis]] palemahan dhuwur (Cwb). Mangsa [[Mangsa udan|rendheng]] kang itungané mung sedhéla yaiku ing antarané sasi [[Dhésèmber]] nganti [[Maret]]. Mangsa kaya mangkéné suhuné anget, wayah [[awan]] kang mung sedhéla, lan kerep udan. Nuli ing mangsa [[Mangsa katiga|katiga]] banter iku itungané wiwit sasi [[Juni]] nganti [[Sèptèmber]]. Ing mangsa iki wayah [[ésuk]]é krasa atis. Rata-rata suhu ing kéné yaiku 13,2&amp;nbsp;°C lan rata-rata curah [[udan]]é yaiku 1924&amp;nbsp;mm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://en.climate-data.org/asia/indonesia/east-java/cemoro-lawang-689673/|title=Cemoro Lawang climate: Average Temperature, weather by month, Cemoro Lawang weather averages - Climate-Data.org|website=en.climate-data.org|access-date=2019-12-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Tengger Caldera Panorama (27887761791).jpg|center|thumb|800x800px|Kawah Tengger lan padunungan Cemara Lawang ing sisih kiwa.]]
{{Weather box
|location = Cemoro Lawang, [[Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park]] (elevation {{convert|2217|m|abbr=on|disp=or}})
|metric first = yes
|single line = yes
|Jan high C = 17.3
|Feb high C = 17.5
|Mar high C = 17.6
|Apr high C = 17.4
|May high C = 17.4
|Jun high C = 17
|Jul high C = 16.3
|Aug high C = 16.5
|Sep high C = 17.1
|Oct high C = 17.7
|Nov high C = 17.5
|Dec high C = 17.3

|Jan mean C = 13.6
|Feb mean C = 13.7
|Mar mean C = 13.9
|Apr mean C = 13.5
|May mean C = 13.3
|Jun mean C = 12.8
|Jul mean C = 11.8
|Aug mean C = 12
|Sep mean C = 12.5
|Oct mean C = 13.3
|Nov mean C = 13.9
|Dec mean C = 13.6

|Jan low C = 9.9
|Feb low C = 9.9
|Mar low C = 10.3
|Apr low C = 9.7
|May low C = 9.3
|Jun low C = 8.6
|Jul low C = 7.4
|Aug low C = 7.5
|Sep low C = 8
|Oct low C = 9
|Nov low C = 10.3
|Dec low C = 10

|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 297
|Feb precipitation mm = 334
|Mar precipitation mm = 348
|Apr precipitation mm = 181
|May precipitation mm = 104
|Jun precipitation mm = 63
|Jul precipitation mm = 33
|Aug precipitation mm = 15
|Sep precipitation mm = 19
|Oct precipitation mm = 70
|Nov precipitation mm = 145
|Dec precipitation mm = 315

| source 1 = Climate-Data.org (temp &amp; precip)&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web
| url = https://en.climate-data.org/asia/indonesia/east-java/cemoro-lawang-689673/
| title = Climate: Cemoro Lawang
| publisher = Climate-Data.org
| accessdate = 18 December 2018}}
&lt;/ref&gt;

}}

==Gladri==
&lt;gallery&gt;
Gambar:Cemoro-Lawang Indonesia Gate-keepers-station-01.jpg|Gapura Taman Nasional Brama Tengger Semèru ing Cemara Lawang
Gambar:Cemoro Lawang - View from Bromo.jpg|Pedhut ing Cemara Lawang
Gambar:Cemoro Lawang.jpg|Ékosistem pagunungan Cemara Lawang, alas sub-alpine
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Rujukan ==
{{reflist|2}}

== Deleng uga ==

* [[Gunung Brama]]
* [[Wong Tengger|Tengger]]
* [[Kabupatèn Prabalingga]]

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[[Kategori:Taman Nasional]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Betula pendula</title>
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{{Italic title}}
{{Speciesbox
|name = Birch Pérak&lt;br&gt;''Betula pendula''
|image_caption = Silver birch forest, Inari, Finland
|image = Betula pendula Finland.jpg
|status = LC
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = &lt;ref name=iucn&gt;{{Cite iucn | author = Stritch, L., Shaw, K., Roy , S. &amp; Wilson. | title = ''Betula pendula''}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|genus = Betula
|parent = Betula subg. Betula
|species = pendula
|authority = [[Albrecht Wilhelm Roth|Roth]]
|subdivision_ranks = Subspecies
|range_map = Betula pendula range.svg
|range_map_caption = Distribution map
}}

'''Betula pendula''', kang umum diarani minangka birch pérak, Biry wul,  birch putih Éropa,utawa birch putih wétan Asia,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/European-white-birch|title=European white birch tree|last=|first=|date=|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; minangka spésies wit ing kulawarga Betulaceae, asli ing Eropa lan bagéan ing Asia, sanajan ing sisih kidul Éropa, ditemokaké mung ing papan kang luwih dhuwur. Akéhé kalebu ing Siberia, Tiongkok, lan kidul-wétan Asia ing pagunungan Turki sisih lor, Kaukasus, lan Iran sisih lor. Iki wis dikenal menyang Amérika Lor, Ana manéh minangka birch putih Éropa, lan dianggep invasif ing sawetara negara ing Amérika Sarékat lan bagéan Kanada. Wit kasebut uga bisa ditemokaké ing wilayah kang luwih manéka musim kaya ta Australia.

Birch pérak minangka wit ing musim gugur kang duwé aran umum kanggo kulit kayu putih ing pang kasebut. Pang cilik lan godhong kang bentuké rada ora  segitiga kanthi rada nguning musim gugur. Kembang kasebut dadi catkins lan wiji kang ana swiwiné  mula bisa nyebar kena angin. Birch pérak ya iku wit kang atos, spésies rintisan, lan sawijiné wit kang pisanan katon ing lemah kang gundhul utawa geni. Akéh spésies manuk lan kéwan ditemokaké ing alas kayu birch, wit kasebut dadi panggonan manéka werna gegremetan.  Lan ing ngisoré wit iki rada teles kang diwénéhaké rada lembap, mula nggawé tanduran liyané tuwuh ing sangisoré kanopi. Iki  bisa dadi  hiasan ing taman, kebon lan digunakaké kanggo prodhuk alas kaya ta kayu nggo dandan, kayu bakar, penyamakan,  lan sapu. Manéka bagéan saka wit bisa digunakaké dadi obat tradisional lan kulité uga ngemot triterpen, kang bisa dadi obat.

== Taksonomi ==
[[File:Breza na jesen.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Wit Birch ing musim gugur]]
[[File:Betula pendula winter.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Wit Birch ing musim adhem]]
Ana telung subspésiés saka wit birch pérak  kang bisa ditampa sacara umum:&lt;ref name=&quot;iucnredlist.org&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.iucnredlist.org/en|title=The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|website=IUCN Red List of Threatened Species|access-date=2020-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

# Betula pendula subsp. pendula -  Éropa lan sisih wétan menyang Asia tengah
# Betula pendula subsp. mandshurica (Regel) Ashburner lan  McAll. - Asia wétan lan Amérika Lor; dikenalaké déning para ahli botani minangka Betula platyphylla.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/29884204|title=Betula : proceedings of the IDS Betula Symposium, 2-4 October 1992.|last=International Dendrology Society.|date=1993|publisher=International Dendrology Society|isbn=0-9504544-5-1|location=[London?]|oclc=29884204}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Betula pendula subsp. szechuanica (C.K.Schneid.) Ashburner &amp; McAll. - Ing China sisih kulon, saka Qinghai lan Gansu nganti Yunnan lan tenggara Xizang, dirawat déning sawetara ahli botani minangka Betula szechuanica.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

B. pendula dibédakaké saka B. pubesensens, wit birch Éropa liyané kang umum, amarga ora duwé wulu, pucuk wulu (wulu lan tanpa kutil ing birch duwéné wulu alus), godhongé bentuké kaya endhog, duwéni grigi, lan kulit kang wernané putih kasebar ing godhong-godhongan ing  &quot;celah&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt; ireng kang sumebar (grayer, rada retak, ing ngisor wit  birch). Bisa  uga dibédakaké sacara sitologi, birch perak diploid (kanthi rong kromosom), déné birch downy yaiku tetraploid (papat set kromosom). Hibrida ing antarané kaloro dikenal, nanging arang banget, lan dadi triploid. Loro iku duwé prabédan ing syarat-syarat habitat, ing birch pérak ditemokaké ana ing lemah garing, wedhi. Yén wit birch kang ana wuluné aku habitaté ana ing lemah teles lan lemah kaya ta lemah lempung lan lemah pit. Birch pérak uga nuntut panas kang luwih akéh ketimbang birch kang ana wuluné  kang penting ing bagéan kang adhem ing Éropa. Akéh ncathetan kang nyatakaké Amerika Lor kang nganggep rong spesies kasebut minangka konspiratif (lan nyebabaké kebingungan kanthi gabung karo jeneng alternatif  'white birch', karo jeneng ilmiah B. pendula  kanggo spésiés liyané), nanging dianggep spésiés kang beda ing saindenging Éropa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://treesforlife.org.uk/into-the-forest/trees-plants-animals/trees/birch/|title=Birch tree facts, information and mytholgoy|website=Trees for Life|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saperangan jinis B. pendula ora ditampa manéh, kalebu ''B. pendula'' var. ''carelica'', ''fontqueri'', ''laciniata'', ''lapponica'', ''meridionalis'', ''microlepis'', lan ''parvibracteata'', uga  ''Betula pendula'' f. ''bircalensis'', ''crispa'', lan ''palmeri''. Sinonim liyané kalebu ing ngisor iki:&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295174-1|title=Betula pendula Roth|last=|first=|date=|website=Plants of the World Online|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217084700/http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:295174-1|archive-date=17 February 2020|url-status=dead|access-date=2020-01-13}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Jeneng  ''Betula alba'' &lt;small&gt;L.&lt;/small&gt; uga diuwalaké saka ''B. pendula'',   ''B. pubescens''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Govaerts|first=Rafaël|date=1996|title=(1261) Proposal to reject the name Betula alba (Betulaceae)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.2307/1224262|journal=TAXON|language=en|volume=45|issue=4|pages=697–698|doi=10.2307/1224262|issn=1996-8175}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Betula brachylepis'' &lt;small&gt;V.N.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula cajanderi f. fruticans'' &lt;small&gt;Kozhevn.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula carpatica var. sudetica'' &lt;small&gt;Rchb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula coriacea'' &lt;small&gt;Pamp.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula cycoviensis'' &lt;small&gt;Steud.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula ellipticifolia'' &lt;small&gt;V.N.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula etnensis'' &lt;small&gt;Raf.&lt;/small&gt;, sometimes spelled ''B. aetnensis''&lt;ref name=&quot;iucnredlist.org&quot;/&gt;
* ''Betula ferganensis'' &lt;small&gt;V.N.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula fontqueri'' &lt;small&gt;Rothm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula gummifera'' &lt;small&gt;Bertol.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula hybrida'' &lt;small&gt;Blom&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula insularis'' &lt;small&gt;V.N.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula kossogolica'' &lt;small&gt;V.N.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula laciniata'' &lt;small&gt;(Wahlenb.) Rchb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula lobulata'' &lt;small&gt;Kit.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula ludmilae'' &lt;small&gt;V.N.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula microlepis'' &lt;small&gt;I.V.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula mongolica'' &lt;small&gt;V.N.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula montana'' &lt;small&gt;V.N.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula oycowiensis'' &lt;small&gt;Besser&lt;/small&gt;, sometimes spelled ''B. oycoviensis''
* ''Betula palmata'' &lt;small&gt;Borkh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula parvibracteata'' &lt;small&gt;Peinado, G.Moreno &amp; A.Velasco&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula platyphylloides'' &lt;small&gt;V.N.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula pseudopendula'' &lt;small&gt;V.N.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula szaferi'' &lt;small&gt;Jent.-Szaf. ex Staszk.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula talassica'' &lt;small&gt;Poljakov&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula tiulinae'' &lt;small&gt;V.N.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula transbaicalensis'' &lt;small&gt;V.N.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula tristis'' &lt;small&gt;Dippel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula verrucosa'' &lt;small&gt;Ehrh.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula virgultosa'' &lt;small&gt;Fr. ex Regel&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Betula vladimirii'' &lt;small&gt;V.N.Vassil.&lt;/small&gt;

== Ekologi ==
[[File:Sawfly larvae on silver birch 140701 (Tony Holkham).JPG|thumb|Birch [[sawfly]] (''[[Craesus septentrionalis]]''&lt;!--[[Nematinae]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://eol.org/pages/3766113/overview EOL]&lt;/ref&gt;--&gt;) larva kang lagi mangan ing birch pérak, Wales Kulon, Juli 2014]]
Birch pérak duwé kanopi mbukak kang ngidini cahya lumebu akéh nganti tekan lemah. Iki ngidini macem-macem lumut, suket, lan tanduran kang bakal tuwuh ing ngisor,  uga bakal narik kawigatén gegremetan. Tanduran kembang kang asring ditemokaké ing kayu birch kalebu primrose (Primula vulgaris), violet (Viola riviniana), bluebell (Hyacinthoides non-scripta), anemon kayu (Anemone nemorosa), lan sorrel kayu (Oxalis acetosella). Pokok cilik kang tuwuh ing lantai alas kalebu blaeberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) lan cowberry (Vaccinium vitis-idaea). Manuk kang ditemokaké ing alas kayu birch kalebu klafin, pipit wit, warowler, nightingale, robin, woodcock, redpoll, lan woodpecker ijo.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

Pang wit birch pérak ngemot gegremetan amarga akéh pang garing. Pang garing iki  ana  &lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;witch's brooms&lt;nowiki&gt;''&lt;/nowiki&gt;, kang  disebabaké jamur Taphrina betulina. Wit-witan lawas asring dipaténi déning Piptoporus betulinus jamur lan pang kang  ujug-ujug ana ing lemah. Wit iki biasané tuwuh karo jamur mycorrhizal Amanita muscaria amarga simbisosis mutualisme. Iki diterapaké kanggo lemah asam utawa lemah kang ora subur. Associates mycorrhizal liyané kalebu Leccinum scabrum uga Cantharellus cibarius.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Ana manéh mycorrhiza, anané mikrofauna ing lemah mbantu tuwuh wit, amarga nambah mobilisasi gizi.

== Kagunan ==
[[File:HAZELIUS(1881) Vol.1, Abb.9, p037.jpg|thumb|Sepatu kasut tradhisional Finlan ditenun saka kulit kayu birch]]
Birch pérak digunakaké kanggo obat tradhisional minangka diuretik lan dianggep migunani kanggo perawatan tekanan darah tinggi, kolesterol tinggi, kelemon, asam urat, watu ginjel, nephritis, cystitis, gangguan pencernaan, lan penyakit pernapasan. Kanggo tujuwan kasebut, godogan saka kulit utawa godhongé bisa  digunakaké. Sakliyané iku, birch pérak digunakaké kanggo marikaké penyakit, ngilangi rasa nyeri, lan ngobati inflamasi uga infeksi kulit kaya ta ekzema lan psoriasis.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Sisih njaba saka kulit utawa godhong  nganti 20% ngemot betulin. Komponen utama ing minyak esensial tunas yaiku α-copaene (~ 10%), germacrene D (~ 15%), lan δ-cadinene (~ 13%). [26] Uga ana ing babakan yaiku bahan-bahan triterpene liyané kanggo  anti-radhang, antivirus, lan anti-kanker.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19284392-identification-and-isolation-of-pharmacologically-active-triterpenes-in-betuale-cortex-betula-pendula-roth-betulaceae/|title=Identification and Isolation of Pharmacologically Active Triterpenes in Betuale Cortex, Betula Pendula Roth., Betulaceae|last=E|first=E. Kovac-Besović|last2=K|first2=Durić|date=2009|website=Bosnian journal of basic medical sciences|language=en|pmid=19284392|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|access-date=2020-01-13|last3=Z|first3=Kalodera|last4=E|first4=Sofić}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ratu Sikumbang</title>
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'''Ratu Sikumbang''' utawi '''Ratu Menez''' ({{lang-ms|'''Ratu Sikumbang'''}}; [[Aksara Jawi|Jawi]]: راتو سيكومباڠ; {{lahirmati|[[Kutha Serang|Serang]], [[Banten]]|2|04|1994}}) inggih punika salah satunggalipun [[penyanyi]] lan [[aktris]] [[Indonesia]] keturunan [[Minangkabau]] lan [[Wong Melayu|Melayu]].

== Diskografi ==
=== Album ===
{{col|2}}
* ''Balam Tigo Gayo'' (2009)
* ''Jaso Mandeh'' (2010)
* ''Kelok 9'' (2011)
* ''Talambek Pulang'' (2011)
* ''Di Mimpi Datang Juo'' (2012)
* ''Teluk Bayur'' (2012)
* ''Pulanglah Yuang'' (2012)
* ''Hiduik di Rantau Subarang'' (2012)
* ''Di Hati Mati, Di Mato Buto'' (2013)
* ''Rindu di Hati'' (2013)
* ''Aduh Rindu'' (2013)
* ''Kaba dari Rantau'' (2013)
* ''Ampun Mandeh'' (2014)
* ''Mananti Cinto'' (2015)
* ''Andam Oi'' (2015)
* ''Cangguang'' (2015)
* ''Matohari Pagi di Ranah Minang'' (2015)
* ''Bia Pusaro di Rantau'' (2015)
* ''Bia Tuo Jo Mudo'' (2016)
* ''Manjalang Denai'' (2016)
* ''Pergi untuk Kembali (Golden Memories)'' (2017)
* ''Cincin Bapulangkan'' (2018)
* ''Kutang Barendo (Remix Hits)'' (2019)
{{end-col}}

===Single===
{{col|2}}
* &quot;I Love You&quot; (2014)
* &quot;Hey Baby&quot; (2017)
* &quot;Kepo&quot; (2018)
* &quot;Kubuat Kau Bahagia&quot; (2019)
* &quot;Coba Jadi Aku&quot; (2020)
* &quot;Om Pim Pa&quot; (2021)
* &quot;Seso Malam Langang&quot; (2021)
* &quot;Janji Nan Badutoi&quot; (2021)
* &quot;Rambang Mato&quot; (2021)
* &quot;Jarak Pambateh Cinto&quot; (2021)
* &quot;Ibo-Ibo Hati Den Mandeh&quot; (2022)
* &quot;Mambuang Raso Cinto&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Hati yang Salah&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Salamaik Rayo&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Marantau Cino&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Taraok Tapian Baro&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Baa Kaba&quot; (2023)
* &quot;FWB (Friend with Benefit)&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Aku Tak Biasa&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Rambuik Karibo&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Dayuang Palinggam&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Sopir Batak&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Aku Ikhlas&quot; (2023)
* &quot;Andam Sarasah&quot; (2024)
* &quot;Cinto Bakasan (2024)
* &quot;Padiah Diseso Bayang&quot; (2024)
* &quot;Galau Hati Nan Luko&quot; (2024)
* &quot;Bungo Cinto Dihati Putiah&quot; (2024)
* &quot;Air Mata Terurai&quot; (2024)
* &quot;Perhentian Terbaik&quot; (2024)
* &quot;Indak Batamu Ujuangnyo&quot; (2024)
* &quot;Taganggam Bayang Bayang&quot; (2024)
* &quot;Tutuik Talingo Piciangkan Mato&quot; (2024)
* &quot;Ratok Si Kamba&quot; (2025)
* &quot;Minangkabau Barayo&quot; (2025)
* &quot;Dek Tido Urang Sisiahkan&quot; (2025)
* &quot;Takuik Hari Malam&quot; (2025)
* &quot;20 September&quot; (2025)
* &quot;Sasa Kabakeh Diri&quot; (2025)
* &quot;Jan Lamo Bana&quot; (2025)
* &quot;Raso Ditapi Cawan &quot; (2025)
* &quot;Hilang Tautan Cinto&quot; (2025)
* &quot;Apo Kurangnyo Denai&quot; (2026)
* &quot;Sasa Di Ujuang Cinto&quot; (2026)
* &quot;Siriah Karakok&quot; (2026)
* &quot;Tambah Pitih Balanjo&quot; (2026)
* &quot;Padiah Ditikam Duto&quot; (2026)
* &quot;Terbiasa&quot; (2026){{end-col}}

==Pranala njaba==
* {{Instagram|barbiequeen94}}
{{pemeran-stub}}
{{indo-bio-stub}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sikumbang, Ratu}}
[[Kategori:Penyanyi Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Aktris Indonésia]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Cobbler</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>171001</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1761217</id>
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{{Infobox food|name=Cobbler|image=Plum Blueberry Cobbler.jpg|image_size=|caption=Plum Blueberry Cobbler|alternate_name=|country=United States or England|region=|creator=|course=|served=|main_ingredient=[[Batter (cooking)|batter]], [[Biscuit (bread)|biscuit]], or [[pie crust]]; fruit or savory filling|variations=Betty, grunt, slump, buckle, sonker, boot&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Difference Between Cobbler, Crisp, Crumble and Betty|url=http://www.cookingtobeclever.com/difference-between-cobbler-crisp-crumble-betty/|website=Cooking to Be Clever|access-date=2020-09-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200623075048/https://www.cookingtobeclever.com/difference-between-cobbler-crisp-crumble-betty/|archive-date=2020-06-23|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;|calories=|other=}}'''Cobbler''' minangka sajian sing kalebu woh-wohan utawa isi [[Gurih|gurih sing]] diwutahake menyang panganan di panggang gedhe lan ditutupi adonan, biskuit, utawa [[pangsit]] (ing Inggris) sadurunge dipanggang. Sawetara resep kobobler, utamane ing Amerika Selatan, mirip pie sajian empuk sing jero lan tebal kanthi kulit ndhuwur lan ngisor. Cobbler minangka bagean saka masakan Inggris lan Amerika Serikat, lan ora bakal bingung karo crumb .</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Fatoot samnèh</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>172347</id>
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      <text bytes="3218" sha1="99tiv9pl5g0xxx3p90m61f0x1wcm3mj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox food|name=Fatoot samneh|image=File:Fatoot samneh.jpg|image_size=300 px|caption=Fatoot samneh, as traditionally served by [[Yemenite Jews]], topped with [[honey]].|alternate_name=|country=[[Israel]]|region=|creator=[[Yemenite Jews]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Marks |first1=Rabbi Gil |title=The Encyclopedia of Jewish Food|year=2010 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofje0000mark }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Solomonov |first1=Michael |title=Israeli Soul |publisher=HMH}}&lt;/ref&gt;|course=|type=[[Matzo brei|Fried pita and scrambled egg dish]]|served=[[Breakfast]], or [[dinner]]|main_ingredient=[[Pitot|Pita]] or other [[flatbread]], [[clarified butter]] (samneh), or [[butter]], or [[schmaltz]], beaten [[egg]], [[kosher salt]], [[honey]]|variations=|calories=|other=}}'''Fatoot samneh''' ( {{Lang-he|פטאוט סמנה}}   ) minangka sajian Israel saka wong-wong Yahudi Yaman, kalebu potongan pita sing wis digoreng ing butter sing diklarifikasi lan dikombinasikake karo endhog sing diuleni, sing umume disajikake minangka sarapan utawa panganan nedha bengi, lan biasane diwadhahi madu. Iki meh padha karo matzah brei [[Olah-olahan Yahudi|Yahudi]] utawa [[migas]] Meksiko-Amerika, sing digawe nganggo matzo, lan tortilla jagung ; kamangka samar fatoot digawe nganggo roti pita &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Jewish Cookbook|year=2019|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishcookbook0000koen|last=Koenig|first=Leah|publisher=Phaidon Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://food52.com/recipes/82136-scrambled-eggs-with-toasted-pita-recipe|title=Toasted Pita Scrambled Eggs (Fatoot Samneh) From Leah Koenig|website=Food52|access-date=5 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.eatyourbooks.com/library/recipes/2213928/toasted-pita-scrambled-eggs-fatoot|title=Toasted pita scrambled eggs (Fatoot samneh) from Food52 by Leah Koenig|website=Eat Your Books|access-date=5 January 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201102224941/https://www.eatyourbooks.com/library/recipes/2213928/toasted-pita-scrambled-eggs-fatoot|archive-date=2 November 2020|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; .

Fatoot samneh biasane digawe kanthi cara ing ngisor iki. Roti lapis diiris cilik-cilik lan digoreng mentega, mentega sing diperjelasake kanthi akeh (kanggo variasi susu / [[Susu wedhus|susu]]), utawa [[schmaltz]] (kanggo variasi fleishig / daging, nganti potongan pita dipanggang lan garing. Sawetara endhog dipanaskan nganggo [[Uyah kosher|uyah sing kosher]], lan ditambahake ing campuran pita goreng, sing diaduk terus-terusan padha karo [[Endhog orak-arik|endhog sing dibumboni]], nganti endhog disetel lan rada diserep karo pita. Sawise kenthang samneh wis mateng banjur direndhem karo [[madu]], silan, utawa sawetara topping, bumbu, lan bumbu liyane &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=DKoML_RXa6I|title=Leah Koenig's Toasted Pita and Scrambled Eggs (Fatoot Samneh), Genius Recipes|website=YouTube|access-date=5 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=The Jewish Cookbook|year=2019|url=https://archive.org/details/jewishcookbook0000koen|last=Koenig|first=Leah|publisher=Phaidon Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; .
[[Barkas:Fatoot_Samneh.jpg|ka|jmpl|Fatoot samneh]]

== Referensi ==

[[Kategori:Panganan Israèl]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Chickpea</title>
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{{Speciesbox|genus=Cicer|species=arietinum}}
{| class=&quot;infobox biota&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |Chickpeas
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |[[File:Sa-whitegreen-chickpea.jpg|al=Two varieties of chickpea: the larger light tan Kabuli and variously coloured Desi chickpea. They are green when picked early and vary through tan or beige, speckled, dark brown to black. 75% of world production is of the smaller desi type. The larger garbanzo bean or hoummus was introduced into India in the 18th century.|nirbing|Two varieties of chickpea: the larger light tan Kabuli and variously coloured Desi chickpea. They are green when picked early and vary through tan or beige, speckled, dark brown to black. 75% of world production is of the smaller desi type. The larger garbanzo bean or hoummus was introduced into India in the 18th century.]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 88%&quot; |Two varieties of chickpea: the larger light tan ''Kabuli'' and variously coloured ''Desi'' chickpea. They are green when picked early and vary through tan or beige, speckled, dark brown to black. 75% of world production is of the smaller ''desi'' type. The larger garbanzo bean or ''hoummus'' was introduced into India in the 18th century.
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |[[File:Chickpea_BNC.jpg|al=Sprouted chickpea|nirbing|Sprouted chickpea]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; font-size: 88%&quot; |Sprouted chickpea
|- style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |[[Taxonomy (biology)|Scientific classification]] &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot; style=&quot;font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;&quot;&gt;[[File:Red_Pencil_Icon.png|pra=Template:Taxonomy/Cicer| edit ]]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
|Kingdom:
|[[Plant|Plantae]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Vascular plant|Tracheophytes]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Flowering plant|Angiosperms]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Eudicots]]
|-
|''Clade'':
|[[Rosids]]
|-
|Order:
|[[Fabales]]
|-
|Family:
|[[Fabaceae]]
|-
|Genus:
|''[[Cicer]]''
|-
|Species:
|&lt;div class=&quot;species&quot; style=&quot;display:inline&quot;&gt;'''''C.&amp;nbsp;arietinum'''''&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |[[Binomial nomenclature|Binomial name]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |'''&lt;span class=&quot;binomial&quot;&gt;''Cicer arietinum''&lt;/span&gt;'''&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;font-size: 85%;&quot;&gt;[[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]&lt;/div&gt;
|- style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center; background-color: rgb(180,250,180)&quot; |[[Synonym (taxonomy)|Synonyms]]&lt;ref&gt;&lt;cite class=&quot;citation encyclopaedia cs1&quot;&gt;[http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-4318 &quot;''Cicer arietinum'' L.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171002112842/http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/record/ild-4318 |date=2017-10-02 }}. ''The Plant List''. 2013&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;22 October&lt;/span&gt; 2014&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; |
&lt;div class=&quot;plainlist &quot; style=&quot; margin-left: 1em; text-indent: -1em;&quot;&gt;
* ''Cicer album'' &lt;small&gt;hort.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cicer arientinium'' &lt;small&gt;L. [Spelling variant]&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cicer arientinum'' &lt;small&gt;L. [Spelling variant]&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cicer edessanum'' &lt;small&gt;Bornm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cicer grossum'' &lt;small&gt;Salisb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cicer nigrum'' &lt;small&gt;hort.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cicer physodes'' &lt;small&gt;Rchb.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cicer rotundum'' &lt;small&gt;Alef.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cicer sativum'' &lt;small&gt;Schkuhr&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Cicer sintenisii'' &lt;small&gt;Bornm.&lt;/small&gt;
* ''Ononis crotalarioides'' &lt;small&gt;M.E.Jones&lt;/small&gt;
    
&lt;/div&gt;
|}
[[Category:Articles with 'species' microformats]]
[[Barkas:Cicer_arietinum_noir_MHNT.BOT.2017.12.2.jpg|jmpl| ''Cicer arietinum noir'' - MHNT]]
'''Coklat''' utawa '''kacang polong''' ( ''Cicer arietinum'' ) minangka legum taunan saka [[Kulawarga (biologi)|kulawarga]] [[Fabaceae]], [[Kulawarga (biologi)|kulawarga]] subfamili [[Faboideae]] . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.feedipedia.org/node/319|title=Chickpea (Cicer arietinum)|last=Feedipedia|date=|website=www.feedipedia.org|access-date=26 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:486336-1|title=Cicer arietinum L. – Plants of the World Online|last=Kew Science|date=|website=Plants of the World Online|access-date=26 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180211010740/http://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:486336-1|archive-date=11 February 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jinis sing beda-beda dikenal kanthi sebutan '''gram'''   utawa '''gram Bengal''',  '''garbanzo'''  utawa '''kacang garbanzo''', '''kacang Mesir''' .  Wiji chickpea akeh protein . Iki minangka salah sawijining legum sing paling awal ditanam, lan sisa-sisa umur 7500 taun ditemokake ing [[Wétan Tengah|Timur Tengah]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;po&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://phys.org/news/2014-03-small-mighty-chickpea.html|title=The small but mighty chickpea|last=S|first=Bell|date=March 31, 2014|publisher=Phys.org|access-date=8 October 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9LCiZedYrzIC&amp;q=chickpea+introduced+into+india+in+the+century&amp;pg=PA111|title=Advances in Agronomy|last=|publisher=Elsevier|year=2001|isbn=978-0080543994|access-date=26 February 2018|via=Google Books}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chickpea minangka bahan utama ing [[hummus]] lan [[chana masala]], lan bisa digiling dadi glepung kanggo nggawe [[Falafèl|falafel]] . Iki uga digunakake ing salad, sup lan sup, kari lan produk panganan liyane kayata channa. Coklat penting ing [[Masakan Timur Tengah|masakan]] [[Olah-olahan India|India]], [[Masakan Mediterania|Mediterania]] lan [[Masakan Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] . Ing taun 2018, [[Indhi|India]] nyumbang 66% produksi pitik global. 

&lt;ref name=&quot;faostat18&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC|title=Chickpea production in 2018, Crops/Regions/World list/Production Quantity (pick lists)|date=2019|publisher=UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Corporate Statistical Database (FAOSTAT)|access-date=28 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Barkas:India_-_Varanasi_green_peas_-_2714.jpg|ka|jmpl| Coklat ijo jeruk]]
[[Barkas:Chickpea_pods.jpg|ka|jmpl|150x150px| Kacang polong]]
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
Barkas:FOOD Doubles 2.jpg|[[Doubles (food)|Dobel]], panganan jalanan ing [[Trinidad and Tobago|Trinidad lan Tobago]]
Barkas:Potaje de garbanzos y collejas5.JPG|[[Manchego cuisine|Masakan Manchego]] ; rebus kacang lan ''[[Silene vulgaris]]'' ''(potaje de garbanzos y collejas)''
Barkas:Farinata di ceci 01.jpg|[[Farinata|Farinata di ceci]], panganan cemilan tradisional pitik [[Italian Cuisine|Italia]]
Barkas:Chakhchoukha9.JPG|[[Chakhchoukha]] ing [[Algerian cuisine|masakan Aljazair]] ; ''marqa sing'' anyar dimasak sadurunge ''dicampur'' karo ''rougag''
Barkas:Choleindia.jpg|''[[Chana masala]]'', India
Barkas:Halua of Chickpeas.jpg|[[Halva|''Kacang Halua'']], [[Bangladesh]]
Barkas:Aesthetic Fried Gram.jpg|Coklat goreng
&lt;/gallery&gt;{{Infobox nutritional value}}{{Infobox nutritional value}}

== Referensi ==

[[Kategori:Faboideae]]</text>
      <sha1>em3v4mm8rb3lknap1im4fr4wist3h1r</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Emyr Huws</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3469" sha1="lr6l17jn3x56r4tek92lg1bc6kvfyxe" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football biography
| name        = Emyr Huws
| image       = File:AUT vs. WAL 2016-10-06 (148).jpg
| caption     = Huws main kanggo timnas Wales ing taun 2016
| fullname    = Emyr Wyn Huws&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Premier League Clubs submit Squad Lists |url=http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/squad-lists/Premier-League-Squad-Lists-January-2014.pdf |publisher=Premier League |page=21 |date=4 February 2014 |access-date=9 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140316063138/http://www.premierleague.com/content/dam/premierleague/site-content/News/publications/squad-lists/Premier-League-Squad-Lists-January-2014.pdf |archive-date=16 March 2014 |df=dmy }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|1993|9|30|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Llanelli]], [[Wales]]
| height      = {{convert|1.85|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Emyr Huws Profile at Soccerway |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/players/declan-weeks/211040/ |publisher=Soccerway |access-date=25 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430190856/https://uk.soccerway.com/players/declan-weeks/211040/ |archive-date=30 April 2021 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| position    = [[Gelandhang]]
| currentclub = [[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]]
| clubnumber  = 44
| youthyears1 = 2004–2009
| youthclubs1 = [[Swansea City A.F.C. Under-23s#Academy|Swansea City]]
| youthyears2 = 2009–2012
| youthclubs2 = [[Manchester City F.C. Reserves and Academy|Manchester City]]
| years1      = 2012–2014
| clubs1      = [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]]
| caps1       = 0
| goals1      = 0
| years2      = 2012–2013
| clubs2      = → [[Northampton Town F.C.|Northampton Town]] (nyileh)
| caps2       = 10
| goals2      = 0
| years3      = 2014
| clubs3      = → [[Birmingham City F.C.|Birmingham City]] (nyileh)
| caps3       = 17
| goals3      = 2
| years4      = 2014
| clubs4      = → [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]] (nyileh)
| caps4       = 5
| goals4      = 0
| years5      = 2014–2016
| clubs5      = [[Wigan Athletic F.C.|Wigan Athletic]]
| caps5       = 11
| goals5      = 0
| years6      = 2015–2016
| clubs6      = → [[Huddersfield Town A.F.C.|Huddersfield Town]] (nyileh)
| caps6       = 30
| goals6      = 5
| years7      = 2016–2017
| clubs7      = [[Cardiff City F.C.|Cardiff City]]
| caps7       = 3
| goals7      = 0
| years8      = 2017
| clubs8      = → [[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]] (nyileh)
| caps8       = 13
| goals8      = 3
| years9      = 2017–
| clubs9      = [[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]]
| caps9       = 31
| goals9      = 1
| nationalyears1 = 2008–2009
| nationalteam1 = {{Timnasu|17|Wales}}
| nationalcaps1 = 11
| nationalgoals1 = 0
| nationalyears2 = 2011
| nationalteam2 = {{Timnasu|19|Wales}}
| nationalcaps2 = 4
| nationalgoals2 = 0
| nationalyears3 = 2012–2013
| nationalteam3 = {{Timnasu|21|Wales}}
| nationalcaps3 = 6
| nationalgoals3 = 1
| nationalyears4 = 2014–
| nationalteam4 = {{Timnas|Wales}}
| nationalcaps4 = 11
| nationalgoals4 = 1
| club-update = 20:13, 9 January 2021 (UTC)
| nationalteam-update = 10:20, 17 November 2019 (UTC)
}}

'''Emyr Wyn Huws''' (lair 30 September 1993) yaiku pemain [[bal-balan]] profesional [[Wales]] sing main dadi [[Gelandhang]] kanggo [[Ipswich Town F.C.|Ipswich Town]].

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

[[Kategori:Pamain bal-balan Wales]]
{{Pemain-sb-stub|Wales}}
{{Ipswich Town F.C. squad}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>1664 bir</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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[[Barkas:Kronenbourg_Beer_Bottle.jpg|jmpl| Kronenbourg Euro Pale Lager]]
'''Kronenbourg 1664''' minangka salah sawijining jinis ombenan lager pucet emas kanthi persentase alkohol 5,0% ABV .  Kaping pisanan digawe ing taun 1664 dening Canon Brewery ing wilayah [[Alsace]] ing Prancis dening ahli bir Geronimus Hatt. Iki nggunakake resep sing padha karo sing sadurunge digunakake ing 1664. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.k1664.co.uk/our-history/|title=Verify your age {{!}} Kronenbourg 1664 {{!}} UK|work=Kronenbourg 1664|access-date=2016-12-08|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220704112151/https://www.k1664.co.uk/our-history|archive-date=2022-07-04|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kronenbourg 1664 saiki diproduksi ing Inggris dening Heineken sawise dituku saka Skotlandia &amp;amp;amp; Newcastle . &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-scottishnewcastle-idUSL2338824920080125|title=Carlsberg, Heineken agree $15.3&amp;nbsp;billion S&amp;N deal|date=25 January 2017|work=Reuters|access-date=2016-12-08}}&lt;/ref&gt; Perancis lager ngandhut Strisselspalt hops, unik [[Alsace]], kang digunakake ing proses Bir lan menehi bir rasa jeuk sawijining pait lan fragrant.

== Rujukan￼￼ ==</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Greja Katulik Grikenlan Slowak</title>
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      <text bytes="5249" sha1="59utoyl1nhirm2nwoizw2s8rr4hbddo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Christian denomination
| name                = Greja Katulik Grikenlan Slowak
| caption_background  =
|icon                = Greek Catholic Archeparchy of Prešov.svg
|icon_width          = 25px
| image               = File:Prešov5.JPG
| imagewidth          = 
| alt        = 
| caption             = [[Biara Santo Yohanes Pambaptis (Prešov)|Katedral metropolitan Slowak]]
| main_classification = [[Katulik Wetan]]
| orientation         = [[Kekristenan Wetan]]
| theology            = [[Teologi Katulik]]
| polity              = [[Episkopal]]
| governance          = [[Metropolitanat]]
| structure           =
| leader/moderator    =
| leader_title        = [[Sri Paus]]
| leader_name         = [[Paus Fransiskus|Fransiskus]]
| leader_title1       = [[Primat (biskop)|Primat]]
| leader_name1        = [[biskop metropolitan|Metropolitan]] [[Ján Babjak]]
| director            =
| fellowships         = 
| associations        = [[Kongregasi kanggo Greja-greja Oriental]]
| liturgy             = [[Ritus Bizantium]]
| area                = [[Slowak]]
| headquarters        = [[Prešov]], [[Slowak]]
| founder             = 
| founded_date        = 
| founded_place       = 
| separated_from      = 
| parent              = 
| merger              = 
| separations         = 
| hospitals           = 
| nursing_homes       = 
| aid                 = 
| congregations       = 
| members             = 207,320&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat16.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2017-03-24 |archive-date=2016-10-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020094357/http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat16.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ministers           = 
| missionaries        =
| temples             =
| primary_schools     = 
| secondary_schools   = 
| tax_status          =
| tertiary            = 
| other_names         = Greja Katulik Bizantium Slowak
| website             = 
| footnotes           = 
}}
'''Greja Katulik Grikenlan Slowak''' ([[basa Slowak|Slowak]]: ''Gréckokatolícka cirkev na Slovensku'', &quot;Greja Katulik Grikenlan ing Slowak&quot;; {{lang-la|Ecclesia Graeco Catholica Slovacica}}), utawa '''Greja Katulik Bizantium Slowak''', yaiku [[greja patrikuler]] [[Greja Katulik Wetan|Katulik Wetan]] ''[[sui iuris]]'' [[biskop metropolitan|metropolitan]] ing [[persekutuan penuh]] karo [[Greja Katulik]] lan [[Sri Paus]] [[Tahta Suci|Roma]]. [[Ritus liturgi]]ne yaiku [[Ritus Bizantium]]. Ing 2008 ing [[Slowak]] dhewe, Greja Katulik Grikenlan Slowak nduweni kira-kira 350,000 panganut, 374 imam lan 254 paroki. Ing 2017, Greja Katulik ngeklaim ana 207.320 panganut Katulik Grikenlan Slowak ing seluruh donya, ngewakili kira-kira siji persen saka kabeh panganut Katulik Wetan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cnewa.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/2017-Statistics-Worldwide-pie-chart.pdf|title=Eastern Catholic Churches Worldwide 2017|date=2017|access-date=26 October 2021|work=[[Annuario Pontificio]]|via=[[Catholic Near East Welfare Association]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==
{{reflist}}

== Sumber ==
* {{Cite journal|last=Tóth|first=István György|title=Počiatky rekatolizácie na východnom Slovensku (The Beginning of re-Catholicization in Eastern Slovakia)|journal=Historický časopis|year=2002|volume=50|issue=4|pages=587–606|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LngMAQAAMAAJ}}

== Pranala jaba ==
*[https://www.grkat.net/eng/ Byzantine Catholic Church in Slovakia - unofficial website]
*{{in lang|sk}} [http://www.grkatpo.sk/ Gréckokatolícke arcibiskupstvo Prešov]
*{{in lang|sk}} [http://www.grkatke.sk/ Gréckokatolícka eparchia Košice]
*{{in lang|sk}} [http://www.grkatba.sk/ Gréckokatolícka eparchia Bratislava]
*[http://eparchy.blogspot.com/ Eparchy of Ss. Cyril and Methodius] for Slovaks of the Byzantine Rite in Canada &lt;!-- looks like and probably is a semi-official site of the eparchy; this is not a regular private blog so it should be safe to leave the link here --&gt;
*{{in lang|cs}} [http://www.exarchat.cz/ Apoštolský exarchát řeckokatolické církve v České republice]
*{{in lang|sk}} [http://www.gojdic.sk/ Byzantine Catholic Seminary in Prešov]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110531041209/http://chramen.slovak-net.com/ Slovak Cathedral of the Nativity of the Mother of God] (Toronto)
*{{in lang|sk}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20100506012511/http://www.grkat-ml.sk/ Gréckokatolícka farnosť a protopresbyterát Medzilaborce]
*[https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/toc/the-catholic-eastern-churches/from-the-orthodox-church/the-slovak-catholic-church/ Article on the Slovak Greek Catholic Church by Ronald Roberson on the CNEWA web site] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022220908/https://cnewa.org/eastern-christian-churches/toc/the-catholic-eastern-churches/from-the-orthodox-church/the-slovak-catholic-church/ |date=2020-10-22 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20191230234717/http://www.damian-hungs.de/geistliches/ostkirchen/griechisch-katholische-kirche-in-der-slowakei/ www.damian-hungs.de (in German)]

{{Authority control}}

{{coord|48.9942|N|21.2432|E|source:wikidata|display=title}}

[[Category:Greja Katulik Grikenlan Slowak| ]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Agung Honiara</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="3094" sha1="6vy4sr8yavae5kiqerwnvbrxaw70xi7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan Agung&lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = Honiara
| latin             = Archidioecesis Honiarana
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt;
| image             = Archdiocese of Honiara.png
| image_size        = 250px
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Kapuloan Solomon}}
| province          = Honiara
| metropolitan      = 
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = 10.728&lt;!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --&gt;
| population        = 271,442
| population_as_of  = 2016
| catholics         = 60,312&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 22.0
| parishes          = 13&lt;!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --&gt;
| priests           = 19
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| sui_iuris_church  = [[Greja Latin]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Roma]]
| established       = 1897: Prefektur Apostolik Kapuloan Solomon Inggris;&lt;br&gt; 1912: Vikariat Apostolik Kapuloan Solomon Kidul;&lt;br&gt; 1966: Kabiskopan Honiara;&lt;br&gt; 1978: Kabiskopan Agung Honiara
| cathedral         = [[Katedral Salib Suci Honiara]]
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}}
| metro_archbishop  = Christopher Cardone OP
| auxiliary_bishops = John Doaninoel SM
| emeritus_archbishop = Adrian Smith SM
}}
'''Kabiskopan Agung Honiara''' yaiku [[Kabiskopan Agung Metropolitan]] [[Ritus Latin]] ing [[Kapuloan Solomon]]. Kabiskopan kasebut menika penerus Prefektur Apostolik Kapuloan Solomon Inggris, sing didegake ing 1897. Provinsi Honiara didegake ing 1978

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}
* {{cite web|title = Archdiocese of Honiara| work=Catholic-Hierarchy|url =http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dhoni.html|accessdate =2007-01-10}}{{Self-published source|date=January 2016}}
* {{cite web|title =St Peter Chanel the Marist Legend|work =St Peter Chanel|url =http://maristway.org/st_peter_chanel.htm|accessdate =2016-06-22|archive-date =2016-03-04|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063719/http://maristway.org/st_peter_chanel.htm|url-status =dead}}{{Self-published source|date=January 2016}}
* {{cite web|title =Holy Cross Cathedral|work =Holy Cross Cathedral|url =http://www.catholicchurchsolomonislands.com/Holy%20Cross%20Cathedral%20SI.pdf|accessdate =2016-06-22|archive-url =https://web.archive.org/web/20140918220201/http://www.catholicchurchsolomonislands.com/Holy%20Cross%20Cathedral%20SI.pdf|archive-date =2014-09-18|url-status =dead}}{{Self-published source|date=January 2016}}

== Sumber lan pranala jaba ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070301223411/http://www.catholicnet.com/solomon/archdiocese-honiara.htm A brief history of the Archdiocese of Honiara]
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/honi0.htm GigaCatholic with incumbent biography links]
{{coord|9.4400|S|159.9500|E|source:wikidata-and-enwiki-cat-tree_region:SB|display=title}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Honiara, Kabiskopan Agung}}
{{kabiskopan-stub|Kapuloan Solomon}}
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Kapuloan Solomon]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Behar</title>
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      <text bytes="8859" sha1="az3x6joulhxsaq5rtcion8uhudx2ied" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Jemenittisk sjofar av kuduhorn.jpg|450px|thumb|Sebuah [[shofar]]]]
'''Behar''', '''BeHar''', '''Be-har''', utawa '''B'har''' ({{Hebrew|בְּהַר}} — [[Basa Ibrani|Ibrani]] kanggo &quot;ing dhuwur gunung,&quot; tembung kalima, lan [[Incipit|tembung distinsif kapisan]] ing parsyah kasebut) yaiku [[Wacaan Torèt Saben Minggu]] ({{Hebrew|פָּרָשָׁה}}, ''parashah'') ka-32 ing siklus [[wacaan Torèt]] [[Yudaisme|Yahudi]] taunan lan kasanga ing [[Kitab Kaimaman]]. Parsyah kasebut ngeliputi Kaimaman 25:1-26:2.

== Pranala jaba ==
[[Barkas:Old book bindings.jpg|150px|ka]]

=== Teks ===
* [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0325.htm Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326130617/https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0325.htm |date=2022-03-26 }}
* [http://Bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp?action=displaypage&amp;book=3&amp;chapter=25&amp;verse=1&amp;portion=32 Hear the parashah chanted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515001235/http://bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp?action=displaypage&amp;book=3&amp;chapter=25&amp;verse=1&amp;portion=32 |date=2011-05-15 }}
* [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm#mp3 Hear the parashah read in Hebrew]

=== Tafsiran ===
{{col-begin}}
| width=&quot;25%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:0&quot;|
* [http://ajrca.org/parsha-of-the-week/parshat-behar-bekhukotai/ Academy for Jewish Religion, California] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120317071815/http://ajrca.org/parsha-of-the-week/parshat-behar-bekhukotai/ |date=2012-03-17 }}
* [http://ajrsem.org/tag/behar/ Academy for Jewish Religion, New York]
* [http://www.aish.com/tp/43918932.html Aish.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130317054632/http://www.aish.com/tp/43918932.html |date=2013-03-17 }}
* [http://www.akhlah.com/tanach/torah/vayikra/parashot-behar/ Akhlah: The Jewish Children's Learning Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520105445/http://www.akhlah.com/tanach/torah/vayikra/parashot-behar/ |date=2013-05-20 }}
* [https://www.alephbeta.org/torah/leviticus/behar-bechukotai Aleph Beta Academy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306043754/https://www.alephbeta.org/torah/leviticus/behar-bechukotai |date=2019-03-06 }}
* [http://ziegler.aju.edu/Default.aspx?id=6686 American Jewish University — Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170930222512/http://ziegler.aju.edu/Default.aspx?id=6686 |date=2017-09-30 }}
* [http://www.anshe.org/parsha/behar.htm Anshe Emes Synagogue, Los Angeles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101152524/http://www.anshe.org/parsha/behar.htm |date=2012-11-01 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727073246/http://arigoldwag.com/pp.html Ari Goldwag]
* [http://ascentofsafed.com/cgi-bin/ascent.cgi?Name=nbao-32behar Ascent of Safed]
* [http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/bahar/bahar.shtml Bar-Ilan University]
* [http://www.chabad.org/parshah/default.asp?AID=15584 Chabad.org]
| width=&quot;25%&quot; align=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:0&quot;|
* [http://www.eparsha.com/#drash eparsha.com]
* [http://www.g-dcast.com/behar G-dcast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320222926/http://www.g-dcast.com/behar |date=2013-03-20 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110514190228/http://www.vbm-torah.org/vayikra.htm The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash]
* [http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+Time/Jewish+Sources/Iyunum/Parashat+Behar.htm Jewish Agency for Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915020032/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+Time/Jewish+Sources/Iyunum/Parashat+Behar.htm |date=2012-09-15 }}
* [http://www.jtsa.edu/jts-torah-online?search=&amp;genre=&amp;parashah=2071 Jewish Theological Seminary]
* [http://www.kabbalaonline.org/kabbalah/article_cdo/aid/399474/jewish/Behar.htm Kabbala Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111618/https://www.kabbalaonline.org/kabbalah/article_cdo/aid/399474/jewish/Behar.htm |date=2019-03-06 }}
* [http://www.learningtorah.org/DvarTorah/ViewDvarTorah.aspx?dtID=515 LearningTorah.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080213004741/http://www.learningtorah.org/DvarTorah/ViewDvarTorah.aspx?dtID=515 |date=2008-02-13 }}
* [http://www.mechonhadar.org/web/guest/search?p_p_id=3&amp;p_p_action=0&amp;p_p_state=normal&amp;_3_primarySearch=com.liferay.portlet.journal.util.JournalOpenSearchImpl&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_col_id=&amp;p_p_col_pos=0&amp;p_p_col_count=0&amp;_3_struts_action=%2Fsearch%2Fsearch&amp;_3_keywords=behar Mechon Hadar] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130704075407/http://www.mechonhadar.org/web/guest/search?p_p_id=3&amp;p_p_action=0&amp;p_p_state=normal&amp;_3_primarySearch=com.liferay.portlet.journal.util.JournalOpenSearchImpl&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_col_id=&amp;p_p_col_pos=0&amp;p_p_col_count=0&amp;_3_struts_action=/search/search&amp;_3_keywords=behar |date=2013-07-04 }}
* [http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1038/Behar-Wholehearted-Giving Miriam Aflalo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406114325/http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1038/Behar-Wholehearted-Giving |date=2012-04-06 }}
* [https://www.myjewishlearning.com/torah-portions/parashat-behar/ MyJewishLearning.com]
* [http://ohr.edu/yhiy/article.php/2606 Ohr Sameach]
* [http://www.ou.org/torah/archive3.htm Orthodox Union]
* [http://www.oztorah.com/category/bhar/ OzTorah, Torah from Australia]
| width=&quot;25%&quot; align=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:0&quot;|
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100624083451/http://www.netivot-shalom.org.il/eparsha.php Oz Ve Shalom — Netivot Shalom]
* [https://elmad.pardes.org/topics Pardes from Jerusalem]
* [http://www.jameskugel.com/weekly-torah-reading-in-israel-behar-may-21-2016/ Professor James L. Kugel]
* [https://mcarasik.wordpress.com/2016/05/24/behar-5776/ Professor Michael Carasik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112164248/https://mcarasik.wordpress.com/2016/05/24/behar-5776/ |date=2016-11-12 }}
* [http://rabbidovlinzer.blogspot.com/search/label/Parshat%20Behar Rabbi Dov Linzer]
* [http://rabbiwerbin.blogspot.com/2016/05/behar-text-message.html Rabbi Fabian Werbin]
* [http://www.rabbisacks.org/?s=behar&amp;.x=0&amp;.y=0 Rabbi Jonathan Sacks]
* [http://rabbishimon.com/?p=760 RabbiShimon.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724091147/http://rabbishimon.com/?p=760 |date=2012-07-24 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110821085057/http://www.ohrtorahstone.org.il/parsha/index.htm Rabbi Shlomo Riskin]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130311000646/http://www.rabbishmuel.com/browse.cgi?type=torah_sermons Rabbi Shmuel Herzfeld]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170430100048/http://rabbistan.com/behar.htm Rabbi Stan Levin]
* [https://www.jewishrecon.org/divrei-torah#book-Leviticus Reconstructionist Judaism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122534/https://www.jewishrecon.org/divrei-torah#book-Leviticus |date=2017-12-27 }}
* [http://www.judaic.org/addtl_files/behar.htm Sephardic Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726212431/http://www.judaic.org/addtl_files/behar.htm |date=2011-07-26 }}
* [http://www.shiur.com/index.php?category=Behar-Bechukotai Shiur.com]
| width=&quot;25%&quot; align=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:0&quot;|
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110522173456/http://www.613.org/par-vayikra.html#v9 613.org Jewish Torah Audio]
* [http://tanach.org/bhar.htm Tanach Study Center]
* [http://www.teach613.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=53&amp;Itemid=48 Teach613.org, Torah Education at Cherry Hill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301171639/http://www.teach613.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=53&amp;Itemid=48 |date=2012-03-01 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190919072737/http://thetorah.com/leviticus TheTorah.com]
* [http://www.tfdixie.com/parshat/behar/ Torah from Dixie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190627015100/http://www.tfdixie.com/parshat/behar/ |date=2019-06-27 }}
* [http://www.torah.org/learning/parsha/parsha.html?id1=50 Torah.org]
* [http://www.torahvort.com/vayikra/behar/ TorahVort]
* [http://www.reformjudaism.org/learning/torah-study/bhar Union for Reform Judaism]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120814081344/http://uscj.org/JewishLivingandLearning/WeeklyParashah/TorahSparks/Archive/Default.aspx United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]
* [http://www.shemayisrael.com/parsha/bonchek/archives/archives.htm What's Bothering Rashi?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825072843/http://www.shemayisrael.com/parsha/bonchek/archives/archives.htm |date=2021-08-25 }}
* [http://www.yctorah.org/index.php?searchword=behar&amp;option=com_search&amp;Itemid= Yeshivat Chovevei Torah]
* [http://www.yutorah.org/ Yeshiva University]
{{col-end}}

{{Wacaan Torèt Saben Minggu}}

[[Kategori:Wacaan Torèt Saben Minggu wulan Iyar]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Balak (parsyah)</title>
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      <text bytes="8311" sha1="nrgdlsniyebjvikshsudg650dd3bceq" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Breenbergh Costal Landscape with Balaam and the Ass.jpg|thumb|450px|Pemandangan Pasisir karo Balaam lan Keledaine (lukisan taun 1636 dening [[Bartholomeus Breenbergh]])]]
'''Balak''' ({{Hebrew|בָּלָק}} — [[basa Ibrani|Ibrani]] kanggo &quot;Balak,&quot; jeneng, tembung kapindho lan tembung distinsif kapisan ing parsyah kasebut) yaiku [[Wacaan Torèt Saben Minggu]] ({{Hebrew|פָּרָשָׁה}}, ''parashah'') ka-40 ing siklus [[wacaan Torèt]] [[Yudaisme|Yahudi]] taunan lan kapitu ing [[Kitab Wilangan]]. Ing parsyah kasebut, [[Balak]] putra Zippor, [[raja]] [[Moab]], kapingin ngundang [[Balaam]] kanggo ngutuk Israel,&lt;ref&gt;Wilangan 22:1–5&lt;/ref&gt; keledai Balaam wicara marang Balaam,&lt;ref&gt;Wilangan 22:21–35&lt;/ref&gt; lan Balaam malah mberkahi Israel. Parsyah kasebut ngeliputi Wilangan 22:22-25:9.

== Cathetan ==
{{reflist}}

== Pranala jaba ==
[[Barkas:Old book bindings.jpg|150px|ka]]

=== Teks ===
* [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0422.htm#2 Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation]
* [http://Bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp?action=displaypage&amp;book=4&amp;chapter=22&amp;verse=2&amp;portion=40 Hear the parashah chanted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514215846/http://bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp?action=displaypage&amp;book=4&amp;chapter=22&amp;verse=2&amp;portion=40 |date=2011-05-14 }}
* [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm#mp3 Hear the parashah read in Hebrew]

=== Tafsiran ===
{{col-begin}}
| width=&quot;25%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:0&quot;|
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120317072000/http://ajrca.org/parsha-of-the-week/parshat-balak/ Academy for Jewish Religion, California]
* [http://ajrsem.org/tag/balak/ Academy for Jewish Religion, New York]
* [http://www.aish.com/tp/43918892.html Aish.com]
* [http://www.akhlah.com/tanach/torah/bemidbar/parashot-balak/ Akhlah: The Jewish Children's Learning Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140816223757/http://www.akhlah.com/tanach/torah/bemidbar/parashot-balak/ |date=2014-08-16 }}
* [https://www.alephbeta.org/torah/numbers/balak Aleph Beta Academy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620232029/https://www.alephbeta.org/torah/numbers/balak |date=2018-06-20 }}
* [http://zieglercontent.aju.edu/default18.aspx?fid=713 American Jewish University — Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies]{{Pranala mati|date=Februari 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.anshe.org/parsha/balak.htm Anshe Emes Synagogue, Los Angeles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101151549/http://www.anshe.org/parsha/balak.htm |date=2012-11-01 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727073246/http://arigoldwag.com/pp.html Ari Goldwag]
* [http://ascentofsafed.com/cgi-bin/ascent.cgi?Name=nbao-40balak Ascent of Safed]
| width=&quot;25%&quot; align=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:0&quot;|
* [http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/balak/balak.shtml Bar-Ilan University]
* [http://www.chabad.org/parshah/default.asp?AID=45614 Chabad.org]
* [http://www.eparsha.com/#drash eparsha.com]
* [http://www.g-dcast.com/balak G-dcast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714003212/http://www.g-dcast.com/balak |date=2011-07-14 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110609193106/http://www.vbm-torah.org/bamidbar.htm The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash]
* [http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+Time/Jewish+Sources/Iyunum/Parashat+Balak.htm Jewish Agency for Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120915020738/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+Time/Jewish+Sources/Iyunum/Parashat+Balak.htm |date=2012-09-15 }}
* [http://www.jtsa.edu/jts-torah-online?search=&amp;genre=&amp;parashah=2063&amp;holiday=&amp;theme=&amp;series=&amp;author= Jewish Theological Seminary]
* [http://www.kabbalaonline.org/kabbalah/article_cdo/aid/399482/jewish/Balak.htm Kabbala Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306111727/https://www.kabbalaonline.org/kabbalah/article_cdo/aid/399482/jewish/Balak.htm |date=2019-03-06 }}
* [http://www.mechonhadar.org/web/guest/search?p_p_id=3&amp;p_p_action=0&amp;p_p_state=normal&amp;_3_primarySearch=com.liferay.portlet.journal.util.JournalOpenSearchImpl&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_col_id=&amp;p_p_col_pos=0&amp;p_p_col_count=0&amp;_3_struts_action=%2Fsearch%2Fsearch&amp;_3_keywords=balak Mechon Hadar] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130704081334/http://www.mechonhadar.org/web/guest/search?p_p_id=3&amp;p_p_action=0&amp;p_p_state=normal&amp;_3_primarySearch=com.liferay.portlet.journal.util.JournalOpenSearchImpl&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_col_id=&amp;p_p_col_pos=0&amp;p_p_col_count=0&amp;_3_struts_action=/search/search&amp;_3_keywords=balak |date=2013-07-04 }}
* [http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1191/Balak-To-Want-what-He-Wants Miriam Aflalo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120406114038/http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1191/Balak-To-Want-what-He-Wants |date=2012-04-06 }}
* [https://www.myjewishlearning.com/torah-portions/parashat-balak/ MyJewishLearning.com]
* [http://ohr.edu/yhiy/article.php/2666 Ohr Sameach]
* [http://www.ou.org/torah/archive4.htm Orthodox Union]
| width=&quot;25%&quot; align=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:0&quot;|
* [http://www.oztorah.com/category/balak/ OzTorah, Torah from Australia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100624083451/http://www.netivot-shalom.org.il/eparsha.php Oz Ve Shalom — Netivot Shalom]
* [https://elmad.pardes.org/topics Pardes from Jerusalem]
* [http://www.jameskugel.com/weekly-torah-reading-july-16-2016/ Professor James L. Kugel]
* [https://mcarasik.wordpress.com/2016/07/19/balak-5776/ Professor Michael Carasik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006013547/https://mcarasik.wordpress.com/2016/07/19/balak-5776/ |date=2017-10-06 }}
* [http://rabbidovlinzer.blogspot.com/2012/07/thought-on-parsha.html Rabbi Dov Linzer]
* [http://rabbiwerbin.blogspot.com/2015/07/balak-text-message.html Rabbi Fabian Werbin]
* [http://www.rabbisacks.org/?s=balak&amp;.x=0&amp;.y=0 Rabbi Jonathan Sacks]
* [http://rabbishimon.com/?p=761 RabbiShimon.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016040712/http://rabbishimon.com/?p=761 |date=2013-10-16 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110821085057/http://www.ohrtorahstone.org.il/parsha/index.htm Rabbi Shlomo Riskin]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130311000646/http://www.rabbishmuel.com/browse.cgi?type=torah_sermons Rabbi Shmuel Herzfeld]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044801/http://www.rabbistan.com/balak.htm Rabbi Stan Levin]
* [https://www.jewishrecon.org/divrei-torah#book-Numbers Reconstructionist Judaism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122534/https://www.jewishrecon.org/divrei-torah#book-Numbers |date=2017-12-27 }}
* [http://www.judaic.org/addtl_files/balaq.htm Sephardic Institute] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726212530/http://www.judaic.org/addtl_files/balaq.htm |date=2011-07-26 }}
| width=&quot;25%&quot; align=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:0&quot;|
* [http://www.shiur.com/search.php?search=balak Shiur.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110609194554/http://www.613.org/par-bam.html#ba7 613.org Jewish Torah Audio]
* [http://tanach.org/balak.htm Tanach Study Center]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20190918124439/http://thetorah.com/numbers TheTorah.com]
* [http://www.tfdixie.com/parshat/balak Torah from Dixie]{{Dead link|date=November 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [https://torah.org/parsha/balak/ Torah.org]
* [http://www.torahvort.com/bamidbar/balak/ TorahVort.com]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130518092428/http://www.reformjudaism.org/learning/torah-study/balak Union for Reform Judaism]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120814081344/http://uscj.org/JewishLivingandLearning/WeeklyParashah/TorahSparks/Archive/Default.aspx United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism]
* [http://www.shemayisrael.com/parsha/bonchek/archives/archives.htm What's Bothering Rashi?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825072843/http://www.shemayisrael.com/parsha/bonchek/archives/archives.htm |date=2021-08-25 }}
* [http://www.yutorah.org/ Yeshiva University]
* [http://www.yctorah.org/index.php?option=com_search&amp;Itemid=99999999&amp;searchword=balak&amp;searchphrase=any&amp;ordering=newest Yeshivat Chovevei Torah]
{{col-end}}

{{Wacaan Torèt Saben Minggu}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Balak (Parsyah)}}
[[Kategori:Wacaan Torèt Saben Minggu wulan Tammuz]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Eikev</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="8234" sha1="tjvhxw9tezz17girob6y2lzuz039kuo" xml:space="preserve">{{distinguish|Yaakov}}
[[Barkas:Tissot The Golden Calf.jpg|jmpl|ka|350px|''Pedhet Emas'' (werna cair kira-kira taun 1896–1902 dening [[James Tissot]])]]
'''Eikev''', '''Ekev''', '''Ekeb''', '''Aikev''', utawa '''Eqeb''' ({{Hebrew|עֵקֶב}} — [[Basa Ibrani|Ibrani]] kanggo &quot;yen [kowe melu],&quot; tembung kapindho, lan [[incipit|tembung distinsif kapisan]] ing parsyah tersebut) yaiku [[Wacaan Torèt Saben Minggu]] ({{Hebrew|פָּרָשָׁה}}, ''parashah'') ka-46 ing siklus [[bacaan Torèt]] [[Yudaisme|Yahudi]] taunan lan katelu ing [[Kitab Andharaning Torèt]]. Wacaan kasebut ngeliputi Andharaning Torèt 7:12-11:25.

== Pranala jaba ==
[[Barkas:Old book bindings.jpg|ka|150px]]

=== Teks ===
* [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0507.htm#12 Masoretic text and 1917 JPS translation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220426173448/https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt0507.htm#12 |date=2022-04-26 }}
* [http://Bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp?action=displaypage&amp;book=5&amp;chapter=3&amp;verse=23&amp;portion=46 Hear the parashah chanted] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110610113300/http://bible.ort.org/books/torahd5.asp?action=displaypage&amp;book=5&amp;chapter=3&amp;verse=23&amp;portion=46 |date=2011-06-10 }}
* [http://www.mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/ptmp3prq.htm#mp3 Hear the parashah read in Hebrew]

=== Tafsiran ===
{{col-begin}}
| width=&quot;25%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot; valign=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:0&quot;|
* [http://ajrsem.org/?s=Parashat+Ekev Academy for Jewish Religion, New York]
* [http://www.aish.com/tp/43918862.html Aish.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301074458/https://www.aish.com/tp/43918862.html |date=2019-03-01 }}
* [http://www.akhlah.com/tanach/torah/devarim/parashot-ekev/ Akhlah: The Jewish Children's Learning Network] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722212046/http://www.akhlah.com/tanach/torah/devarim/parashot-ekev/ |date=2013-07-22 }}
* [https://www.alephbeta.org/torah/deuteronomy/eikev Aleph Beta Academy] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180727024427/https://www.alephbeta.org/torah/deuteronomy/eikev |date=2018-07-27 }}
* [http://zieglercontent.aju.edu/default18.aspx?fid=719 American Jewish University - Ziegler School of Rabbinic Studies]{{Pranala mati|date=Maret 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* [http://www.anshe.org/parsha/eikev.htm Anshe Emes Synagogue, Los Angeles] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121101151322/http://www.anshe.org/parsha/eikev.htm |date=2012-11-01 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130727073246/http://arigoldwag.com/pp.html Ari Goldwag]
* [http://ascentofsafed.com/cgi-bin/ascent.cgi?Name=nbao-46ekev Ascent of Safed]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120927022031/http://www.biu.ac.il/JH/Parasha/eng/ekev/ekev.shtml Bar-Ilan University]
* [http://www.chabad.org/parshah/default.asp?AID=36234 Chabad.org]
| width=&quot;25%&quot; align=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:0&quot;|
* [http://www.eparsha.com/#drash eparsha.com]
* [http://www.g-dcast.com/ekev G-dcast] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130316064419/http://www.g-dcast.com/ekev |date=2013-03-16 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110903010737/http://www.vbm-torah.org/devarim.htm The Israel Koschitzky Virtual Beit Midrash]
* [http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+Time/Jewish+Sources/Iyunum/15.+Parashat+Ekev.htm Jewish Agency for Israel] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120930231831/http://www.jewishagency.org/JewishAgency/English/Jewish+Education/Compelling+Content/Jewish+Time/Jewish+Sources/Iyunum/15.+Parashat+Ekev.htm |date=2012-09-30 }}
* [http://www.jtsa.edu/jts-torah-online?search=&amp;genre=&amp;parashah=2057 Jewish Theological Seminary]
* [http://www.kabbalaonline.org/kabbalah/article_cdo/aid/399488/jewish/Eikev.htm Kabbala Online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190301135940/https://www.kabbalaonline.org/kabbalah/article_cdo/aid/399488/jewish/Eikev.htm |date=2019-03-01 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131002192306/http://www.mechonhadar.org/search?p_p_id=3&amp;p_p_lifecycle=0&amp;p_p_state=maximized&amp;p_p_mode=view&amp;p_p_col_id=column-1&amp;p_p_col_count=1&amp;_3_struts_action=%2Fsearch%2Fsearch Mechon Hadar]
* [http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1337/Parshas-Eikev-The-Scream-of-Prayer Miriam Aflalo] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725235433/http://www.mishpacha.com/Browse/Article/1337/Parshas-Eikev-The-Scream-of-Prayer |date=2013-07-25 }}
* [https://www.myjewishlearning.com/torah-portions/parashat-eikev/ MyJewishLearning.com]
* [http://ohr.edu/yhiy/article.php/2708 Ohr Sameach]
* [http://www.ou.org/torah/archive5.htm Orthodox Union]
* [http://www.oztorah.com/category/ekev/ OzTorah, Torah from Australia]
| width=&quot;25%&quot; align=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:0&quot;|
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100624083451/http://www.netivot-shalom.org.il/eparsha.php Oz Ve Shalom — Netivot Shalom]
* [https://elmad.pardes.org/topics Pardes from Jerusalem]
* [http://www.jameskugel.com/weekly-torah-reading-ekev-august-27-2016/ Professor James L. Kugel]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170803181013/https://mcarasik.wordpress.com/2016/08/23/ekev-5776/ Professor Michael Carasik]
* [http://library.constantcontact.com/download/get/file/1101152783508-620/Ekev+2012.pdf Rabbi Dov Linzer]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220310035722/https://www.rabbisacks.org/?s=ekev&amp;x=7&amp;y=11 Rabbi Jonathan Sacks]
* [http://rabbishimon.com/?s=ekev RabbiShimon.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190228192109/http://rabbishimon.com/?s=ekev |date=2019-02-28 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110821085057/http://www.ohrtorahstone.org.il/parsha/index.htm Rabbi Shlomo Riskin]
* [http://www.rabbishmuel.com/browse.cgi?type=torah_sermons Rabbi Shmuel Herzfeld] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311000646/http://www.rabbishmuel.com/browse.cgi?type=torah_sermons |date=2013-03-11 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170430093402/http://rabbistan.com/ekev.htm Rabbi Stan Levin]
* [https://www.jewishrecon.org/divrei-torah#book-Deuteronomy Reconstructionist Judaism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227122534/https://www.jewishrecon.org/divrei-torah#book-Deuteronomy |date=2017-12-27 }}
* [http://www.judaicseminar.org/ Sephardic Institute]
* [http://www.shiur.com/index.php?category=Ekev Shiur.com]
| width=&quot;25%&quot; align=&quot;top&quot; style=&quot;border:0&quot;|
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110927042013/http://www.613.org/par-dev.html#d3 613.org Jewish Torah Audio]
* [http://www.tanach.org/ekev.htm Tanach Study Center]
* [http://www.teach613.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=261&amp;Itemid=48 Teach613.org, Torah Education at Cherry Hill] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330180809/http://www.teach613.org/index.php?option=com_content&amp;task=view&amp;id=261&amp;Itemid=48 |date=2012-03-30 }}
* [http://thetorah.com/Deuteronomy/ TheTorah.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323083013/http://thetorah.com/Deuteronomy/ |date=2019-03-23 }}
* [http://www.tfdixie.com/parshat/eikev/ Torah from Dixie] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411002729/http://www.tfdixie.com/parshat/eikev/ |date=2022-04-11 }}
* [https://torah.org/parsha/eikev/ Torah.org]
* [http://www.torahvort.com/devarim/eikev/ TorahVort.com]
* [http://www.reformjudaism.org/learning/torah-study/eikev Union for Reform Judaism]
* [http://www.uscj.org/JewishLivingandLearning/WeeklyParashah/TorahSparks/Archive/Default.aspx United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120814081344/http://uscj.org/JewishLivingandLearning/WeeklyParashah/TorahSparks/Archive/Default.aspx |date=2012-08-14 }}
* [http://www.shemayisrael.com/parsha/bonchek/archives/archives.htm What's Bothering Rashi?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825072843/http://www.shemayisrael.com/parsha/bonchek/archives/archives.htm |date=2021-08-25 }}
* [http://www.yctorah.org/index.php?option=com_search&amp;Itemid=99999999&amp;searchword=ekev&amp;submit=Search&amp;searchphrase=any&amp;ordering=newest Yeshivat Chovevei Torah]
* [http://www.yutorah.org/ Yeshiva University]
{{col-end}}

{{Wacaan Torèt Saben Minggu}}

[[Kategori:Wacaan Torèt Saben Minggu wulan Av]]
[[Kategori:Wacaan Torèt Saben Minggu saka Kitab Andharaning Torèt]]</text>
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    <title>Ivan Okhlobystin</title>
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| name               = Ivan Okhlobystin
| image              = Ivan Okhlobystin 16.jpg
| caption            = 
| birth_name         = Ivan Ivanovich Okhlobystin
| birth_date         = {{Birth date and age|1966|07|22|df=yes}}
| birth_place        = [[Polenovo]], [[Oblast Tula]], [[Republik Sosialis Federatif Soviet Ruslan|RSFS Ruslan]], [[Uni Sovyet]]
| years_active       = 1983–saiki
| other_names        = 
| spouse             = Oksana Okhlobystina (m.1995)
| children           = 6
}}

'''Ivan Ivanovich Okhlobystin''' ({{lang-ru|Ива́н Ива́нович Охлобы́стин}}; {{lahirmati||22|7|1966}}) yaiku pemeran, sutradhara, [[panulis naskah]] lan mantan imam [[Greja Ortodoks Ruslan|Ortodoks]] Ruslan. Saiki, ia dipecat dening kamantrian Greja Ortodoks Ruslan lan dilarang entuk imamat.&lt;ref name=&quot;kp_priest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kp.ru/daily/24438/604881/|publisher=[[Komsomolskaya Pravda]]|title=Патриарх Кирилл запретил актеру и священнику Ивану Охлобыстину служить в церкви|date=9 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pm_priest&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.pravmir.ru/ivan-oxlobystin-nachistotu/|publisher=pravmir.ru|title=Иван Охлобыстин. Начистоту|access-date=2022-04-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517053110/https://www.pravmir.ru/ivan-oxlobystin-nachistotu/|archive-date=2022-05-17|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ia menika pengarah kreatif perusahaan Baon.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tass.ru/ekonomika/886441|publisher=[[TASS]]|title=Охлобыстин переходит на работу в Baon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}

==Pranala jaba==
{{Commons category}}
*{{IMDb name|0645612}}
* [http://www.forbes.ru/profile/ivan-ohlobystin Ivan Okhlobystin at the Forbes]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Okhlobystin, Ivan}}
[[Category:Sutradhara Ruslan]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kabiskopan Agung Onitsha</title>
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      <text bytes="4802" sha1="bq8yuxlxez97g1naknnfaxl4e4s13fa" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox diocese
| jurisdiction      = Kabiskopan Agung &lt;!-- Type of jurisdiction: i.e. Diocese or Archdiocese --&gt;
| name              = Onitsha &lt;!-- Place name(s) of the diocese (or archdiocese) --&gt;
| latin             = Archidioecesis Onitshanus  &lt;!-- Latin name of the diocese (or archdiocese) --&gt;
| local             = &lt;!-- Name in the native language --&gt; 
| image             = 
| image_size        = 
| image_alt         = 
| caption           = 
&lt;!---- Locations ----&gt;
| country           = {{flag|Nigeria}}
| territory         = [[Praja Anambra]]
| province          = Onitsha &lt;!-- Ecclesiastical province --&gt;
| metropolitan      = 
| archdeaconries    = 
| deaneries         = 
| subdivisions      = 
| coordinates       = {{coord|6|9|59.9472|N|6|46|59.9226|E}} &lt;!-- Use {{coord}} --&gt;
&lt;!---- Statistics ----&gt;
| area_km2          = &lt;!-- Area in square kilometers, automatically converted --&gt;
| area_sqmi         = &lt;!-- Area in square miles, automatically converted --&gt;
| area_footnotes    = 
| population        = 2,060,490
| population_as_of  = 2004
| catholics         = 1,373,660&lt;!-- Number of Catholics in the diocese --&gt;
| catholics_percent = 66.7
| parishes          = 183&lt;!-- Number of parishes in the diocese --&gt;
| churches          = &lt;!-- Number of churches in the diocese --&gt;
| congregations     = &lt;!-- Number of congregations in the diocese --&gt;
| schools           = &lt;!-- Number of church supported schools in the diocese --&gt;
| members           = &lt;!-- Number of members in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Information ----&gt;
| denomination      = [[Katulik Roma]]
| rite              = [[Ritus Latin]] &lt;!-- e.g., [[Latin Rite]] --&gt;
| established       = 1950.04.18
| cathedral         = [[Basilika Katedral Tritunggal Paling Kudus, Onitsha|Basilika Tritunggal Kudus]]&lt;!-- Cathedral that serves as the seat of the diocese --&gt;
| cocathedral       = 
| patron            = &lt;!-- Patron saint(s) of the diocese (or archdiocese) --&gt;
| patron_title      = &lt;!-- Use to override the default label &quot;Patron saint&quot; --&gt;
| priests           = 500&lt;!-- Number of priests in the diocese --&gt;
&lt;!---- Current leadership ----&gt;
| pope              = {{Incumbent pope}} &lt;!-- DO NOT CHANGE. This will update the Popes Automatically as they change --&gt;
| patriarch         = 
| major_archbishop  = 
| bishop            = [[Valerian Okeke]] &lt;!-- Name and title of the current ordinary of the diocese --&gt;
| bishop_title      = Biskop Agung &lt;!-- Type of ordinary: i.e. Bishop or Archbishop. Default is Bishop --&gt;
| metro_archbishop  = &lt;!-- Name of the Metropolitan Archbishop of the Ecclesiastical Province --&gt;
| coadjutor         = 
| suffragans        = [[Kabiskopan Abakaliki|Abakaliki]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan Awgu|Awgu]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan Awka|Awka]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan Enugu|Enugu]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan Nnewi|Nnewi]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kabiskopan Nsukka|Nsukka]]
&lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration); use | suffragan = for one --&gt;
| auxiliary_bishops = [[Denis Chidi Isizoh]] (2015-saiki)&lt;ref&gt;http://www.microsofttranslator.com/BV.aspx?ref=IE8Activity&amp;a=http%3A%2F%2Fpress.vatican.va%2Fcontent%2Fsalastampa%2Fen%2Fbollettino%2Fpubblico%2F2015%2F02%2F06%2F0097%2F00214.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
| apostolic_admin   = 
| vicar_general     = Denis Isizoh
| archdeacons       = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of first collation); use | archdeacon = for one--&gt;
| emeritus_bishops  = &lt;!-- List most senior first (usually reckoned by date of consecration) --&gt;
&lt;!---- Map ----&gt;
| map               = Nigeria Anambra State map.png
| map_size          = 
| map_alt           = 
| map_caption       = Praja Anambra ditampilke ing werna abang
&lt;!---- Website ----&gt;
| website           = [http://www.onitsha-archdiocese.org/ Onitsha-Archdiocese.org] &lt;!-- [http://example.com example.com] --&gt;
| footnotes         = 
}}
'''Kabiskopan Agung Onitsha''' ({{lang-la|Onitshan(us)}}) yaiku [[tahta episkopal|tahta]] [[biskop metropolitan|Metropolitan]] kanggo [[provinsi grejawi]] [[Onitsha]] ing [[Praja Anambra]], [[Nigeria]].

== Kabiskopan Suffragan ==
* [[Kabiskopan Abakaliki|Abakaliki]]
* [[Kabiskopan Awgu|Awgu]]
* [[Kabiskopan Awka|Awka]]
* [[Kabiskopan Enugu|Enugu]]
* [[Kabiskopan Nnewi|Nnewi]]
* [[Kabiskopan Nsukka|Nsukka]]

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}

== Sumber ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/onit0.htm GCatholic.org]
* [http://www.onitsha-archdiocese.org/ Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Onitsha, official website]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/donit.html Catholic-Hierarchy page about Onitsha]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20220815222349/https://archbishopvalokeke.org/]
{{Kabiskopan ing Nigeria}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Onitsha}}
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Nigéria]]
[[Kategori:Onitsha]]</text>
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    <title>Kabiskopan Novosibirsk</title>
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|jurisdiction     = Kabiskopan
|name             = Transfigurasi ing Novosibirsk 
|latin            = Dioecesis Neosiberiana Transfigurationis 
|local            = Преображенской епархии в Новосибирске
|image            = NovosibirskCatholicCathedral-2.jpg
|caption          = Katedral Transfigurasi
|country          = [[Ruslan]]
|metropolitan     = [[Kabiskopan Agung Moskwa]]
|rite             = [[Ritus Latin]]
|cathedral        = Katedral Transfigurasi
|cocathedral      = 
|area_km2         = 2,000,000  
|population       = 25,000,000 
|population_as_of = 2010  
|catholics        = 500,000 
|catholics_percent= 2.0  
|pope             = {{Incumbent pope}}
|bishop           = [[Joseph Werth]], [[Serikat Yesus|S.J.]] 
|coadjutor        = 
|auxiliary_bishops= 
|map              = Roman Catholic Diocese of Transfiguration at Novosibirsk.PNG
}}
'''Kabiskopan Katulik Roma Transfigurasi ing Novosibirsk''' ({{lang-la|Neosiberian(a) Transfigurationis}}) yaiku [[kabiskopan]] Latin [[suffragan]] ing [[provinsi grejawi]] Metropolitan [[Kabiskopan Agung]]. Tahta episkopal [[katedral]]e menika Katedral Transfigurasi ing kutha [[Novosibirsk]], [[Siberia]], Ruslan.

== Sumber lan pranala jaba ==
* [http://www.gcatholic.org/dioceses/diocese/tran1.htm GCatholic.org, with Google satellite photo]
* [http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dnovo.html Catholic Hierarchy]
* [http://sibcatholic.ru/siberian-catholic-newspaper/ Siberian Catholic Newspaper - website of the press service of the Diocese of Transfiguration at Novosibirsk] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414040142/http://sibcatholic.ru/siberian-catholic-newspaper/ |date=2010-04-14 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221114061720/https://nskcathedral.ru/catholic-church-in-western-siberia/ Catholic Church in Western Siberia]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071207173441/http://www.prijut.ru/english/ St. Nicholas Catholic Orphanage in Novosibirsk]

{{Kabiskopan ing Ruslan}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Novosibirsk, Kabiskopan}}
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Siberia]]
[[Kategori:Kabiskopan ing Ruslan]]
[[Kategori:Novosibirsk]]</text>
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| genre                     = [[Pambesut tag]]
| license                   = [[GNU General Public License|GPLv1+]] utawa [[Artistic License]]
| website                   = {{url|https://exiftool.org/}}
}}
{{Infobox file format
| name                   = Meta Information Encapsulation
| icon                   =
| logo                   =
| screenshot             =
| caption                =
| extension              = .mie
| mime                   = application/x-mie
| type code              =
| uniform type           =
| magic                  = {{plainlist|
* 7e 10 04 xx 30 4d 49 45
* 7e 18 04 xx 30 4d 49 45
}}
| owner                  = Phil Harvey
| released               = {{start date and age|2005|11|28|df=yes|paren=yes}}
| latest release version = 1.1
| latest release date    = {{release date|df=yes|2007|01|21}}
| genre                  = [[Mètadata]]
| container for          = format barkas liya
| contained by           =
| extended from          =
| extended to            =
| standard               =
| url                    = {{url|https://exiftool.org/TagNames/MIE.html}}
}}
'''ExifTool''' yaiku program [[piranti alus mardika lan sumber binuka]] kanggo maca, nulis, lan manipulasi [[mètadata]] gambar, audio, vidéo, lan [[Portable Document Format|PDF]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author=Ashwin|date=2020-02-01|title=ExifTool is an open source and cross-platform metadata editor|url=https://www.ghacks.net/2020/02/01/exiftool-is-an-open-source-and-cross-platform-metadata-editor/|website=gHacks Technology News|language=en-US|access-date=2021-10-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Program iki minangka program [[lintas platform]] kang cumepak awujud pustaka [[Perl]] (Image::ExifTool) lan aplikasi [[mukantara baris paréntah|baris paréntah]]. ExifTool nyengkuyung akèh jinis mètadata kaya ta [[Exif]], [[IPTC Information Interchange Model|IPTC]], [[Extensible Metadata Platform|XMP]], [[JFIF]], [[GeoTIFF]], [[ICC Profile]], Photoshop IRB, [[FlashPix]], AFCP, [[ID3]], lan uga format mètadata mirunggan kang dianggo déning produsèn [[kaméra digital]].

== Énkapsulasi mètainformasi ==
ExifTool nganggo format [[mètadata]] binukané dhéwé. Meta Information Encapsulation (MIE) rinancang kanggo ''ngapsulaké'' mètainformasi saka akèh sumber, jroning wujud binèr utawa tèkstual, tuwin mbundel bebarengan karo jinis barkas apa waé. MIE bisa arupa barkas tunggal, mbungkus data kang wis cumepak, utawa dianggo minangka ''[[sidecar file]]'', kang ngemu mètadata [[Exif]] utawa [[Extensible Metadata Platform|XMP]].

== Panganggo ==
Situs wèb lan layanan kang nganggo ExifTool ana:

* [[Flickr]] (kanggo marser (''parser'') mètadata gambar kang diunggah)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=cberry|date=2021-06-01|title=Parsing Exif client-side using JavaScript|url=https://code.flickr.net/2012/06/01/parsing-exif-client-side-using-javascript-2/|accessdate=2015-11-16|publisher=code.flickr.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [https://ExifMeta.com ExifMeta.com] (panampil mètadata ''online'')

== Jinis barkas kang disengkuyung ==
ExifTool bisa maca, mbesut, utawa nggawé barkas mawa format:&lt;ref name=&quot;Supported File Types&quot;&gt;[https://exiftool.org/#supported Supported File Types]&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Jinis Barkas !! Bisa maca? !! Bisa mbesut? !! Bisa nggawé? !! Katrangan
|-
|360 || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Vidéo GoPro 360 (dhedhasar QuickTime)
|-
|3FR || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Mentahan Hasselblad (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|3G2, 3GP2 || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Audio/video 3rd Gen. Partnership Project 2 (dhedhasar QuickTime)
|-
|3GP, 3GPP || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Audio/video 3rd Gen. Partnership Project (dhedhasar QuickTime)
|-
|A || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Kodhe pustaka statis Unix Archive
|-
|AA || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Audible Audiobook
|-
|AAE || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Informasi edit Apple (dhedhasar XML PLIST)
|-
|AAX || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Audible Enhanced Audiobook (dhedhasar QuickTime)
|-
|ACR || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || American College of Radiology ACR-NEMA (mèmper karo DICOM)
|-
|AFM, ACFM, AMFM || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Adobe (Composite/Multiple Master) Font Metrics
|-
|AI, AIT || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Adobe Illustrator (Cithakan, PS, utawa PDF)
|-
|AIFF, AIF, AIFC || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Audio Interchange File Format (Compressed)
|-
|APE || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Monkey's Audio
|-
|ARQ || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Mentahan Sony Alpha Pixel-Shift (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|ARW || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Mentahan Sony Alpha (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|ASF || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Microsoft Advanced Systems Format
|-
|AVI || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Audio Video Interleaved (dhedhasar RIFF)
|-
|AVIF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || AV1 Image File Format (dhedhasar QuickTime)
|-
|BMP, DIB || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Windows BitMaP / Device Independent Bitmap
|-
|BPG || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Better Portable Graphics
|-
|BTF || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || BigTIFF (64-bit Tagged Image File Format)
|-
|CHM || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Format Microsoft Compiled HTML
|-
|COS || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Capture One Settings (dhedhasar XML)
|-
|CR2 || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Canon Raw 2 (dhedhasar TIFF) (spèsifikasi CR2)
|-
|CR3 || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Canon Raw 3 (dhedhasar QuickTime) (spèsifikasi CR3)
|-
|CRM || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Canon RAW Movie (dhedhasar QuickTime)
|-
|CRW, CIFF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Canon Raw Camera Image File Format (spèsifikasi CRW)
|-
|CS1 || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Mentahan Sinar CaptureShop 1-shot (dhedhasar PSD)
|-
|CSV || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Comma-Separated Values
|-
|CZI || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Zeiss Integrated Software RAW (ZISRAW)
|-
|DCM, DC3, DIC, DICM || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || DICOM - Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine
|-
|DCP || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || DNG Camera Profile (mèmper karo DNG)
|-
|DCR || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Kodak Digital Camera Raw (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|DFONT || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Macintosh Data Fork Font
|-
|DIVX || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Format media DivX (dhedhasar ASF)
|-
|DJVU, DJV || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || DjVu (mèmper karo AIFF)
|-
|DNG || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Digital Negative (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|DOC, DOT || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Microsoft Word Document/Template (mèmper karo FPX)
|-
|DOCX, DOCM || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Office Open XML Document (Macro-enabled)
|-
|DOTX, DOTM || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Office Open XML Document Template (Macro-enabled)
|-
|DPX || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Digital Picture Exchange
|-
|DR4 || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Canon DPP vèrsi 4 Recipe
|-
|DSS, DS2 || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Digital Speech Standard
|-
|DYLIB || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Barkas pustaka lan ''executable'' Mac OS X Mach-O
|-
|DV || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Digital Video
|-
|DVB || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Digital Video Broadcasting (dhedhasar QuickTime)
|-
|DVR-MS || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Microsoft Digital Video Recording (dhedhasar ASF)
|-
|EIP || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Capture One Enhanced Image Package (dhedhasar ZIP)
|-
|EPS, EPSF, PS || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || (Encapsulated) PostScript Format
|-
|EPUB || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Electronic Publication Format
|-
|ERF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Epson Raw Format (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|EXE, DLL || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Barkas pustaka lan ''executable'' DOS/Windows
|-
|EXIF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Metadata Exchangeable Image File Format (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|EXR || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Open EXR (Extended Range)
|-
|EXV || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Barkas mètadata Exiv2 (dhedhasar JPEG)
|-
|F4A, F4B, F4P, F4V || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Adobe Flash Player 9+ Audio/Video (dhedhasar QuickTime)
|-
|FFF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Hasselblad Flexible File Format (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|FFF || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Citra tèrmal FLIR File Format
|-
|FITS || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Flexible Image Transport System
|-
|FLA || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Proyèk Macromedia/Adobe Flash (mèmper karo FPX)
|-
|FLAC || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Free Lossless Audio Codec
|-
|FLIF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Free Lossless Image Format
|-
|FLV || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Flash Video
|-
|FPF || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || FLIR Public image Format
|-
|FPX || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || FlashPix
|-
|GIF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Compuserve Graphics Interchange Format
|-
|GPR || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || GoPro Raw (dhedhasar DNG)
|-
|GZ, GZIP || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Arsip GNU ZIP
|-
|HDP, WDP, JXR || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Windows HD Photo / Media Photo / JPEG XR (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|HDR || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Radiance RGBE (Red Green Blue Exponent) High Dynamic-Range
|-
|HEIC, HEIF, HIF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || High Efficiency Image Format (dhedhasar QuickTime)
|-
|HTML, HTM, XHTML || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || (Extensible) HyperText Markup Language
|-
|ICC, ICM || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Profil warna International Color Consortium
|-
|ICS, ICAL || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || iCalendar Schedule
|-
|IDML || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Adobe InDesign Markup Language (dhedhasar ZIP/XML)
|-
|IIQ || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Mentahan Phase One Intelligent Image Quality (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|IND, INDD, INDT || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Adobe InDesign Document/Template (mligi mètadata XMP)
|-
|INSP || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Insta360 Picture (dhedhasar JPEG)
|-
|INSV || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Insta360 Video (dhedhasar QuickTime)
|-
|INX || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Adobe InDesign Interchange (dhedhasar XML, mligi mètadata XMP)
|-
|ISO || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || ''Image'' diska ISO 9660
|-
|ITC || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Kagunan iTunes Cover Flow
|-
|J2C, J2K, JPC || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || ''Codestream'' JPEG 2000
|-
|JP2, JPF, JPM, JPX || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Gambar JPEG 2000 (Compound/Extended)
|-
|JPEG, JPG, JPE || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Gambar Joint Photographic Experts Group (deleng tabel ing isor)
|-
|JSON || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || JavaScript Object Notation
|-
|JXL
|Yes|| {{Yes}} || {{No}}
|JPEG XL (X longterm)
|-
|K25 || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Mentahan Kodak DC25 (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|KDC || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Mentahan Kodak Digital Camera (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|KEY, KTH || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Apple iWork '09 Keynote presentation/Theme
|-
|LA || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Lossless Audio (dhedhasar RIFF)
|-
|LFP, LFR || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Lytro Light Field Picture
|-
|LNK || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Microsoft Shell Link (sidhatan Windows)
|-
|LRV || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Low-Resolution Video (dhedhasar QuickTime)
|-
|M2TS, MTS, M2T, TS || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || MPEG-2 Transport Stream (kanggo vidéo AVCHD)
|-
|M4A, M4B, M4P, M4V || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || MPEG-4 Audio/Video (dhedhasar QuickTime)
|-
|MACOS || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || ''Sidecar file'' MacOS &quot;._&quot; (bokbilih ndarbèni manéka jinis ékstènsi)
|-
|MAX || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || 3D Studio MAX (mèmper karo FPX)
|-
|MEF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Mamiya (mentahan) Electronic Format (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|MIE || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Meta Information Encapsulation (spèsifikasi MIE)
|-
|MIFF, MIF || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Magick Image File Format
|-
|MKA, MKV, MKS || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Matroska Audio/Video/Subtitle
|-
|MOBI, AZW, AZW3 || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Buku elektronik Mobipocket (dhedhasar Palm)
|-
|MODD || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Metadata Sony Picture Motion (dhedhasar XML PLIST)
|-
|MOI || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Barkas MOD Information
|-
|MOS || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Creo Leaf Mosaic (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|MOV, QT || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Apple QuickTime Movie
|-
|MP3 || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Audio MPEG-1 layer 3 (nganggo informasi ID3)
|-
|MP4 || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Motion Picture Experts Group vèrsi 4 (dhedhasar QuickTime)
|-
|MPC || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Musepack Audio
|-
|MPEG, MPG, M2V || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Motion Picture Experts Group vèrsi 1 utawa 2
|-
|MPO || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Format Extended Multi-Picture (JPEG mawa ékstènsi MPF)
|-
|MQV || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Sony Mobile QuickTime Video
|-
|MRW || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Minolta Raw
|-
|MXF || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Material Exchange Format
|-
|NEF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Nikon (mentahan) Electronic Format (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|NMBTEMPLATE || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Apple iWork '09 Numbers Template
|-
|NRW || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Nikon Raw (2) (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|NUMBERS || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || ''Spreadsheet'' Apple iWork '09 Numbers
|-
|O || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Object, kodhe kang ka-''compile'' jroning Unix
|-
|ODB, ODC, ODF, ODG,&lt;br /&gt;ODI, ODP, ODS, ODT || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Open Document Database/Chart/Formula/Graphics/&lt;br /&gt;Image/Presentation/Spreadsheet/Text (dhedhasar ZIP/XML)
|-
|OFR || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Audio OptimFROG (dhedhasar RIFF)
|-
|OGG, OGV || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Kontainer bitstream Ogg
|-
|ONP || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || ON1 Presets
|-
|OPUS || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Audio Ogg Opus
|-
|ORF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Olympus Raw Format (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|OTF || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Open Type Font
|-
|PAC || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Lossless Predictive Audio Compression (dhedhasar RIFF)
|-
|PAGES || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Dhokumèn Apple iWork '09 Pages
|-
|PCD || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Kodak Photo CD Image Pac
|-
|PCX || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || PC Paintbrush
|-
|PDB, PRC || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Palm Database
|-
|PDF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Adobe Portable Document Format
|-
|PEF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Pentax (mentahan) Electronic Format (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|PFA, PFB || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || PostScript Font ASCII/Binary
|-
|PFM || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Printer Font Metrics
|-
|PGF || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Progressive Graphics File
|-
|PICT, PCT || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Barkas Apple Picture
|-
|PLIST || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Apple Property List (format binèr lan XML)
|-
|PMP || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Gambar Sony DSC-F1 Cyber-Shot
|-
|PNG, JNG, MNG || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Portable/JPEG/Multiple-image Network Graphics
|-
|PPM, PBM, PGM || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Portable Pixel/Bit/Gray Map
|-
|PPT, PPS, POT || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Microsoft PowerPoint Presentation/Slideshow/Template (mèmper karo FPX)
|-
|POTX, POTM || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Office Open XML Presentation Template (''Macro-enabled'')
|-
|PPAX, PPAM || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Office Open XML Presentation Addin (''Macro-enabled'')
|-
|PPSX, PPSM || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Office Open XML Presentation Slideshow (''Macro-enabled'')
|-
|PPTX, PPTM || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Office Open XML Presentation (''Macro-enabled'')
|-
|PSD, PSB, PSDT || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || PhotoShop Drawing / Large Document / Template
|-
|PSP, PSPIMAGE || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Paint Shop Pro
|-
|QTIF, QTI, QIF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || QuickTime Image File
|-
|R3D || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Vidéo mentahan Redcode
|-
|RA || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || RealAudio
|-
|RAF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || FujiFilm Raw Format
|-
|RAM, RPM || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || RealAudio/Plug-in Metafile
|-
|RAR || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Arsip RAR
|-
|RAW || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Kyocera Contax N Digital Raw
|-
|RAW || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Panasonic Raw (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|RIFF, RIF || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Resource Interchange File Format
|-
|RM, RV, RMVB || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Real Media/Video (Variable Bitrate)
|-
|RSRC || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Mac OS Resource
|-
|RTF || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Rich Text Format
|-
|RW2 || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Panasonic Raw 2 (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|RWL || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Leica Raw (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|RWZ || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Rawzor
|-
|SEQ || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || FLIR Systems image Sequence
|-
|SKETCH || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Barkas desain Sketch
|-
|SO || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Barkas ''executable'' ELF lan Shared Object jroning Unix
|-
|SR2 || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Sony Raw 2 (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|SRF || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Sony Raw Format (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|SRW || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Format Samsung Raw (dhedhasar TIFF)
|-
|SVG || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Scalable Vector Graphics (dhedhasar XML)
|-
|SWF || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Shockwave Flash
|-
|THM || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Canon Thumbnail (JPEG)
|-
|THMX || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Office Open XML Theme
|-
|TIFF, TIF || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Tagged Image File Format
|-
|TTF, TTC || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || True Type Font/Collection
|-
|TORRENT || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Barkas dhèskripsi BitTorrent
|-
|TXT || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Barkas tèks
|-
|VCF, VCARD || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Virtual Card
|-
|VOB || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Video Object (dhedhasar MPEG)
|-
|VRD || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Canon DPP Recipe Data
|-
|VSD || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Microsoft Visio Drawing (mèmper karo FPX)
|-
|WAV || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Audio digital Windows WAVeform (dhedhasar RIFF)
|-
|WEBM || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Google Web Movie (dhedhasar MKV)
|-
|WEBP || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Google Web Picture (dhedhasar RIFF)
|-
|WMA, WMV || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Windows Media Audio/Video (dhedhasar ASF)
|-
|WTV || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Windows Recorded TV Show
|-
|WV || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Audio ''lossless'' WavePack (dhedhasar RIFF)
|-
|X3F || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Mentahan Sigma/Foveon
|-
|XCF || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Format gambar natif GIMP
|-
|XLS, XLT || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet/Template (mèmper karo FPX)
|-
|XLSX, XLSM, XLSB || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Office Open XML Spreadsheet (''Macro-enabled/Binary'')
|-
|XLTX, XLTM || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Office Open XML Spreadsheet Template (''Macro-enabled'')
|-
|XMP || Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Barkas ''sidecar'' Extensible Metadata Platform
|-
|ZIP || Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Arsip ZIP
|}

== Mètadata JPEG kang disengkuyung ==
ExifTool bisa maca, mbesut, utawa nggawé jinis mètadata kang kapratél ing isor jroning gambar JPEG:&lt;ref name=&quot;Supported File Types&quot;/&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
!Informasi mètadata JPEG !! Bisa maca? !! Bisa mbesut? !! Bisa nggawé? !! Katrangan
|-
|APP0 - JFIF|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || JPEG File Interchange Format
|-
|APP0 - JFXX|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Extended JFIF
|-
|APP0 - CIFF|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Camera Image File Format (dianggo sawetara modèl kaméra Canon)
|-
|APP0 - AVI1|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Informasi JPEG AVI
|-
|APP0 - Ocad|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Sègmèn Photobucket Ocad
|-
|APP1 - EXIF|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Exchangeable Image File Format
|-
|APP1 - XMP|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Extensible Metadata Platform (multisègmèn)
|-
|APP1 - QVCI|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Informasi Casio QV-7000SX QVCI
|-
|APP1 - FLIR|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Data pancitran tèrmal FLIR (multisègmèn)
|-
|APP1 - RawThermalImage|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Citra tèrmal saka drone Parrot Bebop-Pro Thermal
|-
|APP2 - ICC|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || International Color Consortium (multisègmèn)
|-
|APP2 - FPXR|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || FlashPix Ready (multisègmèn)
|-
|APP2 - MPF|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Multi-Picture Format
|-
|APP2 - PreviewImage|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Gambar pratuduh Samsung APP2 (multisègmèn)
|-
|APP3 - Kodak Meta|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Kodak Meta information (mèmper karo Exif)
|-
|APP3 - Stim|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Stereo Still Image format
|-
|APP3 - PreviewImage|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Gambar pratuduh Samsung/HP (multisègmèn)
|-
|APP4 - Scalado|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || (kamungkinan digawé déning piranti alus punsèl Scalado)
|-
|APP4 - FPXR|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || FlashPix Ready (multisègmèn)
|-
|APP4 - PreviewImage|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || (lanjutané APP3)
|-
|APP5 - Ricoh RMETA|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Ricoh
|-
|APP5 - Samsung UniqueID|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Samsung Unique ID
|-
|APP5 - PreviewImage|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || (lanjutané APP4)
|-
|APP6 - EPPIM|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Toshiba PrintIM
|-
|APP6 - NITF|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || National Imagery Transmission Format
|-
|APP6 - HP TDHD|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Informasi Hewlett-Packard Photosmart R837 TDHD
|-
|APP6 - GoPro|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Informasi GoPro Metadata Format (GPMF)
|-
|APP7 - Pentax|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Pentax APP7
|-
|APP7 - Qualcomm|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Qualcomm Camera Attributes
|-
|APP8 - SPIFF|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Still Picture Interchange File Format
|-
|APP9 - Media Jukebox|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Informasi Media Jukebox XML
|-
|APP10 - Comment|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || PhotoStudio Unicode Comment
|-
|APP11 - JPEG-HDR|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || JPEG-HDR
|-
|APP12 - Picture Info|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || dhedhasar ASCII Picture Information
|-
|APP12 - Ducky|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Photoshop &quot;Save for Web&quot;
|-
|APP13 - Photoshop IRB|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Image Resource Block (multisègmèn, kalebu IPTC)
|-
|APP13 - Adobe CM|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Adobe Color Management
|-
|APP14 - Adobe|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Filter Adobe DCT
|-
|APP15 - GraphicConverter|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Kuwalitas GraphicConverter
|-
|COM|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || JPEG Comment (multisègmèn)
|-
|DQT|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || (dianggo métung biji tag Extra:JPEGDigest)
|-
|SOF|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || JPEG Start Of Frame
|-
|AFCP trailer|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || AXS File Concatenation Protocol (kalebu IPTC)
|-
|CanonVRD trailer|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || Canon DPP Recipe Data
|-
|FotoStation trailer|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || FotoWare FotoStation (kalebu IPTC)
|-
|PhotoMechanic trailer|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Camera Bits Photo Mechanic
|-
|MIE trailer|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{No}} || Meta Information Encapsulation
|-
|Samsung trailer|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || Trailer Samsung Galaxy
|-
|PreviewImage trailer|| Ya || {{Yes}} || {{Yes}} || (gambar pratuduh katulis sawisé JPEG EOI)
|-
|EmbeddedVideo trailer|| Ya || {{No}} || {{No}} || (dièkstrak mung karo opsi ExtractEmbedded)
|}

== Uga delengen ==
{{Portal|Piranti alus mardika lan sumber binuka}}
* [[Libsndfile]], delengen sndfile-info kanggo nampilaké katrangan barkas audio

== Rujukan ==
{{Reflist}}

== Pranala njaba ==
* {{official website|https://exiftool.org/}}
* [https://exiftool.org/exiftool_pod.pdf ExifTool User Manual] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031031529/https://exiftool.org/exiftool_pod.pdf |date=2022-10-31 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20221031031534/https://exiftool.org/ExifTool.pdf Image::ExifTool API Manual]
* [https://exiftool.org/MIE1.1-20070121.pdf MIE file format] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031093643/https://exiftool.org/MIE1.1-20070121.pdf |date=2022-10-31 }} – spèsifikasi
* [https://exiftool.org/TagNames/MIE.html MIE Tags] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031093531/https://exiftool.org/TagNames/MIE.html |date=2022-10-31 }} – rujukan
* [https://exiftool.org/commentary.html Commentary on Meta Information Formats (or &quot;Why this or that Format Sucks&quot;)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221031031528/https://exiftool.org/commentary.html |date=2022-10-31 }}

[[Kategori:Piranti alus]]
[[Kategori:Piranti alus foto mardika]]
[[Kategori:Pambesut tag]]
[[Kategori:Piranti alus taun 2003]]
[[Kategori:Piranti alus mardika kang diprogram mawa Perl]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Bedhaya Semang</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="7157" sha1="s1nkecvrfsv9tvyw99wtm5jth46vbwb" xml:space="preserve">'''Bedhaya Semang''' inggih punika beksa ingkang bineksan déning pambeksa putri cacah sanga. Cacah menika dados pralambang arah angin, arah kadudukan bintang-bintang (planèt-planèt) wonten saindenging jagad, lan lambang bolongan hawa manungsa (''[https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135604/https://123dok.com/article/tari-bedhaya-semang-buku-informasi-upacara-ritual-labuhan.7qv6v1gy babadan hawa sanga]'') -- bolongan irung cacah kalih, bolongan mripat cacah kalih, bolongan talingan cacah kalih, bolongan tutuk cacah setunggal, bolongan ngurat cacah setunggal, lan bolongan dubur cacah setunggal. Bedhaya punika dipun yasa kanggé nggambaraken pagesangan para [[déwa]] nalika damel pitung widadari ingkang ngubengi [[Suralaya]]. 
[[Barkas:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM De sultan van Jogjakarta met Europees bezoek tijdens een optreden van bedaya danseressen in een ontvangstzaal bangsal kencana van de kraton TMnr 60043326.jpg|jmpl|Bedhaya Semang ing Ngayogyakarta]]
Beksan punika dipun yasa ing wekdal pamarèntahanipun [[Sultan Agung]] ing [[Kerajaan Mataram Kuna|Karajan Mataram]]. [[Hamengkubuwana I|Sultan Hamengku Buwana I]] ngyasa beksan Bedhaya ingkang kaparingan nama [[Bedhaya Semang]]. Tembung ''semang'' ngemu teges kuwatos, was-was, utawi mangu-mangu. Babagan punika wonten gegayutanipun kaliyan raos samar wonten ing manahipun [[Sutawijaya|Panembahan Sénapati]] nalika [[Ratu Kidul]] manggihi panjenenganipun ingkang nembé semèdi lan mitontonaken beksan dhumateng Panembahan Sénapati. Pambeksa bedhaya cacah sanga kasebat nggadhahi peran piyambak-piyambak, nanging ngagem riasan ingkang sami amargi dados pralambang bilih saben tiyang ingkang lair wonten jagad menika nggadhahi wujud lan kawontenan ingkang sami. Wonten ing pagelaran beksan bedhaya ingkang dados paraga utami inggih punika ''batak'' lan ''endhel'' ingkang dados pralambang paprangan akal lan pikiran jiwa manungsa kaliyan nepsu manungsa. Paraga sanèsipun inggih menika ''jangga (gulu), apit ngajeng, apet wingking, dhadha, endhel wedalan ngajeng, endhel wedalan wingking'' lan ''buntil''.

== Sejarah Bedhaya Semang ==
Miturut sejarah, Bedhaya Semang menika satunggalipun beksa pusaka peninggalanipun [[Kasultanan Mataram]] mila dipun sakralaken déning [[Kasultanan Ngayogyakarta Hadiningrat]] amargi dipun pitadosi bilih beksa menika mratikelaken wujudipun sesambetan mistis antawis tedhakipun Panembahan Senopati minangka Raja Mataram Islam kaliyan panguaos Seganten Kidul utawi Ratu Seganten Kidul, inggih menika Kanjeng Ratu Kidul. Miturut [[Babad Nitik]], Bedhaya menika yasanipun Kanjeng Ratu Kidul, déné nama Semang (Bedhaya Semang) dipun paringaken saking Sultan Agung. Beksa Bedhaya Semang menika dipun gelaraken kanggé kawigaten ritual istana, kados ta ''jumenengan''.

Ing salajengipun, beksa menika ngrembaka lan perkembanganipun bènten-bènten miturut kawontenan masarakat ingkang nyengkuyung. Asal-usul Bedhaya Semang menika misterius amargi naming manggihaken naskah babagan beksa menika setunggal abad kepengker. Ewasemanten, kabar ingkang santer mratélaken bilih Bedhaya Semang menika adedhasar bedhaya lan [[Beksan Srimpi|serimpi]].

Bedhaya Semang sampun dipunbakenaken ing wekdal pamaréntahanipun Sultan VIII. Ing wekdal menika modernisasi budaya nembé kalampahan saénggo kathah sanget éwah-éwahanipun ing beksa menika. Ing salajengipun, Bedhaya Semang dipun uri-uri lan dipun ajaraken kanggé kalestantunanipun budaya.

== Paraga Bedhaya Semang ==
Paraga ingkang dipun pratèlakaken dening para pambeksan inggih menika:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Paraga
!Pralambang
|-
|Batak
|akal pikiran manungsa
|-
|Endhel
|hawa  nepsu ingkang lair saking manahing manungsa
|-
|Dhadha
|manah manungsa
|-
|Jangga
|gulunipun manungsa
|-
|''Apit ngajeng''
|lengen tengenipun manungsa
|-
|''Apit wingking''
|lengan kiwonipun manungsa
|-
|''Endhel wedalan ngajeng''
|tungkak tengenipun manungsa
|-
|''Endhel wedalan wingking'' 
|tungkak kiwonipun manungsa
|-
|''Buntil'' 
|ngurat manungsa
|}
Sedaya ébah-ébahan beksa Bedhaya Semang menika asipat kaku lan mboten angsal ditrajang amargi ing saben ébahan wonten jarwanipun saha mralambangaken kekajengan piyambak-piyambak.

''Gending'' ingkang ngiringi tari Bedhaya Semang inggih menika gending mirunggan, semanten ugi gamelanipun. Iringan ingkang dipun agem wonten pagelaran beksa Bedhaya Semang inggih menika gamelan Jawi lan Barat: ''trombone'' lan biola utawi rebab. 

== Rujukan ==

: [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] [https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/ Warisan Budaya Takbenda] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230907030523/http://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/ |date=2023-09-07 }}
: [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] {{Cite book|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/12378/1/Buku%20Panduan%20Penetapan%20Warisan%20Budaya%20Takbenda%20Indonesia%20Tahun%202014.pdf|title=Buku Panduan Penetapan Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia Tahun 2014|last=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|year=2014|location=Jakarta}}
: [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] {{Cite book|url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/ba/Katalog_Warisan_Budaya_Takbenda_Indonesia_2018_%28Buku_1%29.pdf|title=Katalog Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia 2018|last=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|year=2018|location=Jakarta}}
: [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] {{Cite book|url=https://repositori.kemdikbud.go.id/24348/1/Panduan%20pencatatan%2C%20penetapan%2C%20dan%20pengusulan%20warisan%20budaya%20tak%20benda%20indonesia.pdf|title=Panduan Pencatatan, Penetapan, dan Pengusulan Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia|last=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|year=2015|location=Jakarta}}
: [[Barkas:Bullet-blue.png|10x10px]] {{Cite book|url=https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/34299-ID.pdf|title=Warisan Budaya Takbenda dan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan|last=Mancacaritadipura|first=Gaura|last2=Wirakartakusumah|first2=Daryl Neng|publisher=Kementerian Pendidikan, Kebudayaan, Riset, dan Teknologi Republik Indonesia|year=2019|location=Jakarta}}

== Pranala Jawi ==

# [https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&amp;detailTetap=141 Bedhaya Semang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203134947/https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&amp;detailTetap=141 |date=2023-02-03 }}
# [https://www.ugm.ac.id/id/berita/4133-raih-doktor-usai-teliti-bedhaya-semang Raih Doktor Usai Teliti Bedhaya Semang]
# [https://web.archive.org/web/20230203135604/https://123dok.com/article/tari-bedhaya-semang-buku-informasi-upacara-ritual-labuhan.7qv6v1gy Tari Bedhaya Semang Buku Informasi Upacara Ritual Labuhan]
# [https://koropak.co.id/17544/kisah-bedhaya-semang-dan-tujuh-bidadari Kisah Bedhaya Semang dan Tujuh Bidadari] 
# [https://www.nusantarainstitute.com/mitos-nyai-lara-kidul-sumber-ide-tari-bedhaya-semang-dan-ruwatan/ Mitos Nyai Lara Kidul Sumber Ide Tari Bedhaya Semang dan Ruwatan/]

[[Kategori:Pagelaran Jawi]]
[[Kategori:WikiPusaka]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Gejog Lesung</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <text bytes="16886" sha1="fygfitu2xqxnxfwngo7zcbo8t5ff1jp" xml:space="preserve">'''Gejog Lesung''' inggih punika kagunan tradhisional ingkang awujud dolanan pirantos [[musik]] perkusi kanthi ngginakaken lesung kaliyan alu. Gojeg Lesung kathah dipun wontenaken masarakat [[Tetanèn|agraris]] ing sawetawis [[Kapanewon lan kemantren|kapanewon]] ing Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta, kadosta ing [[Kabupatèn Bantul]], [[Kabupatèn Gunungkidul]][[Kabupatèn Kulon Praga|, Kabupatèn Kulon Praga]], kaliyan [[Kabupatèn Sléman|Kabupatèn Sleman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://jogja.tribunnews.com/2016/09/10/festival-gejog-lesung-istimewa-upaya-pelestarian-tradisi-dan-budaya-masyarakat-agraris-yogyakarta|title=Festival Gejog Lesung Istimewa, Upaya Pelestarian Tradisi dan Budaya Masyarakat Agraris Yogyakarta|website=Tribun Jogja|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodnewsfromindonesia.id/2017/01/31/gejog-lesung-musik-klasik-alat-tani|title=Gejog Lesung, Musik Klasik Alat Tani|last=Aflakhah|first=Mutia Silviani|website=Good News From Indonesia|language=id|access-date=2019-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gejog Lesung dipun mainaken 4-5 tiyang utawi langkung gumantung saking ukuran lesung ingkang dipun ginakaken. Lesung dipun thuthuk selang-seling nganggé alu ing bagéan ngajeng, pinggir, tengah, utawi tengen ing ledhokan supados saged ngasilaken suwanten “thok thek thok thek” ingkang saut-sautan kanthi irama ingkang unik kaliyan éndah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://alatmusikindonesia.com/cara-memainkan-alat-musik-lesung/|title=√ Cara Memainkan Alat Musik Lesung, Alat Tradisional yang Multifungsi|date=2019-03-09|website=Alat Musik Indonesia|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-09}}{{Pranala mati|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Suprapto|first=Wasis|last2=Kariadi|first2=Dodik|date=2018-07-17|title=Pelatihan Gejog Lesung pada Pemuda Dusun Gunturan, Triharjo, Pandak, Bantul Sebagai Upaya Pelestarian Budaya Bangsa|url=http://ojs.unpkediri.ac.id/index.php/PPM/article/view/11888|journal=Jurnal ABDINUS : Jurnal Pengabdian Nusantara|volume=2|issue=1|pages=51|doi=10.29407/ja.v2i1.11888|issn=2599-0764|access-date=2023-02-05|archive-date=2023-03-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230323182944/https://ojs.unpkediri.ac.id/index.php/PPM/article/view/11888|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; sesarengan kaliyan iramanipun, para pemain lesung utawi grup sanesipun bakal nembangaken lagu utawi tembang Jawi sinambi njogèd.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt; Tembang-tembang ingkang dipun tembangaken biyasanipun ngewrat bab tetanèn, kadosta ''Wulung Kelalang'', ''Caping Gunung'', ''Emprit Neba'', kaliyan ''Ayam Ngelik''.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Asal-usul ==
[[Barkas:Gedog lesung 1.jpg|jmpl|Gejog Lesung di [[Mangunan, Dlingo, Bantul|Mangunan]], Bantul]]
Ing basa [[Basa Jawa|Jawi]], &quot;gejog&quot; utawi &quot;kothèkan&quot; tegesipun nuthuk. Déné “lesung” inggih punika pirantos tetanèn ingkang awujud wadhah kanggé pari ingkang badhe dipun tumbuk utawi dipun tutu. Lesung dipun damel saking kayu ingkang dipun ukir dados alur utawi rongga kados wujud prau. Alu inggih punika pirantos ingkang dipun anggé numbuk pari ingkang wujudipun kayu dawi kanthi dhiameter astanipun tiyang dewasa. Dolanan lesung wau lajeng dipun arani &quot;gejog&quot; utawi &quot;kothèkan&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Perempuan dalam Bingkai Budaya Visual (catatan-catatan tentang fotografi, perempuan, dan budaya)|last=Fauzan|first=M. Romyan|publisher=Garudhawaca|year=2013|isbn=978-602-7949-020-7|location=Yogyakarta|page=50-55}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Lembu Culung - Cerita Rakyat Jawa Tengah:|last=Sosroharjo|first=Anom|publisher=Penerbit Yayasan Kanisius|year=1980|isbn=|location=Yogyakarta|page=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kagunan Gejog Lesung Ngayogyakarta ingkang sampun dipun tepang turun-temurun ngantos atusan warsa punika dipun pitados asalipun saking [[mitos]] utawi [[Legenda|legéndha]] ingkang wonten ing masarakat agraris Yogyakarta. Paling boten wonten kalih [[folklor]] lokal ngenani mitos utawi legéndha ingkang gegandhengan kaliyan dolanan Gejog Lesung.

'''''Kaping sepisan''''', mitos babagan raseksa jahat ingkang namanipun Lembu Culung ([[Bathara Kala]]) ingkang dipun hukum déning [[Wisnu|Bathara Wisnu]]. Gembung (badan) kaliyan sirah raseksa dipun pisahaken déning Cakra, senjata ampuh Bathara Wisnu. Badanipun dhawah ing siti lajeng ebah dados lesung. Déné sirahipun malah dhawah ing toya suci saengga gesang salaminipun lajeng kumambang ing awang-awang nguntal maneka barang. Dipun cariyosaken menawi [[grahana]] punika kedadosan amargi srengéngé/rembulan dipun untal déning cangkemipun sirah raseksa kasebat. Tiyang-tiyang lajeng nggebuki &quot;badan dedadosan&quot; raseksa ing lesung supados piyambakipun ngedalaken srengéngé/rembulan supados grahananipun rampung.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3144599/gejog-lesung-tradisi-sambut-gerhana-di-yogyakarta|title=Gejog Lesung, Tradisi Sambut Gerhana di Yogyakarta|last=okw|website=detiknews|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-date=2023-02-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205073148/https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3144599/gejog-lesung-tradisi-sambut-gerhana-di-yogyakarta|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;/&gt;

'''''Kaping kalih''''', legéndha kadadosan [[Candhi Sèwu]] kaliyan [[Candhi Prambanan]]. Kanggé nolak usulipun Bandung Bandawasa, [[Rara Jonggrang]] nyuwun supados ndamel sèwu [[candhi]] ing setunggal dalu. Amargi kakiyatan gaib kaliyan pitulunganipun bangsa jin, Bandung Bandawasa meh kasil ngrampungaken sèwu candhi, nanging gagal amargi dumadakan swasana ketingal padhang kaliyan kapireng suwanten gejogan lesung dipun iringi suwanten jago ingkang nandakaken sampun wanci enjang sanadyan sejatosipun taksih dalu. Swasana enjang kadadosan amargi muslihat Rara Jonggrang ingkang ngejak para tani mbakar [[damèn]] kaliyan numbuki pari utawi dolanan Gejog Lesung.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Penetapan Warisan Budaya Takbenda Tahun 2018|last=Paluseri|first=Dais Dharmawan, dkk|publisher=Direktorat Warisan dan Diplomasi Budaya, Direktorat Jenderal Kebudayaan, Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan|year=2018|isbn=|location=Jakarta|page=176-177}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tembi.net/2018/02/14/koleksi-lesung-dan-kisah-candi-rara-jonggrang/|title=Koleksi Lesung dan Kisah Candi Rara Jonggrang|last=Suwandi|date=2018-02-13|website=TeMBI|language=en-US|access-date=2019-04-09}}{{Pranala mati|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Gejog Lesung Ngayogyakarta ugi dipun gandhengaken kaliyan sajarah mlebetipun kagunan [[kethoprak]] dhateng Yogyakarta sawetawis [[abad]] kaping 20. Amargi dipun mainaken kanthi iringan “gejog lesung” mila kethoprak ingkang dipun damel déning Pangeran Wreksadiningrat (Kabupatèn [[Surakarta]]) dipun arani “Kethoprak Lesung”. Kagunan Kethoprak Lesung lajeng ngrembaka dados Kethoprak Mataram ingkang dipun iringi [[gamelan Jawa|gamelan Jawi]] jangkep.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Wekdal pertunjukan Gejog Lesung ==
[[Barkas:Gedog_lesung_2.jpg|jmpl| Gejog Lesung ing [[Imagiri, Bantul|Imagiri]], Bantul.]]
Kawit jaman riyin, natkala lesung namung satunggalipun pirantos kanggé numbuk pari, dolanan lesung biyasanipun dipun mainaken déning masarakat agraris,&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Agussalim AJ|first=Andi|last2=Hastanto|first2=Sri|year=1999|title=Padéndang Ogi Musik Upacara Ritual Mappaléppé’ Tinja Masyarakat Bugis Wajo Sulawesi Selatan|url=http://digilib.fib.ugm.ac.id/files/view/53543bae92293b96a425bba467d786fd.php|journal=Sosiohumanika|volume=12|issue=3|pages=248, 252|doi=}}{{Pranala mati|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; kalebet masarakat Yogyakarta ingkang ngarani Gejog Lesung.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Dolanan lesung mujudaken raos bingahipun para tani amargi kathahipun kasil panen (pari) kaliyan minangka wujud raos sukur dumateng [[Sri|Dewi Sri]] ingkang dipun pitados minangka Dewi Pari.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Ing antawisipun utawi salajengipun kagiyatan numbuk pari, para tani dolanan lesung sinambi nembangaken tembang Jawi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Gesangipun desa kanthi suwantenipun lesung ingkang rame kaliyan bingahipun para tani ingkang sami gotong-royong numbuk pari dipun gambaraken déning [[Narto Sabdo|Ki Narto Sabdo]], seniman wayang, ing tembang “Lesung Jumengglung” ingkang dipun anggit ing warsa 70-an.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Panida|first=Imam|last2=Luqman|first2=Rendi|year=2018|title=NIlai-Nilai Budaya Jawa dalam Syair-Syair Tembang Karya Ki Nartosabdo|url=http://www.pbindoppsunisma.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Imam-Panida-Rendi-Luqman.pdf|journal=NOSI|volume=6|issue=2|pages=8-9|doi=|access-date=2023-02-05|archive-date=2019-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190713081010/http://www.pbindoppsunisma.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Imam-Panida-Rendi-Luqman.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing jaman riyin, tiyang padésan ugi dolanan gejog lesung kanggé kaliyan bebagyan wonten dalu, kususipun natkala padhang bulan. Tabuhan lesung ugi dipun mainaken laré-laré minangka hiburan kaliyan ugi ngiringi manéka warni dolanan ing padhang bulan.

Dipun wiwiti saking mitos Bathara Kala ingkang dipun warisaken turun-temurun, tiyang-tiyang sami dolanan Gejog Lesung natkala wonten [[grahana rembulan]] utawi [[grahana srengéngé]]. Nanging, sesarengan kaliyan perkembangan tingkat pendhidhikan umum, mitos ing dolanan Gejog Lesung sampun kathah dipun tilaraken. Sapunika dolanan Gejog Lesung natkala wonten grahana punika murni kagiyatan seni kaliyan namung kanggé hiburan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;

Gejog Lesung ugi dipun mainaken minangka iringan musik ing macem-macem tradhisi Jawa ing Yogyakarta, kadosta [[ruwatan]] kaliyan saparan. Contonipun, Gejog Lesung dipun mainaken minangka pangiring ing tradhisi “Saparan Bekakak” ing Désa Ambarketawang, Kapanéwon Gamping, Kabupatèn Sleman, inggih punika upacara ngurmati kasetyanipun Ki kaliyan Nyi Wirasuta dumateng [[Hamengkubuwana I|Sri Sultan Hamengkubuwana I.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/974026989|title=Kuliner Yogyakarta : pantas dikenang sepanjang masa|last=Gardjito, Murdijati,|isbn=9786020336275|location=Jakarta|oclc=974026989}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://jogja.tribunnews.com/2017/11/03/tradisi-saparan-bekakak-simbol-kesetiaan-berbangsa-zaman-kini|title=Tradisi Saparan Bekakak Simbol Kesetiaan Berbangsa Zaman Kini|website=Tribun Jogja|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kagunan Gejog Lesung ing daérah sanèsipun ==
Seni Gejog Lesung kados ingkang wonten ing masarakat Yogyakarta, sejatosipun ugi sampun ngrembaka ing manéka daérah ing Indonesia, ingkang kondhang minangka negari agraris.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt; Nanging, nama ingkang dipun ginakaken bènten-bènten midherek basa lokal.

Ing [[Kabupatèn Klathèn]], [[Jawa Tengah]], ingkang taksih caket kaliyan Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta, nama ingkang dipun ginakaken sami, inggih punika &quot;Gejog Lesung&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://klatenkab.go.id/festival-gejog-lesung-menjaga-aset-kebudayaan/|title=Festival Gejog Lesung, Menjaga Aset Kebudayaan Bangsa – Klaten|last=Kominfo|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-date=2018-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128185157/http://klatenkab.go.id/festival-gejog-lesung-menjaga-aset-kebudayaan/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing [[Kabupatèn Kendhal]], Jawa Tengah, kagunan punika dipun tepang kanthi nama &quot;Gejlok Lesung&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://id.123dok.com/document/dy44vgry-pelestarian-kesenian-gejlok-lesung-di-desa-bojonggede-kabupaten-kendal.html|title=PELESTARIAN KESENIAN GEJLOK LESUNG DI DESA BOJONGGEDE KABUPATEN KENDAL {{!}} 123dok document|website=id.123dok.com|language=id|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729204531/https://123dok.com/document/dy44vgry-pelestarian-kesenian-gejlok-lesung-desa-bojonggede-kabupaten-kendal.html|archive-date=2023-07-29|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing [[Jawa Kulon|Jawa Kilèn]] dipun arani &quot;Lisung&quot;; ing [[Jawa Wétan]] dipun arani &quot;Seni Lesung&quot;; ing [[Sumatra Kulon]] namanipun &quot;Gandang Lasuang&quot;; déné masarakat Bugis ing Wajo, [[Sulawesi Kidul]] nyebatipun musik &quot;Padéndang Ogi&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;/&gt;

== Upaya palestarèn ==
Modernisasi [[tetanèn]] mliginipun kathi wontenipun mesin &quot;selèp&quot; (panggiling/pangoncek pari) ndadosaken para tani ing padésan sampun boten nindakaken kegiyatan numbuk pari malih. Sawetawis tani malah nyadé lesungipun dhateng kolektor barang antik. Akibatipun, dolanan Gejog Lesung ingkang limrahipun wonten ing mangsa panèn sekedhik-sekedhik dipun tilar kaliyan saged punah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;

Pamaréntah daérah kaliyan maneka klompok masarakat ing Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta sampun nindakaken macem-macem upaya kanggé nguri-uri kagunan Gejog Lesung Ngayogyakarta. Anatawis sanesipun kanthi nggugah minat umum, utaminipun golongan mudha, miyos panyuluhan kaliyan pelatihan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;/&gt; Salah satunggaling maestro Gejog Lesung ingkang asring dipun rawuhaken wonten macem-macem latihan kaliyan acara ingkang gegandhengan kaliyan Gejog Lesung inggih punika Raijo, warga Dukuh Panggang, Desa Giriharjo, Gunungkidul.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nationalgeographic.grid.id/read/13280440/tradisi-gejog-lesung-yang-terancam-punah|title=Tradisi Gejog Lesung yang Terancam Punah - Semua Halaman - Nationalgeographic.grid.id|website=nationalgeographic.grid.id|language=id|access-date=2019-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Upaya palestaren sanèsipun inggih punika ngawontenaken sayembara utawi fèstival Gejog Lesung ngantos tingkat kabupatèn kaliyan provinsi, kanthi periodik utawi rutin (setaun sepisan). Upaminipun “Fèstival Padhang Bulan” ing Kabupatèn Kulon Praga&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://rri.co.id/yogyakarta/post/berita/590151/seni_budaya/melestarikan_gejog_lesung_yang_makin_punah.html|title=Melestarikan ‘Gejog Lesung’ yang Makin Punah|last=Harun|first=Susanto|website=rri.co.id|language=id|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430145014/http://rri.co.id/yogyakarta/post/berita/590151/seni_budaya/melestarikan_gejog_lesung_yang_makin_punah.html|archive-date=2019-04-30|url-status=dead|access-date=2019-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; kaliyan “Fèstival Gejog Lesung (Istiméwa)” sak-DIY ingkang dipun wontenaken kaliyan [[Kundha Kabudayan (Ngayogyakarta)|Kundha Kabudayan]] DIY.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://klatenkab.go.id/festival-gejog-lesung-menjaga-aset-kebudayaan/|title=Festival Gejog Lesung, Menjaga Aset Kebudayaan Bangsa – Klaten|last=Kominfo|language=id-ID|access-date=2019-04-09|archive-date=2018-11-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181128185157/http://klatenkab.go.id/festival-gejog-lesung-menjaga-aset-kebudayaan/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sapunika Gejog Lesung Ngayogyakarta dipun mainaken minangka kagiyatan [[Budaya|kabudayan]] utawi kagunan kapan mawon -- nyambut mangsa panen; natkala padhang rembulan utawi wonten grahana; ing fèstival kagunan daérah; acara bersih désa; upacara adat; upacara sambutan tamu; lsp.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;/&gt;  Gejog Lesung ugi sampun dados salah satunggaling kagunan ingkang dipun pamèraken ing désa-[[Désa wisata (Indonésia)|désa wisata]] ingkang nembé mawon dipun rembakakaken ing Daérah Istiméwa Yogyakarta.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;/&gt; Contonipun, pagelaran Gejog Lesung ing [[Musiyum Tani Jawa Indonésia|Musiyum Tani Jawa Indonesia]] ing Désa Wisata Kebonagung, Kapanéwon Imagiri, Kabupatèn Bantul.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kotajogja.com/4341/museum-tani-jawa-indonesia/|title=Museum Tani Jawa Indonesia: Menampaki Sejarah Pertanian untuk Masa Depan|last=Cahyadhi|first=Yogi|date=|website=KotaJogja.com|access-date=9 April 2019|archive-date=5 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205080159/https://www.kotajogja.com/4341/museum-tani-jawa-indonesia/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing warsa 2018 &quot;Gejog Lesung Ngayogyakarta&quot; ditetepaken minangka salah satunggaling Warisan Budaya Takbenda Indonesia déning Dirjen Kebudayaan [[Kamentrian Pendhidhikan lan Kabudayan Republik Indonésia|Kamentrian Pendhidhikan lan Kabudayan Republik Indonesia]] kanthi nomer registrasi 201800705.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt;

== Rujukan ==
&lt;references /&gt;

== Pranala jaba ==

* [https://warisanbudaya.kemdikbud.go.id/?newdetail&amp;detailTetap=705 Penetapan “Gejog Lesung Ngayogyakarta” sebagai Warisan Budaya Takbenda]
* [https://www.kotajogja.com/4341/museum-tani-jawa-indonesia/ Museum tani Jawa Indonesia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230205080159/https://www.kotajogja.com/4341/museum-tani-jawa-indonesia/ |date=2023-02-05 }}
* [https://www.tembi.net/?s=gejog+lesung Sawetara Legenda babagan Lesung]{{Pranala mati|fix-attempted=yes}}
[[Kategori:Ngayogyakarta]]
[[Kategori:Jawa Tengah]]
[[Kategori:Warisan budaya]]
[[Kategori:Kaca mawa pertalan kang durung kapriksa]]
[[Kategori:WikiPusaka]]</text>
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    <title>Abdul Rahman Al Rubaie</title>
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      <text bytes="3807" sha1="28ynpsohaar5j2hig2710kadwh8w6as" xml:space="preserve">'''Abdul Rahman Muhammad Ali Al Rubaie''' ( born [[27]] [[Mayor|May]] [[1994]]) A Saudi football coach who holds a master's degree in sports training from Cambridge University. He has trained many clubs, most notably Al Qadisiyah Saudi Arabia and Al-Sahel Saudi And the owner of the Academy in the discovery of talent.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elbalad.news/5746809|title=تغريدة الربيعي عن النني تثير الجدل.. هل يتجه اللاعب للتدريب الموسم القادم؟|website=elbalad}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://addiyar.com/article/2099985-%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%AA%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A-%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AE%D9%8A-%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B3-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A8-%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A|title=عبدالرحمن الربيعي: البرتغالي خورخي خيسوس الأقرب لتدريب المنتخب السعودي|date=2023-06-12|website=Addiyar|access-date=2023-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Infobox person|image=File:Rubaie.jpg|name=&lt;!-- Abdul Rahman Al Rubaie --&gt;|caption=Picture of Abdul Rahman Al Rubaie|birth_place=[[Dammam]], [[Saudi Arabia]]|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1994|05|27|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;birth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elbalad.news/5746809|title=Abdul Rahman Al Rubaie}}&lt;/ref&gt;|nationality=[[Saudi]]|known for=A Saudi football coach|education=|occupation=[[Football Coach]]}}

== '''Career''' ==
Since he was young, Abdul Rahman Al Rubaie dreamed of being a coach for one of the clubs, and in fact he became a football coach in Saudi Arabia. The most prominent of these clubs are Al Qadisiyah Club and Al Hilal Club.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://akhbarelyom.com/news/newdetails/4104896/1/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D9%8A%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%89-%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%8A-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%AD%D9%80%D8%A7%D8%AF-%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89|title=عبدالرحمن الربيعي: يسعى نادي الاتحـاد إلى التعاقد مع أفـضل لاعـب في 2023|website=akhbarelyom}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://gee-eg.com/166896|title=المدرب عبد الرحمن الربيعي يعلق على مبارة ريال مدريد ومانشستر سيتي|last=elgomhoriaelyoum|date=2023-05-10|website=الجمهورية توداي|language=ar|access-date=2023-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Clubs''' ==

# Al Qadisiyah Club&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2023/06/03/1523902.html|title=المدرب عبد الرحمن الربيعي: السعودية تسعى لجذب نجوم كرة القدم العالميين|date=2023-06-03|website=دنيا الوطن|language=ar|access-date=2023-09-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231004201919/https://www.alwatanvoice.com/arabic/news/2023/06/03/1523902.html|archive-date=2023-10-04|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ngmisr.com/sports/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B9%D9%8A-%D8%AD%D8%B8%D9%88%D8%B8-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%87%D9%84%D9%8A-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D9%84%D9%84%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B2-%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1|title=الربيعي: حظوظ الأهلي مرتفعة للفوز بدوري أبطال أفريقيا 2023|website=ngmisr}}&lt;/ref&gt;
# Al Hilal Club&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmogaz.com/750887|title=عبدالرحمن الربيعي يكشف شروط ومعايير اختيار مدرب السعودية الجديد {{!}} كورة وملاعب {{!}} الموجز|last=الموجز|date=2023-06-02|website=www.elmogaz.com|language=ar|access-date=2023-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''References''' ==</text>
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    <title>Kampung Coklat Blitar</title>
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      <text bytes="12835" sha1="2pxcv3aegixqkw3kzunyjy05sobmz1r" xml:space="preserve">[[Barkas:Kampung coklat capture.jpg|jmpl|297x297px|Kampung Coklat Blitar]]
'''Kampung Coklat Blitar''' yaiku papan rékréasi édukasi kebon coklat kanthi manèka warna saranané kang kuncara ing Kabupatèn Blitar. Kampung Coklat iku tepaké mapan ing Dalan Bantèng Blorok 18, Désa Plasareja, Kacamatan Kademangan. Kampung coklat iki ambané 6,5 héktar kang mroduksi woh kakao kanggo bahan utama agawé coklat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kampungcoklat.id/profil/|title=Selayang Pandang Kampung Coklat|date=2023-01-23|website=Kampung Coklat|access-date=2023-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wisata Kampung Coklat iki uga wus olèh sèrtipikat CHSE (''cleanliness, health, safety, environment sustainability)'' saka Kamantrian Pariwisata lan Ékonomi Kreatip wiwit taun 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.inews.id/travel/destinasi/kampung-unik-di-blitar-singgah-ke-destinasi-yang-jadi-surganya-coklat-seperti-ini-suasananya/2|title=Kampung Unik di Blitar, Singgah ke Destinasi yang Jadi Surganya Coklat, seperti Ini Suasananya!|last=Utami|first=Tika Vidya|date=2023-04-28|website=Inews.id|access-date=2023-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Sajarah ==
Kampung Coklat iku wiwité saka paternakan kagungané Kholid Mushtofa kang biyèné naté menangi kabangkrutan gedhé jalaran kena virus flu manuk ing taun 2004. Jalaran saka iku, Kholid Mushtofa banjur mbanting setir menyang pakebonan kakao. Ing taun 2005 dhèwèké ayasa Gabungan Kelompok Tani (Gapoktan) ajeneng Guyup Santosa, ana 21 tani kang gabung sajroning pakumpulan iku. Banjur pakumpulan iki nggolèki rega kakao per kiloné ing Surabaya. Nemoni manawa rega kakao Rp.16.000,- per kilo ing Surabaya, Kholid tambah semangat kanggo ngrembakakaké usahané. Taun 2007 dhèwèké wus awit nglebokaké wiji kakao ing pabrik coklat 3,2 ton saben wulan. Dhèwèké sempet ngangsu kawruh babagan coklat ing pabrik coklat Monggo Yogyakarta lan Silver Queen. Ing taun 2013 Kholid awit nggawé coklat dhéwé lan kerja bebarengan karo Anggi Coklat ing Blitar, banjur bubuk coklat iku dipasaraké ing kutha-kutha kayata Sala lan Surabaya. Ing taun 2014 dhèwèké pungkasan bisa ayasa usahané dhéwé kanthi jeneng Kampung Coklat kang kondhang nganti sepréné iki.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Parékonomian ==
Kakao utawa coklat minangka woh utama kang dipasaraké saka papan wisata iki, sacara garis gedhé ana rong jinis produk kang didol yaiku coklat winih lan coklat olahan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bankjatim.co.id/id/informasi/berita/bank-jatim-dorong-kampung-coklat-blitar-jajaki-pasar-luar-negeri|title=Bank Jatim Dorong Kampung Coklat Blitar Jajaki Pasar Luar Negeri|date=2023-05-28|website=Bank Jatim|access-date=2023-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangadolan ing papan wisata ===
Ing papan wisata iki woh kakao langsung diolah lan didadèkaké ing sembarang jinising barang utawa produk kang didol déning para usahawan UMKM (Usaha Mikro, Kecil, dan Menengah) kang digandhèng déning Kampung Coklat. Ing papan wisata, kakao kang diproduksi saben dinané nganti 3 ton akèhé. Produk olahan kakao iku sarwa coklat, kayata, mie coklat, gedhang coklat, susu kocok coklat, sega goreng coklat, ès krim coklat, saliyané iku uga ana manèka warna barang uga olèh-olèh.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ekonomi.republika.co.id/berita/osykhu/kampung-coklat-blitar-gandeng-umkm-kembangkan-usaha|title=Kampung Coklat Blitar Gandeng UMKM Kembangkan Usaha|last=Zuraya|first=Nidia|date=2017-07-12|website=Republika|access-date=2023-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.pinhome.id/info-area/kampung-coklat-blitar/|title=Kampung Coklat Blitar, Wisata Rekomendasi untuk Pecinta Coklat!|last=Kusuma|first=Budi Darmawan|date=2018-02-24|website=Pinhome|access-date=2023-10-09|archive-date=2023-01-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230131234555/https://www.pinhome.id/info-area/kampung-coklat-blitar/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Ana manèh produk-produk coklat asli kanthi manèka warna rasa lan jinis kayata ing ngisor iki,

* Coklat asli
* Coklat krispi
* Coklat jeruk
* Coklat apel
* Coklat campuran
* Coklat peteng 67%
* Coklat peteng 80%
* Coklat peteng 90%
* Coklat peteng 100%
* Bubuk coklat&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ngetripkemana.com/kampung-coklat-blitar/|title=Kampung Coklat Blitar: Rute, Fasilitas, dan Tarif Masuk|last=Karlina|first=Nisha|date=2023-07-06|website=Ngetrip|access-date=2023-10-09|archive-date=2023-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926070107/https://ngetripkemana.com/kampung-coklat-blitar/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Pangadolan ing pasar lokal lan internasional ===
Kanggo pasar lokal rata-rata kang metu saben dinané yaiku 14 ton, ana kang arupa bubuk kakao ana uga kang produk olahan, nanging akèh-akèh produk olahan. Déné produk kang diékspor ing pasar internasional 15 ton wiji saben dinané, kanthi rega Rp.25.000,- saben kiloné.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

=== Panggawéan lan sumber daya manungsa ===
Anané Kampung Coklat kang binukak déning Kholid Mushtofa iki lumayan bisa nggerus angka pangangguran lan ngundhakaké parekonomian masarakat saubengé Kampung Coklat khususé lan masarakat jaba tlatah wisata iku umumé. Ing taun 2022 ana atusan wong kang nyambut gawé ing papan wisata iki kang cacah tepaké 638 karyawan, 90% saka masarakat saubengé papan wisata, déné kang 10% masarakat sajaba tlatah wisata iku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Dewi|first=Velina Sar|last2=Mukhlis|first2=Imam|date=2022-04-25|title=Analisis Dampak Keberadaan Wisata Edukasi Kampung Coklat terhadap Perubahan Perekonomian Masyarakat di Desa Plosorejo Kabupaten Blitar|url=https://journal.ikopin.ac.id/index.php/fairvalue/article/view/1556|journal=Fair Value|volume=4|page=3811|pages=3806-3814|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231123181225/https://journal.ikopin.ac.id/index.php/fairvalue/article/view/1556|archive-date=2023-11-23|access-date=2023-10-09|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== Koprasi ===
Ing Blitar ana kira-kira nganti 7000 among tani kakao kang gumantung saka panèn kakao kang didol ing Kampung Coklat. Among tani iku nggarap lemah kang ambané 4000 héktar ing 22 kacamatan ing Kabupatèn Blitar banjur kasilé disetor ing Koperasi Guyub Santosa, wadah kanggo para tani kang markasé ing ndalemé Kholid Mushtofa. Koprasi iki duwèni produk kang dijenengaké utawa dimèreki Gusan (Guyub Santosa) kang arupa coklat batang, coklat cair, lan bronis coklat.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bacaini.id/pemilik-kampung-coklat-blitar-ternyata-bekas-pengangguran/|title=Pemilik Kampung Coklat Blitar Ternyata Bekas Pengangguran|first=Redaksi|date=2020-04-20|website=Bacaini.id|access-date=2023-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Anané koprasi iki mbantu banget parékonomian warga sakiwa-tengené Kampung Coklat lan para tani kakao Blitar, koprasi iku ora mung wadhah kanggo panyaluran kasil panèn kakao nanging uga papan palatihan para tani kakao kanggo angolah kakao dumadi produk coklat kang becik, wiwit saka cara pambibitan, pananduran, parumatan, tumeka pangolahan wiji kakao kang dumadi coklat siap saji.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Zubaidah|first=Eny|title=Peran Kampung Coklat dalam Pemberdayaan Masyarakat (Studi di Desa Plosorejo Kecamatan Kademangan Kabupaten Blitar)|url=https://ejournal.unesa.ac.id/index.php/jurnal-pendidikan-kewarganegaraa/article/view/26539/24306|journal=Kajian Moral dan Kewarganegaraan|volume=07|page=71|pages=61-75}}&lt;/ref&gt; Para tani kakao kang digandhèng Kampung Coklat ora mung tani saka kuthané dhéwé, nanging uga saka kutha-kutha liya, tuladhané saka Trenggalèk, Madhiun, Gunung Kidul, lan Jawa Tengah.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;

== Wayah operasional ==
Wayah operasional papan wisata iki saben dina, bukak wiwit tabuh 08.00 WIB nganti tabuh 16.30 WIB. Khusus pungkasing minggu lan dina prèi nasional bukak wiwit tabuh 08.00 WIB nganti tabuh 19.00 WIB.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://travel.kompas.com/read/2023/05/04/090900827/wisata-kampung-coklat-blitar-jam-buka-dan-harga-tiket?page=all#google_vignette|title=Wisata Kampung Coklat Blitar: Jam Buka dan Harga Tiket|last=Putri Chaniago|first=Suci Wulandari|last2=Tashandra|first2=Nabilla|date=2023-05-04|website=Kompas.com|access-date=2023-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Rega karcis ==
Karcis mlebu ing wisata iki kapérang dadi loro yaiku Rp.20.000,- kanggo régulèr lan Rp.35.000,- kanggo terusan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://travelspromo.com/htm-wisata/kampung-coklat-blitar/|title=KAMPUNG COKLAT Blitar Harga Tiket Dan Aktivitas Oktober 2023|first=Ratna|date=2023-10-02|website=Travels Promo|access-date=2023-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Déné saben wahana wisata bisa beda-beda regané wiwit Rp.5000,- tumeka Rp.20.000,-.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://surabaya.jatimnetwork.com/hiburan/528670368/destinasi-wisata-edukasi-andalan-kampung-coklat-blitar-ada-cooking-class-dan-playground-1500-orang-muat|title=Destinasi Wisata Edukasi Andalan, Kampung Coklat Blitar ada Cooking Class dan Playground, 1500 Orang Muat|first=Novita|date=2023-05-04|website=Surabaya Network|access-date=2023-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uga ana pirang-pirang pakèt édukasi, yaiku pakèt-pakèt kang wènèh kawruh marang para palajar ngenani pambibitan, panèn, tumeka pangolahan coklat kang pinandu déning para pamandu propésional.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://buletinindonesianews.com/serunya-wisata-sambil-belajar-di-kampung-coklat-blitar/|title=Serunya Wisata Sambil Belajar di Kampung Coklat Blitar|last=BIN|first=Redaksional|date=2023-02-14|website=Buletin Indonesia News|access-date=2023-10-09}}{{Pranala mati|date=November 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Paket édukasi dibedakaké miturut jinis-jinisiing sekolah kayata,

* Paket A. Kanggo PAUD lan TK. Rp.30.000,- saben wong, kanthi sarana karcis mlebu, pamandu wisata, karya wisata, nandur winih kakao, mecah woh kakao, maès coklat, jajan opak gambir, ombèn coklat, lan sèrtipikat.
* Paket B. Kanggo SD lan SMP. Rp. 35.000,- saben wong, kanthi sarana karcis mlebu, pamandu wisata, karya wisata, nandur winih kakao, mecah woh kakao, maès coklat, sate woh coklat, ombèn coklat, lan sèrtipikat.
* Paket C. Kanggo SMA lan Universitas. Rp. 45.000,- saben wong, kanthi sarana karcis mlebu, pamandu wisata, karya wisata, nandur winih kakao, mecah woh kakao, maès coklat, jajan opak gambir, ombèn coklat, forum takon wangsul, lan sèrtipikat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
Pungkasan ana uga Paket Obsèrvasi kang regané Rp 41.000,- saben wong, kanthi sarana karcis mlebu, pamandu wisata, karya wisata, maès coklat, lan ombèn coklat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Sarana ==
Ana manèka warna sarana kang sumadya ing papan wisata iki, nalika wisatawan tumeka ing sisih ngarep papan wisata iki ana papan-papan poto kang ''instagramable''. Banjur nalika angliwati lorong kayu, ing kono ana kolam iwak lan jembatan gawèn kang ing saubengé ana wahana dolanan kaluwarga awit saka ndayung prau mini, awèh pakan iwak, nganti spa iwak. Ana uga mobil golf kang diséwakaké kanthi kapasitas 4-6 wong per mobil. Ana uga papan kulinèr kang nyumadyakaké manèka warna jajanan lan panganan. ''Live music'' ya ana, biasané mapan ing Balé Coklat, papan iki asring dianggo acara-acara kayata ngundhuh mantu, diskusi, patemon, lan konsèr musik kang ana ing dina-dina prèi.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ayosurabaya.com/wisata/pr-782173446/rekomendasi-tujuan-wisata-di-blitar-murah-meriah-kampung-coklat|title=Rekomendasi Tujuan Wisata di Blitar Murah Meriah, Kampung Coklat|last=Rahman|first=Praditya Fauzi|date=2021-12-16|website=Ayo Surabaya|access-date=2023-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

== Paugeran lan wewaler ==
Kanggo njaga asri lan tentreming papan wisata iki, ana sapirang-pirang paugeran uga wewaler kang kudu digugu déning para wisatawan, kayata,

# Wewaler Ngrokok. Ora diwenangaké kanggo ngrokok ing papan wisata Kampung Coklat. Iki kanggo njaga karesikan lan katentremaning para wisatawan uga kanggo nyegah risiko kobongan.
# Wewaler Nggawa Ingon-Ingon. Ora diwenangaké kanggo nggawa kéwan ingon-ingon. Iki uga kanggo njaga karesikan lan kantentremaning para wisatawan uga nyegah saka karusakan barang kang jinalari déning kéwan ingon-ingon.
# Wewaler Nggawa Panganan lan Ombénan saka Jaba. Ora diwenangaké nggawa panganan lan ombénan saka njaba, manawa wisatawan kepengin mangan lan ngombé bisa tuku ing jero papan wisata iki.
# Paugeran Karesikan. Wisatawan dikersakaké kanggo njaga karesikan tuladhané bisa mbuang sampah ing papan kang samesthiné.
# Paugeran Kaslametan. Wisatawan ngetutaké pituduh kaslametan kang sumadya ing kono, lan dikersakaké kanggo ngadohi barang-barang utawa kagiyatan-kagiyatan kang mancing bebaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tiketmasuk.com/kampung-coklat/|title=33 Ulasan Menarik Kampung Coklat, Wisata Edukasi Populer di Blitar|last=Sarhad|first=Kerta|date=2023-08-08|website=Tiket Masuk|access-date=2023-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cathetan suku ==

[[Kategori:Papan wisata ing Jawa Wétan]]
[[Kategori:WikiPlesir]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Mahéng</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>200602</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1761248</id>
      <parentid>1759455</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-12T03:33:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Yamato Shiya</username>
        <id>60404</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+busak</comment>
      <origin>1761248</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4548" sha1="2nrn6q2h49d7uzieqwzgtmi55l1zvk1" xml:space="preserve">{{Busak|A7}}
{{Infobox person|name=R. A. Mahéng|birth_name=Rahmat Ali|birth_date={{Birth date and age|1996|5|18}}|birth_place=Paya Baro, Woyla Wétan, Acèh Kulon, Acèh, Indonésia|nationality=Indonésia|education=[[Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta]]|occupation=Panulis, esais, storyteller|image=Maheng_at_Air_Mata_Permai_Beach_Ketapang_2026.jpg|notable works=RUNDUMA: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi}}

'''R. A. Mahéng''' ya iku panulis, esais, lan storyteller Indonésia. Dhèwèké dikenal lumantar karya fiksi, esai, cathetan lelungan, lan jurnalisme sastrawi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.goodreads.com/maheng|title=Profil Mahéng|website=Goodreads.com|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Kauripan pribadi lan Wiyata==
Mahéng (jeneng lair '''Rahmat Ali'''; lair 18 Mèi 1996 ing Gampông Paya Baro, Kacamatan Woyla Wétan, Kabupatèn Acèh Kulon, Acèh) ngerampungné mangsa pendidikan Sarjana Sosiologi Agama ing [[Universitas Islam Negeri Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta]] taun 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|url=https://www.indonesiana.id/profil/44620/r-a-maheng
|title=Profil Mahéng
|website=Indonesiana
|access-date=16 Juli 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karir ==
Nalika dadi mahasiswa, Mahéng aktif ing organisasi pers mahasiswa. Dhèwèké tau njabat minangka Sekretaris Jenderal Perhimpunan Pers Mahasiswa Indonesia (PPMI) Dewan Kutha Yogyakarta.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ekspresionline.com/mempertanyakan-eksistensi-ppmi/|title=Mempertanyakan Eksistensi PPMI|website=Ekspresi Online|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing Kongres Nasional PPMI XIV ing taun 2018, Mahéng kapilih dadi Sekretaris Jenderal PPMI Nasional kanggo masa bakti 2018–2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://himmahonline.id/berita/lika-liku-kongres-nasional-ppmi-xiv/|title=Lika-liku Kongres Nasional PPMI XIV|website=Himmah Online|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Minangka Sekretaris Jenderal PPMI Nasional, Mahéng aktif nyuarakaké kabébasan pers mahasiswa lan advokasi tumrap kasus-kasus kekerasan marang pers kampus.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://jogja.idntimes.com/news/jogja/pers-mahasiswa-dibungkam-apa-yang-harus-dilakukan-00-9zppy-spmf31|title=Pers Mahasiswa Dibungkam, Apa yang Harus Dilakukan?|work=IDN Times|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://timesindonesia.co.id/peristiwa-daerah/251155/ppmi-masih-banyak-perlakuan-kekerasan-terhadap-pers-kampus|title=PPMI: Masih Banyak Perlakuan Kekerasan terhadap Pers Kampus|work=Times Indonesia|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://himmahonline.id/berita/aksi-solidaritas-pembebasan-dua-mahasiswa-lpm-bom-itm/|title=Aksi Solidaritas Pembebasan Dua Mahasiswa LPM BOM ITM|website=Himmah Online|access-date=16 Juli 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saliyané aktif ing organisasi pers mahasiswa, Mahéng melu ing Rumah Gerakan Rode 610 ing Yogyakarta. Ing kono dhèwèké mèlu diskusi, kagiyatan literasi, lan jejaring gerakan sipil.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|url=https://www.maheng.net/2026/07/belajar-di-rumah-rode-610.html
|title=Rumah Gerakan Rode 610: Tempat Saya Belajar Bertanya
|website=Maheng.net
|author=R. A. Mahéng
|access-date=16 Juli 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Saliyané iku, Mahéng melu ing Komunitas GUSDURian Yogyakarta. Dhèwèké nulis babagan agama, pluralisme, kabudayan, lan prakara sosial.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|url=https://gusdurian.net/author/maheng/
|title=Mahéng
|website=Kampung GUSDURian
|access-date=16 Juli 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|url=https://islami.co/author/maheng/
|title=Mahéng
|website=Islami.co
|access-date=16 Juli 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Karya ==

* ''RUNDUMA: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi'' (Travelogue, 2024)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kubuku.id/detail/runduma--surga-kecil-di-wakatobi/96231|title=Runduma: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi|website=Kubuku.id|access-date=17 Juli 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mubadalah.id/runduma-surga-kecil-di-wakatobi-makna-lain-dari-pengabdian/|title=Runduma: Surga Kecil di Wakatobi, Makna Lain dari Pengabdian|website=Mubadalah.id|date=7 Maret 2024|access-date=17 Juli 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260717041719/https://mubadalah.id/runduma-surga-kecil-di-wakatobi-makna-lain-dari-pengabdian/|archive-date=2026-07-17|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* ''Nayanika'' (Roman Spiritual, 2025)
* ''Mencari Indonesia Menuai Kegelisahan Gus Dur dan Rm. Mangun'' (Antologi, 2025)
* ''Masalembu: Suara dari Laut Seberang'' (Travelogue, 2026)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web
|url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/255857613-masalembu
|title=Masalembu: Suara dari Laut Seberang
|website=Goodreads.com
|access-date=3 Agustus 2026
}}&lt;/ref&gt;


== Acuan ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>2nrn6q2h49d7uzieqwzgtmi55l1zvk1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>John Billingsley</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>201060</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1761256</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-12T04:47:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Meursault2004</username>
        <id>3</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rintisan saka [[:en:John Billingsley|]]</comment>
      <origin>1761256</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="132" sha1="77nwfyo7xd3ue7ll2vxm5ctsekfdujc" xml:space="preserve">'''John Billingsley''' iku aktor saka Amérika Sarékat. 

== Pranala njaba ==

[[Kategori:Wong urip]]
[[Kategori:Paraga Star Trek]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sukorejo, Parengan, Tuban</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>201061</id>
    <revision>
      <id>1761293</id>
      <timestamp>2026-11-12T09:27:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Angga Wijanarko</username>
        <id>68345</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Digawé kanthi mertal kaca &quot;[[:id:Special:Redirect/revision/30112516|Sukorejo, Parengan, Tuban]]&quot;</comment>
      <origin>1761293</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="15647" sha1="9j518trd96fz0kkfa387dpkg4dcapwn" xml:space="preserve">{{Désa|provinsi=Jawa Timur|dati2=Kabupaten|kecamatan=Parengan}}
'''Sukorejo''' inggih menika satunggaling désa wisata ingkang ngrembaka adhedhasar seni lan kabudayan, dumunung wonten ing Kecamatan Parengan, Kabupaten Tuban, Jawa Timur. Asma désa menika asalipun saking kalih basa. Wonten ing basa Jawi, asma menika kaserat '''basa Jawi: ꦱꦸꦏꦉꦗ''' (''Sukareja'') ingkang tegesipun &quot;papan ingkang makmur lan rame&quot;. Déné wonten ing basa Sanskerta, asma menika kaserat '''Sanskerta: सुखराज''' (''Sukharāja'') ingkang tegesipun &quot;kabingahan lan kamakmuran&quot;. Désa menika ugi misuwur kanthi sesebatan '''Kampung Jawa Sukorejo (KJS)''', ingkang nggambaraken gesangipun masyarakat padesan saha manéka warna seni lan tradhisi lokal.

== Sajarah ==
Jeneng Sukorejo asale saka gabungan tembung ''Suko'' (seneng utawa seneng) lan ''Rejo'' (sibuk). Miturut sejarah lisan, jeneng iki diwenehake amarga ing jaman biyen wilayah iki minangka pusat kumpul para nom-noman saka macem-macem wilayah kanggo latihan seni lan [[Ilmu kanuragan|ilmu beladiri]] .

Upaya kanggo ngembangake desa kanthi cara modern diwiwiti nalika Desa Sukorejo difasilitasi dadi [[Desa Budaya]] dening Dinas Kebudayaan, Pemuda lan Olahraga, lan Pariwisata (Disbudporapar) Kabupaten Tuban tanggal 20 Maret 2020. &lt;ref name=&quot;Disbud2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://disbudporapar.tubankab.go.id/entry/fasilitasi-pembentukan-desa-sukorejo-sebagai-desa-budaya-di-kabupaten-tuban|title=Fasilitasi Pembentukan Desa Budaya|date=20 Maret 2020|website=Disbudporapar Kabupaten Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhukungan dikuatake tanggal 22 November 2023 dening Bupati Tuban, Aditya Halindra Faridzky, sing nyengkuyung pangembangan desa wisata adhedhasar semangat OVOP ( ''One Village One Product'' ). &lt;ref name=&quot;PemkabTuban2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tubankab.go.id/entry/ciptakan-desa-wisata-berbasis-budaya-di-sukorejo-ini-harapan-bupati-tuban|title=Ciptakan Desa Wisata Berbasis Budaya di Sukorejo, Ini Harapan Bupati Tuban|website=Pemerintah Kabupaten Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing puncak kejayaane, Desa Sukorejo diresmikake minangka '''[[Désa wisata (Indonésia)|Desa Wisata]] Budaya pertama ing Kabupaten Tuban''' tanggal 9 Desember 2024. Peresmian iki ditandhani kanthi penandatanganan prasasti dening Kepala Dinas Kebudayaan, Pemuda, Olahraga, lan Pariwisata Tuban lan dimeriahake dening pagelaran seni kayata [[sandur]], [[karawitan]], [[Réyog|reog]], lan [[pencak silat]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;KabarTuban2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kabartuban.com/sukorejo-resmi-jadi-desa-wisata-budaya-pertama-di-kabupaten-tuban/36569|title=Sukorejo Resmi Jadi Desa Wisata Budaya Pertama di Kabupaten Tuban|date=9 Desember 2024|website=Kabar Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;BeritaJatimPeresmian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://beritajatim.com/seni-budaya/sukorejo-dinobatkan-jadi-desa-wisata-budaya-pertama-di-tuban/|title=Sukorejo Dinobatkan Jadi Desa Wisata Budaya Pertama di Tuban|date=10 Desember 2024|website=Berita Jatim|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Demografi ==
Miturut profil Desa KB Sukorejo (2023), desa iki nduweni '''4.568 jiwa''' sing nyebar ing '''873 kulawarga''', sing kasusun saka '''1.904 wong lanang''' lan '''2.067 wong wadon''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;KampungKB2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kampungkb.bkkbn.go.id/kampung/68438/kampung-kb-sukorejo|title=Data Penduduk Kampung KB Sukorejo|date=9 November 2023|website=Kampung KB BKKBN|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adhedhasar data [[Badan Pusat Statistik|BPS]] ''saka Kabupaten Parengan ing Gambar 2018'', Desa Sukorejo nduweni jembar '''8,64&amp;nbsp;km²''' . &lt;ref name=&quot;BPS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://tubankab.bps.go.id/publication/2018/09/26/5a3961440f3408562098e6a1/kecamatan-parengan-dalam-angka-2018.html|title=Kecamatan Parengan Dalam Angka 2018|publisher=BPS Kabupaten Tuban|year=2018|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanthi data populasi kanggo taun 2023, kapadhetan populasi desa iki tekan sekitar '''529 jiwa/km²''' .

=== Divisi Administratif ===
Sacara administratif, Desa Sukorejo dipérang dadi 4 [[ꦝꦸꦱꦸꦤ꧀|dusun]] :

* Dusun Sugihan
* Dusun Krajan
* Dusun Karang
* Dusun Pencol

== Kepala desa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ora.
! Foto Kepala Desa
! Nama Kepala Desa
|-
| 1
|[[Berkas:Wiwik_Hartatik,_SE.,_Kepala_Desa_Sukorejo.jpg|135x135px]]
| Wiwik Hartatik, SE.
|}
Adhedhasar data [[Jaringan Desa Wisata|saka Jaringan Desa Wisata]] (Jadesta), Sukorejo kalebu ing kategori ''Desa Wisata Perintis'' kanthi maneka warna atraksi budaya, kayata [[Dhalang|pewayangan]], [[Beksan|tari]], [[Karawitan|gamelan]], [[sandur]], [[wayang krucil]], ritual kaleman, terbang bancahan, prosesi gunungan, sedekah bumi, lan [[pencak dor]] . &lt;ref name=&quot;Jadesta2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/desa/sukorejo_1|title=Desa Wisata Budaya Sukorejo|website=Jadesta [[Kementerian Pariwisata dan Ekonomi Kreatif Indonesia|Kemenparekraf]]|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Desa iki uga nyedhiyakake [[paket wisata]] edukatif sing kalebu pagelaran seni, [[Pangan|kuliner]] lokal, lan fasilitas ''homestay'' ing omah warga. &lt;ref name=&quot;JadestaPaket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/paket/desawisatabudayasukorejo_paketwisatabudayaedukasipagelarankuliner|title=Paket Wisata Budaya Edukasi Pagelaran &amp; Kuliner|website=Jadesta Kemenparekraf|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Festival Kesenian Sukorejo (FSS) minangka acara taunan unggulan sing wis dadi ikon desa kasebut. Kejaba dadi panggung utama kanggo seni rakyat, festival iki uga wis kabukten sukses ningkatake ekonomi lokal liwat partisipasi puluhan UMKM lokal. &lt;ref name=&quot;JatimNowFSS6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jatimnow.com/baca-72642-lewat-festival-seni-cara-desa-di-tuban-ini-lestarikan-budaya-dan-dongkrak-ekonomi-warga|title=Lewat Festival Seni, Cara Desa di Tuban Ini Lestarikan Budaya dan Dongkrak Ekonomi Warga|date=21 September 2024|website=Jatim Now|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* '''FSS Perdana (2018):''' Diadani kanthi tema ''Nganyam Tradhisi Liwat Globalisasi'', nampilake seni lokal kayata ''[[Wayang kulit|Wayang Kulit]]'' lan ''[[Kentrung]]'' sajrone limang dina. &lt;ref name=&quot;BlokTuban2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bloktuban.com/2018/09/16/yuk-datang-ke-festival-seni-sukorejo|title=Yuk Datang ke Festival Seni Sukorejo|date=16 September 2018|website=Blok Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;MediaCenterFSS1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mediacenter.tubankab.go.id/berita-festival-seni-sukorejo-upaya-lestarikan-kesenian-lokal.html|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo Upaya Lestarikan Kesenian Lokal|date=17 September 2018|website=Media Center Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping 2 (2019):''' Diadani tanggal 25-29 September 2019, dimeriahake karo parade 1.001 [[tumpeng]], prosesi pusaka, lan pagelaran seni kayata [[Wayang krucil|Wayang Krucil]] lan Tongklek . &lt;ref name=&quot;BlokTubanFSS2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bloktuban.com/2019/09/25/kirab-pusaka-dan-1-001-tumpeng-awali-fss-ii/|title=Kirab Pusaka dan 1.001 Tumpeng Awali FSS II|date=25 September 2019|website=Blok Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping 3 (2020):''' Ngusung tema ''Tamba Teka Lara Lunga'' (Obat Teka, Lara Ilang), festival iki dianakake kanthi virtual saka Studio Seni Ngripto Raras amarga [[Pageblug Covid-19|pandemi COVID-19]] lan disiarake liwat saluran [[YouTube]] . 
* '''FSS kaping 4 (2022):''' Nggawa tema ''Gumregah Ngreksa Kabudayan Nuswantara'', dirawuhi dening 200 penari [[Jaranan (tembang)|jaranan]], pawai antar desa, pentas seni, lan bazar UMKM. &lt;ref name=&quot;PemkabTubanFSS2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tubankab.go.id/entry/festival-seni-sukorejo-resmi-dibuka-digelar-selama-enam-hari|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo Resmi Dibuka, Digelar Selama Enam Hari|website=Pemerintah Kabupaten Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping 5 (2023):''' Diramalake karo parade [[karnaval]] budaya sing dirawuhi atusan peserta saka 18 [[Rukun Tetangga|paguyuban lingkungan (RT]] ) lan lembaga pendidikan ( sekolah dasar, [[Madrasah ibtidaiyah|sekolah dasar Islam]], [[Taman Kanak-kanak|TK]] ). &lt;ref name=&quot;BeritaKeadilan2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://beritakeadilan.com/news-68086-festival-seni-sukorejo-tuban-2023-ratusan-peserta-ikuti-pawai-karnaval-budaya|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo Tuban 2023, Ratusan Peserta Ikuti Pawai Karnaval Budaya|date=3 Oktober 2023|website=Berita Keadilan|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;ReportaseFSS5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reportaseindonesia.com/ratusan-warga-desa-sukorejo-tuban-antusias-ikuti-karnaval-budaya/|title=Ratusan Warga Desa Sukorejo Tuban Antusias Ikuti Karnaval Budaya|date=2 Oktober 2023|website=Reportase Indonesia|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping 6 (2024):''' Diadani tanggal 20-22 September 2024 dening Pokdarwis, nampilake seni kayata ''[[Jaranan (tembang)|Jaranan]] Dor'' lan ''Tongklek'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;JatimNowFSS6&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;iNewsFSS2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tuban.inews.id/read/496641/pokdarwis-desa-sukorejo-parengan-tuban-sukses-gelas-fss-ke-vi-sengkuyung-pesta-seni-masyarakat|title=Pokdarwis Desa Sukorejo Parengan Tuban Sukses Gelar FSS ke-VI|date=22 September 2024|website=iNews Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping 7 (2025):''' Diadani tanggal 18-20 September 2025 ing Taman Budaya Sukorejo kanthi tema ''Warga Sukorejo Nggawe: Siji Desa, Sewu Karya, Siji Karya, Sejuta Makna'' .  &lt;ref name=&quot;NusaDailyFSS7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nusadaily.com/festival-seni-sukorejo-ke-7-siap-digelar-wujud-sinergi-warga-lestarikan-budaya|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo ke-7 Siap Digelar, Warga Bersinergi Lestarikan Budaya|date=10 September 2025|website=Nusa Daily|access-date=4 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping 8 (2026)''' : Kanthi tema &quot;Siji Oyot, Sewu Kembang&quot;, FSS kaping 8 dianakake sajrone telung dina, tanggal 27-29 September 2026. Acara iki dibukak ing wayah esuk, 27 September 2026, kanthi Parade Sepeda Berhias, banjur diterusake karo pagelaran dening wakil saka paguyuban lingkungan ( [[Rukun Tetangga|RT]] ) jam 19.00 WIB &lt;ref name=&quot;LiveFSS81&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/tU_wt35NR2w|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo 8 Day 1|date=27 September 2026|website=YouTube|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; . Ing dina kapindho &lt;ref name=&quot;LiveFSS82&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/vhzQ9ynm30o|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo 8 Day 2|date=28 September 2026|website=YouTube|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;, pagelaran wakil RT dianakake maneh ing wayah sore. Sauntara kuwi, puncak acara ing wayah sore dina katelu dimeriahake dening pagelaran [[Seni tayub|Tayub Andong]], salah sawijining seni tradisional khas [[Kabupatèn Tuban|Kabupaten Tuban]], sing dianakake sewengi muput. &lt;ref name=&quot;LiveFSS83&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/KFtir93SoRM|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo 8 Day 3|date=29 September 2026|website=YouTube|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Seni &amp; Tradhisi ==

=== Studio Seni ===
Urip seni ing Sukorejo didhukung déning sanggar seni, salah sijine yaiku '''Sanggar Seni Ngripto Raras''' . Sanggar iki minangka pusat regenerasi seniman lan pelestarian tradisi karawitan. Anane sanggar [[Dhalang|wayang]] ing desa iki uga konon mung siji-sijine ing Kabupaten Tuban. &lt;ref name=&quot;BeritaJatimPeresmian&quot; /&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;UNS2005-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://digilib.uns.ac.id/dokumen/detail/103741/DINAMIKA-SANGGAR-SENI-NGRIPTO-RARAS-DESA-SUKOREJO-KECAMATN-PARENGAN-KABUPATEN-TUBAN-TAHUN-2005-2018|title=Dinamika Sanggar Seni Ngripto Raras Desa Sukorejo 2005–2018|date=2018|website=UNS Digital Library|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tradhisi Mangan ===
Tradhisi syukur lan sedekah marang bumi, sing dikenal minangka ''Manganan,'' isih dilestarikake dening warga lokal minangka wujud rasa syukur lan minangka bagean saka kearifan lokal . &lt;ref name=&quot;KlikTimesManganan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kliktimes.com/sastra-budaya/pr-7294819853/mengenal-lebih-dekat-tradisi-manganan-desa-sukorejo|title=Mengenal Lebih Dekat Tradisi Manganan Desa Sukorejo|website=KlikTimes|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing ngisor iki jadwal tradhisi Manganan ing Desa Sukorejo:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ora.
! Dina
! Lokasi
|-
| 1
| Kemis Pahing
| Gradangan Punden
|-
| 2
| Jumat Pon
| Makam Punden Kramat &amp; Gobak
|-
| 3
| Senin Legi
| Pundhen Kaliwatu
|-
| 4
| Upah Kamis
| Sumberan Pundhen
|-
| 5
| Jumat Kliwon
| Kuburan Burung Jalak lan Manuk Cilik
|-
| 6
| Senin Pon
| Makam Katul
|}

== Perkembangan paling anyar ==
Ing September 2026, anggota Polisi Parengan ngancani warga ing Desa Sukorejo nalika panen jagung. Kegiatan kasebut ditindakake ing lahan sing jembaré kurang luwih sak hektar. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zaman.id/2026/09/15/dukung-ketahanan-pangan-anggota-polsek-parengan-polresta-tuban-laksanakan-sambang-dan-pendampingan-panen-jagung-desa-sukorejo-kec-parengan/|title=Dukung Ketahanan Pangan, Anggota Polsek Parengan Polresta Tuban Laksanakan Sambang dan Pendampingan Panen Jagung Desa Sukorejo Kec. Parengan|date=15 September 2026|website=Zaman|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing wulan Juli 2026, sawijining panliten babagan Sandur Sekar Arum ing Sukorejo diterbitake ing ''Socius: Social Sciences Research Journal'' . Riset iki nliti sejarah klompok seni, upaya pelestarian wiwit taun 2005-2018, lan pangembangane minangka daya tarik wisata budaya. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kusuma|first=Amalia Juwita|last2=Artono|date=25 Juli 2026|title=Pelestarian Kesenian Sandur Sekar Arum di Desa Sukorejo Kecamatan Parengan Kabupaten Tuban 2005–2018|url=https://garuda.kemdiktisaintek.go.id/documents/detail/6571898|journal=Socius: Social Sciences Research Journal|volume=4|issue=1|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Program Komunitas ==
Saliyané minangka désa budaya, Sukorejo uga nduwèni status minangka ''Désa Kulawarga Berkualitas (Desa KB)'' sing dibina déning Badan Kependudukan lan Keluarga Berencana Nasional [[Badan Padunung lan Kulawarga Berencana Praja|(BKKBN]] ). Program iki fokus ing ningkatake kualitas urip kulawarga liwat kesehatan, pendidikan, lan pemberdayaan ekonomi masyarakat. &lt;ref name=&quot;KampungKB2023&quot; /&gt;

== Video sing gegandhengan ==

*  

Wisata seni lan budaya menyang Desa Jawa Sukorejo, Kecamatan Parengan, Kabupaten Tuban, Jawa Timur. Ing kegiatan iki, wisatawan saka Duta Wisata lan Duta Tari Dinas Kebudayaan, Pemuda, Olahraga, lan Pariwisata Kabupaten Tuban sinau maneka warna seni tradisional, wiwit saka karawitan, pencak dor, nganti tari tradisional. Menariknya, sawise sinau, para duta langsung latihan ing Festival Seni Sukorejo, saengga pengalaman kasebut krasa luwih urip, nyata, lan ora bisa dilalekake. Kunjungan iki ditindakake dina Setu, 20 September 2025.

== Media sosial ==

* TikTok: [https://www.tiktok.com/@kampungjawasukorejo kampungjawasukorejo]
* Instagram: [https://www.instagram.com/kampungjawasukorejo_ kampungjawasukorejo_]
* YouTube: [https://youtube.com/@kjs-sukorejo kjs-sukorejo]

== Pranala njaba ==

* {{URL|http://www.sukorejo-parengan.desa.id|Situs Resmi Desa Sukorejo}}
* {{URL|https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/desa/sukorejo_1|Profil Desa Wisata Sukorejo di Jadesta}}

== Deleng uga ==

* [[Kabupatèn Tuban|Kabupaten Tuban]]
* [[Parengan, Tuban]]
* [[Désa wisata (Indonésia)|desa wisata]]

== Referensi ==
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[[Kategori:Parengan, Tuban]]
[[Kategori:Désa ing Jawa Wétan]]
[[Kategori:Kabèh désa ing Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Kabèh laladan tataran IV ing Indonésia]]
[[Kategori:Koordhinat ana ing Wikidata]]
[[Kategori:Kaca mawa pertalan kang durung kapriksa]]</text>
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| peta           = 
| jeneng         = Sukorejo
| julukan        = Kampung Jawa Sukorejo (KJS)
| provinsi       = Jawa Timur
| dati2          = Kabupatèn
| jeneng dati2   = Tuban
| kacamatan      = Parengan
| kodhe pos      = 62366
| pangarsa       = Wiwik Hartatik, SE.
| jembar         = 8,64 km²
| cacah pedunung = 4.568 jiwa
| kapadhetan     = 529 jiwa/km²
| koordinat      = {{Coord|-7.1886|111.9004|display=inline,title}}
| situs          = http://www.sukorejo-parengan.desa.id
| gambar         = Lambang_Kampung_Jawa_Sukorejo.svg
| katrangan      = Lambang Kampung Jawa Sukorejo (KJS)
| dhusun         = Dusun Sugihan&lt;br /&gt;Dusun Krajan&lt;br /&gt;Dusun Karang&lt;br /&gt;Dusun Pencol
}}

'''Sukorejo''' inggih menika satunggaling [[désa wisata]] adhedhasar seni lan [[kabudayan]] wonten ing [[Parengan, Tuban|Kacamatan Parengan]], [[Kabupatèn Tuban]], [[Jawa Wétan]], [[Indonésia]]. Asma désa menika asalipun saking kalih basa. Wonten ing [[basa Jawa]], asma menika dipunserat minangka '''{{lang-jv|ꦱꦸꦏꦉꦗ}}''' (''Sukareja'') ingkang tegesipun &quot;papan ingkang makmur lan rame&quot;. Déné wonten ing [[basa Sangsekerta]], asma menika dipunserat minangka '''{{lang-sa|सुखराज}}''' (''Sukharāja'') ingkang gadhah teges &quot;kabagyan lan kamakmuran&quot;. Désa menika ugi dipunmangertosi kanthi sesebatan '''Kampung Jawa Sukorejo (KJS)''', ingkang nggambaraken pagesangan masyarakat padésan saha manéka warni seni lan tradhisi lokal.

== Sajarah ==
Asma Sukorejo asalipun saking gabungan tembung ''Suko'' (remen utawi bingah) lan ''Rejo'' (rame). Miturut cariyos lisan ingkang dipunwarisaken turun-tumurun, asma menika dipunparingi amargi ing jaman rumiyin wewengkon menika dados papan patemonipun para nom-noman saking manéka warna wewengkon kanggé gladhen kesenian lan [[Ilmu kanuragan|ilmu kanuragan]].

Upaya pangrembakan désa kanthi cara modhèren dipunwiwiti nalika Désa Sukorejo pikantuk fasilitasi minangka [[Désa Budaya]] dening Dinas Kebudayaan, Kepemudaan dan Olahraga, sarta Pariwisata (Disbudporapar) Kabupaten Tuban tanggal 20 Maret 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;Disbud2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://disbudporapar.tubankab.go.id/entry/fasilitasi-pembentukan-desa-sukorejo-sebagai-desa-budaya-di-kabupaten-tuban|title=Fasilitasi Pembentukan Desa Budaya|date=20 Maret 2020|website=Disbudporapar Kabupaten Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhukungan menika dipunkiyataken tanggal 22 November 2023 dening [[Bupati]] Tuban, Aditya Halindra Faridzky, ingkang nyengkuyung pangrembakan désa wisata adhedhasar semangat OVOP (''One Village One Product'').&lt;ref name=&quot;PemkabTuban2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tubankab.go.id/entry/ciptakan-desa-wisata-berbasis-budaya-di-sukorejo-ini-harapan-bupati-tuban|title=Ciptakan Desa Wisata Berbasis Budaya di Sukorejo, Ini Harapan Bupati Tuban|website=Pemerintah Kabupaten Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Puncaking upaya menika, Désa Sukorejo dipunresmikaken minangka '''[[Désa wisata|Désa Wisata]] Budaya kapisan ing Kabupaten Tuban''' tanggal 9 Desember 2024. Peresmian menika dipuntandhani kanthi tapak asta prasasti dening Kepala Disbudporapar Tuban lan dipunramekaken kanthi pagelaran seni, kadosta [[Sandur|sandur]], [[Karawitan|karawitan]], [[Réyog|reog]], lan [[Pencak silat|pencak silat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KabarTuban2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kabartuban.com/sukorejo-resmi-jadi-desa-wisata-budaya-pertama-di-kabupaten-tuban/36569|title=Sukorejo Resmi Jadi Desa Wisata Budaya Pertama di Kabupaten Tuban|date=9 Desember 2024|website=Kabar Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeritaJatimPeresmian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://beritajatim.com/seni-budaya/sukorejo-dinobatkan-jadi-desa-wisata-budaya-pertama-di-tuban/|title=Sukorejo Dinobatkan Jadi Desa Wisata Budaya Pertama di Tuban|date=10 Desember 2024|website=Berita Jatim|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dhémografi ==
Miturut profil Kampung KB Sukorejo taun 2023, désa menika gadhah cacahing warga '''4.568 jiwa''' ingkang sumebar wonten ing '''873 kulawarga''', kapérang saking '''1.904 tiyang jaler''' lan '''2.067 tiyang èstri'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;KampungKB2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kampungkb.bkkbn.go.id/kampung/68438/kampung-kb-sukorejo|title=Data Penduduk Kampung KB Sukorejo|date=9 November 2023|website=Kampung KB BKKBN|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adhedhasar data [[Badan Pusat Statistik|BPS]] ing buku ''Kecamatan Parengan Dalam Angka 2018'', Désa Sukorejo gadhah wiyar wewengkon '''8,64&amp;nbsp;km²'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;BPS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://tubankab.bps.go.id/publication/2018/09/26/5a3961440f3408562098e6a1/kecamatan-parengan-dalam-angka-2018.html|title=Kecamatan Parengan Dalam Angka 2018|publisher=BPS Kabupaten Tuban|year=2018|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanthi migunakaken data cacahing warga taun 2023, kapadhetan pendhudhuk ing désa menika kirang langkung '''529 jiwa/km²'''.

=== Pérangan Administratif ===
Sacara administratif, Désa Sukorejo kapérang dados patang [[Dhusun|dhusun]], inggih menika:
* Dhusun Sugihan
* Dhusun Krajan
* Dhusun Karang
* Dhusun Pencol

== Kepala Désa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! No.
! Foto Kepala Désa
! Asma Kepala Désa
|-
| 1
| [[Berkas:Wiwik_Hartatik,_SE.,_Kepala_Desa_Sukorejo.jpg|100px]]
| Wiwik Hartatik, SE.
|}

== Atraksi lan Layanan Wisata ==
Adhedhasar data [[Jaringan Désa Wisata]] (Jadesta), Sukorejo kalebet wonten ing kategori ''Désa Wisata Rintisan'' kanthi manéka warna atraksi budaya, kadosta [[Pedalangan|pedhalangan]], [[Tari|tari]], [[Karawitan|karawitan]], [[Sandur|sandur]], [[Wayang krucil]], ritual kaleman, terbang bancahan, arak-arakan gunungan, [[Sedekah bumi|sedekah bumi]], lan [[Pencak dor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jadesta2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/desa/sukorejo_1|title=Desa Wisata Budaya Sukorejo|website=Jadesta Kemenparekraf|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Désa menika ugi nyawisaken [[Paket wisata|paket wisata]] edukatif ingkang ngemot pagelaran seni, [[Kuliner|kuliner]] lokal, saha fasilitas ''homestay'' ing griyanipun warga.&lt;ref name=&quot;JadestaPaket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/paket/desawisatabudayasukorejo_paketwisatabudayaedukasipagelarankuliner|title=Paket Wisata Budaya Edukasi Pagelaran &amp; Kuliner|website=Jadesta Kemenparekraf|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Festival Seni Sukorejo (FSS) ==
'''Festival Seni Sukorejo (FSS)''' inggih menika adicara taunan unggulan ingkang dados salah satunggaling ciri khas désa. Saliyanipun dados papan pagelaran manéka warna seni rakyat, festival menika ugi mbiyantu ningkataken ékonomi warga lumantar keterlibatan puluhan pelaku [[Usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah|UMKM]] lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;JatimNowFSS6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jatimnow.com/baca-72642-lewat-festival-seni-cara-desa-di-tuban-ini-lestarikan-budaya-dan-dongkrak-ekonomi-warga|title=Lewat Festival Seni, Cara Desa di Tuban Ini Lestarikan Budaya dan Dongkrak Ekonomi Warga|date=21 September 2024|website=Jatim Now|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kapisan (2018):''' Dipunadani kanthi tema ''Merangkai Tradisi Menembus Globalisasi'', kanthi nampilaken seni lokal kadosta ''[[Wayang kulit|wayang kulit]]'' lan ''[[Kentrung]]'' salebeting gangsal dinten.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlokTuban2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bloktuban.com/2018/09/16/yuk-datang-ke-festival-seni-sukorejo|title=Yuk Datang ke Festival Seni Sukorejo|date=16 September 2018|website=Blok Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MediaCenterFSS1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mediacenter.tubankab.go.id/berita-festival-seni-sukorejo-upaya-lestarikan-kesenian-lokal.html|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo Upaya Lestarikan Kesenian Lokal|date=17 September 2018|website=Media Center Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping kalih (2019):''' Dipunadani tanggal 25–29 September 2019 lan dipunramekaken kanthi pawai 1.001 [[Tumpeng|tumpeng]], kirab pusaka, saha pagelaran seni kadosta [[Wayang krucil]] lan [[Tongklek]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BlokTubanFSS2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bloktuban.com/2019/09/25/kirab-pusaka-dan-1-001-tumpeng-awali-fss-ii/|title=Kirab Pusaka dan 1.001 Tumpeng Awali FSS II|date=25 September 2019|website=Blok Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping tiga (2020):''' Ngusung tema ''Tamba Teka Lara Lunga'' (Obat Teka, Lara Ilang). Festival menika dipunadani kanthi cara virtual saking Sanggar Seni Ngripto Raras amargi [[Pandemi COVID-19|pandemi COVID-19]] lan dipunsiyaraken lumantar saluran [[YouTube]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FSS3Virtual&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_U-084-2aU |title=Festival Seni Sukorejo #3 (Virtual): Tamba Teka Lara Lunga |publisher=NGRIPTO RARAS OFFICIAL |date=4 Oktober 2020 |access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping sekawan (2022):''' Nggawa tema ''Gumregah Ngreksa Kabudayan Nuswantara'', dipunrawuhi 200 penari [[Jaranan|jaranan]], pawai antardésa, pagelaran seni, saha bazar UMKM.&lt;ref name=&quot;PemkabTubanFSS2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tubankab.go.id/entry/festival-seni-sukorejo-resmi-dibuka-digelar-selama-enam-hari|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo Resmi Dibuka, Digelar Selama Enam Hari|website=Pemerintah Kabupaten Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping gangsal (2023):''' Dipunramekaken kanthi pawai karnaval budaya ingkang dipunrawuhi atusan peserta saking 18 paguyuban lingkungan ([[Rukun Tetangga|RT]]) lan lembaga pendhidhikan, kadosta [[Sekolah dasar|SD]], [[Madrasah ibtidaiyah|MI]], saha [[Taman kanak-kanak|TK]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BeritaKeadilan2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://beritakeadilan.com/news-68086-festival-seni-sukorejo-tuban-2023-ratusan-peserta-ikuti-pawai-karnaval-budaya|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo Tuban 2023, Ratusan Peserta Ikuti Pawai Karnaval Budaya|date=3 Oktober 2023|website=Berita Keadilan|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReportaseFSS5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reportaseindonesia.com/ratusan-warga-desa-sukorejo-tuban-antusias-ikuti-karnaval-budaya/|title=Ratusan Warga Desa Sukorejo Tuban Antusias Ikuti Karnaval Budaya|date=2 Oktober 2023|website=Reportase Indonesia|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping enem (2024):''' Dipunadani tanggal 20–22 September 2024 dening Pokdarwis, kanthi nampilaken manéka warna seni kadosta [[Jaranan|jaranan]] dor lan [[Tongklek]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JatimNowFSS6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iNewsFSS2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tuban.inews.id/read/496641/pokdarwis-desa-sukorejo-parengan-tuban-sukses-gelas-fss-ke-vi-sengkuyung-pesta-seni-masyarakat|title=Pokdarwis Desa Sukorejo Parengan Tuban Sukses Gelar FSS ke-VI|date=22 September 2024|website=iNews Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping pitu (2025):''' Dipunadani tanggal 18–20 September 2025 ing Taman Budaya Sukorejo kanthi tema ''Warga Sukorejo Berkarya: Satu Desa Seribu Karya, Satu Karya Berjuta Makna''.&lt;ref name=&quot;FSS7Trailer&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BHglCFk7AM |title=Trailer Festival Seni Sukorejo 7 (2025) |publisher=KJS SUKOREJO |date=2 September 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NusaDailyFSS7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nusadaily.com/festival-seni-sukorejo-ke-7-siap-digelar-wujud-sinergi-warga-lestarikan-budaya|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo ke-7 Siap Digelar, Warga Bersinergi Lestarikan Budaya|date=10 September 2025|website=Nusa Daily|access-date=4 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping wolu (2026):''' Kanthi tema ''Siji Oyot, Sewu Kembang'', FSS kaping wolu dipunadani salebeting tigang dinten, tanggal 27–29 September 2026. Adicara dipunwiwiti ing enjing tanggal 27 September 2026 kanthi Pawai Sepeda Hias, lajeng dipunlajengaken pagelaran saking wakil rukun tetangga ([[Rukun Tetangga|RT]]) ing tabuh 19.00 WIB.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveFSS81&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/tU_wt35NR2w|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo 8 Day 1|date=27 September 2026|website=YouTube|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing dinten kaping kalih, pagelaran wakil RT dipunadani malih ing wayah dalu.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveFSS82&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/vhzQ9ynm30o|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo 8 Day 2|date=28 September 2026|website=YouTube|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Déné puncak adicara ing dinten kaping tiga dipunramekaken kanthi pagelaran [[Tayub|Tayub Andong]], salah satunggaling seni tradhisional khas [[Kabupatèn Tuban]], ingkang dipunadani sadalu muput.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveFSS83&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/KFtir93SoRM|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo 8 Day 3|date=29 September 2026|website=YouTube|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kesenian lan Tradhisi ==
=== Sanggar Seni ===
Pagesangan seni ing Sukorejo dipunsengkuyung dening manéka warna sanggar seni, salah satunggalipun inggih menika '''Sanggar Seni Ngripto Raras'''. Sanggar menika dados papan kanggé regenerasi para seniman saha nglestantunaken tradhisi karawitan. Ananipun sanggar [[Pedalangan|pedhalangan]] ing désa menika ugi dipunsebat minangka satunggal-satunggalipun ing Kabupaten Tuban.&lt;ref name=&quot;BeritaJatimPeresmian&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNS2005-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://digilib.uns.ac.id/dokumen/detail/103741/DINAMIKA-SANGGAR-SENI-NGRIPTO-RARAS-DESA-SUKOREJO-KECAMATN-PARENGAN-KABUPATEN-TUBAN-TAHUN-2005-2018|title=Dinamika Sanggar Seni Ngripto Raras Desa Sukorejo 2005–2018|date=2018|website=UNS Digital Library|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tradhisi Manganan ===
Tradhisi slametan lan sedekah bumi ingkang dipunwastani ''Manganan'' taksih dipunlestantunaken dening warga minangka wujud raos syukur saha pérangan saking kearifan lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;KlikTimesManganan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kliktimes.com/sastra-budaya/pr-7294819853/mengenal-lebih-dekat-tradisi-manganan-desa-sukorejo|title=Mengenal Lebih Dekat Tradisi Manganan Desa Sukorejo|website=KlikTimes|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing ngandhap menika jadwal tradhisi Manganan ing Désa Sukorejo:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! No.
! Dinten
! Papan
|-
| 1
| Kemis Pahing
| Punden Gradangan
|-
| 2
| Jemuwah Pon
| Punden Kramat lan Makam Gobak
|-
| 3
| Senen Legi
| Punden Kaliwatu
|-
| 4
| Kemis Wage
| Punden Sumberan
|-
| 5
| Jemuwah Kliwon
| Makam Jalak lan Cilik
|-
| 6
| Senen Pon
| Makam Katul
|}

== Pangrembakan Paling Anyar ==
Ing wulan September 2026, anggota Polsek Parengan ndhampingi warga Désa Sukorejo nalika panen jagung. Kagiyatan menika dipunlampahi ing lahan ingkang wiyaripun kirang langkung satunggal hektar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zaman.id/2026/09/15/dukung-ketahanan-pangan-anggota-polsek-parengan-polresta-tuban-laksanakan-sambang-dan-pendampingan-panen-jagung-desa-sukorejo-kec-parengan/|title=Dukung Ketahanan Pangan, Anggota Polsek Parengan Polresta Tuban Laksanakan Sambang dan Pendampingan Panen Jagung Desa Sukorejo Kec. Parengan|date=15 September 2026|website=Zaman|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing wulan Juli 2026, satunggaling panaliten babagan Sandur Sekar Arum ing Sukorejo dipunterbitaken wonten ing ''Socius: Social Sciences Research Journal''. Panaliten menika ngrembag sejarah kelompok seni, upaya pelestarian wiwit taun 2005–2018, saha pangrembakanipun minangka daya tarik wisata budaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kusuma|first=Amalia Juwita|last2=Artono|date=25 Juli 2026|title=Pelestarian Kesenian Sandur Sekar Arum di Desa Sukorejo Kecamatan Parengan Kabupaten Tuban 2005–2018|url=https://garuda.kemdiktisaintek.go.id/documents/detail/6571898|journal=Socius: Social Sciences Research Journal|volume=4|issue=1|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Program Kemasyarakatan ==
Saliyanipun minangka désa budaya, Sukorejo ugi gadhah status minangka ''Kampung Keluarga Berkualitas (Kampung KB)'' ingkang dipunbina dening Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional ([[Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional|BKKBN]]). Program menika ngarahaken kanggé ningkataken kualitas gesang kulawarga lumantar babagan kasarasan, pendhidhikan, saha pemberdayaan ékonomi masyarakat.&lt;ref name=&quot;KampungKB2023&quot; /&gt;

== Pranala Njawi ==
* {{URL|http://www.sukorejo-parengan.desa.id|Situs Resmi Désa Sukorejo}}
* {{URL|https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/desa/sukorejo_1|Profil Désa Wisata Sukorejo ing Jadesta}}

== Deleng Uga ==
* [[Kabupatèn Tuban]]
* [[Parengan, Tuban]]
* [[Désa wisata]]

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Parengan, Tuban}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Parengan, Tuban]]
[[Kategori:Désa ing Jawa Wétan]]
[[Kategori:Kabèh désa ing Indonésia]]</text>
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      <text bytes="17243" sha1="c7c7dn4yoa6wwa646bg0edf5bpsxc1z" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                    = Sukorejo
| native_name             = Désa Sukorejo
| native_name_lang        = jv
| other_name              = Kampung Jawa Sukorejo (KJS)
| settlement_type         = [[Désa]]
| image_skyline           = Lambang_Kampung_Jawa_Sukorejo.svg
| image_caption           = Lambang Kampung Jawa Sukorejo (KJS)
| pushpin_map             = Indonesia Java#Indonesia
| pushpin_label_position  = bottom
| pushpin_map_caption     = Peta lokasi Désa Sukorejo ing Pulo Jawa lan Indonésia
| coordinates             = {{Coord|-7.1886|111.9004|region:ID-JI_type:city|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type        = [[Nagara]]
| subdivision_name        = {{flag|Indonesia}}
| subdivision_type1       = [[Provinsi ing Indonésia|Provinsi]]
| subdivision_name1       = [[Jawa Timur]]
| subdivision_type2       = [[Kabupatèn]]
| subdivision_name2       = [[Kabupatèn Tuban]]
| subdivision_type3       = [[Kacamatan]]
| subdivision_name3       = [[Parengan, Tuban|Parengan]]
| leader_title            = [[Kepala Désa]]
| leader_name             = Wiwik Hartatik, SE.
| area_total_km2          = 8.64
| population_total        = 4568
| population_as_of        = 2023
| population_density_km2  = auto
| timezone1               = [[Wektu Indonésia Kulon|WIB]]
| utc_offset1             = +7
| postal_code_type        = [[Kodhe pos]]
| postal_code             = 62366
| blank_name_sec1         = Pérangan dhusun
| blank_info_sec1         = Dusun Sugihan, Dusun Krajan, Dusun Karang, Dusun Pencol
| website                 = {{URL|http://www.sukorejo-parengan.desa.id}}
}}

'''Sukorejo''' inggih menika satunggaling [[désa wisata]] adhedhasar seni lan [[kabudayan]] wonten ing [[Parengan, Tuban|Kacamatan Parengan]], [[Kabupatèn Tuban]], [[Jawa Wétan]], [[Indonésia]]. Asma désa menika asalipun saking kalih basa. Wonten ing [[basa Jawa]], asma menika dipunserat minangka '''{{lang-jv|ꦱꦸꦏꦉꦗ}}''' (''Sukareja'') ingkang tegesipun &quot;papan ingkang makmur lan rame&quot;. Déné wonten ing [[basa Sangsekerta]], asma menika dipunserat minangka '''{{lang-sa|सुखराज}}''' (''Sukharāja'') ingkang gadhah teges &quot;kabagyan lan kamakmuran&quot;. Désa menika ugi dipunmangertosi kanthi sesebatan '''Kampung Jawa Sukorejo (KJS)''', ingkang nggambaraken pagesangan masyarakat padésan saha manéka warni seni lan tradhisi lokal.

== Sajarah ==
Asma Sukorejo asalipun saking gabungan tembung ''Suko'' (remen utawi bingah) lan ''Rejo'' (rame). Miturut cariyos lisan ingkang dipunwarisaken turun-tumurun, asma menika dipunparingi amargi ing jaman rumiyin wewengkon menika dados papan patemonipun para nom-noman saking manéka warna wewengkon kanggé gladhen kesenian lan [[Ilmu kanuragan|ilmu kanuragan]].

Upaya pangrembakan désa kanthi cara modhèren dipunwiwiti nalika Désa Sukorejo pikantuk fasilitasi minangka [[Désa Budaya]] dening Dinas Kebudayaan, Kepemudaan dan Olahraga, sarta Pariwisata (Disbudporapar) Kabupaten Tuban tanggal 20 Maret 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;Disbud2020&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://disbudporapar.tubankab.go.id/entry/fasilitasi-pembentukan-desa-sukorejo-sebagai-desa-budaya-di-kabupaten-tuban|title=Fasilitasi Pembentukan Desa Budaya|date=20 Maret 2020|website=Disbudporapar Kabupaten Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Dhukungan menika dipunkiyataken tanggal 22 November 2023 dening [[Bupati]] Tuban, Aditya Halindra Faridzky, ingkang nyengkuyung pangrembakan désa wisata adhedhasar semangat OVOP (''One Village One Product'').&lt;ref name=&quot;PemkabTuban2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tubankab.go.id/entry/ciptakan-desa-wisata-berbasis-budaya-di-sukorejo-ini-harapan-bupati-tuban|title=Ciptakan Desa Wisata Berbasis Budaya di Sukorejo, Ini Harapan Bupati Tuban|website=Pemerintah Kabupaten Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Puncaking upaya menika, Désa Sukorejo dipunresmikaken minangka '''[[Désa wisata|Désa Wisata]] Budaya kapisan ing Kabupaten Tuban''' tanggal 9 Desember 2024. Peresmian menika dipuntandhani kanthi tapak asta prasasti dening Kepala Disbudporapar Tuban lan dipunramekaken kanthi pagelaran seni, kadosta [[Sandur|sandur]], [[Karawitan|karawitan]], [[Réyog|reog]], lan [[Pencak silat|pencak silat]].&lt;ref name=&quot;KabarTuban2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kabartuban.com/sukorejo-resmi-jadi-desa-wisata-budaya-pertama-di-kabupaten-tuban/36569|title=Sukorejo Resmi Jadi Desa Wisata Budaya Pertama di Kabupaten Tuban|date=9 Desember 2024|website=Kabar Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BeritaJatimPeresmian&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://beritajatim.com/seni-budaya/sukorejo-dinobatkan-jadi-desa-wisata-budaya-pertama-di-tuban/|title=Sukorejo Dinobatkan Jadi Desa Wisata Budaya Pertama di Tuban|date=10 Desember 2024|website=Berita Jatim|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Dhémografi ==
Miturut profil Kampung KB Sukorejo taun 2023, désa menika gadhah cacahing warga '''4.568 jiwa''' ingkang sumebar wonten ing '''873 kulawarga''', kapérang saking '''1.904 tiyang jaler''' lan '''2.067 tiyang èstri'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;KampungKB2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://kampungkb.bkkbn.go.id/kampung/68438/kampung-kb-sukorejo|title=Data Penduduk Kampung KB Sukorejo|date=9 November 2023|website=Kampung KB BKKBN|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adhedhasar data [[Badan Pusat Statistik|BPS]] ing buku ''Kecamatan Parengan Dalam Angka 2018'', Désa Sukorejo gadhah wiyar wewengkon '''8,64&amp;nbsp;km²'''.&lt;ref name=&quot;BPS2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://tubankab.bps.go.id/publication/2018/09/26/5a3961440f3408562098e6a1/kecamatan-parengan-dalam-angka-2018.html|title=Kecamatan Parengan Dalam Angka 2018|publisher=BPS Kabupaten Tuban|year=2018|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kanthi migunakaken data cacahing warga taun 2023, kapadhetan pendhudhuk ing désa menika kirang langkung '''529 jiwa/km²'''.

=== Pérangan Administratif ===
Sacara administratif, Désa Sukorejo kapérang dados patang [[Dhusun|dhusun]], inggih menika:
* Dhusun Sugihan
* Dhusun Krajan
* Dhusun Karang
* Dhusun Pencol

== Kepala Désa ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! No.
! Foto Kepala Désa
! Asma Kepala Désa
|-
| 1
| [[File:Wiwik_Hartatik,_SE.,_Kepala_Desa_Sukorejo.jpg|100px]]
| Wiwik Hartatik, SE.
|}

== Atraksi lan Layanan Wisata ==
Adhedhasar data [[Jaringan Désa Wisata]] (Jadesta), Sukorejo kalebet wonten ing kategori ''Désa Wisata Rintisan'' kanthi manéka warna atraksi budaya, kadosta [[Pedalangan|pedhalangan]], [[Tari|tari]], [[Karawitan|karawitan]], [[Sandur|sandur]], [[Wayang krucil]], ritual kaleman, terbang bancahan, arak-arakan gunungan, [[Sedekah bumi|sedekah bumi]], lan [[Pencak dor]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jadesta2025&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/desa/sukorejo_1|title=Desa Wisata Budaya Sukorejo|website=Jadesta Kemenparekraf|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt; Désa menika ugi nyawisaken [[Paket wisata|paket wisata]] edukatif ingkang ngemot pagelaran seni, [[Kuliner|kuliner]] lokal, saha fasilitas ''homestay'' ing griyanipun warga.&lt;ref name=&quot;JadestaPaket&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/paket/desawisatabudayasukorejo_paketwisatabudayaedukasipagelarankuliner|title=Paket Wisata Budaya Edukasi Pagelaran &amp; Kuliner|website=Jadesta Kemenparekraf|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Festival Seni Sukorejo (FSS) ==
'''Festival Seni Sukorejo (FSS)''' inggih menika adicara taunan unggulan ingkang dados salah satunggaling ciri khas désa. Saliyanipun dados papan pagelaran manéka warna seni rakyat, festival menika ugi mbiyantu ningkataken ékonomi warga lumantar keterlibatan puluhan pelaku [[Usaha mikro, kecil, dan menengah|UMKM]] lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;JatimNowFSS6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://jatimnow.com/baca-72642-lewat-festival-seni-cara-desa-di-tuban-ini-lestarikan-budaya-dan-dongkrak-ekonomi-warga|title=Lewat Festival Seni, Cara Desa di Tuban Ini Lestarikan Budaya dan Dongkrak Ekonomi Warga|date=21 September 2024|website=Jatim Now|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kapisan (2018):''' Dipunadani kanthi tema ''Merangkai Tradisi Menembus Globalisasi'', kanthi nampilaken seni lokal kadosta ''[[Wayang kulit|wayang kulit]]'' lan ''[[Kentrung]]'' salebeting gangsal dinten.&lt;ref name=&quot;BlokTuban2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bloktuban.com/2018/09/16/yuk-datang-ke-festival-seni-sukorejo|title=Yuk Datang ke Festival Seni Sukorejo|date=16 September 2018|website=Blok Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MediaCenterFSS1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://mediacenter.tubankab.go.id/berita-festival-seni-sukorejo-upaya-lestarikan-kesenian-lokal.html|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo Upaya Lestarikan Kesenian Lokal|date=17 September 2018|website=Media Center Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping kalih (2019):''' Dipunadani tanggal 25–29 September 2019 lan dipunramekaken kanthi pawai 1.001 [[Tumpeng|tumpeng]], kirab pusaka, saha pagelaran seni kadosta [[Wayang krucil]] lan [[Tongklek]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BlokTubanFSS2&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://bloktuban.com/2019/09/25/kirab-pusaka-dan-1-001-tumpeng-awali-fss-ii/|title=Kirab Pusaka dan 1.001 Tumpeng Awali FSS II|date=25 September 2019|website=Blok Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping tiga (2020):''' Ngusung tema ''Tamba Teka Lara Lunga'' (Obat Teka, Lara Ilang). Festival menika dipunadani kanthi cara virtual saking Sanggar Seni Ngripto Raras amargi [[Pandemi COVID-19|pandemi COVID-19]] lan dipunsiyaraken lumantar saluran [[YouTube]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FSS3Virtual&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_U-084-2aU |title=Festival Seni Sukorejo #3 (Virtual): Tamba Teka Lara Lunga |publisher=NGRIPTO RARAS OFFICIAL |date=4 Oktober 2020 |access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping sekawan (2022):''' Nggawa tema ''Gumregah Ngreksa Kabudayan Nuswantara'', dipunrawuhi 200 penari [[Jaranan|jaranan]], pawai antardésa, pagelaran seni, saha bazar UMKM.&lt;ref name=&quot;PemkabTubanFSS2022&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.tubankab.go.id/entry/festival-seni-sukorejo-resmi-dibuka-digelar-selama-enam-hari|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo Resmi Dibuka, Digelar Selama Enam Hari|website=Pemerintah Kabupaten Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping gangsal (2023):''' Dipunramekaken kanthi pawai karnaval budaya ingkang dipunrawuhi atusan peserta saking 18 paguyuban lingkungan ([[Rukun Tetangga|RT]]) lan lembaga pendhidhikan, kadosta [[Sekolah dasar|SD]], [[Madrasah ibtidaiyah|MI]], saha [[Taman kanak-kanak|TK]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BeritaKeadilan2023&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://beritakeadilan.com/news-68086-festival-seni-sukorejo-tuban-2023-ratusan-peserta-ikuti-pawai-karnaval-budaya|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo Tuban 2023, Ratusan Peserta Ikuti Pawai Karnaval Budaya|date=3 Oktober 2023|website=Berita Keadilan|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReportaseFSS5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://reportaseindonesia.com/ratusan-warga-desa-sukorejo-tuban-antusias-ikuti-karnaval-budaya/|title=Ratusan Warga Desa Sukorejo Tuban Antusias Ikuti Karnaval Budaya|date=2 Oktober 2023|website=Reportase Indonesia|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping enem (2024):''' Dipunadani tanggal 20–22 September 2024 dening Pokdarwis, kanthi nampilaken manéka warna seni kadosta [[Jaranan|jaranan]] dor lan [[Tongklek]].&lt;ref name=&quot;JatimNowFSS6&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;iNewsFSS2024&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tuban.inews.id/read/496641/pokdarwis-desa-sukorejo-parengan-tuban-sukses-gelas-fss-ke-vi-sengkuyung-pesta-seni-masyarakat|title=Pokdarwis Desa Sukorejo Parengan Tuban Sukses Gelar FSS ke-VI|date=22 September 2024|website=iNews Tuban|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping pitu (2025):''' Dipunadani tanggal 18–20 September 2025 ing Taman Budaya Sukorejo kanthi tema ''Warga Sukorejo Berkarya: Satu Desa Seribu Karya, Satu Karya Berjuta Makna''.&lt;ref name=&quot;FSS7Trailer&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6BHglCFk7AM |title=Trailer Festival Seni Sukorejo 7 (2025) |publisher=KJS SUKOREJO |date=2 September 2025 |access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NusaDailyFSS7&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://nusadaily.com/festival-seni-sukorejo-ke-7-siap-digelar-wujud-sinergi-warga-lestarikan-budaya|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo ke-7 Siap Digelar, Warga Bersinergi Lestarikan Budaya|date=10 September 2025|website=Nusa Daily|access-date=4 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''FSS kaping wolu (2026):''' Kanthi tema ''Siji Oyot, Sewu Kembang'', FSS kaping wolu dipunadani salebeting tigang dinten, tanggal 27–29 September 2026. Adicara dipunwiwiti ing enjing tanggal 27 September 2026 kanthi Pawai Sepeda Hias, lajeng dipunlajengaken pagelaran saking wakil rukun tetangga ([[Rukun Tetangga|RT]]) ing tabuh 19.00 WIB.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveFSS81&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/tU_wt35NR2w|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo 8 Day 1|date=27 September 2026|website=YouTube|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ing dinten kaping kalih, pagelaran wakil RT dipunadani malih ing wayah dalu.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveFSS82&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/vhzQ9ynm30o|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo 8 Day 2|date=28 September 2026|website=YouTube|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt; Déné puncak adicara ing dinten kaping tiga dipunramekaken kanthi pagelaran [[Tayub|Tayub Andong]], salah satunggaling seni tradhisional khas [[Kabupatèn Tuban]], ingkang dipunadani sadalu muput.&lt;ref name=&quot;LiveFSS83&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/live/KFtir93SoRM|title=Festival Seni Sukorejo 8 Day 3|date=29 September 2026|website=YouTube|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Kesenian lan Tradhisi ==
=== Sanggar Seni ===
Pagesangan seni ing Sukorejo dipunsengkuyung dening manéka warna sanggar seni, salah satunggalipun inggih menika '''Sanggar Seni Ngripto Raras'''. Sanggar menika dados papan kanggé regenerasi para seniman saha nglestantunaken tradhisi karawitan. Ananipun sanggar [[Pedalangan|pedhalangan]] ing désa menika ugi dipunsebat minangka satunggal-satunggalipun ing Kabupaten Tuban.&lt;ref name=&quot;BeritaJatimPeresmian&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UNS2005-2018&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://digilib.uns.ac.id/dokumen/detail/103741/DINAMIKA-SANGGAR-SENI-NGRIPTO-RARAS-DESA-SUKOREJO-KECAMATN-PARENGAN-KABUPATEN-TUBAN-TAHUN-2005-2018|title=Dinamika Sanggar Seni Ngripto Raras Desa Sukorejo 2005–2018|date=2018|website=UNS Digital Library|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tradhisi Manganan ===
Tradhisi slametan lan sedekah bumi ingkang dipunwastani ''Manganan'' taksih dipunlestantunaken dening warga minangka wujud raos syukur saha pérangan saking kearifan lokal.&lt;ref name=&quot;KlikTimesManganan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kliktimes.com/sastra-budaya/pr-7294819853/mengenal-lebih-dekat-tradisi-manganan-desa-sukorejo|title=Mengenal Lebih Dekat Tradisi Manganan Desa Sukorejo|website=KlikTimes|access-date=3 September 2025}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing ngandhap menika jadwal tradhisi Manganan ing Désa Sukorejo:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! No.
! Dinten
! Papan
|-
| 1
| Kemis Pahing
| Punden Gradangan
|-
| 2
| Jemuwah Pon
| Punden Kramat lan Makam Gobak
|-
| 3
| Senen Legi
| Punden Kaliwatu
|-
| 4
| Kemis Wage
| Punden Sumberan
|-
| 5
| Jemuwah Kliwon
| Makam Jalak lan Cilik
|-
| 6
| Senen Pon
| Makam Katul
|}

== Pangrembakan Paling Anyar ==
Ing wulan September 2026, anggota Polsek Parengan ndhampingi warga Désa Sukorejo nalika panen jagung. Kagiyatan menika dipunlampahi ing lahan ingkang wiyaripun kirang langkung satunggal hektar.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://zaman.id/2026/09/15/dukung-ketahanan-pangan-anggota-polsek-parengan-polresta-tuban-laksanakan-sambang-dan-pendampingan-panen-jagung-desa-sukorejo-kec-parengan/|title=Dukung Ketahanan Pangan, Anggota Polsek Parengan Polresta Tuban Laksanakan Sambang dan Pendampingan Panen Jagung Desa Sukorejo Kec. Parengan|date=15 September 2026|website=Zaman|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ing wulan Juli 2026, satunggaling panaliten babagan Sandur Sekar Arum ing Sukorejo dipunterbitaken wonten ing ''Socius: Social Sciences Research Journal''. Panaliten menika ngrembag sejarah kelompok seni, upaya pelestarian wiwit taun 2005–2018, saha pangrembakanipun minangka daya tarik wisata budaya.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kusuma|first=Amalia Juwita|last2=Artono|date=25 Juli 2026|title=Pelestarian Kesenian Sandur Sekar Arum di Desa Sukorejo Kecamatan Parengan Kabupaten Tuban 2005–2018|url=https://garuda.kemdiktisaintek.go.id/documents/detail/6571898|journal=Socius: Social Sciences Research Journal|volume=4|issue=1|access-date=27 Oktober 2026}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Program Kemasyarakatan ==
Saliyanipun minangka désa budaya, Sukorejo ugi gadhah status minangka ''Kampung Keluarga Berkualitas (Kampung KB)'' ingkang dipunbina dening Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional ([[Badan Kependudukan dan Keluarga Berencana Nasional|BKKBN]]). Program menika ngarahaken kanggé ningkataken kualitas gesang kulawarga lumantar babagan kasarasan, pendhidhikan, saha pemberdayaan ékonomi masyarakat.&lt;ref name=&quot;KampungKB2023&quot; /&gt;

== Pranala Njawi ==
* {{URL|http://www.sukorejo-parengan.desa.id|Situs Resmi Désa Sukorejo}}
* {{URL|https://jadesta.kemenparekraf.go.id/desa/sukorejo_1|Profil Désa Wisata Sukorejo ing Jadesta}}

== Deleng Uga ==
* [[Kabupatèn Tuban]]
* [[Parengan, Tuban]]
* [[Désa wisata]]

== Referensi ==
{{Reflist}}

{{Parengan, Tuban}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Kategori:Parengan, Tuban]]
[[Kategori:Désa ing Jawa Wétan]]
[[Kategori:Kabèh désa ing Indonésia]]</text>
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