Wikipedia kaawiki https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bas_bet MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Arnawlı Sa'wbet Paydalanıwshı Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti Wikipedia Wikipedia sa'wbeti Su'wret Su'wret sa'wbeti MediaWiki MediaWiki sa'wbeti Shablon Shablon sa'wbeti Anıqlama Anıqlama sa'wbeti Kategoriya Kategoriya sa'wbeti TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 269 46314 30708 2022-08-25T12:04:08Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 PirjanovNurlan [[Mag'lıwmatlar bazasın basqarıw sistemaları]] бетін [[Maǵlıwmatlar bazasın basqarıw sistemaları]] бетіне жылжытты wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mag'lıwmatlar bazasın basqarıw sistemaları''' ('''MBBS''') - [[Mag'lıwmatlar bazası|mag'lıwmatlar bazasın]] du'ziw, olarg'a qosımsha mag'lıwmatlardı kiritiw ha'm bir mag'lıwmatlar bazasınan paydalanıw ushın ayrıqsha mag'lıwmatlar bazalar menen isleytug'ın programmalar za'ru'r boladı. Bunday programmalar jıyındısı mag'lıwmatlar bazasın basqarıw sistemaları (MBBS) dep aytıladı. Basqasha aytqanda, MBBS - bul ko'p paydalanıwshılar ta'repinen mag'lıwmatlar bazasın jaratıw, og'an qosımsha mag'lıwmatlardı kiritiw ha'm mag'lıwmatlar bazasın birgelikte isletiw ushın za'ru'r bolg'an programmalar jıyındısı boladı. MBBS nın' tiykarg'ı quramının' bir bo'legi - mag'lıwmatlar bolsa, basqa bo'legi - paydalanıwshılar boladı. Bulardan basqa ''hardware'' - texnikalıq ha'm ''software'' - programmalıq ta'miyinlew MBBS nın' na'tiyjeli islewin ta'miynlewshi quramının' bo'lekleri esaplanadı. Hardware sırtqı qosımsha qurılmadan tursa, programma bo'legi bolsa mag'lıwmatlar bazası menen paydalanıwshı arasındag'ı dialogtı a'melge asıradı. Mag'lıwmatlar bazasının' du'zilisi u'yreniletug'ın obekttin' mag'lıwmatlarının' ko'rinisi, ma'nisi, du'zilisi ha'm [[Ko'lem|ko'lemine]] baylanıslı boladı. A'dette, paydalanıwshılar to'mendegi, kategoriyalarg'a bo'linedi: * paydalanıwshı-programma du'ziwshi; * sistemalı programma du'ziwshi; * mag'lıwmatlar bazası administratorı. Bunda programma du'zgen paydalanıwshı MBBS ushın jazg'an programmag'a juwap beredi, sistemalı programma du'ziwshi bolsa pu'tin sistemanın' islewi ushın juwapker esaplanadı. Mag'lıwmatlar bazası administratorı sistemanın' saqlanıw jag'dayına ha'm isenimliligine juwap beredi. [[Kategoriya:Kompyuter]] [[de:Datenbank#Datenbankmanagementsystem]] cmaav94wqrp1cc1w6bdsr4c9p16t9fl 46316 46314 2022-08-25T12:04:36Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Maǵlıwmatlar bazasın basqarıw sistemaları''' ('''MBBS''') - [[Maǵlıwmatlar bazası|maǵlıwmatlar bazasın]] dúziw, olarǵa qosımsha maǵlıwmatlardı kiritiw hám bir maǵlıwmatlar bazasınan paydalanıw ushın ayrıqsha maǵlıwmatlar bazalar menen isleytuǵın programmalar zárúr boladı. Bunday programmalar jıyındısı maǵlıwmatlar bazasın basqarıw sistemaları (MBBS) dep aytıladı. Basqasha aytqanda, MBBS - bul kóp paydalanıwshılar tárepinen maǵlıwmatlar bazasın jaratıw, oǵan qosımsha maǵlıwmatlardı kiritiw hám maǵlıwmatlar bazasın birgelikte isletiw ushın zárúr bolǵan programmalar jıyındısı boladı. MBBS nıń tiykarǵı quramınıń bir bólegi - maǵlıwmatlar bolsa, basqa bólegi - paydalanıwshılar boladı. Bulardan basqa ''hardware'' - texnikalıq hám ''software'' - programmalıq támiyinlew MBBS nıń nátiyjeli islewin támiynlewshi quramınıń bólekleri esaplanadı. Hardware sırtqı qosımsha qurılmadan tursa, programma bólegi bolsa maǵlıwmatlar bazası menen paydalanıwshı arasındaǵı dialogtı ámelge asıradı. Maǵlıwmatlar bazasınıń dúzilisi úyreniletuǵın obekttiń maǵlıwmatlarınıń kórinisi, mánisi, dúzilisi hám [[Kólem|kólemine]] baylanıslı boladı. Ádette, paydalanıwshılar tómendegi, kategoriyalarǵa bólinedi: * paydalanıwshı-programma dúziwshi; * sistemalı programma dúziwshi; * maǵlıwmatlar bazası administratorı. Bunda programma dúzgen paydalanıwshı MBBS ushın jazǵan programmaǵa juwap beredi, sistemalı programma dúziwshi bolsa pútin sistemanıń islewi ushın juwapker esaplanadı. Maǵlıwmatlar bazası administratorı sistemanıń saqlanıw jaǵdayına hám isenimliligine juwap beredi. {{stub}} [[Kategoriya:Kompyuter]] [[de:Datenbank#Datenbankmanagementsystem]] n94nv0qk2hrwj3bfc9t2sc00bx48aeg 10 428 46331 46255 2022-08-25T14:17:31Z Praxidicae 7481 [[Arnawlı:Paydalanıwshı u'lesi/Blvckmountlb|Blvckmountlb]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Blvckmountlb|talqılawı]]) öñdemelerinen [[Paydalanıwshı:Legobot|Legobot]] soñğı nusqasına qaýtardı wikitext text/x-wiki <div class="template-documentation"><!-- -->{{#ifeq:{{{heading|μ}}}|<!--**DEFINED BUT EMPTY**--> |<!--**NOTHING**--> |<div style="padding-bottom:3px; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa; margin-bottom:1ex">{{#ifeq:{{{content|μ}}}|μ |<span class="editsection plainlinks" id="doc_editlinks">{{#ifexist: {{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}} |<!--** /doc EXISTS** -->[[{{fullurl:{{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}}|action=edit}} edit]] |<!--**/doc DOESN'T EXIST**-->[[{{fullurl:{{{1|{{Documentation/docname }}}}}|action=edit&preload=Template:Documentation/preload}} create]] }}</span> }} <span style="{{#if:{{{heading-style|}}}|{{{heading-style}}}|{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:template}}|font-weight: bold; font-size: 125%|font-size: 150%}}}}">{{#if:{{{heading|}}}|{{{heading}}}|{{#ifeq:{{NAMESPACE}}|{{ns:template}}|[[Image:Template-info.svg|50px]] Template documentation|Documentation}}}}</span></div> }}<!-- --><div id="template_doc_page_transcluded" class="dablink plainlinks"><!-- -->{{#ifexist: {{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}} |<!--**/doc EXISTS**-->This [[Wikipedia:Template documentation|documentation]] is [[Wikipedia:Transclusion|transcluded]] from [[{{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}}]]. <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl:{{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}}|action=edit}} edit] &#124; [{{fullurl:{{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}}|action=history}} history])</small><br /> }}<!-- -->{{#switch: {{SUBPAGENAME}} |sandbox|testcases=<!--**DO NOT SHOW THESE LINKS ON THE SANDBOX/TESTCASES PAGES**--> |#default= {{#switch: {{SUBJECTSPACE}} |{{ns:template}} |{{ns:user}}= {{#ifexist: {{FULLPAGENAME}}/sandbox |This template has a [[/sandbox|sandbox]] <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl:{{ #rel2abs: /sandbox }}|action=edit}} edit])</small> <!-- -->{{#ifexist: {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases |and [[/testcases|testcases]] <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl:{{ #rel2abs: /testcases }}|action=edit}} edit])</small>}} for editors to experiment. |{{#ifexist: {{FULLPAGENAME}}/testcases |This template has [[/testcases|testcases]] <small style="font-style: normal">([{{fullurl:{{ #rel2abs: /testcases }}|action=edit}} edit])</small> for editors to experiment.}} }}}}}} </div> {{#if:{{{content|}}}|{{{content}}}|{{#ifexist:{{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}} | {{ {{{1|{{Documentation/docname}}}}} }} }}}} </div><noinclude> </noinclude> ki69q1e69z7t9mg7b91exvt2uymouof 4 673 46343 46278 2022-08-25T17:08:52Z Inosham 10264 /* Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support */Strong support for this candidate wikitext text/x-wiki Bul bette administratorlar saylawı ótkiziledi. * Baslanǵısh saylawlarda administratorlıqqa kandidat, qatara eki ay dawamında Inkubatordaǵi bólimniń jaratılıwında qatnasqan (keminde hár ayda 10 ózgeris kiritken) qálegen paydalaniwshı bolıwı múmkin. Joqarıdaǵı shártlerge juwap beriwshi kandidattı, qálegen paydalanıwshı usınıs ete aladı. * Saylawda keminde 1 ózgeris kiritken hám saylawdan aldın akkauntqa iye bolǵan qálgen paydalanıwshı qatnasa aladı. * Kandidat ulıwma berilgen dawıslar sanınan keminde 2/3 qollap-quwatlawshı dawıs alsa, saylanǵan esaplanadı. * Baslanǵısh saylawlarda administratorlar sanı sheklenbeydi. Saylanǵan administratorlar Administratorlıq keńesti quraydı, hám ol bas waqıtlarda Arbitrajlıq komitet rolin atqaradı. Keyingi saylawlar baslanǵısh saylawlardan yarım jıldan keyin járiyalanadı hám keyingi saylawlardan keminde 1 ay aldın qabıl qılınǵan taza qaǵiydalar boyınsha ótkeriledi. Kandidattı saylawǵa qoyıwǵa mısal: <pre> === [[Paydalanıwshı:Kandidat atı|Kandidat atı]] === Kommentariy, eger kerek bolsa. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # Kommentariy. ~~~~ ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== </pre> == Aktiv administratorlar / Active sysops == * [[Paydalanıwshı:Atabek|Atabek]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Atabek|talk]] | [[Arnawlı:Contributions/Atabek|contribs]]) - for 90 day since June 19, 2008 == Xızmetinen bosag'an administratorlar / Resigned administrators == * [[Paydalanıwshı:AlefZet|AlefZet]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:AlefZet|talk]] | [[Arnawlı:Contributions/AlefZet|contribs]]) == Kandidatlar / Candidates == === [[Paydalanıwshı:Qareken Balasi|Qareken Balasi]] === Good day! I am from Karakalpakstan asking the admin panel to correct all the errors in the Karakalpak Wikipedia and make corrections in the future. I'm putting together a team to improve the Karakalpak Wikipedia. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # {{roziman}} --[[Paydalanıwshı:D4uranbek|D4uranbek]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:D4uranbek|талқылауы]]) 10:47, 2020 j. oktyabrdin' 27 (UTC) # {{Roziman}} - [[Paydalanıwshı:Xusinboy Bekchanov|Xusinboy Bekchanov]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Xusinboy Bekchanov|талқылауы]]) 06:15, 2020 j. oktyabrdin' 30 (UTC). # <s>{{Qollayman}} - [[Paydalanıwshı:Kagansky|Kagansky]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Kagansky|талқылауы]]) 14:25, 2020 j. oktyabrdin' 30 (UTC)</s><s>. Paydalanıwshı vijipediya qaǵıydaların jetkilikli dárejede túsiniwge háreket de qılmay atır. Dawısımdı qaytarıp aldım. - [[Paydalanıwshı:Kagansky|Kagansky]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Kagansky|талқылауы]]) 18:47, 2020 j. noyabrdin' 6 (UTC)</s> ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== # <s>{{Qarsıman}}, sebepo joqarıda jazılǵan - [[Paydalanıwshı:Kagansky|Kagansky]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Kagansky|талқылауы]]) 18:53, 2020 j. noyabrdin' 6 (UTC)</s> ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== {{-}} {{closed| === [[Paydalanıwshı:Atabek]] === I request sysop access. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # --[[Paydalanıwshı:Aziz|Aziz]] 06:18, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) # --[[Paydalanıwshı:Abdulla|Abdulla]] 11:29, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) # Strong '''Support'''--[[Paydalanıwshı:AlefZet|AlefZet]] 14:36, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) # --[[Paydalanıwshı:Bakhit|Bakhit]] 23:02, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== [[Paydalanıwshı:Atabek|Atabek]] administrator etip saylandı / Atabek is selected as an administrator }} {{-}} {{closed| === [[Paydalanıwshı:AlefZet|AlefZet]] === I request temporary adminship for ''one month''. Adminship is need for access to MediaWiki namespace, dealing with edit tools, gadgets etc. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # Strong support --[[Paydalanıwshı:Atabek|Atabek]] 22:45, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) # '''Support''' --[[Paydalanıwshı:Abdulla|Abdulla]] 16:25, 2008 j. iyunnin' 11 (UTC) # --[[Paydalanıwshı:Aziz|Aziz]] 13:59, 2008 j. iyunnin' 16 (UTC) ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== [[Paydalanıwshı:AlefZet|AlefZet]] 1 ayg'a waqtınshalıq administrator etip saylandı / Alefzet is granted a temporary adminship. }} === [[Paydalanıwshı:PirjanovNurlan|PirjanovNurlan]] === Assalawma áleykum. Qaraqalpaqsha Wikipediya rawajlanıwına óz úlesimdi qosıp, isenimińizdi aqlayman. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # {{roziman}} ([[Paydalanıwshı:Inosham|Inosham]] هىخساشة 17:08, 2022 j. Avgusttıń 25 (UTC)) ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== [[Kategoriya:Wikipedia]] <!-- interwiki --> i1z505k1ohwlya52snaizvduhwo1sid 46344 46343 2022-08-25T17:10:36Z Inosham 10264 /* Qarsı / Oppose */ wikitext text/x-wiki Bul bette administratorlar saylawı ótkiziledi. * Baslanǵısh saylawlarda administratorlıqqa kandidat, qatara eki ay dawamında Inkubatordaǵi bólimniń jaratılıwında qatnasqan (keminde hár ayda 10 ózgeris kiritken) qálegen paydalaniwshı bolıwı múmkin. Joqarıdaǵı shártlerge juwap beriwshi kandidattı, qálegen paydalanıwshı usınıs ete aladı. * Saylawda keminde 1 ózgeris kiritken hám saylawdan aldın akkauntqa iye bolǵan qálgen paydalanıwshı qatnasa aladı. * Kandidat ulıwma berilgen dawıslar sanınan keminde 2/3 qollap-quwatlawshı dawıs alsa, saylanǵan esaplanadı. * Baslanǵısh saylawlarda administratorlar sanı sheklenbeydi. Saylanǵan administratorlar Administratorlıq keńesti quraydı, hám ol bas waqıtlarda Arbitrajlıq komitet rolin atqaradı. Keyingi saylawlar baslanǵısh saylawlardan yarım jıldan keyin járiyalanadı hám keyingi saylawlardan keminde 1 ay aldın qabıl qılınǵan taza qaǵiydalar boyınsha ótkeriledi. Kandidattı saylawǵa qoyıwǵa mısal: <pre> === [[Paydalanıwshı:Kandidat atı|Kandidat atı]] === Kommentariy, eger kerek bolsa. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # Kommentariy. ~~~~ ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== </pre> == Aktiv administratorlar / Active sysops == * [[Paydalanıwshı:Atabek|Atabek]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Atabek|talk]] | [[Arnawlı:Contributions/Atabek|contribs]]) - for 90 day since June 19, 2008 == Xızmetinen bosag'an administratorlar / Resigned administrators == * [[Paydalanıwshı:AlefZet|AlefZet]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:AlefZet|talk]] | [[Arnawlı:Contributions/AlefZet|contribs]]) == Kandidatlar / Candidates == === [[Paydalanıwshı:Qareken Balasi|Qareken Balasi]] === Good day! I am from Karakalpakstan asking the admin panel to correct all the errors in the Karakalpak Wikipedia and make corrections in the future. I'm putting together a team to improve the Karakalpak Wikipedia. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # {{roziman}} --[[Paydalanıwshı:D4uranbek|D4uranbek]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:D4uranbek|талқылауы]]) 10:47, 2020 j. oktyabrdin' 27 (UTC) # {{Roziman}} - [[Paydalanıwshı:Xusinboy Bekchanov|Xusinboy Bekchanov]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Xusinboy Bekchanov|талқылауы]]) 06:15, 2020 j. oktyabrdin' 30 (UTC). # <s>{{Qollayman}} - [[Paydalanıwshı:Kagansky|Kagansky]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Kagansky|талқылауы]]) 14:25, 2020 j. oktyabrdin' 30 (UTC)</s><s>. Paydalanıwshı vijipediya qaǵıydaların jetkilikli dárejede túsiniwge háreket de qılmay atır. Dawısımdı qaytarıp aldım. - [[Paydalanıwshı:Kagansky|Kagansky]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Kagansky|талқылауы]]) 18:47, 2020 j. noyabrdin' 6 (UTC)</s> ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== # <s>{{Qarsıman}}, sebepo joqarıda jazılǵan - [[Paydalanıwshı:Kagansky|Kagansky]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Kagansky|талқылауы]]) 18:53, 2020 j. noyabrdin' 6 (UTC)</s> # {{qarsiman}} ([[Paydalanıwshı:Inosham|Inosham]] هىخساشة 17:10, 2022 j. Avgusttıń 25 (UTC)), Kaganskiy pikirlerine qosilaman) ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== {{-}} {{closed| === [[Paydalanıwshı:Atabek]] === I request sysop access. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # --[[Paydalanıwshı:Aziz|Aziz]] 06:18, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) # --[[Paydalanıwshı:Abdulla|Abdulla]] 11:29, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) # Strong '''Support'''--[[Paydalanıwshı:AlefZet|AlefZet]] 14:36, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) # --[[Paydalanıwshı:Bakhit|Bakhit]] 23:02, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== [[Paydalanıwshı:Atabek|Atabek]] administrator etip saylandı / Atabek is selected as an administrator }} {{-}} {{closed| === [[Paydalanıwshı:AlefZet|AlefZet]] === I request temporary adminship for ''one month''. Adminship is need for access to MediaWiki namespace, dealing with edit tools, gadgets etc. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # Strong support --[[Paydalanıwshı:Atabek|Atabek]] 22:45, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) # '''Support''' --[[Paydalanıwshı:Abdulla|Abdulla]] 16:25, 2008 j. iyunnin' 11 (UTC) # --[[Paydalanıwshı:Aziz|Aziz]] 13:59, 2008 j. iyunnin' 16 (UTC) ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== [[Paydalanıwshı:AlefZet|AlefZet]] 1 ayg'a waqtınshalıq administrator etip saylandı / Alefzet is granted a temporary adminship. }} === [[Paydalanıwshı:PirjanovNurlan|PirjanovNurlan]] === Assalawma áleykum. Qaraqalpaqsha Wikipediya rawajlanıwına óz úlesimdi qosıp, isenimińizdi aqlayman. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # {{roziman}} ([[Paydalanıwshı:Inosham|Inosham]] هىخساشة 17:08, 2022 j. Avgusttıń 25 (UTC)) ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== [[Kategoriya:Wikipedia]] <!-- interwiki --> 3cgpcrrsw40hbhaib44447qkqw55w4b 46346 46344 2022-08-25T17:14:43Z Inosham 10264 /* Qarsı / Oppose */ wikitext text/x-wiki Bul bette administratorlar saylawı ótkiziledi. * Baslanǵısh saylawlarda administratorlıqqa kandidat, qatara eki ay dawamında Inkubatordaǵi bólimniń jaratılıwında qatnasqan (keminde hár ayda 10 ózgeris kiritken) qálegen paydalaniwshı bolıwı múmkin. Joqarıdaǵı shártlerge juwap beriwshi kandidattı, qálegen paydalanıwshı usınıs ete aladı. * Saylawda keminde 1 ózgeris kiritken hám saylawdan aldın akkauntqa iye bolǵan qálgen paydalanıwshı qatnasa aladı. * Kandidat ulıwma berilgen dawıslar sanınan keminde 2/3 qollap-quwatlawshı dawıs alsa, saylanǵan esaplanadı. * Baslanǵısh saylawlarda administratorlar sanı sheklenbeydi. Saylanǵan administratorlar Administratorlıq keńesti quraydı, hám ol bas waqıtlarda Arbitrajlıq komitet rolin atqaradı. Keyingi saylawlar baslanǵısh saylawlardan yarım jıldan keyin járiyalanadı hám keyingi saylawlardan keminde 1 ay aldın qabıl qılınǵan taza qaǵiydalar boyınsha ótkeriledi. Kandidattı saylawǵa qoyıwǵa mısal: <pre> === [[Paydalanıwshı:Kandidat atı|Kandidat atı]] === Kommentariy, eger kerek bolsa. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # Kommentariy. ~~~~ ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== </pre> == Aktiv administratorlar / Active sysops == * [[Paydalanıwshı:Atabek|Atabek]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Atabek|talk]] | [[Arnawlı:Contributions/Atabek|contribs]]) - for 90 day since June 19, 2008 == Xızmetinen bosag'an administratorlar / Resigned administrators == * [[Paydalanıwshı:AlefZet|AlefZet]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:AlefZet|talk]] | [[Arnawlı:Contributions/AlefZet|contribs]]) == Kandidatlar / Candidates == === [[Paydalanıwshı:Qareken Balasi|Qareken Balasi]] === Good day! I am from Karakalpakstan asking the admin panel to correct all the errors in the Karakalpak Wikipedia and make corrections in the future. I'm putting together a team to improve the Karakalpak Wikipedia. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # {{roziman}} --[[Paydalanıwshı:D4uranbek|D4uranbek]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:D4uranbek|талқылауы]]) 10:47, 2020 j. oktyabrdin' 27 (UTC) # {{Roziman}} - [[Paydalanıwshı:Xusinboy Bekchanov|Xusinboy Bekchanov]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Xusinboy Bekchanov|талқылауы]]) 06:15, 2020 j. oktyabrdin' 30 (UTC). # <s>{{Qollayman}} - [[Paydalanıwshı:Kagansky|Kagansky]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Kagansky|талқылауы]]) 14:25, 2020 j. oktyabrdin' 30 (UTC)</s><s>. Paydalanıwshı vijipediya qaǵıydaların jetkilikli dárejede túsiniwge háreket de qılmay atır. Dawısımdı qaytarıp aldım. - [[Paydalanıwshı:Kagansky|Kagansky]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Kagansky|талқылауы]]) 18:47, 2020 j. noyabrdin' 6 (UTC)</s> ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== # <s>{{Qarsıman}}, sebepo joqarıda jazılǵan - [[Paydalanıwshı:Kagansky|Kagansky]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Kagansky|талқылауы]]) 18:53, 2020 j. noyabrdin' 6 (UTC)</s> # {{qarshiman}} ([[Paydalanıwshı:Inosham|Inosham]] هىخساشة 17:10, 2022 j. Avgusttıń 25 (UTC)), Kaganskiy pikirlerine qosilaman) ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== {{-}} {{closed| === [[Paydalanıwshı:Atabek]] === I request sysop access. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # --[[Paydalanıwshı:Aziz|Aziz]] 06:18, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) # --[[Paydalanıwshı:Abdulla|Abdulla]] 11:29, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) # Strong '''Support'''--[[Paydalanıwshı:AlefZet|AlefZet]] 14:36, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) # --[[Paydalanıwshı:Bakhit|Bakhit]] 23:02, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== [[Paydalanıwshı:Atabek|Atabek]] administrator etip saylandı / Atabek is selected as an administrator }} {{-}} {{closed| === [[Paydalanıwshı:AlefZet|AlefZet]] === I request temporary adminship for ''one month''. Adminship is need for access to MediaWiki namespace, dealing with edit tools, gadgets etc. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # Strong support --[[Paydalanıwshı:Atabek|Atabek]] 22:45, 2008 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) # '''Support''' --[[Paydalanıwshı:Abdulla|Abdulla]] 16:25, 2008 j. iyunnin' 11 (UTC) # --[[Paydalanıwshı:Aziz|Aziz]] 13:59, 2008 j. iyunnin' 16 (UTC) ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== [[Paydalanıwshı:AlefZet|AlefZet]] 1 ayg'a waqtınshalıq administrator etip saylandı / Alefzet is granted a temporary adminship. }} === [[Paydalanıwshı:PirjanovNurlan|PirjanovNurlan]] === Assalawma áleykum. Qaraqalpaqsha Wikipediya rawajlanıwına óz úlesimdi qosıp, isenimińizdi aqlayman. ==== Qollap-quwatlawshı / Support ==== # {{roziman}} ([[Paydalanıwshı:Inosham|Inosham]] هىخساشة 17:08, 2022 j. Avgusttıń 25 (UTC)) ==== Qarsı / Oppose ==== ==== Na'tiyje / Result ==== [[Kategoriya:Wikipedia]] <!-- interwiki --> dmyu5mg91u4ipt6kvj82cq6rhq9v9jw 4 931 46369 45855 2022-08-25T23:17:20Z MediaWiki message delivery 4074 /* The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open */ taza bo'lim wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="text-align: center;"><span style="background-color:#73fff4;">&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;[[Wikipedia:Ja'miyet Portalı/Archive|<big>'''Archive'''</big>]]&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></div> == Wikimania 2016 Grantlar - Múddet tez arada! == :{{int:Please-translate}} Eskertip ótemiz, Esino Lario, Italiyada Wikimania 2016 stipendiyalarǵa arzalar tez arada jabıladı! Ótinish, arzalarıńızdı 9 yanvarǵa shekem tapsırıń. Arza beriw ushın tómendegi betke ótiń: :*[https://wikimania2016.wikimedia.org/wiki/Scholarships Wikimania 2016 Scholarships] [[User:PEarley (WMF)|Patrick Earley (WMF)]] via [[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sáwbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 01:49, 2016 j. yanvardıń 5 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:PEarley_(WMF)/Mass_Message_-_large&oldid=15209973 dizimin paydalanıp User:PEarley (WMF)@metawiki degen xabarnama jibergen --> == 2016 WMF Strategy consultation == :{{int:Please-translate}} Hello, all. The Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) has launched a consultation to help create and prioritize WMF strategy beginning July 2016 and for the 12 to 24 months thereafter. This consultation will be open, on Meta, from 18 January to 26 February, after which the Foundation will also use these ideas to help inform its Annual Plan. (More on our timeline can be found on that Meta page.) Your input is welcome (and greatly desired) at the Meta discussion, [[:m:2016 Strategy/Community consultation|2016 Strategy/Community consultation]]. Apologies for English, where this is posted on a non-English project. We thought it was more important to get the consultation translated as much as possible, and good headway has been made there in some languages. There is still much to do, however! We created [[:m:2016 Strategy/Translations]] to try to help coordinate what needs translation and what progress is being made. :) If you have questions, please reach out to me on my talk page or on the strategy consultation's talk page or by email to mdennis@wikimedia.org. I hope you'll join us! [[:m:User:Mdennis (WMF)|Maggie Dennis]] via [[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 19:07, 2016 j. yanvardın' 18 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:PEarley_(WMF)/Mass_Message_-_large&oldid=15253743 тізімін пайдаланып User:Mdennis (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Karakalpak is missing == Karakalpak is missing from this page:<br /> https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/There_is_also_a_Wikipedia_in_your_language<br /> More than 100 languages are now listed.<br /> Thank you, [[Paydalanıwshı:Varlaam|Varlaam]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Varlaam|талқылауы]]) 22:01, 2016 j. yanvardın' 29 (UTC) == VisualEditor News #1—2016 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''[[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2016/February|Read this in another language]] • [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="margin:0.5em;width:230px;{{#switch:ltr|rtl=float:left;margin-left:0;|#default=float:right;margin-right:0;}}border:1px solid #AAA;padding:0.5em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200x70px|center|alt=The visual editor]] '''Did you know?''' <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> Among experienced editors, the visual editor's table editing is one of the most popular features. [[File:VisualEditor table menu move column.png|alt=Screenshot showing a pop-up menu for column operations in a table|centre|frameless|230x230px]] If you select the top of a column or the end of a row, you can quickly insert and remove columns and rows. Now, you can also rearrange columns and rows. Click "Move before" or "Move after" to swap the column or row with its neighbor. You can read and help translate [[:mw:VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor.</div></div> Since the last newsletter, the [[:mw:VisualEditor/Portal|VisualEditor Team]] has fixed many bugs. Their workboard is available [[phab:project/board/483/|in Phabricator]]. Their [[:mw:VisualEditor/Current_priorities|current priorities]] are improving support for Japanese, Korean, Arabic, Indic, and Han scripts, and improving the single edit tab interface. === Recent changes === You can '''switch from the wikitext editor to the visual editor''' after you start editing. This function is available to nearly all editors at most wikis except the Wiktionaries and Wikisources. Many local '''feedback pages''' for the visual editor have been redirected to [[:mw:VisualEditor/Feedback]]. You can now re-arrange columns and rows in '''tables''', as well as copying a row, column or any other selection of cells and pasting it in a new location. The '''formula editor''' has two options: you can choose "Quick edit" to see and change only the LaTeX code, or "Edit" to use the full tool. The full tool offers immediate preview and an extensive list of symbols. === Future changes === The '''[[:mw:VisualEditor/Single edit tab|single edit tab]]''' project will combine the "{{int:vector-view-edit}}" and "{{int:visualeditor-ca-editsource}}" tabs into a single "{{int:vector-view-edit}}" tab. This is similar to the system already used on the mobile website. ([[phab:T102398|T102398]]) Initially, the "{{int:vector-view-edit}}" tab will open whichever editing environment you used last time. Your last editing choice will be stored as an account preference for logged-in editors, and as a cookie for logged-out users. Logged-in editors will have these options in the {{int:prefs-editing}} tab of [[Special:Preferences]]: * {{int:visualeditor-preference-tabs-remember-last}}, * {{int:visualeditor-preference-tabs-prefer-ve}}, * {{int:visualeditor-preference-tabs-prefer-wt}}, and * {{int:visualeditor-preference-tabs-multi-tab}}. (This is the state for people using the visual editor now.) The visual editor uses the same search engine as [[Special:Search]] to find links and files. This search will get better at detecting typos and spelling mistakes soon. These improvements to search will appear in the visual editor as well. The visual editor will be offered to all editors at most [[:mw:VisualEditor/Rollouts|"Phase 6" Wikipedias]] during the next few months. This will affect the following languages, amongst others: [[:w:ja: |'''Japanese''']], [[:w:ko:|'''Korean''']], [[:w:ur: |'''Urdu''']], [[:w:fa: |'''Persian''']], [[:w:ar: |'''Arabic''']], [[:w:ta: |'''Tamil''']], [[:w:mr: |'''Marathi''']], [[:w:ml: |'''Malayalam''']], [[:w:hi: |'''Hindi''']], [[:w:bn: |'''Bengali''']], [[:w:as: |'''Assamese''']], [[:w:th: |'''Thai''']], [[:w:arc: |'''Aramaic''']]. === Let's work together === * Please try out the newest version of the '''[[:mw:VisualEditor/Single edit tab|single edit tab]]''' on [[test2wiki:Special:Random|test2.wikipedia.org]]. You may need to restore the default preferences (at the bottom of [[test2wiki:Special:Preferences]]) to see the initial prompt for options. Were you able to find a preference setting that will work for your own editing? Did you see [[:c:File:VisualEditor single edit tab preference dialog.png|the large preferences dialog box]] when you started editing an article there? * <mark>Can you read and type in Korean, Arabic, Japanese, Indic, or Han scripts?</mark> Does typing in these languages feels natural in the visual editor? Language engineer [[:mw:User:DChan (WMF)|David Chan]] needs to know. Please see the instructions at [[:mw:VisualEditor/IME Testing#What to test]] if you can help. Please post your comments and the language(s) that you tested at [[:mw:Topic:St8y4ni42d0vr9cv|the feedback thread on mediawiki.org]]. * Learn how to improve the "automagical" [[:mw:citoid|citoid]] referencing system in the visual editor, by creating [[:en:Zotero|Zotero]] translators for popular sources in your language! Join the [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2016-February/084840.html Tech Talk about "Automated citations in Wikipedia: Citoid and the technology behind it"] with Sebastian Karcher on 29 February 2016. If you aren't reading this in your favorite language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is ready. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} </div> [[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]], 21:21, 2016 j. fevraldın' 26 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=15385167 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Completion suggestor == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> == Updates to wiki search auto completion are arriving 10 March== Hello! {{Int:Please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} The [[:m:User:CKoerner (WMF)/Work/Completion Suggester beta reminder and coming soon|completion suggester beta feature]] will become the default at the first group of wikis on '''Thursday, 10 March'''. This initial rollout will start with some of the smaller wikis to ensure the change happens in an organized way. The remaining wikis will receive the update on Wednesday, 16 March. This update brings three major improvements to search. Improved search result ordering, a tolerance for a small number of spelling errors, and suggests fewer typos. Since December 2015, 19,000 editors have already opted into the completion suggester beta feature. Contributors are encouraged to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|try out the feature]] ahead of the release. Please share any comments on the Completion Suggester [[mw:Help:CirrusSearch/CompletionSuggester|discussion page]] in any language. To learn more about the work of the Discovery department and other improvements to search, please check out [[wmfblog:2015/12/23/search-and-discovery-on-wikipedia/|the Wikimedia blog]]. Read about [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch|CirrusSearch]], the MediaWiki extension that makes wiki search possible.</div> - [[User:CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 22:09, 2016 j. marttın' 7 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Work/Completion_Suggester_inital_rollout/Target_list&oldid=15420104 тізімін пайдаланып User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (March 2016) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Apologies for writing in English. {{int:Please-translate}}'' Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for access to research materials from: * '''[[w:en:WP:Cambridge|Cambridge University Press]]''' - a major publisher of academic journals and e-books in a variety of subject areas. Access includes both Cambridge Journals Online and Cambridge Books. 25 accounts. * '''[[w:en:WP:Alexander Street|Alexander Street ''Academic Video Online'']]''' - a large academic video collection good for a wide range of subjects, including news programs (such as PBS and BBC), music and theatre, lectures and demonstrations, and documentaries. 25 accounts. * '''[[w:en:WP:Baylor|Baylor University Press]]''' - a publisher of academic e-books primarily in religious studies and the humanities. 50 accounts. * '''[[w:en:WP:Future Science Group|Future Science Group]]''' - a publisher of medical, biotechnological and scientific research. 30 accounts. * '''[[w:en:WP:Annual Reviews|Annual Reviews]]''' - a publisher of review articles in the biomedical sciences. 100 accounts. * '''[[w:en:WP:Miramar|Miramar Ship Index]]''' - an index to ships and their histories since the early 19th century. 30 accounts. '''Non-English''' *'''[[w:fa:ویکی‌پدیا:نورمگز|Noormags]]''' - Farsi-language aggregator of academic and professional journals and magazines. 30 accounts. *'''[[w:ar:ويكيبيديا:مكتبة ويكيبيديا/كتبنا|Kotobna]]''' - Arabic-language ebook publishing platform. 20 accounts. '''Expansions''' *'''[[w:en:WP:Gale|Gale]]''' - aggregator of newspapers, magazines and journals. 50 accounts. *'''[[w:en:WP:Elsevier|Elsevier ScienceDirect]]''' - an academic publishing company that publishes medical and scientific literature. 100 accounts. Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[w:en:WP:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|our partners page]], including [[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]], [[w:en:WP:De Gruyter|De Gruyter]], [[w:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]], [[w:en:WP:Newspapers.com|Newspapers.com]] and [[w:en:WP:BNA|British Newspaper Archive]]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 20:30, 2016 j. marttın' 17 (UTC) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].'' :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=15424370 тізімін пайдаланып User:Sadads@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Open Call for Individual Engagement Grants == [[File:IEG barnstar 2.png|right|100px]] {{int:Please-translate}}: Greetings! The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/IEG|Individual Engagement Grants (IEG) program]] is accepting proposals''' until April 12th to fund new tools, research, outreach efforts, and other experiments that enhance the work of Wikimedia volunteers. Whether you need a small or large amount of funds (up to $30,000 USD), IEGs can support you and your team’s project development time in addition to project expenses such as materials, travel, and rental space. *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IEG#ieg-apply|'''Submit''' a grant request]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IdeaLab|'''draft''' your proposal]] in IdeaLab *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IdeaLab/Events#Upcoming_events|'''Get help''' with your proposal]] in an upcoming Hangout session *[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IEG#ieg-engaging|'''Learn from examples''' of completed Individual Engagement Grants]] With thanks, [[m:User:I JethroBT (WMF)|I JethroBT (WMF)]] 15:47, 2016 j. marttın' 31 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:I_JethroBT_(WMF)/IEG_2015_Targets&oldid=15490024 тізімін пайдаланып User:I JethroBT (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Server switch 2016 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will be testing its newest data center in Dallas. This will make sure Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to conduct a planned test. This test will show whether they can reliably switch from one data center to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic to the new data center on '''Tuesday, 19 April'''.<br/> On '''Thursday, 21 April''', they will switch back to the primary data center. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop during those two switches. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for approximately 15 to 30 minutes on Tuesday, 19 April and Thursday, 21 April, starting at 14:00 UTC (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 07:00 PDT). If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be a code freeze for the week of 18 April. No non-essential code deployments will take place. This test was originally planned to take place on March 22. April 19th and 21st are the new dates. You can [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Schedule for Q3 FY2015-2016 rollout|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. They will post any changes on that schedule. There will be more notifications about this. '''Please share this information with your community.''' /[[m:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 21:08, 2016 j. apreldin' 17 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tech/Server_switch_2016/Delivery_list&oldid=15533827 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Wikipedia to the Moon == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello! Sorry that this is in English only, but we are using village pump messaging in order to reach as many language communities as possible. Wrong page? Please fix it [[:m:Distribution list/Global message delivery|here]]. This is an invitation to all Wikipedians: Wikimedia Deutschland has been given data space to include Wikipedia content in an upcoming mission to the Moon. (No joke!) We have launched a community discussion about how to do that, because we feel that this is for the global community of editors. Please, '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia to the Moon|join the discussion on Meta-Wiki]]''' (and translate this invitation to your language community)! Best, [[:m:Talk:Wikipedia to the Moon|Moon team at Wikimedia Deutschland]] 15:35, 2016 j. apreldin' 21 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=15542536 тізімін пайдаланып User:Martin Rulsch (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Wikipedia to the Moon: voting has begun == Hello, after six weeks of community discussion about [https://moon.wikimedia.org Wikipedia to the Moon], there are now 10 different proposals for content for the mission. Starting today, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia_to_the_Moon/Voting|you can vote for them on Meta-Wiki]], and decide what we will work on: a Wikipedia canon, different lists, the Moon in 300 languages, an astronomy editathon, featured articles, articles about technology, endangered things, or DNA-related topics. You can even vote against community involvement. Voting is open until 24 June. Sorry that this message is again in English only, but we are using village pumps to reach as many communities as possible, so that everyone knows they can vote. Best, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia to the Moon/About|Moon team at Wikimedia Deutschland]] 15:31, 2016 j. iyunnin' 10 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=15542536 тізімін пайдаланып User:Martin Rulsch (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Compact Links coming soon to this wiki == {{int:Please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Compact-language-links-list.png|thumb|Screenshot of Compact Language Links interlanguage list]] Hello, I wanted to give a heads up about an upcoming feature for this wiki, which you may already seen in the latest issue of [[:m:Tech/News/2016/25|Tech News]]. [[:mw:Universal_Language_Selector/Compact_Language_Links|Compact Language Links]] has been available as a beta-feature on all Wikimedia wikis since 2014. With compact language links enabled, users are shown a much shorter list of languages on the interlanguage link section of an article (see image). This will be enabled as a feature in the coming week for all users, which can be turned on or off using a preference setting. We look forward to your feedback and please do let us know if you have any questions. Details about Compact Language Links can be read in the [[:mw:Universal_Language_Selector/Compact_Language_Links|project documentation]]. Due to the large scale enablement of this feature, we have had to use [[:m:Global_message_delivery|MassMessage]] for this announcement and as a result it is only written in English. We will really appreciate if this message can be translated for other users of this wiki. Thank you. On behalf of the Wikimedia Language team: [[:mw:User:Runab_WMF|Runa Bhattacharjee (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Runab_WMF|talk]]) 14:01, 2016 j. iyunnin' 24 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ULS_Compact_Links/28_June&oldid=15721303 тізімін пайдаланып User:Runab WMF@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Compact Language Links enabled in this wiki today == {{int:Please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Compact-language-links-list.png|thumb|Screenshot of Compact Language Links interlanguage list]] [[:mw:Universal_Language_Selector/Compact_Language_Links|Compact Language Links]] has been available as a beta-feature on all Wikimedia wikis since 2014. With compact language links enabled, users are shown a much shorter list of languages on the interlanguage link section of an article (see image). Based on several factors, this shorter list of languages is expected to be more relevant for them and valuable for finding similar content in a language known to them. More information about compact language links can be found in [[:mw:Universal_Language_Selector/Compact_Language_Links|the documentation]]. From today onwards, compact language links has been enabled as the default listing of interlanguage links on this wiki. However, using the button at the bottom, you will be able to see a longer list of all the languages the article has been written in. The setting for this compact list can be changed by using the checkbox under ''User Preferences -> Appearance -> Languages'' The compact language links feature has been tested extensively by the Wikimedia Language team, which developed it. However, in case there are any problems or other feedback please let us know on the [[:mw:Talk:Universal_Language_Selector/Compact_Language_Links|project talk page]]. It is to be noted that on some wikis the presence of an existing older gadget that was used for a similar purpose may cause an interference for compact language list. We would like to bring this to the attention of the admins of this wiki. Full details are on [[phab:T131455|this phabricator ticket]] (in English). Due to the large scale enablement of this feature, we have had to use [[:m:Global_message_delivery|MassMessage]] for this announcement and as a result it is only written in English. We will really appreciate if this message can be translated for other users of this wiki. Thank you. On behalf of the Wikimedia Language team: [[:mw:User:Runab_WMF|Runa Bhattacharjee (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Runab_WMF|talk]])-04:21, 2016 j. iyunnin' 28 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/ULS_Compact_Links/28_June&oldid=15728024 тізімін пайдаланып User:Runab WMF@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Wikipedia to the Moon: invitation to edit == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Three weeks ago, you were invited to vote on how to take Wikipedia articles to the Moon. Community voting is over and the winning idea is to send all ‘’featured articles and lists’’ to the Moon. This decision means that, starting today, Wikipedians from all language communities are warmly invited to intensively work on their best articles and lists, and submit them to Wikipedia to the Moon. The central site to coordinate between communities will be Meta-Wiki. You will find an [[m:Wikipedia to the Moon/Working|overview and more information there]]. Hopefully, we will be able to represent as many languages as possible, to show Wikipedia’s diversity. Please feel kindly invited to edit on behalf of your community and tell us about your work on featured content! Best, [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia to the Moon/About|Moon team at Wikimedia Deutschland]] 14:10, 2016 j. iyuldin' 1 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=15542536 тізімін пайдаланып User:Lydia Pintscher (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Editing News #2—2016 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2016/June|Read this in another language]] • [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="float:right;width:230px;{{#switch:ltr|rtl=float:left;margin-left:0;|#default=float:right;margin-right:0;}}margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center|alt=VisualEditor]]'''Did you know?''' <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> It's quick and easy to insert a references list. [[File:VisualEditor References List Insert Menu-en.png|alt=Screenshot showing a dropdown menu with many items|center|frameless|150px]] Place the cursor where you want to display the references list (usually at the bottom of the page). Open the "{{int:visualeditor-toolbar-insert}}" menu and click the "{{int:cite-ve-dialogbutton-referenceslist-tooltip}}" icon (three books). If you are using several groups of references, which is relatively rare, you will have the opportunity to specify the group. If you do that, then only the references that belong to the specified group will be displayed in this list of references. Finally, click "{{int:visualeditor-dialog-action-insert}}" in the dialog to insert the {{int:cite-ve-dialogbutton-referenceslist-tooltip}}. This list will change as you add more footnotes to the page. You can read and help translate [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor.</div></div> Since the last newsletter, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|VisualEditor Team]] has fixed many bugs. Their workboard is available [[phab:project/board/483/|in Phabricator]]. Their [[:mw:VisualEditor/Current_priorities|current priorities]] are improving support for Arabic and Indic scripts, and adapting the visual editor to the needs of the Wikivoyages and Wikisources. === Recent changes === The visual editor is now available to all users at most [[Wikivoyage:|Wikivoyages]]. It was also enabled for all contributors at the French Wikinews. The '''[[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Single edit tab|single edit tab]]''' feature combines the "{{int:vector-view-edit}}" and "{{int:visualeditor-ca-editsource}}" tabs into a single "{{int:vector-view-edit}}" tab. It has been deployed to several Wikipedias, including Hungarian, Polish, English and Japanese Wikipedias, as well as to all Wikivoyages. At these wikis, you can change your settings for this feature in the "{{int:prefs-editing}}" tab of [[Special:Preferences]]. The team is now reviewing the feedback and considering ways to improve the design before rolling it out to more people. === Future changes === The "{{int:Savearticle}}" button will say "{{int:Publishpage}}". This will affect both the visual and wikitext editing systems. More [[M:Editing/Publish|information is available on Meta]]. The visual editor will be offered to all editors at the remaining [[:mw:VisualEditor/Rollouts|"Phase 6" Wikipedias]] during the next few months. The developers want to know whether typing in your language feels natural in the visual editor. Please post your comments and the language(s) that you tested at [[:mw:Topic:St8y4ni42d0vr9cv|the feedback thread on mediawiki.org]]. This will affect several languages, including: [[:w:ar: |'''Arabic''']], [[:w:hi: |'''Hindi''']], [[:w:th: |'''Thai''']], [[:w:ta: |'''Tamil''']], [[:w:mr: |'''Marathi''']], [[:w:ml: |'''Malayalam''']], [[:w:ur: |'''Urdu''']], [[:w:fa: |'''Persian''']], [[:w:bn: |'''Bengali''']], [[:w:as: |'''Assamese''']], [[:w:arc: |'''Aramaic''']] and others. The team is working with the volunteer developers who power Wikisource to provide the visual editor there, for opt-in testing right now and eventually for all users. ([[phab:T138966|T138966]]) The team is working on a modern wikitext editor. It will look like the visual editor, and be able to use the citoid service and other modern tools. This new editing system may become available as a Beta Feature on desktop devices around September 2016. You can read about this project in a [[mediawikiwiki:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Roadmap/Update_2016-06-23|general status update on the Wikimedia mailing list]]. === Let's work together === * Do you teach new editors how to use the visual editor? Did you help [[:mw:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|set up the Citoid automatic reference feature for your wiki]]? Have you written or imported [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData|TemplateData]] for your most important citation templates? <mark>Would you be willing to help new editors and small communities with the visual editor? Please sign up for the new [[:mw:Help:VisualEditor/Community Taskforce|'''VisualEditor Community Taskforce''']].</mark> * Learn how to improve the "automagical" [[:mw:citoid|citoid]] referencing system in the visual editor, by creating [[w:en:Zotero|Zotero]] translators for popular sources in your language! Watch the [[Mw:Citoid/Zotero's Tech Talk|Tech Talk by Sebastian Karcher]] for more information. If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is ready. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} </div> [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)]], 17:20, 2016 j. iyuldin' 3 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=15741003 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Open call for Project Grants == [[File:IEG barnstar 2.png|right|100px]] {{int:Please-translate}}: :Greetings! The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Project|Project Grants program]] is accepting proposals''' from July 1st to August 2nd to fund new tools, research, offline outreach (including editathon series, workshops, etc), online organizing (including contests), and other experiments that enhance the work of Wikimedia volunteers. :Whether you need a small or large amount of funds, Project Grants can support you and your team’s project development time in addition to project expenses such as materials, travel, and rental space. :*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Project/Apply|'''Submit''' a grant request]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IdeaLab|'''draft''' your proposal]] in IdeaLab :*[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IdeaLab/Events#Upcoming_events|'''Get help with your proposal''']] in an upcoming Hangout session :*'''Learn from examples''' of completed [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:IEG#ieg-engaging|Individual Engagement Grants]] or [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:PEG/Requests#Grants_funded_by_the_WMF_in_FY_2015.E2.80.9316|Project and Event Grants]] :Also accepting candidates to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:Project/Quarterly/Committee|join the Project Grants Committee through July 15.]] :With thanks, [[m:User:I JethroBT (WMF)|I JethroBT (WMF)]] 15:25, 2016 j. iyuldin' 5 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:I_JethroBT_(WMF)/IEG_2015_Targets&oldid=15504704 тізімін пайдаланып User:I JethroBT (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Save/Publish == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> The [[:mw:Editing|Editing]] team is planning to change the name of the [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Savearticle “<bdi>{{int:Savearticle}}</bdi>”] button to [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Publishpage “'''<bdi>{{int:Publishpage}}</bdi>'''”] and [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Publishchanges “'''<bdi>{{int:Publishchanges}}</bdi>'''”]. “<bdi>{{int:Publishpage}}</bdi>” will be used when you create a new page. “<bdi>{{int:Publishchanges}}</bdi>” will be used when you change an existing page. The names will be consistent in all editing environments.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T131132][https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139033] This change will probably happen during the week of 30 August 2016. The change will be announced in [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/News|Tech News]] when it happens. If you are fluent in a language other than English, please check the status of translations at translatewiki.net for [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Publishpage “'''<bdi>{{int:Publishpage}}</bdi>'''”] and [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Publishchanges “'''<bdi>{{int:Publishchanges}}</bdi>'''”]. The main reason for this change is to avoid confusion for new editors. Repeated user research studies with new editors have shown that some new editors believed that [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translations&namespace=8&message=Savearticle “<bdi>{{int:Savearticle}}</bdi>”] would save a private copy of a new page in their accounts, rather than permanently publishing their changes on the web. It is important for this part of the user interface to be clear, since it is difficult to remove public information after it is published. We believe that the confusion caused by the “<bdi>{{int:Savearticle}}</bdi>” button increases the workload for experienced editors, who have to clean up the information that people unintentionally disclose, and report it to the functionaries and stewards to suppress it. Clarifying what the button does will reduce this problem. Beyond that, the goal is to make all the wikis and languages more consistent, and some wikis made this change many years ago. The [[:m:Legal|Legal team]] at the Wikimedia Foundation supports this change. Making the edit interface easier to understand will make it easier to handle licensing and privacy questions that may arise. Any help pages or other basic documentation about how to edit pages will also need to be updated, on-wiki and elsewhere. On wiki pages, you can use the wikitext codes <code><nowiki>{{int:Publishpage}}</nowiki></code> and <code><nowiki>{{int:Publishchanges}}</nowiki></code> to display the new labels in the user's preferred language. For the language settings in [[Special:Preferences|your account preferences]], these wikitext codes produce “<bdi>{{int:Publishpage}}</bdi>” and “<bdi>{{int:Publishchanges}}</bdi>”. Please share this news with community members who teach new editors and with others who may be interested. </div> [[m:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 18:03, 2016 j. avgusttın' 9 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=15790914 тізімін пайдаланып User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == WikiTurkic == I invite you to discuss [[m:User talk:Рөстәм Нурыев/WikiTurkic]] --[[Paydalanıwshı:Рөстәм Нурыев|Рөстәм Нурыев]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Рөстәм Нурыев|талқылауы]]) 17:12, 2016 j. avgusttın' 10 (UTC) == New Wikipedia Library accounts available now (August 2016) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|publisher donation program]]. You can now sign up for new accounts and research materials from: * '''[[w:de:Wikipedia:Nomos|Nomos]]''' &ndash; Primarily German-language publisher of law and social sciences books and journals - 25 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:World Scientific|World Scientific]]''' &ndash; Scientific, technical, and medical journals - 50 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Edinburgh University Press|Edinburgh University Press]]''' &ndash; Humanities and social sciences journals - 25 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:American Psychological Association|American Psychological Association]]''' &ndash; Psychology books and journals - 10 accounts * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Emerald|Emerald]]''' &ndash; Journals on a range of topics including business, education, health care, and engineering - 10 accounts Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Databases|our partners page]], including [[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]], [[w:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]], [[w:de:WP:DeGruyter|DeGruyter]], [[w:en:WP:Gale|Gale]] and [[w:en:WP:Newspaperarchive.com|Newspaperarchive.com]]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 18:38, 2016 j. avgusttın' 30 (UTC) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language! Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=15804509 тізімін пайдаланып User:Samwalton9@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == RevisionSlider == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> From September 13th on, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] in your wiki. The RevisionSlider adds a slider view to the diff page, so that you can easily move between revisions. The feature fulfills a wish from the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|German Community’s Technical Wishlist]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature and we hope that it will serve you well in your work! </div> [[user:Birgit Müller (WMDE)|Birgit Müller (WMDE)]] 15:08, 2016 j. sentyabrdin' 12 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_2&oldid=15903627 тізімін пайдаланып User:Birgit Müller (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Grants to improve your project == ''{{int:Please-translate}}:'' Greetings! The [[:m:Grants:Project|Project Grants program]] is currently accepting proposals for funding. There is just over a week left to submit before the October 11 deadline. If you have ideas for software, offline outreach, research, online community organizing, or other projects that enhance the work of Wikimedia volunteers, start your proposal today! Please encourage others who have great ideas to apply as well. Support is available if you want help turning your idea into a grant request. *'''[[:m:Grants:Project/Apply|Submit a grant request]]''' *'''Get help''': In [[:m:Grants:IdeaLab|IdeaLab]] or an upcoming [[:m:Grants:Project#Upcoming_events|Hangout session]] *'''Learn from examples''' of completed [[:m:Grants:IEG#ieg-engaging|Individual Engagement Grants]] or [[:m:Grants:PEG/Requests#Grants_funded_by_the_WMF_in_FY_2015.E2.80.9316|Project and Event Grants]] [[m:User:I JethroBT (WMF)|I JethroBT (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:I JethroBT (WMF)|talk]]) 20:11, 2016 j. sentyabrdin' 30 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:I_JethroBT_(WMF)/IEG_2015_Targets&oldid=15939807 тізімін пайдаланып User:I JethroBT (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Creative Commons 4.0 == Hello! I'm writing from the Wikimedia Foundation to invite you to give your feedback on a proposed move from CC BY-SA 3.0 to a CC BY-SA 4.0 license across all Wikimedia projects. The consultation will run from October 5 to November 8, and we hope to receive a wide range of viewpoints and opinions. Please, if you are interested, [[meta:Special:MyLanguage/Terms of use/Creative Commons 4.0|take part in the discussion on Meta-Wiki]]. ''Apologies that this message is only in English. [[meta:Special:MyLanguage/Terms of use/Creative Commons 4.0/MassMessage|This message can be read and translated in more languages here]].'' [[User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland]] ([[User talk:JSutherland (WMF)|talk]]) 01:34, 2016 j. oktyabrdin' 6 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:JSutherland_(WMF)/MassMessage/1&oldid=15962252 тізімін пайдаланып User:JSutherland (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Editing News #3—2016 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2016/October|Read this in another language]] • [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="float:right;width:230px;{{#switch:ltr|rtl=float:left;margin-left:0;|#default=float:right;margin-right:0;}}margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center|alt=VisualEditor]]'''Did you know?''' <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> Did you know that you can easily re-arrange columns and rows in the visual editor? [[File:VisualEditor table editing menu.png|alt=Screenshot showing a dropdown menu with options for editing the table structure|center|frameless|232x232px]] Select a cell in the column or row that you want to move. Click the arrow at the start of that row or column to open the dropdown menu (shown). Choose either "Move before" or "Move after" to move the column, or "Move above" or "Move below" to move the row. You can read and help translate [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor. </div></div> Since the last newsletter, the [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor|VisualEditor Team]] has mainly worked on a new wikitext editor. They have also released some small features and the new map editing tool. Their workboard is available [[phab:project/board/483/|in Phabricator]]. You can find links to the list of work finished each week at [[:mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings]]. Their [[:mw:VisualEditor/Current_priorities|current priorities]] are fixing bugs, releasing the 2017 wikitext editor as a [[mediawikiwiki:Beta_Features|beta feature]], and improving language support. === Recent changes === *You can now set text as small or big.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T53613] *Invisible templates have been shown as a puzzle icon. Now, the name of the invisible template is displayed next to the puzzle icon.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T141861] A similar feature will display the first part of hidden HTML comments.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T147089] *Categories are displayed at the bottom of each page. If you click on the categories, the dialog for editing categories will open.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T145267] *At many wikis, you can now add [[mediawikiwiki:Maps|maps]] to pages. Go to the Insert menu and choose the "Maps" item. The Discovery department is adding more features to this area, like geoshapes. You can read more at mediawiki.org.[https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Discovery#Maps] *The "Save" button now says "Save page" when you create a page, and "Save changes" when you change an existing page.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T139033] In the future, the "{{int:Savearticle}}" button will say "{{int:Publishpage}}". This will affect both the visual and wikitext editing systems. More [[:m:Editing/Publish|information is available on Meta]]. *Image galleries now use a visual mode for editing. You can see thumbnails of the images, add new files, remove unwanted images, rearrange the images by dragging and dropping, and add captions for each image. Use the "Options" tab to set the gallery's display mode, image sizes, and add a title for the gallery.[https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T45037] === Future changes === The visual editor will be offered to all editors at the remaining 10 [[:mw:VisualEditor/Rollouts|"Phase 6" Wikipedias]] during the next month. The developers want to know whether typing in your language feels natural in the visual editor. Please post your comments and the language(s) that you tested at [[:mw:Topic:St8y4ni42d0vr9cv|the feedback thread on mediawiki.org]]. This will affect several languages, including [[:w:th:|'''Thai''']], [[:w:my:|'''Burmese''']] and [[:w:arc:|'''Aramaic''']]. The team is working on a modern wikitext editor. The [[Mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] will look like the visual editor and be able to use the citoid service and other modern tools. This new editing system may become available as a Beta Feature on desktop devices in October 2016. You can read about this project in a [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Roadmap/Update_2016-06-23|general status update on the Wikimedia mailing list]]. === Let's work together === * Do you teach new editors how to use the visual editor? Did you help [[:mw:Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|set up the Citoid automatic reference feature for your wiki]]? Have you written or imported [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData|TemplateData]] for your most important citation templates? <mark>Would you be willing to help new editors and small communities with the visual editor? Please sign up for the new [[:mw:Help:VisualEditor/Community Taskforce|'''VisualEditor Community Taskforce''']].</mark> *If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is ready. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} —[[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] </div> 17:49, 2016 j. oktyabrdin' 15 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=15960088 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (November 2016) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[:m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials from: *'''''[[:en:WP:Foreign Affairs|Foreign Affairs]]''''' - Journal of international relations and U.S. foreign policy *'''[[:en:WP:OpenEdition|OpenEdition]]''' - Journals in the social sciences and humanities *'''[[:en:WP:EDP Sciences|Édition Diffusion Presse Sciences]]''' - French and English language scientific journals *'''[[:en:WP:ASHA|ASHA]]''' - Speech–language–hearing journals *'''[[:fi:Wikipedia:Wikipedian_Lähdekirjasto/Tilastopaja|Tilastopaja]]''' - Athletics statistics '''Expansions''' *'''[[:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]]''' - Many new databases added *'''[[:en:WP:Taylor & Francis|Taylor & Francis]]''' - Strategic, Defence & Security Studies collection Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Databases|our partners page]]. Sign up today! <br>--[[:m:The Wikipedia Library/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 18:30, 2016 j. noyabrdin' 1 (UTC) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[:m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=15939318 тізімін пайдаланып User:Samwalton9@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Password reset == ''I apologise that this message is in English. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Security%2FPassword+reset&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:Centralnotice-shared-help-translate}}]'' We are having a problem with attackers taking over wiki accounts with privileged user rights (for example, admins, bureaucrats, oversighters, checkusers). It appears that this may be because of weak or reused passwords. Community members are working along with members of multiple teams at the Wikimedia Foundation to address this issue. In the meantime, we ask that everyone takes a look at the passwords they have chosen for their wiki accounts. If you know that you've chosen a weak password, or if you've chosen a password that you are using somewhere else, please change those passwords. Select strong passwords – eight or more characters long, and containing letters, numbers, and punctuation. [[m:User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland]] ([[m:User talk:JSutherland (WMF)|{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}]]) / [[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 00:00, 2016 j. noyabrdin' 14 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:JSutherland_(WMF)/MassMessage/1&oldid=16060701 тізімін пайдаланып User:JSutherland (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Adding to the above section (Password reset) == Please accept my apologies - that first line should read "[https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Security%2FPassword+reset&language=&action=page&filter= Help with translations!]". [[m:User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:JSutherland (WMF)|talk]]) / [[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 00:11, 2016 j. noyabrdin' 14 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:JSutherland_(WMF)/MassMessage/1&oldid=16060701 тізімін пайдаланып User:JSutherland (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New way to edit wikitext == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Summary''': There's a new opt-in Beta Feature of a [[:mw:2017 wikitext editor|wikitext mode for the visual editor]]. Please [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|go try it out]]. We in the Wikimedia Foundation's Editing department are responsible for making editing better for all our editors, new and experienced alike. We've been slowly improving [[:mw:VisualEditor|the visual editor]] based on feedback, user tests, and feature requests. However, that doesn't work for all our user needs: whether you need to edit a wikitext talk page, create a template, or fix some broken reference syntax, sometimes you need to use wikitext, and many experienced editors prefer it. Consequently, we've planned a "wikitext mode" for the visual editor for a long time. It provides as much of the visual editor's features as possible, for those times that you need or want wikitext. It has the same user interface as the visual editor, including the same toolbar across the top with the same buttons. It provides access to the [[:mw:citoid|citoid service]] for formatting citations, integrated search options for inserting images, and the ability to add new templates in a simple dialog. Like in the visual editor, if you paste in formatted text copied from another page, then formatting (such as bolding) will automatically be converted into wikitext. All wikis now have access to this mode as a [[:mw:Beta Features|Beta Feature]]. When enabled, it replaces your existing [[:mw:Editor|wikitext editor]] everywhere. If you don't like it, you can reverse this at any time by turning off the Beta Feature in your preferences. We don't want to surprise anyone, so it's strictly an ''opt-in-only'' Beta Feature. It won't switch on automatically for anyone, even if you have previously checked the box to "{{Int:Betafeatures-auto-enroll}}". The new wikitext edit mode is based on the visual editor, so it requires JavaScript (as does the [[:mw:Extension:WikiEditor|current wikitext editor]]). It doesn't work with gadgets that have only been designed for the older one (and ''vice versa''), so some users will miss gadgets they find important. We're happy to [[:mw:VisualEditor/Gadgets|work with gadget authors to help them update their code to work]] with both editors. We're not planning to get rid of the current main wikitext editor on desktop in the foreseeable future. We're also not going to remove the existing ability to edit plain wikitext without JavaScript. Finally, though it should go without saying, if you prefer to continue using the current wikitext editor, then you may so do. This is an early version, and we'd love to know what you think so we can make it better. Please leave feedback about the new mode [[:mw:2017 wikitext editor/Feedback|on the feedback page]]. You may write comments in any language. Thank you. </div> [[:mw:User:Jdforrester (WMF)|James Forrester]] (Product Manager, Editing department, Wikimedia Foundation) --19:32, 2016 j. dekabrdin' 14 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=15942009 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Review of initial updates on Wikimedia movement strategy process == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English. [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Initial announcements review|Message is available for translation on Meta-Wiki]].'' The Wikimedia movement is beginning a movement-wide strategy discussion, a process which will run throughout 2017. For 15 years, Wikimedians have worked together to build the largest free knowledge resource in human history. During this time, we've grown from a small group of editors to a diverse network of editors, developers, affiliates, readers, donors, and partners. Today, we are more than a group of websites. We are a movement rooted in values and a powerful vision: all knowledge for all people. As a movement, we have an opportunity to decide where we go from here. This movement strategy discussion will focus on the future of our movement: where we want to go together, and what we want to achieve. We hope to design an inclusive process that makes space for everyone: editors, community leaders, affiliates, developers, readers, donors, technology platforms, institutional partners, and people we have yet to reach. There will be multiple ways to participate including on-wiki, in private spaces, and in-person meetings. You are warmly invited to join and make your voice heard. The immediate goal is to have a strategic direction by Wikimania 2017 to help frame a discussion on how we work together toward that strategic direction. Regular updates are being sent to the [[mail:Wikimedia-l|Wikimedia-l mailing list]], and posted [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Updates|on Meta-Wiki]]. Beginning with this message, monthly reviews of these updates will be sent to this page as well. [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Signup|Sign up]] to receive future announcements and monthly highlights of strategy updates on your user talk page. Here is a review of the updates that have been sent so far: * [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/15 December 2016 - Update 1 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 1 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (15 December 2016) ** Introduction to process and information about budget spending resolution to support it * [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/23 December 2016 - Update 2 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 2 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (23 December 2016) ** Start of search for Lead Architect for movement strategy process * [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/8 January 2017 - Update 3 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 3 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (8 January 2017) ** Plans for strategy sessions at upcoming Wikimedia Conference 2017 * [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/11 January 2017 - Update 4 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 4 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (11 January 2017) ** Introduction of williamsworks * [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/2 February 2017 - Update 5 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 5 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (2 February 2017) ** The core movement strategy team, team tracks being developed, introduction of the Community Process Steering Committee, discussions at WikiIndaba conference 2017 and the Wikimedia movement affiliates executive directors gathering in Switzerland * [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/10 February 2017 - Update 6 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 6 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (10 February 2017) ** Tracks A & B process prototypes and providing feedback, updates on development of all four Tracks More information about the movement strategy is available on the [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017|Meta-Wiki 2017 Wikimedia movement strategy portal]]. ''Posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], 20:32, 2017 j. fevraldın' 15 (UTC) • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Initial announcements review|{{int:please-translate}}]] • [[m:Talk:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates|Get help]]'' </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=16297862 тізімін пайдаланып User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Overview #2 of updates on Wikimedia movement strategy process == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Note: Apologies for cross-posting and sending in English. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Overview 2 of updates on Wikimedia movement strategy process|This message is available for translation on Meta-Wiki]].'' As we mentioned last month, the Wikimedia movement is beginning a movement-wide strategy discussion, a process which will run throughout 2017. This movement strategy discussion will focus on the future of our movement: where we want to go together, and what we want to achieve. Regular updates are being sent to the [[mail:Wikimedia-l|Wikimedia-l mailing list]], and posted [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia_movement/2017/Updates|on Meta-Wiki]]. Each month, we are sending overviews of these updates to this page as well. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Signup|Sign up]] to receive future announcements and monthly highlights of strategy updates on your user talk page. Here is a overview of the updates that have been sent since our message last month: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/16 February 2017 - Update 7 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 7 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (16 February 2017) ** Development of documentation for Tracks A & B * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/24 February 2017 - Update 8 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 8 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (24 February 2017) ** Introduction of Track Leads for all four audience tracks * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/2 March 2017 - Update 9 on Wikimedia movement strategy process|Update 9 on Wikimedia movement strategy process]] (2 March 2017) ** Seeking feedback on documents being used to help facilitate upcoming community discussions More information about the movement strategy is available on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017|Meta-Wiki 2017 Wikimedia movement strategy portal]]. ''Posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]], 19:43, 2017 j. marttın' 9 (UTC) • [[m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates/Overview 2 of updates on Wikimedia movement strategy process|{{int:please-translate}}]] • [[m:Talk:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Updates|Get help]]'' </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=16350625 тізімін пайдаланып User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Примите участие в построении стратегии движения Викимедиа == <div style="float:right; margin-bottom:1rem; margin-left:1rem; width:400px;"> <div class="nomobile" style="background:#14866d; border-radius:0.25rem; overflow:hidden; padding:1rem; position:relative;"> <div style="bottom:0; left:0; overflow:hidden; position:absolute; top:0; right:0; z-index:0;"> <div style="margin-top:-36px; padding:0 1rem; position:absolute; right:0; top:50%;">[[File:Wikimedia Community Logo optimized (white).svg|72px|link=]]</div> </div> <div style="color:#fff; font-family:'Linux Libertine','Georgia','Times',serif; font-size:1.25rem; font-style:italic; font-weight:bold; line-height:1.25em; position:relative; z-index:3;">К чему нам стоит<br>стремиться<br>в ближайшие 15 лет?</div> </div> '''Вопрос выше можно понять по-разному:''' <div style="font-size:85%;"> * Что должно направлять нашу совместную работу в ближайшие 15 лет? * Как мы хотим повлиять на мир в ближайшие 15 лет? * Какова самая важная цель в ближайшие 15 лет? * Что может направлять и вдохновлять наше движение в ближайшие 15 лет? * Как мы могли бы ускорить наше развитие в ближайшие 15 лет? * Чем мы будем известны в ближайшие 15 лет? </div> {{int:please-translate}} </div> За последние 16 лет участники проектов Викимедиа создали крупнейшую свободную базу знаний в истории человечества. За это время мы превратились из небольшой группы редакторов в огромное разнообразное сообщество, к которому принадлежат как редакторы, так и разработчики, организаторы, читатели, жертвователи и партнёры. «Фонд Викимедиа» организует опрос среди участников с целью понять, ''к чему нам как движению стоит стремиться в ближайшие 15 лет''. Чего мы достигнем через 15 лет? Какую роль мы хотели бы играть в мире в 2030 году? Кто присоединится к нашему движению? Какие нам предстоят свершения? Ваше мнение по этому поводу важно и '''[[:ru:Википедия:Стратегия движения Викимедиа|им можно поделиться уже сегодня]]''' (в русскоязычной Википедии). Вы также можете высказать своё мнение здесь на любом удобном вам языке (но учтите, что мне наиболее понятны русский и английский) или [[:m:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Organize/ru|организовать собственное обсуждение]] на добровольных началах. Обсуждение проходит в следующие 4 недели. Если у вас будут какие-то вопросы по поводу процесса, их можно оставить [[:ru:Обсуждение Википедии:Стратегия движения Викимедиа|на странице обсуждения главного опроса]] — я обязательно постараюсь ответить на них. Если вы не хотите получать подобные уведомления на русском языке, напишите. [[user:stjn (WMF)|stjn (WMF)]] [Saint Johann] 17:14, 2017 j. marttın' 17 (UTC) == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections|Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections]] == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''Please accept our apologies for cross-posting this message. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections|This message is available for translation on Meta-Wiki]].'' [[File:Wikimedia-logo black.svg|right|150px|link=m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017]] On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee, I am pleased to announce that self-nominations are being accepted for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2017/Board_of_Trustees/Call_for_candidates|2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees Elections]]. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Board of Trustees]] (Board) is the decision-making body that is ultimately responsible for the long-term sustainability of the Wikimedia Foundation, so we value wide input into its selection. More information about this role can be found [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees|on Meta-Wiki]]. Please read the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees/Call for candidates|letter from the Board of Trustees calling for candidates]]. '''The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees/Candidates|candidacy submission phase]] will last from April 7 (00:00 UTC) to April 20 (23:59 UTC).''' '''We will also be accepting questions to ask the candidates from April 7 to April 20. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees/Questions|You can submit your questions on Meta-Wiki]].''' Once the questions submission period has ended on April 20, the Elections Committee will then collate the questions for the candidates to respond to beginning on April 21. The goal of this process is to fill the '''three community-selected seats''' on the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. The election results will be used by the Board itself to select its new members. The full schedule for the Board elections is as follows. All dates are '''inclusive''', that is, from the beginning of the first day (UTC) to the end of the last. * April 7 (00:00 UTC) – April 20 (23:59 UTC) – '''Board nominations''' * April 7 – April 20 – '''Board candidates questions submission period''' * April 21 – April 30 – '''Board candidates answer questions''' * May 1 – May 14 – '''Board voting period''' * May 15–19 – '''Board vote checking''' * May 20 – '''Board result announcement goal''' In addition to the Board elections, we will also soon be holding elections for the following roles: * '''Funds Dissemination Committee (FDC)''' ** There are five positions being filled. More information about this election will be available [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee|on Meta-Wiki]]. * '''Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson (Ombuds)''' ** One position is being filled. More information about this election will be available [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson|on Meta-Wiki]]. Please note that this year the Board of Trustees elections will be held before the FDC and Ombuds elections. Candidates who are not elected to the Board are explicitly permitted and encouraged to submit themselves as candidates to the FDC or Ombuds positions after the results of the Board elections are announced. More information on this year's elections can be found [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|on Meta-Wiki]]. Any questions related to the election can be posted on the [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|election talk page on Meta-Wiki]], or sent to the election committee's mailing list, <kbd dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5">board-elections[[File:At sign.svg|15x15px|middle|link=|alt=(at)]]wikimedia.org</kbd>. On behalf of the Election Committee,<br /> [[m:User:KTC|Katie Chan]], Chair, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]]<br /> [[m:User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland]], Community Advocate, Wikimedia Foundation ''Posted by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] on behalf of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]], 03:36, 2017 j. apreldin' 7 (UTC) • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections|{{int:please-translate}}]] • [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|Get help]]''</div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=16441214 тізімін пайдаланып User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Read-only mode for 20 to 30 minutes on 19 April and 3 May == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2017|Read this message in another language]] • {{int:please-translate}} The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will be testing its secondary data center in Dallas. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to conduct a planned test. This test will show whether they can reliably switch from one data center to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic to the secondary data center on '''Wednesday, 19 April 2017'''. On '''Wednesday, 3 May 2017''', they will switch back to the primary data center. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop during those two switches. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for approximately 20 to 30 minutes on Wednesday, 19 April and Wednesday, 3 May. The test will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20170419T14 14:00 UTC] (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Thursday 20 April and Thursday 4 May). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the weeks of 17 April 2017 and 1 May 2017. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Schedule for 2017 switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. '''Please share this information with your community.''' /<span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]])</span> </div></div>[[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 17:34, 2017 j. apreldin' 11 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=16545942 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Wikidata description editing in the Wikipedia Android app == <div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[:mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Short_descriptions|Wikidata description editing]] is a new experiment being rolled out on the Wikipedia app for Android. While this primarily impacts Wikidata, the changes are also addressing a concern about the mobile versions of Wikipedia, so that mobile users will be able to edit directly the descriptions shown under the title of the page and in the search results. We began by rolling out this feature several weeks ago to a pilot group of Wikipedias (Russian, Hebrew, and Catalan), and have seen very positive [[:mw:Wikimedia_Apps/Short_descriptions/Research|results]] including numerous quality contributions in the form of new and updated descriptions, and a low rate of vandalism. We are now ready for the next phase of rolling out this feature, which is to enable it in a few days for all Wikipedias except the top ten by usage within the app (i.e. except English, German, Italian, French, Spanish, Japanese, Dutch, Portuguese, Turkish, and Chinese). We will enable the feature for those languages instead at some point in the future, as we closely monitor user engagement with our expanded set of pilot communities. As always, if have any concerns, please reach out to us on wiki at [[:mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Apps/Short_descriptions|the talk page for this project]] or by email at reading@wikimedia.org. Thanks! -[[:mw:User:DBrant (WMF)|DBrant (WMF)]] 08:41, 2017 j. apreldin' 14 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/Wikidata_editing&oldid=16580284 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New Page previews feature == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> New Page previews feature [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/User:CKoerner (WMF)/Enable Hovercards/Phase 1|Read this message in another language]] • {{int:please-translate}} Hello, The Reading web team at the Wikimedia Foundation has been working to enable [[mw:Beta Features/Hovercards|Page previews]], [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|a beta feature]] known previously as Hovercards, as opt-in behavior for logged-in users and the default behavior for logged-out users across Wikipedia projects. Page previews provide a preview of any linked article, giving readers a quick understanding of a related article without leaving the current page. For this project, we are expecting to collect feedback over the following few weeks and tentatively enable the feature in early May, 2017. A quick note on the implementation: * For logged-in users who are not currently testing out the beta feature, Page previews will be off by default. Users may turn them on from [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|their user preferences]] page. * For logged-out users, the feature will be on by default. Users may disable it at any time by selecting the setting cog available in each preview. * For users of the Navigation popups gadget, you will not be able to turn on the Page previews feature while using navigational popups. If you would like to try out the Page preview feature, make sure to first turn Navigation popups off prior to turning Page previews on. You can read more about [[mw:Beta_Features/Hovercards|the feature]] and [[mw:Beta Features/Hovercards#Success Metrics and Feature Evaluation|the tests we used to evaluate performance]], try it out by enabling it from the beta features page, and leave feedback or questions [[mw:Talk:Beta_Features/Hovercards|on the talk page]]. Thank you, [[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 16:52, 2017 j. apreldin' 19 (UTC) </div></div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Enable_Hovercards/Phase_1/Distribution_list&oldid=16616381 тізімін пайдаланып User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (May 2017) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials from: * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:American Psychiatric Association|American Psychiatric Association]]''' – Psychiatry books and journals * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Bloomsbury|Bloomsbury]]''' – ''Who's Who'', Drama Online, Berg Fashion Library, and ''Whitaker's'' * '''[[w:fi:Wikipedia:Wikipedian Lähdekirjasto/Gaudeamus|Gaudeamus]]''' – Finnish humanities and social sciences * '''[[w:fi:Wikipedia:Wikipedian Lähdekirjasto/Ympäristö-lehti|Ympäristö-lehti]]''' – The Finnish Environment Institute's ''Ympäristö-lehti'' magazine '''Expansions''' * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Gale|Gale]]''' – Biography In Context database added * '''[[w:en:Wikipedia:Adam Matthew|Adam Matthew]]''' – all 53 databases now available Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [[m:The Wikipedia Library/Databases|our partners page]], including [[w:en:WP:Project MUSE|Project MUSE]], [[w:en:WP:EBSCO|EBSCO]], [[w:en:WP:Taylor & Francis|Taylor & Francis]] and [[w:en:WP:Newspaperarchive.com|Newspaperarchive.com]]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 18:52, 2017 j. maydın' 2 (UTC) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[m:User:AVasanth_(WMF)|Aaron]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=16557812 тізімін пайдаланып User:Samwalton9@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/341?setlang={{CONTENTLANG}} Voting has begun in 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees elections] == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[File:Wikimedia-logo black.svg|{{#switch:{{CONTENTLANG}}|ar=left|he=left|right}}|125px|link=m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Board voting has begun]]''This is a message from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Board voting has begun|Translations]] are available.'' [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/341?setlang={{CONTENTLANG}}&uselang={{CONTENTLANG}} Voting has begun] for [[m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017#Requirements|eligible voters]] in the 2017 elections for the ''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]]''. The [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees|Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees]] is the ultimate governing authority of the Wikimedia Foundation, a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization registered in the United States. The Wikimedia Foundation manages many diverse projects such as Wikipedia and Commons. The voting phase lasts from 00:00 UTC May 1 to 23:59 UTC May 14. '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:SecurePoll/vote/341?setlang={{CONTENTLANG}}&uselang={{CONTENTLANG}} Click here to vote].''' More information on the candidates and the elections can be found on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Board of Trustees|2017 Board of Trustees election page]] on Meta-Wiki. On behalf of the Elections Committee,<br/> [[m:User:KTC|Katie Chan]], Chair, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]]<br/> [[m:User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland]], Community Advocate, Wikimedia Foundation ''Posted by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Board voting has begun|Translate]] • [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|Get help]]</div> 19:15, 2017 j. maydın' 3 (UTC)'' <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=16683836 тізімін пайдаланып User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Beta Feature Two Column Edit Conflict View == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> From May 9, the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two_Column_Edit_Conflict_View|Two Column Edit Conflict View]] will be available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] on all wikis. The Two Column Edit Conflict View is a new interface for the edit conflict resolution page. It highlights differences between the editor's and the conflicting changes to make it easy to copy and paste pieces of the text and resolve the conflict. The feature fulfils a request for a more user-friendly edit conflict resolution from the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|German Community’s Technical Wishlist]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature and we hope that it will serve you well! </div> [[m:user:Birgit Müller (WMDE)|Birgit Müller (WMDE)]] 14:42, 2017 j. maydın' 8 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_2&oldid=16712264 тізімін пайдаланып User:Birgit Müller (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Обсудите основные темы будущей стратегии движения Викимедиа == В результате первого цикла обсуждения стратегии движения Викимедиа, проходившего по всему движению с 15 марта по 18 апреля 2017 года, на основании 1800 сообщений от участников было выделено пять основных тем, затронутых в большинстве сообщений: * ''[[:ru:Википедия:Стратегия движения Викимедиа#Здоровые и открытые сообщества|Здоровые и открытые сообщества]]'' : К 2030 году участие в проектах Викимедиа должно стать радостным, приносящим удовлетворение и открытым как для опытных участников, так и для новичков. * ''[[:ru:Википедия:Стратегия движения Викимедиа#Технологическая эпоха|Технологическая эпоха]]'' : К 2030 году движение Викимедиа будет работать с современными технологиями и решениями, чтобы сделать знания доступнее и проще к использованию. * ''[[:ru:Википедия:Стратегия движения Викимедиа#По-настоящему глобальное движение|По-настоящему глобальное движение]]'' : К 2030 году движение Викимедиа преодолеет барьеры на пути к знаниям и будет поддерживать сообщества в ранее лишённых внимания частях мира. * ''[[:ru:Википедия:Стратегия движения Викимедиа#Наиболее уважаемый источник знаний|Наиболее уважаемый источник знаний]]'' : К 2030 году проекты Викимедиа будут считаться наиболее надёжными, качественными, нейтральными и важными источниками свободных знаний в мире. * ''[[:ru:Википедия:Стратегия движения Викимедиа#Составная часть экосистемы знаний|Составная часть экосистемы знаний]]'' : К 2030 году движение Викимедиа значительно улучшит качество, многообразие и доступность свободных знаний по всему миру. К каждой теме задаётся по пять вопросов, чтобы понять их значение для участников русскоязычных проектов, потенциальные ограничения и найти необходимые компромиссы. Если вам это удобно, вы можете высказать своё мнение в русскоязычных опросах, проходящих в русской Википедии и на Мета-вики, или напрямую в своём проекте на любом удобном вам языке (но учтите, что мне полностью понятны только русский и английский). <span style="margin-right:0.5rem;">[[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg|48px|link=:ru:Википедия:Стратегия движения Викимедиа|alt=Логотип Википедии|Перейти к странице обсуждения стратегии в русской Википедии]]&nbsp;</span> <big>'''[[:ru:Википедия:Стратегия движения Викимедиа|Присоединиться к обсуждению]]''' в русской Википедии</big> <span style="margin-right:0.5rem;">[[File:Wikimedia Community Logo optimized.svg|48px|link=m:Talk:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Cycle 2/ru|alt=Логотип сообщества проектов Викимедиа|Перейти к странице обсуждения стратегии на Мета-вики]]&nbsp;</span> <big>'''[[:m:Talk:Strategy/Wikimedia movement/2017/Cycle 2/ru|Присоединиться к обсуждению]]''' на Мета-вики</big> Обсуждение будет проходить '''с 11 мая по 12 июня 2017 года'''. Если у вас будут какие-то вопросы по поводу процесса, их можно оставить [[user talk:stjn (WMF)|на моей странице обсуждения]] — я являюсь координатором русскоязычных сообществ (и добровольно помогаю в проектах на языках России и Центральной Азии) и обязательно постараюсь ответить на них. ''({{int:please-translate}}.)'' [[user:stjn (WMF)|stjn (WMF)]] [Saint Johann] 17:27, 2017 j. maydın' 12 (UTC) == Editing News #1—2017 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2017/May|Read this in another language]] • [[:m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="float:right;width:230px;{{#switch:ltr|rtl=float:left;margin-left:0;|#default=float:right;margin-right:0;}}margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center|alt=VisualEditor]]'''Did you know?''' <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> Did you know that you can review your changes visually? [[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - visual diff.png|alt=Screenshot showing some changes to an article. Most changes are highlighted with text formatting.|center|frameless|245x245px]]When you are finished editing the page, type your edit summary and then choose "{{Int:visualeditor-savedialog-label-review}}". In visual mode, you will see additions, removals, new links, and formatting highlighted. Other changes, such as changing the size of an image, are described in notes on the side. [[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - toggle button.png|alt=Toggle button showing visual and wikitext options; visual option is selected.|center|frameless|220x220px]] Click the toggle button to switch between visual and wikitext diffs. [[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - wikitext diff.png|alt=Screenshot showing the same changes, in the two-column wikitext diff display.|center|frameless|245x245px]] The wikitext diff is the same diff tool that is used in the wikitext editors and in the page history. You can read and help translate [[:mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor. </div></div> Since the last newsletter, the [[:mw:VisualEditor|VisualEditor Team]] has spent most of their time supporting [[:mediawikiwiki:2017_wikitext_editor|the 2017 wikitext editor mode]] which is available inside the visual editor as a Beta Feature, and adding [[:mediawikiwiki:VisualEditor/Diffs|the new visual diff tool]]. Their workboard is available [[:phab:project/board/483/|in Phabricator]]. You can find links to the work finished each week at [[:mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings|mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings]]. Their [[:mw:VisualEditor/Current_priorities|current priorities]] are fixing bugs, supporting the 2017 wikitext editor as a [[:mw:Beta Features|beta feature]], and improving the visual diff tool. === Recent changes === *A '''new wikitext editing mode''' is available as a Beta Feature on desktop devices. The [[:mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] has the same toolbar as the visual editor and can use the citoid service and other modern tools. Go to [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures]] to enable the {{Int:Visualeditor-preference-newwikitexteditor-label}}. * A new '''[[:mediawikiwiki:VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diff tool]]''' is available in VisualEditor's visual mode. You can toggle between wikitext and visual diffs. More features will be added to this later. In the future, this tool may be integrated into other MediaWiki components. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T143350] * The team have added [[:mediawikiwiki:Editing/Projects/Columns_for_references|multi-column support for lists of footnotes]]. The <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> block can automatically display long lists of references in columns on wide screens. This makes footnotes easier to read. You can [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Cite,VisualEditor,Wikimedia-Site-requests&title=Convert%20reference%20lists%20over%20to%20`responsive`%20on%20XXwiki&priority=10&parent=159895 '''request multi-column support'''] for your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33597] * You can now use your web browser's function to switch typing direction in the new wikitext mode. This is particularly helpful for RTL language users like Urdu or Hebrew who have to write JavaScript or CSS. You can use Command+Shift+X or Control+Shift+X to trigger this. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153356] * The way to switch between the visual editing mode and the wikitext editing mode is now consistent. There is a drop-down menu that shows the two options. This is now the same in desktop and mobile web editing, and inside things that embed editing, such as Flow. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T116417] * The {{Int:visualeditor-categories-tool}} item has been moved to the top of the {{Int:visualeditor-pagemenu-tooltip}} menu (from clicking on the "hamburger" icon) for quicker access. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T74399] There is also now a "Templates used on this page" feature there. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T149009] * You can now create <code><nowiki><chem></nowiki></code> tags (sometimes used as <code><nowiki><ce></nowiki></code>) for chemical formulas inside the visual editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T153365] * Tables can be set as collapsed or un-collapsed. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T157989] * The {{Int:visualeditor-specialcharacter-button-tooltip}} menu now includes characters for Canadian Aboriginal Syllabics and angle quotation marks (‹› and ⟨⟩) . The team thanks the volunteer developer, [[:S:en:User:Tpt|Tpt]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T108626] * A bug caused some section edit conflicts to blank the rest of the page. This has been fixed. The team are sorry for the disruption. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T154217] * There is a new keyboard shortcut for citations: <code>Control</code>+<code>Shift</code>+<code>K</code> on a PC, or <code>Command</code>+<code>Shift</code>+<code>K</code> on a Mac. It is based on the keyboard shortcut for making links, which is <code>Control</code>+<code>K</code> or <code>Command</code>+<code>K</code> respectively. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T99299] === Future changes === * The team is working on a syntax highlighting tool. It will highlight matching pairs of <code><nowiki><ref></nowiki></code> tags and other types of wikitext syntax. You will be able to turn it on and off. It will first become available in VisualEditor's built-in wikitext mode, maybe late in 2017. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101246] * The kind of button used to {{Int:Showpreview}}, {{Int:showdiff}}, and finish an edit will change in all WMF-supported wikitext editors. The new buttons will use [[Mw:OOjs UI|OOjs UI]]. The buttons will be larger, brighter, and easier to read. The labels will remain the same. You can test the new button by editing a page and adding <code>&ooui=1</code> to the end of the URL, like this: https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Project:Sandbox?action=edit&ooui=1 The old appearance will no longer be possible, even with local CSS changes. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T162849] * The [[:mediawikiwiki:File:Edit_toolbar_-_2.png|outdated 2006 wikitext editor]] will be removed later this year. It is used by approximately 0.03% of active editors. See [[:mw:Editor|a list of editing tools on mediawiki.org]] if you are uncertain which one you use. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T30856] *If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly, so that we can notify you when the next issue is ready. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} —[[:mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] </div> 18:06, 2017 j. maydın' 12 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=16160401 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Prototype for editing Wikidata infoboxes on Wikipedia == Hello, I’m sorry for writing in English. It’d be great if someone could translate this message if necessary. One of the most requested features for Wikidata is to enable editing of Wikidata’s data directly from Wikipedia, so the editors can continue their workflow without switching websites. The Wikidata development team has been working on a tool to achieve this goal: '''fill and edit the Wikipedia infoboxes with information from Wikidata, directly on Wikipedia''', via the Visual Editor. We already [[d:Wikidata:Client editing input|asked for feedback in 2015]], and collected some interesting ideas which we [[:File:Facilitating_the_use_of_Wikidata_in_Wikimedia_projects_with_a_user-centered_design_approach.pdf|shared with you in this thesis]]. Now we would like to present to you our first prototype and collect your feedback, in order to improve and continue the development of this feature. We present this work to you very early, so we can include your feedback before and all along the development. You are the core users of this feature, so we want to make sure that it fits your needs and editing processes. You will find the prototype, description of the features, and a demo video, '''[[d:Special:MyLanguage/Wikidata:Client editing prototype|on this page]]'''. Feel free to add any comment or feedback on the talk page. The page is currently not translated in every languages, but you can add your contribution by helping to translate it. Unfortunately, I won’t be able to follow all the discussions on Wikipedia, so if you want to be sure that your feedback is read, please add it on the Wikidata page, in your favorite language. Thanks for your understanding. Thanks, [[user:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/List_Wikipedias&oldid=16766491 тізімін пайдаланып User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == RevisionSlider == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:RevisionSlider|RevisionSlider]] will be available as a default feature for all users on all wikis from May 17. The RevisionSlider adds a slider view to the diff page so that you can easily move between revisions. The slider view is collapsed by default, and will load by clicking on it. It can also be turned off entirely in the user preferences. RevisionSlider has been a default feature on German, Arabic and Hebrew Wikipedia for 6 months and a beta feature on all wikis for 8 months. The feature fulfills a wish from the [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|German Community’s Technical Wishlist]]. Thanks to everyone who tested RevisionSlider and gave valuable feedback to improve the feature! We hope that RevisionSlider will continue to serve you well in your work. </div> [[m:user:Birgit Müller (WMDE)|Birgit Müller (WMDE)]] 14:44, 2017 j. maydın' 16 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_2&oldid=16715712 тізімін пайдаланып User:Birgit Müller (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee elections|Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee elections]] == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">[[File:Wikimedia-logo black.svg|{{#switch:{{CONTENTLANG}}|ar=left|he=left|right}}|125px|link=m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee elections]] :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee elections|Translations of this message are available on Meta-Wiki]].'' On behalf of the Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee, we are pleased to announce that self-nominations are being accepted for the [[m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee/Call for candidates|2017 Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson|Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson]] elections. Please read the letter from the Wikimedia Foundation calling for candidates at [[m:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee/Call for candidates|on the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation elections portal]]. ''Funds Dissemination Committee''<br /> The Funds Dissemination Committee (FDC) makes recommendations about how to allocate Wikimedia movement funds to eligible entities. There are five positions being filled. More information about this role can be found at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee|the FDC elections page]]. ''Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson''<br /> The Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson receives complaints and feedback about the FDC process, investigates complaints at the request of the Board of Trustees, and summarizes the investigations and feedback for the Board of Trustees on an annual basis. One position is being filled. More information about this role can be found at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee Ombudsperson|the FDC Ombudsperson elections page]]. '''The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee/Candidates|candidacy submission phase]] will last until May 28 (23:59 UTC).''' '''We will also be accepting questions to ask the candidates until May 28. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Funds Dissemination Committee/Questions|You can submit your questions on Meta-Wiki]].''' Once the questions submission period has ended on May 28, the Elections Committee will then collate the questions for the candidates to respond to. The goal of this process is to fill the '''five community-selected seats''' on the Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee and the '''community-selected ombudsperson'''. The election results will be used by the Board itself to make the appointments. The full schedule for the FDC elections is as follows. All dates are '''inclusive''', that is, from the beginning of the first day (UTC) to the end of the last. * May 15 (00:00 UTC) – May 28 (23:59 UTC) – '''Nominations''' * May 15 – May 28 – '''Candidates questions submission period''' * May 29 – June 2 – '''Candidates answer questions''' * June 3 – June 11 – '''Voting period''' * June 12–14 – '''Vote checking''' * June 15 – '''Goal date for announcing election results''' More information on this year's elections can be found at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation elections portal]]. Please feel free to post a note about the election on your project's village pump. Any questions related to the election can be posted on [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|the talk page on Meta-Wiki]], or sent to the election committee's mailing list, <tt dir="ltr" style="white-space:nowrap;font-size:12px;line-height:1.5">board-elections[[File:At sign.svg|15x15px|middle|link=|alt=(at)]]wikimedia.org</tt>. On behalf of the Election Committee,<br /> [[m:User:KTC|Katie Chan]], Chair, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections committee|Wikimedia Foundation Elections Committee]]<br /> [[m:User:JSutherland (WMF)|Joe Sutherland]], Community Advocate, Wikimedia Foundation ''Posted by the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017/Updates/Start of the 2017 Wikimedia Foundation Funds Dissemination Committee elections|Translate]] • [[m:Talk:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2017|Get help]]''</div> 21:05, 2017 j. maydın' 23 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=16804695 тізімін пайдаланып User:GVarnum-WMF@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Accessible editing buttons == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr">The MediaWiki developers have been slowly improving the accessibility of the user interface. The next step in this transition will change the appearance of some buttons and may break some outdated (non-updated or unmaintained) user scripts and gadgets. You can see and use the [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Project:Sandbox?action=submit&ooui=0 old] and [https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Project:Sandbox?action=submit&ooui=1 new] versions now. Most editors will only notice that some buttons are slightly larger and have different colors. <gallery mode="nolines" caption="Comparison of old and new styles" heights="240" widths="572"> File:MediaWiki edit page buttons accessibility change 2017, before.png|Buttons before the change File:MediaWiki edit page buttons accessibility change 2017, after.png|Buttons after the change </gallery> However, this change also affects some user scripts and gadgets. Unfortunately, some of them may not work well in the new system. <mark>If you maintain any user scripts or gadgets that are used for editing, please see '''[[:mw:Contributors/Projects/Accessible editing buttons]]''' for information on how to test and fix your scripts. Outdated scripts can be tested and fixed now.</mark> This change will probably reach this wiki on '''Tuesday, 18 July 2017'''. Please leave a note at [[:mw:Talk:Contributors/Projects/Accessible editing buttons]] if you need help.</div> [[:m:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) 22:23, 2017 j. iyuldin' 10 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=16980876 тізімін пайдаланып User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Page Previews (Hovercards) update == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello, A quick update on the progress of enabling [[mw:Hovercards|Page Previews]] (previously named Hovercards) on this project. Page Previews provide a preview of any linked article, giving readers a quick understanding of a related article without leaving the current page. As mentioned in December we're preparing to remove the feature from Beta and make it the default behavior for logged-out users. We have recently made a large update to the code which fixes most outstanding bugs. Due to some issues with our instrumentation, we delayed our deployment by a few months. We are finally ready to deploy the feature. Page Previews will be off by default and available in the user preferences page for logged-in users the week of July 24th. The feature will be on by default for current beta users and logged-out users. If you would like to preview the feature, you can enable it as a [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta feature]]. For more information see [[mw:Hovercards|Page Previews]]. Questions can be left [[mw:Talk:Beta_Features/Hovercards|on the talk page]] in your preferred language. Thank you again. </div>[[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 22:32, 2017 j. iyuldin' 20 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Enable_Hovercards/Reminder/Distribution_list&oldid=17019707 тізімін пайдаланып User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == RfC regarding "Interlinking of accounts involved with paid editing to decrease impersonation" == There is currently a RfC open on Meta regarding "[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_comment/Interlinking_of_accounts_involved_with_paid_editing_to_decrease_impersonation requiring those involved with paid editing on Wikipedia to link on their user page to all other active accounts through which they advertise paid Wikipedia editing business.]" Note this is to apply to Wikipedia and not necessarily other sister projects, this is only to apply to websites where people are specifically advertising that they will edit Wikipedia for pay and not any other personal, professional, or social media accounts a person may have. [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Requests_for_comment/Interlinking_of_accounts_involved_with_paid_editing_to_decrease_impersonation Please comment on meta]. Thanks. Send on behalf of [[User:Doc James]]. [[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 21:07, 2017 j. sentyabrdin' 17 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedias&oldid=17234819 тізімін пайдаланып User:Doc James@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Discussion on synced reading lists == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Discussion on synced reading lists''' Hello, [[File:Illustration of Reading List feature on Android Wikipedia App (not logged in).png|thumb]] The Reading Infrastructure team at the Wikimedia Foundation is developing a cross-platform reading list service for the mobile Wikipedia app. Reading lists are like bookmark folders in your web browser. They allow readers using the Wikipedia app to bookmark pages into folders to read later. This includes reading offline. Reading lists do not create or alter content in any way. To create Reading Lists, app users will register an account and marked pages will be tied to that account. Reading List account preferences sync between devices. You can read the same pages on different mobile platforms (tablets, phones). This is the first time we are syncing preference data between devices in such a way. We want to hear and address concerns about privacy and data security. We also want to explain why the current watchlist system is not being adapted for this purpose. === Background === In 2016 the Android team replaced the simple Saved Pages feature with Reading Lists. Reading Lists allow users to bookmark pages into folders and for reading offline. The intent of this feature was to allow "syncing" of these lists for users with many devices. Due to overlap with the Gather feature and related community concerns, this part was put on hold. The Android team has identified this lack of synching as a major area of complaint from users. They expect lists to sync. The iOS team has held off implementing Reading Lists, as syncing was seen as a "must have" for this feature. A recent [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T164990 technical RfC] has allowed these user stories and needs to be unblocked. Initially for Android, then iOS, and with web to potentially follow. Reading lists are private, stored as part of a user's account, not as a public wiki page. There is no sharing or publishing ability for reading lists. No planned work to make these public. The target audience are people that read Wikipedia and want to bookmark and organize that content in the app. There is a potential for the feature to be available on the web in the future. === Why not watchlists === Watchlists offer similar functionality to Reading Lists. The Reading Infrastructure team evaluated watchlist infrastructure before exploring other options. In general, the needs of watchlists differ from Reading Lists in a few key ways: * Reading lists focus on Reading articles, not the monitoring of changes. * Watchlists are focused on monitoring changes of pages/revisions. ** The Watchlist infrastructure is key to our contributor community for monitoring content changes manually and through the use of automated tools (bots). Because of these needs, expanding the scope of Watchlists to reading purposes will only make the project harder to maintain and add more constraints. * By keeping the projects separate it is easier to scale resources. We can serve these two different audiences and prioritize the work accordingly. Reading Lists are, by their nature, less critical to the health of Wikipedia/MediaWiki. * Multi-project support. Reading Lists are by design cross-wiki/project. Watchlists are tied to specific wikis. While there have been many discussion for making them cross-wiki, resolution is not in the near term. [[mw:Wikimedia Apps/Synced Reading Lists|More information can be found on MediaWiki.org]] where feedback and ideas are welcome. Thank you </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 20:35, 2017 j. sentyabrdin' 20 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=16981815 тізімін пайдаланып User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New print to pdf feature for mobile web readers == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''New print to pdf feature for mobile web readers''' The Readers web team will be deploying a new feature this week to make it [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_PDFs|easier to download PDF versions of articles on the mobile website]]. Providing better offline functionality was one of the highlighted areas from [[m:New_Readers/Offline|the research done by the New Readers team in Mexico, Nigeria, and India]]. The teams created a prototype for mobile PDFs which was evaluated by user research and community feedback. The [[m:New_Readers/Offline#Concept_testing_for_mobile_web|prototype evaluation]] received positive feedback and results, so development continued. For the initial deployment, the feature will be available to Google Chrome browsers on Android. Support for other mobile browsers to come in the future. For Chrome, the feature will use the native Android print functionality. Users can choose to download a webpage as a PDF. [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Print_Styles#Mobile_Printing|Mobile print styles]] will be used for these PDFs to ensure optimal readability for smaller screens. The feature is available starting Wednesday, Nov 15. For more information, see [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_PDFs|the project page on MediaWiki.org]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 22:07, 2017 j. noyabrdin' 20 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:CKoerner_(WMF)/Mobile_PDF_distribution_list&oldid=17448927 тізімін пайдаланып User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Call for Wikimania 2018 Scholarships == Hi all, We wanted to inform you that scholarship applications for [[:wm2018:Wikimania 2018|Wikimania 2018]] which is being held in Cape Town, South Africa on July 18–22, 2018 are now being accepted. '''Applications are open until Monday, 22 January 2018 23:59 UTC.''' Applicants will be able to apply for a partial or full scholarship. A full scholarship will cover the cost of an individual's round-trip travel, shared accommodation, and conference registration fees as arranged by the Wikimedia Foundation. A partial scholarship will cover conference registration fees and shared accommodation. Applicants will be rated using a pre-determined selection process and selection criteria established by the Scholarship Committee and the Wikimedia Foundation, who will determine which applications are successful. To learn more about Wikimania 2018 scholarships, please visit: [[:wm2018:Scholarships]]. To apply for a scholarship, fill out the multi-language application form on: '''https://scholarships.wikimedia.org/apply''' It is highly recommended that applicants review all the material on the Scholarships page and [[:wm2018:Scholarships/FAQ|the associated FAQ]] before submitting an application. If you have any questions, please contact: wikimania-scholarships at wikimedia.org or leave a message at: [[:wm2018:Talk:Scholarships]]. Please help us spread the word and translate pages! Best regards, [[:m:User:Slashme|David Richfield]] and [[:m:DerHexer|Martin Rulsch]] for the [[:wm2018:Scholarship Committee|Scholarship Committee]] 19:24, 2017 j. dekabrdin' 20 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=17300722 тізімін пайдаланып User:DerHexer@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == User group for Military Historians == Greetings, "Military history" is one of the most important subjects when speak of sum of all human knowledge. To support contributors interested in the area over various language Wikipedias, we intend to form a user group. It also provides a platform to share the best practices between military historians, and various military related projects on Wikipedias. An initial discussion was has been done between the coordinators and members of WikiProject Military History on English Wikipedia. Now this discussion has been taken to Meta-Wiki. Contributors intrested in the area of military history are requested to share their feedback and give suggestions at [[:m:Talk:Discussion to incubate a user group for Wikipedia Military Historians|Talk:Discussion to incubate a user group for Wikipedia Military Historians]]. [[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 10:46, 2017 j. dekabrdin' 21 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_Wikipedia_delivery&oldid=17565441 тізімін пайдаланып User:Krishna Chaitanya Velaga@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Editing News #1—2018 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/February|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]] '''Did you know?'''<div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> Did you know that you can now use the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diff tool]] on any page? [[File:Wikitext diff paragraph move correcting vandalism 2018.png|alt=Screenshot showing some changes, in the two-column wikitext diff display|center|frameless|250px]] Sometimes, it is hard to see important changes in a wikitext diff. This screenshot of a wikitext diff (click to enlarge) shows that the paragraphs have been rearranged, but it does not highlight the removal of a word or the addition of a new sentence. If you [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable the Beta Feature]] for "{{Int:visualeditor-preference-visualdiffpage-label}}", you will have a new option. It will give you a new box at the top of every diff page. This box will let you choose either diff system on any edit. [[File:VisualEditor visual diff tool - toggle button.png|alt=Toggle button showing visual and wikitext options; visual option is selected|center|frameless|200px]] Click the toggle button to switch between visual and wikitext diffs. In the visual diff, additions, removals, new links, and formatting changes will be highlighted. Other changes, such as changing the size of an image, are described in notes on the side. [[File:Visual diff paragraph move correcting vandalism 2018.png|alt=Screenshot showing the same changes to an article. Most changes are highlighted with text formatting.|center|frameless|250px]] This screenshot shows the same edit as the wikitext diff. The visual diff highlights the removal of one word and the addition of a new sentence. You can read and help translate [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor. </div></div> Since [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2017/May|the last newsletter]], the [[mw:Editing|Editing Team]] has spent most of their time supporting [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|the 2017 wikitext editor mode]], which is available inside the visual editor as a Beta Feature, and improving [[mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|the visual diff tool]]. Their work board is available [[phab:project/view/3236/|in Phabricator]]. You can find links to the work finished each week at [[mw:VisualEditor/Weekly triage meetings]]. Their [[mw:Editing team/Current priorities|current priorities]] are fixing bugs, supporting the 2017 wikitext editor, and improving the visual diff tool. ===Recent changes=== *The '''[[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]]''' is [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|available as a Beta Feature]] on desktop devices. It has the same toolbar as the visual editor and can use the citoid service and other modern tools. The team have been comparing the performance of different editing environments. They have studied how long it takes to open the page and start typing. The study uses data for more than one million edits during December and January. Some changes have been made to improve the speed of the 2017 wikitext editor and the visual editor. Recently, the 2017 wikitext editor opened fastest for most edits, and the 2010 WikiEditor was fastest for some edits. More information will be posted at [[mw:Contributors/Projects/Editing performance]]. *The '''[[mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|visual diff tool]]''' was developed for the visual editor. It is now available to all users of the visual editor and the 2017 wikitext editor. When you review your changes, you can toggle between wikitext and visual diffs. You can also [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable the new Beta Feature]] for "Visual diffs". The Beta Feature lets you use the visual diff tool to view other people's edits on page histories and [[Special:RecentChanges]]. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T167508] *[[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|'''Wikitext syntax highlighting''']] is available as a Beta Feature for both [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|the 2017 wikitext editor]] and the 2010 wikitext editor. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T101246] *The [[mw:Citoid|citoid service]] automatically translates URLs, DOIs, ISBNs, and PubMed id numbers into wikitext citation templates. It is very popular and useful to editors, although it can be a bit tricky to set up. <mark>Your wiki can have this service. Please [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Citoid/Enabling Citoid on your wiki|read the instructions]]. You can [[phab:T127354|ask the team to help you enable citoid at your wiki]]</mark>. ===Let's work together=== *The team will talk about editing tools at an upcoming [[m:Wikimedia Foundation metrics and activities meetings|Wikimedia Foundation metrics and activities meeting]]. *Wikibooks, Wikiversity, and other communities may have the visual editor made available by default to contributors. If your community wants this, then please contact [[mw:User talk:Deskana (WMF)|Dan Garry]]. *The <code><nowiki><references /></nowiki></code> block can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Contributors/Projects/Columns for references|automatically display long lists of references in columns]] on wide screens. This makes footnotes easier to read. You can [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Cite,VisualEditor,Wikimedia-Site-requests&title=Convert%20reference%20lists%20over%20to%20`responsive`%20on%20XXwiki&priority=10&parent=159895 '''request multi-column support'''] for your wiki. [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T33597] *If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly. We will notify you when the next issue is ready for translation. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} —[[mw:User:Elitre (WMF)|Elitre (WMF)]] </div> 20:56, 2018 j. marttın' 2 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=17790200 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == AdvancedSearch == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> From May 8, [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Extension:AdvancedSearch|AdvancedSearch]] will be available as a [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Features|beta feature]] in your wiki. The feature enhances the [[Special:Search|search page]] through an advanced parameters form and aims to make [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/AdvancedSearch/Functional_scope|existing search options]] more visible and accessible for everyone. AdvancedSearch is a project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/AdvancedSearch|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature and we hope that it will serve you well in your work! </div> [[m:User:Birgit Müller (WMDE)|Birgit Müller (WMDE)]] 14:53, 2018 j. maydın' 7 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_2&oldid=17995461 тізімін пайдаланып User:Birgit Müller (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> ==[[:m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Karakalpak Wikipedia|Closing]]== This Wikipedia language has no edit on May 5, 2017 and May 2-5, 2018. It is 29-40 edits per month on this wiki. --[[Paydalanıwshı:Cyrus noto3at bulaga|Cyrus noto3at bulaga]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Cyrus noto3at bulaga|талқылауы]]) 03:51, 2018 j. maydın' 10 (UTC) :Proposal was rejected. [[Paydalanıwshı:StevenJ81|StevenJ81]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:StevenJ81|талқылауы]]) 14:07, 2018 j. maydın' 14 (UTC) == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (May 2018) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to research and tools as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/69/ Rock's Backpages]''' – Music articles and interviews from the 1950s onwards - 50 accounts * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/68/ Invaluable]''' – Database of more than 50 million auctions and over 500,000 artists - 15 accounts * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/70/ Termsoup]''' – Translation tool '''Expansions''' * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/43/ Fold3]''' – Available content has more than doubled, now including new military collections from the UK, Australia, and New Zealand. * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/52/ Oxford University Press]''' – The Scholarship collection now includes [http://www.e-enlightenment.com/ Electronic Enlightenment] * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/60/ Alexander Street Press]''' – [https://alexanderstreet.com/products/women-and-social-movements-library Women and Social Movements Library] now available * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/58/ Cambridge University Press]''' – [http://orlando.cambridge.org/ Orlando Collection] now available Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ our partners page], including [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/47/ Baylor University Press], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/41/ Loeb Classical Library], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/46/ Cairn], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/55/ Gale] and [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/61/ Bloomsbury]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 18:03, 2018 j. maydın' 30 (UTC) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=18064061 тізімін пайдаланып User:Samwalton9@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Global preferences are available == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Global preferences are now available, you can set them by visiting your new [[Special:GlobalPreferences|global preferences page]]. Visit [[mw:Help:Extension:GlobalPreferences|mediawiki.org for information on how to use them]] and [[mw:Help talk:Extension:GlobalPreferences|leave feedback]]. -- [[User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 19:19, 2018 j. iyuldin' 10 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=17968247 тізімін пайдаланып User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Consultation on the creation of a separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''({{int:please-translate}})'' Hi all, I'm preparing a change in who can edit sitewide CSS/JS pages. (These are pages like <code dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Common.css</code> and <code dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Vector.js</code> which are executed in the browser of all readers and editors.) Currently all administrators are able to edit these pages, which poses a serious and unnecessary security risk. Soon, a dedicated, smaller user group will take over this task. Your community will be able to decide who belongs in this group, so this should mean very little change for you. You can find out more and provide feedback at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|the consultation page on Meta]]. If you are involved in maintaining CSS/JS code, or policymaking around adminship requests, please give it a look! Thanks! <br/><span dir="ltr">[[m:User:Tgr|Tgr]] ([[m:User talk:Tgr|talk]]) 08:45, 2018 j. iyuldin' 12 (UTC) <small>(via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|global message delivery]])</small></span> </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Nonechnical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=18199925 тізімін пайдаланып User:Tgr@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''({{int:please-translate}})'' Hi all! To improve the security of our readers and editors, permission handling for CSS/JS pages has changed. (These are pages like <code dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Common.css</code> and <code dir="ltr">MediaWiki:Vector.js</code> which contain code that is executed in the browsers of users of the site.) A new user group, <code dir="ltr">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface-admin]]</code>, has been created. Starting four weeks from now, only members of this group will be able edit CSS/JS pages that they do not own (that is, any page ending with <code dir="ltr">.css</code> or <code dir="ltr">.js</code> that is either in the <code dir="ltr">MediaWiki:</code> namespace or is another user's user subpage). You can learn more about the motivation behind the change [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|here]]. Please add users who need to edit CSS/JS to the new group (this can be done the same way new administrators are added, by stewards or local bureaucrats). This is a dangerous permission; a malicious user or a hacker taking over the account of a careless interface-admin can abuse it in far worse ways than admin permissions could be abused. Please only assign it to users who need it, who are trusted by the community, and who follow common basic password and computer security practices (use strong passwords, do not reuse passwords, use two-factor authentication if possible, do not install software of questionable origin on your machine, use antivirus software if that's a standard thing in your environment). Thanks! <br/><span dir="ltr">[[m:User:Tgr|Tgr]] ([[m:User talk:Tgr|talk]]) 13:08, 2018 j. iyuldin' 30 (UTC) <small>(via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|global message delivery]])</small></span> </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=17968247 тізімін пайдаланып User:Tgr@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Editing of sitewide CSS/JS is only possible for interface administrators from now == ''({{int:please-translate}})'' <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hi all, as [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS/announcement 2|announced previously]], permission handling for CSS/JS pages has changed: only members of the <code>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Interface administrators|interface-admin]]</code> ({{int:group-interface-admin}}) group, and a few highly privileged global groups such as stewards, can edit CSS/JS pages that they do not own (that is, any page ending with .css or .js that is either in the MediaWiki: namespace or is another user's user subpage). This is done to improve the security of readers and editors of Wikimedia projects. More information is available at [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS|Creation of separate user group for editing sitewide CSS/JS]]. If you encounter any unexpected problems, please contact me or file a bug. Thanks!<br /> [[m:User:Tgr|Tgr]] ([[m:User talk:Tgr|talk]]) 12:39, 2018 j. avgusttın' 27 (UTC) <small>(via [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|global message delivery]])</small> </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18258712 тізімін пайдаланып User:Tgr@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Read-only mode for up to an hour on 12 September and 10 October == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2018|Read this message in another language]] • {{int:please-translate}} The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will be testing its secondary data centre. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic to the secondary data center on '''Wednesday, 12 September 2018'''. On '''Wednesday, 10 October 2018''', they will switch back to the primary data center. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop when we switch. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Wednesday, 12 September and Wednesday, 10 October. The test will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20170503T14 14:00 UTC] (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Thursday 13 September and Thursday 11 October). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the weeks of 10 September 2018 and 8 October 2018. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Schedule for 2018 switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. '''Please share this information with your community.''' /<span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|User:Johan(WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Johan (WMF)|talk]])</span> </div></div> 13:33, 2018 j. sentyabrdin' 6 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18333489 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == The Community Wishlist Survey == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> The Community Wishlist Survey. {{Int:Please-translate}}. Hey everyone, The Community Wishlist Survey is the process when the Wikimedia communities decide what the Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] should work on over the next year. The Community Tech team is focused on tools for experienced Wikimedia editors. You can post technical proposals from now until 11 November. The communities will vote on the proposals between 16 November and 30 November. You can read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|wishlist survey page]]. <span dir=ltr>/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|User:Johan (WMF)]]</span></div></div> 11:06, 2018 j. oktyabrdin' 30 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18458512 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Editing News #2—2018 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/October|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]] '''Did you know?''' <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> Did you know that you can use the visual editor on a mobile device? [[File:Mobile editing watchlist star editing pencil.png|alt=Screenshot showing the location of the pencil icon|center|frameless|250px]] Tap on the pencil icon to start editing. The page will probably open in the wikitext editor. You will see another pencil icon in the toolbar. Tap on that pencil icon to the switch between visual editing and wikitext editing. [[File:Visual editing mobile switch wikitext.png|alt=Toolbar with menu opened|center|frameless|250px]] Remember to publish your changes when you're done. You can read and help translate [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|the user guide]], which has more information about how to use the visual editor.</div></div> Since the last newsletter, the [[mw:Editing|Editing Team]] has wrapped up most of their work on the [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] and [[mw:VisualEditor/Diffs|the visual diff tool]]. The team has begun investigating the needs of editors who use mobile devices. Their work board is available [[phab:project/view/3236/|in Phabricator]]. Their [[mw:Wikimedia Audiences/2018-19 Q2 Goals#Contributors|current priorities]] are fixing bugs and improving mobile editing. === Recent changes === *The Editing team has published an [[mw:Mobile editing using the visual editor report|initial report about mobile editing]]. *The Editing team has begun a design study of visual editing on the mobile website. New editors have trouble doing basic tasks on a smartphone, such as adding links to Wikipedia articles. You can [[c:File:Visual Editor Heuristic - Results.pdf|read the report]]. *The Reading team is working on a [[mw:Reading/Web/Advanced mobile contributions|separate mobile-based contributions project]]. *The 2006 wikitext editor is [[mw:Contributors/Projects/Removal of the 2006 wikitext editor|no longer supported]]. If you used [[:File:Edit toolbar - 2.png|that toolbar]], then you will no longer see any toolbar. You may choose another editing tool in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|editing preferences]], [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-gadgets|local gadgets]], or [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|beta features]]. *The Editing team described the history and status of [[mw:Extension:VisualEditor|VisualEditor]] in [[m:Wikimedia monthly activities meetings/2018-03|this recorded public presentation]] (starting at 29 minutes, 30 seconds). *The Language team released [[mw:Content translation/V2|a new version of Content Translation]] (CX2) last month, on [[foundationsite:2018/09/30/international-translation-day/|International Translation Day]]. It integrates the visual editor to support templates, tables, and images. It also produces better wikitext when the translated article is published. [https://wikimediafoundation.org/2018/09/30/content-translation-version-two/] === Let's work together === * The Editing team wants to improve visual editing on the mobile website. <mark>Please read [[mw:Visual-based mobile editing/Ideas/October 2018|their ideas]] and tell the team what you think would help editors who use the mobile site.</mark> *The [[m:Community Wishlist Survey 2019|Community Wishlist Survey]] begins next week. *If you aren't reading this in your preferred language, then please help us with translations! Subscribe to the [[mail:translators-l|Translators mailing list]] or [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User_talk:Elitre_(WMF)&action=edit&section=new contact us] directly. We will notify you when the next issue is ready for translation. {{int:Feedback-thanks-title}} —[[mw:User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 14:17, 2018 j. noyabrdin' 2 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=17790200 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Change coming to how certain templates will appear on the mobile web == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> '''Change coming to how certain templates will appear on the mobile web''' {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Page_issues_-_mobile_banner_example.jpg|thumb|Example of improvements]] Hello, In a few weeks the Readers web team will be changing how some templates look on the mobile web site. We will make these templates more noticeable when viewing the article. We ask for your help in updating any templates that don't look correct. What kind of templates? Specifically templates that notify readers and contributors about issues with the content of an article – the text and information in the article. Examples like [[wikidata:Q5962027|Template:Unreferenced]] or [[Wikidata:Q5619503|Template:More citations needed]]. Right now these notifications are hidden behind a link under the title of an article. We will format templates like these (mostly those that use Template:Ambox or message box templates in general) to show a short summary under the page title. You can tap on the "Learn more" link to get more information. For template editors we have [[mw:Recommendations_for_mobile_friendly_articles_on_Wikimedia_wikis#Making_page_issues_(ambox_templates)_mobile_friendly|some recommendations on how to make templates that are mobile-friendly]] and also further [[mw:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues|documentation on our work so far]]. If you have questions about formatting templates for mobile, [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Projects/Mobile_Page_Issues|please leave a note on the project talk page]] or [https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/maniphest/task/edit/form/1/?projects=Readers-Web-Backlog file a task in Phabricator] and we will help you. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 19:34, 2018 j. noyabrdin' 13 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18543269 тізімін пайдаланып User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Community Wishlist Survey vote == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> The Community Wishlist Survey. {{Int:Please-translate}}. Hey everyone, The Community Wishlist Survey is the process when the Wikimedia communities decide what the Wikimedia Foundation [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] should work on over the next year. The Community Tech team is focused on tools for experienced Wikimedia editors. The communities have now posted a long list of technical proposals. You can vote on the proposals from now until 30 November. You can read more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2019|wishlist survey page]]. <span dir=ltr>/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|User:Johan (WMF)]]</span></div></div> 18:13, 2018 j. noyabrdin' 22 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18543269 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Advanced Search == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/AdvancedSearch|Advanced Search]] will become a default feature on your wiki on November 28. This new interface allows you to perform specialized searches on the [[Special:Search|search page]], even if you don’t know any [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:CirrusSearch|search syntax]]. Advanced Search originates from the [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes|German Community’s Technical Wishes project]]. It's already a default feature on German, Arabic, Farsi and Hungarian Wikipedia. Besides, more than 40.000 users across all wikis have tested the beta version. Feedback is welcome on the [[mw:Help talk:Extension:AdvancedSearch|central feedback page]].</div> [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] ([[m:User talk:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|talk]]) 11:02, 2018 j. noyabrdin' 26 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_2&oldid=18363910 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New Wikimedia password policy and requirements == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} The Wikimedia Foundation security team is implementing a new [[m:Password policy|password policy and requirements]]. [[mw:Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019|You can learn more about the project on MediaWiki.org]]. These new requirements will apply to new accounts and privileged accounts. New accounts will be required to create a password with a minimum length of 8 characters. Privileged accounts will be prompted to update their password to one that is at least 10 characters in length. These changes are planned to be in effect on December 13th. If you think your work or tools will be affected by this change, please let us know on [[mw:Talk:Wikimedia_Security_Team/Password_strengthening_2019|the talk page]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} </div> [[m:User:CKoerner (WMF)|CKoerner (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:CKoerner (WMF)|talk]]) 20:03, 2018 j. dekabrdin' 6 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18639017 тізімін пайдаланып User:CKoerner (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Invitation from Wiki Loves Love 2019 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:WLL Subtitled Logo (transparent).svg|right|frameless]] Love is an important subject for humanity and it is expressed in different cultures and regions in different ways across the world through different gestures, ceremonies, festivals and to document expression of this rich and beautiful emotion, we need your help so we can share and spread the depth of cultures that each region has, the best of how people of that region, celebrate love. [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love|Wiki Loves Love (WLL)]] is an international photography competition of Wikimedia Commons with the subject love testimonials happening in the month of February. The primary goal of the competition is to document love testimonials through human cultural diversity such as monuments, ceremonies, snapshot of tender gesture, and miscellaneous objects used as symbol of love; to illustrate articles in the worldwide free encyclopedia Wikipedia, and other Wikimedia Foundation (WMF) projects. The theme of 2019 iteration is '''''Celebrations, Festivals, Ceremonies and rituals of love.''''' Sign up your affiliate or individually at [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2019/Participants|Participants]] page. To know more about the contest, check out our [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2019|Commons Page]] and [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2018/FAQ|FAQs]] There are several prizes to grab. Hope to see you spreading love this February with Wiki Loves Love! Kind regards, [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Love 2018/International Team|Wiki Loves Love Team]] Imagine... the sum of all love! </div> --[[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 10:12, 2018 j. dekabrdin' 27 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18639017 тізімін пайдаланып User:Tiven2240@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == FileExporter beta feature == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Logo for the beta feature FileExporter.svg|thumb|Coming soon: the beta feature [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter]]]] A new beta feature will soon be released on all wikis: The [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter]]. It allows exports of files from a local wiki to Wikimedia Commons, including their file history and page history. Which files can be exported is defined by each wiki's community: '''Please check your wiki's [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons/Configuration file documentation|configuration file]]''' if you want to use this feature. The FileExporter has already been a beta feature on [https://www.mediawiki.org mediawiki.org], [https://meta.wikimedia.org meta.wikimedia], deWP, faWP, arWP, koWP and on [https://wikisource.org wikisource.org]. After some functionality was added, it's now becoming a beta feature on all wikis. Deployment is planned for January 16. More information can be found [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|on the project page]]. As always, feedback is highly appreciated. If you want to test the FileExporter, please activate it in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|user preferences]]. The best place for feedback is the [[mw:Help_talk:Extension:FileImporter|central talk page]]. Thank you from Wikimedia Deutschland's [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes project]]. </div> [[User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 09:41, 2019 j. yanvardın' 14 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=18782700 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == No editing for 30 minutes on 17 January == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will '''not be able to edit''' the wikis for up to 30 minutes on '''[https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190117T07 17 January 07:00 UTC]'''. This is because of a database problem that has to be fixed immediately. You can still read the wikis. Some wikis are not affected. They don't get this message. You can see which wikis are '''not''' affected [[:m:User:Johan (WMF)/201901ReadOnlyPage|on this page]]. Most wikis are affected. The time you can not edit might be shorter than 30 minutes. /[[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]</div> [[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 18:44, 2019 j. yanvardın' 16 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/201901ReadOnly/Targets3&oldid=18789231 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Talk to us about talking == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-rtl.svg|alt="icon depicting two speech Bubbles"|frameless|right|120px]] The Wikimedia Foundation is planning a [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|global consultation about communication]]. The goal is to bring Wikimedians and wiki-minded people together to improve tools for communication. We want all contributors to be able to talk to each other on the wikis, whatever their experience, their skills or their devices. We are looking for input from as many different parts of the Wikimedia community as possible. It will come from multiple projects, in multiple languages, and with multiple perspectives. We are currently planning the consultation. We need your help. '''We need volunteers to help talk to their communities or user groups.''' You can help by hosting a discussion at your wiki. Here's what to do: # First, [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Participant group sign-up|sign up your group here.]] # Next, create a page (or a section on a Village pump, or an e-mail thread – whatever is natural for your group) to collect information from other people in your group. This is not a vote or decision-making discussion: we are just collecting feedback. # Then ask people what they think about communication processes. We want to hear stories and other information about how people communicate with each other on and off wiki. Please consider asking these five questions: ## When you want to discuss a topic with your community, what tools work for you, and what problems block you? ## What about talk pages works for newcomers, and what blocks them? ## What do others struggle with in your community about talk pages? ## What do you wish you could do on talk pages, but can't due to the technical limitations? ## What are the important aspects of a "wiki discussion"? # Finally, please go to [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019 on Mediawiki.org]] and report what you learned from your group. Please include links if the discussion is available to the public. '''You can also help build the list of the many different ways people talk to each other.''' Not all groups active on wikis or around wikis use the same way to discuss things: it can happen on wiki, on social networks, through external tools... Tell us [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Tools in use|how your group communicates]]. You can read more about [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|the overall process]] on mediawiki.org. If you have questions or ideas, you can [[mw:Talk:Talk pages consultation 2019|leave feedback about the consultation process]] in the language you prefer. Thank you! We're looking forward to talking with you. </div> [[user:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] 15:01, 2019 j. fevraldın' 21 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18639017 тізімін пайдаланып User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New Wikipedia Library Accounts Available Now (March 2019) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing signups today for free, full-access, accounts to published research as part of our [[m:The_Wikipedia_Library/Journals|Publisher Donation Program]]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/72/ Kinige]''' – Primarily Indian-language ebooks - 10 books per month * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/55/ Gale]''' – Times Digital Archive collection added (covering 1785-2013) * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/54/ JSTOR]''' – New applications now being taken again Many other partnerships with accounts available are listed on [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ our partners page], including [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/47/ Baylor University Press], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/10/ Taylor & Francis], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/46/ Cairn], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/32/ Annual Reviews] and [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/61/ Bloomsbury]. You can request new partnerships on our [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/suggest/ Suggestions page]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: sign up today! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 17:40, 2019 j. marttın' 13 (UTC) :''You can host and coordinate signups for a Wikipedia Library branch in your own language. Please contact [[m:User:Ocaasi_(WMF)|Ocaasi (WMF)]].''<br> :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=18873404 тізімін пайдаланып User:Samwalton9@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Read-only mode for up to 30 minutes on 11 April == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You will '''not be able to edit''' most Wikimedia wikis for up to 30 minutes on '''[https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20190411T05 11 April 05:00 UTC]'''. This is because of a hardware problem. You can still read the wikis. You [[phab:T220080|can see which wikis are affected]]. The time you can not edit might be shorter than 30 minutes. /[[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]</div></div></div> 10:56, 2019 j. apreldin' 8 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18979889 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Wikimedia Foundation Medium-Term Plan feedback request == {{int:please-translate}} <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The Wikimedia Foundation has published a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Medium-term_plan_2019|Medium-Term Plan proposal]] covering the next 3–5 years. We want your feedback! Please leave all comments and questions, in any language, on [[m:Talk:Wikimedia_Foundation_Medium-term_plan_2019|the talk page]], by April 20. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) 17:35, 2019 j. apreldin' 12 (UTC)</div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=18998727 тізімін пайдаланып User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Editing News #1—July 2019 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2019/July|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]'' <div style="float:right;width:270px;margin-left:1em;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;padding:1em;"> [[File:VisualEditor-logo.svg|200px|center]] <big>'''Did you know?'''</big> <div class="thumbcaption" style="font-size: 90%;"> Did you know that you can use the visual editor on a mobile device? Every article has a pencil icon at the top. Tap on the pencil icon [[File:OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg|frameless|16x16px]] to start editing. '''<big>Edit Cards</big>''' [[File:EditCards-v.20.png|alt=Toolbar with menu opened|center|frameless|250px]] This is what the new '''Edit Cards for editing links''' in the mobile visual editor look like. You can try the prototype here: '''[[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 Try Edit Cards]].''' </div></div> Welcome back to the [[mw:Editing|Editing]] newsletter. Since [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2018/October|the last newsletter]], the team has released two new features for the [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|mobile visual editor]] and has started developing three more. All of this work is part of the team's goal to [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2018-2019/Audiences#Outcome 3: Mobile Contribution|make editing on mobile web simpler]]. Before talking about the team's recent releases, we have a question for you: <strong>Are you willing to try a new way to add and change links?</strong> If you are interested, we would value your input! You can try this new link tool in the mobile visual editor on a separate wiki. <em>Follow these instructions and share your experience:</em> <strong>[[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 Try Edit Cards]].</strong> === Recent releases === The mobile visual editor is a simpler editing tool, for smartphones and tablets using the [[mw:Reading/Web/Mobile#About|mobile site]]. The Editing team recently launched two new features to improve the mobile visual editor: # [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing|Section editing]] #* The purpose is to help contributors focus on their edits. #* The team studied this with an A/B test. [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Section editing#16 June 2019|This test showed]] that contributors who could use section editing were '''1% more likely to publish''' the edits they started than people with only full-page editing. # [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile#March 1, 2019|Loading overlay]] #* The purpose is to smooth the transition between reading and editing. Section editing and the new loading overlay are '''now available to everyone''' using the mobile visual editor. === New and active projects === This is a list of our most active projects. [[mw:Help:Watching pages|Watch]] these pages to learn about project updates and to share your input on new designs, prototypes and research findings. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Edit cards]]: This is a clearer way to add and edit links, citations, images, templates, etc. in articles. You can try this feature now. <em>Go here to see how:</em> [[mw:Topic:V394zwrigth8ii7c|📲 <em>Try Edit Cards</em>]]. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh|Mobile toolbar refresh]]: This project will learn if contributors are more successful when the editing tools are easier to recognize. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default|Mobile visual editor availability]]: This A/B test asks: ''Are newer contributors more successful if they use the mobile visual editor?'' We are collaborating with [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default#26 June 2019 %E2%80%93 Participating wikis and test start date|20 Wikipedias]] to answer this question. *[[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Usability improvements|Usability improvements]]: This project will make the mobile visual editor easier to use. The goal is to let contributors stay focused on editing and to feel more confident in the editing tools. === Looking ahead === * '''Wikimania:''' Several members of the Editing Team will be attending [[wmania:|Wikimania]] in August 2019. They will lead a session about mobile editing in the [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/Visual editing on mobile: An accessible editor for all|Community Growth space]]. Talk to the team about how editing can be improved. * '''Talk Pages:''' In the coming months, the Editing Team will begin [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|improving talk pages]] and communication on the wikis. === Learning more === The [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|VisualEditor on mobile]] is a good place to learn more about the projects we are working on. The team wants to talk with you about anything related to editing. If you have something to say or ask, please leave a message at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor on mobile|Talk:VisualEditor on mobile]]. [[user:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:user_talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:user_talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 18:32, 2019 j. iyuldin' 23 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=19175117 тізімін пайдаланып User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Update on the consultation about office actions == Hello all, Last month, the Wikimedia Foundation's Trust & Safety team [[:en:Wikipedia:Village_pump_(policy)/Archive_152#Announcement_of_forthcoming_temporary_and_partial_ban_tool_consultation|announced]] a future consultation about partial and/or temporary [[m:Special:MyLanguage/office actions|office actions]]. We want to let you know that the '''draft version''' of this consultation has now been [[:m:Office_actions/Community_consultation_on_partial_and_temporary_office_actions/draft|posted on Meta]]. This is a '''draft'''. It is not intended to be the consultation itself, which will be posted on Meta likely in early September. Please do not treat this draft as a consultation. Instead, we ask your assistance in forming the final language for the consultation. For that end, we would like your input over the next couple of weeks about what questions the consultation should ask about partial and temporary Foundation office action bans and how it should be formatted. '''[[:m:Talk:Office_actions/Community_consultation_on_partial_and_temporary_office_actions/draft|Please post it on the draft talk page]]'''. Our goal is to provide space for the community to discuss all the aspects of these office actions that need to be discussed, and we want to ensure with your feedback that the consultation is presented in the best way to encourage frank and constructive conversation. Please visit [[:m:Office_actions/Community_consultation_on_partial_and_temporary_office_actions/draft|the consultation draft on Meta-wiki]] and leave your comments on the draft’s talk page about what the consultation should look like and what questions it should ask. Thank you for your input! -- The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Trust and Safety|Trust & Safety team]] 08:03, 2019 j. avgusttın' 16 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=19175143 тізімін пайдаланып User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New tools and IP masking == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hey everyone, The Wikimedia Foundation wants to work on two things that affect how we patrol changes and handle vandalism and harassment. We want to make the tools that are used to handle bad edits better. We also want to get better privacy for unregistered users so their IP addresses are no longer shown to everyone in the world. We would not hide IP addresses until we have better tools for patrolling. We have an idea of what tools ''could'' be working better and how a more limited access to IP addresses would change things, but we need to hear from more wikis. You can read more about the project [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|on Meta]] and [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|post comments and feedback]]. Now is when we need to hear from you to be able to give you better tools to handle vandalism, spam and harassment. You can post in your language if you can't write in English. [[User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]</div></div></div> 14:18, 2019 j. avgusttın' 21 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Tools_and_IP_message/Distribution&oldid=19315232 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == The consultation on partial and temporary Foundation bans just started == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <div class="plainlinks"> Hello, In a [[:en:Wikipedia:Community_response_to_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%27s_ban_of_Fram/Official_statements#Board_statement|recent statement]], the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees [[:en:Wikipedia:Community_response_to_the_Wikimedia_Foundation%27s_ban_of_Fram/Official_statements#Board_statement|requested that staff hold a consultation]] to "re-evaluat[e] or add community input to the two new office action policy tools (temporary and partial Foundation bans)". Accordingly, the Foundation's Trust & Safety team invites all Wikimedians [[:m:Office actions/Community consultation on partial and temporary office actions/09 2019|to join this consultation and give their feedback]] from 30 September to 30 October. How can you help? * Suggest how partial and temporary Foundation bans should be used, if they should (eg: On all projects, or only on a subset); * Give ideas about how partial and temporary Foundation bans should ideally implemented, if they should be; and/or * Propose changes to the existing Office Actions policy on partial and temporary bans. We offer our thanks in advance for your contributions, and we hope to get as much input as possible from community members during this consultation! </div> </div>-- [[user:Kbrown (WMF)|Kbrown (WMF)]] 17:14, 2019 j. sentyabrdin' 30 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=19302497 тізімін пайдаланып User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Feedback wanted on Desktop Improvements project == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:Please-translate}} {{int:Hello}}. The Readers Web team at the WMF will work on some [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|improvements to the desktop interface]] over the next couple of years. The goal is to increase usability without removing any functionality. We have been inspired by changes made by volunteers, but that currently only exist as local gadgets and user scripts, prototypes, and volunteer-led skins. We would like to begin the process of bringing some of these changes into the default experience on all Wikimedia projects. We are currently in the research stage of this project and are looking for ideas for improvements, as well as feedback on our current ideas and mockups. So far, we have performed interviews with community members at Wikimania. We have gathered lists of previous volunteer and WMF work in this area. We are examining possible technical approaches for such changes. We would like individual feedback on the following: * Identifying focus areas for the project we have not yet discovered * Expanding the list of existing gadgets and user scripts that are related to providing a better desktop experience. If you can think of some of these from your wiki, please let us know * Feedback on the ideas and mockups we have collected so far We would also like to gather a list of wikis that would be interested in being test wikis for this project - these wikis would be the first to receive the updates once we’re ready to start building. When giving feedback, please consider the following goals of the project: * Make it easier for readers to focus on the content * Provide easier access to everyday actions (e.g. search, language switching, editing) * Put things in logical and useful places * Increase consistency in the interface with other platforms - mobile web and the apps * Eliminate clutter * Plan for future growth As well as the following constraints: * Not touching the content - no work will be done in terms of styling templates or to the structure of page contents themselves * Not removing any functionality - things might move around, but all navigational items and other functionality currently available by default will remain * No drastic changes to the layout - we're taking an evolutionary approach to the changes and want the site to continue feeling familiar to readers and editors Please give all feedback (in any language) at [[mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements|mw:Talk:Reading/Web/Desktop Improvements]] After this round of feedback, we plan on building a prototype of suggested changes based on the feedback we receive. You’ll hear from us again asking for feedback on this prototype. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[mw:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Quiddity (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 07:18, 2019 j. oktyabrdin' 16 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Global_message_delivery_split_4&oldid=19462890 тізімін пайдаланып User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Beta feature "Reference Previews" == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> A new beta feature will soon be deployed to your wiki: [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|Reference Previews]]. As you might guess from the name, this feature gives you a preview of references in the article text. That means, you can look up a reference without jumping down to the bottom of the page. Reference Previews have already been a beta feature on German and Arabic Wikipedia since April. Now they will become available on more wikis. Deployment is planned for October 24. More information can be found [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/ReferencePreviews|on the project page]]. As always, feedback is highly appreciated. If you want to test Reference Previews, please activate the beta feature in your [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|user preferences]] and let us know what you think. The best place for feedback is the [[mw:Help talk:Reference Previews|central talk page]]. We hope the feature will serve you well in your work. Thank you from Wikimedia Deutschland's [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|Technical Wishes project]]. </div> -- [[User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 09:47, 2019 j. oktyabrdin' 23 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=19478814 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Editing News #2 – Mobile editing and talk pages == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2019/October|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> Inside this newsletter, the [[mw:Editing|Editing team]] talks about their work on the [[mw:Mobile visual editor|mobile visual editor]], on [[mw:Talk pages project|the new talk pages project]], and at [[wikimania:|Wikimania 2019]]. === Help === <strong>What talk page interactions do you remember?</strong> Is it a story about how someone helped you to learn something new? Is it a story about how someone helped you get involved in a group? Something else? Whatever your story is, we want to hear it! Please tell us a story about how you used a talk page. <mark>Please share a link to a memorable discussion, or describe it on the <strong>[[mw:Topic:V8d91yh8gcg404dj|talk page for this project]]</strong>.</mark> The team wants your examples. These examples will help everyone develop a shared understanding of what this project should support and encourage. === Talk pages project === The [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk Pages Consultation]] was a global consultation to define better tools for wiki communication. From February through June 2019, more than 500 volunteers on 20 wikis, across 15 languages and multiple projects, came together with members of the Foundation to create a product direction for a set of discussion tools. The [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019/Phase 2 report|Phase 2 Report]] of the Talk Page Consultation was published in August. It summarizes the product direction the team has started to work on, which you can read more about here: [[mw:Talk pages project|Talk Page Project project page]]. The team needs and wants your help at this early stage. They are starting to develop the first idea. Please add your name to the [[mw:Talk pages project#Getting involved|<strong>"Getting involved"</strong>]] section of the project page, if you would like to hear about opportunities to participate. === Mobile visual editor === The Editing team is trying to make it simpler to edit on mobile devices. The team is changing the [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile|visual editor on mobile]]. If you have something to say about editing on a mobile device, please leave a message at [[mw:Talk:VisualEditor on mobile|Talk:VisualEditor on mobile]]. ==== [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|Edit Cards]] ==== [[File:Edit Cards-before-v3-comparison.png|thumb|486x486px|What happens when you click on a link. The new Edit Card is bigger and has more options for editing links.]] * On 3 September, the Editing team released [[:File:Edit Cards comparison v2 and v3.png|version 3 of Edit Cards]]. Anyone could use the new version in the mobile visual editor. * There is an [[:File:Edit Cards comparison v2 and v3.png|updated design]] on the Edit Card for adding and modifying links. There is also a new, [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards#2 September 2019 - v3 deployment timing|combined workflow for editing a link's display text and target]]. * Feedback: You can try the new Edit Cards by opening the mobile visual editor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the [[:mw:Topic:V5rg0cqmikpubmjj|Edit cards talk page]]. ==== [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh|Toolbar]] ==== [[File:Toolbar-comparison-v1.png|thumb|486px|The editing toolbar is changing in the mobile visual editor. The old system had two different toolbars. Now, all the buttons are together. [[mw:Topic:V79x6zm8n6i4nb56|Tell the team what you think about the new toolbar]].]] * In September, the Editing team updated the mobile visual editor's editing toolbar. Anyone could see these changes in the mobile visual editor. ** <em>One toolbar:</em> All of the editing tools are located in one toolbar. Previously, the toolbar changed when you clicked on different things. **<em>New navigation:</em> The buttons for moving forward and backward in the edit flow have changed. **<em>Seamless switching:</em> an [[phab:T228159|improved workflow]] for switching between the visual and wikitext modes. * Feedback: You can try the refreshed toolbar by opening the mobile VisualEditor on a smartphone. Please post your feedback on the [[mw:Topic:V79x6zm8n6i4nb56|Toolbar feedback talk page]]. === Wikimania === The Editing Team attended [[wmania:2019:Program|Wikimania 2019]] in Sweden. They led a session on [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/Visual editing on mobile: An accessible editor for all|the mobile visual editor]] and a session on [[wmania:2019:Community Growth/After Flow: A new direction for improving talk pages|the new talk pages project]]. They tested [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Toolbar refresh#v1 prototype|two]] new [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards#v3 prototype|features]] in the mobile visual editor with contributors. You can read more about what the team did and learned in [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile#Wikimania Stockholm: Overview|the team's report on Wikimania 2019]]. === Looking ahead === * <strong>Talk Pages Project:</strong> The team is thinking about the first set of proposed changes. The team will be working with a few communities to pilot those changes. The best way to stay informed is by adding your username to the list on the project page: [[mw:Talk pages project#Getting involved|<strong>Getting involved</strong>]]. * <strong>Testing the mobile visual editor as the default:</strong> The Editing team plans to post results before the end of the calendar year. The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist: [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/VE mobile default|<strong>VisualEditor as mobile default project page</strong>]]. * <strong>Measuring the impact of Edit Cards:</strong> This study asks whether the project helped editors add links and citations. The Editing team hopes to share results in November. The best way to stay informed is by adding the project page to your watchlist: [[mw:VisualEditor on mobile/Edit cards|<strong>Edit Cards project page</strong>]]. – [[User:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 11:12, 2019 j. oktyabrdin' 29 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/VE_201910/4&oldid=19500850 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Movement Learning and Leadership Development Project == Hello The Wikimedia Foundation’s Community Development team is seeking to learn more about the way volunteers learn and develop into the many different roles that exist in the movement. Our goal is to build a movement informed framework that provides shared clarity and outlines accessible pathways on how to grow and develop skills within the movement. To this end, we are looking to speak with you, our community to learn about your journey as a Wikimedia volunteer. Whether you joined yesterday or have been here from the very start, we want to hear about the many ways volunteers join and contribute to our movement. To learn more about the project, [[:m:special:MyLanguage/Movement Learning and Leadership Development Project|please visit the Meta page]]. If you are interested in participating in the project, please complete [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSegM07N1FK_s0VUECM61AlWOthwdn5zQOlVsa2vaKcx13BwZg/viewform?usp=sf_link this simple Google form]. Although we may not be able to speak to everyone who expresses interest, we encourage you to complete this short form if you are interested in participating! -- [[user:LMiranda (WMF)|LMiranda (WMF)]] ([[user talk:LMiranda (WMF)|talk]]) 19:01, 2020 j. yanvardın' 22 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=19738989 тізімін пайдаланып User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Additional interface for edit conflicts on talk pages == ''Sorry, for writing this text in English. If you could help to translate it, it would be appreciated.'' You might know the new interface for edit conflicts (currently a beta feature). Now, Wikimedia Germany is designing an additional interface to solve edit conflicts on talk pages. This interface is shown to you when you write on a discussion page and another person writes a discussion post in the same line and saves it before you do. With this additional editing conflict interface you can adjust the order of the comments and edit your comment. We are inviting everyone to have a look at [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Edit Conflicts#Edit conflicts on talk pages|the planned feature]]. Let us know what you think on our [[mw:Help talk:Two Column Edit Conflict View|central feedback page]]! -- For the Technical Wishes Team: [[m:User:Max Klemm (WMDE)|Max Klemm (WMDE)]] 14:15, 2020 j. fevraldın' 26 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=19845780 тізімін пайдаланып User:Max Klemm (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Editing news 2020 #1 – Discussion tools == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/April|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:TalkPages-Reply-v1.0.png|thumb|300px|alt=Screenshot showing what the Reply tool looks like|This early version of the Reply tool automatically signs and indents comments.]] The [[mw:Editing|Editing team]] has been working on [[mw:Talk pages project|the talk pages project]]. The goal of the talk pages project is to help contributors communicate on wiki more easily. This project is the result of the [[mw:Talk pages consultation 2019|Talk pages consultation 2019]]. [[File:TalkPages-Reply-v2.0.png|thumb|300px|alt=Reply tool improved with edit tool buttons|In a future update, the team plans to test a tool for easily linking to another user's name, a rich-text editing option, and other tools.]] The team is building a [[mw:Talk pages project/replying|new tool for replying]] to comments now. This early version can sign and indent comments automatically. <strong>Please [[mw:Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing#Reply%20version%201.0|test the new Reply tool]].</strong> *On 31 March 2020, the new {{Int:discussiontools-replylink}} tool was offered as a [[mw:Beta Feature|Beta Feature]] editors at four Wikipedias: [[w:ar:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Arabic]], [[w:nl:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Dutch]], [[w:fr:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|French]], and [[w:hu:Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|Hungarian]]. If your community also wants early access to the new tool, contact [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)]]. *The team is planning some upcoming changes. <strong>Please [[mw:Talk pages project/replying#Version%202.0|review the proposed design]] and share your thoughts on the talk page.</strong> The team will test features such as: **an easy way to mention another editor ("pinging"), **a rich-text visual editing option, and **other features identified through user testing or recommended by editors. To hear more about Editing Team updates, please add your name to the [[mw:Talk pages project#Get involved|<strong>"Get involved"</strong>]] section of the project page. You can also watch [[File:MediaWiki Vector skin blue star watchlist icon.svg|frameless|16px]] these pages: [[mw:Talk pages project|the main project page]], [[mw:Talk pages project/Updates|Updates]], [[mw:Talk pages project/replying|Replying]], and [[mw:Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing|User testing]]. – [[user:PPelberg (WMF)|PPelberg (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:PPelberg (WMF)|talk]]) & [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[mw:User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 19:24, 2020 j. apreldin' 8 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/sandbox2&oldid=19967064 тізімін пайдаланып User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Editing news 2020 #2 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/June|Read this in another language]] • [[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:TalkPages-Reply-v2.0.png|alt=Mockup of the new reply feature, showing new editing tools|thumb|400x400px|The new features include a toolbar. [[mw:Talk:Talk pages project/replying|What do you think should be in the toolbar?]]]] This issue of the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Editing|Editing]] newsletter includes information the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project|Talk pages project]], an effort to help contributors communicate on wiki more easily. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying|<strong>Reply tool</strong>]]: This is available as a Beta Feature at the four partner wikis (Arabic, Dutch, French, and Hungarian Wikipedias). The Beta Feature is called "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}". The Beta Feature will get [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying#Version%202.0|new features]] soon. The new features include writing comments in a new visual editing mode and pinging other users by typing <code>@</code>. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/replying/prototype testing#Reply%20tool%20version%202.0|test the new features]] on the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Beta Cluster|Beta Cluster]] now. Some other wikis will have a chance to try the Beta Feature in the coming months. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/New requirements for user signatures|<strong>New requirements for user signatures</strong>]]: Soon, users will not be able to save invalid custom signatures in [[Special:Preferences]]. This will reduce signature spoofing, prevent page corruption, and make new talk page tools more reliable. Most editors will not be affected. * [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion|<strong>New discussion tool</strong>]]: The Editing team is beginning work on a simpler process for starting new discussions. You can [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Talk pages project/New discussion#Design|see the initial design on the project page]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Research:Usage of talk pages|<strong>Research on the use of talk pages</strong>]]: The Editing team worked with the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Research|Wikimedia research team]] to study how talk pages help editors improve articles. We learned that new editors who use talk pages make more edits to the main namespace than new editors who don't use talk pages. – [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 20:33, 2020 j. iyunnin' 17 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Trizek_(WMF)/sandbox/temp_MassMessage_list&oldid=20184653 тізімін пайдаланып User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Annual contest Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos == [[File:WPWP logo 1.png|150px|right|Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP)]] This is to invite you to join the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos (WPWP) campaign to help improve Wikipedia articles with photos and win prizes. The campaign starts today 1st July 2020 and closes 31st August 2020. The campaign primarily aims at using images from Wikimedia Commons on Wikipedia articles that are lacking images. Participants will choose among Wikipedia pages without photo images, then add a suitable file from among the many thousands of photos in the Wikimedia Commons, especially those uploaded from thematic contests (Wiki Loves Africa, Wiki Loves Earth, Wiki Loves Folklore, etc.) over the years. Please visit the '''[[m:Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos|campaign page]]''' to learn more about the WPWP Campaign. With kind regards, Thank you, Deborah Schwartz Jacobs, Communities Liaison, On behalf of the Wikipedia Pages Wanting Photos Organizing Team - 08:24, 2020 j. iyuldin' 1 (UTC) ''feel free to translate this message to your local language when this helps your community'' <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Romaine/MassMessage&oldid=20232618 тізімін пайдаланып User:Romaine@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Feedback on movement names == {{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{int:please-translate}} if necessary. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} There are a lot of conversations happening about the future of our movement names. We hope that you are part of these discussions and that your community is represented. Since 16 June, the Foundation Brand Team has been running a [https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_9G2dN7P0T7gPqpD survey] in 7 languages about [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Communications/Wikimedia brands/2030 movement brand project/Naming convention proposals|3 naming options]]. There are also community members sharing concerns about renaming in a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community open letter on renaming|Community Open Letter]]. Our goal in this call for feedback is to hear from across the community, so we encourage you to participate in the survey, the open letter, or both. The survey will go through 7 July in all timezones. Input from the survey and discussions will be analyzed and published on Meta-Wiki. Thanks for thinking about the future of the movement, --[[:m:Talk:Communications/Wikimedia brands/2030 movement brand project|The Brand Project team]], 19:44, 2020 j. iyuldin' 2 (UTC) ''Note: The survey is conducted via a third-party service, which may subject it to additional terms. For more information on privacy and data-handling, see the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Naming Convention Proposals Movement Feedback Survey Privacy Statement|survey privacy statement]].'' <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/All_wikis_June_2020&oldid=20238836 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Editing news 2020 #3 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2020/July|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:50M@2x.png|thumb|alt=A gold star with a blue ribbon, and the text 50m|More than <strong>50 million edits</strong> have been made using the visual editor on desktop.|400px]] Seven years ago this month, the [[mw:Editing team|Editing team]] offered the visual editor to most Wikipedia editors. Since then, editors have achieved many milestones: * More than <strong>50 million edits</strong> have been made using the visual editor on desktop. * More than <strong>2 million new articles</strong> have been created in the visual editor. More than 600,000 of these new articles were created during 2019. * The visual editor is <strong>increasingly popular</strong>. The proportion of all edits made using the visual editor has increased every year since its introduction. * In 2019, <strong>35% of the edits by newcomers</strong> (logged-in editors with ≤99 edits) used the visual editor. This percentage has <strong>increased every year</strong>. * Almost <strong>5 million edits on the mobile site</strong> have been made with the visual editor. Most of these edits have been made since the Editing team started improving the [[mw:Mobile visual editor|mobile visual editor]] in 2018. * On 17 November 2019, the [https://discuss-space.wmflabs.org/t/first-edit-made-to-wikipedia-from-outer-space/2254 <strong>first edit from outer space</strong>] was made in the mobile visual editor. 🚀 👩‍🚀 * Editors have made more than <strong>7 million edits in the 2017 wikitext editor</strong>, including starting <strong>600,000 new articles</strong> in it. The [[mw:2017 wikitext editor|2017 wikitext editor]] is VisualEditor's built-in wikitext mode. You can [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|enable it in your preferences]]. [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 12:55, 2020 j. iyuldin' 9 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=20232673 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Announcing a new wiki project! Welcome, Abstract Wikipedia == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hi all, It is my honor to introduce Abstract Wikipedia, a new project that has been unanimously approved by the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees. Abstract Wikipedia proposes a new way to generate baseline encyclopedic content in a multilingual fashion, allowing more contributors and more readers to share more knowledge in more languages. It is an approach that aims to make cross-lingual cooperation easier on our projects, increase the sustainability of our movement through expanding access to participation, improve the user experience for readers of all languages, and innovate in free knowledge by connecting some of the strengths of our movement to create something new. This is our first new project in over seven years. Abstract Wikipedia was submitted as a project proposal by Denny Vrandečić in May 2020 <ref>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia]]</ref> after years of preparation and research, leading to a detailed plan and lively discussions in the Wikimedia communities. We know that the energy and the creativity of the community often runs up against language barriers, and information that is available in one language may not make it to other language Wikipedias. Abstract Wikipedia intends to look and feel like a Wikipedia, but build on the powerful, language-independent conceptual models of Wikidata, with the goal of letting volunteers create and maintain Wikipedia articles across our polyglot Wikimedia world. The project will allow volunteers to assemble the fundamentals of an article using words and entities from Wikidata. Because Wikidata uses conceptual models that are meant to be universal across languages, it should be possible to use and extend these building blocks of knowledge to create models for articles that also have universal value. Using code, volunteers will be able to translate these abstract “articles” into their own languages. If successful, this could eventually allow everyone to read about any topic in Wikidata in their own language. As you can imagine, this work will require a lot of software development, and a lot of cooperation among Wikimedians. In order to make this effort possible, Denny will join the Foundation as a staff member in July and lead this initiative. You may know Denny as the creator of Wikidata, a long-time community member, a former staff member at Wikimedia Deutschland, and a former Trustee at the Wikimedia Foundation <ref>[[m:User:Denny|User:Denny]]</ref>. We are very excited that Denny will bring his skills and expertise to work on this project alongside the Foundation’s product, technology, and community liaison teams. It is important to acknowledge that this is an experimental project, and that every Wikipedia community has different needs. This project may offer some communities great advantages. Other communities may engage less. Every language Wikipedia community will be free to choose and moderate whether or how they would use content from this project. We are excited that this new wiki-project has the possibility to advance knowledge equity through increased access to knowledge. It also invites us to consider and engage with critical questions about how and by whom knowledge is constructed. We look forward to working in cooperation with the communities to think through these important questions. There is much to do as we begin designing a plan for Abstract Wikipedia in close collaboration with our communities. I encourage you to get involved by going to the project page and joining the new mailing list <ref>[[mail:abstract-wikipedia|Abstract Wikipedia mailing list]]</ref>. We recognize that Abstract Wikipedia is ambitious, but we also recognize its potential. We invite you all to join us on a new, unexplored path. Yours, Katherine Maher (Executive Director, Wikimedia Foundation) <references/> </div> <small>Sent by [[:m:User:Elitre (WMF)]] 20:06, 2020 j. iyuldin' 9 (UTC) - '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/July 2020 announcement]]''' </small> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/All_wikis_June_2020&oldid=20265889 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == The Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC): we want to hear from you. == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''{{int:Hello}}. Apologies that you may not be reading this message in your native language: translations of the following message may be available on [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Message to small and medium sized wikis|Meta]]. {{int:please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}''<br> At times, our contributor communities and projects have suffered from a lack of guidelines that can help us create an environment where free knowledge can be shared safely without fear. There has been talk about the need for a global set of conduct rules in different communities over time. Recently, the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees announced a [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/May_2020_-_Board_of_Trustees_on_Healthy_Community_Culture,_Inclusivity,_and_Safe_Spaces|Community Culture Statement]], asking for new standards to address harassment and promote inclusivity across projects. The universal code of conduct will be a binding minimum set of standards across all Wikimedia projects, and will apply to all of us, staff and volunteers alike, all around the globe. It is of great importance that we all participate in expressing our opinions and thoughts about UCoC and its values. We should think about what we want it to cover or include and what it shouldn’t include, and how it may create difficulties or help our groups. This is the time to talk about it. Before starting drafting the code of conduct, we would like to hear from you and to solicit the opinions and feedback of your colleagues. In order for your voice to be heard, we encourage and invite you to read more about [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct|the universal code of conduct (UCoC)]] and then write down your opinions or feedback [[:m:Talk:Universal_Code_of_Conduct|on the discussion page]]. To reduce language barriers during the process, you are welcome to translate [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Universal+Code+of+Conduct&language=en&action=page&filter= the universal code of conduct main page] from English into your respective local language. You and your community may choose to provide your opinions/feedback using your local languages. Thanks in advance for your attention and contributions, [[:m:Talk:Trust_and_Safety|The Trust and Safety team at Wikimedia Foundation]] 16:42, 2020 j. iyuldin' 22 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Message_to_small_and_medium_sized_wikis/List&oldid=20303398 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Technical Wishes: FileExporter and FileImporter become default features on all Wikis == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> The [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileExporter and FileImporter]] will become a default features on all wikis until August 7, 2020. They are planned to help you to move files from your local wiki to Wikimedia Commons easier while keeping all original file information (Description, Source, Date, Author, View History) intact. Additionally, the move is documented in the files view history. How does it work? Step 1: If you are an auto-confirmed user, you will see a link "Move file to Wikimedia Commons" on the local file page. Step 2: When you click on this link, the FileImporter checks if the file can in fact be moved to Wikimedia Commons. These checks are performed based on the wiki's [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons/Configuration_file_documentation|configuration file]] which is created and maintained by each local wiki community. Step 3: If the file is compatible with Wikimedia Commons, you will be taken to an import page, at which you can update or add information regarding the file, such as the description. You can also add the 'Now Commons' template to the file on the local wiki by clicking the corresponding check box in the import form. Admins can delete the file from the local wiki by enabling the corresponding checkbox. By clicking on the 'Import' button at the end of the page, the file is imported to Wikimedia Commons. If you want to know more about the [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Move_files_to_Commons|FileImporter extension]] or the [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes|Technical Wishes Project]], follow the links. --For the Technical Wishes Team: </div>[[User:Max Klemm (WMDE)|Max Klemm (WMDE)]] 09:13, 2020 j. avgusttın' 6 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=20343133 тізімін пайдаланып User:Max Klemm (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Important: maintenance operation on September 1st == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Read this message in another language]] • [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|{{int:please-translate}}]] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] will be testing its secondary data centre. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic to the secondary data centre on '''Tuesday, September 1st 2020'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, September 1st. The test will start at [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20200901T14 14:00 UTC] (15:00 BST, 16:00 CEST, 10:00 EDT, 19:30 IST, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday September 2). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the week of September 1st, 2020. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch Datacenter#Schedule for 2018 switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. '''Please share this information with your community.''' </div></div> <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]])</span> 13:48, 2020 j. avgusttın' 26 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20384955 тізімін пайдаланып User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New Wikipedia Library Collections Now Available (September 2020) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing new free, full-access, accounts to reliable sources as part of our [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ research access program]. You can sign up for new accounts and research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/101/ Al Manhal]''' – Arabic journals and ebooks * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/102/ Ancestry.com]''' – Genealogical and historical records * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/100/ RILM]''' – Music encyclopedias Many other partnerships are listed on [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ our partners page], including [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/49/ Adam Matthew], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/57/ EBSCO], [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/55/ Gale] and [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/54/ JSTOR]. A significant portion of our collection now no longer requires individual applications to access! Read more in our [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/06/24/simplifying-your-research-needs-the-wikipedia-library-launches-new-technical-improvements-and-partnerships/ recent blog post]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects! <br>--[[w:en:Wikipedia:TWL/Coordinators|The Wikipedia Library Team]] 09:49, 2020 j. sentyabrdin' 3 (UTC) :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=20418180 тізімін пайдаланып User:Samwalton9@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Invitation to participate in the conversation == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''{{int:Hello}}. Apologies for cross-posting, and that you may not be reading this message in your native language: translations of the following announcement may be available on '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review/Invitation (long version)|Meta]]'''. {{int:please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}'' We are excited to share '''[[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review|a draft of the Universal Code of Conduct]]''', which the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees called for earlier this year, for your review and feedback. The discussion will be open until October 6, 2020. The UCoC Drafting Committee wants to learn which parts of the draft would present challenges for you or your work. What is missing from this draft? What do you like, and what could be improved? Please join the conversation and share this invitation with others who may be interested to join, too. To reduce language barriers during the process, you are welcomed to translate this message and the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review|Universal Code of Conduct/Draft review]]. You and your community may choose to provide your opinions/feedback using your local languages. To learn more about the UCoC project, see the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] page, and the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ|FAQ]], on Meta. Thanks in advance for your attention and contributions, [[:m:Talk:Trust_and_Safety|The Trust and Safety team at Wikimedia Foundation]], 17:55, 2020 j. sentyabrdin' 10 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Draft_review/Invitation_(long_version)/List&oldid=20440292 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Wiki of functions naming contest == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Please-translate}}. {{int:Hello}}. Please help pick a name for the new Wikimedia wiki project. This project will be a wiki where the community can work together on a library of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract_Wikipedia/Wiki_of_functions_naming_contest#function|functions]]. The community can create new functions, read about them, discuss them, and share them. Some of these functions will be used to help create language-independent Wikipedia articles that can be displayed in any language, as part of the Abstract Wikipedia project. But functions will also be usable in many other situations. There will be two rounds of voting, each followed by legal review of candidates, with voting beginning on 29 September and 27 October. Our goal is to have a final project name selected on 8 December. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wiki of functions naming contest|please learn more and vote now]]''' at meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]]</div> 21:20, 2020 j. sentyabrdin' 29 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Quiddity_(WMF)/Global_message_delivery_split_4&oldid=20492310 тізімін пайдаланып User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Call for feedback about Wikimedia Foundation Bylaws changes and Board candidate rubric == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{Int:Please-translate}}. Today the Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees starts two calls for feedback. One is about changes to the Bylaws mainly to increase the Board size from 10 to 16 members. The other one is about a trustee candidate rubric to introduce new, more effective ways to evaluate new Board candidates. The Board welcomes your comments through 26 October. For more details, [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/October 2020 - Call for feedback about Bylaws changes and Board candidate rubric|check the full announcement]]. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} [[m:User:Qgil-WMF|Qgil-WMF]] ([[m:User talk:Qgil-WMF|talk]]) 17:17, 2020 j. oktyabrdin' 7 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/Board&oldid=20519859 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Important: maintenance operation on October 27 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch+2020&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, October 27 2020'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, October 27. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1603807200 14:00 UTC] (14:00 WET, 15:00 CET, 10:00 EDT, 19:30 IST, 07:00 PDT, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 03:00 NZDT on Wednesday October 28). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the week of October 26, 2020. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter#Schedule_for_2020_switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div></div> -- <span dir=ltr>[[m:User:Trizek (WMF)|Trizek (WMF)]] ([[m:User talk:Trizek (WMF)|talk]])</span> 17:10, 2020 j. oktyabrdin' 21 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20519839 тізімін пайдаланып User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Wiki of functions naming contest - Round 2 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{int:Hello}}. Reminder: Please help to choose the name for the new Wikimedia wiki project - the library of functions. The finalist vote starts today. The finalists for the name are: <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Wikicode, Wikicodex, Wikifunctions, Wikifusion, Wikilambda, Wikimedia Functions</span>. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wiki of functions naming contest/Names|please learn more and vote now]]''' at Meta-wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]] </div> 22:10, 2020 j. noyabrdin' 5 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20564572 тізімін пайдаланып User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Invitation|Community Wishlist Survey 2021]] == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|thumb|48px]] The '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]''' is now open! This survey is the process where communities decide what the [[m:Community Tech|Community Tech]] team should work on over the next year. We encourage everyone to submit proposals until the deadline on '''{{#time:j xg|2020-11-30|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}''', or comment on other proposals to help make them better. The communities will vote on the proposals between {{#time:j xg|2020-12-08|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}} and {{#time:j xg|2020-12-21|{{PAGELANGUAGE}}}}. The Community Tech team is focused on tools for experienced Wikimedia editors. You can write proposals in any language, and we will translate them for you. Thank you, and we look forward to seeing your proposals! </div> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">[[m:user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]]</span> 18:09, 2020 j. noyabrdin' 20 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/1&oldid=20689939 тізімін пайдаланып User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Wikidata descriptions changes to be included more often in Recent Changes and Watchlist == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> ''Sorry for sending this message in English. Translations are available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Announcements/Announcement Wikidata descriptions in watchlist|this page]]. Feel free to translate it in more languages!'' As you may know, you can include changes coming from Wikidata in your Watchlist and Recent Changes ([[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-watchlist|in your preferences]]). Until now, this feature didn’t always include changes made on Wikidata descriptions due to the way Wikidata tracks the data used in a given article. Starting on December 3rd, the Watchlist and Recent Changes will include changes on the descriptions of Wikidata Items that are used in the pages that you watch. This will only include descriptions in the language of your wiki to make sure that you’re only seeing changes that are relevant to your wiki. This improvement was requested by many users from different projects. We hope that it can help you monitor the changes on Wikidata descriptions that affect your wiki and participate in the effort of improving the data quality on Wikidata for all Wikimedia wikis and beyond. Note: if you didn’t use the Wikidata watchlist integration feature for a long time, feel free to give it another chance! The feature has been improved since the beginning and the content it displays is more precise and useful than at the beginning of the feature in 2015. If you encounter any issue or want to provide feedback, feel free to use [[Phab:T191831|this Phabricator ticket]]. Thanks! [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 14:39, 2020 j. noyabrdin' 30 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Lea_Lacroix_(WMDE)/wikis&oldid=20728482 тізімін пайдаланып User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == 2020 Coolest Tool Award Ceremony on December 11th == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello all, The ceremony of the 2020 [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|Wikimedia Coolest Tool Award]] will take place virtually on Friday, December 11th, at 17:00 GMT. This award is highlighting tools that have been nominated by contributors to the Wikimedia projects, and the ceremony will be a nice moment to show appreciation to the tools developers and maybe discover new tools! You will find more information [[m:Coolest_Tool_Award|here]] about the livestream and the discussions channels. Thanks for your attention, [[:d:User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)|Lea Lacroix (WMDE)]] 10:55, 2020 j. dekabrdin' 7 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20734978 тізімін пайдаланып User:Lea Lacroix (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Community Wishlist Survey 2021 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|thumb|48px]] '''We invite all registered users to vote on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|2021 Community Wishlist Survey]]. You can vote from now until {{#time:j xg|2020-12-21|en}} for as many different wishes as you want.''' In the Survey, wishes for new and improved tools for experienced editors are collected. After the voting, we will do our best to grant your wishes. We will start with the most popular ones. We, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]], are one of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Wikimedia Foundation]] teams. We create and improve editing and wiki moderation tools. What we work on is decided based on results of the Community Wishlist Survey. Once a year, you can submit wishes. After two weeks, you can vote on the ones that you're most interested in. Next, we choose wishes from the survey to work on. Some of the wishes may be granted by volunteer developers or other teams. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Tracking|You can view and vote all proposals here.]]''' We are waiting for your votes. Thank you! </div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] 00:52, 2020 j. dekabrdin' 15 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SGrabarczuk_(WMF)/sandbox/1&oldid=20689939 тізімін пайдаланып User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == IMPORTANT: Admin activity review == Hello. A policy regarding the removal of "advanced rights" (administrator, bureaucrat, interface administrator, etc.) was adopted by [[:m:Requests for comment/Activity levels of advanced administrative rights holders|global community consensus]] in 2013. According to this policy, the [[:m:stewards|stewards]] are reviewing administrators' activity on all Wikimedia Foundation wikis with no inactivity policy. To the best of our knowledge, your wiki does not have a formal process for removing "advanced rights" from inactive accounts. This means that the stewards will take care of this according to the [[:m:Admin activity review|admin activity review]]. We have determined that the following users meet the inactivity criteria (no edits and no logged actions for more than 2 years): #Qarahat (administrator) These users will receive a notification soon, asking them to start a community discussion if they want to retain some or all of their rights. If the users do not respond, then their advanced rights will be removed by the stewards. However, if you as a community would like to create your own activity review process superseding the global one, want to make another decision about these inactive rights holders, or already have a policy that we missed, then please notify the [[:m:Stewards' noticeboard|stewards on Meta-Wiki]] so that we know not to proceed with the rights review on your wiki. Thanks, --[[Paydalanıwshı:علاء|علاء]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:علاء|талқылауы]]) 15:44, 2021 j. yanvardın' 12 (UTC) == Moving Wikimania 2021 to a Virtual Event == <div class="mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Wikimania_logo_with_text_2.svg|right|alt=Wikimania's logo.|75px]] ''{{int:Hello}}. Apologies if you are not reading this message in your native language. {{Int:Please-translate}}. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}}'' [[:m:Wikimania 2021|Wikimania will be a virtual event this year]], and hosted by a wide group of community members. Whenever the next in-person large gathering is possible again, [[:m:ESEAP Hub|the ESEAP Core Organizing Team]] will be in charge of it. Stay tuned for more information about how ''you'' can get involved in the planning process and other aspects of the event. [https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikimedia-l/2021-January/096141.html Please read the longer version of this announcement on wikimedia-l]. ''ESEAP Core Organizing Team, Wikimania Steering Committee, Wikimedia Foundation Events Team'', 15:15, 2021 j. yanvardın' 27 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Elitre_(WMF)/Wikimania21&oldid=21014617 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Project Grant Open Call == This is the announcement for the [[m:Grants:Project|Project Grants program]] open call that started on January 11, with the submission deadline of February 10, 2021.<br> This first open call will be focussed on Community Organizing proposals. A second open call focused on research and software proposals is scheduled from February 15 with a submission deadline of March 16, 2021.<br> For the Round 1 open call, we invite you to propose grant applications that fall under community development and organizing (offline and online) categories. Project Grant funds are available to support individuals, groups, and organizations to implement new experiments and proven ideas, from organizing a better process on your wiki, coordinating a campaign or editathon series to providing other support for community building. We offer the following resources to help you plan your project and complete a grant proposal:<br> * Weekly proposals clinics via Zoom during the Open Call. Join us for [[m:Grants:Project|#Upcoming_Proposal_Clinics|real-time discussions]] with Program Officers and select thematic experts and get live feedback about your Project Grants proposal. We’ll answer questions and help you make your proposal better. We also offer these support pages to help you build your proposal: * [[m:Grants:Project/Tutorial|Video tutorials]] for writing a strong application<br> * General [[m:Grants:Project/Plan|planning page]] for Project Grants <br> * [[m:Grants:Project/Learn|Program guidelines and criteria]]<br> Program officers are also available to offer individualized proposal support upon request. Contact us if you would like feedback or more information.<br> We are excited to see your grant ideas that will support our community and make an impact on the future of Wikimedia projects. Put your idea into motion, and [[m:Grants:Project/Apply|submit your proposal]] by February 10, 2021!<br> Please feel free to get in touch with questions about getting started with your grant application, or about serving on the Project Grants Committee. Contact us at projectgrants{{at}}wikimedia.org. Please help us translate this message to your local language. [[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 08:01, 2021 j. yanvardın' 28 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=20808431 тізімін пайдаланып User:RSharma (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New Wikipedia Library Collections Available Now (February 2021) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] is announcing new free, full-access, accounts to reliable sources as part of our [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ research access program]. You can sign up to access research materials on the [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ Library Card platform]: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/103/ Taxmann]''' – Taxation and law database * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/104/ PNAS]''' – Official journal of the National Academy of Sciences * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/57/ EBSCO]''' – New Arabic and Spanish language databases added We have a wide array of [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/ other collections available], and a significant number now no longer require individual applications to access! Read more in our [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2020/06/24/simplifying-your-research-needs-the-wikipedia-library-launches-new-technical-improvements-and-partnerships/ blog post]. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects! :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> --12:57, 2021 j. fevraldın' 1 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=21022367 тізімін пайдаланып User:Samwalton9@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Feminism & Folklore 1 February - 31 March == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|Feminism and Folklore]] writing contest'''. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women's biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia. folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, etc. You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles centered on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch-hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2021/List of Articles|suggested articles here]]. You can also support us in translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. Learn more about the contest and prizes from our [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2021|project page]]. Thank you. Feminism and Folklore team, [[m:User:Joy Agyepong|Joy Agyepong]] ([[m:User talk:Joy Agyepong|talk]]) 02:40, 2021 j. fevraldın' 16 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=20421065 тізімін пайдаланып User:Tiven2240@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Wikifunctions logo contest == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> {{Int:Hello}}. Please help to choose a design concept for the logo of the new Wikifunctions wiki. Voting starts today and will be open for 2 weeks. If you would like to participate, then '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Abstract Wikipedia/Wikifunctions logo concept/Vote|please learn more and vote now]]''' at Meta-Wiki. {{Int:Feedback-thanks-title}} --[[m:User:Quiddity (WMF)|Quiddity (WMF)]]</div> 01:47, 2021 j. marttın' 2 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21087740 тізімін пайдаланып User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Universal Code of Conduct – 2021 consultations == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> === Universal Code of Conduct Phase 2 === {{int:please-translate}} The [[:wmf:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|'''Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC)''']] provides a universal baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire Wikimedia movement and all its projects. The project is currently in Phase 2, outlining clear enforcement pathways. You can read more about the whole project on its [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|'''project page''']]. ==== Drafting Committee: Call for applications ==== The Wikimedia Foundation is recruiting volunteers to join a committee to draft how to make the code enforceable. Volunteers on the committee will commit between 2 and 6 hours per week from late April through July and again in October and November. It is important that the committee be diverse and inclusive, and have a range of experiences, including both experienced users and newcomers, and those who have received or responded to, as well as those who have been falsely accused of harassment. To apply and learn more about the process, see [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee]]. ==== 2021 community consultations: Notice and call for volunteers / translators ==== From 5 April – 5 May 2021 there will be conversations on many Wikimedia projects about how to enforce the UCoC. We are looking for volunteers to translate key material, as well as to help host consultations on their own languages or projects using suggested [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations/Discussion|key questions]]. If you are interested in volunteering for either of these roles, please [[:m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations|contact us]] in whatever language you are most comfortable. To learn more about this work and other conversations taking place, see [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations|Universal Code of Conduct/2021 consultations]]. -- [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Xeno (WMF)|talk]]) 22:00, 2021 j. apreldin' 5 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MNadzikiewicz_(WMF)/Without_Russian,_Polish_and_translated/4&oldid=21302199 тізімін пайдаланып User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Line numbering coming soon to all wikis == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> [[File:Technical_Wishes_–_Line_numbering_-_2010_wikitext_editor.png|thumb|Example]] From April 15, you can enable line numbering in some wikitext editors - for now in the template namespace, coming to more namespaces soon. This will make it easier to detect line breaks and to refer to a particular line in discussions. These numbers will be shown if you enable the syntax highlighting feature ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror extension]]), which is supported in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor|2010]] and [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017]] wikitext editors. More information can be found on [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Line Numbering|this project page]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature, and to give feedback [[m:talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Line Numbering|on this talk page]]. </div> -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 15:08, 2021 j. apreldin' 12 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=21329014 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Suggested Values == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> From April 29, it will be possible to suggest values for parameters in templates. Suggested values can be added to [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:TemplateData|TemplateData]] and will then be shown as a drop-down list in [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide|VisualEditor]]. This allows template users to quickly select an appropriate value. This way, it prevents potential errors and reduces the effort needed to fill the template with values. It will still be possible to fill in values other than the suggested ones. More information, including the supported parameter types and how to create suggested values: [[mw:Help:TemplateData#suggestedvalues|[1]]] [[m:WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Suggested_values_for_template_parameters|[2]]]. Everyone is invited to test the feature, and to give feedback [[m:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Suggested values for template parameters|on this talk page]]. </div> [[m:User:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)|Timur Vorkul (WMDE)]] 14:08, 2021 j. apreldin' 22 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=21361904 тізімін пайдаланып User:Timur Vorkul (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Universal Code of Conduct News – Issue 1 == <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Universal Code of Conduct News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 1, June 2021'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1|Read the full newsletter]]</span> ---- Welcome to the first issue of [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct News]]! This newsletter will help Wikimedians stay involved with the development of the new code, and will distribute relevant news, research, and upcoming events related to the UCoC. Please note, this is the first issue of UCoC Newsletter which is delivered to all subscribers and projects as an announcement of the initiative. If you want the future issues delivered to your talk page, village pumps, or any specific pages you find appropriate, you need to [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/UCoC Newsletter Subscription|subscribe here]]. You can help us by translating the newsletter issues in your languages to spread the news and create awareness of the new conduct to keep our beloved community safe for all of us. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/Participate|add your name here]] if you want to be informed of the draft issue to translate beforehand. Your participation is valued and appreciated. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> * '''Affiliate consultations''' – Wikimedia affiliates of all sizes and types were invited to participate in the UCoC affiliate consultation throughout March and April 2021. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec1|continue reading]]) * '''2021 key consultations''' – The Wikimedia Foundation held enforcement key questions consultations in April and May 2021 to request input about UCoC enforcement from the broader Wikimedia community. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec2|continue reading]]) * '''Roundtable discussions''' – The UCoC facilitation team hosted two 90-minute-long public roundtable discussions in May 2021 to discuss UCoC key enforcement questions. More conversations are scheduled. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec3|continue reading]]) * '''Phase 2 drafting committee''' – The drafting committee for the phase 2 of the UCoC started their work on 12 May 2021. Read more about their work. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec4|continue reading]]) * '''Diff blogs''' – The UCoC facilitators wrote several blog posts based on interesting findings and insights from each community during local project consultation that took place in the 1st quarter of 2021. ([[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Newsletter/1#sec5|continue reading]])</div> --[[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 23:05, 2021 j. iyunnin' 11 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:SOyeyele_(WMF)/Announcements/Other_languages&oldid=21578291 тізімін пайдаланып User:SOyeyele (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Wikimania 2021: Individual Program Submissions == [[File:Wikimania logo with text 2.svg|right|200px]] Dear all, Wikimania 2021 will be [[:wikimania:2021:Save the date and the Core Organizing Team|hosted virtually]] for the first time in the event's 15-year history. Since there is no in-person host, the event is being organized by a diverse group of Wikimedia volunteers that form the [[:wikimania:2021:Organizers|Core Organizing Team]] (COT) for Wikimania 2021. '''Event Program''' - Individuals or a group of individuals can submit their session proposals to be a part of the program. There will be translation support for sessions provided in a number of languages. See more information [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions/Guidelines#Language Accessibility|here]]. Below are some links to guide you through; * [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions|Program Submissions]] * [[:wikimania:2021:Submissions/Guidelines|Session Submission Guidelines]] * [[:wikimania:2021:FAQ|FAQ]] Please note that the deadline for submission is 18th June 2021. '''Announcements'''- To keep up to date with the developments around Wikimania, the COT sends out weekly updates. You can view them in the Announcement section [[:wikimania:2021:Announcements|here]]. '''Office Hour''' - If you are left with questions, the COT will be hosting some office hours (in multiple languages), in multiple time-zones, to answer any programming questions that you might have. Details can be found [[:wikimania:2021:Organizers#Office hours schedule|here.]] Best regards, [[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 04:18, 2021 j. iyunnin' 16 (UTC) On behalf of Wikimania 2021 Core Organizing Team <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=21597568 тізімін пайдаланып User:Bodhisattwa@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Editing news 2021 #2 == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <em>[[m:Special:MyLanguage/VisualEditor/Newsletter/2021/June|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</em> [[File:Reply Tool A-B test comment completion.png|alt=Junior contributors comment completion rate across all participating Wikipedias|thumb|296x296px|When newcomers had the Reply tool and tried to post on a talk page, they were more successful at posting a comment. ([https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ Source])]] Earlier this year, the Editing team ran a large study of [[mw:Talk pages project/Replying|the Reply Tool]]. The main goal was to find out whether the Reply Tool helped [[mw:Talk pages project/Glossary|newer editors]] communicate on wiki. The second goal was to see whether the comments that newer editors made using the tool needed to be reverted more frequently than comments newer editors made with the existing wikitext page editor. The key results were: * Newer editors who had automatic ("default on") access to the Reply tool were [https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ more likely] to post a comment on a talk page. * The comments that newer editors made with the Reply Tool were also [https://wikimedia-research.github.io/Reply-tools-analysis-2021/ less likely] to be reverted than the comments that newer editors made with page editing. These results give the Editing team confidence that the tool is helpful. <strong>Looking ahead</strong> The team is planning to make the Reply tool available to everyone as an opt-out preference in the coming months. This has already happened at the Arabic, Czech, and Hungarian Wikipedias. The next step is to [[phab:T280599|resolve a technical challenge]]. Then, they will deploy the Reply tool first to the [[phab:T267379|Wikipedias that participated in the study]]. After that, they will deploy it, in stages, to the other Wikipedias and all WMF-hosted wikis. You can turn on "{{int:discussiontools-preference-label}}" [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-betafeatures|in Beta Features]] now. After you get the Reply tool, you can change your preferences at any time in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]]. –[[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] ([[User talk:Whatamidoing (WMF)|talk]]) </div> 14:14, 2021 j. iyunnin' 24 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=21624491 тізімін пайдаланып User:Elitre (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Server switch == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch 2020|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch+2020&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. <!-- They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, October 27 2020'''. --> Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, 29 June 2021. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1624975200 14:00 UTC] (07:00 PDT, 10:00 EDT, 15:00 WEST/BST, 16:00 CEST, 19:30 IST, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday 30 June). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. *There will be code freezes for the week of June 28. Non-essential code deployments will not happen. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter#Schedule_for_2021_switch|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div></div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] 01:19, 2021 j. iyunnin' 27 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21463754 тізімін пайдаланып User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New Wikipedia Library collections and design update (August 2021) == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL OWL says log in today!]] [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/users/my_library/ The Wikipedia Library] is pleased to announce the addition of new collections, alongside a new interface design. New collections include: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/107/ Cabells]''' – Scholarly and predatory journal database * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/108/ Taaghche]''' - Persian language e-books * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/112/ Merkur]''', '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/111/ Musik & Ästhetik]''', and '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/110/ Psychologie, Psychotherapie, Psychoanalyse]''' - German language magazines and journals published by Klett-Cotta * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/117/ Art Archiv]''', '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/113/ Capital]''', '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/115/ Geo]''', '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/116/ Geo Epoche]''', and '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/114/ Stern]''' - German language newspapers and magazines published by Gruner + Jahr Additionally, '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/105/ De Gruyter]''' and '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/106/ Nomos]''' have been centralised from their previous on-wiki signup location on the German Wikipedia. Many other collections are freely available by simply logging in to [https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/ The Wikipedia Library] with your Wikimedia login! We are also excited to announce that the first version of a new design for My Library was deployed this week. We will be iterating on this design with more features over the coming weeks. Read more on the [[:m:Library Card platform/Design improvements|project page on Meta]]. Lastly, an Echo notification will begin rolling out soon to notify eligible editors about the library ([[Phab:T132084|T132084]]). If you can translate the notification please do so [https://translatewiki.net/w/i.php?title=Special:Translate&group=ext-thewikipedialibrary at TranslateWiki]! --The Wikipedia Library Team 13:23, 2021 j. avgusttın' 11 (UTC) :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=21851699 тізімін пайдаланып User:Samwalton9@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == The 2022 Community Wishlist Survey will happen in January == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> Hello everyone, We hope all of you are as well and safe as possible during these trying times! We wanted to share some news about a change to the Community Wishlist Survey 2022. We would like to hear your opinions as well. Summary: <div style="font-style:italic;"> We will be running the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]] 2022 in January 2022. We need more time to work on the 2021 wishes. We also need time to prepare some changes to the Wishlist 2022. In the meantime, you can use a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|dedicated sandbox to leave early ideas for the 2022 wishes]]. </div> === Proposing and wish-fulfillment will happen during the same year === In the past, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] team has run the Community Wishlist Survey for the following year in November of the prior year. For example, we ran the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021|Wishlist for 2021]] in November 2020. That worked well a few years ago. At that time, we used to start working on the Wishlist soon after the results of the voting were published. However, in 2021, there was a delay between the voting and the time when we could start working on the new wishes. Until July 2021, we were working on wishes from the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2020|Wishlist for 2020]]. We hope having the Wishlist 2022 in January 2022 will be more intuitive. This will also give us time to fulfill more wishes from the 2021 Wishlist. === Encouraging wider participation from historically excluded communities === We are thinking how to make the Wishlist easier to participate in. We want to support more translations, and encourage under-resourced communities to be more active. We would like to have some time to make these changes. === A new space to talk to us about priorities and wishes not granted yet === We will have gone 365 days without a Wishlist. We encourage you to approach us. We hope to hear from you in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]], but we also hope to see you at our bi-monthly Talk to Us meetings! These will be hosted at two different times friendly to time zones around the globe. We will begin our first meeting '''September 15th at 23:00 UTC'''. More details about the agenda and format coming soon! === Brainstorm and draft proposals before the proposal phase === If you have early ideas for wishes, you can use the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|new Community Wishlist Survey sandbox]]. This way, you will not forget about these before January 2022. You will be able to come back and refine your ideas. Remember, edits in the sandbox don't count as wishes! === Feedback === * What should we do to improve the Wishlist pages? * How would you like to use our new [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Sandbox|sandbox?]] * What, if any, risks do you foresee in our decision to change the date of the Wishlist 2022? * What will help more people participate in the Wishlist 2022? Answer on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|talk page]] (in any language you prefer) or at our Talk to Us meetings. </div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|talk]]) 00:23, 2021 j. sentyabrdin' 7 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 тізімін пайдаланып User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Call for Candidates for the Movement Charter Drafting Committee ending 14 September 2021 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/>Movement Strategy announces [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee|the Call for Candidates for the Movement Charter Drafting Committee]]. The Call opens August 2, 2021 and closes September 14, 2021. The Committee is expected to represent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Diversity_and_Expertise_Matrices|diversity in the Movement]]. Diversity includes gender, language, geography, and experience. This comprises participation in projects, affiliates, and the Wikimedia Foundation. English fluency is not required to become a member. If needed, translation and interpretation support is provided. Members will receive an allowance to offset participation costs. It is US$100 every two months. We are looking for people who have some of the following [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Role_Requirements|skills]]: * Know how to write collaboratively. (demonstrated experience is a plus) * Are ready to find compromises. * Focus on inclusion and diversity. * Have knowledge of community consultations. * Have intercultural communication experience. * Have governance or organization experience in non-profits or communities. * Have experience negotiating with different parties. The Committee is expected to start with 15 people. If there are 20 or more candidates, a mixed election and selection process will happen. If there are 19 or fewer candidates, then the process of selection without election takes place. Will you help move Wikimedia forward in this important role? Submit your candidacy [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee#Candidate_Statements|here]]. Please contact strategy2030[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org with questions.<section end="announcement-content"/> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 17:01, 2021 j. sentyabrdin' 10 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22002240 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Server switch == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] The [[foundation:|Wikimedia Foundation]] tests the switch between its first and secondary data centers. This will make sure that Wikipedia and the other Wikimedia wikis can stay online even after a disaster. To make sure everything is working, the Wikimedia Technology department needs to do a planned test. This test will show if they can reliably switch from one data centre to the other. It requires many teams to prepare for the test and to be available to fix any unexpected problems. They will switch all traffic back to the primary data center on '''Tuesday, 14 September 2021'''. Unfortunately, because of some limitations in [[mw:Manual:What is MediaWiki?|MediaWiki]], all editing must stop while the switch is made. We apologize for this disruption, and we are working to minimize it in the future. '''You will be able to read, but not edit, all wikis for a short period of time.''' *You will not be able to edit for up to an hour on Tuesday, 14 September 2021. The test will start at [https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1631628049 14:00 UTC] (07:00 PDT, 10:00 EDT, 15:00 WEST/BST, 16:00 CEST, 19:30 IST, 23:00 JST, and in New Zealand at 02:00 NZST on Wednesday, 15 September). *If you try to edit or save during these times, you will see an error message. We hope that no edits will be lost during these minutes, but we can't guarantee it. If you see the error message, then please wait until everything is back to normal. Then you should be able to save your edit. But, we recommend that you make a copy of your changes first, just in case. ''Other effects'': *Background jobs will be slower and some may be dropped. Red links might not be updated as quickly as normal. If you create an article that is already linked somewhere else, the link will stay red longer than usual. Some long-running scripts will have to be stopped. * We expect the code deployments to happen as any other week. However, some case-by-case code freezes could punctually happen if the operation require them afterwards. This project may be postponed if necessary. You can [[wikitech:Switch_Datacenter|read the schedule at wikitech.wikimedia.org]]. Any changes will be announced in the schedule. There will be more notifications about this. A banner will be displayed on all wikis 30 minutes before this operation happens. '''Please share this information with your community.'''</div></div> [[user:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[user talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 00:45, 2021 j. sentyabrdin' 11 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 тізімін пайдаланып User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Talk to the Community Tech == [[File:Magic Wand Icon 229981 Color Flipped.svg|{{dir|{{pagelang}}|left|right}}|frameless|50px]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates/2021-09 Talk to Us|Read this message in another language]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Community_Wishlist_Survey/Updates/2021-09_Talk_to_Us&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] Hello! As we have [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|recently announced]], we, the team working on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey|Community Wishlist Survey]], would like to invite you to an online meeting with us. It will take place on [https://www.timeanddate.com/worldclock/fixedtime.html?iso=20210915T2300 '''September 15th, 23:00 UTC'''] on Zoom, and will last an hour. [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 '''Click here to join''']. '''Agenda''' * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Status report 1#Prioritization Process|How we prioritize the wishes to be granted]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey/Updates|Why we decided to change the date]] from November 2021 to January 2022 * Update on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Warn when linking to disambiguation pages|disambiguation]] and the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Wishlist Survey 2021/Real Time Preview for Wikitext|real-time preview]] wishes * Questions and answers '''Format''' The meeting will not be recorded or streamed. Notes without attribution will be taken and published on Meta-Wiki. The presentation (first three points in the agenda) will be given in English. We can answer questions asked in English, French, Polish, and Spanish. If you would like to ask questions in advance, add them [[m:Talk:Community Wishlist Survey|on the Community Wishlist Survey talk page]] or send to sgrabarczuk@wikimedia.org. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/User:NRodriguez (WMF)|Natalia Rodriguez]] (the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Community Tech|Community Tech]] manager) will be hosting this meeting. '''Invitation link''' * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/j/89828615390 Join online] * Meeting ID: 898 2861 5390 * One tap mobile ** +16465588656,,89828615390# US (New York) ** +16699006833,,89828615390# US (San Jose) * [https://wikimedia.zoom.us/u/kctR45AI8o Dial by your location] See you! [[User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|SGrabarczuk (WMF)]] ([[User talk:SGrabarczuk (WMF)|<span class="signature-talk">{{int:Talkpagelinktext}}</span>]]) 03:03, 2021 j. sentyabrdin' 11 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=21980442 тізімін пайдаланып User:SGrabarczuk (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Select You the question statements for candidates of Drafting Committee Movement Charter == Into 2021-10-04 11:59:59 UTC you can select [[:m:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Election Compass Statements|question statements]] for the [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates|candidates]] of [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|Drafting Committee]] [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter|Movement Charter]]. ✍️ [[Paydalanıwshı:Dušan Kreheľ|Dušan Kreheľ]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Dušan Kreheľ|талқылауы]]) 22:58, 2021 j. sentyabrdin' 29 (UTC) == Voting for the election for the members for the Movement Charter drafting committee is now open == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/MCDC Voter Email short 12-10-2021|{{int:otherlanguages}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/MCDC Voter Email short 12-10-2021}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Voting for the election for the members for the Movement Charter drafting committee is now open. In total, 70 Wikimedians from around the world are running for 7 seats in these elections. '''Voting is open from October 12 to October 24, 2021.''' The committee will consist of 15 members in total: The online communities vote for 7 members, 6 members will be selected by the Wikimedia affiliates through a parallel process, and 2 members will be appointed by the Wikimedia Foundation. The plan is to assemble the committee by November 1, 2021. Learn about each candidate to inform your vote in the language that you prefer: <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates> Learn about the Drafting Committee: <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee> We are piloting a voting advice application for this election. Click yourself through the tool and you will see which candidate is closest to you! Check at <https://mcdc-election-compass.toolforge.org/> Read the full announcement: <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Elections> '''Go vote at SecurePoll on:''' <https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Elections> Best, Movement Strategy & Governance Team, Wikimedia Foundation <section end="announcement-content"/> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:25, 2021 j. oktyabrdin' 14 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Xeno_(WMF)/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22185710 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Learn how Movement Strategy Implementation Grants can support your Movement Strategy plans == <section begin="announcement-content"/>Movement Strategy Implementation grants now provide more than $2,000 USD to put Movement Strategy plans into action. Find out more about [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Grants:MSIG/About|Movement Strategy Implementation grants, the criteria, and how to apply]].<section end="annoumcent-content"/> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ([[User talk:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)#top|talk]]) 13:30, 29 October 2021 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MNadzikiewicz_(WMF)/Delivery&oldid=22247589 тізімін пайдаланып User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Meet the new Movement Charter Drafting Committee members == <section begin="announcement-content"/> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Movement Charter Drafting Committee election and selection processes are complete. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Elections/Results|election results have been published]]. 1018 participants voted to elect seven members to the committee: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_Knipel_(Pharos)|Richard Knipel (Pharos)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anne_Clin_(Risker)|Anne Clin (Risker)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Alice_Wiegand_(lyzzy)|Alice Wiegand (Lyzzy)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Micha%C5%82_Buczy%C5%84ski_(Aegis_Maelstrom)|Michał Buczyński (Aegis Maelstrom)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Richard_(Nosebagbear)|Richard (Nosebagbear)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ravan_J_Al-Taie_(Ravan)|Ravan J Al-Taie (Ravan)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Ciell_(Ciell)|Ciell (Ciell)]]'''. * The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Affiliate-chosen_members|affiliate process]] has selected six members: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Anass_Sedrati_(Anass_Sedrati)|Anass Sedrati (Anass Sedrati)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#%C3%89rica_Azzellini_(EricaAzzellini)|Érica Azzellini (EricaAzzellini)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Jamie_Li-Yun_Lin_(Li-Yun_Lin)|Jamie Li-Yun Lin (Li-Yun Lin)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Georges_Fodouop_(Geugeor)|Georges Fodouop (Geugeor)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Manavpreet_Kaur_(Manavpreet_Kaur)|Manavpreet Kaur (Manavpreet Kaur)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee/Candidates#Pepe_Flores_(Padaguan)|Pepe Flores (Padaguan)]]'''. * The Wikimedia Foundation has [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Wikimedia_Foundation-chosen_members|appointed]] two members: '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Runa_Bhattacharjee_(Runab_WMF)|Runa Bhattacharjee (Runab WMF)]]''', '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement_Charter/Drafting_Committee/Candidates#Jorge_Vargas_(JVargas_(WMF))|Jorge Vargas (JVargas (WMF))]]'''. The committee will convene soon to start its work. The committee can appoint up to three more members to bridge diversity and expertise gaps. If you are interested in engaging with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter|Movement Charter]] drafting process, follow the updates [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Charter/Drafting Committee|on Meta]] and join the [https://t.me/joinchat/U-4hhWtndBjhzmSf Telegram group]. With thanks from the Movement Strategy and Governance team<section end="announcement-content"/> 15:53, 2021 j. noyabrdin' 5 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:MNadzikiewicz_(WMF)/Delivery&oldid=22300322 тізімін пайдаланып User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content /> :''You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback:2022 Board of Trustees election/Upcoming Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Board of Trustees is preparing a call for feedback about the upcoming Board Elections, from January 7 - February 10, 2022. While details will be finalized the week before the call, we have confirmed at least two questions that will be asked during this call for feedback: * What is the best way to ensure fair representation of emerging communities among the Board? * What involvement should candidates have during the election? While additional questions may be added, the Movement Strategy and Governance team wants to provide time for community members and affiliates to consider and prepare ideas on the confirmed questions before the call opens. We apologize for not having a complete list of questions at this time. The list of questions should only grow by one or two questions. The intention is to not overwhelm the community with requests, but provide notice and welcome feedback on these important questions. '''Do you want to help organize local conversation during this Call?''' Contact the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance team]] on Meta, on [https://t.me/wmboardgovernancechat Telegram], or via email at msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org. Reach out if you have any questions or concerns. The Movement Strategy and Governance team will be minimally staffed until January 3. Please excuse any delayed response during this time. We also recognize some community members and affiliates are offline during the December holidays. We apologize if our message has reached you while you are on holiday. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> {{int:thank-you}} [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 17:56, 2021 j. dekabrdin' 27 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22502754 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Feminism and Folklore 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} Greetings! You are invited to participate in '''[[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]]''' writing competion. This year Feminism and Folklore will focus on feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics for the project in league with Wiki Loves Folklore gender gap focus with folk culture theme on Wikipedia. You can help us in enriching the folklore documentation on Wikipedia from your region by creating or improving articles focused on folklore around the world, including, but not limited to folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, women and queer personalities in folklore, folk culture (folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more. You can contribute to new articles or translate from the list of suggested articles [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/List of Articles|here]]. You can also support us in organizing the contest on your local Wikipedia by signing up your community to participate in this project and also translating the [[m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|project page]] and help us spread the word in your native language. Learn more about the contest and prizes from our project page. Feel free to contact us on our [[:m:Talk:Feminism and Folklore 2022|talk page]] or via Email if you need any assistance... Thank you. '''Feminism and Folklore Team''', [[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] --05:49, 2022 j. yanvardın' 11 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/wlf&oldid=22574381 тізімін пайдаланып User:Tiven2240@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" />:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections/Call for Feedback about the Board of Trustees elections is now open/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Call for Feedback: Board of Trustees elections is now open and will close on 7 February 2022. With this Call for Feedback, the Movement Strategy and Governance team is taking a different approach. This approach incorporates community feedback from 2021. Instead of leading with proposals, the Call is framed around key questions from the Board of Trustees. The key questions came from the feedback about the 2021 Board of Trustees election. The intention is to inspire collective conversation and collaborative proposal development about these key questions. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees/Call for feedback: Board of Trustees elections|Join the conversation.]] Best, Movement Strategy and Governance<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:04, 2022 j. yanvardın' 15 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22610145 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 5 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="ucoc-newsletter"/> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5/Global message}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 5, January 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the fifth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News (formerly known as Universal Code of Conduct News)! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board elections and other relevant MSG topics. This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly or bi-weekly to subscribers. Please remember to subscribe [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive these updates. <div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> *'''Call for Feedback about the Board elections''' - We invite you to give your feedback on the upcoming WMF Board of Trustees election. This call for feedback went live on 10th January 2022 and will be concluded on 16th February 2022. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Call for Feedback about the Board elections|continue reading]]) *'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification''' - In 2021, the WMF asked communities about how to enforce the Universal Code of Conduct policy text. The revised draft of the enforcement guidelines should be ready for community vote in March. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Universal Code of Conduct Ratification|continue reading]]) *'''Movement Strategy Implementation Grants''' - As we continue to review several interesting proposals, we encourage and welcome more proposals and ideas that target a specific initiative from the Movement Strategy recommendations. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Movement Strategy Implementation Grants|continue reading]]) *'''The New Direction for the Newsletter''' - As the UCoC Newsletter transitions into MSG Newsletter, join the facilitation team in envisioning and deciding on the new directions for this newsletter. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#The New Direction for the Newsletter|continue reading]]) *'''Diff Blogs''' - Check out the most recent publications about MSG on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/5#Diff Blogs|continue reading]])</div><section end="ucoc-newsletter"/> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 03:27, 2022 j. yanvardın' 29 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22704115 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Updates on the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines Review == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/2022-02-02 Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees released a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Board noticeboard/January 2022 - Board of Trustees on Community ratification of enforcement guidelines of UCoC|statement on the ratification process]] for the '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines]]'''. The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The UCoC and the Enforcement Guidelines were written by [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|volunteer-staff drafting committees]] following community consultations. The revised guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. There is a [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Changes|list of changes made]] to the guidelines after the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement draft guidelines review|enforcement draft guidelines review]]. '''Comments about the guidelines can be shared [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on the Enforcement Guidelines talk page on Meta-wiki]].''' To help to understand the guidelines and process, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team will be hosting Conversation Hours on 4 February 2022 at 15:00 UTC, 25 February 2022 at 12:00 UTC, and 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Conversations|Join the conversation hours to speak with the UCoC project team and drafting committee members about the updated guidelines and voting process]].''' The [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Project#Timeline|timeline is available on Meta-wiki]]. The voting period is March 7 to 21. All eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the Enforcement guidelines, and share why. '''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|See the voting information page for more details]].''' Many participants from across the movement have provided valuable input in these ongoing conversations. The UCoC and MSG teams want to thank the Drafting Committee and the community members for their contributions to this process. Sincerely, Movement Strategy and Governance<br/> Wikimedia Foundation<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 03:55, 2022 j. fevraldın' 4 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22704115 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Leadership Development Task Force: Your feedback is appreciated</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" />:''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Task Force/Call for Feedback Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Community Development team at the Wikimedia Foundation is supporting the creation of a global, community-driven Leadership Development Task Force. The purpose of the task force is to advise leadership development work. The team is looking for feedback about the responsibilities of the Leadership Development Task Force. This Meta page shares the proposal for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force|Leadership Development Task Force]] and how [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Task Force/Participate|you can help.]] Feedback on the proposal will be collected from 7 to 25 February 2022.<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:35, 2022 j. fevraldın' 9 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/Wikipedia&oldid=22796821 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Wiki Loves Folklore is extended till 15th March == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">{{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]] Greetings from Wiki Loves Folklore International Team, We are pleased to inform you that [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore|Wiki Loves Folklore]] an international photographic contest on Wikimedia Commons has been extended till the '''15th of March 2022'''. The scope of the contest is focused on folk culture of different regions on categories, such as, but not limited to, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, etc. We would like to have your immense participation in the photographic contest to document your local Folk culture on Wikipedia. You can also help with the [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Translations|translation]] of project pages and share a word in your local language. Best wishes, '''International Team'''<br /> '''Wiki Loves Folklore''' [[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 04:50, 2022 j. fevraldın' 22 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=22754428 тізімін пайдаланып User:Rockpeterson@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Coming soon == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> === Several improvements around templates === Hello, from March 9, several improvements around templates will become available on your wiki: * Fundamental improvements of the [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor template dialog]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|1]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Removing a template from a page using the VisualEditor|2]]), * Improvements to make it easier to put a template on a page ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Finding and inserting templates|3]]) (for the template dialogs in [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|VisualEditor]], [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:WikiEditor#/media/File:VectorEditorBasic-en.png|2010 Wikitext]] and [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|New Wikitext Mode]]), * and improvements in the syntax highlighting extension [[Mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] ([[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|4]], [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Bracket Matching|5]]) (which is available on wikis with writing direction left-to-right). All these changes are part of the “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]” project by [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes]]. We hope they will help you in your work, and we would love to hear your feedback on the talk pages of these projects. </div> - [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 12:38, 2022 j. fevraldın' 28 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=22907463 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Remember to Participate in the UCoC Conversations and Ratification Vote!</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|'''vote in SecurePoll from 7 to 21 March 2022''']] is scheduled as part of the ratification process for the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement guidelines. Eligible voters are invited to answer a poll question and share comments. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information|Read voter information and eligibility details.]] During the poll, voters will be asked if they support the enforcement of the Universal Code of Conduct based on the proposed guidelines. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_noticeboard/January_2022_-_Board_of_Trustees_on_Community_ratification_of_enforcement_guidelines_of_UCoC|Wikimedia Foundation Board statement]] calls for a [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voting|ratification process]] where eligible voters will have an opportunity to support or oppose the adoption of the UCoC Enforcement guidelines in a vote. Wikimedians are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Voter_information/Volunteer|translate and share important information]]. For more information about the UCoC, please see the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|project page]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/FAQ|frequently asked questions]] on Meta-wiki. There are events scheduled to learn more and discuss: * A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations/Panel_Q&A|community panel]] recorded on 18 February 2022 shares perspectives from small- and medium-sized community participants. * The [[m:Movement Strategy and Governance|Movement Strategy and Governance]] (MSG) team is hosting Conversation Hours on 4 March 2022 at 15:00 UTC. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Conversations|'''sign-up''']] to interact with the project team and the drafting committee about the updated enforcement guidelines and the ratification process. See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/2022_conversation_hour_summaries|Conversation Hour summaries]] for notes from 4 February 2022 and 25 February 2022. You can comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact either team by email: msg[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org or ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org Sincerely, Movement Strategy and Governance <br /> Wikimedia Foundation <br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:17, 2022 j. marttın' 2 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=22916674 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting open from 7 to 21 March 2022</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]] :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) is now open! '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting|Voting commenced on SecurePoll]]''' on 7 March 2022 and will conclude on 21 March 2022. Please [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|read more on the voter information and eligibility details]]. The Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) provides a baseline of acceptable behavior for the entire movement. The revised enforcement guidelines were published 24 January 2022 as a proposed way to apply the policy across the movement. You can [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Project|read more about the UCoC project]]. You can also comment on Meta-wiki talk pages in any language. You may also contact the team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org Sincerely, Movement Strategy and Governance Wikimedia Foundation<section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 00:52, 2022 j. marttın' 8 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=22962850 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Invitation to Hubs event: Global Conversation on 2022-03-12 at 13:00 UTC</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" />Hello! The Movement Strategy and Governance team of the Wikimedia Foundation would like to invite you to the next event about "Regional and Thematic Hubs". The Wikimedia Movement is in the process of understanding what Regional and Thematic Hubs should be. Our workshop in November was a good start ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Documentation/27 November Workshop|read the report]]), but we're not finished yet. Over the last weeks we conducted about 16 interviews with groups working on establishing a Hub in their context ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Dialogue|see Hubs Dialogue]]). These interviews informed a report that will serve as a foundation for discussion on March 12. The report is planned to be published on March 9. The event will take place on March 12, 13:00 to 16:00 UTC on Zoom. Interpretation will be provided in French, Spanish, Arabic, Russian, and Portuguese. Registration is open, and will close on March 10. Anyone interested in the topic is invited to join us. '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Hubs/Global Conversations March 12, 2022|More information on the event on Meta-wiki]]'''. Best regards, [[m:User:KVaidla (WMF)|Kaarel Vaidla]]<br />Movement Strategy <section end="announcement-content" /> </div> 01:31, 2022 j. marttın' 10 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=22974079 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 ends tomorrow == [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|frameless|180px]] International photographic contest [[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022| Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]] ends on 15th March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. This is the last chance of the year to upload images about local folk culture, festival, cuisine, costume, folklore etc on Wikimedia Commons. Watch out our social media handles for regular updates and declaration of Winners. ([https://www.facebook.com/WikiLovesFolklore/ Facebook] , [https://twitter.com/WikiFolklore Twitter ] , [https://www.instagram.com/wikilovesfolklore/ Instagram]) The writing competition Feminism and Folklore will run till 31st of March 2022 23:59:59 UTC. Write about your local folk tradition, women, folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, folklore, and tradition, including ballads, folktales, fairy tales, legends, traditional song and dance, folk plays, games, seasonal events, calendar customs, folk arts, folk religion, mythology etc. on your local Wikipedia. Check if your [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022/Project Page|local Wikipedia is participating]] A special competition called '''Wiki Loves Falles''' is organised in Spain and the world during 15th March 2022 till 15th April 2022 to document local folk culture and [[:en:Falles|Falles]] in Valencia, Spain. Learn more about it on [[:ca:Viquiprojecte:Falles 2022|Catalan Wikipedia project page]]. We look forward for your immense co-operation. Thanks Wiki Loves Folklore international Team [[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 14:40, 2022 j. marttın' 14 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Global_message_delivery&oldid=22754428 тізімін пайдаланып User:Rockpeterson@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Leadership Development Working Group: Apply to join! (14 March to 10 April 2022)</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Leadership Development Working Group/Participate/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello everyone, Thank you to everyone who participated in the feedback period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group|Leadership Development Working Group]] initiative. A [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership Development Working Group/Participate#5. Summary of Call for Feedback|summary of the feedback]] can be found on Meta-wiki. This feedback will be shared with the working group to inform their work. The application period to join the Working Group is now open and will close on April 10, 2022. Please [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Purpose_and_Structure#3._How_is_the_working_group_formed_and_structured?|review the information about the working group]], share with community members who might be interested, and '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Leadership_Development_Working_Group/Participate#1._How_to_participate|apply if you are interested]]'''. Thank you, From the Community Development team<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 02:20, 2022 j. marttın' 18 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=22974079 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Feminism and Folklore 2022 ends soon == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2022 logo.svg|right|frameless|250px]] [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2022|Feminism and Folklore 2022]] which is an international writing contest organized at Wikipedia ends soon that is on <b>31 March 2022 11:59 UTC</b>. This is the last chance of the year to write about feminism, women biographies and gender-focused topics such as <i>folk festivals, folk dances, folk music, folk activities, folk games, folk cuisine, folk wear, fairy tales, folk plays, folk arts, folk religion, mythology, folk artists, folk dancers, folk singers, folk musicians, folk game athletes, women in mythology, women warriors in folklore, witches and witch hunting, fairy tales and more</i> Keep an eye on the project page for declaration of Winners. We look forward for your immense co-operation. Thanks Wiki Loves Folklore international Team [[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 14:28, 2022 j. marttın' 26 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Rockpeterson/fnf&oldid=23060054 тізімін пайдаланып User:Rockpeterson@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement guidelines ratification voting is now closed</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Vote/Closing message}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Greetings, The ratification voting process for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|revised enforcement guidelines]] of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]] (UCoC) came to a close on 21 March 2022. Over {{#expr:2300}} Wikimedians voted across different regions of our movement. Thank you to everyone who participated in this process! The scrutinizing group is now reviewing the vote for accuracy, so please allow up to two weeks for them to finish their work. The final results from the voting process will be announced [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voting/Results|here]], along with the relevant statistics and a summary of comments as soon as they are available. Please check out [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Voter information|the voter information page]] to learn about the next steps. You can comment on the project talk page [[m:Talk:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines|on Meta-wiki]] in any language. You may also contact the UCoC project team by email: ucocproject[[File:At sign.svg|16x16px|link=|(_AT_)]]wikimedia.org Best regards, Movement Strategy and Governance<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:53, 2022 j. marttın' 30 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23079949 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 6</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="msg-newsletter"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 6, April 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the sixth issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! This revamped newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the Movement Charter, Universal Code of Conduct, Movement Strategy Implementation grants, Board of trustees elections and other relevant MSG topics. This Newsletter will be distributed quarterly, while the more frequent Updates will also be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> *'''Leadership Development -''' A Working Group is Forming! - The application to join the Leadership Development Working Group closed on April 10th, 2022, and up to 12 community members will be selected to participate in the working group. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A1|continue reading]]) *'''Universal Code of Conduct Ratification Results are out! -''' The global decision process on the enforcement of the UCoC via SecurePoll was held from 7 to 21 March. Over 2,300 eligible voters from at least 128 different home projects submitted their opinions and comments. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A2|continue reading]]) *'''Movement Discussions on Hubs -''' The Global Conversation event on Regional and Thematic Hubs was held on Saturday, March 12, and was attended by 84 diverse Wikimedians from across the movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A3|continue reading]]) *'''Movement Strategy Grants Remain Open! -''' Since the start of the year, six proposals with a total value of about $80,000 USD have been approved. Do you have a movement strategy project idea? Reach out to us! ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A4|continue reading]]) *'''The Movement Charter Drafting Committee is All Set! -''' The Committee of fifteen members which was elected in October 2021, has agreed on the essential values and methods for its work, and has started to create the outline of the Movement Charter draft. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A5|continue reading]]) *'''Introducing Movement Strategy Weekly -''' Contribute and Subscribe! - The MSG team have just launched the updates portal, which is connected to the various Movement Strategy pages on Meta-wiki. Subscriber to get up-to-date news about the various ongoing projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A6|continue reading]]) *'''Diff Blogs -''' Check out the most recent publications about Movement Strategy on Wikimedia Diff. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/6#A7|continue reading]]) </div><section end="msg-newsletter"/> </div> Also, a draft of the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/draft|'''2022-23 Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan''']] has been published. Input is being sought on-wiki and during [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations|'''several conversations''' with Wikimedia Foundation CEO Maryana Iskander]]. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Annual Plan/2022-2023/Conversations/Announcement|See full announcement on Meta-wiki]]. [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 01:45, 2022 j. apreldin' 22 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23184989 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == New Wikipedia Library Collections Available Now - April 2022 == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Hello Wikimedians! [[File:Wikipedia_Library_owl.svg|thumb|upright|The TWL owl says sign up today!]] [[m:The Wikipedia Library|The Wikipedia Library]] has free access to new paywalled reliable sources. You can these and dozens more collections at https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/: * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/128/ Wiley]''' – journals, books, and research resources, covering life, health, social, and physical sciences * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/125/ OECD]''' – OECD iLibrary, Data, and Multimedia​​ published by the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development * '''[https://wikipedialibrary.wmflabs.org/partners/129/ SPIE Digital Library]''' – journals and eBooks on optics and photonics applied research Many other sources are freely available for experienced editors, including collections which recently became accessible to all eligible editors: Cambridge University Press, BMJ, AAAS, Érudit and more. Do better research and help expand the use of high quality references across Wikipedia projects: log in today! <br>--The Wikipedia Library Team 13:17, 2022 j. apreldin' 26 (UTC) :<small>This message was delivered via the [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/MassMessage#Global_message_delivery Global Mass Message] tool to [https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library The Wikipedia Library Global Delivery List].</small> </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikipedia_Library&oldid=23036656 тізімін пайдаланып User:Samwalton9@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Coming soon: Improvements for templates == <div class="plainlinks mw-content-ltr" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <!--T:11--> [[File:Overview of changes in the VisualEditor template dialog by WMDE Technical Wishes.webm|thumb|Fundamental changes in the template dialog.]] Hello, more changes around templates are coming to your wiki soon: The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:VisualEditor/User guide#Editing templates|'''template dialog''' in VisualEditor]] and in the [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/2017 wikitext editor|2017 Wikitext Editor]] (beta) will be '''improved fundamentally''': This should help users understand better what the template expects, how to navigate the template, and how to add parameters. * [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/VisualEditor template dialog improvements|talk page]] In '''syntax highlighting''' ([[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Extension:CodeMirror|CodeMirror]] extension), you can activate a '''colorblind-friendly''' color scheme with a user setting. * [[metawiki:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting#Color-blind_mode|project page]], [[metawiki:Talk:WMDE Technical Wishes/Improved Color Scheme of Syntax Highlighting|talk page]] Deployment is planned for May 10. This is the last set of improvements from [[m:WMDE Technical Wishes|WMDE Technical Wishes']] focus area “[[m:WMDE Technical Wishes/Templates|Templates]]”. We would love to hear your feedback on our talk pages! </div> -- [[m:User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)|Johanna Strodt (WMDE)]] 11:13, 2022 j. apreldin' 29 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=WMDE_Technical_Wishes/Technical_Wishes_News_list_all_village_pumps&oldid=23222263 тізімін пайдаланып User:Johanna Strodt (WMDE)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Editing news 2022 #1</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="message"/><i>[[metawiki:VisualEditor/Newsletter/2022/April|Read this in another language]] • [[m:VisualEditor/Newsletter|Subscription list for this multilingual newsletter]]</i> [[File:Junior Contributor New Topic Tool Completion Rate.png|thumb|New editors were more successful with this new tool.]] The [[mw:Special:MyLanguage/Help:DiscussionTools#New discussion tool|New topic tool]] helps editors create new ==Sections== on discussion pages. New editors are more successful with this new tool. You can [[mw:Talk pages project/New topic#21 April 2022|read the report]]. Soon, the Editing team will offer this to all editors at the 20 Wikipedias that participated in the test. You will be able to turn it off at [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing-discussion]].<section end="message"/> </div> [[User:Whatamidoing (WMF)|Whatamidoing (WMF)]] 18:55, 2022 j. maydın' 2 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/VisualEditor/Newsletter/Wikis_with_VE&oldid=22019984 тізімін пайдаланып User:Quiddity (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == 2022 Board of Trustees Call for Candidates == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Call for Candidates/Short}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' The Board of Trustees seeks candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election. [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Announcement/Call_for_Candidates|'''Read more on Meta-wiki.''']] The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is here! Please consider submitting your candidacy to serve on the Board of Trustees. The Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees oversees the Wikimedia Foundation's operations. Community-and-affiliate selected trustees and Board-appointed trustees make up the Board of Trustees. Each trustee serves a three year term. The Wikimedia community has the opportunity to vote for community-and-affiliate selected trustees. The Wikimedia community will vote to fill two seats on the Board in 2022. This is an opportunity to improve the representation, diversity, and expertise of the Board as a team. ;Who are potential candidates? Are you a potential candidate? Find out more on the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Apply to be a Candidate page]]. Thank you for your support, Movement Strategy and Governance on behalf of the Elections Committee and the Board of Trustees<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> 10:39, 2022 j. maydın' 10 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23215441 тізімін пайдаланып User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Revisions to the Universal Code of Conduct (UCoC) Enforcement Guidelines</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Enforcement guidelines/Revision discussions/Announcement}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hello all, We'd like to provide an update on the work on the Enforcement Guidelines for the Universal Code of Conduct. After the conclusion of the community vote on the guidelines in March, the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation Community Affairs Committee|Community Affairs committee (CAC)]] of the Board [https://lists.wikimedia.org/hyperkitty/list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/thread/JAYQN3NYKCHQHONMUONYTI6WRKZFQNSC/ asked that several areas of the guidelines be reviewed for improvements] before the Board does its final review. These areas were identified based on community discussions and comments provided during the vote. The CAC also requested review of the controversial Note in 3.1 of the UCoC itself. Once more, a big thank you to all who voted, especially to all who left constructive feedback and comments! The project team is working with the Board to establish a timeline for this work, and will communicate this next month. Members of the two prior [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee|UCoC Drafting Committees]] have generously offered their time to help shape improvements to the Guidelines. You can read more about them and their work [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Drafting committee#Revisions_Committee|here]], as well as read [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Drafting_committee/Phase_2_meeting_summaries#2022|summaries of their weekly meetings in 2022]]. Wikimedians have provided many valuable comments together with the vote and in other conversations. Given the size and diversity of the Wikimedia community, there are even more voices out there who can give ideas on how to improve the enforcement guidelines and add even more valuable ideas to the process. To help the Revisions committee identify improvements, input on several questions for the committee’s review is requested. Visit the Meta-wiki pages ([[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Enforcement_guidelines/Revision_discussions|Enforcement Guidelines revision discussions]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Policy text/Revision_discussions|Policy text revision discussions]]) to get your ideas to the Committee - it is very important that viewpoints are heard from different communities before the Committee begins drafting revision proposals. On behalf of the UCoC project team <br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:Xeno (WMF)|Xeno (WMF)]] 22:56, 2022 j. iyunnin' 3 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23215441 тізімін пайдаланып User:Xeno (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hi, Greetings The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced! We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]''' Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project. We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year. '''Thank you,''' '''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Paydalanıwshı:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:MediaWiki message delivery|талқылауы]]) 16:12, 2022 j. iyuldin' 4 (UTC) </div> <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=23454230 тізімін пайдаланып User:Tiven2240@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass == :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi all, Community members in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|propose statements to use in the Election Compass.]] An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views. ;Here is the timeline for the Election Compass: * July 8 - 20: Community members propose statements for the Election Compass * July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements * July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements * August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements * August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements * August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August. The Elections Committee will oversee the process, supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance team. MSG will check that the questions are clear, there are no duplicates, no typos, and so on. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] ([[User talk:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|talk]]) 11:34, 2022 j. iyuldin' 14 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23215441 тізімін пайдаланып User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Movement Strategy and Governance News – Issue 7</span> == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="msg-newsletter"/> <div style = "line-height: 1.2"> <span style="font-size:200%;">'''Movement Strategy and Governance News'''</span><br> <span style="font-size:120%; color:#404040;">'''Issue 7, July-September 2022'''</span><span style="font-size:120%; float:right;">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7|'''Read the full newsletter''']]</span> ---- Welcome to the 7th issue of Movement Strategy and Governance News! The newsletter distributes relevant news and events about the implementation of Wikimedia's [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Initiatives|Movement Strategy recommendations]], other relevant topics regarding Movement governance, as well as different projects and activities supported by the Movement Strategy and Governance (MSG) team of the Wikimedia Foundation. The MSG Newsletter is delivered quarterly, while the more frequent [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy/Updates|Movement Strategy Weekly]] will be delivered weekly. Please remember to subscribe [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global message delivery/Targets/MSG Newsletter Subscription|here]] if you would like to receive future issues of this newsletter. </div><div style="margin-top:3px; padding:10px 10px 10px 20px; background:#fffff; border:2px solid #808080; border-radius:4px; font-size:100%;"> * '''Movement sustainability''': Wikimedia Foundation's annual sustainability report has been published. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A1|continue reading]]) * '''Improving user experience''': recent improvements on the desktop interface for Wikimedia projects. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A2|continue reading]]) * '''Safety and inclusion''': updates on the revision process of the Universal Code of Conduct Enforcement Guidelines. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A3|continue reading]]) * '''Equity in decisionmaking''': reports from Hubs pilots conversations, recent progress from the Movement Charter Drafting Committee, and a new white paper for futures of participation in the Wikimedia movement. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A4|continue reading]]) * '''Stakeholders coordination''': launch of a helpdesk for Affiliates and volunteer communities working on content partnership. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A5|continue reading]]) * '''Leadership development''': updates on leadership projects by Wikimedia movement organizers in Brazil and Cape Verde. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A6|continue reading]]) * '''Internal knowledge management''': launch of a new portal for technical documentation and community resources. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A7|continue reading]]) * '''Innovate in free knowledge''': high-quality audiovisual resources for scientific experiments and a new toolkit to record oral transcripts. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A8|continue reading]]) * '''Evaluate, iterate, and adapt''': results from the Equity Landscape project pilot ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A9|continue reading]]) * '''Other news and updates''': a new forum to discuss Movement Strategy implementation, upcoming Wikimedia Foundation Board of Trustees election, a new podcast to discuss Movement Strategy, and change of personnel for the Foundation's Movement Strategy and Governance team. ([[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Movement Strategy and Governance/Newsletter/7#A10|continue reading]]) </div><section end="msg-newsletter"/> </div> Thank you for reading! [[User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 01:37, 2022 j. iyuldin' 18 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23529147 тізімін пайдаланып User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election == <section begin="announcement-content"/> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi everyone, '''The Affiliate voting process has concluded.''' Representatives from each Affiliate organization learned about the candidates by reading candidates’ statements, reviewing candidates’ answers to questions, and considering the candidates’ ratings provided by the Analysis Committee. The selected 2022 Board of Trustees candidates are: * Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[:m:User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]]) * Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[:m:User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]]) * Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[:m:User:Esh77|Esh77]]) * Kunal Mehta ([[:m:User:Legoktm|Legoktm]]) * Michał Buczyński ([[:m:User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]]) * Mike Peel ([[:m:User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]) You may see more information about the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|Results]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|Statistics]] of this Board election. Please take a moment to appreciate the Affiliate Representatives and Analysis Committee members for taking part in this process and helping to grow the Board of Trustees in capacity and diversity. These hours of volunteer work connect us across understanding and perspective. Thank you for your participation. Thank you to the community members who put themselves forward as candidates for the Board of Trustees. Considering joining the Board of Trustees is no small decision. The time and dedication candidates have shown to this point speaks to their commitment to this movement. Congratulations to those candidates who have been selected. A great amount of appreciation and gratitude for those candidates not selected. Please continue to share your leadership with Wikimedia. Thank you to those who followed the Affiliate process for this Board election. You may review the results of the Affiliate selection process. '''The next part of the Board election process is the community voting period.''' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|You may view the Board election timeline here]]. To prepare for the community voting period, there are several things community members can engage with in the following ways: * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Read candidates’ statements]] and read the candidates’ answers to the questions posed by the Affiliate Representatives. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|Propose and select the 6 questions for candidates to answer during their video Q&A]]. * See the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee’s ratings of candidates on each candidate’s statement]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|Propose statements for the Election Compass]] voters can use to find which candidates best fit their principles. * Encourage others in your community to take part in the election. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee'' </div><section end="announcement-content"/> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 14:03, 2022 j. iyuldin' 27 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23530132 тізімін пайдаланып User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == Vote for Election Compass Statements == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Vote for Election Compass Statements}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi all, Volunteers in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] are invited to [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|vote for statements to use in the Election Compass]]. You can vote for the statements you would like to see included in the Election Compass on Meta-wiki. An Election Compass is a tool to help voters select the candidates that best align with their beliefs and views. The community members will propose statements for the candidates to answer using a Lickert scale (agree/neutral/disagree). The candidates’ answers to the statements will be loaded into the Election Compass tool. Voters will use the tool by entering in their answer to the statements (agree/disagree/neutral). The results will show the candidates that best align with the voter’s beliefs and views. Here is the timeline for the Election Compass: *<s>July 8 - 20: Volunteers propose statements for the Election Compass</s> *<s>July 21 - 22: Elections Committee reviews statements for clarity and removes off-topic statements</s> *July 23 - August 1: Volunteers vote on the statements *August 2 - 4: Elections Committee selects the top 15 statements *August 5 - 12: candidates align themselves with the statements *August 15: The Election Compass opens for voters to use to help guide their voting decision The Elections Committee will select the top 15 statements at the beginning of August Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee'' </div><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] 21:01, 2022 j. iyuldin' 27 (UTC) <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23530132 тізімін пайдаланып User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> == The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open| You can find this message translated into additional languages on Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/The 2022 Board of Trustees election Community Voting period is now open}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Hi everyone, The Community Voting period for the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|2022 Board of Trustees election]] is now open. Here are some helpful links to get you the information you need to vote: * Try the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|Election Compass]], showing how candidates stand on 15 different topics. * Read the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|candidate statements]] and [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Affiliate_Organization_Participation/Candidate_Questions|answers to Affiliate questions]] * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Apply to be a Candidate|Learn more about the skills the Board seeks]] and how the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Analysis Committee found candidates align with those skills]] If you are ready to vote, you may go to [[Special:SecurePoll/vote/Wikimedia_Foundation_Board_Elections_2022|SecurePoll voting page]] to vote now. '''You may vote from August 23 at 00:00 UTC to September 6 at 23:59 UTC.''' To see about your voter eligibility, please visit the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Voter_eligibility_guidelines|voter eligibility page]]. Best, Movement Strategy and Governance ''This message was sent on behalf of the Board Selection Task Force and the Elections Committee''<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> [[User:MNadzikiewicz_(WMF)|MNadzikiewicz (WMF)]] <!-- https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery&oldid=23708360 тізімін пайдаланып User:MNadzikiewicz (WMF)@metawiki деген хабарлама жіберген --> 3hx4s2exylv9sc7x7fgn1ulb39355em 10 1453 46330 46263 2022-08-25T14:17:06Z Praxidicae 7481 [[Arnawlı:Paydalanıwshı u'lesi/Blvckmountlb|Blvckmountlb]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Blvckmountlb|talqılawı]]) öñdemelerinen [[Paydalanıwshı:PirjanovNurlan|PirjanovNurlan]] soñğı nusqasına qaýtardı wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | child = {{lc:{{{embed}}}}} | bodyclass = vcard | title = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes|Musical career}} | aboveclass = {{Infobox musical artist/hCard class|{{{Background|{{{background|}}}}}}}} | abovestyle = background-color: {{Infobox musical artist/color|{{{Background|{{{background|}}}}}}}} | above = {{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{embed}}}}}|yes||{{#if:{{{Name|{{{name|}}}}}}|{{{Name|{{{name}}}}}}|<includeonly>{{BASEPAGENAME}}</includeonly>}}}} | imageclass = {{Image class names|{{{Img|{{{image|}}}}}}}} | image = {{#if:{{{Img|{{{image|}}}}}}|[[File:{{{Img|{{{image|}}}}}}|{{px|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{Landscape|{{{landscape|}}}}}}}}|yes|{{min|300|{{#if:{{#ifexpr:{{{Img_size|{{{image_size}}}}}}}}|300|{{{Img_size|{{{image_size}}}}}}}}}}x200px}}|{{{Img_size|{{{image_size|}}}}}}|frameless}}|alt={{{Img_alt|{{{alt|}}}}}}|{{{Img_capt|{{{caption|}}}}}}]]}} | caption = {{{Img_capt|{{{caption|}}}}}} | headerstyle = background-color: {{Infobox musical artist/color|{{{Background|{{{background|}}}}}}}} | header1 = {{#if:{{{Img|{{{image|}}}}}}|Background information}} | label2 = Native name | data2 = {{#if:{{{native_name|}}}|<span class="nickname" {{#if:{{{native_name_lang|}}}|lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}" xml:lang="{{{native_name_lang}}}"}}>{{{native_name}}}</span> }} | class3 = nickname | label3 = Tuwılǵandaǵı atı | data3 = {{{Birth_name|{{{birth_name|}}}}}} | class4 = nickname | label4 = Also known as | data4 = {{{Alias|{{{alias|}}}}}} | label5 = Tuwılǵan | data5 = {{br separated entries|{{{Born|}}}|{{{birth_date|}}}|{{{birth_place|}}}}} | label6 = Origin | data6 = {{{Origin|{{{origin|}}}}}} | label7 = Died | data7 = {{br separated entries|{{{Died|}}}|{{{death_date|}}}|{{{death_place|}}}}} | label8 = [[Music genre|Genres]] | data8 = {{{Genre|{{{genre|}}}}}} | class9 = role | label9 = Occupations | data9 = {{{Occupation|{{{occupation|}}}}}} | class10 = note | label10 = Instruments | data10 = {{{Instrument|{{{instrument|}}}}}} | label11 = Years active | data11 = {{{Years_active|{{{years_active|{{{yearsactive|}}}}}}}}} | label12 = [[Record label|Labels]] | data12 = {{{Label|{{{label|}}}}}} | label13 = Associated acts | data13 = {{{Associated_acts|{{{associated_acts|}}}}}} | label14 = Websayt | data14 = {{{website|{{{URL|{{{url|}}}}}}}}} | header15 = {{#if:{{{Current_members|{{{current_members|}}}}}}|Members}} | data16 = {{{Current_members|{{{current_members|}}}}}} | header17 = {{#if:{{{Past_members|{{{past_members|}}}}}}|Past members}} | data18 = {{{Past_members|{{{past_members|}}}}}} | header19 = {{#if:{{{Notable_instruments|{{{notable_instruments|}}}}}}|Notable instruments}} | class20 = note | data20 = {{{Notable_instruments|{{{notable_instruments|}}}}}} }}<includeonly>{{ns0|[[Category:Articles with hCards]]{{Infobox musical artist/tracking|{{{Background|{{{background|}}}}}}}}{{#ifeq:{{{Born|¬}}}{{{Died|¬}}}|¬¬||[[Category:Articles using Infobox musical artist with deprecated parameters]]}}{{#ifeq:{{{Born|¬}}}{{{Died|¬}}}|¬|[[Category:Articles using Infobox musical artist with deprecated parameters|1{{PAGENAME}}]]}}{{#switch:{{ucfirst:{{{Img|{{{image|}}}}}}}} |Replace this image male.svg |Replace_this_image_male.svg |Replace this image female.svg |Replace_this_image_female.svg=[[Category:Infobox person using placeholder image]] }}{{#if:{{{pronunciation|}}}|[[Category:Biography template using pronunciation]]}}}}</includeonly><noinclude><!-- Please add metadata to the <includeonly> section at the bottom of the /doc subpage -->{{documentation}}</noinclude> h2149j81617hoht93hfwpckekaqh71n 0 2027 46306 45932 2022-08-25T12:01:11Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 PirjanovNurlan [[Shın'g'ısxan]] бетін [[Shıńǵısxan]] бетіне жылжытты wikitext text/x-wiki [[Su'wret:Genghis Khan.jpg|thumb|right|Shin'g'isxan]] '''Shın'g'ısxan''' (shama menen 1162-jil avgust, 1227-jil) - Mong'ol urıwların birlestirgen ha'm Mong'ol İmperiyasın payda etken du'nyanın' en' ku'shli a'skeriy jolbasshılarının' biri. Onın' balaları ha'm aqlıqları onın' tajına miyrasxorlıq etti ha'm du'nyadag'ı en' u'lken imperiyanı payda etti. Shın'g'ısxannın' aqlig'i, [[Qublay Xan]], Qıtayda [[Yuan Dinastiyası]]nın' (1271-1368) birinshi İmperatorı boldı. Shın'g'ısxannin' jerlengen jeri usı ku'nge shekem belgisiz. Ol sawashta ko'plep tabislarg'a eristi ha'm ko'plep dushpanların o'ltirdı, solardin' ishinde ol [[Jin Dinastiyası]]nda jen'di. Ol [[Qitay]]dın' ko'pshilik bo'legin ha'm Qıtayg'a qon'sılas ma'mleketlerdin' ko'pshiligin basıp aldı. Na'tiyjede ol kushli imperiya payda etti. Shın'g'ısxang'a tuwılıwında '''Temujin''' isimi berildi. Urıw basshısı sıpatinda ko'p jerlerdi basıp alıp, u'lken tabıslarg'a eriskennen keyin adamlar oni Shın'g'ıs dep atay basladi, shin'g'is degen "Ja'ha'n basqariwshısı" degendi an'latadı. Bir neshe on jıllıqta Shın'g'ıs u'lken a'skeriy ju'risler qılıp, ko'p adamlardı o'ltirip ju'da u'lken jerlerdi basıp aldı. Usının' menen ol o'zine tariyx kitaplarında "jabayı monster" degen ataqqa iye boldı. '''Shın'g'ıs xan''' ([[Mongol tili|mong.]] Чингис Хаан, ''Chingis Khaan''; [[1162]] - 18 avgust, [[1227]]) — Mongol imperatorı ha'm Mongol qa'wimlerin birlestirip, [[Mongol İmperiyası|Mongol İmperiyasının']] tiykarın salg'an a'skriy basshı. Onnan keyingi bolg'an xanlar Mongoliyanı adamzat tariyxındag'ı en' ullı imperiyag'a aylandırdı. Shın'g'ıs xan Qitaydag'ı Yuan dinastiyasının' birinshi imperatorı [[Qublay xan|Qublay xannın']] atası bolg'an. Ha'zirgi waqıtqa shekem Shın'g'ıs xannın' qay jerde jerlengenligi anıq belgili emes. [[Kategoriya:Hu'kimdarlar]] [[Kategoriya:Mongoliya]] h1i87guzx88l7zrcdv2xho6m58xe96f 46308 46306 2022-08-25T12:02:30Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Súwret:Genghis Khan.jpg|thumb|right|Shińǵisxan]] '''Shıńǵısxan''' (shama menen 1162-jil avgust, 1227-jil) - Monǵol urıwların birlestirgen hám Monǵol Imperiyasın payda etken dúnyanıń eń kúshli áskeriy jolbasshılarınıń biri. Onıń balaları hám aqlıqları onıń tajına miyrasxorlıq etti hám dúnyadaǵı eń úlken imperiyanı payda etti. Shıńǵısxannıń aqlıǵı, [[Qublay Xan]], Qıtayda [[Yuan Dinastiyası]]nıń (1271-1368) birinshi Imperatorı boldı. Shıńǵısxanniń jerlengen jeri usı kúnge shekem belgisiz. Ol sawashta kóplep tabislarǵa eristi hám kóplep dushpanların óltirdı, solardiń ishinde ol [[Jin Dinastiyası]]nda jeńdi. Ol [[Qitay]]dıń kópshilik bólegin hám Qıtayǵa qońsılas mámleketlerdiń kópshiligin basıp aldı. Nátiyjede ol kushli imperiya payda etti. Shıńǵısxanǵa tuwılıwında '''Temujin''' isimi berildi. Urıw basshısı sıpatinda kóp jerlerdi basıp alıp, úlken tabıslarǵa eriskennen keyin adamlar oni Shıńǵıs dep atay basladi, shińǵis degen "Jáhán basqariwshısı" degendi ańlatadı. Bir neshe on jıllıqta Shıńǵıs úlken áskeriy júrisler qılıp, kóp adamlardı óltirip júda úlken jerlerdi basıp aldı. Usınıń menen ol ózine tariyx kitaplarında "jabayı monster" degen ataqqa iye boldı. '''Shıńǵıs xan''' ([[Mongol tili|mong.]] Чингис Хаан, ''Chingis Khaań'; [[1162]] - 18 avgust, [[1227]]) — Mongol imperatorı hám Mongol qáwimlerin birlestirip, [[Mongol İmperiyası|Mongol İmperiyasınıń]] tiykarın salǵan áskriy basshı. Onnan keyingi bolǵan xanlar Mongoliyanı adamzat tariyxındaǵı eń ullı imperiyaǵa aylandırdı. Shıńǵıs xan Qitaydaǵı Yuan dinastiyasınıń birinshi imperatorı [[Qublay xan|Qublay xannıń]] atası bolǵan. Házirgi waqıtqa shekem Shıńǵıs xannıń qay jerde jerlengenligi anıq belgili emes. [[Kategoriya:Húkimdarlar]] [[Kategoriya:Mongoliya]] b3084m0md2mj00t1wpoosnnomdwjjix 46309 46308 2022-08-25T12:02:48Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Súwret:Genghis Khan.jpg|thumb|right|Shińǵisxan]] '''Shıńǵısxan''' (shama menen 1162-jil avgust, 1227-jil) - Monǵol urıwların birlestirgen hám Monǵol Imperiyasın payda etken dúnyanıń eń kúshli áskeriy jolbasshılarınıń biri. Onıń balaları hám aqlıqları onıń tajına miyrasxorlıq etti hám dúnyadaǵı eń úlken imperiyanı payda etti. Shıńǵısxannıń aqlıǵı, [[Qublay Xan]], Qıtayda [[Yuan Dinastiyası]]nıń (1271-1368) birinshi Imperatorı boldı. Shıńǵısxanniń jerlengen jeri usı kúnge shekem belgisiz. Ol sawashta kóplep tabislarǵa eristi hám kóplep dushpanların óltirdı, solardiń ishinde ol [[Jin Dinastiyası]]nda jeńdi. Ol [[Qitay]]dıń kópshilik bólegin hám Qıtayǵa qońsılas mámleketlerdiń kópshiligin basıp aldı. Nátiyjede ol kushli imperiya payda etti. Shıńǵısxanǵa tuwılıwında '''Temujin''' isimi berildi. Urıw basshısı sıpatinda kóp jerlerdi basıp alıp, úlken tabıslarǵa eriskennen keyin adamlar oni Shıńǵıs dep atay basladi, shińǵis degen "Jáhán basqariwshısı" degendi ańlatadı. Bir neshe on jıllıqta Shıńǵıs úlken áskeriy júrisler qılıp, kóp adamlardı óltirip júda úlken jerlerdi basıp aldı. Usınıń menen ol ózine tariyx kitaplarında "jabayı monster" degen ataqqa iye boldı. '''Shıńǵıs xan''' ([[Mongol tili|mong.]] Чингис Хаан, ''Chingis Khaań'; [[1162]] - 18 avgust, [[1227]]) — Mongol imperatorı hám Mongol qáwimlerin birlestirip, [[Mongol İmperiyası|Mongol İmperiyasınıń]] tiykarın salǵan áskriy basshı. Onnan keyingi bolǵan xanlar Mongoliyanı adamzat tariyxındaǵı eń ullı imperiyaǵa aylandırdı. Shıńǵıs xan Qitaydaǵı Yuan dinastiyasınıń birinshi imperatorı [[Qublay xan|Qublay xannıń]] atası bolǵan. Házirgi waqıtqa shekem Shıńǵıs xannıń qay jerde jerlengenligi anıq belgili emes. {{stub}} [[Kategoriya:Húkimdarlar]] [[Kategoriya:Mongoliya]] o1bdb2iaxstll3376j6455f8mbgwxdn 0 2866 46320 45395 2022-08-25T13:02:52Z Inosham 10264 /* Etimologiyasi */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}}'''Qıtay''' (is juzinde '''Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası''' yamasa, qısqartılması QXR -[[Shıg'ıs Aziya|Shıǵıs Aziyada]] jaylasqan jer aymaǵı, [[ekonomika]]sı, xalıq sanı boyınsha jetekshi orında turıwshı mamleketlerdiń birim. Jer aymaǵınıń úlkenligi boyınsha dúnyada úshinshi: orında (9 598 962 km.kv- 2020) .Xalıq sanı boyınsha birinshi orında (1,415 milliard) Paytaxti : [[Pekin]] qalasi. Iri qalalari : [[Shanghai]], [[Guangjow]], [[Shuncin]], [[Chendu]], [[Tyanczin]], [[Xarbin]], [[Nankin]], [[Lxasa]]. Tiykarǵı xalqı [[qıtay milleti|qıtay]]lardan ibarat. Qıtay Xalıq Respublikasi, [[mámleket]] [[konstitutsiya]]sına tiykar,- [[sociallıq mámleket]] esaplanadı.Qıtay [[hukimiran mámleketler]] qatarında bolıp, [[potencial]]lıq hám [[ekonomika]]lıq hukimranlıqqa iye.[[BMSH]] nıń [[Qáwipsizlik Keńesi]] aǵzası. Onnan bólek Qıtay [[kosmoslıq húkimranlıq]]qa da iye. Qıtay [[yaderli qural]] iyesi hám júda úlken [[armiyası]] bar bolǵan [[mámleket]] Qıtay [[ekonomika]]sı [[nominal IASH]] boyınsha ekinshi orında turadı, hám [[IASH(QQP)]] boyınsha birinshi orında.QXR [[islep shıǵarıw tarawı]]nda jetekshi orınlardı iyeleydi. Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası [[BMSH]], [[Aziya-Tınısh okeanı Ekonomikalıq Shólkemi(ATES)]],[[G20]],[[XSSH]],[[SHBSH]],[[BRICS]] kibi [[shólkem]]ler aǵzası. 1949-jılı ǵárezsizlik alǵanlı beri [[Qıtay Kommunistlik Partiyası(QKP)]] basqarıp keledi. Mámleket basshısı [[Si Szinpin]](2013 jıldan beri). {{ Mamleket <nowiki>{{ Mamleket</nowiki> {{ |Qaraqalpaqsha ataliwi = Qitay Xaliq Respublikasi(Қытай Халық Республикасы) <nowiki>|</nowiki>Tiykargi ataliwi = {{lang-zh|中华人民共和国}}<br><small>(Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)</small> |Apiwayi atamasi = Qitay(Қытай) |Gerb = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg |Bayraq = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg |Devizi = |Gimn = Konilliler Marshi |Аудио = March of the Volunteers instrumental.ogg | lat_dir = N | lat_deg = 32 | lat_min = 48 | lat_sec = 0 | lon_dir = E | lon_deg = 103| lon_min = 5 | lon_sec = 0 | region = CN |Kartada = CHN orthographic.svg |Tema = |Kartada2 = |Siyasiy basqariw turi = Бір партиялы парламенттік республика |Garezsizlik algan kuni = [[1 oktyabr]] [[1949 jil]] |Garezsiylik kuni = |Тілі = [[Qitay tili]]<ref>Rasmiy til [[putunhua]]</ref><ref>Jane [[anglichan]] [[Gonkong]]ta ham [[portugal tili]] [[Makao]]da =.</ref>,<br>ham avtonom oblastlarda jergilikli tiller |Mamleketluk dini = |Paytaxti = [[Pekin]] |Iri qalalari = [[Shanxay]], [[Pekin]], [[Shuncin]], [[Guanchjou]], [[CHendu]] |El basshisi = [[Mamleketlik Kenesi bas xatkeri-Qitay|Qitay Xaliq Respublikasi bas Xatkeri]]<br /> |Bas Xatker = [[Si Szinpin]]<ref>[http://www.itar-tass.com/c512/675427.html Si SZinpin xatkerlikke saylandi]</ref> |Maydani = 9 596 961 |Aymagi boyinsha orni = 3shi |Milletin atamasi = Qitay,Qitaylar,Qitaylilar |Xalqi = {{osiw}} 1 403 500 365 |Xaliq sani boyinsha = 1shi orinda |Xaliq sanawi = 2016 |Xaliq tigizligi = 145<ref>{{cite web|title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST|publisher=IMF|accessdate=16 May 2015}}</ref> |Xaliq tigizligi bozinsha orni = 83shi |JIO = |JIO boyinsha orni = |JIO jan basina esaplaganda = |JIO(AQT) = 27,331 трлн.<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=5&sy=2018&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=IMF Data Mapper|publisher=IMF |date=April 2019}}</ref> |JIO esaplangan jil = 2019 |JIO boyinsha dunyada orin: = 1shi |Jan basina shaqqanda JIO(AQT) = 19,520<ref name="imf.org"/> |Jan basina shaqqanda JIO(AQT)orni = 73shi |Nominal JIO = 14,216 трлн.<ref name="imf.org"/> |Esaplangan jil = 2019 |Nominal JIO boyinsha orni = 2shi |Nominal JIO jan basina shaqqanda = 10,153<ref name="imf.org"/> |Nominal JIO jan basina shaqqanda orni = 67shi |Valyuta = [[Yuan]] |Internet domeni = [[.cn]], [[.中国]], [[.中國]], [[.公司]], [[.网络]] |ISO = CNY |Telefon kodi = 86 |Saat poyasi = +8 =<nowiki> }}</nowiki> |} ---- [[Su'wret:Qitay.png|alt=|nobaý|160x160 nükte]] [[File:Gеrbi.jpg|thumb|Gerbi|alt=Gerbi|eşqandaý|160x160 nükte]] ---- ==Etimologiyasi== Qaraqalpaq tilinde "Qıtay" sózi ayyemgi [[túrkiy tiller]]den kirip kelgen Bul sóz [[qıtay tili]]ndegi "qytan" sózinen kelip shıǵıp kóshpeli [[mongol]]lar ruwınan bolǵan [[Kidan]]lardı ataǵan. ==Tariyx== Tiykarǵı maqala:[[Qıtay táriyxı]] {| wikitable'' |+ Qısqa xronologiyalıq keste |- ! Jıllar !! Mámleket |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |2353 besh- 2255 besh ---- ||Apsanawiy basqariwshi Yao ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |2255 besh- 2205 ---- ||Apsanawiy basqariwshi Shun ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |2205 besh-1766 besh ---- ||Sya Apsanawiy Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1766 besh-1122 besh ---- || Shan-In Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1122 besh-249 besh ---- || Cin Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |206besh-eramizdin 220 jili- ---- ||Xan Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |220-264 ---- || Vey Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |265-420 ---- ||Czin Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |420-479 ---- ||Qubla Sun Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |479-501 ---- ||Ci Dinastiyası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |502-556 ---- ||Lyan Dinastiyası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |557-588 ---- ||Chen Dinastiyası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |581-618 ---- ||Suy Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |618-917 ---- ||Tan Dinastiyasi(Qıtay mádeniyatınıń altın ásiri) ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |907-959 ---- || Bes Dinastiya ham on patshalıq epoxası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |960-1279 ---- ||Sun Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1280-1368 ---- ||Yuan Dinastiyası(monǵollar) ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1368-1644 ---- ||Min Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1644-1911 ---- ||Cin Dinastiyasi(Manchjurlar) ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1912-1949 ---- ||Qıtay Respublikası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1.X.1949- hazirge deyin ---- ||Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası |} ===== V-XV asirler ===== [[Sun dinastiyası]]nıń (960 — 1279-jıllar) [[hákimiyat]]qa keliwi menen Qıtayda uzaq dawam etken siyasiy pıtırańqılıq hám óz ara urıslarǵa shek qoydı. Nátiyjede, mámleket xojalıǵınıń rawajlanıwına jaǵday jaratıldı. X ásirden baslap suwdı biyik jerlerge shıǵarıwshı úskenelerden keń paydalanıla basladı. Shıǵırdan paydalanıw egin maydanların kóbeytiw imkanın beredi. Suw digirmanları járdeminde salını tazalaw, may alıw, un shıǵarıw júdá keń qollanıla baslanǵan. Rawajlanǵan orta ásirlerde Qıtayda [[imperator, áskeriy aqsúyekler, hámeldarlarǵa qaraslı mámleket jerleri azayıp, jer iyeleriniń jeke menshik jerleri júdá kóbeyip baradı. Menshik jerler, sonday-aq, jańa ózlestirilip atırǵan qorıq hám taw aldı aymaqları esabınan da keńeyip barǵan. Úlken múlikdarlar jerleriniń kóbeyiwine kámbaǵallardıń qarızları ornına jerleriniń tartıp alınıwı da sebep bolǵan. Sol tárizde XI ásirdiń baslarında egin maydanlarınıń yarımı iri feodallar qolına ótedi.Bul jerlerde, tiykarınan, ijarashı diyqanlar islegen. Qıtayda erkin diyqanlardıń kópshilik bóleginde 30—40 mu jer bolıp, mámleket bul qatlamdı qollap-quwatlawǵa háreket etken. Qıtay diyqanları ózleri jetistirgen ónimlerden mámleketke hár jılı eki márte salıq tólegen. Jer salıǵı salı yaki biyday menen tólense, al pille baqqan shańaraqlar salıqtı gezleme menen de tólegen. Qalalar hám ónermentshilik. Kayfin, Chendu hám Uchan qalaları Qıtaydıń úlken ónermentshilik hám sawda orayları edi. Qıtay sawdasında suw jolları ayrıqsha áhmiyetke iye bolǵan. Kópshilik qalalar teńiz yamasa dárya boylarında, suw hám qurǵaqlıqtaǵı sawda jolları kesilisken jerlerde júzege kelgen. Qalalardıń ósiwi ónermentshiliktiń tez pát penen rawajlanıwın támiyinlegen. Qıtayda, ásirese ónermentshiliktiń dás-túriy túrleri: gúlalshılıq, farfor buyımlardı islep shıǵarıw rawajlanǵan. Qıtay qalalarında kóplegen dúkan hám usta-xanalar jaylasqan edi. Qıtaydıń qublasında ónerment-toqıwshılar shayı gezlemelerdiń onlap túrlerin tayarlaǵan. XII ásirde jipekten shayı sózana — panno toqıw oylap tabılıp, keń tarqalǵan. Qıtayda paxtashılıq ta barǵan sayın keń jayılıp, XIV ásirden baslap onnan gezleme tayarlaw da rawajlanıp barǵan. Aziya paxtasınıń watanı Hindstan. Onnan soń paxta Orta Aziyaǵa kirip kelgen. Qıtayǵa paxta tuqımın dáslep elimiz sawdagerleri alıp barǵan. Cex aǵzası bolıw Qıtay ónermentleri ushın májbúriy edi. Evropadaǵı sıyaqlı ondaǵı cexlarda da qálpe, shákirtler sanın, olardıń jumıs sharayatın, tayar ónermentshilik buyımların satıwdı, óner sırların saqlawdı qatań qadaǵalaǵan. Monǵollar basqınshılıǵı. Dáslep Qıtaydıń arqa tárepinde dúzilgen monǵollar mámleketi Xubilay xanlıǵı dáwirinde óz tásirin mámlekettiń oraylıq hám qubla aymaqlarına da ótkeredi. Qıtay 1279-jılı tolıq baǵındırılıp, jańa monǵollar dinastiyası Yuan (1279—1368) atın aladı. Monǵollar Qıtaydaǵı jerlerdi, ol jerde jasap atırǵan diyqanları menen birge bólip aladı. Biraq diyqanshılıqta xojalıq júrgiziw usılları hám salıqlar burınǵısınsha qaladı. Monǵollar dáwirinde tólemlerdiń artıp barıwı tek diy-qanlar hám ónermentlerdi emes, hátte sawdagerlerdi de búlginshilikke alıp keledi. Húkimet tınımsız ósip baratırǵan qárejetlerdi qaplaw ushın qosımsha qaǵaz pul shıǵara baslaydı. Bul  bolsa puldıń qádirsizleniwine, ónim hám ónermentshilik buyımlarınıń qımbatlawına sebep boladı. Xubilay mámleketti basqarıwdıń qıtaysha usılın qollansa da, jergilikli hámeldarlardıń xızmetinen bas tartadı. Mámleket hámeldarları arasında hár túrli xalıq wákillerin ushıratıw múmkin edi. Atap aytqanda, veneciyalı sayaxatshı hám sawdager Marko Polo Xubilayxan sarayında joqarı lawazımdı iyelegen. Min dinastiyasınıń basqarıwı. Monǵollar imperiyasınıń krizisi baslanıwı menen XIV ásir ortalarında Qıtayda da xalıq azatlıq háreketi kúsheyedi. Xenan hám Shandun wálayatlarında 1351-jılı baslanǵan diyqanlar kóterilisi tez arada pútkil mámleketti qamtıp aladı. Kóteriliske monax Chju Yuan- Chjan basshılıq etedi. 1368-jılı monǵollardan azat bolǵan Qıtayda Yuan Chjan tıykar salǵan Min imperiyasınıń basqarıwı baslanadı. 1368-jılı Qıtayda Yuan Chjan tıykar salǵan Min imperiyası dúziledi. Min áskerleri monǵollarǵa qısım etip, olardıń paytaxtı Qaraqurımdı iyelep, jandırıp jıberedi. Sol tárizde kóshpelilerdiń Qıtayǵa hújimlerine shek qoyıladı. Bunda qıtaylılarǵa oq-dári (porox) hám toplardan keń túrde qollanılıwı qol keledi. Mámleket xojalıǵın tiklew ushın ónerment hám sawdagerlerden alınatuǵın tólemler azaytılıp, qullardı azat etiw haqqında nızam qabıl etiledi. Jasalma suwǵarıw qurılmaları, kanallar, bógetler hám suw saqlaǵıshları tiklenedi. Egin maydanları keńeyip, mámleket xalqınıń sanı da artıp baradı. XV ásirde Qıtay. Mámlekette úlken feodallar hákimiyatı bekkemleniwi menen monǵollar basqınshılıǵı belgilerin tamamlaw ushın diyqanlar, ónermentler hám sawdagerlerge berilgen jeńillikler biykar etiledi. Diyqanlarǵa bólip berilgen mámleket jerleri tartıp alınıp, ónermentler hám sawdagerlerden alınatuǵın salıqlar kóbeyttiriledi.XV ásirdiń baslarınan Min áwladınıń Amır Temur saltanatı menen qatnasları buzıladı. Tek Amir Temurdıń tosattan qaytıs bolıwı Qıtayǵa qarsı atlanıstıń ámelge aspawına sebep boladı, bul bolsa Qıtaydǵa 1406-jılı Vetnamdı, keyin ala Monǵoliyanı basıp alıwına jol ashadı. Mámlekettiń ekonomikalıq jaqtan rawajlanıwı Chjan Xe basshılıǵında áskeriy teńiz flotınıń xızmetinde kórinedi. Quramında 62 keme, 30 mıń jawıngeri bolǵan áskeriy ekspediciya 1405—1433-jılları Zond arxipelagi, Shri-Lanka hám Hindstanǵa 7 márte atlanisin sholkemlestiredi.Onin kemeleri Ormuz (Parsı) qoltıǵı hám Shıǵıs Afrikanıń jaǵalarına shekem júzip barǵan. Musılman bolǵan Chjan Xe Mekkeni zıyarat etedi. Bul ekspediciyalar Qıtaydıń abırayın arttırıp, sırtqı sawdanı keńeytiw imkanın beredi. Qıtay imperatorları 1415—1420-jılları Samarqandqa Uluǵbek sarayına da elshiler jiberedi. Biraq, Temuriyler mámleketi abroyı joqarı bolǵanlıǵınan oǵan Qıtaydıń qısımları tásir ete almaǵan. XV ásirdiń ortalarında ekonomikalıq krizistiń baslanıwı Qıtaydıń ishki rawajlańıwına hám sırtqı siyasatına unamsız tásir kórsetedi. ---- ===== XV-XIX asirler ===== Chin (Cin) imperiyasınıń hálsirewi. XVIII ásir aqırlarına kelip, imperiyanıń basıp alıwshılıq qúdireti hálsiredi. Ekonomikalıq tubalawshılıq hám mámleket xalqınıń tiykarǵı bólimin qurawshı diyqanlardıń jarlılanıwı olardı kóterilis shıǵarıwǵa májbúr etti. Solay etip, Qıtay ishki qarama-qarsılıqlar qısqısında qaldı. Húkimdar dinastiya ómiri tawsılıp atırǵan dúzimdi barlıq sharalar menen saqlap qalıwǵa urındı. Olar barlıq qarsılıqlardı ayawsızlıq penen bastırdı. Bul dáwirde Qıtayǵa Ullı Britaniya hám Franciya sawdagerleriniń kirip keliwi kúsheydi. Olardıń belsendi hareketleri Qıtay húki-metin qáweterge salıp qoydı. Shet elliklerdiń mámleketke kóplep kirip keliwiniń aldın alıw maqsetinde imperator 1757-jılı Qıtay bándirgi orın-ların sırtqı sawda ushın jabıq dep daǵazaladı. «Jabıq esikler» dep at al-ǵan bul siyasat Qıtaydı sırtqı dúnyadan ajıratıp qoyıwǵa qaratıldı. Sırtqı sawda imperator hámeldarları baqlawı astında tek Guanjou portı arqalı ǵana alıp barılatuǵın boldı. Qıtaydıń ózin-ózi jekkeletip qoyıw siyasatı feodallıq tártiplerdiń saqlanıwına járdem berdi. Onıń ekonomikalıq, jámiyetlik hám mádeniy rawajlanıwına úlken zıyankeltirdi. Imperator hákimshiligi ilim hám texnika tarawında basqa xalıqlardıń jetiskenliklerin biykar etti. Mámleket artta qalıwshılıq batpaǵına batıp qaldı. Usınday bir sharayatta Ullı Britaniya húkimeti Qıtaydı óz sawdagerleri ushın ashıwǵa bar imkaniyatı menen urındı. Chin imperatorınıń qaysarlıǵın sındırıw ushın oǵan bir báháne kerek edi. '''Birinshi opium urısı'''. Ullı Britaniya sawdagerleri Hindstannan nızamsız túrde Qıtayǵa opium (qara dári) kirgize basladı. Jergilikli Qıtay hákimshiligi opium tiyelgen kárwanlardı konfiskaciyalaǵanına juwap retinde Britaniya húkimeti opiumdi hám anglichan tovarların alıp kiriwdi nızamlastırıw ushın 1840-jılı Qıtayǵa qarsı urıs basladı. Urıs tariyxqa «Birinshi opium urısı» atı menen kirgen. Bul urıs 1842-jılǵa shekem dawam etti. Urısta Qıtaydıń ekonomikalıq hám áskeriy texnika jaǵınan artta qalıwı sebepli jeńiliske ushıradı. Urıs aqırında Ullı Britaniya Gonkong atawın basıp aldı hám Qıtaydı sırt el sawdagerleri ushın birneshe portlardı ashıp qoyıw haqqındaǵı shárt-namaǵa qol qoyıwǵa májbúr etti. Biraq, Qıtay opium alıp kiriliwiniń nızamlı ekenligin tán almadı. '''Ekinshi opium urısı'''. 1856 — 1860-jılları ekinshi opium urısı júz berdi. Bul saparı Qıtay Ullı Britaniya hám Franciyanıń birlesken armiyasınıń kúshli soqqısına ushıradı. Olar Pekin bosaǵalarında júdá bay ǵáziynelerge iye bolǵan imperatordıń jazǵı sarayın taladı hám wayran etti. Kolonizatorlar Qıtaydı jańa, teń bolmaǵan shártnamalar dúziwge májbúrledi. Shet elliklerge jáne basqa portlar arqalı da sawda etiwge ruqsat etildi hám jańa jeńillikler berildi. Sol waqıtta inglis hám francuz puqaraları Qıtay aymaǵında Qıtay nızamlarına hám sudına boysınıwdan azat etildi. Eger olar jınayat islegen jaǵdayda, olardı mámlekettiń tiyisli elshisi sol mámlekettiń nızamlarına tiykarlanıp sudlaytuǵın edi. Òeńiz sawdasında ústemlikke erisken Ullı Britaniya Qıtayda hámmeden kóbirek jeńilliklerge iye boldı. Teńiz jaǵasındaǵı úlken qalalarda payda bolǵan arnawlı kvartallarda tek shet elliler jasaytuǵın edi, ol jerge Qıtay hákimshiligi xızmetkerleri kire almaytuǵın edi. Diyqanlar kóterilisi hám Taypinler mámleketi (1850–1864). Húkimettiń baǵınıwshılıq siyasatı aqıbetinde Qitaydıń Evropa mámleketleri yarım koloniyasına aylanıp barıwı hám de feodallıq zulımınıń kúsheyiwi xalıq massasınıń keskin narazılıǵına sebep boldı. Aqıbetinde, diyqanlar kóterilis shıǵarıwǵa májbúr boldı. Bul kóterilis 1850-jılı mámleket qublasında baslandı. Chin dinastiyası hám feodallarǵa qarsı gúres kolonizatorlarǵa qarsı gúres penen qosılıp ketti. Kóterilisshilerge diyqannıń balası, mektep muǵallimi Xun Syucyuan basshılıq etti. Kóterisshiler Yanczi wálayatında «Kóktegi molshılıq mámleketi» («Taypin tyango») qurdı. Oniń orayı Nankin qalası boldı. Xun Syucyuan pikirinshe, bunday mámleketlerde diyqanlar jámiyet bolıp jasawı, jámiyette «heshbir zatqa teńsizlik bolmaw ushın, hámmeniń toq hám kiyimi pútin bolıwı ushın jerine iye bolıp oǵan birgelikte islew beriw, awqattı birgelikte jew, kiyim-kenshekti teńdey bólistiriw, puldı birgelikte jumsawı lazım» edi. Xalıqtıń turmısı áskeriy tártip tiykarında qurıldı. Hárbir shańaraqtıń bir áskerden armiyaǵa jetkerip beriwi belgilenip qoyıldı. Áskeriy bólim baslıǵı sol waqıtta bólim jaylasqan aymaqta mámleket hákimiyatın ámelge asırdı. Barlıq er adamlar bir miynet lagerine, hayal-qızlar hám balalar basqa jerge jaylastırıldı. 1757-jılı Qıtay imperatorı bándirgilerin sırtqı sawda ushın jabıq dep daǵazaladı. '''Taypinlerdiń jeńilisi'''. Kóterilis basshılarınıń arzıw-úmitleri push qıyal edi. Olardıń jerdi shańaraq aǵzalarınıń sanına qarap teń bólip beriw haqqındaǵı rejeleri kóteriliste qatnasıp atırǵan múlk iyeleriniń qatlamların kóterilisten uzaqlastırdı. Bul jaǵday taypinler basshıları arasında kelispewshilik kelip shıǵıwına sebep boldı. Jer ala almaǵan diyqanlar bolsa úmitsizlikke túse basladı. Bul bolsa mámleket hákimshiligine taypinlerdi qıyratıwda járdem berdi. Húkimet kúsh toplap, hújimge ótti. Oǵan Ullı Britaniya, Franciya hám Amerika Qurama Shtatları járdem berdi. Ullı mámleketler Qıtayda kriziske júz tutqan cin dinastiyası húkimdarlıǵın saqlanıp qalıwınan mápdar edi. 1864-jılı húkimet armiyası kóterilis basshıları jaylasqan Nankin qalasın basıp aldı. Xun Syucyuan óz janına qas etti. Òaypinler kóterilisi bastırılǵannan keyin shet el kolonizatorları cin dinastiyasın qollapquwatlawdı dawam etti hám onıń jańa jan beriwlerine eristi. XIX ásirdiń baslarında ele ullı mámleket sanalǵan Qıtay ásir ortalarına kelip, Batıs mámleketleri, keyin bolsa AQSH, Rossiya hám Yaponiyanıń da koloniallıq mápleri kesisken eń áhmiyetli aymaqqa aylandı. Qıtaydıń ekonomikalıq hám áskeriy qalaqlıǵı onıń óz-ózinen saqlanıp atırǵan ullı mámleket dárejesine qaramastan, onı Batıs mámleketleriniń yarım koloniyasına aylandırdı. ---- ==== XIX-XX asirler ==== XIX ásirdiń aqırında Qıtay tómen, yarım feodal mámleket edi. Jerdiń tiykarǵı bólimi feodal baylardıń qolında edi. Kóp-shilik diyqanlar jer iyelerinen jerdi ijaraǵa alatuǵın, ijara haqını pul menen yaki zúráát esabınan tóleytuǵın edi. Jeri bar diyqanlar júdá az edi. Diyqanlar qalaǵa jumıs izlep keletuǵın edi. Biraq, hárdayım da jumıs tabılmaytuǵın edi. Sebebi, Qıtay sanaatı júdá ásten rawajlanıp atırǵan edi. XIX ásirdiń sońǵı shereginen baslap elde kapitalistlik qatnasıqlar da rawajlana basladı. Dáslepki temir jollar qurıldı. Ekonomikalıq baylanıslar keńeydi. Iri qalalar payda boldı. Jumısshılar sanı kóbeydi. Sanaattıń júzege keliwi menen milliy burjuaziya qáliplese basladı. Milliy burjuaziyanıń kópshiligi kompradorlardan ibarat edi. Olar ámelde sırt el firmalarınıń jallanǵan wákilleri edi. Olar sırttan keltirilgen tovarlardı satıw hám arzan shiyki zat satıp alıw esabınan bayıytuǵın edi. Pulǵa mútáj bolǵan Chin dinastiyası sırt mámleketleri menen awır shártler tiykarında shártnamalar dúzip hám milliy mápke qılaplıq túrde olarǵa kelisim berdi. 70-jılları-aq sırt ellikler Qıtaydıń 26 portına erkin kirip, xojayınlarday is júrgizdi. Temir jollar qurılısı shet ellikler qaramaǵında edi. Kómir shaxtaları, kánlerdiń úlken bólimi de olardıń ıqtıyarında bolıp, Qıtay shet mámleketleriniń shiyki zat bazasına aylanıp qaldı. Sırt ellikler úlken qalalarda óz mákanların dúzip, Qıtay administratorların mensinbesten, ózinshe is júrgizetuǵın edi. Qıtaydıń Yaponiya menen 1894 — 1895-jıllardaǵı urısta jeńiliwi sırt el monopolistleriniń Qıtaydı kóbirek talawı, eziwlerine sebep boldı. 1897—1898-jılları Germaniya Szyaochjouvan (Chin-dao) portın basıp aldı hám Shandun wálayatın óz qol astına aldı. Franciya Guamchjuvan qoltıǵın iyeledi hám Yunan wálayatında ústemlik tásirin ótkerdi. Rossiya Port-Arturdı (Lyushun), Ullı Britaniya Veyxayvey portın ijaraǵa aldı. Eń bay aymaq — Yanczi dáryası basseyni Ullı Britaniyanıń qolastına ótti. Fucziyan wálayatında yapon basqınshıları ústemlik etip aldı. Qıtaydaǵı hárqanday ózgerisler ullı mámleketler tárepinen qadaǵalanıp barıldı. Solay etip, Qıtay yarım koloniyaǵa aylandı. XIX ásirdiń aqırında Qıtayda dáslepki sanaat kárxanaları payda boldı. 1881-jılı Arqa Qıtayda 1-temir jol iske tústi. 1897-jılı bul jerde 600 ge jaqın shet el firmaları boldı. Biraq, sanaat kárxanalarınıń ósiwi hám kóbeyiwi ástelik penen júrdi. Import eksporttan ádewir kóp edi. Qıtay menen Ullı Britaniya arasında dúzilgen konvenciya Qıtaydı jáne de qıyın awhalǵa saldı. Konvenciya Ullı Britaniyaǵa Qıtaydıń 10 nan aslam portına erkin kiriw, ayırım wálayatlarda jeńillikli sawda etiw huqıqın berdi.1884- jılı Franciyanıń Vyetnamdı basıp alıwı sebepli Franciya — Qıtay qatnasıqları buzıldı. Usı jılı Qıtay Oraylıq Vyetnam ústinen rásmiy ústemliginen bas tarttı hám ol jerde Franciya protektoratın tán aldı. Qıtay húkimeti Franciya menen asıǵıs pitim dúzip, Franciyaǵa bir qatar máselelerde kelisim berdi. Qıtay endi ǵana sanaatlasıw jolına ótken-de shet mámleketler tárepinen talan-taraj etiliwi xalıqtıń awhalına awır tásir etti. Qıtaydı tuwrı rawajlanıw jolına alıp shıǵıw haqqında túrli pikirler qáliplesti. Bul reformalawshı háreket delindi. Bul dáwir jámiyetlik háreketinde Sun Yat Cenniń ornı ayrıqsha áhmiyetke iye boldı. Ol Qıtaydı revolyuciya jolına baslaǵan jolbaslawshı edi. Sun Yat Cenniń «Qıtay oyanıw jámiyeti» shólkemi manjurlardıń Cin dinastiyasın awdarıp taslaw, Qıtayda demokratiyalıq milliy mámleket dúziw ushın gúresti. Qıtaydaǵı jámiyetlik hárekette «Ixetuan» — «Tınıshlıq hám ádillik ushın kóterilgen mush» jasırın shólkem de úlken rol oynadı. «Ixetuan»lar «Manjur cinlerin aydap shıǵaramız, shet elliklerdi saplastıramız» uranı astında is tutatuǵın edi. 1899-jılı «Ixetuan» háreketi qozǵalań túsin aldı. Ixetuanlar Yaponiyaǵa salıq tólewdi toqtatıw, Tayvandı Qıtayǵa birlestiriw talapların qoydı. Chin húkimeti qozǵalańnan qorqıp qaldı. Se-bebi, Ixetuanlar paytaxt hám wálayatlardıń derlik yarımın iye-lep alǵan edi. 1900-jılı húkimet qozǵalańshılarǵa qarsı jibergen áskerler jeńildi. Qozǵalańshılardıń jaqsı shólkemlesken otryadları Pekinge júris basladı hám bul jerde óz hákimiyatın ornattı. Bul waqıya Pekinge shet ellikler inter-venciyası baslanıwına báne boldı. Interven-siyada segiz mámleket —Germaniya, Yaponiya, Italiya, Ullı Britaniya, AQSH, Franciya, Rossiya hám Avstriya-Vengriya qatnastı. Olardıń hárbiri Qıtayda úlkenirek úleske iye bolıw maqsetin gózleytuǵın edi. 1899-jılı sentyabrde AQSH mámleket xatkeri Xeydiń «Ashıq esikler hám teń imkaniyatlar» siyasatı járiyalandı hám «Xey» doktrinası dep ataldı. 1900-jılı iyul ayında shet el interventleri jalpı hújimge ótti hám Pekindi iyeledi. Shet ellikler qalanı hám imperator sarayın qıyrattı. Segiz mámleket Qıtaydı qulshılıqqa túsiretuǵın shártnamaǵa qol qoyıwǵa májbúr etti. Shártnamada qozǵalańda qatnasqan belgili adamlardı óltiriw yamasa súrginge jiberiw talap etildi. Sonday-aq, Pekin menen teńiz boyı ortasındaǵı jollardı qorǵaw ushın shet mámleketlerge Qıtayda óz áskerlerin saqlawǵa ruqsat berildi. Bunnan tısqarı, Qıtay shet el interventlerine 33 mln. dollar salıq tólewge májbúr etildi. Qıtayǵa qural-jaraq kirgiziw qadaǵan etildi. Shet elliklerdiń Qıtaydaǵı jeńillikleri kóbeydi. Nátiyjede, Qıtay jáne de qorǵanıwsız qaldı. Sol payıtta, Ixetuan qozǵalańı kolonizatorlardı abaylılıq penen háreket etiwge májbúr etti. '''Qitaydin social-ekonomikaliq jagdayi''' XX ásirdiń baslarında Qıtayda social-lıq qarama-qarsılıqlar kúsheyip ketti. Manjurlardıń Chin dinastiyasınıń ústemligi kriziske ushıradı. Reforma ilajları jámiyettiń awhalın jaq-sılamadı. Qıtayda sanaattıń rawajlanıwı menen oǵan tosıq bolǵan feodal jer iyelewshiligine tán artta qalǵan óndiris qatnasıqları arasında qarama-qarsılıq tereńlesti. Xalıq arasında manjurlar basqarıwına qarsı háreket kúsheydi. Qıtay sanaatınıń rawajlanıwı ádewir artta qaldı. Degen menen, hár jılı 50 den kóbirek kárxana iske qosıldı. Nátiyjede, eksport kólemi 2 ese ósti. Shet mámleketler ishinde Ullı Britaniya tovar almaslawda 1-orında turatuǵın edi. Qıtaydıń shet mámleketlerden qarızı barǵan sayın artıp bardı. Revolyucioner demokrat Sun Yat Cen (1866—1925) Qıtaydaǵı milliy-azatlıq háreketiniń iskeri edi. Ol Guanchjou (Kanton) janında diyqan shańaraǵında tuwıldı. Ol 90-jıllardıń basında Gonkongta inglis medicina institutın tamamladı. Keyingi ómirin ol siyasiy taraw menen baylanıstırdı. 1905-jılı «Qıtay shólkemleri awqamı» (Tunminxay) degen siyasiy shólkem dúzdi. Iri qalalarda bul awqamnıń jasırın bólim‚leri ashıldı. Bul awqam 1905-jılı noyabrde «Minbao» (Xalıq gazetası)nı shıǵara basladı. «Awqam» Sun Yat Cen basshılıǵında baǵdarlama qabılladı. Onda Chin monarxiyasın awdarıp taslaw, Respublika shólkemlestiriw hám jerge iyelik huqıqın teńlestiriw, ǵárezsizlikti tiklew kózde tutılǵan edi. Sun Yat Cen social-ekonomikalıq jaqtan tómen rawajlanǵan Qıtayda jerge iyelik huqıqın teńlestiriw jolı menen sociallıq ádil dúzim jaratıw múmkin, degen pikirde edi. Sun Yat Cen shólkemi respublika dú-zimin ornatıw maqsetin qoydı. Bul manjurlarǵa qarsı háreketti jáne de kúsheytti. Bul háreket 1911-jılı shet elliklerden temir jol qurılısı ushın qarız alıw haqqında pitim dúzilgennen keyin, qurallı qarsılıq tús aldı. Hátteki, armiyada da narazılıq baslandı. Uxan qalasında áskerler jataqxanasın tintiwge kirgen manjur tárepdarların áskerler óltirdi. Qural-jaraq qoymasın basıp aldı. Basqa ásker bólimleri de olarǵa qosıldı. Revolyucionerler 11-oktyabrde Uxandı qolǵa aldı. Olar Respublika húkimetin dúzdi hám barlıq Qıtay wálayatların Respublika átirapında birlesiwge shaqırdı. Manjur dinastiyası ústemligi qulatılǵanlıǵı járiyalandı. Bul revolyuciya «Cinxay revolyuciyası» dep atalıp, ol qurallı qozǵalań jolı menen Qıtayda XVII ásirden baslap húkim súrgen manjurlar hákimiyatın awdarıp tasladı. 1911-jılı kóp jıllıq emigraciyadan soń Sun Yat Cen Qıtayǵa qaytıp keldi. 29-dekabrde Nankinde revolyuciyalıq wálayatlar wákillerinen ibarat Millet Májilisi jıynaldı. Millet Májilisi Qıtaydı Respublika dep járiyaladı hám emigraciyadan qaytıp kelgen Sun Yat Cendi Qıtay Respublikasınıń waqıtsha prezidenti etip sayladı. Millet Májilisi qabıl etken konstituciyada barlıq puqaralardıń teńligi hám túrli demokratiyalıq erkinlikler járiya-lansa da, diyqanlardıń arzıw-ármanları bolǵan «jerge iyelik etiwde teń huqıqlı bolıw» shaqırıǵı óz kórinisin tappadı. Bunıń sebebi — jerge iyelik etiwde teń huqıqqa iye bolıwǵa qarsı kúshlerdiń úlken abırayǵa iye bolǵanlıǵı edi. Revolyuciya nátiyjesinde Qıtayda eki hákimiyat júzege keldi. Biri — Qıtay Respublikası hákimiyatı, ekinshisi — Arqada saqlanıp qalǵan imperator hákimiyatı edi. Pekindegi imperator húkimetiniń baslıǵı Yuan Shikay edi. Ullı mámleketlerdi Qıtaydaǵı poziciyasınıń qanday bolıwı táshwishke saldı. Sonlıqtan, olar túrli báneler menen Qıtaydıń ishki jumıslarına aralasa basladı. Olar Qıtaydaǵı revolyuciyanı qural kúshi menen bastırıw maqsetinde óz kúshlerin birlestirdi. Ullı mámleketlerdiń Pekin húkimetin qollap-quwatlawdaǵı maqseti Qıtaydıń ishki islerine aralasıw edi. Biraq, bul Qıtayda ulıwma narazılıq keltirip shıǵardı. Xalıq shet el tovarların boykot ete basladı. Usınday sharayatta respublikaǵa qarsı kúshler Bas wázir Yuan Shikay átirapına birlesti. Pekin saray xalqı oǵan monarxiyanıń qáwenderi dep qa-raytuǵın edi. Biraq, Yuan Shikay revolyuciyalıq hárekettiń qısımı menen 1912-jıl 12-fevral kúni Chin dinastiyasın taxttan waz keshiwine májbúr etti. Ústem qatlamlar pútkil háki-miyattı oǵan tapsırıwǵa urındı. Bul waqıtta, ullı mámleketler de Sun Yat Cenniń húkimiyattan ketiwin ashıq talap etti hám Qıtayǵa intervenciya uyımlastırıwǵa ashıq túrde tayarlıq kóre basladı. Qıtayǵa qarsı intervenciya qáwpi astında Sun Yat Cen prezidentlik lawazımın Yuan Shikayǵa tapsırıwǵa májbúr boldı. Pútkil hákimiyattı iyelegen Yuan Shikay demokratiyalıq er-kinliklerdi joqqa shıǵara basladı. Ol jumısın revolyuciya ásker-lerin pútkilley quralsızlandırıwdan basladı. Húkimetke qarsı dúzilgen topar aǵzalarınıń táǵdiri ólim menen juwmaqlanatuǵın edi. Hárbir awılda jazalaw toparı jumıs isledi. Soǵan qaramay, demokratiyalıq kúshler 1912-jılı Gomindan (Milliy partiyanı)dı dúzdi. Partiya basqarıwı lawazımına Sun Yat Cen saylandı. Óz jeńisinen ruwxlanǵan Yuan Shikay Millet Májilisin ózin bes jıl múddetke prezident etip saylawǵa májbúr etti. Ullı mámleketler menen jańa gedeylikke túsiretuǵın qarız haqqında shártnamaǵa qol qoydı. Sonnan keyin, ullı mámleketler Qıtay Respublikasın tán alǵanlıǵın bildirdi. Qıtaydıń ekonomikalıq awhalı awırlastı. Xalıqtıń turmıs dárejesi tómenledi. Usınday bir jaǵdayda Gomindan xalıqtı qozǵalań baslawǵa shaqırdı. 1913-jılı Qıtaydıń qublasında húkimettiń siyasatına qarsı «Ekinshi revolyuciya» dep atalǵan qozǵalań baslanıp ketti. Biraq, kúshler teń bolmaǵanlıǵı sebepli shet mámleketler-den áskeriy járdem alǵan húkimet áskerleri tárepinen «Ekinshi revolyuciya» háreketi qıyratıldı. 1914-jılı Yuan Shikay Konstituciyalıq Keńes shaqırdı. Onda «Jańa Qıtay Konstituciyası» qabıl etildi. Yuan Shikay prezident sıpatında sheklenbegen hákimiyatqa iye boldı. Mámlekette áskeriy diktatura ornatıldı. Respublika basqarıw organları saplastırıldı. ==Siyasıy basqarılıw forması== Is júzinde, Qıtay- [[unitarlıq respublika]],xalıqtıń [[demokratiya|demokratiyalıq]] [[diktatura]]sına tiykarlanǵan [[sociallıq mámleket]]. Mámlekettiń tiykarǵı nızamı-[[Qıtay konstitutsiyası|Konstitutsiya]],1982 jılı qabıllanǵan. Joqarǵı basqarıw organı- [[Ulıwmaqıtay Xalıq Wákilleri Jıynalısı(UXWJ)]].Ol jámi 2979 xalıq wákillerinen([[deputat|deputatlardan]] turadı. Deputatlar hár 5 jılda bir márte saylanadı.[[Ulıwmaqıtay Xalıq Wákilleri Jıynalısı(UXWJ)|UXWJ]]l sessiyası jılına bir márte shaqırıladı. Sessiyalar arasında wákillikti óz moynına [[Ulıwmaqıtay Xalıq Wákilleri Jıynalısı Udayılıq Komiteti]] aladı. [[Saylaw]]larda tek Qıtay kommunistlik partiyalarınan hám [[Qıtay Xalıq siyasıy konsultativlik Keńesi(QXSKK)]]niń 8 "demokratiyalıq" partiyalarınan deputatlar saylaw huqıqına iye boladı. [[Gonkong]] hám [[Makao]] arnawlı-aymaqlıq rayonları jeke basqarıw organlarına iye. [[Ulıwmaqıtay Xalıq Wákilleri Jıynalısı(UXWJ)|UXWJ]]nıń barlıq [[deputat]]ları [[kommunist]]lik hám [[demokrat]]lıq blok wákiller esaplanadı. Mámleket basshısı- [[Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası Xatkeri]]([[Si Szinpin]]) hám basqarıw organı basshısı- [[Qıtay Mamleketlik Kenesi Premyeri]](Li Ketsyan). Orınlaw apparatınıń eń joqarǵı organı- [[Mámleketlik Keńes-Qıtay|Mámleketlik Keńes]].Onıń quramına premyer,onıń orınbasarları,Keńes aǵzaları,ministrler,Komitet wákilleri,Bas Revizor hám juwapker xatker. Joqarǵı Sud organı- [[Joqarǵı Xalıq Sudı]].[[Prokuror]]lıq tekseriwdi [[Joqarǵı Xalıq Prokuraturası]] ámelge asıradı. Jergilikli basqarıw organları- Xalıq Wákilleri jıynalısı, al hamme waqıt is júrgiziwshi jergilikli organ [[Udayılıq Komitet-Qıtay|Udayılıq Komitet]] bolıp tawıladı. == Aymaqlıq bóliniwi == ==Geografiyalıq ornalasıwı== Qıtay geografiyalıq jaqtan [[Shıg'ıs Aziya]] da jaylasqa. Shıǵısında Tınısh okeanı menen, Arqa-Batısında- [[Rossiya]] menen, Arqa-Shıǵısında- [[Rossiya]] hám [[Koreya Xalıq Demokratiyalıq Reapublikası(KXDR)KXDR]] menen, Arqasında- [[Mongoliya]]menen Batısında- [[Qazaqstan]],[[Qırǵızstan]],[[Tájikstan]],[[Awǵanstan]] menen, Qubla-Batısında -[[Pakistan]]qarawında bolǵan[[Djammu-Kashmir]],[[Hindistan]],[[Nepal]],[[Butan]]menen, Qublasında- [[Myanma]],[[Laos]],[[Vyetnam]] mámleketleri menen shegaralasadı. Mámlekette tek ǵana bir saat poyası bar - [[UTC+8]] se95c4072avz5sksj7enej08a4dkmos 46321 46320 2022-08-25T13:03:09Z Inosham 10264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}}'''Qıtay''' (is juzinde '''Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası''' yamasa, qısqartılması QXR -[[Shıg'ıs Aziya|Shıǵıs Aziyada]] jaylasqan jer aymaǵı, [[ekonomika]]sı, xalıq sanı boyınsha jetekshi orında turıwshı mamleketlerdiń birim. Jer aymaǵınıń úlkenligi boyınsha dúnyada úshinshi: orında (9 598 962 km.kv- 2020) .Xalıq sanı boyınsha birinshi orında (1,415 milliard) Paytaxti : [[Pekin]] qalasi. Iri qalalari : [[Shanghai]], [[Guangjow]], [[Shuncin]], [[Chendu]], [[Tyanczin]], [[Xarbin]], [[Nankin]], [[Lxasa]]. Tiykarǵı xalqı [[qıtay milleti|qıtay]]lardan ibarat. Qıtay Xalıq Respublikasi, [[mámleket]] [[konstitutsiya]]sına tiykar,- [[sociallıq mámleket]] esaplanadı.Qıtay [[hukimiran mámleketler]] qatarında bolıp, [[potencial]]lıq hám [[ekonomika]]lıq hukimranlıqqa iye.[[BMSH]] nıń [[Qáwipsizlik Keńesi]] aǵzası. Onnan bólek Qıtay [[kosmoslıq húkimranlıq]]qa da iye. Qıtay [[yaderli qural]] iyesi hám júda úlken [[armiyası]] bar bolǵan [[mámleket]] Qıtay [[ekonomika]]sı [[nominal IASH]] boyınsha ekinshi orında turadı, hám [[IASH(QQP)]] boyınsha birinshi orında.QXR [[islep shıǵarıw tarawı]]nda jetekshi orınlardı iyeleydi. Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası [[BMSH]], [[Aziya-Tınısh okeanı Ekonomikalıq Shólkemi(ATES)]],[[G20]],[[XSSH]],[[SHBSH]],[[BRICS]] kibi [[shólkem]]ler aǵzası. 1949-jılı ǵárezsizlik alǵanlı beri [[Qıtay Kommunistlik Partiyası(QKP)]] basqarıp keledi. Mámleket basshısı [[Si Szinpin]](2013 jıldan beri). {{ Mamleket <nowiki>{{ Mamleket</nowiki> {{ |Qaraqalpaqsha ataliwi = Qitay Xaliq Respublikasi(Қытай Халық Республикасы) <nowiki>|</nowiki>Tiykargi ataliwi = {{lang-zh|中华人民共和国}}<br><small>(Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)</small> |Apiwayi atamasi = Qitay(Қытай) |Gerb = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg |Bayraq = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg |Devizi = |Gimn = Konilliler Marshi |Аудио = March of the Volunteers instrumental.ogg | lat_dir = N | lat_deg = 32 | lat_min = 48 | lat_sec = 0 | lon_dir = E | lon_deg = 103| lon_min = 5 | lon_sec = 0 | region = CN |Kartada = CHN orthographic.svg |Tema = |Kartada2 = |Siyasiy basqariw turi = Бір партиялы парламенттік республика |Garezsizlik algan kuni = [[1 oktyabr]] [[1949 jil]] |Garezsiylik kuni = |Тілі = [[Qitay tili]]<ref>Rasmiy til [[putunhua]]</ref><ref>Jane [[anglichan]] [[Gonkong]]ta ham [[portugal tili]] [[Makao]]da =.</ref>,<br>ham avtonom oblastlarda jergilikli tiller |Mamleketluk dini = |Paytaxti = [[Pekin]] |Iri qalalari = [[Shanxay]], [[Pekin]], [[Shuncin]], [[Guanchjou]], [[CHendu]] |El basshisi = [[Mamleketlik Kenesi bas xatkeri-Qitay|Qitay Xaliq Respublikasi bas Xatkeri]]<br /> |Bas Xatker = [[Si Szinpin]]<ref>[http://www.itar-tass.com/c512/675427.html Si SZinpin xatkerlikke saylandi]</ref> |Maydani = 9 596 961 |Aymagi boyinsha orni = 3shi |Milletin atamasi = Qitay,Qitaylar,Qitaylilar |Xalqi = {{osiw}} 1 403 500 365 |Xaliq sani boyinsha = 1shi orinda |Xaliq sanawi = 2016 |Xaliq tigizligi = 145<ref>{{cite web|title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST|publisher=IMF|accessdate=16 May 2015}}</ref> |Xaliq tigizligi bozinsha orni = 83shi |JIO = |JIO boyinsha orni = |JIO jan basina esaplaganda = |JIO(AQT) = 27,331 трлн.<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=5&sy=2018&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=IMF Data Mapper|publisher=IMF |date=April 2019}}</ref> |JIO esaplangan jil = 2019 |JIO boyinsha dunyada orin: = 1shi |Jan basina shaqqanda JIO(AQT) = 19,520<ref name="imf.org"/> |Jan basina shaqqanda JIO(AQT)orni = 73shi |Nominal JIO = 14,216 трлн.<ref name="imf.org"/> |Esaplangan jil = 2019 |Nominal JIO boyinsha orni = 2shi |Nominal JIO jan basina shaqqanda = 10,153<ref name="imf.org"/> |Nominal JIO jan basina shaqqanda orni = 67shi |Valyuta = [[Yuan]] |Internet domeni = [[.cn]], [[.中国]], [[.中國]], [[.公司]], [[.网络]] |ISO = CNY |Telefon kodi = 86 |Saat poyasi = +8 =<nowiki> }}</nowiki> |} ---- [[Su'wret:Qitay.png|alt=|nobaý|160x160 nükte]] [[File:Gеrbi.jpg|thumb|Gerbi|alt=Gerbi|eşqandaý|160x160 nükte]] ---- ==Etimologiyasi== Qaraqalpaq tilinde "Qıtay" sózi ayyemgi [[túrkiy tiller]]den kirip kelgen Bul sóz [[qıtay tili]]ndegi "qytan" sózinen kelip shıǵıp kóshpeli [[mongol]]lar ruwınan bolǵan [[Kidan]]lardı ataǵan. ==Tariyxi== Tiykarǵı maqala:[[Qıtay táriyxı]] {| wikitable'' |+ Qısqa xronologiyalıq keste |- ! Jıllar !! Mámleket |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |2353 besh- 2255 besh ---- ||Apsanawiy basqariwshi Yao ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |2255 besh- 2205 ---- ||Apsanawiy basqariwshi Shun ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |2205 besh-1766 besh ---- ||Sya Apsanawiy Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1766 besh-1122 besh ---- || Shan-In Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1122 besh-249 besh ---- || Cin Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |206besh-eramizdin 220 jili- ---- ||Xan Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |220-264 ---- || Vey Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |265-420 ---- ||Czin Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |420-479 ---- ||Qubla Sun Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |479-501 ---- ||Ci Dinastiyası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |502-556 ---- ||Lyan Dinastiyası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |557-588 ---- ||Chen Dinastiyası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |581-618 ---- ||Suy Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |618-917 ---- ||Tan Dinastiyasi(Qıtay mádeniyatınıń altın ásiri) ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |907-959 ---- || Bes Dinastiya ham on patshalıq epoxası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |960-1279 ---- ||Sun Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1280-1368 ---- ||Yuan Dinastiyası(monǵollar) ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1368-1644 ---- ||Min Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1644-1911 ---- ||Cin Dinastiyasi(Manchjurlar) ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1912-1949 ---- ||Qıtay Respublikası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1.X.1949- hazirge deyin ---- ||Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası |} ===== V-XV asirler ===== [[Sun dinastiyası]]nıń (960 — 1279-jıllar) [[hákimiyat]]qa keliwi menen Qıtayda uzaq dawam etken siyasiy pıtırańqılıq hám óz ara urıslarǵa shek qoydı. Nátiyjede, mámleket xojalıǵınıń rawajlanıwına jaǵday jaratıldı. X ásirden baslap suwdı biyik jerlerge shıǵarıwshı úskenelerden keń paydalanıla basladı. Shıǵırdan paydalanıw egin maydanların kóbeytiw imkanın beredi. Suw digirmanları járdeminde salını tazalaw, may alıw, un shıǵarıw júdá keń qollanıla baslanǵan. Rawajlanǵan orta ásirlerde Qıtayda [[imperator, áskeriy aqsúyekler, hámeldarlarǵa qaraslı mámleket jerleri azayıp, jer iyeleriniń jeke menshik jerleri júdá kóbeyip baradı. Menshik jerler, sonday-aq, jańa ózlestirilip atırǵan qorıq hám taw aldı aymaqları esabınan da keńeyip barǵan. Úlken múlikdarlar jerleriniń kóbeyiwine kámbaǵallardıń qarızları ornına jerleriniń tartıp alınıwı da sebep bolǵan. Sol tárizde XI ásirdiń baslarında egin maydanlarınıń yarımı iri feodallar qolına ótedi.Bul jerlerde, tiykarınan, ijarashı diyqanlar islegen. Qıtayda erkin diyqanlardıń kópshilik bóleginde 30—40 mu jer bolıp, mámleket bul qatlamdı qollap-quwatlawǵa háreket etken. Qıtay diyqanları ózleri jetistirgen ónimlerden mámleketke hár jılı eki márte salıq tólegen. Jer salıǵı salı yaki biyday menen tólense, al pille baqqan shańaraqlar salıqtı gezleme menen de tólegen. Qalalar hám ónermentshilik. Kayfin, Chendu hám Uchan qalaları Qıtaydıń úlken ónermentshilik hám sawda orayları edi. Qıtay sawdasında suw jolları ayrıqsha áhmiyetke iye bolǵan. Kópshilik qalalar teńiz yamasa dárya boylarında, suw hám qurǵaqlıqtaǵı sawda jolları kesilisken jerlerde júzege kelgen. Qalalardıń ósiwi ónermentshiliktiń tez pát penen rawajlanıwın támiyinlegen. Qıtayda, ásirese ónermentshiliktiń dás-túriy túrleri: gúlalshılıq, farfor buyımlardı islep shıǵarıw rawajlanǵan. Qıtay qalalarında kóplegen dúkan hám usta-xanalar jaylasqan edi. Qıtaydıń qublasında ónerment-toqıwshılar shayı gezlemelerdiń onlap túrlerin tayarlaǵan. XII ásirde jipekten shayı sózana — panno toqıw oylap tabılıp, keń tarqalǵan. Qıtayda paxtashılıq ta barǵan sayın keń jayılıp, XIV ásirden baslap onnan gezleme tayarlaw da rawajlanıp barǵan. Aziya paxtasınıń watanı Hindstan. Onnan soń paxta Orta Aziyaǵa kirip kelgen. Qıtayǵa paxta tuqımın dáslep elimiz sawdagerleri alıp barǵan. Cex aǵzası bolıw Qıtay ónermentleri ushın májbúriy edi. Evropadaǵı sıyaqlı ondaǵı cexlarda da qálpe, shákirtler sanın, olardıń jumıs sharayatın, tayar ónermentshilik buyımların satıwdı, óner sırların saqlawdı qatań qadaǵalaǵan. Monǵollar basqınshılıǵı. Dáslep Qıtaydıń arqa tárepinde dúzilgen monǵollar mámleketi Xubilay xanlıǵı dáwirinde óz tásirin mámlekettiń oraylıq hám qubla aymaqlarına da ótkeredi. Qıtay 1279-jılı tolıq baǵındırılıp, jańa monǵollar dinastiyası Yuan (1279—1368) atın aladı. Monǵollar Qıtaydaǵı jerlerdi, ol jerde jasap atırǵan diyqanları menen birge bólip aladı. Biraq diyqanshılıqta xojalıq júrgiziw usılları hám salıqlar burınǵısınsha qaladı. Monǵollar dáwirinde tólemlerdiń artıp barıwı tek diy-qanlar hám ónermentlerdi emes, hátte sawdagerlerdi de búlginshilikke alıp keledi. Húkimet tınımsız ósip baratırǵan qárejetlerdi qaplaw ushın qosımsha qaǵaz pul shıǵara baslaydı. Bul  bolsa puldıń qádirsizleniwine, ónim hám ónermentshilik buyımlarınıń qımbatlawına sebep boladı. Xubilay mámleketti basqarıwdıń qıtaysha usılın qollansa da, jergilikli hámeldarlardıń xızmetinen bas tartadı. Mámleket hámeldarları arasında hár túrli xalıq wákillerin ushıratıw múmkin edi. Atap aytqanda, veneciyalı sayaxatshı hám sawdager Marko Polo Xubilayxan sarayında joqarı lawazımdı iyelegen. Min dinastiyasınıń basqarıwı. Monǵollar imperiyasınıń krizisi baslanıwı menen XIV ásir ortalarında Qıtayda da xalıq azatlıq háreketi kúsheyedi. Xenan hám Shandun wálayatlarında 1351-jılı baslanǵan diyqanlar kóterilisi tez arada pútkil mámleketti qamtıp aladı. Kóteriliske monax Chju Yuan- Chjan basshılıq etedi. 1368-jılı monǵollardan azat bolǵan Qıtayda Yuan Chjan tıykar salǵan Min imperiyasınıń basqarıwı baslanadı. 1368-jılı Qıtayda Yuan Chjan tıykar salǵan Min imperiyası dúziledi. Min áskerleri monǵollarǵa qısım etip, olardıń paytaxtı Qaraqurımdı iyelep, jandırıp jıberedi. Sol tárizde kóshpelilerdiń Qıtayǵa hújimlerine shek qoyıladı. Bunda qıtaylılarǵa oq-dári (porox) hám toplardan keń túrde qollanılıwı qol keledi. Mámleket xojalıǵın tiklew ushın ónerment hám sawdagerlerden alınatuǵın tólemler azaytılıp, qullardı azat etiw haqqında nızam qabıl etiledi. Jasalma suwǵarıw qurılmaları, kanallar, bógetler hám suw saqlaǵıshları tiklenedi. Egin maydanları keńeyip, mámleket xalqınıń sanı da artıp baradı. XV ásirde Qıtay. Mámlekette úlken feodallar hákimiyatı bekkemleniwi menen monǵollar basqınshılıǵı belgilerin tamamlaw ushın diyqanlar, ónermentler hám sawdagerlerge berilgen jeńillikler biykar etiledi. Diyqanlarǵa bólip berilgen mámleket jerleri tartıp alınıp, ónermentler hám sawdagerlerden alınatuǵın salıqlar kóbeyttiriledi.XV ásirdiń baslarınan Min áwladınıń Amır Temur saltanatı menen qatnasları buzıladı. Tek Amir Temurdıń tosattan qaytıs bolıwı Qıtayǵa qarsı atlanıstıń ámelge aspawına sebep boladı, bul bolsa Qıtaydǵa 1406-jılı Vetnamdı, keyin ala Monǵoliyanı basıp alıwına jol ashadı. Mámlekettiń ekonomikalıq jaqtan rawajlanıwı Chjan Xe basshılıǵında áskeriy teńiz flotınıń xızmetinde kórinedi. Quramında 62 keme, 30 mıń jawıngeri bolǵan áskeriy ekspediciya 1405—1433-jılları Zond arxipelagi, Shri-Lanka hám Hindstanǵa 7 márte atlanisin sholkemlestiredi.Onin kemeleri Ormuz (Parsı) qoltıǵı hám Shıǵıs Afrikanıń jaǵalarına shekem júzip barǵan. Musılman bolǵan Chjan Xe Mekkeni zıyarat etedi. Bul ekspediciyalar Qıtaydıń abırayın arttırıp, sırtqı sawdanı keńeytiw imkanın beredi. Qıtay imperatorları 1415—1420-jılları Samarqandqa Uluǵbek sarayına da elshiler jiberedi. Biraq, Temuriyler mámleketi abroyı joqarı bolǵanlıǵınan oǵan Qıtaydıń qısımları tásir ete almaǵan. XV ásirdiń ortalarında ekonomikalıq krizistiń baslanıwı Qıtaydıń ishki rawajlańıwına hám sırtqı siyasatına unamsız tásir kórsetedi. ---- ===== XV-XIX asirler ===== Chin (Cin) imperiyasınıń hálsirewi. XVIII ásir aqırlarına kelip, imperiyanıń basıp alıwshılıq qúdireti hálsiredi. Ekonomikalıq tubalawshılıq hám mámleket xalqınıń tiykarǵı bólimin qurawshı diyqanlardıń jarlılanıwı olardı kóterilis shıǵarıwǵa májbúr etti. Solay etip, Qıtay ishki qarama-qarsılıqlar qısqısında qaldı. Húkimdar dinastiya ómiri tawsılıp atırǵan dúzimdi barlıq sharalar menen saqlap qalıwǵa urındı. Olar barlıq qarsılıqlardı ayawsızlıq penen bastırdı. Bul dáwirde Qıtayǵa Ullı Britaniya hám Franciya sawdagerleriniń kirip keliwi kúsheydi. Olardıń belsendi hareketleri Qıtay húki-metin qáweterge salıp qoydı. Shet elliklerdiń mámleketke kóplep kirip keliwiniń aldın alıw maqsetinde imperator 1757-jılı Qıtay bándirgi orın-ların sırtqı sawda ushın jabıq dep daǵazaladı. «Jabıq esikler» dep at al-ǵan bul siyasat Qıtaydı sırtqı dúnyadan ajıratıp qoyıwǵa qaratıldı. Sırtqı sawda imperator hámeldarları baqlawı astında tek Guanjou portı arqalı ǵana alıp barılatuǵın boldı. Qıtaydıń ózin-ózi jekkeletip qoyıw siyasatı feodallıq tártiplerdiń saqlanıwına járdem berdi. Onıń ekonomikalıq, jámiyetlik hám mádeniy rawajlanıwına úlken zıyankeltirdi. Imperator hákimshiligi ilim hám texnika tarawında basqa xalıqlardıń jetiskenliklerin biykar etti. Mámleket artta qalıwshılıq batpaǵına batıp qaldı. Usınday bir sharayatta Ullı Britaniya húkimeti Qıtaydı óz sawdagerleri ushın ashıwǵa bar imkaniyatı menen urındı. Chin imperatorınıń qaysarlıǵın sındırıw ushın oǵan bir báháne kerek edi. '''Birinshi opium urısı'''. Ullı Britaniya sawdagerleri Hindstannan nızamsız túrde Qıtayǵa opium (qara dári) kirgize basladı. Jergilikli Qıtay hákimshiligi opium tiyelgen kárwanlardı konfiskaciyalaǵanına juwap retinde Britaniya húkimeti opiumdi hám anglichan tovarların alıp kiriwdi nızamlastırıw ushın 1840-jılı Qıtayǵa qarsı urıs basladı. Urıs tariyxqa «Birinshi opium urısı» atı menen kirgen. Bul urıs 1842-jılǵa shekem dawam etti. Urısta Qıtaydıń ekonomikalıq hám áskeriy texnika jaǵınan artta qalıwı sebepli jeńiliske ushıradı. Urıs aqırında Ullı Britaniya Gonkong atawın basıp aldı hám Qıtaydı sırt el sawdagerleri ushın birneshe portlardı ashıp qoyıw haqqındaǵı shárt-namaǵa qol qoyıwǵa májbúr etti. Biraq, Qıtay opium alıp kiriliwiniń nızamlı ekenligin tán almadı. '''Ekinshi opium urısı'''. 1856 — 1860-jılları ekinshi opium urısı júz berdi. Bul saparı Qıtay Ullı Britaniya hám Franciyanıń birlesken armiyasınıń kúshli soqqısına ushıradı. Olar Pekin bosaǵalarında júdá bay ǵáziynelerge iye bolǵan imperatordıń jazǵı sarayın taladı hám wayran etti. Kolonizatorlar Qıtaydı jańa, teń bolmaǵan shártnamalar dúziwge májbúrledi. Shet elliklerge jáne basqa portlar arqalı da sawda etiwge ruqsat etildi hám jańa jeńillikler berildi. Sol waqıtta inglis hám francuz puqaraları Qıtay aymaǵında Qıtay nızamlarına hám sudına boysınıwdan azat etildi. Eger olar jınayat islegen jaǵdayda, olardı mámlekettiń tiyisli elshisi sol mámlekettiń nızamlarına tiykarlanıp sudlaytuǵın edi. Òeńiz sawdasında ústemlikke erisken Ullı Britaniya Qıtayda hámmeden kóbirek jeńilliklerge iye boldı. Teńiz jaǵasındaǵı úlken qalalarda payda bolǵan arnawlı kvartallarda tek shet elliler jasaytuǵın edi, ol jerge Qıtay hákimshiligi xızmetkerleri kire almaytuǵın edi. Diyqanlar kóterilisi hám Taypinler mámleketi (1850–1864). Húkimettiń baǵınıwshılıq siyasatı aqıbetinde Qitaydıń Evropa mámleketleri yarım koloniyasına aylanıp barıwı hám de feodallıq zulımınıń kúsheyiwi xalıq massasınıń keskin narazılıǵına sebep boldı. Aqıbetinde, diyqanlar kóterilis shıǵarıwǵa májbúr boldı. Bul kóterilis 1850-jılı mámleket qublasında baslandı. Chin dinastiyası hám feodallarǵa qarsı gúres kolonizatorlarǵa qarsı gúres penen qosılıp ketti. Kóterilisshilerge diyqannıń balası, mektep muǵallimi Xun Syucyuan basshılıq etti. Kóterisshiler Yanczi wálayatında «Kóktegi molshılıq mámleketi» («Taypin tyango») qurdı. Oniń orayı Nankin qalası boldı. Xun Syucyuan pikirinshe, bunday mámleketlerde diyqanlar jámiyet bolıp jasawı, jámiyette «heshbir zatqa teńsizlik bolmaw ushın, hámmeniń toq hám kiyimi pútin bolıwı ushın jerine iye bolıp oǵan birgelikte islew beriw, awqattı birgelikte jew, kiyim-kenshekti teńdey bólistiriw, puldı birgelikte jumsawı lazım» edi. Xalıqtıń turmısı áskeriy tártip tiykarında qurıldı. Hárbir shańaraqtıń bir áskerden armiyaǵa jetkerip beriwi belgilenip qoyıldı. Áskeriy bólim baslıǵı sol waqıtta bólim jaylasqan aymaqta mámleket hákimiyatın ámelge asırdı. Barlıq er adamlar bir miynet lagerine, hayal-qızlar hám balalar basqa jerge jaylastırıldı. 1757-jılı Qıtay imperatorı bándirgilerin sırtqı sawda ushın jabıq dep daǵazaladı. '''Taypinlerdiń jeńilisi'''. Kóterilis basshılarınıń arzıw-úmitleri push qıyal edi. Olardıń jerdi shańaraq aǵzalarınıń sanına qarap teń bólip beriw haqqındaǵı rejeleri kóteriliste qatnasıp atırǵan múlk iyeleriniń qatlamların kóterilisten uzaqlastırdı. Bul jaǵday taypinler basshıları arasında kelispewshilik kelip shıǵıwına sebep boldı. Jer ala almaǵan diyqanlar bolsa úmitsizlikke túse basladı. Bul bolsa mámleket hákimshiligine taypinlerdi qıyratıwda járdem berdi. Húkimet kúsh toplap, hújimge ótti. Oǵan Ullı Britaniya, Franciya hám Amerika Qurama Shtatları járdem berdi. Ullı mámleketler Qıtayda kriziske júz tutqan cin dinastiyası húkimdarlıǵın saqlanıp qalıwınan mápdar edi. 1864-jılı húkimet armiyası kóterilis basshıları jaylasqan Nankin qalasın basıp aldı. Xun Syucyuan óz janına qas etti. Òaypinler kóterilisi bastırılǵannan keyin shet el kolonizatorları cin dinastiyasın qollapquwatlawdı dawam etti hám onıń jańa jan beriwlerine eristi. XIX ásirdiń baslarında ele ullı mámleket sanalǵan Qıtay ásir ortalarına kelip, Batıs mámleketleri, keyin bolsa AQSH, Rossiya hám Yaponiyanıń da koloniallıq mápleri kesisken eń áhmiyetli aymaqqa aylandı. Qıtaydıń ekonomikalıq hám áskeriy qalaqlıǵı onıń óz-ózinen saqlanıp atırǵan ullı mámleket dárejesine qaramastan, onı Batıs mámleketleriniń yarım koloniyasına aylandırdı. ---- ==== XIX-XX asirler ==== XIX ásirdiń aqırında Qıtay tómen, yarım feodal mámleket edi. Jerdiń tiykarǵı bólimi feodal baylardıń qolında edi. Kóp-shilik diyqanlar jer iyelerinen jerdi ijaraǵa alatuǵın, ijara haqını pul menen yaki zúráát esabınan tóleytuǵın edi. Jeri bar diyqanlar júdá az edi. Diyqanlar qalaǵa jumıs izlep keletuǵın edi. Biraq, hárdayım da jumıs tabılmaytuǵın edi. Sebebi, Qıtay sanaatı júdá ásten rawajlanıp atırǵan edi. XIX ásirdiń sońǵı shereginen baslap elde kapitalistlik qatnasıqlar da rawajlana basladı. Dáslepki temir jollar qurıldı. Ekonomikalıq baylanıslar keńeydi. Iri qalalar payda boldı. Jumısshılar sanı kóbeydi. Sanaattıń júzege keliwi menen milliy burjuaziya qáliplese basladı. Milliy burjuaziyanıń kópshiligi kompradorlardan ibarat edi. Olar ámelde sırt el firmalarınıń jallanǵan wákilleri edi. Olar sırttan keltirilgen tovarlardı satıw hám arzan shiyki zat satıp alıw esabınan bayıytuǵın edi. Pulǵa mútáj bolǵan Chin dinastiyası sırt mámleketleri menen awır shártler tiykarında shártnamalar dúzip hám milliy mápke qılaplıq túrde olarǵa kelisim berdi. 70-jılları-aq sırt ellikler Qıtaydıń 26 portına erkin kirip, xojayınlarday is júrgizdi. Temir jollar qurılısı shet ellikler qaramaǵında edi. Kómir shaxtaları, kánlerdiń úlken bólimi de olardıń ıqtıyarında bolıp, Qıtay shet mámleketleriniń shiyki zat bazasına aylanıp qaldı. Sırt ellikler úlken qalalarda óz mákanların dúzip, Qıtay administratorların mensinbesten, ózinshe is júrgizetuǵın edi. Qıtaydıń Yaponiya menen 1894 — 1895-jıllardaǵı urısta jeńiliwi sırt el monopolistleriniń Qıtaydı kóbirek talawı, eziwlerine sebep boldı. 1897—1898-jılları Germaniya Szyaochjouvan (Chin-dao) portın basıp aldı hám Shandun wálayatın óz qol astına aldı. Franciya Guamchjuvan qoltıǵın iyeledi hám Yunan wálayatında ústemlik tásirin ótkerdi. Rossiya Port-Arturdı (Lyushun), Ullı Britaniya Veyxayvey portın ijaraǵa aldı. Eń bay aymaq — Yanczi dáryası basseyni Ullı Britaniyanıń qolastına ótti. Fucziyan wálayatında yapon basqınshıları ústemlik etip aldı. Qıtaydaǵı hárqanday ózgerisler ullı mámleketler tárepinen qadaǵalanıp barıldı. Solay etip, Qıtay yarım koloniyaǵa aylandı. XIX ásirdiń aqırında Qıtayda dáslepki sanaat kárxanaları payda boldı. 1881-jılı Arqa Qıtayda 1-temir jol iske tústi. 1897-jılı bul jerde 600 ge jaqın shet el firmaları boldı. Biraq, sanaat kárxanalarınıń ósiwi hám kóbeyiwi ástelik penen júrdi. Import eksporttan ádewir kóp edi. Qıtay menen Ullı Britaniya arasında dúzilgen konvenciya Qıtaydı jáne de qıyın awhalǵa saldı. Konvenciya Ullı Britaniyaǵa Qıtaydıń 10 nan aslam portına erkin kiriw, ayırım wálayatlarda jeńillikli sawda etiw huqıqın berdi.1884- jılı Franciyanıń Vyetnamdı basıp alıwı sebepli Franciya — Qıtay qatnasıqları buzıldı. Usı jılı Qıtay Oraylıq Vyetnam ústinen rásmiy ústemliginen bas tarttı hám ol jerde Franciya protektoratın tán aldı. Qıtay húkimeti Franciya menen asıǵıs pitim dúzip, Franciyaǵa bir qatar máselelerde kelisim berdi. Qıtay endi ǵana sanaatlasıw jolına ótken-de shet mámleketler tárepinen talan-taraj etiliwi xalıqtıń awhalına awır tásir etti. Qıtaydı tuwrı rawajlanıw jolına alıp shıǵıw haqqında túrli pikirler qáliplesti. Bul reformalawshı háreket delindi. Bul dáwir jámiyetlik háreketinde Sun Yat Cenniń ornı ayrıqsha áhmiyetke iye boldı. Ol Qıtaydı revolyuciya jolına baslaǵan jolbaslawshı edi. Sun Yat Cenniń «Qıtay oyanıw jámiyeti» shólkemi manjurlardıń Cin dinastiyasın awdarıp taslaw, Qıtayda demokratiyalıq milliy mámleket dúziw ushın gúresti. Qıtaydaǵı jámiyetlik hárekette «Ixetuan» — «Tınıshlıq hám ádillik ushın kóterilgen mush» jasırın shólkem de úlken rol oynadı. «Ixetuan»lar «Manjur cinlerin aydap shıǵaramız, shet elliklerdi saplastıramız» uranı astında is tutatuǵın edi. 1899-jılı «Ixetuan» háreketi qozǵalań túsin aldı. Ixetuanlar Yaponiyaǵa salıq tólewdi toqtatıw, Tayvandı Qıtayǵa birlestiriw talapların qoydı. Chin húkimeti qozǵalańnan qorqıp qaldı. Se-bebi, Ixetuanlar paytaxt hám wálayatlardıń derlik yarımın iye-lep alǵan edi. 1900-jılı húkimet qozǵalańshılarǵa qarsı jibergen áskerler jeńildi. Qozǵalańshılardıń jaqsı shólkemlesken otryadları Pekinge júris basladı hám bul jerde óz hákimiyatın ornattı. Bul waqıya Pekinge shet ellikler inter-venciyası baslanıwına báne boldı. Interven-siyada segiz mámleket —Germaniya, Yaponiya, Italiya, Ullı Britaniya, AQSH, Franciya, Rossiya hám Avstriya-Vengriya qatnastı. Olardıń hárbiri Qıtayda úlkenirek úleske iye bolıw maqsetin gózleytuǵın edi. 1899-jılı sentyabrde AQSH mámleket xatkeri Xeydiń «Ashıq esikler hám teń imkaniyatlar» siyasatı járiyalandı hám «Xey» doktrinası dep ataldı. 1900-jılı iyul ayında shet el interventleri jalpı hújimge ótti hám Pekindi iyeledi. Shet ellikler qalanı hám imperator sarayın qıyrattı. Segiz mámleket Qıtaydı qulshılıqqa túsiretuǵın shártnamaǵa qol qoyıwǵa májbúr etti. Shártnamada qozǵalańda qatnasqan belgili adamlardı óltiriw yamasa súrginge jiberiw talap etildi. Sonday-aq, Pekin menen teńiz boyı ortasındaǵı jollardı qorǵaw ushın shet mámleketlerge Qıtayda óz áskerlerin saqlawǵa ruqsat berildi. Bunnan tısqarı, Qıtay shet el interventlerine 33 mln. dollar salıq tólewge májbúr etildi. Qıtayǵa qural-jaraq kirgiziw qadaǵan etildi. Shet elliklerdiń Qıtaydaǵı jeńillikleri kóbeydi. Nátiyjede, Qıtay jáne de qorǵanıwsız qaldı. Sol payıtta, Ixetuan qozǵalańı kolonizatorlardı abaylılıq penen háreket etiwge májbúr etti. '''Qitaydin social-ekonomikaliq jagdayi''' XX ásirdiń baslarında Qıtayda social-lıq qarama-qarsılıqlar kúsheyip ketti. Manjurlardıń Chin dinastiyasınıń ústemligi kriziske ushıradı. Reforma ilajları jámiyettiń awhalın jaq-sılamadı. Qıtayda sanaattıń rawajlanıwı menen oǵan tosıq bolǵan feodal jer iyelewshiligine tán artta qalǵan óndiris qatnasıqları arasında qarama-qarsılıq tereńlesti. Xalıq arasında manjurlar basqarıwına qarsı háreket kúsheydi. Qıtay sanaatınıń rawajlanıwı ádewir artta qaldı. Degen menen, hár jılı 50 den kóbirek kárxana iske qosıldı. Nátiyjede, eksport kólemi 2 ese ósti. Shet mámleketler ishinde Ullı Britaniya tovar almaslawda 1-orında turatuǵın edi. Qıtaydıń shet mámleketlerden qarızı barǵan sayın artıp bardı. Revolyucioner demokrat Sun Yat Cen (1866—1925) Qıtaydaǵı milliy-azatlıq háreketiniń iskeri edi. Ol Guanchjou (Kanton) janında diyqan shańaraǵında tuwıldı. Ol 90-jıllardıń basında Gonkongta inglis medicina institutın tamamladı. Keyingi ómirin ol siyasiy taraw menen baylanıstırdı. 1905-jılı «Qıtay shólkemleri awqamı» (Tunminxay) degen siyasiy shólkem dúzdi. Iri qalalarda bul awqamnıń jasırın bólim‚leri ashıldı. Bul awqam 1905-jılı noyabrde «Minbao» (Xalıq gazetası)nı shıǵara basladı. «Awqam» Sun Yat Cen basshılıǵında baǵdarlama qabılladı. Onda Chin monarxiyasın awdarıp taslaw, Respublika shólkemlestiriw hám jerge iyelik huqıqın teńlestiriw, ǵárezsizlikti tiklew kózde tutılǵan edi. Sun Yat Cen social-ekonomikalıq jaqtan tómen rawajlanǵan Qıtayda jerge iyelik huqıqın teńlestiriw jolı menen sociallıq ádil dúzim jaratıw múmkin, degen pikirde edi. Sun Yat Cen shólkemi respublika dú-zimin ornatıw maqsetin qoydı. Bul manjurlarǵa qarsı háreketti jáne de kúsheytti. Bul háreket 1911-jılı shet elliklerden temir jol qurılısı ushın qarız alıw haqqında pitim dúzilgennen keyin, qurallı qarsılıq tús aldı. Hátteki, armiyada da narazılıq baslandı. Uxan qalasında áskerler jataqxanasın tintiwge kirgen manjur tárepdarların áskerler óltirdi. Qural-jaraq qoymasın basıp aldı. Basqa ásker bólimleri de olarǵa qosıldı. Revolyucionerler 11-oktyabrde Uxandı qolǵa aldı. Olar Respublika húkimetin dúzdi hám barlıq Qıtay wálayatların Respublika átirapında birlesiwge shaqırdı. Manjur dinastiyası ústemligi qulatılǵanlıǵı járiyalandı. Bul revolyuciya «Cinxay revolyuciyası» dep atalıp, ol qurallı qozǵalań jolı menen Qıtayda XVII ásirden baslap húkim súrgen manjurlar hákimiyatın awdarıp tasladı. 1911-jılı kóp jıllıq emigraciyadan soń Sun Yat Cen Qıtayǵa qaytıp keldi. 29-dekabrde Nankinde revolyuciyalıq wálayatlar wákillerinen ibarat Millet Májilisi jıynaldı. Millet Májilisi Qıtaydı Respublika dep járiyaladı hám emigraciyadan qaytıp kelgen Sun Yat Cendi Qıtay Respublikasınıń waqıtsha prezidenti etip sayladı. Millet Májilisi qabıl etken konstituciyada barlıq puqaralardıń teńligi hám túrli demokratiyalıq erkinlikler járiya-lansa da, diyqanlardıń arzıw-ármanları bolǵan «jerge iyelik etiwde teń huqıqlı bolıw» shaqırıǵı óz kórinisin tappadı. Bunıń sebebi — jerge iyelik etiwde teń huqıqqa iye bolıwǵa qarsı kúshlerdiń úlken abırayǵa iye bolǵanlıǵı edi. Revolyuciya nátiyjesinde Qıtayda eki hákimiyat júzege keldi. Biri — Qıtay Respublikası hákimiyatı, ekinshisi — Arqada saqlanıp qalǵan imperator hákimiyatı edi. Pekindegi imperator húkimetiniń baslıǵı Yuan Shikay edi. Ullı mámleketlerdi Qıtaydaǵı poziciyasınıń qanday bolıwı táshwishke saldı. Sonlıqtan, olar túrli báneler menen Qıtaydıń ishki jumıslarına aralasa basladı. Olar Qıtaydaǵı revolyuciyanı qural kúshi menen bastırıw maqsetinde óz kúshlerin birlestirdi. Ullı mámleketlerdiń Pekin húkimetin qollap-quwatlawdaǵı maqseti Qıtaydıń ishki islerine aralasıw edi. Biraq, bul Qıtayda ulıwma narazılıq keltirip shıǵardı. Xalıq shet el tovarların boykot ete basladı. Usınday sharayatta respublikaǵa qarsı kúshler Bas wázir Yuan Shikay átirapına birlesti. Pekin saray xalqı oǵan monarxiyanıń qáwenderi dep qa-raytuǵın edi. Biraq, Yuan Shikay revolyuciyalıq hárekettiń qısımı menen 1912-jıl 12-fevral kúni Chin dinastiyasın taxttan waz keshiwine májbúr etti. Ústem qatlamlar pútkil háki-miyattı oǵan tapsırıwǵa urındı. Bul waqıtta, ullı mámleketler de Sun Yat Cenniń húkimiyattan ketiwin ashıq talap etti hám Qıtayǵa intervenciya uyımlastırıwǵa ashıq túrde tayarlıq kóre basladı. Qıtayǵa qarsı intervenciya qáwpi astında Sun Yat Cen prezidentlik lawazımın Yuan Shikayǵa tapsırıwǵa májbúr boldı. Pútkil hákimiyattı iyelegen Yuan Shikay demokratiyalıq er-kinliklerdi joqqa shıǵara basladı. Ol jumısın revolyuciya ásker-lerin pútkilley quralsızlandırıwdan basladı. Húkimetke qarsı dúzilgen topar aǵzalarınıń táǵdiri ólim menen juwmaqlanatuǵın edi. Hárbir awılda jazalaw toparı jumıs isledi. Soǵan qaramay, demokratiyalıq kúshler 1912-jılı Gomindan (Milliy partiyanı)dı dúzdi. Partiya basqarıwı lawazımına Sun Yat Cen saylandı. Óz jeńisinen ruwxlanǵan Yuan Shikay Millet Májilisin ózin bes jıl múddetke prezident etip saylawǵa májbúr etti. Ullı mámleketler menen jańa gedeylikke túsiretuǵın qarız haqqında shártnamaǵa qol qoydı. Sonnan keyin, ullı mámleketler Qıtay Respublikasın tán alǵanlıǵın bildirdi. Qıtaydıń ekonomikalıq awhalı awırlastı. Xalıqtıń turmıs dárejesi tómenledi. Usınday bir jaǵdayda Gomindan xalıqtı qozǵalań baslawǵa shaqırdı. 1913-jılı Qıtaydıń qublasında húkimettiń siyasatına qarsı «Ekinshi revolyuciya» dep atalǵan qozǵalań baslanıp ketti. Biraq, kúshler teń bolmaǵanlıǵı sebepli shet mámleketler-den áskeriy járdem alǵan húkimet áskerleri tárepinen «Ekinshi revolyuciya» háreketi qıyratıldı. 1914-jılı Yuan Shikay Konstituciyalıq Keńes shaqırdı. Onda «Jańa Qıtay Konstituciyası» qabıl etildi. Yuan Shikay prezident sıpatında sheklenbegen hákimiyatqa iye boldı. Mámlekette áskeriy diktatura ornatıldı. Respublika basqarıw organları saplastırıldı. ==Siyasıy basqarılıw forması== Is júzinde, Qıtay- [[unitarlıq respublika]],xalıqtıń [[demokratiya|demokratiyalıq]] [[diktatura]]sına tiykarlanǵan [[sociallıq mámleket]]. Mámlekettiń tiykarǵı nızamı-[[Qıtay konstitutsiyası|Konstitutsiya]],1982 jılı qabıllanǵan. Joqarǵı basqarıw organı- [[Ulıwmaqıtay Xalıq Wákilleri Jıynalısı(UXWJ)]].Ol jámi 2979 xalıq wákillerinen([[deputat|deputatlardan]] turadı. Deputatlar hár 5 jılda bir márte saylanadı.[[Ulıwmaqıtay Xalıq Wákilleri Jıynalısı(UXWJ)|UXWJ]]l sessiyası jılına bir márte shaqırıladı. Sessiyalar arasında wákillikti óz moynına [[Ulıwmaqıtay Xalıq Wákilleri Jıynalısı Udayılıq Komiteti]] aladı. [[Saylaw]]larda tek Qıtay kommunistlik partiyalarınan hám [[Qıtay Xalıq siyasıy konsultativlik Keńesi(QXSKK)]]niń 8 "demokratiyalıq" partiyalarınan deputatlar saylaw huqıqına iye boladı. [[Gonkong]] hám [[Makao]] arnawlı-aymaqlıq rayonları jeke basqarıw organlarına iye. [[Ulıwmaqıtay Xalıq Wákilleri Jıynalısı(UXWJ)|UXWJ]]nıń barlıq [[deputat]]ları [[kommunist]]lik hám [[demokrat]]lıq blok wákiller esaplanadı. Mámleket basshısı- [[Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası Xatkeri]]([[Si Szinpin]]) hám basqarıw organı basshısı- [[Qıtay Mamleketlik Kenesi Premyeri]](Li Ketsyan). Orınlaw apparatınıń eń joqarǵı organı- [[Mámleketlik Keńes-Qıtay|Mámleketlik Keńes]].Onıń quramına premyer,onıń orınbasarları,Keńes aǵzaları,ministrler,Komitet wákilleri,Bas Revizor hám juwapker xatker. Joqarǵı Sud organı- [[Joqarǵı Xalıq Sudı]].[[Prokuror]]lıq tekseriwdi [[Joqarǵı Xalıq Prokuraturası]] ámelge asıradı. Jergilikli basqarıw organları- Xalıq Wákilleri jıynalısı, al hamme waqıt is júrgiziwshi jergilikli organ [[Udayılıq Komitet-Qıtay|Udayılıq Komitet]] bolıp tawıladı. == Aymaqlıq bóliniwi == ==Geografiyalıq ornalasıwı== Qıtay geografiyalıq jaqtan [[Shıg'ıs Aziya]] da jaylasqa. Shıǵısında Tınısh okeanı menen, Arqa-Batısında- [[Rossiya]] menen, Arqa-Shıǵısında- [[Rossiya]] hám [[Koreya Xalıq Demokratiyalıq Reapublikası(KXDR)KXDR]] menen, Arqasında- [[Mongoliya]]menen Batısında- [[Qazaqstan]],[[Qırǵızstan]],[[Tájikstan]],[[Awǵanstan]] menen, Qubla-Batısında -[[Pakistan]]qarawında bolǵan[[Djammu-Kashmir]],[[Hindistan]],[[Nepal]],[[Butan]]menen, Qublasında- [[Myanma]],[[Laos]],[[Vyetnam]] mámleketleri menen shegaralasadı. Mámlekette tek ǵana bir saat poyası bar - [[UTC+8]] 7jcdx1bth8tog40qyp8a26v6o9r0rib 46322 46321 2022-08-25T13:04:04Z Inosham 10264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{delete}}'''Qıtay''' (is juzinde '''Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası''' yamasa, qısqartılması QXR -[[Shıg'ıs Aziya|Shıǵıs Aziyada]] jaylasqan jer aymaǵı, [[ekonomika]]sı, xalıq sanı boyınsha jetekshi orında turıwshı mamleketlerdiń birim. Jer aymaǵınıń úlkenligi boyınsha dúnyada úshinshi: orında (9 598 962 km.kv- 2020) .Xalıq sanı boyınsha birinshi orında (1,415 milliard) Paytaxti : [[Pekin]] qalasi. Iri qalalari : [[Shanghai]], [[Guangjow]], [[Shuncin]], [[Chendu]], [[Tyanczin]], [[Xarbin]], [[Nankin]], [[Lxasa]]. Tiykarǵı xalqı [[qıtay milleti|qıtay]]lardan ibarat. Qıtay Xalıq Respublikasi, [[mámleket]] [[konstitutsiya]]sına tiykar,- [[sociallıq mámleket]] esaplanadı.Qıtay [[hukimiran mámleketler]] qatarında bolıp, [[potencial]]lıq hám [[ekonomika]]lıq hukimranlıqqa iye.[[BMSH]] nıń [[Qáwipsizlik Keńesi]] aǵzası. Onnan bólek Qıtay [[kosmoslıq húkimranlıq]]qa da iye. Qıtay [[yaderli qural]] iyesi hám júda úlken [[armiyası]] bar bolǵan [[mámleket]] Qıtay [[ekonomika]]sı [[nominal IASH]] boyınsha ekinshi orında turadı, hám [[IASH(QQP)]] boyınsha birinshi orında.QXR [[islep shıǵarıw tarawı]]nda jetekshi orınlardı iyeleydi. Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası [[BMSH]], [[Aziya-Tınısh okeanı Ekonomikalıq Shólkemi(ATES)]],[[G20]],[[XSSH]],[[SHBSH]],[[BRICS]] kibi [[shólkem]]ler aǵzası. 1949-jılı ǵárezsizlik alǵanlı beri [[Qıtay Kommunistlik Partiyası(QKP)]] basqarıp keledi. Mámleket basshısı [[Si Szinpin]](2013 jıldan beri). {{ Mamleket <nowiki>{{ Mamleket</nowiki> {{ |Qaraqalpaqsha ataliwi = Qitay Xaliq Respublikasi(Қытай Халық Республикасы) <nowiki>|</nowiki>Tiykargi ataliwi = {{lang-zh|中华人民共和国}}<br><small>(Zhōnghuá Rénmín Gònghéguó)</small> |Apiwayi atamasi = Qitay(Қытай) |Gerb = National Emblem of the People's Republic of China (2).svg |Bayraq = Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg |Devizi = |Gimn = Konilliler Marshi |Аудио = March of the Volunteers instrumental.ogg | lat_dir = N | lat_deg = 32 | lat_min = 48 | lat_sec = 0 | lon_dir = E | lon_deg = 103| lon_min = 5 | lon_sec = 0 | region = CN |Kartada = CHN orthographic.svg |Tema = |Kartada2 = |Siyasiy basqariw turi = Бір партиялы парламенттік республика |Garezsizlik algan kuni = [[1 oktyabr]] [[1949 jil]] |Garezsiylik kuni = |Тілі = [[Qitay tili]]<ref>Rasmiy til [[putunhua]]</ref><ref>Jane [[anglichan]] [[Gonkong]]ta ham [[portugal tili]] [[Makao]]da =.</ref>,<br>ham avtonom oblastlarda jergilikli tiller |Mamleketluk dini = |Paytaxti = [[Pekin]] |Iri qalalari = [[Shanxay]], [[Pekin]], [[Shuncin]], [[Guanchjou]], [[CHendu]] |El basshisi = [[Mamleketlik Kenesi bas xatkeri-Qitay|Qitay Xaliq Respublikasi bas Xatkeri]]<br /> |Bas Xatker = [[Si Szinpin]]<ref>[http://www.itar-tass.com/c512/675427.html Si SZinpin xatkerlikke saylandi]</ref> |Maydani = 9 596 961 |Aymagi boyinsha orni = 3shi |Milletin atamasi = Qitay,Qitaylar,Qitaylilar |Xalqi = {{osiw}} 1 403 500 365 |Xaliq sani boyinsha = 1shi orinda |Xaliq sanawi = 2016 |Xaliq tigizligi = 145<ref>{{cite web|title=Population density (people per sq. km of land area) |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EN.POP.DNST|publisher=IMF|accessdate=16 May 2015}}</ref> |Xaliq tigizligi bozinsha orni = 83shi |JIO = |JIO boyinsha orni = |JIO jan basina esaplaganda = |JIO(AQT) = 27,331 трлн.<ref name="imf.org">{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=53&pr.y=5&sy=2018&ey=2024&scsm=1&ssd=1&sort=country&ds=.&br=1&c=924&s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2CLP&grp=0&a= |title=IMF Data Mapper|publisher=IMF |date=April 2019}}</ref> |JIO esaplangan jil = 2019 |JIO boyinsha dunyada orin: = 1shi |Jan basina shaqqanda JIO(AQT) = 19,520<ref name="imf.org"/> |Jan basina shaqqanda JIO(AQT)orni = 73shi |Nominal JIO = 14,216 трлн.<ref name="imf.org"/> |Esaplangan jil = 2019 |Nominal JIO boyinsha orni = 2shi |Nominal JIO jan basina shaqqanda = 10,153<ref name="imf.org"/> |Nominal JIO jan basina shaqqanda orni = 67shi |Valyuta = [[Yuan]] |Internet domeni = [[.cn]], [[.中国]], [[.中國]], [[.公司]], [[.网络]] |ISO = CNY |Telefon kodi = 86 |Saat poyasi = +8 =<nowiki> }}</nowiki> |} ---- [[Su'wret:Qitay.png|alt=|nobaý|160x160 nükte]] [[File:Gеrbi.jpg|thumb|Gerbi|alt=Gerbi|eşqandaý|160x160 nükte]] ---- ==Etimologiyasi== Qaraqalpaq tilinde "Qıtay" sózi ayyemgi [[túrkiy tiller]]den kirip kelgen Bul sóz [[qıtay tili]]ndegi "qytan" sózinen kelip shıǵıp kóshpeli [[mongol]]lar ruwınan bolǵan [[Kidan]]lardı ataǵan. ==Tariyxi== Tiykarǵı maqala:[[Qıtay táriyxı]] {| wikitable'' |+ Qısqa xronologiyalıq keste |- ! Jıllar !! Mámleket |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |2353 besh- 2255 besh ---- ||Apsanawiy basqariwshi Yao ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |2255 besh- 2205 ---- ||Apsanawiy basqariwshi Shun ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |2205 besh-1766 besh ---- ||Sya Apsanawiy Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1766 besh-1122 besh ---- || Shan-In Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1122 besh-249 besh ---- || Cin Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |206besh-eramizdin 220 jili- ---- ||Xan Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |220-264 ---- || Vey Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |265-420 ---- ||Czin Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |420-479 ---- ||Qubla Sun Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |479-501 ---- ||Ci Dinastiyası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |502-556 ---- ||Lyan Dinastiyası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |557-588 ---- ||Chen Dinastiyası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |581-618 ---- ||Suy Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |618-917 ---- ||Tan Dinastiyasi(Qıtay mádeniyatınıń altın ásiri) ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |907-959 ---- || Bes Dinastiya ham on patshalıq epoxası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |960-1279 ---- ||Sun Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1280-1368 ---- ||Yuan Dinastiyası(monǵollar) ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1368-1644 ---- ||Min Dinastiyasi ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1644-1911 ---- ||Cin Dinastiyasi(Manchjurlar) ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1912-1949 ---- ||Qıtay Respublikası ---- |- |style="background:#eaecf0;" |1.X.1949- hazirge deyin ---- ||Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası |} ===== V-XV asirler ===== [[Sun dinastiyası]]nıń (960 — 1279-jıllar) [[hákimiyat]]qa keliwi menen Qıtayda uzaq dawam etken siyasiy pıtırańqılıq hám óz ara urıslarǵa shek qoydı. Nátiyjede, mámleket xojalıǵınıń rawajlanıwına jaǵday jaratıldı. X ásirden baslap suwdı biyik jerlerge shıǵarıwshı úskenelerden keń paydalanıla basladı. Shıǵırdan paydalanıw egin maydanların kóbeytiw imkanın beredi. Suw digirmanları járdeminde salını tazalaw, may alıw, un shıǵarıw júdá keń qollanıla baslanǵan. Rawajlanǵan orta ásirlerde Qıtayda [[imperator, áskeriy aqsúyekler, hámeldarlarǵa qaraslı mámleket jerleri azayıp, jer iyeleriniń jeke menshik jerleri júdá kóbeyip baradı. Menshik jerler, sonday-aq, jańa ózlestirilip atırǵan qorıq hám taw aldı aymaqları esabınan da keńeyip barǵan. Úlken múlikdarlar jerleriniń kóbeyiwine kámbaǵallardıń qarızları ornına jerleriniń tartıp alınıwı da sebep bolǵan. Sol tárizde XI ásirdiń baslarında egin maydanlarınıń yarımı iri feodallar qolına ótedi.Bul jerlerde, tiykarınan, ijarashı diyqanlar islegen. Qıtayda erkin diyqanlardıń kópshilik bóleginde 30—40 mu jer bolıp, mámleket bul qatlamdı qollap-quwatlawǵa háreket etken. Qıtay diyqanları ózleri jetistirgen ónimlerden mámleketke hár jılı eki márte salıq tólegen. Jer salıǵı salı yaki biyday menen tólense, al pille baqqan shańaraqlar salıqtı gezleme menen de tólegen. Qalalar hám ónermentshilik. Kayfin, Chendu hám Uchan qalaları Qıtaydıń úlken ónermentshilik hám sawda orayları edi. Qıtay sawdasında suw jolları ayrıqsha áhmiyetke iye bolǵan. Kópshilik qalalar teńiz yamasa dárya boylarında, suw hám qurǵaqlıqtaǵı sawda jolları kesilisken jerlerde júzege kelgen. Qalalardıń ósiwi ónermentshiliktiń tez pát penen rawajlanıwın támiyinlegen. Qıtayda, ásirese ónermentshiliktiń dás-túriy túrleri: gúlalshılıq, farfor buyımlardı islep shıǵarıw rawajlanǵan. Qıtay qalalarında kóplegen dúkan hám usta-xanalar jaylasqan edi. Qıtaydıń qublasında ónerment-toqıwshılar shayı gezlemelerdiń onlap túrlerin tayarlaǵan. XII ásirde jipekten shayı sózana — panno toqıw oylap tabılıp, keń tarqalǵan. Qıtayda paxtashılıq ta barǵan sayın keń jayılıp, XIV ásirden baslap onnan gezleme tayarlaw da rawajlanıp barǵan. Aziya paxtasınıń watanı Hindstan. Onnan soń paxta Orta Aziyaǵa kirip kelgen. Qıtayǵa paxta tuqımın dáslep elimiz sawdagerleri alıp barǵan. Cex aǵzası bolıw Qıtay ónermentleri ushın májbúriy edi. Evropadaǵı sıyaqlı ondaǵı cexlarda da qálpe, shákirtler sanın, olardıń jumıs sharayatın, tayar ónermentshilik buyımların satıwdı, óner sırların saqlawdı qatań qadaǵalaǵan. Monǵollar basqınshılıǵı. Dáslep Qıtaydıń arqa tárepinde dúzilgen monǵollar mámleketi Xubilay xanlıǵı dáwirinde óz tásirin mámlekettiń oraylıq hám qubla aymaqlarına da ótkeredi. Qıtay 1279-jılı tolıq baǵındırılıp, jańa monǵollar dinastiyası Yuan (1279—1368) atın aladı. Monǵollar Qıtaydaǵı jerlerdi, ol jerde jasap atırǵan diyqanları menen birge bólip aladı. Biraq diyqanshılıqta xojalıq júrgiziw usılları hám salıqlar burınǵısınsha qaladı. Monǵollar dáwirinde tólemlerdiń artıp barıwı tek diy-qanlar hám ónermentlerdi emes, hátte sawdagerlerdi de búlginshilikke alıp keledi. Húkimet tınımsız ósip baratırǵan qárejetlerdi qaplaw ushın qosımsha qaǵaz pul shıǵara baslaydı. Bul  bolsa puldıń qádirsizleniwine, ónim hám ónermentshilik buyımlarınıń qımbatlawına sebep boladı. Xubilay mámleketti basqarıwdıń qıtaysha usılın qollansa da, jergilikli hámeldarlardıń xızmetinen bas tartadı. Mámleket hámeldarları arasında hár túrli xalıq wákillerin ushıratıw múmkin edi. Atap aytqanda, veneciyalı sayaxatshı hám sawdager Marko Polo Xubilayxan sarayında joqarı lawazımdı iyelegen. Min dinastiyasınıń basqarıwı. Monǵollar imperiyasınıń krizisi baslanıwı menen XIV ásir ortalarında Qıtayda da xalıq azatlıq háreketi kúsheyedi. Xenan hám Shandun wálayatlarında 1351-jılı baslanǵan diyqanlar kóterilisi tez arada pútkil mámleketti qamtıp aladı. Kóteriliske monax Chju Yuan- Chjan basshılıq etedi. 1368-jılı monǵollardan azat bolǵan Qıtayda Yuan Chjan tıykar salǵan Min imperiyasınıń basqarıwı baslanadı. 1368-jılı Qıtayda Yuan Chjan tıykar salǵan Min imperiyası dúziledi. Min áskerleri monǵollarǵa qısım etip, olardıń paytaxtı Qaraqurımdı iyelep, jandırıp jıberedi. Sol tárizde kóshpelilerdiń Qıtayǵa hújimlerine shek qoyıladı. Bunda qıtaylılarǵa oq-dári (porox) hám toplardan keń túrde qollanılıwı qol keledi. Mámleket xojalıǵın tiklew ushın ónerment hám sawdagerlerden alınatuǵın tólemler azaytılıp, qullardı azat etiw haqqında nızam qabıl etiledi. Jasalma suwǵarıw qurılmaları, kanallar, bógetler hám suw saqlaǵıshları tiklenedi. Egin maydanları keńeyip, mámleket xalqınıń sanı da artıp baradı. XV ásirde Qıtay. Mámlekette úlken feodallar hákimiyatı bekkemleniwi menen monǵollar basqınshılıǵı belgilerin tamamlaw ushın diyqanlar, ónermentler hám sawdagerlerge berilgen jeńillikler biykar etiledi. Diyqanlarǵa bólip berilgen mámleket jerleri tartıp alınıp, ónermentler hám sawdagerlerden alınatuǵın salıqlar kóbeyttiriledi.XV ásirdiń baslarınan Min áwladınıń Amır Temur saltanatı menen qatnasları buzıladı. Tek Amir Temurdıń tosattan qaytıs bolıwı Qıtayǵa qarsı atlanıstıń ámelge aspawına sebep boladı, bul bolsa Qıtaydǵa 1406-jılı Vetnamdı, keyin ala Monǵoliyanı basıp alıwına jol ashadı. Mámlekettiń ekonomikalıq jaqtan rawajlanıwı Chjan Xe basshılıǵında áskeriy teńiz flotınıń xızmetinde kórinedi. Quramında 62 keme, 30 mıń jawıngeri bolǵan áskeriy ekspediciya 1405—1433-jılları Zond arxipelagi, Shri-Lanka hám Hindstanǵa 7 márte atlanisin sholkemlestiredi.Onin kemeleri Ormuz (Parsı) qoltıǵı hám Shıǵıs Afrikanıń jaǵalarına shekem júzip barǵan. Musılman bolǵan Chjan Xe Mekkeni zıyarat etedi. Bul ekspediciyalar Qıtaydıń abırayın arttırıp, sırtqı sawdanı keńeytiw imkanın beredi. Qıtay imperatorları 1415—1420-jılları Samarqandqa Uluǵbek sarayına da elshiler jiberedi. Biraq, Temuriyler mámleketi abroyı joqarı bolǵanlıǵınan oǵan Qıtaydıń qısımları tásir ete almaǵan. XV ásirdiń ortalarında ekonomikalıq krizistiń baslanıwı Qıtaydıń ishki rawajlańıwına hám sırtqı siyasatına unamsız tásir kórsetedi. ---- ===== XV-XIX asirler ===== Chin (Cin) imperiyasınıń hálsirewi. XVIII ásir aqırlarına kelip, imperiyanıń basıp alıwshılıq qúdireti hálsiredi. Ekonomikalıq tubalawshılıq hám mámleket xalqınıń tiykarǵı bólimin qurawshı diyqanlardıń jarlılanıwı olardı kóterilis shıǵarıwǵa májbúr etti. Solay etip, Qıtay ishki qarama-qarsılıqlar qısqısında qaldı. Húkimdar dinastiya ómiri tawsılıp atırǵan dúzimdi barlıq sharalar menen saqlap qalıwǵa urındı. Olar barlıq qarsılıqlardı ayawsızlıq penen bastırdı. Bul dáwirde Qıtayǵa Ullı Britaniya hám Franciya sawdagerleriniń kirip keliwi kúsheydi. Olardıń belsendi hareketleri Qıtay húki-metin qáweterge salıp qoydı. Shet elliklerdiń mámleketke kóplep kirip keliwiniń aldın alıw maqsetinde imperator 1757-jılı Qıtay bándirgi orın-ların sırtqı sawda ushın jabıq dep daǵazaladı. «Jabıq esikler» dep at al-ǵan bul siyasat Qıtaydı sırtqı dúnyadan ajıratıp qoyıwǵa qaratıldı. Sırtqı sawda imperator hámeldarları baqlawı astında tek Guanjou portı arqalı ǵana alıp barılatuǵın boldı. Qıtaydıń ózin-ózi jekkeletip qoyıw siyasatı feodallıq tártiplerdiń saqlanıwına járdem berdi. Onıń ekonomikalıq, jámiyetlik hám mádeniy rawajlanıwına úlken zıyankeltirdi. Imperator hákimshiligi ilim hám texnika tarawında basqa xalıqlardıń jetiskenliklerin biykar etti. Mámleket artta qalıwshılıq batpaǵına batıp qaldı. Usınday bir sharayatta Ullı Britaniya húkimeti Qıtaydı óz sawdagerleri ushın ashıwǵa bar imkaniyatı menen urındı. Chin imperatorınıń qaysarlıǵın sındırıw ushın oǵan bir báháne kerek edi. '''Birinshi opium urısı'''. Ullı Britaniya sawdagerleri Hindstannan nızamsız túrde Qıtayǵa opium (qara dári) kirgize basladı. Jergilikli Qıtay hákimshiligi opium tiyelgen kárwanlardı konfiskaciyalaǵanına juwap retinde Britaniya húkimeti opiumdi hám anglichan tovarların alıp kiriwdi nızamlastırıw ushın 1840-jılı Qıtayǵa qarsı urıs basladı. Urıs tariyxqa «Birinshi opium urısı» atı menen kirgen. Bul urıs 1842-jılǵa shekem dawam etti. Urısta Qıtaydıń ekonomikalıq hám áskeriy texnika jaǵınan artta qalıwı sebepli jeńiliske ushıradı. Urıs aqırında Ullı Britaniya Gonkong atawın basıp aldı hám Qıtaydı sırt el sawdagerleri ushın birneshe portlardı ashıp qoyıw haqqındaǵı shárt-namaǵa qol qoyıwǵa májbúr etti. Biraq, Qıtay opium alıp kiriliwiniń nızamlı ekenligin tán almadı. '''Ekinshi opium urısı'''. 1856 — 1860-jılları ekinshi opium urısı júz berdi. Bul saparı Qıtay Ullı Britaniya hám Franciyanıń birlesken armiyasınıń kúshli soqqısına ushıradı. Olar Pekin bosaǵalarında júdá bay ǵáziynelerge iye bolǵan imperatordıń jazǵı sarayın taladı hám wayran etti. Kolonizatorlar Qıtaydı jańa, teń bolmaǵan shártnamalar dúziwge májbúrledi. Shet elliklerge jáne basqa portlar arqalı da sawda etiwge ruqsat etildi hám jańa jeńillikler berildi. Sol waqıtta inglis hám francuz puqaraları Qıtay aymaǵında Qıtay nızamlarına hám sudına boysınıwdan azat etildi. Eger olar jınayat islegen jaǵdayda, olardı mámlekettiń tiyisli elshisi sol mámlekettiń nızamlarına tiykarlanıp sudlaytuǵın edi. Òeńiz sawdasında ústemlikke erisken Ullı Britaniya Qıtayda hámmeden kóbirek jeńilliklerge iye boldı. Teńiz jaǵasındaǵı úlken qalalarda payda bolǵan arnawlı kvartallarda tek shet elliler jasaytuǵın edi, ol jerge Qıtay hákimshiligi xızmetkerleri kire almaytuǵın edi. Diyqanlar kóterilisi hám Taypinler mámleketi (1850–1864). Húkimettiń baǵınıwshılıq siyasatı aqıbetinde Qitaydıń Evropa mámleketleri yarım koloniyasına aylanıp barıwı hám de feodallıq zulımınıń kúsheyiwi xalıq massasınıń keskin narazılıǵına sebep boldı. Aqıbetinde, diyqanlar kóterilis shıǵarıwǵa májbúr boldı. Bul kóterilis 1850-jılı mámleket qublasında baslandı. Chin dinastiyası hám feodallarǵa qarsı gúres kolonizatorlarǵa qarsı gúres penen qosılıp ketti. Kóterilisshilerge diyqannıń balası, mektep muǵallimi Xun Syucyuan basshılıq etti. Kóterisshiler Yanczi wálayatında «Kóktegi molshılıq mámleketi» («Taypin tyango») qurdı. Oniń orayı Nankin qalası boldı. Xun Syucyuan pikirinshe, bunday mámleketlerde diyqanlar jámiyet bolıp jasawı, jámiyette «heshbir zatqa teńsizlik bolmaw ushın, hámmeniń toq hám kiyimi pútin bolıwı ushın jerine iye bolıp oǵan birgelikte islew beriw, awqattı birgelikte jew, kiyim-kenshekti teńdey bólistiriw, puldı birgelikte jumsawı lazım» edi. Xalıqtıń turmısı áskeriy tártip tiykarında qurıldı. Hárbir shańaraqtıń bir áskerden armiyaǵa jetkerip beriwi belgilenip qoyıldı. Áskeriy bólim baslıǵı sol waqıtta bólim jaylasqan aymaqta mámleket hákimiyatın ámelge asırdı. Barlıq er adamlar bir miynet lagerine, hayal-qızlar hám balalar basqa jerge jaylastırıldı. 1757-jılı Qıtay imperatorı bándirgilerin sırtqı sawda ushın jabıq dep daǵazaladı. '''Taypinlerdiń jeńilisi'''. Kóterilis basshılarınıń arzıw-úmitleri push qıyal edi. Olardıń jerdi shańaraq aǵzalarınıń sanına qarap teń bólip beriw haqqındaǵı rejeleri kóteriliste qatnasıp atırǵan múlk iyeleriniń qatlamların kóterilisten uzaqlastırdı. Bul jaǵday taypinler basshıları arasında kelispewshilik kelip shıǵıwına sebep boldı. Jer ala almaǵan diyqanlar bolsa úmitsizlikke túse basladı. Bul bolsa mámleket hákimshiligine taypinlerdi qıyratıwda járdem berdi. Húkimet kúsh toplap, hújimge ótti. Oǵan Ullı Britaniya, Franciya hám Amerika Qurama Shtatları járdem berdi. Ullı mámleketler Qıtayda kriziske júz tutqan cin dinastiyası húkimdarlıǵın saqlanıp qalıwınan mápdar edi. 1864-jılı húkimet armiyası kóterilis basshıları jaylasqan Nankin qalasın basıp aldı. Xun Syucyuan óz janına qas etti. Òaypinler kóterilisi bastırılǵannan keyin shet el kolonizatorları cin dinastiyasın qollapquwatlawdı dawam etti hám onıń jańa jan beriwlerine eristi. XIX ásirdiń baslarında ele ullı mámleket sanalǵan Qıtay ásir ortalarına kelip, Batıs mámleketleri, keyin bolsa AQSH, Rossiya hám Yaponiyanıń da koloniallıq mápleri kesisken eń áhmiyetli aymaqqa aylandı. Qıtaydıń ekonomikalıq hám áskeriy qalaqlıǵı onıń óz-ózinen saqlanıp atırǵan ullı mámleket dárejesine qaramastan, onı Batıs mámleketleriniń yarım koloniyasına aylandırdı. ---- ==== XIX-XX asirler ==== XIX ásirdiń aqırında Qıtay tómen, yarım feodal mámleket edi. Jerdiń tiykarǵı bólimi feodal baylardıń qolında edi. Kóp-shilik diyqanlar jer iyelerinen jerdi ijaraǵa alatuǵın, ijara haqını pul menen yaki zúráát esabınan tóleytuǵın edi. Jeri bar diyqanlar júdá az edi. Diyqanlar qalaǵa jumıs izlep keletuǵın edi. Biraq, hárdayım da jumıs tabılmaytuǵın edi. Sebebi, Qıtay sanaatı júdá ásten rawajlanıp atırǵan edi. XIX ásirdiń sońǵı shereginen baslap elde kapitalistlik qatnasıqlar da rawajlana basladı. Dáslepki temir jollar qurıldı. Ekonomikalıq baylanıslar keńeydi. Iri qalalar payda boldı. Jumısshılar sanı kóbeydi. Sanaattıń júzege keliwi menen milliy burjuaziya qáliplese basladı. Milliy burjuaziyanıń kópshiligi kompradorlardan ibarat edi. Olar ámelde sırt el firmalarınıń jallanǵan wákilleri edi. Olar sırttan keltirilgen tovarlardı satıw hám arzan shiyki zat satıp alıw esabınan bayıytuǵın edi. Pulǵa mútáj bolǵan Chin dinastiyası sırt mámleketleri menen awır shártler tiykarında shártnamalar dúzip hám milliy mápke qılaplıq túrde olarǵa kelisim berdi. 70-jılları-aq sırt ellikler Qıtaydıń 26 portına erkin kirip, xojayınlarday is júrgizdi. Temir jollar qurılısı shet ellikler qaramaǵında edi. Kómir shaxtaları, kánlerdiń úlken bólimi de olardıń ıqtıyarında bolıp, Qıtay shet mámleketleriniń shiyki zat bazasına aylanıp qaldı. Sırt ellikler úlken qalalarda óz mákanların dúzip, Qıtay administratorların mensinbesten, ózinshe is júrgizetuǵın edi. Qıtaydıń Yaponiya menen 1894 — 1895-jıllardaǵı urısta jeńiliwi sırt el monopolistleriniń Qıtaydı kóbirek talawı, eziwlerine sebep boldı. 1897—1898-jılları Germaniya Szyaochjouvan (Chin-dao) portın basıp aldı hám Shandun wálayatın óz qol astına aldı. Franciya Guamchjuvan qoltıǵın iyeledi hám Yunan wálayatında ústemlik tásirin ótkerdi. Rossiya Port-Arturdı (Lyushun), Ullı Britaniya Veyxayvey portın ijaraǵa aldı. Eń bay aymaq — Yanczi dáryası basseyni Ullı Britaniyanıń qolastına ótti. Fucziyan wálayatında yapon basqınshıları ústemlik etip aldı. Qıtaydaǵı hárqanday ózgerisler ullı mámleketler tárepinen qadaǵalanıp barıldı. Solay etip, Qıtay yarım koloniyaǵa aylandı. XIX ásirdiń aqırında Qıtayda dáslepki sanaat kárxanaları payda boldı. 1881-jılı Arqa Qıtayda 1-temir jol iske tústi. 1897-jılı bul jerde 600 ge jaqın shet el firmaları boldı. Biraq, sanaat kárxanalarınıń ósiwi hám kóbeyiwi ástelik penen júrdi. Import eksporttan ádewir kóp edi. Qıtay menen Ullı Britaniya arasında dúzilgen konvenciya Qıtaydı jáne de qıyın awhalǵa saldı. Konvenciya Ullı Britaniyaǵa Qıtaydıń 10 nan aslam portına erkin kiriw, ayırım wálayatlarda jeńillikli sawda etiw huqıqın berdi.1884- jılı Franciyanıń Vyetnamdı basıp alıwı sebepli Franciya — Qıtay qatnasıqları buzıldı. Usı jılı Qıtay Oraylıq Vyetnam ústinen rásmiy ústemliginen bas tarttı hám ol jerde Franciya protektoratın tán aldı. Qıtay húkimeti Franciya menen asıǵıs pitim dúzip, Franciyaǵa bir qatar máselelerde kelisim berdi. Qıtay endi ǵana sanaatlasıw jolına ótken-de shet mámleketler tárepinen talan-taraj etiliwi xalıqtıń awhalına awır tásir etti. Qıtaydı tuwrı rawajlanıw jolına alıp shıǵıw haqqında túrli pikirler qáliplesti. Bul reformalawshı háreket delindi. Bul dáwir jámiyetlik háreketinde Sun Yat Cenniń ornı ayrıqsha áhmiyetke iye boldı. Ol Qıtaydı revolyuciya jolına baslaǵan jolbaslawshı edi. Sun Yat Cenniń «Qıtay oyanıw jámiyeti» shólkemi manjurlardıń Cin dinastiyasın awdarıp taslaw, Qıtayda demokratiyalıq milliy mámleket dúziw ushın gúresti. Qıtaydaǵı jámiyetlik hárekette «Ixetuan» — «Tınıshlıq hám ádillik ushın kóterilgen mush» jasırın shólkem de úlken rol oynadı. «Ixetuan»lar «Manjur cinlerin aydap shıǵaramız, shet elliklerdi saplastıramız» uranı astında is tutatuǵın edi. 1899-jılı «Ixetuan» háreketi qozǵalań túsin aldı. Ixetuanlar Yaponiyaǵa salıq tólewdi toqtatıw, Tayvandı Qıtayǵa birlestiriw talapların qoydı. Chin húkimeti qozǵalańnan qorqıp qaldı. Se-bebi, Ixetuanlar paytaxt hám wálayatlardıń derlik yarımın iye-lep alǵan edi. 1900-jılı húkimet qozǵalańshılarǵa qarsı jibergen áskerler jeńildi. Qozǵalańshılardıń jaqsı shólkemlesken otryadları Pekinge júris basladı hám bul jerde óz hákimiyatın ornattı. Bul waqıya Pekinge shet ellikler inter-venciyası baslanıwına báne boldı. Interven-siyada segiz mámleket —Germaniya, Yaponiya, Italiya, Ullı Britaniya, AQSH, Franciya, Rossiya hám Avstriya-Vengriya qatnastı. Olardıń hárbiri Qıtayda úlkenirek úleske iye bolıw maqsetin gózleytuǵın edi. 1899-jılı sentyabrde AQSH mámleket xatkeri Xeydiń «Ashıq esikler hám teń imkaniyatlar» siyasatı járiyalandı hám «Xey» doktrinası dep ataldı. 1900-jılı iyul ayında shet el interventleri jalpı hújimge ótti hám Pekindi iyeledi. Shet ellikler qalanı hám imperator sarayın qıyrattı. Segiz mámleket Qıtaydı qulshılıqqa túsiretuǵın shártnamaǵa qol qoyıwǵa májbúr etti. Shártnamada qozǵalańda qatnasqan belgili adamlardı óltiriw yamasa súrginge jiberiw talap etildi. Sonday-aq, Pekin menen teńiz boyı ortasındaǵı jollardı qorǵaw ushın shet mámleketlerge Qıtayda óz áskerlerin saqlawǵa ruqsat berildi. Bunnan tısqarı, Qıtay shet el interventlerine 33 mln. dollar salıq tólewge májbúr etildi. Qıtayǵa qural-jaraq kirgiziw qadaǵan etildi. Shet elliklerdiń Qıtaydaǵı jeńillikleri kóbeydi. Nátiyjede, Qıtay jáne de qorǵanıwsız qaldı. Sol payıtta, Ixetuan qozǵalańı kolonizatorlardı abaylılıq penen háreket etiwge májbúr etti. '''Qitaydin social-ekonomikaliq jagdayi''' XX ásirdiń baslarında Qıtayda social-lıq qarama-qarsılıqlar kúsheyip ketti. Manjurlardıń Chin dinastiyasınıń ústemligi kriziske ushıradı. Reforma ilajları jámiyettiń awhalın jaq-sılamadı. Qıtayda sanaattıń rawajlanıwı menen oǵan tosıq bolǵan feodal jer iyelewshiligine tán artta qalǵan óndiris qatnasıqları arasında qarama-qarsılıq tereńlesti. Xalıq arasında manjurlar basqarıwına qarsı háreket kúsheydi. Qıtay sanaatınıń rawajlanıwı ádewir artta qaldı. Degen menen, hár jılı 50 den kóbirek kárxana iske qosıldı. Nátiyjede, eksport kólemi 2 ese ósti. Shet mámleketler ishinde Ullı Britaniya tovar almaslawda 1-orında turatuǵın edi. Qıtaydıń shet mámleketlerden qarızı barǵan sayın artıp bardı. Revolyucioner demokrat Sun Yat Cen (1866—1925) Qıtaydaǵı milliy-azatlıq háreketiniń iskeri edi. Ol Guanchjou (Kanton) janında diyqan shańaraǵında tuwıldı. Ol 90-jıllardıń basında Gonkongta inglis medicina institutın tamamladı. Keyingi ómirin ol siyasiy taraw menen baylanıstırdı. 1905-jılı «Qıtay shólkemleri awqamı» (Tunminxay) degen siyasiy shólkem dúzdi. Iri qalalarda bul awqamnıń jasırın bólim‚leri ashıldı. Bul awqam 1905-jılı noyabrde «Minbao» (Xalıq gazetası)nı shıǵara basladı. «Awqam» Sun Yat Cen basshılıǵında baǵdarlama qabılladı. Onda Chin monarxiyasın awdarıp taslaw, Respublika shólkemlestiriw hám jerge iyelik huqıqın teńlestiriw, ǵárezsizlikti tiklew kózde tutılǵan edi. Sun Yat Cen social-ekonomikalıq jaqtan tómen rawajlanǵan Qıtayda jerge iyelik huqıqın teńlestiriw jolı menen sociallıq ádil dúzim jaratıw múmkin, degen pikirde edi. Sun Yat Cen shólkemi respublika dú-zimin ornatıw maqsetin qoydı. Bul manjurlarǵa qarsı háreketti jáne de kúsheytti. Bul háreket 1911-jılı shet elliklerden temir jol qurılısı ushın qarız alıw haqqında pitim dúzilgennen keyin, qurallı qarsılıq tús aldı. Hátteki, armiyada da narazılıq baslandı. Uxan qalasında áskerler jataqxanasın tintiwge kirgen manjur tárepdarların áskerler óltirdi. Qural-jaraq qoymasın basıp aldı. Basqa ásker bólimleri de olarǵa qosıldı. Revolyucionerler 11-oktyabrde Uxandı qolǵa aldı. Olar Respublika húkimetin dúzdi hám barlıq Qıtay wálayatların Respublika átirapında birlesiwge shaqırdı. Manjur dinastiyası ústemligi qulatılǵanlıǵı járiyalandı. Bul revolyuciya «Cinxay revolyuciyası» dep atalıp, ol qurallı qozǵalań jolı menen Qıtayda XVII ásirden baslap húkim súrgen manjurlar hákimiyatın awdarıp tasladı. 1911-jılı kóp jıllıq emigraciyadan soń Sun Yat Cen Qıtayǵa qaytıp keldi. 29-dekabrde Nankinde revolyuciyalıq wálayatlar wákillerinen ibarat Millet Májilisi jıynaldı. Millet Májilisi Qıtaydı Respublika dep járiyaladı hám emigraciyadan qaytıp kelgen Sun Yat Cendi Qıtay Respublikasınıń waqıtsha prezidenti etip sayladı. Millet Májilisi qabıl etken konstituciyada barlıq puqaralardıń teńligi hám túrli demokratiyalıq erkinlikler járiya-lansa da, diyqanlardıń arzıw-ármanları bolǵan «jerge iyelik etiwde teń huqıqlı bolıw» shaqırıǵı óz kórinisin tappadı. Bunıń sebebi — jerge iyelik etiwde teń huqıqqa iye bolıwǵa qarsı kúshlerdiń úlken abırayǵa iye bolǵanlıǵı edi. Revolyuciya nátiyjesinde Qıtayda eki hákimiyat júzege keldi. Biri — Qıtay Respublikası hákimiyatı, ekinshisi — Arqada saqlanıp qalǵan imperator hákimiyatı edi. Pekindegi imperator húkimetiniń baslıǵı Yuan Shikay edi. Ullı mámleketlerdi Qıtaydaǵı poziciyasınıń qanday bolıwı táshwishke saldı. Sonlıqtan, olar túrli báneler menen Qıtaydıń ishki jumıslarına aralasa basladı. Olar Qıtaydaǵı revolyuciyanı qural kúshi menen bastırıw maqsetinde óz kúshlerin birlestirdi. Ullı mámleketlerdiń Pekin húkimetin qollap-quwatlawdaǵı maqseti Qıtaydıń ishki islerine aralasıw edi. Biraq, bul Qıtayda ulıwma narazılıq keltirip shıǵardı. Xalıq shet el tovarların boykot ete basladı. Usınday sharayatta respublikaǵa qarsı kúshler Bas wázir Yuan Shikay átirapına birlesti. Pekin saray xalqı oǵan monarxiyanıń qáwenderi dep qa-raytuǵın edi. Biraq, Yuan Shikay revolyuciyalıq hárekettiń qısımı menen 1912-jıl 12-fevral kúni Chin dinastiyasın taxttan waz keshiwine májbúr etti. Ústem qatlamlar pútkil háki-miyattı oǵan tapsırıwǵa urındı. Bul waqıtta, ullı mámleketler de Sun Yat Cenniń húkimiyattan ketiwin ashıq talap etti hám Qıtayǵa intervenciya uyımlastırıwǵa ashıq túrde tayarlıq kóre basladı. Qıtayǵa qarsı intervenciya qáwpi astında Sun Yat Cen prezidentlik lawazımın Yuan Shikayǵa tapsırıwǵa májbúr boldı. Pútkil hákimiyattı iyelegen Yuan Shikay demokratiyalıq er-kinliklerdi joqqa shıǵara basladı. Ol jumısın revolyuciya ásker-lerin pútkilley quralsızlandırıwdan basladı. Húkimetke qarsı dúzilgen topar aǵzalarınıń táǵdiri ólim menen juwmaqlanatuǵın edi. Hárbir awılda jazalaw toparı jumıs isledi. Soǵan qaramay, demokratiyalıq kúshler 1912-jılı Gomindan (Milliy partiyanı)dı dúzdi. Partiya basqarıwı lawazımına Sun Yat Cen saylandı. Óz jeńisinen ruwxlanǵan Yuan Shikay Millet Májilisin ózin bes jıl múddetke prezident etip saylawǵa májbúr etti. Ullı mámleketler menen jańa gedeylikke túsiretuǵın qarız haqqında shártnamaǵa qol qoydı. Sonnan keyin, ullı mámleketler Qıtay Respublikasın tán alǵanlıǵın bildirdi. Qıtaydıń ekonomikalıq awhalı awırlastı. Xalıqtıń turmıs dárejesi tómenledi. Usınday bir jaǵdayda Gomindan xalıqtı qozǵalań baslawǵa shaqırdı. 1913-jılı Qıtaydıń qublasında húkimettiń siyasatına qarsı «Ekinshi revolyuciya» dep atalǵan qozǵalań baslanıp ketti. Biraq, kúshler teń bolmaǵanlıǵı sebepli shet mámleketler-den áskeriy járdem alǵan húkimet áskerleri tárepinen «Ekinshi revolyuciya» háreketi qıyratıldı. 1914-jılı Yuan Shikay Konstituciyalıq Keńes shaqırdı. Onda «Jańa Qıtay Konstituciyası» qabıl etildi. Yuan Shikay prezident sıpatında sheklenbegen hákimiyatqa iye boldı. Mámlekette áskeriy diktatura ornatıldı. Respublika basqarıw organları saplastırıldı. ==Siyasıy basqarılıw forması== Is júzinde, Qıtay- [[unitarlıq respublika]],xalıqtıń [[demokratiya|demokratiyalıq]] [[diktatura]]sına tiykarlanǵan [[sociallıq mámleket]]. Mámlekettiń tiykarǵı nızamı-[[Qıtay konstitutsiyası|Konstitutsiya]],1982 jılı qabıllanǵan. Joqarǵı basqarıw organı- [[Ulıwmaqıtay Xalıq Wákilleri Jıynalısı(UXWJ)]].Ol jámi 2979 xalıq wákillerinen([[deputat|deputatlardan]] turadı. Deputatlar hár 5 jılda bir márte saylanadı.[[Ulıwmaqıtay Xalıq Wákilleri Jıynalısı(UXWJ)|UXWJ]]l sessiyası jılına bir márte shaqırıladı. Sessiyalar arasında wákillikti óz moynına [[Ulıwmaqıtay Xalıq Wákilleri Jıynalısı Udayılıq Komiteti]] aladı. [[Saylaw]]larda tek Qıtay kommunistlik partiyalarınan hám [[Qıtay Xalıq siyasıy konsultativlik Keńesi(QXSKK)]]niń 8 "demokratiyalıq" partiyalarınan deputatlar saylaw huqıqına iye boladı. [[Gonkong]] hám [[Makao]] arnawlı-aymaqlıq rayonları jeke basqarıw organlarına iye. [[Ulıwmaqıtay Xalıq Wákilleri Jıynalısı(UXWJ)|UXWJ]]nıń barlıq [[deputat]]ları [[kommunist]]lik hám [[demokrat]]lıq blok wákiller esaplanadı. Mámleket basshısı- [[Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası Xatkeri]]([[Si Szinpin]]) hám basqarıw organı basshısı- [[Qıtay Mamleketlik Kenesi Premyeri]](Li Ketsyan). Orınlaw apparatınıń eń joqarǵı organı- [[Mámleketlik Keńes-Qıtay|Mámleketlik Keńes]].Onıń quramına premyer,onıń orınbasarları,Keńes aǵzaları,ministrler,Komitet wákilleri,Bas Revizor hám juwapker xatker. Joqarǵı Sud organı- [[Joqarǵı Xalıq Sudı]].[[Prokuror]]lıq tekseriwdi [[Joqarǵı Xalıq Prokuraturası]] ámelge asıradı. Jergilikli basqarıw organları- Xalıq Wákilleri jıynalısı, al hamme waqıt is júrgiziwshi jergilikli organ [[Udayılıq Komitet-Qıtay|Udayılıq Komitet]] bolıp tawıladı. == Aymaqlıq bóliniwi == ==Geografiyalıq jaylasıwı== Qıtay geografiyalıq jaqtan [[Shıg'ıs Aziya]] da jaylasqa. Shıǵısında Tınısh okeanı menen, Arqa-Batısında- [[Rossiya]] menen, Arqa-Shıǵısında- [[Rossiya]] hám [[Koreya Xalıq Demokratiyalıq Reapublikası(KXDR)KXDR]] menen, Arqasında- [[Mongoliya]]menen Batısında- [[Qazaqstan]],[[Qırǵızstan]],[[Tájikstan]],[[Awǵanstan]] menen, Qubla-Batısında -[[Pakistan]]qarawında bolǵan[[Djammu-Kashmir]],[[Hindistan]],[[Nepal]],[[Butan]]menen, Qublasında- [[Myanma]],[[Laos]],[[Vyetnam]] mámleketleri menen shegaralasadı. Mámlekette tek ǵana bir saat poyası bar - [[UTC+8]] == Derekler == j8uhc33bo3msx0t3jccln0xh1fgdfl7 10 3587 46350 38188 2022-08-25T18:12:09Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 wikitext text/x-wiki <br style="clear:both;"/> <center> {| id="toc" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;" ! style="background:#ccccff" align="center" | [[Ózbekistan wálayatları]] || [[Image:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|40px]] |- | align="center" | [[Tashkent]] . [[Ándijan wálayatı]] . [[Buxara wálayatı]] . [[Ferǵana wálayatı]] . [[Jizzaq wálayatı]] . [[Xorezm wálayatı]] . [[Namangan wálayatı]] . [[Nawayı wálayatı]] . [[Qashqadárya wálayatı]] . [[Samarqand wálayatı]] . [[Sırdárya wálayatı]] . [[Surqandárya wálayatı]] . [[Tashkent wálayatı]] . [[Qaraqalpaqstan]] |} 2zci2hsykm7jhsbpwm68u3aqwj8audx 46351 46350 2022-08-25T18:14:01Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 wikitext text/x-wiki <br style="clear:both;"/> <center> {| id="toc" style="margin: 0 2em 0 2em;" ! style="background:#ccccff" align="center" | [[Ózbekistan wálayatları]] || [[Image:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|40px]] |- | align="center" | [[Tashkent]] . [[Ándijan wálayatı]] . [[Buxara wálayatı]] . [[Ferǵana wálayatı]] . [[Jizzaq wálayatı]] . [[Xorezm wálayatı]] . [[Namangan wálayatı]] . [[Nawayı wálayatı]] . [[Qashqadárya wálayatı]] . [[Samarqand wálayatı]] . [[Sırdárya wálayatı]] . [[Surqandárya wálayatı]] . [[Tashkent wálayatı]] . [[Qaraqalpaqstan Respublikası]] |} knhb328zdfxe8diezzjbkgdnq63cqil 0 3860 46310 42878 2022-08-25T12:03:12Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 PirjanovNurlan [[Batıs Qazaqstan wa'layatı]] бетін [[Batıs Qazaqstan wálayatı]] бетіне жылжытты wikitext text/x-wiki Batis Qazaqstan wa'layatı — Qazag'istannin' arqa-batisinda jaylasqan aymaq. Shig'is jaqtan [[Aqto'be]], qublada [[Atiraw]] oblislari menen, Batisinda Rossiyanin' [[Astraxan]], [[Volgograd]], arqa-Batisinda [[Saratov]], [[Samara]], arqa tarepinen [[Orenburg]] oblislari menen shegaralas. Oblis 1932-jili 10- martda Oral oblisi bolib jaralg'an. 1996-jildan beri Batis Qazaqstan oblisi bolib atalib kelmeqde. Maydani 151,3 min km2, xalqi sani 614 280 (2012). Ortalig'i — [[O'ral]] qalasi. [[Kategoriya:Qazaqstan wa'layatları]] hkak8i1jj903lqpneb49u6b62z0f7ws 46312 46310 2022-08-25T12:03:28Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 wikitext text/x-wiki Batis Qazaqstan wálayatı — Qazaǵistanniń arqa-batisinda jaylasqan aymaq. Shiǵis jaqtan [[Aqtóbe]], qublada [[Atiraw]] oblislari menen, Batisinda Rossiyaniń [[Astraxan]], [[Volgograd]], arqa-Batisinda [[Saratov]], [[Samara]], arqa tarepinen [[Orenburg]] oblislari menen shegaralas. Oblis 1932-jili 10- martda Oral oblisi bolib jaralǵan. 1996-jildan beri Batis Qazaqstan oblisi bolib atalib kelmeqde. Maydani 151,3 min km2, xalqi sani 614 280 (2012). Ortaliǵi — [[Óral]] qalasi. [[Kategoriya:Qazaqstan wálayatları]] 2k3ka98au4mc0n688yveg9owcabcjfe 46313 46312 2022-08-25T12:03:51Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 wikitext text/x-wiki Batis Qazaqstan wálayatı — Qazaǵistanniń arqa-batisinda jaylasqan aymaq. Shiǵis jaqtan [[Aqtóbe]], qublada [[Atiraw]] oblislari menen, Batisinda Rossiyaniń [[Astraxan]], [[Volgograd]], arqa-Batisinda [[Saratov]], [[Samara]], arqa tarepinen [[Orenburg]] oblislari menen shegaralas. Oblis 1932-jili 10- martda Oral oblisi bolib jaralǵan. 1996-jildan beri Batis Qazaqstan oblisi bolib atalib kelmeqde. Maydani 151,3 min km2, xalqi sani 614 280 (2012). Ortaliǵi — [[Óral]] qalasi. [[Kategoriya:Qazaqstan wálayatları]] {{stub}} 5oftv777n9mtdmmw9x7dgcldv4qt2hp 0 3867 46305 38112 2022-08-25T12:00:31Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Image:Arctic Ocean.png|275px|right]] '''Arqa polyus''' — Jerdiń aylanǵan qiyali oǵiniń Arqa yarim sharda Jerdiń júzi menen kesisetuǵin jeri. Arqa polyus [[Arqa muz okean]]iniń worta bóleginde jaylasqan, Arqa polyusta jil dawaminda kópshilik kúshli muzlar aǵimi háreket etedi. Qis kúnleri ortasha temperatura −40&nbsp;°C dógereginde, al jazda bolsa, kóbinshe 0&nbsp;°C atirapinda boladi. {{stub}} [[Kategoriya:Polyuslar]] mzrwfntor4k0twcllk0o6xib1xqfy5g 0 4105 46317 36249 2022-08-25T12:05:59Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 PirjanovNurlan [[İtalyan tili]] бетін [[Italyan tili]] бетіне жылжытты wikitext text/x-wiki '''İtalyan tili''' (''lingua italiana'') - [[İtaliya]], [[San-Marino]], [[Vatikan]] ha'm [[Shveytsariya]]nin ra'smiy tili. [[Sloveniya]] ha'm de [[Xorvatiya]]nın' ko'binshe italyan watandasları ushın ekinshı rasmiy til esaplanadı. == Sırtqı siltemeler == [http://neise.0rq.in/382- İtalyan tili kitabshası] [[Kategoriya:İtalyan tili| ]] [[Kategoriya:Tiller]] pysanwbgu5ydewu0mprd9p6cf0qsn6s 0 5740 46304 46303 2022-08-25T11:59:10Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 wikitext text/x-wiki Tezis-(grekshe) ilimiy miynet, maqala, doklad hám usı sıyaqlı tiykarǵı idealardıń qısqa hám anıq sáwlelengenligi. {{stub}} g274n7q18c3turfskwhvgedwll0wr1d 10 5760 46349 42137 2022-08-25T18:10:33Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="0" class="toc toccolours" style="margin: 0 auto" align="center" |- | align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[Yanvar]] | [[Fevral]] | [[Mart]] | [[Aprel]] | [[May]] | [[Iyun]] |- | align="center" style="font-size: 90%;" | [[Iyul]] | [[Avgust]] | [[Sentyabr]] | [[Oktyabr]] | [[Noyabr]] | [[Dekabr]] |} <noinclude> [[Kategoriya:Shablonlar:Waqıt]] </noinclude> 64lqw9fn1e3k16puuzjxs1bylhmzzio 2 6517 46347 46275 2022-08-25T17:57:16Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 wikitext text/x-wiki Sálem wikipediya paydalanıwshısı, [[Qaraqalpaq tili|Qaraqalpaqsha]] [[Wikipedia]] rawajnalıwına óz úlesin qosıp atırǵanlarǵa minnetdarshılıq bildirip qalaman. {{DISPLAYTITLE:Paydalanıwshı:<span style="color:red;">Pirjanov</span><span style="color:blue;">Nurlan</span>}} Házirgi waqıtta [http://translatewiki.net translatewiki.net], [http://kaa.wikipedia.org kaa.wikipedia.org] saytları interfeysiniń qaraqalpaqsha awdarmasına 1200 den aslam awdarma hámde 200 den aslam awdarmalardı tekserip shıǵıp ózgeris ámelge asırdım. <blockquote>[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/User:Nurlan]Translatewiki.net {{#babel:kaa}} [https://t.me/Nurlan_Pirjanov]Telegram.org [https://nurlan.uz/]Websayt</blockquote> {{:Bas bet/Tu'rkiy Wikipedialar}} jq93k4yz8xftpv19bjzwsspocz21cxg 46348 46347 2022-08-25T17:58:04Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 wikitext text/x-wiki Sálem wikipediya paydalanıwshısı, [[Qaraqalpaq tili|Qaraqalpaqsha]] [[Wikipedia]] rawajnalıwına óz úlesin qosıp atırǵanlarǵa minnetdarshılıq bildirip qalaman. {{DISPLAYTITLE:Paydalanıwshı:<span style="color:red;">Pirjanov</span><span style="color:blue;">Nurlan</span>}} Házirgi waqıtta [http://translatewiki.net translatewiki.net], [http://kaa.wikipedia.org kaa.wikipedia.org] saytları interfeysiniń qaraqalpaqsha awdarmasına 1200 den aslam awdarma hámde 200 den aslam awdarmalardı tekserip shıǵıp ózgeris ámelge asırdım. {{#babel:kaa}} <blockquote>[https://translatewiki.net/wiki/User:Nurlan]Translatewiki.net [https://t.me/Nurlan_Pirjanov]Telegram.org [https://nurlan.uz/]Websayt</blockquote> {{:Bas bet/Tu'rkiy Wikipedialar}} 0ifqet2pu5q6tpr03p2ikc2mzwl0tqx 0 6534 46319 46233 2022-08-25T13:01:07Z Inosham 10264 /* Tariyxıy arxitekturası */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: West 23rd Street from the High Line.jpg|left|thumb|240px]] 23-avenyu (kóshe) ([[Ingliz tili|''inglisshe'']]: 23 rd Street) — [[Nyu York|New Yorktıń]] [[Manhattan|Midtown Manhattan]] okrugindagi eki ta'repleme kóshe. Araldı shıǵıstan batısqa kesip ótetuǵın tiykarǵı magistral jollardıń biri. Kóshe batıstaǵı On birinshi avenyudan shıǵıstaǵı FDR magistralina shekem dawam etedi. 23-avenyu 1811-jılda Manhattandi rawajlandırıw boyınsha keń qamtılǵan joba qabıl etilgeninen keyin payda boldı<ref name="plan">Veb manbasi|url=http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/nyc1811.htm|sarlavha=Remarks Of The Commissioners For Laying Out Streets And Roads In The City Of New York, Under The Act Of April 3, 1807|muallif=Morris G., De Witt S., Rutherford J.|nashriyot=Cornell University Library|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-06-22|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622143905/http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/nyc1811.htm</ref>. Onda ataqlı mıymanxanalar, atap aytqanda, Fifth Avenue, sonıń menen birge, kóplegen teatrlar boy tiklegen. Bunnan tısqarı, kóshede 2013-jılda qurılǵan Flatiron Building, MetLife Tower hám One Madison sıyaqlı júdá bálent tariyxıy imaratlar jaylasqan. == Jaylasıwı == Manhattandag'i basqa nomerlengen kósheler sıyaqlı 23-kóshe de 5-avenyu tárepinen batıs hám shig'is bólimlerge bólingen. Bul bólimlerdiń hár ekewi Flatiron aymaǵınıń bir bólegi bolǵan Madison maydanında jaylasqan. 6-avenyudan baslanıp, batıs 23-kóshe blogı arqalı ótedi. Shıǵısta Lexington avenyusinan baslanıp, kóshe arqada Kips qoltıg'ı hám qublada Gramerci hám Piter Cooper Village shegaraları boylap ótedi<ref>Книга|автор=White N., Willensky E., Leadon F.|заглавие=AIA Guide to New York City|издание=5|издательство=Oxford University Press|часть=Kips Bay|год=2010|pages=255|allpages=1088|isbn=0199758646</ref>. == Tariyxı== Kósheniń qurılısı 1811-jılda qabıl etilgen Manhattandi rawajlandırıw jobası tiykarında baslanǵan. Onıń keńligi 100 fut (shama menen 30 metr) etip belgilengen<ref name="plan">Veb manbasi|url=http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/nyc1811.htm|sarlavha=Remarks Of The Commissioners For Laying Out Streets And Roads In The City Of New York, Under The Act Of April 3, 1807|muallif=Morris G., De Witt S., Rutherford J.|nashriyot=Cornell University Library|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-06-22|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622143905/http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/nyc1811.htm</ref>. Keyinirek, 1847-jılda bul aymaqta maydanı 3 gektar bolǵan Madison square garden sho'lkemlestirilgen<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. === Infrasistemasi === [[File:23rd_Street_Ferry_Terminal,_taken_pre-1902_-_Erie_Railway,_Twenty-third_Street_Ferry_Terminal,_Twenty-third_Street,_New_York,_New_York_County,_NY.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/23rd_Street_Ferry_Terminal%2C_taken_pre-1902_-_Erie_Railway%2C_Twenty-third_Street_Ferry_Terminal%2C_Twenty-third_Street%2C_New_York%2C_New_York_County%2C_NY.jpg/220px-23rd_Street_Ferry_Terminal%2C_taken_pre-1902_-_Erie_Railway%2C_Twenty-third_Street_Ferry_Terminal%2C_Twenty-third_Street%2C_New_York%2C_New_York_County%2C_NY.jpg|left|thumb| Ko'shenin' batis ta'repindegi parom terminali (1900-jil)]] XIX ásirdiń ortalarına kelip kóshe házirgi Gudzon Yards 30 hám 32-kósheler hám de onnan tómendegi kósheler arasındaǵı poezd stanciyasın baylanıstıratuǵın keń transport tarmaǵınıń bir bólegine aylanǵan. Sol waqıtlarda tez-tez júz berip turǵan parovozlardin' puw qazanı jarılıw qáwipi sebepli 30-kósheden tómende háreketleniw qadag'an etilgen, sol sebepli de jolawshılar New York qalası jáne onıń arqasındaǵı qalalar ortasında reysshi poezdlerde stansiyaǵa barǵanlar hám odan keyin atlar tartıp júretuǵın tramvay (at qosıp ju'riletug'in vagon) g'a ótiwge májbúr bolǵan. Atlar tartıp júretuǵın tramvay bándirgileri tiykarınan 23, 14, Christopher hám Chambers kóshelerinde jaylasqan<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. Sonıń menen birge, 1870-jıllarda Altınshı avenyu boylap estakadali temir jol jatqızılǵan<ref>Sfn|Diamonstein-Spielvogel|2011</ref>, bul jergilikli dúkanlarǵa klientler aǵımın sezilerli dárejede asırǵan<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 23-kóshede 1880-jılda Ekinshi avenyu<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A01EEDC173FEE3ABC4A53DFB566838B699FDE|sarlavha=More Elevated Facilities.; The Second-Avenue Line And City Hall Branch Opened|nashriyot=The New York Times|til=en|sana=1880-03-02|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-01-04|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104091022/http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A01EEDC173FEE3ABC4A53DFB566838B699FDE</ref>, 1878-jılda Úshinshi avenyu<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D00E2D9143EE63BBC4E51DFBE668383669FDE|sarlavha=Rapid Transit On The Bowery.; Opening Of The East Side Elevated Railroad To-Day Time-Table And Fares|nashriyot=The New York Times|til=en|sana=1880-03-02|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-07-30|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730111357/http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D00E2D9143EE63BBC4E51DFBE668383669FDE</ref> hám 1867-jılda Toǵızınshı avenyu boylap bándirgileri bolǵan uzın jónelisler jatqızılǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://forgotten-ny.com/1999/12/remnants-of-the-ninth-avenue-el-when-is-a-subway-not-a-subway-when-its-an-el/|sarlavha=Remnants Of The Ninth Avenue El|nashriyot=Forgotten NY|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-07-30|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730145315/http://forgotten-ny.com/1999/12/remnants-of-the-ninth-avenue-el-when-is-a-subway-not-a-subway-when-its-an-el/</ref>. XX ásirdiń ortalarına kelip parallell túrde jer astı metro jolları qurılg'aninan son', olardıń barlıǵı buzip taslanǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B03E6DC113EE63BBC4B52DFB366838E649EDE|sarlavha=Last Train Rumbles On Third Ave. 'El'|muallif=Katz R.|nashriyot=The New York Times|sana=1955-05-13|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201730/https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B03E6DC113EE63BBC4B52DFB366838E649EDE</ref>. Házirgi ku'nde kóshede bes metro bándirgisi bar<ref name="nycs">Veb manbasi|url=http://web.mta.info/nyct/maps/subway_map.pdf|sarlavha=New York City Subway|nashriyot=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Нью-Йорк)|MTA]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-05-10|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510180253/http://web.mta.info/nyct/maps/subway_map.pdf</ref>. 1869-jılda Hudson qirg'ag'inda Pavonia Ferry kompaniyasınıń parom terminalı ashılǵan. Onıń paromlari Manhattan<ref>Книга|автор=Baxter R. J., Adams A. G.|заглавие=Railroad Ferries of the Hudson: And Stories of a Deckhand|издательство=Fordham Univ Press|год=1999|серия=Fordham University Press Series|pages=91|allpages=276|isbn=0823219542</ref> qarsısında jaylasqan Jersey-City qalasına jo'nep ketiwge mólsherlengen. XX ásirdiń baslarına kelip paromlar júdá eski jaǵdayǵa kelip qalǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9800EED91030E733A25753C2A9679C946297D6CF|sarlavha=Pavonia Ferry Service|nashriyot=The New York Times|sana=1903-01-20|kirish sanasi=2017-04-02|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201756/http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9800EED91030E733A25753C2A9679C946297D6CF</ref> hám 1942-jılda terminaldıń ózi buzip taslanǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Adams A. G.|заглавие=The Hudson Through the Years|издательство=Fordham Univ Press|год=1996|pages=307|allpages=340|isbn=0823216772</ref>. == Tariyxıy arxitekturası == 1825-jıl 1-yanvarda 22 hám 23-kósheler arasında jaylasqan burınǵı federal arsenal bınasında (házirgi Brodveyning bir bólegi) New York jas óspirimler qamaqxanası sanalgan Bloomingdale Road ashıldı. Ol sud tárepinen belgisiz múddetke húkim etilgen 16 jasqa deyingi balalar ushın mólsherlengen edi. Dáslepki 10 jıl dawamında 1120 dana bala usı qamaqxanada saqlanǵan<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 1854-jılda qamaqxana New Yorkning East Riveridagi Jonǵıll's aralına kóshirilgen<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1860/01/23/news/our-city-charities-the-new-york-house-of-refuge-for-juvenile-delinquents.html|sarlavha=Our City Charities.; The New-York House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents|nashriyot=[[The New York Times]]|til=en|sana=1860-01-23|kirish sanasi=2017-03-26|arxivsana=2017-05-09|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509103421/http://www.nytimes.com/1860/01/23/news/our-city-charities-the-new-york-house-of-refuge-for-juvenile-delinquents.html</ref>. Shama menen 1860-jılǵa kelip New York irlandlari negrlerdi Five Points aymaǵınan quwıp shıǵıwdı hám qara ta'nliler Manhattan boylap jaylasıwǵa májbúr boldı. Solay etip, qubladan 23-kóshe, arqadan 40-kóshe hám shıǵıstan Altınshı avenyu menen shegaralanǵan blok bir yarım mıń qara ta'nlilerdin' turaq jayına aylandı<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. [[File:18970403.NYC.Academy_of_Design_(1865;_razed).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/18970403.NYC.Academy_of_Design_%281865%3B_razed%29.jpg/220px-18970403.NYC.Academy_of_Design_%281865%3B_razed%29.jpg|left|thumb| To'rtinshi avenyu menen kesilispesindegi Milliy dizayn akademiyasinin' buring'i imarati (1894-jil)]] Qara ta'nliler aǵımı kóshede zamanagóy imaratlar boy tiklewine tosqınlıq etpegen. 1845-jılda 23 hám 24-kósheler hám de Toǵızınshı hám Onınshı avenyular menen shegaralanǵan orında óz dáwiriniń ataqlı arxitektorı Alexandr Jekson Devis joybarı boyınsha tórt qabatlı London Terrace turaq jay kompleksi júzege kelgen. Qurılıs waqtında ol dúnyadaǵı eń iri turaq jay kompleksine aylanǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/30/realestate/streetscapes-london-terrace-time-erodes-unity-of-a-1665-unit-city-within-a-city.html|sarlavha=Streetscapes: London Terrace; Time Erodes Unity of a 1,665-Unit City Within a Cit|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Gray C.|sana=1988-10-30|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-02|arxivsana=2017-04-15|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415013719/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/30/realestate/streetscapes-london-terrace-time-erodes-unity-of-a-1665-unit-city-within-a-city.html</ref>. 1930-jılda London Terrace qayta qurılǵan: bul orında 16-18 qabatlı 14 jay júzege keltirilip, jámi 1670 shańaraqqa mólsherlengen<ref>Sfn|The Encyclopedia of New York City|2010</ref>. 1849-jılda [[Lexington]] prospekti menen kesilisken orında, qala xaliqliq nátiyjelerine kóre, New York qala kolledjiniń gotika usılındaǵı jayı qurılǵan (arxitektorı — James Ranwik)<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 1928-jılda jay buzip taslanǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www2.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2015/01/TheCityCollegeofNewYork_HistoricLandmark.pdf|sarlavha=The City College of New York: The North Campus|til=en|nashriyot=CUNY|kirish sanasi=2017-03-26|arxivsana=2017-08-02|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802010418/http://www2.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2015/01/TheCityCollegeofNewYork_HistoricLandmark.pdf</ref>. 1857-jılda Besinshi avenyu menen kesilisken kósheniń bir bólegin satıp alǵan sawdager Aymosom Ano 1859-jılda bul aymaqta sawlatli miymanxana qurdirg'an<ref>Sfn|Alexiou|2010</ref><ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 6 qabatlı, 800 qonaqtı qabıllaw ushın mólsherlengen miymanxana sol dáwirler ushın dúnyadaǵı eń úlkeni edi<ref>Sfn|The Encyclopedia of New York City|2010</ref>. Mıymanxana Respublikashılar partiyasınıń shtab-kvartirasi bolıp xızmet etken hám prezidentler Ulysses Grant<ref>Книга|автор=Sprague S.|заглавие=Lure of the city: New York's great hotels in the golden age, 1873-1907|ссылка=http://libx.bsu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/ConspectusH/id/393|место=1977|издательство=Ball State University|серия=Conspectus of history|pages=74</ref> hám Chester Arthur da onda bolǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Zachary K.|заглавие=Chester Alan Arthur: The American Presidents Series: The 21st President, 1881-1885|ответственный=Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.|издательство=Macmillan|год=2004|серия=The American Presidents|pages=35|allpages=192|isbn=9781466834620</ref>. 1860-jılda Uels taxt miyrasxorı shahzadasi Edvard VII nin' mıymanxanaǵa saparı onıń átirapındaǵı aymaqtıń kommerciya ko'rkemligin sezilerli dárejede asırdı. 14 hám 23-kósheler, Altınshı avenyu hám Brodvey ortasındaǵı bólim tez arada Lady's Mile dep at berildi<ref>Sfn|Diamonstein-Spielvogel|2011</ref>. 1908-jılda mıymanxana buzib taslandı jáne onıń ornına Xaliq araliq oyınshıqlar orayı ashıldı<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/nyregion/thecity/they-hear-dead-people.html|sarlavha=They Hear Dead People|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Pollak M.|sana=2004-12-12|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-02|arxivsana=2017-08-02|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802004326/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/nyregion/thecity/they-hear-dead-people.html</ref>. [[File:PostcardNewYorkCity23rdStreetCirca1910_(cropped).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PostcardNewYorkCity23rdStreetCirca1910_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-PostcardNewYorkCity23rdStreetCirca1910_%28cropped%29.jpg|thumb| 1910-jilg'i otkritkada su'wreti tu'sirilgen ko'she. Arqa fonda Stern Brothers bazasi ha'm Flatiron imaratinin' qaptal ta'repi ko'rinedi.]] Kóshede 1884-jılda júzege keliw etilgen taǵı bir ataqlı mıymanxana Chelsea dep atalǵan<ref>Sfn|The Encyclopedia of New York City|2010</ref>. 1863-jılda kóshediń Tórtinshi avenyu menen kesilisken jayında Milliy dizayn akademiyası jayı (arxitektorı — chikagolik Peter Bonnet) qurılǵan. Veneciyadagi Dojlar sarayına uqsatıp qurılǵan<ref>Sfn|The Encyclopedia of New York City|2010</ref> bul jay yarım a'sirge barmay jaramsız jaǵdayǵa kelip qalǵan. XX ásirdiń baslarında bul orında MetLife Tower júdá bálent jayı qurılǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Moudry R.|заглавие=The American Skyscraper: Cultural Histories|издательство=Cambridge University Press|год=2005|pages=124|allpages=281|isbn=0521624215</ref>. 1878-jılda úlken sawdager [[Stern Brothers]] Besinshi hám Altınshı avenyular ortasında kólemi tárepinen sol dáwir ushın aqıl bovar etpes sanalgan baza qurdirgan<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. Onıń joybarı arxitektor [[Henry Pherenbah]] tárepinen islep shıǵılǵan bolıp, 7 qabatlı hám keńligi 200 fut (shama menen 60 metr) ti qurag'an. Baza New Yorkdagi eń iri quyma temir úylerden birine aylanǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Bedoire F., Tanner R.|заглавие=The Jewish Contribution to Modern Architecture, 1830-1930|издательство=KTAV Publishing House, Inc.|год=2004|pages=423|allpages=518|isbn=0881258083</ref>. === Teatrlar === Kósheniń Brodveyga jaqınlıǵı bul jerde XIX ásirdiń aqırına kelip kóplegen teatrlarning payda bolıwında qol kelgen. 1868-jılda Segizinshi avenyu menen kesilisken orında bir neshe million dollarlıq Grand Opera House teatri qurılǵan. 1938-jılda RKO Pictures kinokompaniyasi onı kinoteatrǵa aylantırǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F0CE3DC163DE533A25750C2A9649D94609FD7CF|nashriyot=The New York Times|sarlavha=Booth's Theater Sold|til=en|sana=1881-12-23|kirish sanasi=2017-04-01|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201805/http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F0CE3DC163DE533A25750C2A9649D94609FD7CF</ref>. Biraq usı kinoteatr 1960-jılda Penn-Saut turaq jay kompleksin qurıw programmasınıń bir bólegi retinde pútkilley buzib taslanǵan. 1869 -jılda Altınshı avenyu menen kesilisken orında Booth's Theatre ashılǵan. Jaqsı rawajlanbaǵan kommerciyalıq iskerlik artınan 1881-jılda ol qurılıs bahasınıń yarımına satıp jiberilgen hám keyinirek bazaǵa aylantırılǵan. 1888-jılda impresario F.F Proktor hám Segizinshi avenyu ortasında óz teatrini ashqan. Onıń jumısqa túsiriliwinde elektr jaqtirtqish hám fonograf sıyaqlı sol dáwir ushın úlken jańalıq esaplanǵan úskenelerden paydalanılǵan. 1907-jılda teatr kinoteatrǵa aylantırılǵan, aradan 30 jıl ótip órt nátiyjesinde wayranag'a aylanǵan. [[File:E23 Marine & Aviation jeh.jpg|center|thumb|250px|East River]] [[File:Whathappenedontwentythirdstreet-thomasedisoninc.ogv|center|thumb|250px|23-avenyu. 1901-jil]] [[File:23 St 8 Av SB entrance.JPG|center|thumb|250px|23-avenyuda jaylasqan jer asti jolina tu'siw]] 1966 -jıl 17-oktyabrde Arqa 22-kóshede jaylasqan 7-imarattıń jertólesinde órt júz bergen. Waqıya ornına jetip kelgen ot óshiriwshiler Arqa 23-kóshedegi 6-jay arqalı jalın oshag'ina barıwǵa háreket etken. Sol waqıtta 6-imarattiń aǵash pollari menen birge 12 ot óshiriwshi tómenge qulap túsken. Hádiyse 2001-jıl 11-sentyabr waqıyalarına shekem New-York ot óshiriwshileri arasında jábirleniwshiler sanı boyınsha eń úlkeni bolıp qalǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/nyregion/17fire.html|sarlavha=Oct. 17, 1966, When 12 Firemen Died|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=O'Donnell M.|sana=2006-10-17|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-12-14|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214202117/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/nyregion/17fire.html</ref>. 2016-jıl 17-sentyabr kúni Batıs 23-kóshede Altınshı avenyu kóshe kesispesi qasında jarılıw júz berip, 29 kisi jaralanǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/chelsea-explosion-new-york-city.html|sarlavha=Powerful Blast Injures at Least 29 in Manhattan; Second Device Found|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Mele C., Baker A., Barbaro M.|til=en|sana=2016-09-17|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-09-18|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918025042/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/chelsea-explosion-new-york-city.html</ref>. Awg'anistanda tuwılǵan 28 jaslı puqara terrorshiliq háreketin baslawda gúmanlanıp, qolǵa alınǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/19/nyregion/chelsea-explosion-what-we-know-and-dont-know.html|sarlavha=Chelsea Bombing: What We Know and Don’t Know|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Workman K., Rosenberg E., Mele C.|sana=2016-09-18|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-09-18|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918200808/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/19/nyregion/chelsea-explosion-what-we-know-and-dont-know.html</ref>. == Qurılısı == 23-kósheniń tiykarǵı qásiyetlerinen biri ol jaǵdayda 1902-jılda qurılǵan dúnyaǵa ataqlı 22 qabatlı Flatiron jayı qáddi retlegeni bolıp tabıladı. Ol 22 hám 23-kósheler, Brodvey hám Besinshi avenyu kóshe kesispesilerinen shólkemlesken kishi aymaqta jaylasqan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://ci.columbia.edu/0240s/0242_2/0242_2_fulltext.pdf|sarlavha=The Architecture and Development of New York City|muallif=Andrew S. Dolkart|nashriyot=The Architecture and Development of New York City|til=en|kirish sanasi=2016-11-12|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625022310/http://ci.columbia.edu/0240s/0242_2/0242_2_fulltext.pdf|arxivsana=2016-06-25</ref><ref>Sfn|Alexiou|2010</ref>. === Batis 23-ko'she === [[File:The_Hotel_Chelsea,_New_York_City..jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Hotel_Chelsea%2C_New_York_City..jpg/200px-The_Hotel_Chelsea%2C_New_York_City..jpg|thumb|271x271px| Chelsea miymanxanasi (2001-jil)]] Batıs 23-kósheniń Chelsea miymanxanasi boylap ótetuǵın bóleginde kóplegen kórkem-óner galleriyaları<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.newyartcity.com/manhattan/chelsea-23-24.html|sarlavha=Chelsea, 23-24th Street Art Galleries|nashriyot=newartcity.com|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201544/http://www.newyartcity.com/manhattan/chelsea-23-24.html</ref> hám bir neshe teatrlar jaylasqan<ref name="nypress">Veb manbasi|url=http://www.nypress.com/local-news/20160302/when-23rd-street-was-broadway/1|sarlavha=When 23rd Street Was Broadway|nashriyot=[[New York Press]]|muallif=Geberer R.|til=en|sana=2016-03-02|kirish sanasi=2017-04-01|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053851/http://www.nypress.com/local-news/20160302/when-23rd-street-was-broadway/1|arxivsana=2017-04-07</ref>. Onınshı avenyudan onsha uzaq bolmaǵan orında burınǵı estakadali temir jol ornında qurılǵan High Line Park kósheni kesip ótedi. == Ataqlı imaratları == *71 — Manhattan mason sıyınıwxonasi 1913-jıl<ref>Книга|автор=Young G., Meyers T.|заглавие=The Bowery Boys: Adventures in Old New York: An Unconventional Exploration of Manhattan's Historic Neighborhoods, Secret Spots and Colorful Characters|издательство=Ulysses Press|год=2016|pages=230|allpages=528|isbn=9781612435763</ref>. *123 — Shirkew 1869-jıl qurılǵan hám 2013-jılda jabılǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Levitt E.|заглавие=Walking Manhattan: 30 Strolls Exploring Cultural Treasures, Entertainment Centers, and Historical Sites in the Heart of New York City|ссылка=https://archive.org/details/walkingmanhattan0000levi|издательство=Wilderness Press|год=2015|pages=[https://archive.org/details/walkingmanhattan0000levi/page/115 115]|allpages=336|isbn=9780899977638</ref><ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/a-french-church-nears-its-end-but-not-without-a-contretemps/|sarlavha=A French Church Nears Its End, but Not Without a Contretemps|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Dunlap D. W.|sana=2012-04-05|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2018-02-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206100252/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/a-french-church-nears-its-end-but-not-without-a-contretemps/</ref>. *222 — Chelsiea mıymanxanası. *236 — Emuna Izrail sıyınıwxonasi (anglichan: Emunath Israel) 1860-jıl<ref>Книга|автор=Dunlap D. W.|заглавие=From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan's Houses of Worship|издательство=Columbia University Press|год=2012|pages=64|allpages=400|isbn=9780231500722</ref>. *405-475 — London Terrace turaq jay kompleksi. *517 — HL23, 14 qabatlı turaq jay jayı 2011-jıl. West Side avtomagistrali hám 23-kósheniń batıs múyeshi aralıǵinda Chelsea suw parki jaylasqan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/historical-signs/listings?id=11969|sarlavha=Chelsea Waterside Park|nashriyot=[[Департамент парков и мест отдыха Нью-Йорка|New York City Department of Parks & Recreation]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-07-31|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731075834/https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/historical-signs/listings?id=11969</ref>. Onıń maydanı 1 gektardı quraydı. Parkte iytler seyil etiw maydanı, balalar maydanshası hám basketbol maydanları bar<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.nycgo.com/venues/chelsea-waterside-park|sarlavha=Chelsea Waterside Park|nashriyot=nycgo.com|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-07-31|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731124700/https://www.nycgo.com/venues/chelsea-waterside-park</ref>. === Shıǵıs 23-kóshe === Kósheniń bul bóleginiń ayriqsha qásiyetlerinen biri ol jaǵdayda 1909-jılda Besinshi avenyu menen kesilisken orında qurılǵan 213 metrli MetLife minarınıń jaylasqanlıǵı bolıp tabıladı. Tórt jıl dawamında, 1913-jılda Wulwort jayı qurılgunga shekem, ol dúnyadaǵı eń bálent jasalma qurılıs sanalgan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/26/realestate/streetscapes-metropolitan-life-1-madison-avenue-for-brief-moment-tallest.html|sarlavha=Streetscapes/Metropolitan Life at 1 Madison Avenue;For a Brief Moment, the Tallest Building in the World|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Gray C.|sana=1996-05-26|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-07-01|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701050813/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/26/realestate/streetscapes-metropolitan-life-1-madison-avenue-for-brief-moment-tallest.html</ref>. Kóshedegi taǵı bir júdá bálent jay — 188 metrli Uan-Medisson 2013-jılda qurip pitkerilgen. Mediamagnat Rupert Merdok onıń 4 qabatın 57 million dollarǵa satıp alǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-20/murdoch-buys-4-floors-of-nyc-condo-tower-for-57-million|sarlavha=Murdoch Buys 4 Floors of NYC Condo Tower for $57 Million|nashriyot=[[Bloomberg]]|muallif=Carmiel O., Lee E.|sana=2014-02-14|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-09-12|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912024148/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-20/murdoch-buys-4-floors-of-nyc-condo-tower-for-57-million</ref>. Birinshi avenyu menen kesilisken 423-úyde Den sawlıqtı saqlaw orayı eń húrmetliler menen islew bóliminiń úlken kampusi jaylasqan. Úshinshi dárejeli profilaktika programmasına iye bul bınada xirurgiya, kardiologik, urologik hám psixiatriya bólimleri ámeldegi bolıp, olarda hár qıylı izertlewler alıp barılmaqta<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.va.gov/directory/guide/facility.asp?ID=97|sarlavha=Manhattan Campus of the VA NY Harbor Healthcare System|nashriyot=U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-01-03|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103223037/http://www.va.gov/directory/guide/facility.asp?id=97</ref>. FDR avtomagistrali menen kóshe kesispesinen onsha uzaq bolmaǵan orında, kóshediń arqa bólegi aqırında taǵı bir salamatlandırıw orayı — Acer Lewi ulıwma juwınıw bólmesii qurılǵan. Bul jerde XX ásir baslarında qurılǵan juwınıw bólmesiler daslep qalaǵa birinshi bolıp kirip kelgen evrey emigrantları atı menen atalǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Dolkart A.|заглавие=Guide to New York City Landmarks|ответственный=Matthew A. Postal, New York Landmarks Preservation Commission|место=N. Y.|издательство=John Wiley & Sons|часть=Public Baths|год=2008|pages=88|allpages=451|isbn=0470289635</ref><ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 1980-jılda juwınıw bólmeleri Milliy tariyxıy jaylar reestrina kiritilgen<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002709|sarlavha=Asset Detail: Public Baths|nashriyot=[[Служба национальных парков США|nps.gov]]|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|til=en|arxivsana=2017-04-15|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415013215/https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002709</ref>. 2002-jılda Arqa daryo jaǵısı boylap 18 hám 23-kósheler ortasında burınǵı cement zavodı hám avtoturargoh ornında maydanı 8000 m² bolǵan Stuyvesant Cove Park qurılǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Lynn R., Morrone F.|заглавие=Guide to New York City Urban Landscapes|издательство=W. W. Norton & Company|год=2013|pages=65-67|allpages=288|isbn=9780393733570</ref>. Kósheniń shig'is tárepine qarama-qarsi tárepte Gidroaeroport jaylasqan bolıp, onnan basqa jergilikli teńiz portlarına pa'rwazlar ámelge asırılǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/nyregion/fyi-384216.html|sarlavha=F.Y.I.|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Schneider D. B.|sana=2001-05-20|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-08-01|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801051121/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/nyregion/fyi-384216.html</ref>. === "23-kósheniń tariyxıy teatrları" === [[File: Grand Opera House, 23rd Street and 8th Avenue.jpg|center|thumb|250px|Grand Opera House. 1937-jıl.]] [[File: Edwin Booth's Theatre, 23rd St., between 5th and 6th Ave, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.jpg|center|thumb|300px|Booth’s Teatrı]] [[File: (King1893NYC)_pg605_PROCTOR'S_THEATRE,141_WEST_23_STREET,_NEAR_SIXTH_AVENUE.jpg|center|thumb|250px|Proctor’s Teatrı. 1893-jıl.]] == Ekonomikası == 23-kóshe tariyxan qalanıń tawıq hám bódeneden basqa quslardıń mákiyeni oraylarınan biri bolǵan hám kóshede házirde de kóplegen kiyim-keshek dúkanları bar<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/new-york-city/the-top-shopping-streets--neighborhoods|sarlavha=The Top Shopping Streets & Neighborhoods|nashriyot=[[Frommer's]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-07|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053604/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/new-york-city/the-top-shopping-streets--neighborhoods</ref><ref>Книга|заглавие=Not For Tourists Guide to New York City 2014|издательство=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|год=2013|серия=Not For Tourists|pages=65|allpages=336|isbn=9781628735840</ref><ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/blogs/23rd-street-has-become-thrift-shop-row-6382078|sarlavha=23rd Street Has Become Thrift Shop Row|nashriyot=The Village Voice|muallif=Musto M.|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2016-09-09|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909131710/http://www.villagevoice.com/blogs/23rd-street-has-become-thrift-shop-row-6382078</ref>. Kóshede dúkanları bolǵan iri usaqlap satıw sawda tarmaqları arasında Best Buy hám The Home Depotlar da bar<ref>Книга|автор=Gershman S.|заглавие=Suzy Gershman's Born to Shop New York: The Ultimate Guide for Travelers Who Love to Shop|издание=11|издательство=John Wiley & Sons|том=14|серия=Born To Shop|pages=111, 264|allpages=326|isbn=9780470056790</ref>. 23-kóshede jaylasqan restoranlar, kafelar, tez awqatlanıw shaqapshaları hám basqa awqatlanıw kárxanaları tiykarınan ofis xızmetkerlerine mólsherlengen bolıp, bul mákemelerdiń kóbisi ulıwma awqatlanıw xızmetlerin kórsetedi. Kóshe degi restoranlar tárepinen usınıs etiletuǵın milliy tamaqlar arasında tay, italyan, ispan hám fransuz tamaqları bar<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/restaurants/our-10-best-things-to-eat-on-23rd-street-6561879|sarlavha=Our 10 Best Things to Eat on 23rd Street|nashriyot=[[The Village Voice]]|muallif=Shockey L.|sana=2011-11-11|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-07|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053955/http://www.villagevoice.com/restaurants/our-10-best-things-to-eat-on-23rd-street-6561879</ref>. Kóshe abıraylı aymaqlardan ótedi, bul bolsa ol jaǵdayda jaylasqan kóshpelis múlktiń materiallıq ma`nisine sezilerli tásir etedi. 2017-jıl mart ayında Park hám Lexington avenyulari arasındaǵı 230 m² ofis maydanı ijarası jılına 240 000 dollarǵa jetken<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/14/realestate/commercial/recent-transactions.html|sarlavha=Recent Commercial Real Estate Transactions|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Radomsky R. R.|sana=2017-03-14|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-05|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405234617/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/14/realestate/commercial/recent-transactions.html</ref>, Gramersidagi 93 metrli kvartiraning bahası 1 000 000 dollardı quraǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://ny.curbed.com/2017/3/24/15044024/nyc-apartments-for-sale-open-houses|sarlavha=Gramercy open houses to check out this weekend|nashriyot=Curbed NY|muallif=Walker A.|sana=2017-03-24|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-07|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053740/http://ny.curbed.com/2017/3/24/15044024/nyc-apartments-for-sale-open-houses</ref>. 2015-jıl iyul ayında kóp qabatlı u'ydegi tórt xanalı penthaus 6 440 000 dollarǵa satilg'an<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://nypost.com/2015/07/15/the-luxury-real-estate-boom-taking-over-midtown-south/|sarlavha=The luxury real estate boom taking over Midtown South|nashriyot=[[New York Post]]|sana=2015-07-15|muallif=Kussin Z.|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201715/http://nypost.com/2015/07/15/the-luxury-real-estate-boom-taking-over-midtown-south/</ref>. == Jámiyetlik transportı == [[File:MTA_23_St_Park_Av_01.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MTA_23_St_Park_Av_01.jpg/220px-MTA_23_St_Park_Av_01.jpg|thumb| M23 avtobus jo'nelisi]] Bul kóshede New York qalasınıń tómendegi metro stansiyaları jaylasqan<ref name="nycs">Veb manbasi|url=http://web.mta.info/nyct/maps/subway_map.pdf|sarlavha=New York City Subway|nashriyot=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Нью-Йорк)|MTA]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-05-10|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510180253/http://web.mta.info/nyct/maps/subway_map.pdf</ref>: * 23-kóshe (Broadway baǵdarı, BMT) — Besinshi avenyu hám Broadwey menen kesilisken orında; * 23-kóshe (Segizinshi avenyu baǵdarı) — Segizinshi avenyu menen kesilisken orında; * 23-kóshe (Altınshı avenyu baǵdarı) — Altınshı avenyu menen kesilisken orında; * 23-kóshe (Broadwey hám jetinshi avenyu baǵdarı) — Jetinshi avenyu menen kesilisken orında; * 23-kóshe (Lexington Avenyu baǵdarı) — Park Avenyu menen kesilisken orında. Altınshı avenyu menen kesilisken orında Manhattan, Jersey City hám Hobokenni baylanıstıratuǵın PATH baǵdarları bándirgisi jaylasqan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.panynj.gov/path/23rd-street-station.html|sarlavha=23rd Street Station|nashriyot=[[Портовое управление Нью-Йорка и Нью-Джерси|PANYNJ]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2019-11-18|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118004552/http://www.panynj.gov/path/23rd-street-station.html</ref>. M23<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://web.mta.info/mta/planning/sbs/M23SBS.html|sarlavha=M23 Select Bus Service|nashriyot=MTA|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2020-07-04|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704124152/http://web.mta.info/mta/planning/sbs/M23SBS.html</ref>avtobus baǵdarı kóshe boylap háreketlenedi. == Ádebiyatlar == *Alexiou A. S. The Flatiron: The New York Landmark and the Incomparable City That Arose with Íyt. — ISBN 1429923873 *Ótkirws E. G., Wallace M. Gotham:A History of New York City tap 1898. — New York. — 1383 p. — ISBN 978-0-19 -514049 -1 *Diamonstein-Spielvogel B. The Landmarks of New York, Fifth Edition: An Illustrated Record of the City's Historic Buildings. — SUNY Press, 2011. — 760 p. — (Excelsior Editions). — ISBN 1438437714 *The Encyclopedia of New York City / Jackson K. T., Keller L., Flood N.. — 2. — Yale University Press, 2010. — 1584 p. — ISBN 0300182570 == Derekler == [[Kategoriya: New York qalalari]] [[Kategoriya: New York ko'sheleri]] rnwfg2ea0e6qe3mc7m3y5es7goz3h1f 46323 46319 2022-08-25T14:00:21Z Inosham 10264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: West 23rd Street from the High Line.jpg|left|thumb|240px]] 23-avenyu (kóshe) ([[Ingliz tili|''inglisshe'']]: 23 rd Street) — [[Nyu York|New Yorktıń]] [[Manhattan|Midtown Manhattan]] okrugindag'i eki ta'repleme kóshe. Araldı shıǵıstan batısqa kesip ótetuǵın tiykarǵı magistral jollardıń biri. Kóshe batıstaǵı On birinshi avenyudan shıǵıstaǵı FDR magistralina shekem dawam etedi. 23-avenyu 1811-jılda Manhattandi rawajlandırıw boyınsha keń qamtılǵan joba qabıl etilgeninen keyin payda boldı<ref name="plan">Veb manbasi|url=http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/nyc1811.htm|sarlavha=Remarks Of The Commissioners For Laying Out Streets And Roads In The City Of New York, Under The Act Of April 3, 1807|muallif=Morris G., De Witt S., Rutherford J.|nashriyot=Cornell University Library|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-06-22|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622143905/http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/nyc1811.htm</ref>. Onda ataqlı mıymanxanalar, atap aytqanda, Fifth Avenue, sonıń menen birge, kóplegen teatrlar boy tiklegen. Bunnan tısqarı, kóshede 2013-jılda qurılǵan Flatiron Building, MetLife Tower hám One Madison sıyaqlı júdá bálent tariyxıy imaratlar jaylasqan. == Jaylasıwı == Manhattandag'i basqa nomerlengen kósheler sıyaqlı 23-kóshe de 5-avenyu tárepinen batıs hám shig'is bólimlerge bólingen. Bul bólimlerdiń hár ekewi Flatiron aymaǵınıń bir bólegi bolǵan Madison maydanında jaylasqan. 6-avenyudan baslanıp, batıs 23-kóshe blogı arqalı ótedi. Shıǵısta Lexington avenyusinan baslanıp, kóshe arqada Kips qoltıg'ı hám qublada Gramerci hám Piter Cooper Village shegaraları boylap ótedi<ref>Книга|автор=White N., Willensky E., Leadon F.|заглавие=AIA Guide to New York City|издание=5|издательство=Oxford University Press|часть=Kips Bay|год=2010|pages=255|allpages=1088|isbn=0199758646</ref>. == Tariyxı== Kósheniń qurılısı 1811-jılda qabıl etilgen Manhattandi rawajlandırıw jobası tiykarında baslanǵan. Onıń keńligi 100 fut (shama menen 30 metr) etip belgilengen<ref name="plan">Veb manbasi|url=http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/nyc1811.htm|sarlavha=Remarks Of The Commissioners For Laying Out Streets And Roads In The City Of New York, Under The Act Of April 3, 1807|muallif=Morris G., De Witt S., Rutherford J.|nashriyot=Cornell University Library|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-06-22|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622143905/http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/nyc1811.htm</ref>. Keyinirek, 1847-jılda bul aymaqta maydanı 3 gektar bolǵan Madison square garden sho'lkemlestirilgen<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. === Infrasistemasi === [[File:23rd_Street_Ferry_Terminal,_taken_pre-1902_-_Erie_Railway,_Twenty-third_Street_Ferry_Terminal,_Twenty-third_Street,_New_York,_New_York_County,_NY.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/23rd_Street_Ferry_Terminal%2C_taken_pre-1902_-_Erie_Railway%2C_Twenty-third_Street_Ferry_Terminal%2C_Twenty-third_Street%2C_New_York%2C_New_York_County%2C_NY.jpg/220px-23rd_Street_Ferry_Terminal%2C_taken_pre-1902_-_Erie_Railway%2C_Twenty-third_Street_Ferry_Terminal%2C_Twenty-third_Street%2C_New_York%2C_New_York_County%2C_NY.jpg|left|thumb| Ko'shenin' batis ta'repindegi parom terminali (1900-jil)]] XIX ásirdiń ortalarına kelip kóshe házirgi Gudzon Yards 30 hám 32-kósheler hám de onnan tómendegi kósheler arasındaǵı poezd stanciyasın baylanıstıratuǵın keń transport tarmaǵınıń bir bólegine aylanǵan. Sol waqıtlarda tez-tez júz berip turǵan parovozlardin' puw qazanı jarılıw qáwipi sebepli 30-kósheden tómende háreketleniw qadag'an etilgen, sol sebepli de jolawshılar New York qalası jáne onıń arqasındaǵı qalalar ortasında reysshi poezdlerde stansiyaǵa barǵanlar hám odan keyin atlar tartıp júretuǵın tramvay (at qosıp ju'riletug'in vagon) g'a ótiwge májbúr bolǵan. Atlar tartıp júretuǵın tramvay bándirgileri tiykarınan 23, 14, Christopher hám Chambers kóshelerinde jaylasqan<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. Sonıń menen birge, 1870-jıllarda Altınshı avenyu boylap estakadali temir jol jatqızılǵan<ref>Sfn|Diamonstein-Spielvogel|2011</ref>, bul jergilikli dúkanlarǵa klientler aǵımın sezilerli dárejede asırǵan<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 23-kóshede 1880-jılda Ekinshi avenyu<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A01EEDC173FEE3ABC4A53DFB566838B699FDE|sarlavha=More Elevated Facilities.; The Second-Avenue Line And City Hall Branch Opened|nashriyot=The New York Times|til=en|sana=1880-03-02|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-01-04|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104091022/http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A01EEDC173FEE3ABC4A53DFB566838B699FDE</ref>, 1878-jılda Úshinshi avenyu<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D00E2D9143EE63BBC4E51DFBE668383669FDE|sarlavha=Rapid Transit On The Bowery.; Opening Of The East Side Elevated Railroad To-Day Time-Table And Fares|nashriyot=The New York Times|til=en|sana=1880-03-02|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-07-30|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730111357/http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D00E2D9143EE63BBC4E51DFBE668383669FDE</ref> hám 1867-jılda Toǵızınshı avenyu boylap bándirgileri bolǵan uzın jónelisler jatqızılǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://forgotten-ny.com/1999/12/remnants-of-the-ninth-avenue-el-when-is-a-subway-not-a-subway-when-its-an-el/|sarlavha=Remnants Of The Ninth Avenue El|nashriyot=Forgotten NY|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-07-30|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730145315/http://forgotten-ny.com/1999/12/remnants-of-the-ninth-avenue-el-when-is-a-subway-not-a-subway-when-its-an-el/</ref>. XX ásirdiń ortalarına kelip parallell túrde jer astı metro jolları qurılg'aninan son', olardıń barlıǵı buzip taslanǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B03E6DC113EE63BBC4B52DFB366838E649EDE|sarlavha=Last Train Rumbles On Third Ave. 'El'|muallif=Katz R.|nashriyot=The New York Times|sana=1955-05-13|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201730/https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B03E6DC113EE63BBC4B52DFB366838E649EDE</ref>. Házirgi ku'nde kóshede bes metro bándirgisi bar<ref name="nycs">Veb manbasi|url=http://web.mta.info/nyct/maps/subway_map.pdf|sarlavha=New York City Subway|nashriyot=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Нью-Йорк)|MTA]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-05-10|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510180253/http://web.mta.info/nyct/maps/subway_map.pdf</ref>. 1869-jılda Hudson qirg'ag'inda Pavonia Ferry kompaniyasınıń parom terminalı ashılǵan. Onıń paromlari Manhattan<ref>Книга|автор=Baxter R. J., Adams A. G.|заглавие=Railroad Ferries of the Hudson: And Stories of a Deckhand|издательство=Fordham Univ Press|год=1999|серия=Fordham University Press Series|pages=91|allpages=276|isbn=0823219542</ref> qarsısında jaylasqan Jersey-City qalasına jo'nep ketiwge mólsherlengen. XX ásirdiń baslarına kelip paromlar júdá eski jaǵdayǵa kelip qalǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9800EED91030E733A25753C2A9679C946297D6CF|sarlavha=Pavonia Ferry Service|nashriyot=The New York Times|sana=1903-01-20|kirish sanasi=2017-04-02|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201756/http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9800EED91030E733A25753C2A9679C946297D6CF</ref> hám 1942-jılda terminaldıń ózi buzip taslanǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Adams A. G.|заглавие=The Hudson Through the Years|издательство=Fordham Univ Press|год=1996|pages=307|allpages=340|isbn=0823216772</ref>. == Tariyxıy arxitekturası == 1825-jıl 1-yanvarda 22 hám 23-kósheler arasında jaylasqan burınǵı federal arsenal bınasında (házirgi Brodveyning bir bólegi) New York jas óspirimler qamaqxanası sanalgan Bloomingdale Road ashıldı. Ol sud tárepinen belgisiz múddetke húkim etilgen 16 jasqa deyingi balalar ushın mólsherlengen edi. Dáslepki 10 jıl dawamında 1120 dana bala usı qamaqxanada saqlanǵan<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 1854-jılda qamaqxana New Yorkning East Riveridagi Jonǵıll's aralına kóshirilgen<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1860/01/23/news/our-city-charities-the-new-york-house-of-refuge-for-juvenile-delinquents.html|sarlavha=Our City Charities.; The New-York House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents|nashriyot=[[The New York Times]]|til=en|sana=1860-01-23|kirish sanasi=2017-03-26|arxivsana=2017-05-09|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509103421/http://www.nytimes.com/1860/01/23/news/our-city-charities-the-new-york-house-of-refuge-for-juvenile-delinquents.html</ref>. Shama menen 1860-jılǵa kelip New York irlandlari negrlerdi Five Points aymaǵınan quwıp shıǵıwdı hám qara ta'nliler Manhattan boylap jaylasıwǵa májbúr boldı. Solay etip, qubladan 23-kóshe, arqadan 40-kóshe hám shıǵıstan Altınshı avenyu menen shegaralanǵan blok bir yarım mıń qara ta'nlilerdin' turaq jayına aylandı<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. [[File:18970403.NYC.Academy_of_Design_(1865;_razed).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/18970403.NYC.Academy_of_Design_%281865%3B_razed%29.jpg/220px-18970403.NYC.Academy_of_Design_%281865%3B_razed%29.jpg|left|thumb| To'rtinshi avenyu menen kesilispesindegi Milliy dizayn akademiyasinin' buring'i imarati (1894-jil)]] Qara ta'nliler aǵımı kóshede zamanagóy imaratlar boy tiklewine tosqınlıq etpegen. 1845-jılda 23 hám 24-kósheler hám de Toǵızınshı hám Onınshı avenyular menen shegaralanǵan orında óz dáwiriniń ataqlı arxitektorı Alexandr Jekson Devis joybarı boyınsha tórt qabatlı London Terrace turaq jay kompleksi júzege kelgen. Qurılıs waqtında ol dúnyadaǵı eń iri turaq jay kompleksine aylanǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/30/realestate/streetscapes-london-terrace-time-erodes-unity-of-a-1665-unit-city-within-a-city.html|sarlavha=Streetscapes: London Terrace; Time Erodes Unity of a 1,665-Unit City Within a Cit|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Gray C.|sana=1988-10-30|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-02|arxivsana=2017-04-15|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415013719/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/30/realestate/streetscapes-london-terrace-time-erodes-unity-of-a-1665-unit-city-within-a-city.html</ref>. 1930-jılda London Terrace qayta qurılǵan: bul orında 16-18 qabatlı 14 jay júzege keltirilip, jámi 1670 shańaraqqa mólsherlengen<ref>Sfn|The Encyclopedia of New York City|2010</ref>. 1849-jılda [[Lexington]] prospekti menen kesilisken orında, qala xaliqliq nátiyjelerine kóre, New York qala kolledjiniń gotika usılındaǵı jayı qurılǵan (arxitektorı — James Ranwik)<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 1928-jılda jay buzip taslanǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www2.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2015/01/TheCityCollegeofNewYork_HistoricLandmark.pdf|sarlavha=The City College of New York: The North Campus|til=en|nashriyot=CUNY|kirish sanasi=2017-03-26|arxivsana=2017-08-02|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802010418/http://www2.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2015/01/TheCityCollegeofNewYork_HistoricLandmark.pdf</ref>. 1857-jılda Besinshi avenyu menen kesilisken kósheniń bir bólegin satıp alǵan sawdager Aymosom Ano 1859-jılda bul aymaqta sawlatli miymanxana qurdirg'an<ref>Sfn|Alexiou|2010</ref><ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 6 qabatlı, 800 qonaqtı qabıllaw ushın mólsherlengen miymanxana sol dáwirler ushın dúnyadaǵı eń úlkeni edi<ref>Sfn|The Encyclopedia of New York City|2010</ref>. Mıymanxana Respublikashılar partiyasınıń shtab-kvartirasi bolıp xızmet etken hám prezidentler Ulysses Grant<ref>Книга|автор=Sprague S.|заглавие=Lure of the city: New York's great hotels in the golden age, 1873-1907|ссылка=http://libx.bsu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/ConspectusH/id/393|место=1977|издательство=Ball State University|серия=Conspectus of history|pages=74</ref> hám Chester Arthur da onda bolǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Zachary K.|заглавие=Chester Alan Arthur: The American Presidents Series: The 21st President, 1881-1885|ответственный=Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.|издательство=Macmillan|год=2004|серия=The American Presidents|pages=35|allpages=192|isbn=9781466834620</ref>. 1860-jılda Uels taxt miyrasxorı shahzadasi Edvard VII nin' mıymanxanaǵa saparı onıń átirapındaǵı aymaqtıń kommerciya ko'rkemligin sezilerli dárejede asırdı. 14 hám 23-kósheler, Altınshı avenyu hám Brodvey ortasındaǵı bólim tez arada Lady's Mile dep at berildi<ref>Sfn|Diamonstein-Spielvogel|2011</ref>. 1908-jılda mıymanxana buzib taslandı jáne onıń ornına Xaliq araliq oyınshıqlar orayı ashıldı<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/nyregion/thecity/they-hear-dead-people.html|sarlavha=They Hear Dead People|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Pollak M.|sana=2004-12-12|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-02|arxivsana=2017-08-02|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802004326/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/nyregion/thecity/they-hear-dead-people.html</ref>. [[File:PostcardNewYorkCity23rdStreetCirca1910_(cropped).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PostcardNewYorkCity23rdStreetCirca1910_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-PostcardNewYorkCity23rdStreetCirca1910_%28cropped%29.jpg|thumb| 1910-jilg'i otkritkada su'wreti tu'sirilgen ko'she. Arqa fonda Stern Brothers bazasi ha'm Flatiron imaratinin' qaptal ta'repi ko'rinedi.]] Kóshede 1884-jılda júzege keliw etilgen taǵı bir ataqlı mıymanxana Chelsea dep atalǵan<ref>Sfn|The Encyclopedia of New York City|2010</ref>. 1863-jılda kóshediń Tórtinshi avenyu menen kesilisken jayında Milliy dizayn akademiyası jayı (arxitektorı — chikagolik Peter Bonnet) qurılǵan. Veneciyadagi Dojlar sarayına uqsatıp qurılǵan<ref>Sfn|The Encyclopedia of New York City|2010</ref> bul jay yarım a'sirge barmay jaramsız jaǵdayǵa kelip qalǵan. XX ásirdiń baslarında bul orında MetLife Tower júdá bálent jayı qurılǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Moudry R.|заглавие=The American Skyscraper: Cultural Histories|издательство=Cambridge University Press|год=2005|pages=124|allpages=281|isbn=0521624215</ref>. 1878-jılda úlken sawdager [[Stern Brothers]] Besinshi hám Altınshı avenyular ortasında kólemi tárepinen sol dáwir ushın aqıl bovar etpes sanalgan baza qurdirgan<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. Onıń joybarı arxitektor [[Henry Pherenbah]] tárepinen islep shıǵılǵan bolıp, 7 qabatlı hám keńligi 200 fut (shama menen 60 metr) ti qurag'an. Baza New Yorkdagi eń iri quyma temir úylerden birine aylanǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Bedoire F., Tanner R.|заглавие=The Jewish Contribution to Modern Architecture, 1830-1930|издательство=KTAV Publishing House, Inc.|год=2004|pages=423|allpages=518|isbn=0881258083</ref>. === Teatrlar === Kósheniń Brodveyga jaqınlıǵı bul jerde XIX ásirdiń aqırına kelip kóplegen teatrlarning payda bolıwında qol kelgen. 1868-jılda Segizinshi avenyu menen kesilisken orında bir neshe million dollarlıq Grand Opera House teatri qurılǵan. 1938-jılda RKO Pictures kinokompaniyasi onı kinoteatrǵa aylantırǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F0CE3DC163DE533A25750C2A9649D94609FD7CF|nashriyot=The New York Times|sarlavha=Booth's Theater Sold|til=en|sana=1881-12-23|kirish sanasi=2017-04-01|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201805/http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F0CE3DC163DE533A25750C2A9649D94609FD7CF</ref>. Biraq usı kinoteatr 1960-jılda Penn-Saut turaq jay kompleksin qurıw programmasınıń bir bólegi retinde pútkilley buzib taslanǵan. 1869 -jılda Altınshı avenyu menen kesilisken orında Booth's Theatre ashılǵan. Jaqsı rawajlanbaǵan kommerciyalıq iskerlik artınan 1881-jılda ol qurılıs bahasınıń yarımına satıp jiberilgen hám keyinirek bazaǵa aylantırılǵan. 1888-jılda impresario F.F Proktor hám Segizinshi avenyu ortasında óz teatrini ashqan. Onıń jumısqa túsiriliwinde elektr jaqtirtqish hám fonograf sıyaqlı sol dáwir ushın úlken jańalıq esaplanǵan úskenelerden paydalanılǵan. 1907-jılda teatr kinoteatrǵa aylantırılǵan, aradan 30 jıl ótip órt nátiyjesinde wayranag'a aylanǵan. [[File:E23 Marine & Aviation jeh.jpg|center|thumb|250px|East River]] [[File:Whathappenedontwentythirdstreet-thomasedisoninc.ogv|center|thumb|250px|23-avenyu. 1901-jil]] [[File:23 St 8 Av SB entrance.JPG|center|thumb|250px|23-avenyuda jaylasqan jer asti jolina tu'siw]] 1966 -jıl 17-oktyabrde Arqa 22-kóshede jaylasqan 7-imarattıń jertólesinde órt júz bergen. Waqıya ornına jetip kelgen ot óshiriwshiler Arqa 23-kóshedegi 6-jay arqalı jalın oshag'ina barıwǵa háreket etken. Sol waqıtta 6-imarattiń aǵash pollari menen birge 12 ot óshiriwshi tómenge qulap túsken. Hádiyse 2001-jıl 11-sentyabr waqıyalarına shekem New-York ot óshiriwshileri arasında jábirleniwshiler sanı boyınsha eń úlkeni bolıp qalǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/nyregion/17fire.html|sarlavha=Oct. 17, 1966, When 12 Firemen Died|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=O'Donnell M.|sana=2006-10-17|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-12-14|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214202117/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/nyregion/17fire.html</ref>. 2016-jıl 17-sentyabr kúni Batıs 23-kóshede Altınshı avenyu kóshe kesispesi qasında jarılıw júz berip, 29 kisi jaralanǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/chelsea-explosion-new-york-city.html|sarlavha=Powerful Blast Injures at Least 29 in Manhattan; Second Device Found|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Mele C., Baker A., Barbaro M.|til=en|sana=2016-09-17|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-09-18|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918025042/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/chelsea-explosion-new-york-city.html</ref>. Awg'anistanda tuwılǵan 28 jaslı puqara terrorshiliq háreketin baslawda gúmanlanıp, qolǵa alınǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/19/nyregion/chelsea-explosion-what-we-know-and-dont-know.html|sarlavha=Chelsea Bombing: What We Know and Don’t Know|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Workman K., Rosenberg E., Mele C.|sana=2016-09-18|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-09-18|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918200808/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/19/nyregion/chelsea-explosion-what-we-know-and-dont-know.html</ref>. == Qurılısı == 23-kósheniń tiykarǵı qásiyetlerinen biri ol jaǵdayda 1902-jılda qurılǵan dúnyaǵa ataqlı 22 qabatlı Flatiron jayı qáddi retlegeni bolıp tabıladı. Ol 22 hám 23-kósheler, Brodvey hám Besinshi avenyu kóshe kesispesilerinen shólkemlesken kishi aymaqta jaylasqan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://ci.columbia.edu/0240s/0242_2/0242_2_fulltext.pdf|sarlavha=The Architecture and Development of New York City|muallif=Andrew S. Dolkart|nashriyot=The Architecture and Development of New York City|til=en|kirish sanasi=2016-11-12|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625022310/http://ci.columbia.edu/0240s/0242_2/0242_2_fulltext.pdf|arxivsana=2016-06-25</ref><ref>Sfn|Alexiou|2010</ref>. === Batis 23-ko'she === [[File:The_Hotel_Chelsea,_New_York_City..jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Hotel_Chelsea%2C_New_York_City..jpg/200px-The_Hotel_Chelsea%2C_New_York_City..jpg|thumb|271x271px| Chelsea miymanxanasi (2001-jil)]] Batıs 23-kósheniń Chelsea miymanxanasi boylap ótetuǵın bóleginde kóplegen kórkem-óner galleriyaları<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.newyartcity.com/manhattan/chelsea-23-24.html|sarlavha=Chelsea, 23-24th Street Art Galleries|nashriyot=newartcity.com|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201544/http://www.newyartcity.com/manhattan/chelsea-23-24.html</ref> hám bir neshe teatrlar jaylasqan<ref name="nypress">Veb manbasi|url=http://www.nypress.com/local-news/20160302/when-23rd-street-was-broadway/1|sarlavha=When 23rd Street Was Broadway|nashriyot=[[New York Press]]|muallif=Geberer R.|til=en|sana=2016-03-02|kirish sanasi=2017-04-01|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053851/http://www.nypress.com/local-news/20160302/when-23rd-street-was-broadway/1|arxivsana=2017-04-07</ref>. Onınshı avenyudan onsha uzaq bolmaǵan orında burınǵı estakadali temir jol ornında qurılǵan High Line Park kósheni kesip ótedi. == Ataqlı imaratları == *71 — Manhattan mason sıyınıwxonasi 1913-jıl<ref>Книга|автор=Young G., Meyers T.|заглавие=The Bowery Boys: Adventures in Old New York: An Unconventional Exploration of Manhattan's Historic Neighborhoods, Secret Spots and Colorful Characters|издательство=Ulysses Press|год=2016|pages=230|allpages=528|isbn=9781612435763</ref>. *123 — Shirkew 1869-jıl qurılǵan hám 2013-jılda jabılǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Levitt E.|заглавие=Walking Manhattan: 30 Strolls Exploring Cultural Treasures, Entertainment Centers, and Historical Sites in the Heart of New York City|ссылка=https://archive.org/details/walkingmanhattan0000levi|издательство=Wilderness Press|год=2015|pages=[https://archive.org/details/walkingmanhattan0000levi/page/115 115]|allpages=336|isbn=9780899977638</ref><ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/a-french-church-nears-its-end-but-not-without-a-contretemps/|sarlavha=A French Church Nears Its End, but Not Without a Contretemps|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Dunlap D. W.|sana=2012-04-05|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2018-02-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206100252/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/a-french-church-nears-its-end-but-not-without-a-contretemps/</ref>. *222 — Chelsiea mıymanxanası. *236 — Emuna Izrail sıyınıwxonasi (anglichan: Emunath Israel) 1860-jıl<ref>Книга|автор=Dunlap D. W.|заглавие=From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan's Houses of Worship|издательство=Columbia University Press|год=2012|pages=64|allpages=400|isbn=9780231500722</ref>. *405-475 — London Terrace turaq jay kompleksi. *517 — HL23, 14 qabatlı turaq jay jayı 2011-jıl. West Side avtomagistrali hám 23-kósheniń batıs múyeshi aralıǵinda Chelsea suw parki jaylasqan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/historical-signs/listings?id=11969|sarlavha=Chelsea Waterside Park|nashriyot=[[Департамент парков и мест отдыха Нью-Йорка|New York City Department of Parks & Recreation]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-07-31|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731075834/https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/historical-signs/listings?id=11969</ref>. Onıń maydanı 1 gektardı quraydı. Parkte iytler seyil etiw maydanı, balalar maydanshası hám basketbol maydanları bar<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.nycgo.com/venues/chelsea-waterside-park|sarlavha=Chelsea Waterside Park|nashriyot=nycgo.com|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-07-31|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731124700/https://www.nycgo.com/venues/chelsea-waterside-park</ref>. === Shıǵıs 23-kóshe === Kósheniń bul bóleginiń ayriqsha qásiyetlerinen biri ol jaǵdayda 1909-jılda Besinshi avenyu menen kesilisken orında qurılǵan 213 metrli MetLife minarınıń jaylasqanlıǵı bolıp tabıladı. Tórt jıl dawamında, 1913-jılda Wulwort jayı qurılgunga shekem, ol dúnyadaǵı eń bálent jasalma qurılıs sanalgan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/26/realestate/streetscapes-metropolitan-life-1-madison-avenue-for-brief-moment-tallest.html|sarlavha=Streetscapes/Metropolitan Life at 1 Madison Avenue;For a Brief Moment, the Tallest Building in the World|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Gray C.|sana=1996-05-26|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-07-01|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701050813/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/26/realestate/streetscapes-metropolitan-life-1-madison-avenue-for-brief-moment-tallest.html</ref>. Kóshedegi taǵı bir júdá bálent jay — 188 metrli Uan-Medisson 2013-jılda qurip pitkerilgen. Mediamagnat Rupert Merdok onıń 4 qabatın 57 million dollarǵa satıp alǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-20/murdoch-buys-4-floors-of-nyc-condo-tower-for-57-million|sarlavha=Murdoch Buys 4 Floors of NYC Condo Tower for $57 Million|nashriyot=[[Bloomberg]]|muallif=Carmiel O., Lee E.|sana=2014-02-14|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-09-12|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912024148/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-20/murdoch-buys-4-floors-of-nyc-condo-tower-for-57-million</ref>. Birinshi avenyu menen kesilisken 423-úyde Den sawlıqtı saqlaw orayı eń húrmetliler menen islew bóliminiń úlken kampusi jaylasqan. Úshinshi dárejeli profilaktika programmasına iye bul bınada xirurgiya, kardiologik, urologik hám psixiatriya bólimleri ámeldegi bolıp, olarda hár qıylı izertlewler alıp barılmaqta<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.va.gov/directory/guide/facility.asp?ID=97|sarlavha=Manhattan Campus of the VA NY Harbor Healthcare System|nashriyot=U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-01-03|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103223037/http://www.va.gov/directory/guide/facility.asp?id=97</ref>. FDR avtomagistrali menen kóshe kesispesinen onsha uzaq bolmaǵan orında, kóshediń arqa bólegi aqırında taǵı bir salamatlandırıw orayı — Acer Lewi ulıwma juwınıw bólmesii qurılǵan. Bul jerde XX ásir baslarında qurılǵan juwınıw bólmesiler daslep qalaǵa birinshi bolıp kirip kelgen evrey emigrantları atı menen atalǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Dolkart A.|заглавие=Guide to New York City Landmarks|ответственный=Matthew A. Postal, New York Landmarks Preservation Commission|место=N. Y.|издательство=John Wiley & Sons|часть=Public Baths|год=2008|pages=88|allpages=451|isbn=0470289635</ref><ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 1980-jılda juwınıw bólmeleri Milliy tariyxıy jaylar reestrina kiritilgen<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002709|sarlavha=Asset Detail: Public Baths|nashriyot=[[Служба национальных парков США|nps.gov]]|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|til=en|arxivsana=2017-04-15|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415013215/https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002709</ref>. 2002-jılda Arqa daryo jaǵısı boylap 18 hám 23-kósheler ortasında burınǵı cement zavodı hám avtoturargoh ornında maydanı 8000 m² bolǵan Stuyvesant Cove Park qurılǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Lynn R., Morrone F.|заглавие=Guide to New York City Urban Landscapes|издательство=W. W. Norton & Company|год=2013|pages=65-67|allpages=288|isbn=9780393733570</ref>. Kósheniń shig'is tárepine qarama-qarsi tárepte Gidroaeroport jaylasqan bolıp, onnan basqa jergilikli teńiz portlarına pa'rwazlar ámelge asırılǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/nyregion/fyi-384216.html|sarlavha=F.Y.I.|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Schneider D. B.|sana=2001-05-20|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-08-01|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801051121/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/nyregion/fyi-384216.html</ref>. === "23-kósheniń tariyxıy teatrları" === [[File: Grand Opera House, 23rd Street and 8th Avenue.jpg|center|thumb|250px|Grand Opera House. 1937-jıl.]] [[File: Edwin Booth's Theatre, 23rd St., between 5th and 6th Ave, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.jpg|center|thumb|300px|Booth’s Teatrı]] [[File: (King1893NYC)_pg605_PROCTOR'S_THEATRE,141_WEST_23_STREET,_NEAR_SIXTH_AVENUE.jpg|center|thumb|250px|Proctor’s Teatrı. 1893-jıl.]] == Ekonomikası == 23-kóshe tariyxan qalanıń tawıq hám bódeneden basqa quslardıń mákiyeni oraylarınan biri bolǵan hám kóshede házirde de kóplegen kiyim-keshek dúkanları bar<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/new-york-city/the-top-shopping-streets--neighborhoods|sarlavha=The Top Shopping Streets & Neighborhoods|nashriyot=[[Frommer's]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-07|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053604/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/new-york-city/the-top-shopping-streets--neighborhoods</ref><ref>Книга|заглавие=Not For Tourists Guide to New York City 2014|издательство=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|год=2013|серия=Not For Tourists|pages=65|allpages=336|isbn=9781628735840</ref><ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/blogs/23rd-street-has-become-thrift-shop-row-6382078|sarlavha=23rd Street Has Become Thrift Shop Row|nashriyot=The Village Voice|muallif=Musto M.|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2016-09-09|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909131710/http://www.villagevoice.com/blogs/23rd-street-has-become-thrift-shop-row-6382078</ref>. Kóshede dúkanları bolǵan iri usaqlap satıw sawda tarmaqları arasında Best Buy hám The Home Depotlar da bar<ref>Книга|автор=Gershman S.|заглавие=Suzy Gershman's Born to Shop New York: The Ultimate Guide for Travelers Who Love to Shop|издание=11|издательство=John Wiley & Sons|том=14|серия=Born To Shop|pages=111, 264|allpages=326|isbn=9780470056790</ref>. 23-kóshede jaylasqan restoranlar, kafelar, tez awqatlanıw shaqapshaları hám basqa awqatlanıw kárxanaları tiykarınan ofis xızmetkerlerine mólsherlengen bolıp, bul mákemelerdiń kóbisi ulıwma awqatlanıw xızmetlerin kórsetedi. Kóshe degi restoranlar tárepinen usınıs etiletuǵın milliy tamaqlar arasında tay, italyan, ispan hám fransuz tamaqları bar<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/restaurants/our-10-best-things-to-eat-on-23rd-street-6561879|sarlavha=Our 10 Best Things to Eat on 23rd Street|nashriyot=[[The Village Voice]]|muallif=Shockey L.|sana=2011-11-11|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-07|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053955/http://www.villagevoice.com/restaurants/our-10-best-things-to-eat-on-23rd-street-6561879</ref>. Kóshe abıraylı aymaqlardan ótedi, bul bolsa ol jaǵdayda jaylasqan kóshpelis múlktiń materiallıq ma`nisine sezilerli tásir etedi. 2017-jıl mart ayında Park hám Lexington avenyulari arasındaǵı 230 m² ofis maydanı ijarası jılına 240 000 dollarǵa jetken<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/14/realestate/commercial/recent-transactions.html|sarlavha=Recent Commercial Real Estate Transactions|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Radomsky R. R.|sana=2017-03-14|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-05|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405234617/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/14/realestate/commercial/recent-transactions.html</ref>, Gramersidagi 93 metrli kvartiraning bahası 1 000 000 dollardı quraǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://ny.curbed.com/2017/3/24/15044024/nyc-apartments-for-sale-open-houses|sarlavha=Gramercy open houses to check out this weekend|nashriyot=Curbed NY|muallif=Walker A.|sana=2017-03-24|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-07|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053740/http://ny.curbed.com/2017/3/24/15044024/nyc-apartments-for-sale-open-houses</ref>. 2015-jıl iyul ayında kóp qabatlı u'ydegi tórt xanalı penthaus 6 440 000 dollarǵa satilg'an<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://nypost.com/2015/07/15/the-luxury-real-estate-boom-taking-over-midtown-south/|sarlavha=The luxury real estate boom taking over Midtown South|nashriyot=[[New York Post]]|sana=2015-07-15|muallif=Kussin Z.|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201715/http://nypost.com/2015/07/15/the-luxury-real-estate-boom-taking-over-midtown-south/</ref>. == Jámiyetlik transportı == [[File:MTA_23_St_Park_Av_01.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MTA_23_St_Park_Av_01.jpg/220px-MTA_23_St_Park_Av_01.jpg|thumb| M23 avtobus jo'nelisi]] Bul kóshede New York qalasınıń tómendegi metro stansiyaları jaylasqan<ref name="nycs">Veb manbasi|url=http://web.mta.info/nyct/maps/subway_map.pdf|sarlavha=New York City Subway|nashriyot=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Нью-Йорк)|MTA]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-05-10|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510180253/http://web.mta.info/nyct/maps/subway_map.pdf</ref>: * 23-kóshe (Broadway baǵdarı, BMT) — Besinshi avenyu hám Broadwey menen kesilisken orında; * 23-kóshe (Segizinshi avenyu baǵdarı) — Segizinshi avenyu menen kesilisken orında; * 23-kóshe (Altınshı avenyu baǵdarı) — Altınshı avenyu menen kesilisken orında; * 23-kóshe (Broadwey hám jetinshi avenyu baǵdarı) — Jetinshi avenyu menen kesilisken orında; * 23-kóshe (Lexington Avenyu baǵdarı) — Park Avenyu menen kesilisken orında. Altınshı avenyu menen kesilisken orında Manhattan, Jersey City hám Hobokenni baylanıstıratuǵın PATH baǵdarları bándirgisi jaylasqan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.panynj.gov/path/23rd-street-station.html|sarlavha=23rd Street Station|nashriyot=[[Портовое управление Нью-Йорка и Нью-Джерси|PANYNJ]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2019-11-18|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118004552/http://www.panynj.gov/path/23rd-street-station.html</ref>. M23<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://web.mta.info/mta/planning/sbs/M23SBS.html|sarlavha=M23 Select Bus Service|nashriyot=MTA|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2020-07-04|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704124152/http://web.mta.info/mta/planning/sbs/M23SBS.html</ref>avtobus baǵdarı kóshe boylap háreketlenedi. == Ádebiyatlar == *Alexiou A. S. The Flatiron: The New York Landmark and the Incomparable City That Arose with Íyt. — ISBN 1429923873 *Ótkirws E. G., Wallace M. Gotham:A History of New York City tap 1898. — New York. — 1383 p. — ISBN 978-0-19 -514049 -1 *Diamonstein-Spielvogel B. The Landmarks of New York, Fifth Edition: An Illustrated Record of the City's Historic Buildings. — SUNY Press, 2011. — 760 p. — (Excelsior Editions). — ISBN 1438437714 *The Encyclopedia of New York City / Jackson K. T., Keller L., Flood N.. — 2. — Yale University Press, 2010. — 1584 p. — ISBN 0300182570 == Derekler == [[Kategoriya: New York qalalari]] [[Kategoriya: New York ko'sheleri]] ko66ij30nx9gekz5lz9a12irsqtdt00 46324 46323 2022-08-25T14:06:54Z Inosham 10264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File: West 23rd Street from the High Line.jpg|left|thumb|240px]] 23-avenyu (kóshe) ([[Ingliz tili|''inglisshe'']]: 23 rd Street) — [[Nyu York|New Yorktıń]] [[Manhattan|Midtown Manhattan]] okrugindag'i eki ta'repleme kóshe. Araldı shıǵıstan batısqa kesip ótetuǵın tiykarǵı magistral jollardıń biri. Kóshe batıstaǵı On birinshi avenyudan shıǵıstaǵı FDR magistralina shekem dawam etedi. 23-avenyu 1811-jılda Manhattandi rawajlandırıw boyınsha keń qamtılǵan joba qabıl etilgeninen keyin payda boldı<ref name="plan">Veb manbasi|url=http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/nyc1811.htm|sarlavha=Remarks Of The Commissioners For Laying Out Streets And Roads In The City Of New York, Under The Act Of April 3, 1807|muallif=Morris G., De Witt S., Rutherford J.|nashriyot=Cornell University Library|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-06-22|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622143905/http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/nyc1811.htm</ref>. Onda ataqlı mıymanxanalar, atap aytqanda, Fifth Avenue, sonıń menen birge, kóplegen teatrlar boy tiklegen. Bunnan tısqarı, kóshede 2013-jılda qurılǵan Flatiron Building, MetLife Tower hám One Madison sıyaqlı júdá bálent tariyxıy imaratlar jaylasqan. == Jaylasıwı == Manhattandag'i basqa nomerlengen kósheler sıyaqlı 23-kóshe de 5-avenyu tárepinen batıs hám shig'is bólimlerge bólingen. Bul bólimlerdiń hár ekewi Flatiron aymaǵınıń bir bólegi bolǵan Madison maydanında jaylasqan. 6-avenyudan baslanıp, batıs 23-kóshe blogı arqalı ótedi. Shıǵısta Lexington avenyusinan baslanıp, kóshe arqada Kips qoltıg'ı hám qublada Gramerci hám Piter Cooper Village shegaraları boylap ótedi<ref>Книга|автор=White N., Willensky E., Leadon F.|заглавие=AIA Guide to New York City|издание=5|издательство=Oxford University Press|часть=Kips Bay|год=2010|pages=255|allpages=1088|isbn=0199758646</ref>. == Tariyxı== Kósheniń qurılısı 1811-jılda qabıl etilgen Manhattandi rawajlandırıw jobası tiykarında baslanǵan. Onıń keńligi 100 fut (shama menen 30 metr) etip belgilengen<ref name="plan">Veb manbasi|url=http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/nyc1811.htm|sarlavha=Remarks Of The Commissioners For Laying Out Streets And Roads In The City Of New York, Under The Act Of April 3, 1807|muallif=Morris G., De Witt S., Rutherford J.|nashriyot=Cornell University Library|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-06-22|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160622143905/http://urbanplanning.library.cornell.edu/DOCS/nyc1811.htm</ref>. Keyinirek, 1847-jılda bul aymaqta maydanı 3 gektar bolǵan Madison square garden sho'lkemlestirilgen<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. === Infrasistemasi === [[File:23rd_Street_Ferry_Terminal,_taken_pre-1902_-_Erie_Railway,_Twenty-third_Street_Ferry_Terminal,_Twenty-third_Street,_New_York,_New_York_County,_NY.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/23rd_Street_Ferry_Terminal%2C_taken_pre-1902_-_Erie_Railway%2C_Twenty-third_Street_Ferry_Terminal%2C_Twenty-third_Street%2C_New_York%2C_New_York_County%2C_NY.jpg/220px-23rd_Street_Ferry_Terminal%2C_taken_pre-1902_-_Erie_Railway%2C_Twenty-third_Street_Ferry_Terminal%2C_Twenty-third_Street%2C_New_York%2C_New_York_County%2C_NY.jpg|left|thumb| Ko'shenin' batis ta'repindegi parom terminali (1900-jil)]] XIX ásirdiń ortalarına kelip kóshe házirgi Gudzon Yards 30 hám 32-kósheler hám de onnan tómendegi kósheler arasındaǵı poezd stanciyasın baylanıstıratuǵın keń transport tarmaǵınıń bir bólegine aylanǵan. Sol waqıtlarda tez-tez júz berip turǵan parovozlardin' puw qazanı jarılıw qáwipi sebepli 30-kósheden tómende háreketleniw qadag'an etilgen, sol sebepli de jolawshılar New York qalası jáne onıń arqasındaǵı qalalar ortasında reysshi poezdlerde stansiyaǵa barǵanlar hám odan keyin atlar tartıp júretuǵın tramvay (at qosıp ju'riletug'in vagon) g'a ótiwge májbúr bolǵan. Atlar tartıp júretuǵın tramvay bándirgileri tiykarınan 23, 14, Christopher hám Chambers kóshelerinde jaylasqan<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. Sonıń menen birge, 1870-jıllarda Altınshı avenyu boylap estakadali temir jol jatqızılǵan<ref>Sfn|Diamonstein-Spielvogel|2011</ref>, bul jergilikli dúkanlarǵa klientler aǵımın sezilerli dárejede asırǵan<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 23-kóshede 1880-jılda Ekinshi avenyu<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A01EEDC173FEE3ABC4A53DFB566838B699FDE|sarlavha=More Elevated Facilities.; The Second-Avenue Line And City Hall Branch Opened|nashriyot=The New York Times|til=en|sana=1880-03-02|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-01-04|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170104091022/http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9A01EEDC173FEE3ABC4A53DFB566838B699FDE</ref>, 1878-jılda Úshinshi avenyu<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D00E2D9143EE63BBC4E51DFBE668383669FDE|sarlavha=Rapid Transit On The Bowery.; Opening Of The East Side Elevated Railroad To-Day Time-Table And Fares|nashriyot=The New York Times|til=en|sana=1880-03-02|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-07-30|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730111357/http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9D00E2D9143EE63BBC4E51DFBE668383669FDE</ref> hám 1867-jılda Toǵızınshı avenyu boylap bándirgileri bolǵan uzın jónelisler jatqızılǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://forgotten-ny.com/1999/12/remnants-of-the-ninth-avenue-el-when-is-a-subway-not-a-subway-when-its-an-el/|sarlavha=Remnants Of The Ninth Avenue El|nashriyot=Forgotten NY|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-07-30|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170730145315/http://forgotten-ny.com/1999/12/remnants-of-the-ninth-avenue-el-when-is-a-subway-not-a-subway-when-its-an-el/</ref>. XX ásirdiń ortalarına kelip parallell túrde jer astı metro jolları qurılg'aninan son', olardıń barlıǵı buzip taslanǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B03E6DC113EE63BBC4B52DFB366838E649EDE|sarlavha=Last Train Rumbles On Third Ave. 'El'|muallif=Katz R.|nashriyot=The New York Times|sana=1955-05-13|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201730/https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9B03E6DC113EE63BBC4B52DFB366838E649EDE</ref>. Házirgi ku'nde kóshede bes metro bándirgisi bar<ref name="nycs">Veb manbasi|url=http://web.mta.info/nyct/maps/subway_map.pdf|sarlavha=New York City Subway|nashriyot=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Нью-Йорк)|MTA]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-05-10|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510180253/http://web.mta.info/nyct/maps/subway_map.pdf</ref>. 1869-jılda Hudson qirg'ag'inda Pavonia Ferry kompaniyasınıń parom terminalı ashılǵan. Onıń paromlari Manhattan<ref>Книга|автор=Baxter R. J., Adams A. G.|заглавие=Railroad Ferries of the Hudson: And Stories of a Deckhand|издательство=Fordham Univ Press|год=1999|серия=Fordham University Press Series|pages=91|allpages=276|isbn=0823219542</ref> qarsısında jaylasqan Jersey-City qalasına jo'nep ketiwge mólsherlengen. XX ásirdiń baslarına kelip paromlar júdá eski jaǵdayǵa kelip qalǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9800EED91030E733A25753C2A9679C946297D6CF|sarlavha=Pavonia Ferry Service|nashriyot=The New York Times|sana=1903-01-20|kirish sanasi=2017-04-02|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201756/http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9800EED91030E733A25753C2A9679C946297D6CF</ref> hám 1942-jılda terminaldıń ózi buzip taslanǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Adams A. G.|заглавие=The Hudson Through the Years|издательство=Fordham Univ Press|год=1996|pages=307|allpages=340|isbn=0823216772</ref>. == Tariyxıy arxitekturası == 1825-jıl 1-yanvarda 22 hám 23-kósheler arasında jaylasqan burınǵı federal arsenal bınasında (házirgi Brodveyning bir bólegi) New York jas óspirimler qamaqxanası sanalgan Bloomingdale Road ashıldı. Ol sud tárepinen belgisiz múddetke húkim etilgen 16 jasqa deyingi balalar ushın mólsherlengen edi. Dáslepki 10 jıl dawamında 1120 dana bala usı qamaqxanada saqlanǵan<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 1854-jılda qamaqxana New Yorkning East Riveridagi Jonǵıll's aralına kóshirilgen<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1860/01/23/news/our-city-charities-the-new-york-house-of-refuge-for-juvenile-delinquents.html|sarlavha=Our City Charities.; The New-York House of Refuge for Juvenile Delinquents|nashriyot=[[The New York Times]]|til=en|sana=1860-01-23|kirish sanasi=2017-03-26|arxivsana=2017-05-09|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170509103421/http://www.nytimes.com/1860/01/23/news/our-city-charities-the-new-york-house-of-refuge-for-juvenile-delinquents.html</ref>. Shama menen 1860-jılǵa kelip New York irlandlari negrlerdi Five Points aymaǵınan quwıp shıǵıwdı hám qara ta'nliler Manhattan boylap jaylasıwǵa májbúr boldı. Solay etip, qubladan 23-kóshe, arqadan 40-kóshe hám shıǵıstan Altınshı avenyu menen shegaralanǵan blok bir yarım mıń qara ta'nlilerdin' turaq jayına aylandı<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. [[File:18970403.NYC.Academy_of_Design_(1865;_razed).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/18970403.NYC.Academy_of_Design_%281865%3B_razed%29.jpg/220px-18970403.NYC.Academy_of_Design_%281865%3B_razed%29.jpg|left|thumb| To'rtinshi avenyu menen kesilispesindegi Milliy dizayn akademiyasinin' buring'i imarati (1894-jil)]] Qara ta'nliler aǵımı kóshede zamanagóy imaratlar boy tiklewine tosqınlıq etpegen. 1845-jılda 23 hám 24-kósheler hám de Toǵızınshı hám Onınshı avenyular menen shegaralanǵan orında óz dáwiriniń ataqlı arxitektorı Alexandr Jekson Devis joybarı boyınsha tórt qabatlı London Terrace turaq jay kompleksi júzege kelgen. Qurılıs waqtında ol dúnyadaǵı eń iri turaq jay kompleksine aylanǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/30/realestate/streetscapes-london-terrace-time-erodes-unity-of-a-1665-unit-city-within-a-city.html|sarlavha=Streetscapes: London Terrace; Time Erodes Unity of a 1,665-Unit City Within a Cit|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Gray C.|sana=1988-10-30|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-02|arxivsana=2017-04-15|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415013719/http://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/30/realestate/streetscapes-london-terrace-time-erodes-unity-of-a-1665-unit-city-within-a-city.html</ref>. 1930-jılda London Terrace qayta qurılǵan: bul orında 16-18 qabatlı 14 jay júzege keltirilip, jámi 1670 shańaraqqa mólsherlengen<ref>Sfn|The Encyclopedia of New York City|2010</ref>. 1849-jılda [[Lexington]] prospekti menen kesilisken orında, qala xaliqliq nátiyjelerine kóre, New York qala kolledjiniń gotika usılındaǵı jayı qurılǵan (arxitektorı — James Ranwik)<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 1928-jılda jay buzip taslanǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www2.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2015/01/TheCityCollegeofNewYork_HistoricLandmark.pdf|sarlavha=The City College of New York: The North Campus|til=en|nashriyot=CUNY|kirish sanasi=2017-03-26|arxivsana=2017-08-02|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802010418/http://www2.cuny.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/4/2015/01/TheCityCollegeofNewYork_HistoricLandmark.pdf</ref>. 1857-jılda Besinshi avenyu menen kesilisken kósheniń bir bólegin satıp alǵan sawdager Aymosom Ano 1859-jılda bul aymaqta sawlatli miymanxana qurdirg'an<ref>Sfn|Alexiou|2010</ref><ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 6 qabatlı, 800 qonaqtı qabıllaw ushın mólsherlengen miymanxana sol dáwirler ushın dúnyadaǵı eń úlkeni edi<ref>Sfn|The Encyclopedia of New York City|2010</ref>. Mıymanxana Respublikashılar partiyasınıń shtab-kvartirasi bolıp xızmet etken hám prezidentler Ulysses Grant<ref>Книга|автор=Sprague S.|заглавие=Lure of the city: New York's great hotels in the golden age, 1873-1907|ссылка=http://libx.bsu.edu/cdm/compoundobject/collection/ConspectusH/id/393|место=1977|издательство=Ball State University|серия=Conspectus of history|pages=74</ref> hám Chester Arthur da onda bolǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Zachary K.|заглавие=Chester Alan Arthur: The American Presidents Series: The 21st President, 1881-1885|ответственный=Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr.|издательство=Macmillan|год=2004|серия=The American Presidents|pages=35|allpages=192|isbn=9781466834620</ref>. 1860-jılda Uels taxt miyrasxorı shahzadasi Edvard VII nin' mıymanxanaǵa saparı onıń átirapındaǵı aymaqtıń kommerciya ko'rkemligin sezilerli dárejede asırdı. 14 hám 23-kósheler, Altınshı avenyu hám Brodvey ortasındaǵı bólim tez arada Lady's Mile dep at berildi<ref>Sfn|Diamonstein-Spielvogel|2011</ref>. 1908-jılda mıymanxana buzib taslandı jáne onıń ornına Xaliq araliq oyınshıqlar orayı ashıldı<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/nyregion/thecity/they-hear-dead-people.html|sarlavha=They Hear Dead People|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Pollak M.|sana=2004-12-12|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-02|arxivsana=2017-08-02|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170802004326/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/12/nyregion/thecity/they-hear-dead-people.html</ref>. [[File:PostcardNewYorkCity23rdStreetCirca1910_(cropped).jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PostcardNewYorkCity23rdStreetCirca1910_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-PostcardNewYorkCity23rdStreetCirca1910_%28cropped%29.jpg|thumb| 1910-jilg'i otkritkada su'wreti tu'sirilgen ko'she. Arqa fonda Stern Brothers bazasi ha'm Flatiron imaratinin' qaptal ta'repi ko'rinedi.]] Kóshede 1884-jılda júzege keliw etilgen taǵı bir ataqlı mıymanxana Chelsea dep atalǵan<ref>Sfn|The Encyclopedia of New York City|2010</ref>. 1863-jılda kóshediń Tórtinshi avenyu menen kesilisken jayında Milliy dizayn akademiyası jayı (arxitektorı — chikagolik Peter Bonnet) qurılǵan. Veneciyadagi Dojlar sarayına uqsatıp qurılǵan<ref>Sfn|The Encyclopedia of New York City|2010</ref> bul jay yarım a'sirge barmay jaramsız jaǵdayǵa kelip qalǵan. XX ásirdiń baslarında bul orında MetLife Tower júdá bálent jayı qurılǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Moudry R.|заглавие=The American Skyscraper: Cultural Histories|издательство=Cambridge University Press|год=2005|pages=124|allpages=281|isbn=0521624215</ref>. 1878-jılda úlken sawdager [[Stern Brothers]] Besinshi hám Altınshı avenyular ortasında kólemi tárepinen sol dáwir ushın aqıl bovar etpes sanalgan baza qurdirgan<ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. Onıń joybarı arxitektor [[Henry Pherenbah]] tárepinen islep shıǵılǵan bolıp, 7 qabatlı hám keńligi 200 fut (shama menen 60 metr) ti qurag'an. Baza New Yorkdagi eń iri quyma temir úylerden birine aylanǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Bedoire F., Tanner R.|заглавие=The Jewish Contribution to Modern Architecture, 1830-1930|издательство=KTAV Publishing House, Inc.|год=2004|pages=423|allpages=518|isbn=0881258083</ref>. === Teatrlar === Kósheniń Brodveyga jaqınlıǵı bul jerde XIX ásirdiń aqırına kelip kóplegen teatrlarning payda bolıwında qol kelgen. 1868-jılda Segizinshi avenyu menen kesilisken orında bir neshe million dollarlıq Grand Opera House teatri qurılǵan. 1938-jılda RKO Pictures kinokompaniyasi onı kinoteatrǵa aylantırǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F0CE3DC163DE533A25750C2A9649D94609FD7CF|nashriyot=The New York Times|sarlavha=Booth's Theater Sold|til=en|sana=1881-12-23|kirish sanasi=2017-04-01|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201805/http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archive-free/pdf?res=9F0CE3DC163DE533A25750C2A9649D94609FD7CF</ref>. Biraq usı kinoteatr 1960-jılda Penn-Saut turaq jay kompleksin qurıw programmasınıń bir bólegi retinde pútkilley buzib taslanǵan. 1869 -jılda Altınshı avenyu menen kesilisken orında Booth's Theatre ashılǵan. Jaqsı rawajlanbaǵan kommerciyalıq iskerlik artınan 1881-jılda ol qurılıs bahasınıń yarımına satıp jiberilgen hám keyinirek bazaǵa aylantırılǵan. 1888-jılda impresario F.F Proktor hám Segizinshi avenyu ortasında óz teatrini ashqan. Onıń jumısqa túsiriliwinde elektr jaqtirtqish hám fonograf sıyaqlı sol dáwir ushın úlken jańalıq esaplanǵan úskenelerden paydalanılǵan. 1907-jılda teatr kinoteatrǵa aylantırılǵan, aradan 30 jıl ótip órt nátiyjesinde wayranag'a aylanǵan. [[File:E23 Marine & Aviation jeh.jpg|center|thumb|250px|East River]] [[File:Whathappenedontwentythirdstreet-thomasedisoninc.ogv|center|thumb|250px|23-avenyu. 1901-jil]] [[File:23 St 8 Av SB entrance.JPG|center|thumb|250px|23-avenyuda jaylasqan jer asti jolina tu'siw]] 1966 -jıl 17-oktyabrde Arqa 22-kóshede jaylasqan 7-imarattıń jertólesinde órt júz bergen. Waqıya ornına jetip kelgen ot óshiriwshiler Arqa 23-kóshedegi 6-jay arqalı jalın oshag'ina barıwǵa háreket etken. Sol waqıtta 6-imarattiń aǵash pollari menen birge 12 ot óshiriwshi tómenge qulap túsken. Hádiyse 2001-jıl 11-sentyabr waqıyalarına shekem New-York ot óshiriwshileri arasında jábirleniwshiler sanı boyınsha eń úlkeni bolıp qalǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/nyregion/17fire.html|sarlavha=Oct. 17, 1966, When 12 Firemen Died|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=O'Donnell M.|sana=2006-10-17|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-12-14|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161214202117/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/10/17/nyregion/17fire.html</ref>. 2016-jıl 17-sentyabr kúni Batıs 23-kóshede Altınshı avenyu kóshe kesispesi qasında jarılıw júz berip, 29 kisi jaralanǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/chelsea-explosion-new-york-city.html|sarlavha=Powerful Blast Injures at Least 29 in Manhattan; Second Device Found|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Mele C., Baker A., Barbaro M.|til=en|sana=2016-09-17|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-09-18|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918025042/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/18/nyregion/chelsea-explosion-new-york-city.html</ref>. Awg'anistanda tuwılǵan 28 jaslı puqara terrorshiliq háreketin baslawda gúmanlanıp, qolǵa alınǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/19/nyregion/chelsea-explosion-what-we-know-and-dont-know.html|sarlavha=Chelsea Bombing: What We Know and Don’t Know|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Workman K., Rosenberg E., Mele C.|sana=2016-09-18|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-03|arxivsana=2016-09-18|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918200808/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/19/nyregion/chelsea-explosion-what-we-know-and-dont-know.html</ref>. == Qurılısı == 23-kósheniń tiykarǵı qásiyetlerinen biri ol jaǵdayda 1902-jılda qurılǵan dúnyaǵa ataqlı 22 qabatlı Flatiron jayı qáddi retlegeni bolıp tabıladı. Ol 22 hám 23-kósheler, Brodvey hám Besinshi avenyu kóshe kesispesilerinen shólkemlesken kishi aymaqta jaylasqan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://ci.columbia.edu/0240s/0242_2/0242_2_fulltext.pdf|sarlavha=The Architecture and Development of New York City|muallif=Andrew S. Dolkart|nashriyot=The Architecture and Development of New York City|til=en|kirish sanasi=2016-11-12|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160625022310/http://ci.columbia.edu/0240s/0242_2/0242_2_fulltext.pdf|arxivsana=2016-06-25</ref><ref>Sfn|Alexiou|2010</ref>. === Batis 23-ko'she === [[File:The_Hotel_Chelsea,_New_York_City..jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/The_Hotel_Chelsea%2C_New_York_City..jpg/200px-The_Hotel_Chelsea%2C_New_York_City..jpg|thumb|271x271px| Chelsea miymanxanasi (2001-jil)]] Batıs 23-kósheniń Chelsea miymanxanasi boylap ótetuǵın bóleginde kóplegen kórkem-óner galleriyaları<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.newyartcity.com/manhattan/chelsea-23-24.html|sarlavha=Chelsea, 23-24th Street Art Galleries|nashriyot=newartcity.com|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201544/http://www.newyartcity.com/manhattan/chelsea-23-24.html</ref> hám bir neshe teatrlar jaylasqan<ref name="nypress">Veb manbasi|url=http://www.nypress.com/local-news/20160302/when-23rd-street-was-broadway/1|sarlavha=When 23rd Street Was Broadway|nashriyot=[[New York Press]]|muallif=Geberer R.|til=en|sana=2016-03-02|kirish sanasi=2017-04-01|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053851/http://www.nypress.com/local-news/20160302/when-23rd-street-was-broadway/1|arxivsana=2017-04-07</ref>. Onınshı avenyudan onsha uzaq bolmaǵan orında burınǵı estakadali temir jol ornında qurılǵan High Line Park kósheni kesip ótedi. == Ataqlı imaratları == *71 — Manhattan mason ibadatxanasi 1913-jıl<ref>Книга|автор=Young G., Meyers T.|заглавие=The Bowery Boys: Adventures in Old New York: An Unconventional Exploration of Manhattan's Historic Neighborhoods, Secret Spots and Colorful Characters|издательство=Ulysses Press|год=2016|pages=230|allpages=528|isbn=9781612435763</ref>. *123 — Shirkew 1869-jıl qurılǵan hám 2013-jılda jabılǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Levitt E.|заглавие=Walking Manhattan: 30 Strolls Exploring Cultural Treasures, Entertainment Centers, and Historical Sites in the Heart of New York City|ссылка=https://archive.org/details/walkingmanhattan0000levi|издательство=Wilderness Press|год=2015|pages=[https://archive.org/details/walkingmanhattan0000levi/page/115 115]|allpages=336|isbn=9780899977638</ref><ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/a-french-church-nears-its-end-but-not-without-a-contretemps/|sarlavha=A French Church Nears Its End, but Not Without a Contretemps|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Dunlap D. W.|sana=2012-04-05|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2018-02-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206100252/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/04/05/a-french-church-nears-its-end-but-not-without-a-contretemps/</ref>. *222 — Chelsea miymanxanası. *236 — Emuna Izrail sıyınıwxonasi (anglichan: Emunath Israel) 1860-jıl<ref>Книга|автор=Dunlap D. W.|заглавие=From Abyssinian to Zion: A Guide to Manhattan's Houses of Worship|издательство=Columbia University Press|год=2012|pages=64|allpages=400|isbn=9780231500722</ref>. *405-475 — London Terrace turaq jay kompleksi. *517 — HL23, 14 qabatlı turaq jayi 2011-jıl. West Side avtomagistrali hám 23-kósheniń batıs múyeshi aralıǵinda Chelsea suw parki jaylasqan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/historical-signs/listings?id=11969|sarlavha=Chelsea Waterside Park|nashriyot=[[Департамент парков и мест отдыха Нью-Йорка|New York City Department of Parks & Recreation]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-07-31|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731075834/https://www.nycgovparks.org/about/history/historical-signs/listings?id=11969</ref>. Onıń maydanı 1 gektardı quraydı. Parkte iytler seyil etiw maydanı, balalar maydanshası hám basketbol maydanları bar<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.nycgo.com/venues/chelsea-waterside-park|sarlavha=Chelsea Waterside Park|nashriyot=nycgo.com|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-07-31|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731124700/https://www.nycgo.com/venues/chelsea-waterside-park</ref>. === Shıǵıs 23-kóshe === Kósheniń bul bóleginiń ayriqsha qásiyetlerinen biri ol jerde 1909-jılda Besinshi avenyu menen kesilisken orında qurılǵan 213 metrli MetLife minarasinıń jaylasqanlıǵı esaplanadı. Tórt jıl dawamında, 1913-jılda Wulwort jayı qurılg'ang'a shekem, ol dúnyadaǵı eń bálent jasalma qurılıs sanalg'an<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/26/realestate/streetscapes-metropolitan-life-1-madison-avenue-for-brief-moment-tallest.html|sarlavha=Streetscapes/Metropolitan Life at 1 Madison Avenue;For a Brief Moment, the Tallest Building in the World|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Gray C.|sana=1996-05-26|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-07-01|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170701050813/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/05/26/realestate/streetscapes-metropolitan-life-1-madison-avenue-for-brief-moment-tallest.html</ref>. Kóshedegi taǵı bir júdá bálent jay — 188 metrli Uan-Medisson 2013-jılda qurip pitkerilgen. Mediamagnat Rupert Merdok onıń 4 qabatın 57 million dollarǵa satıp alǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-20/murdoch-buys-4-floors-of-nyc-condo-tower-for-57-million|sarlavha=Murdoch Buys 4 Floors of NYC Condo Tower for $57 Million|nashriyot=[[Bloomberg]]|muallif=Carmiel O., Lee E.|sana=2014-02-14|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-09-12|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912024148/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-02-20/murdoch-buys-4-floors-of-nyc-condo-tower-for-57-million</ref>. Birinshi avenyu menen kesilisken 423-úyde Den sawlıqtı saqlaw orayı eń húrmetliler menen islew bóliminiń úlken kampusi jaylasqan. Úshinshi dárejeli profilaktika programmasına iye bul imaratta xirurgiya, kardiologiyaliq, urologiyaliq hám psixiatriya bólimleri ámelde bolıp, olarda hár qıylı izertlewler alıp barılmaqta<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.va.gov/directory/guide/facility.asp?ID=97|sarlavha=Manhattan Campus of the VA NY Harbor Healthcare System|nashriyot=U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-01-03|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103223037/http://www.va.gov/directory/guide/facility.asp?id=97</ref>. FDR avtomagistrali menen kóshe kesispesinen onsha uzaq bolmaǵan orında, kósheniń arqa bólegi aqırında taǵı bir salamatlastırıw orayı — Acer Lewi ulıwma juwınıw bólmesi qurılǵan. Bul jerde XX ásir baslarında qurılǵan juwınıw bólmeleri daslep qalaǵa birinshi bolıp kirip kelgen evrey emigrantları atı menen atalǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Dolkart A.|заглавие=Guide to New York City Landmarks|ответственный=Matthew A. Postal, New York Landmarks Preservation Commission|место=N. Y.|издательство=John Wiley & Sons|часть=Public Baths|год=2008|pages=88|allpages=451|isbn=0470289635</ref><ref>Sfn|Burrows, Wallace|2000</ref>. 1980-jılda juwınıw bólmeleri Milliy tariyxıy jaylar reestrina kiritilgen<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002709|sarlavha=Asset Detail: Public Baths|nashriyot=[[Служба национальных парков США|nps.gov]]|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|til=en|arxivsana=2017-04-15|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170415013215/https://npgallery.nps.gov/AssetDetail/NRIS/80002709</ref>. 2002-jılda Arqa darya jaǵısı boylap 18 hám 23-kósheler ortasında burınǵı cement zavodı hám avtoturar jay ornında maydanı 8000 m² bolǵan Stuyvesant Cove Park qurılǵan<ref>Книга|автор=Lynn R., Morrone F.|заглавие=Guide to New York City Urban Landscapes|издательство=W. W. Norton & Company|год=2013|pages=65-67|allpages=288|isbn=9780393733570</ref>. Kósheniń shig'is tárepinen qarama-qarsi tárepte Gidroaeroport jaylasqan bolıp, onnan basqa jergilikli teńiz portlarına pa'rwazlar ámelge asırılǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/nyregion/fyi-384216.html|sarlavha=F.Y.I.|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Schneider D. B.|sana=2001-05-20|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-04|arxivsana=2017-08-01|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170801051121/http://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/20/nyregion/fyi-384216.html</ref>. === "23-kósheniń tariyxıy teatrları" === [[File: Grand Opera House, 23rd Street and 8th Avenue.jpg|center|thumb|250px|Grand Opera House. 1937-jıl.]] [[File: Edwin Booth's Theatre, 23rd St., between 5th and 6th Ave, from Robert N. Dennis collection of stereoscopic views.jpg|center|thumb|300px|Booth’s Teatrı]] [[File: (King1893NYC)_pg605_PROCTOR'S_THEATRE,141_WEST_23_STREET,_NEAR_SIXTH_AVENUE.jpg|center|thumb|250px|Proctor’s Teatrı. 1893-jıl.]] == Ekonomikası == 23-kóshe tariyxan qalanıń tawıq hám bódeneden basqa quslardıń mákiyeni oraylarınan biri bolǵan hám kóshede házirde de kóplegen kiyim-keshek dúkanları bar<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.frommers.com/destinations/new-york-city/the-top-shopping-streets--neighborhoods|sarlavha=The Top Shopping Streets & Neighborhoods|nashriyot=[[Frommer's]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-07|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053604/http://www.frommers.com/destinations/new-york-city/the-top-shopping-streets--neighborhoods</ref><ref>Книга|заглавие=Not For Tourists Guide to New York City 2014|издательство=Skyhorse Publishing, Inc.|год=2013|серия=Not For Tourists|pages=65|allpages=336|isbn=9781628735840</ref><ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/blogs/23rd-street-has-become-thrift-shop-row-6382078|sarlavha=23rd Street Has Become Thrift Shop Row|nashriyot=The Village Voice|muallif=Musto M.|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2016-09-09|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909131710/http://www.villagevoice.com/blogs/23rd-street-has-become-thrift-shop-row-6382078</ref>. Kóshede dúkanları bolǵan iri usaqlap satıw sawda tarmaqları arasında Best Buy hám The Home Depotlar da bar<ref>Книга|автор=Gershman S.|заглавие=Suzy Gershman's Born to Shop New York: The Ultimate Guide for Travelers Who Love to Shop|издание=11|издательство=John Wiley & Sons|том=14|серия=Born To Shop|pages=111, 264|allpages=326|isbn=9780470056790</ref>. 23-kóshede jaylasqan restoranlar, kafelar, tez awqatlanıw shaqapshaları hám basqa awqatlanıw kárxanaları tiykarınan ofis xızmetkerlerine mólsherlengen bolıp, bul mákemelerdiń kóbisi ulıwma awqatlanıw xızmetlerin kórsetedi. Kóshe degi restoranlar tárepinen usınıs etiletuǵın milliy tamaqlar arasında tay, italyan, ispan hám fransuz tamaqları bar<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.villagevoice.com/restaurants/our-10-best-things-to-eat-on-23rd-street-6561879|sarlavha=Our 10 Best Things to Eat on 23rd Street|nashriyot=[[The Village Voice]]|muallif=Shockey L.|sana=2011-11-11|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-07|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053955/http://www.villagevoice.com/restaurants/our-10-best-things-to-eat-on-23rd-street-6561879</ref>. Kóshe abıraylı aymaqlardan ótedi, bul bolsa ol jaǵdayda jaylasqan kóshpelis múlktiń materiallıq ma`nisine sezilerli tásir etedi. 2017-jıl mart ayında Park hám Lexington avenyulari arasındaǵı 230 m² ofis maydanı ijarası jılına 240 000 dollarǵa jetken<ref>Veb manbasi|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/14/realestate/commercial/recent-transactions.html|sarlavha=Recent Commercial Real Estate Transactions|nashriyot=The New York Times|muallif=Radomsky R. R.|sana=2017-03-14|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-05|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405234617/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/14/realestate/commercial/recent-transactions.html</ref>, Gramersidagi 93 metrli kvartiraning bahası 1 000 000 dollardı quraǵan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://ny.curbed.com/2017/3/24/15044024/nyc-apartments-for-sale-open-houses|sarlavha=Gramercy open houses to check out this weekend|nashriyot=Curbed NY|muallif=Walker A.|sana=2017-03-24|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-07|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407053740/http://ny.curbed.com/2017/3/24/15044024/nyc-apartments-for-sale-open-houses</ref>. 2015-jıl iyul ayında kóp qabatlı u'ydegi tórt xanalı penthaus 6 440 000 dollarǵa satilg'an<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://nypost.com/2015/07/15/the-luxury-real-estate-boom-taking-over-midtown-south/|sarlavha=The luxury real estate boom taking over Midtown South|nashriyot=[[New York Post]]|sana=2015-07-15|muallif=Kussin Z.|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-06|arxivsana=2017-04-06|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201715/http://nypost.com/2015/07/15/the-luxury-real-estate-boom-taking-over-midtown-south/</ref>. == Jámiyetlik transportı == [[File:MTA_23_St_Park_Av_01.jpg|link=//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/MTA_23_St_Park_Av_01.jpg/220px-MTA_23_St_Park_Av_01.jpg|thumb| M23 avtobus jo'nelisi]] Bul kóshede New York qalasınıń tómendegi metro stansiyaları jaylasqan<ref name="nycs">Veb manbasi|url=http://web.mta.info/nyct/maps/subway_map.pdf|sarlavha=New York City Subway|nashriyot=[[Metropolitan Transportation Authority (Нью-Йорк)|MTA]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2017-05-10|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510180253/http://web.mta.info/nyct/maps/subway_map.pdf</ref>: * 23-kóshe (Broadway baǵdarı, BMT) — Besinshi avenyu hám Broadwey menen kesilisken orında; * 23-kóshe (Segizinshi avenyu baǵdarı) — Segizinshi avenyu menen kesilisken orında; * 23-kóshe (Altınshı avenyu baǵdarı) — Altınshı avenyu menen kesilisken orında; * 23-kóshe (Broadwey hám jetinshi avenyu baǵdarı) — Jetinshi avenyu menen kesilisken orında; * 23-kóshe (Lexington Avenyu baǵdarı) — Park Avenyu menen kesilisken orında. Altınshı avenyu menen kesilisken orında Manhattan, Jersey City hám Hobokenni baylanıstıratuǵın PATH baǵdarları bándirgisi jaylasqan<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://www.panynj.gov/path/23rd-street-station.html|sarlavha=23rd Street Station|nashriyot=[[Портовое управление Нью-Йорка и Нью-Джерси|PANYNJ]]|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2019-11-18|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20191118004552/http://www.panynj.gov/path/23rd-street-station.html</ref>. M23<ref>Veb manbasi|url=http://web.mta.info/mta/planning/sbs/M23SBS.html|sarlavha=M23 Select Bus Service|nashriyot=MTA|til=en|kirish sanasi=2017-04-05|arxivsana=2020-07-04|arxivurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20200704124152/http://web.mta.info/mta/planning/sbs/M23SBS.html</ref>avtobus baǵdarı kóshe boylap háreketlenedi. == Ádebiyatlar == *Alexiou A. S. The Flatiron: The New York Landmark and the Incomparable City That Arose with Íyt. — ISBN 1429923873 *Ótkirws E. G., Wallace M. Gotham:A History of New York City tap 1898. — New York. — 1383 p. — ISBN 978-0-19 -514049 -1 *Diamonstein-Spielvogel B. The Landmarks of New York, Fifth Edition: An Illustrated Record of the City's Historic Buildings. — SUNY Press, 2011. — 760 p. — (Excelsior Editions). — ISBN 1438437714 *The Encyclopedia of New York City / Jackson K. T., Keller L., Flood N.. — 2. — Yale University Press, 2010. — 1584 p. — ISBN 0300182570 == Derekler == [[Kategoriya: New York qalalari]] [[Kategoriya: New York ko'sheleri]] qo7756b67kprhn8n4n1etom2cwbddvc 0 6547 46307 2022-08-25T12:01:12Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 PirjanovNurlan [[Shın'g'ısxan]] бетін [[Shıńǵısxan]] бетіне жылжытты wikitext text/x-wiki #AÝDAW [[Shıńǵısxan]] 0yxawpes3pzfhkbs5tghu61j8i4ykaz 0 6548 46311 2022-08-25T12:03:12Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 PirjanovNurlan [[Batıs Qazaqstan wa'layatı]] бетін [[Batıs Qazaqstan wálayatı]] бетіне жылжытты wikitext text/x-wiki #AÝDAW [[Batıs Qazaqstan wálayatı]] q6ixv6dgstkiflidx34hor5yn48ml9l 0 6549 46315 2022-08-25T12:04:08Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 PirjanovNurlan [[Mag'lıwmatlar bazasın basqarıw sistemaları]] бетін [[Maǵlıwmatlar bazasın basqarıw sistemaları]] бетіне жылжытты wikitext text/x-wiki #AÝDAW [[Maǵlıwmatlar bazasın basqarıw sistemaları]] f7w47a1ojk5yzcgjf2d58fcnuwuovor 0 6550 46318 2022-08-25T12:05:59Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 PirjanovNurlan [[İtalyan tili]] бетін [[Italyan tili]] бетіне жылжытты wikitext text/x-wiki #AÝDAW [[Italyan tili]] 88bf49w41yvv42q1st85vmhw60ia7nd 2 6552 46333 2022-08-25T15:49:43Z Auut23 10321 Taza bet jaratıldı: "{{Languages|ru|en}}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Languages|ru|en}} rj86aqjn9yi5k65j9x2z6ar7uosgcgw 0 6554 46336 2022-08-25T15:53:44Z Yòldoshev Doniyor 10298 «[[:uz:Special:Redirect/revision/2455793|Leonardo DiCaprio]]» бетінен аударылып түзілді wikitext text/x-wiki {{Aktyor bilgiqutisi|ismi=Leonardo Di Caprio|tasvir=Leonardo DiCaprio 2014.jpg|eni=200px|imzo=Leonardo DiCaprio 2014-yilda|tugʻilgan_paytidagi_ismi=Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio|tavalludi_sanasi={{tugʻilgan sanasi va yoshi|mf=yes|1974|11|11}}|tavallud_joyi=[[Kaliforniya]], [[AQSH]]|vafot_sanasi=|vafot_joyi=|fuqaroligi={{AQSh}}|kasbi=[[Aktyor]], [[produser]], xayriyachi|faoliyat_yillari=1989&ndash;hozirgacha|filmlari=[[Leonardo DiCaprio filmografiyasi]]|bolalari=|sovrinlar={{plainlist| *[[Oskar]] (2016) * [[Oltin globus]] (2005) (2014) (2016) * [[BAFTA]] (2016) * [[Kumush ayiq]] (1997) * MTV Movie Awards (1998, 2005, 2014, 2016) * [[Leonardo DiCaprio olgan mukofot va nominatsiyalar roʻyxati]] }}|imdb_id=0000138|sayt=[http://leonardodicaprio.com/ Rasmiy sayt]}} Leonardo Di Caprio Vilgelm — amerikalıq aktyor, produser, ekolog hám qayırqom. Jeti márte Akademiya (Oscar), on úsh márte Altın globus, bes márte BAFTA hám on bir márte Screen Actors Guild Awards sıylıqlarınıñ kandidati. Oscar, Altın globus, BAFTA hám Screen Actors Guild Awards sıylıqlarınıń iyesi. 2016 -jılda Time jurnalı tárepinen dúnyanıń eń abıroylı 100 adamı qatarına kiritilgen. Di Caprio kóbinese traditsiyaǵa tán bolǵan filmlerde, atap aytqanda, biopika, melodrama, drama hám udayı tákirarlanatuǵın filmlerde oynaydı. 2019 -jılǵa kelip, onıń filmleri dúnya boylap 7, 2 milliard AQSh dollar dáramat keltirdi hám ol dúnyadaǵı eń kóp aqsha tolıqnatuǵın aktyorlardıń jıllıq reytinginde segizinshi orınnan jay aldı. Ol xalıq aralıq abiroyda James Cameronnıń Titanic (1997) filmindegi Jack roli arqalı eristi. DiCaprio keyinirek Aviator (2004) hám Diamond (2006 ), Murtadlar (2006 ), Revolyuciyalıq jol (2008), Muqadddima (2010 ), The Wolf of Wall Strit" (2013), The Revenant (2015), Bir payıtlar Hollywoodda (2019 ) sıyaqlı filmlerde rol atqarıw etdi. Ol 2017-jılda The Revenant filmi ushın Oscar, BAFTA hám Altın Globus sıylıqın aldı. Aviator hám The Wolf of Wall Strit ushın 2005 hám 2013-jıllarda Altın globus mulfotini alǵan. DiCaprio rejissor Martin Scorsese menen eń kóp sheriklik etken aktyorlardan biri bolıp tabıladı. Ol úzliksiz túrde qayırqomlıq jumısların qollap -quwatlaydı hám átirap -ortalıq tuwrısında bir neshe hújjetli filmlerdi súwretke aldı. 2016 - jılda ol kórkem óner hám mádeniyat tarawına qosqan úlesi ushın Ordre des Arts et des Lettres sıylıqı berilgen. == Filmografiya == '''''Tiykarǵı maqalaǵa qarang: Leonardo DiCaprio filmografiyasi''''' Box Office Mojo saytı maǵlıwmatlarına kóre, DiCaprioning sın kózqarastan hám kommerciyalıq tárepten tabıslı filmleri tómendegiler: What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), Romeo + Juliet (1996 ), Titanic (1997), Catch Me If You Can (2002), Gangs of New York (2002), The Aviator (2004), Murtadlar (2006 ), Blood Diamond (2006 ), Shutter Island (2010 ), Kirisiw (2010 ), Django Onshained (2012), Ǵoshshaq Gatsby (2013), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), The Revenant (2015) hám Bir payıtlar Hollywoodda (2019 ). Onıń filmleri dúnya kóleminde jámi 7, 2 milliard dollardan artıq payda alıp kelgen. == Sıylıq hám nominatsiyalari == '''''Tiykarǵı maqalaǵa qarang: Leonardo DiCaprioning sıylıq hám nominatsiyalari''''' DiCaprio Kinematografiya tarawına qosqan úlesi ushın kóp márte sıylıqlar hám nominatsiyalr menen tán alıw etilgen. * 66-shı Oscar sıylıqı (1994): „Whats Eating Gilbert Grape“ filmi ushın „Eń jaqsı ekinshi dárejeli aktyor“ nominatsiyasi 77-shi Oskar sıylıqı (2005): „Aviator“ ushın eń jaqsı aktyor nominatsiyasi 79 -chi Oskar sıylıqı (2007): „ Blood Diamond“ ushın eń jaqsı aktyor nominatsiyasi 86-shı Oskar sıylıqı (2014): „Uoll-stritlik qasqır“ ushın eń jaqsı film hám eń jaqsı aktyor nominatsiyalari 88-shi Oskar sıylıqı (2016 ): „The Revenant“ filmi ushın eń jaqsı aktyor nominatsiyasi hám jeńimpazı 92-shi Oskar sıylıqı (2020 ): „Bir payıtlar Hollywoodda“ filmi ushın eń jaqsı aktyor nominatsiyasi Sonıgdek ush Altın globus va BAFTA sıylıqları bayraqdori. == Derekler == {{Reflist}} == Siltemeler == Leonardo DiCaprio IMDbda<div aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" role="navigation"> * <span>[[Fayl:P_vip.svg|link=|alt=|class=noviewer|28x28 nükte]][[Portal:Biografiya|Biografiya portal]]</span> </div> cd809tf0oqoz4go3drschl0kbp73kf3 46341 46336 2022-08-25T16:26:43Z Yòldoshev Doniyor 10298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Aktyor bilgiqutisi|ismi=Leonardo Di Caprio|tasvir=Leonardo DiCaprio 2014.jpg|eni=200px|imzo=Leonardo DiCaprio 2014-yilda|tugʻilgan_paytidagi_ismi=Leonardo Wilhelm DiCaprio|tavalludi_sanasi={{tugʻilgan sanasi va yoshi|mf=yes|1974|11|11}}|tavallud_joyi=[[Kaliforniya]], [[AQSH]]|vafot_sanasi=|vafot_joyi=|fuqaroligi={{AQSh}}|kasbi=[[Aktyor]], [[produser]], xayriyachi|faoliyat_yillari=1989&ndash;hozirgacha|filmlari=[[Leonardo DiCaprio filmografiyasi]]|bolalari=|sovrinlar={{plainlist| *[[Oskar]] (2016) * [[Oltin globus]] (2005) (2014) (2016) * [[BAFTA]] (2016) * [[Kumush ayiq]] (1997) * MTV Movie Awards (1998, 2005, 2014, 2016) * [[Leonardo DiCaprio olgan mukofot va nominatsiyalar roʻyxati]] }}|imdb_id=0000138|sayt=[http://leonardodicaprio.com/ Rasmiy sayt]}} [[File:Leonardo DiCaprio 20140503.jpg|thumb|400px|Leonardo DiCaprio]] [[Leonardo Di Caprio Vilgelm]] — [[amerikalıq aktyor]], produser, ekolog hám qayırqom.<ref>[http://www.imdb.com/title/0000138 [[IMDb]] profili]{{Deadlink|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>. Jeti márte Akademiya (Oscar), on úsh márte Altın globus, bes márte BAFTA hám on bir márte Screen Actors Guild Awards sıylıqlarınıñ kandidati. Oscar, Altın globus, BAFTA hám Screen Actors Guild Awards sıylıqlarınıń iyesi. 2016 -jılda Time jurnalı tárepinen dúnyanıń eń abıroylı 100 adamı qatarına kiritilgen. Di Caprio kóbinese traditsiyaǵa tán bolǵan filmlerde, atap aytqanda, biopika, melodrama, drama hám udayı tákirarlanatuǵın filmlerde oynaydı. 2019 -jılǵa kelip, onıń filmleri dúnya boylap 7, 2 milliard AQSh dollar dáramat keltirdi hám ol dúnyadaǵı eń kóp aqsha tolıqnatuǵın aktyorlardıń jıllıq reytinginde segizinshi orınnan jay aldı. Ol xalıq aralıq abiroyda James Cameronnıń Titanic (1997) filmindegi Jack roli arqalı eristi. DiCaprio keyinirek Aviator (2004) hám Diamond (2006 ), Murtadlar (2006 ), Revolyuciyalıq jol (2008), Muqadddima (2010 ), The Wolf of Wall Strit" (2013), The Revenant (2015), Bir payıtlar Hollywoodda (2019 ) sıyaqlı filmlerde rol atqarıw etdi. Ol 2017-jılda The Revenant filmi ushın Oscar, BAFTA hám Altın Globus sıylıqın aldı. Aviator hám The Wolf of Wall Strit ushın 2005 hám 2013-jıllarda Altın globus mulfotini alǵan. DiCaprio rejissor Martin Scorsese menen eń kóp sheriklik etken aktyorlardan biri bolıp tabıladı. Ol úzliksiz túrde qayırqomlıq jumısların qollap -quwatlaydı hám átirap -ortalıq tuwrısında bir neshe hújjetli filmlerdi súwretke aldı. 2016 - jılda ol kórkem óner hám mádeniyat tarawına qosqan úlesi ushın Ordre des Arts et des Lettres sıylıqı berilgen. == Filmografiya == '''''Tiykarǵı maqalaǵa qarang: Leonardo DiCaprio filmografiyasi''''' Box Office Mojo saytı maǵlıwmatlarına kóre, DiCaprioning sın kózqarastan hám kommerciyalıq tárepten tabıslı filmleri tómendegiler: What's Eating Gilbert Grape (1993), Romeo + Juliet (1996 ), Titanic (1997), Catch Me If You Can (2002), Gangs of New York (2002), The Aviator (2004), Murtadlar (2006 ), Blood Diamond (2006 ), Shutter Island (2010 ), Kirisiw (2010 ), Django Onshained (2012), Ǵoshshaq Gatsby (2013), The Wolf of Wall Street (2013), The Revenant (2015) hám Bir payıtlar Hollywoodda (2019 ). Onıń filmleri dúnya kóleminde jámi 7, 2 milliard dollardan artıq payda alıp kelgen. == Sıylıq hám nominatsiyalari == '''''Tiykarǵı maqalaǵa qarang: Leonardo DiCaprioning sıylıq hám nominatsiyalari''''' DiCaprio Kinematografiya tarawına qosqan úlesi ushın kóp márte sıylıqlar hám nominatsiyalr menen tán alıw etilgen. * 66-shı Oscar sıylıqı (1994): „Whats Eating Gilbert Grape“ filmi ushın „Eń jaqsı ekinshi dárejeli aktyor“ nominatsiyasi 77-shi Oskar sıylıqı (2005): „Aviator“ ushın eń jaqsı aktyor nominatsiyasi 79 -chi Oskar sıylıqı (2007): „ Blood Diamond“ ushın eń jaqsı aktyor nominatsiyasi 86-shı Oskar sıylıqı (2014): „Uoll-stritlik qasqır“ ushın eń jaqsı film hám eń jaqsı aktyor nominatsiyalari 88-shi Oskar sıylıqı (2016 ): „The Revenant“ filmi ushın eń jaqsı aktyor nominatsiyasi hám jeńimpazı 92-shi Oskar sıylıqı (2020 ): „Bir payıtlar Hollywoodda“ filmi ushın eń jaqsı aktyor nominatsiyasi Sonıgdek ush Altın globus va BAFTA sıylıqları bayraqdori. == Derekler == {{Reflist}} == Siltemeler == Leonardo DiCaprio IMDbda<div aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" role="navigation"> * <span>[[Fayl:P_vip.svg|link=|alt=|class=noviewer|28x28 nükte]][[Portal:Biografiya|Biografiya portal]]</span> </div> hpmvo65w91qi7z2t3ouk4wevnzu8h5q 3 6555 46342 2022-08-25T16:36:04Z Yòldoshev Doniyor 10298 /* Xo'sh keldingiz Wikipediyag'a */ taza bo'lim wikitext text/x-wiki == Xo'sh keldingiz Wikipediyag'a == Kiritgen shig'armangiz ushin raxmet [[Paydalanıwshı:Yòldoshev Doniyor|Yòldoshev Doniyor]] ([[Paydalanıwshı sa'wbeti:Yòldoshev Doniyor|талқылау]]) 16:36, 2022 j. Avgusttıń 25 (UTC) 5l5dwpgt7qtf9e3oqdjg4bg11ywqhqz 3 6556 46345 2022-08-25T17:11:15Z 146.59.45.204 Taza bet jaratıldı: "# {{roziman}} (~~~~)" wikitext text/x-wiki # {{roziman}} ([[Arnawlı:Paydalanıwshı u'lesi/146.59.45.204|146.59.45.204]] 17:11, 2022 j. Avgusttıń 25 (UTC)) dth69nf5kxhm518kl4j5t4clpttq7qz 0 6557 46352 2022-08-25T18:23:37Z Inosham 10264 Taza bet jaratıldı: "'''[[Portugaliya]] imperiyasi''' ([[lang-pt|Império Português]]), sonıń menen birge, tariyxda '''Portugaliya kolonizator imperiyasi''' (''Império Colonial Português'') dep júrgizilgen bul mámleket házirgi Portugaliyadan tısqarı dúnyanıń úlken bólimlerinde jaylasqan bir qansha koloniyalardı óz ishine alǵan. Bul imperiya [[Evropa]]dagi eń uzın ómir kórgen mámleketlerden biri bolıp, 1415-jıl [[Arqa Afrika]]dagi [[Sueta urısi]]den tap 1999 -jı..." wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[Portugaliya]] imperiyasi''' ([[lang-pt|Império Português]]), sonıń menen birge, tariyxda '''Portugaliya kolonizator imperiyasi''' (''Império Colonial Português'') dep júrgizilgen bul mámleket házirgi Portugaliyadan tısqarı dúnyanıń úlken bólimlerinde jaylasqan bir qansha koloniyalardı óz ishine alǵan. Bul imperiya [[Evropa]]dagi eń uzın ómir kórgen mámleketlerden biri bolıp, 1415-jıl [[Arqa Afrika]]dagi [[Sueta urısi]]den tap 1999 -jıl Makao suverinitetining Qıtayǵa tapsırilguniga shekem derlik altı ásir tariyxda ámeldegi bolǵan. Imperiyaga Xv asirde tiykar salınǵan bolıp, XvI ásir basınan [[Arqa Amerika|Arqa]] hám [[Qubla Amerika]],[[Afrika]],[[Aziya]] hám [[Okeanıya]]dıń túrli regionlarına óz aymaǵın keńeytirip barǵan<ref name=" PageSonnenburg481" >[[harvnb|Page|Sonnenburg|2003|p=481]]</ref><ref name=" Brockeyxv" >[[harvnb|Brockey|2008|p=xv]]</ref><ref name=" JuangMorrissette894" >[[harvnb|Juang|Morrissette|2008|p=894]]</ref>. Portugaliya imperiyasi Ullı geografiyalıq ashılıwlar dáwirinde payda boldı hám Portugaliya patshalıǵınıń kúsh hám qudıreti nátiyjesinde dúnyanıń kóp bólimlerin ózine bo'ysundira aldı. Portugal teńizshileri 1418—1419 -jıllarda kartografiya hám teńiz texnologiyasındaǵı sońǵı tabıslardan paydalanǵan halda tatımlıqlar sawdası hám koloniya aymaqlar tabıw ushın jańa teńiz jolların tabıw maqsetinde qurǵaqlıqların hám [[Atlantikalıq okeanı]] arxipelaglarini izertlewdi basladılar.[[1488-jıl]]de [[Bartholomä|Bartolomeu Dias]][[Jaqsı úmit burni]]ni aylanıp shıqtı hám [[1498-jıl]]de [[vasco de Gama]][[Indiya]]ga jetip keldi. 1500-jılda [[Pedro Alvares Kabral]] basshılıǵında [[Braziliya]] arqalı jańalıq ashıldı. Keyingi on jıllıqlar dawamında portugal teńizshileri [[Arqa Aziya]] arqalı hám atawların úyreniwdi dawam ettirdilar, qorǵanlar júzege keliw etdiler. 1571-jılǵa kelip, Afrika,[[Jaqın Shıǵıs]], Indiya hám [[Qubla Aziya]] arqalı boylap [[Lissabon]]ni [[Nagasaki]]menen baylanıstırǵan bir qatar teńiz postlari vujudga keltirildi. Bul sawda tarmaǵı hám koloniyalar daǵı sawda Portugaliyanıń jan basına tuwrı keletuǵın tabısınıń beshdan bir bólegin tashkil etip, Portugaliya ekonomikalıq ósiwine (1500—1800) sezilerli unamlı tásir kórsetdi. 1580-jılda Ispaniya patshası [[Filipp II]] Portugaliya patshalıǵı tojini qolǵa kirgizgeninen keyin, keyinirek tariyxshunoslikda '''Iberiya birlespei''' atı menen atalǵan Ispaniya hám Portugaliya ortasında 60 jıllıq birlespe baslandı. Ispaniya patshası bir waqtıniń ózinde Portugaliya patshası bolǵanlıǵı sebepli, Portugaliya koloniyalari Ispaniyaǵa dushpan bolǵan ush Evropa kúshleri: Gollandiya Respublikası, Angliya hám Fransiya tárepinen kóplegen hújimlerge dus keldi. Xalqı basqalarǵa salıstırǵanda kemrek bolǵan Portugaliya óziniń hádden tıs keńeytirilgen sawda tarmaǵın nátiyjeli qorǵaw ete almadı hám imperiya az-azdan páseńlewge júz tuta basladı. Oxir-aqıbet, Braziliya, imperiya ekinshi dáwirdiń (1663—1825) eń bahalı koloniyası, XIX ásirdiń baslarında Amerika kontinentin qamtıp alǵan ǵárezsizlik háreketi tolqını nátiyjesinde 1822-jıl Portugaliyadan ǵárezsiz bólek mámleketke aylandı. Imperiyaning úshinshi dáwiri 1820 -jıllarda Braziliya ǵárezsizlikke eriskennen keyin portugal kolonizatorlıǵınıń juwmaqlawshı basqıshın óz ishine aladı. Sol waqıtlarǵa kelip Afrika arqalı, Portugaliya Timorı, Portugaliya Hindstanı hám Portugaliya Makaosında plantatsiya xojalıqları kemeytirildi. 1890 -jıldaǵı Britaniya ultimatumi Afrika daǵı portugal ambitsiyalarining qısqarıwına alıp keldi. == Tariyx == === Baslanǵısh tariyx (1139—1415) === [[File:Infante D. Henrique na conquista de Ceuta, s. Xv. JPG|thumb|[[1415-jıl]]de [[Seuta]]dıń jawlap alıw etiliwine [[Sortıgator Genrix]] basshılıq etken hám Portugaliya imperiyasiga tiykar salǵan. ]] Portugaliya patshalıǵına rekonkista, yaǵnıy Pireney yarım atawınıń Al-Andalus arablaridan az-azdan qaytarıp alınıwı waqtında tiykar salınǵan<ref name=" DiffieWinius301" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=301]]</ref>. 1139 -jılda ózin bólek korollıǵılıq retinde járiyalaǵannan keyin, Portugaliya [[1249-jıl]]de Algarvega shekem jetip barıp, Al-Andalus aymaǵın qayta basıp alıwdı derlik juwmaqladi, biraq 1411-jılda [[Aylon shártnaması]] imzolanmaguncha onıń ǵárezsizligi qońsılas [[Kastiliya hám Leon patshaligi|Kastiliya]] tárepinen abay astında qaldı<ref name=" Newitt2005 p15-17" >[[harvnb|Newitt|2005|pp=15-17]]</ref>. Suverinitetiga iye bolǵan hám basqa Evropa mámleketleri urıslarına qatnaspaǵan Portugaliya itibarın shet aymaqlarǵa hám Arqa Afrikanıń musulman jerlerine bolatuǵın áskeriy ekspediciyaǵa qaratdi<ref name=" Newitt19" >[[harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=19]]</ref>. Portugallarning Arqa Afrika daǵı Marinid sultanlıǵına (házirgi Marokash) hújim etiwleri ushın bir neshe múmkinshiligıy sebepler bar edi. Áwele bul hújim Islamǵa qarsı xristian atanaq júriwin dawam ettiriw múmkinshiligi retinde qaraldi, áskeriy klasqa urıs maydanında dańq hám húrmet hám urıs oljaların wáde etdi, hám aqır-aqıbetde, bul Portugaliya sawdasın keńeytiw hám Portugaliyanıń ekonomikalıq páseńlewin sheshiw múmkinshiligi edi<ref name=" Newitt19" />. 1415-jılda Arqa Afrikanıń Orta jer teńizi boyında jaylasqan strategiyalıq áhmiyetke iye,[[Sahrası Úlken]]dagi altın hám qul sawdasınıń tiykarǵı portlarınan biri bolǵan musulman qalası [[Seuta]]ga hújim etildi. Seuta iyelenishi áskeriy muvafaqqiyat edi hám Portugaliyanıń [[Pireney yarım atawı]]den tısqarına keńeyiwindegi dáslepki qádemlerden biri boldı<ref>[[#refAbernethy|Abernethy]], p. 4</ref>. Biraq tez arada qalanı qamal etken musulman kúshlerine qarsı qorǵaw Portugallarga qımbatqa tústi<ref name=" Newitt21" >[[harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=21]]</ref><ref name=" DiffieWinius55" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=55]]</ref>. === Birinchi imperiya (1415—1663) === Portugaliya bu davrda Atlantika okeanida yangi yerlarni kashf etish bilan mashgʻul boʻldi<ref name="DiffieWinius55"/>. Ushbu siyosatning asosiy tarafdori Seutani qoʻlga kiritishda ishtirok etgan va 1460-jılda vafotigacha Portugaliyaning dengiz tadqiqotlarini targʻib qilish va moliyalashda yetakchi rol oʻynagan Navigator Infante Dom Genri edi<ref name="DiffieWinius56">[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=56]]: Henry, a product of 15th-century Portugal, was inspired by both religious and economic factors.</ref>. Oʻsha paytlarda yevropaliklar Afrika qirgʻogʻidagi Cape Bojadordan keyin nima borligini bilishmagan. Genri Afrikadagi musulmonlar hududi qanchalik kengayganini va dengiz orqali [[Osiyo mamlakatlari roʻyxati|Osiyoga]] yetib borish mumkinmi yoki yoʻqligini bilishni istardi<ref name="Anderson50">[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=50]]</ref>. Uning homiyligi ostida tez orada Atlantika okeanidagi [[Madeyra]] (1419) va [[Azor orollari]]ga (1427) yetib keldi va Portugaliya eksport qilish uchun bugʻdoy ishlab chiqara boshladi<ref name="Coates60">[[harvnb|Coates|2002|p=60]]</ref>. [[File:Caminho maritimo para a India.png|thumb|left|300px| [[legend-line|green solid 2px|Pêro da Covilhã va Afonso de Paivaning 1487–1488-jıllardagi Adenga umumiy yoʻli (yashil)]] [[legend-line|orange solid 2px|Covilhãning 1489–1490-jıllardagi yoʻli (apelsin rang)]] [[legend-line|blue solid 2px|Covilhãning 1490–1530-jıllardagi [[Efiopiya]]ga sayohati (koʻk)]] [[legend-line|black solid 2px|[[Vasco da Gama]]ning 1497–1499-jıldagi sayohati (qora)]] ]] Portugallarning asosiy maqsadi mustamlakachilik yoki bosqinchilik emas, balki savdo edi. Tez orada uning kemalari Yevropa bozoriga qimmatbaho oltin, fil suyagi, qalampir, paxta, shakar va qullarni olib kelishni boshladi. Qul savdosi, masalan, Lissabonda bir necha oʻnlab savdogarlar tomonidan amalga oshirilgan. Savdo yoʻllarini kengaytirish jarayonida portugal dengiz sayyohlari Afrikaning nomaʼlum qismlarini xaritaga tushirishdi va Hind okeanini oʻrganishni boshladilar. Pero de Kovilho 1487-jılda Hindistonga arab va hindlar bilan birga ekspedidtsiya uyushtirishga harakat qildi va Efiopiyaga yetib bordi. Uning maʼruzasi Lissabonda qiziqish bilan qarshilandi<ref>L.S. Stavrianos, ''The World since 1500: a Global history'' (1966) pp. 92-93</ref>. ==== Afrika qirgʻoqlari boʻylab dastlabki sayohatlar ==== 1443-jılda Genrixning ukasi va qirollikning muvaqqat podshohi Infante Dom Pedro Genrixga Cape Bojador janubidagi yerlarda urush va savdo ishlarini boshqarishni topshirdi<ref name="DiffieWinius68">[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=68]]</ref>. Keyinchalik papalikning ''Dum Diversas'' va ''Romanus Pontifex '' qarorlari bilan yangi ochilgan yerlarda yakkahokimlik Portugaliyaga berilgan<ref name="Daus33">[[harvnb|Daus|1983|p=33]]</ref>. Yangi yerlarning kashf etilishini tezlashtirgan katta muvaffaqiyat XV asrning oʻrtalarida Yevropada oʻsha paytda boshqa kemalarga qaraganda shamolga qarshi yuradigan karavellaning joriy etilishi edi<ref name="Boxer29">[[harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=29]]</ref>. Ushbu yangi dengiz texnologiyasidan foydalangan holda, portugal dengizchilari har jıli oʻrtacha bir darajaga koʻtarilib, janubiy kengliklarga yetib borishdi<ref name="Russell-Wood1998p9">[[harvnb|Russell-Wood|1998|p=9]]</ref>. Portugallar [[1445-jıl]]da [[Senegal]] va [[Kabo-Verde]] yarim oroliga kelishdi<ref name="Rodriguez79">[[harvnb|Rodriguez|2007|p=79]]</ref>. [[File:Lázaro Luis 1563.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.15|Lázaro Luisning Gʻarbiy Afrika xaritasi (1563). São Jorge da Minaning Gʻarbiy Afrikadagi qalʼa rasmi]] Xorijdagi birinchi [[faktoriya]] savdo posti [[1445-jıl]]da [[Mavritaniya]] sohilidagi Arguin orolida musulmon savdogarlarni jalb qilish va Shimoliy Afrikada dengiz sayohatlari yoʻnalishlarida biznesni monopollashtirish uchun tashkil etilgan. 1446-jılda Alvaro Fernandes deyarli hozirgi [[Syerra-Leone]]ga qadar bosib oldi va 1460-jıllarda Gvineya koʻrfaziga yetib bordi<ref name="DiffieWinius469">[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=469]]</ref>. [[Kabo-Verde]] orollari 1456-jılda kashf etilgan va 1462-jılda portugallar tomonidan egallangan. Portugallar [[1455-jıl]]da Madeyrada shakarqamishning kengayishi natijasida Sitsiliya va Genuyalik maslahatchilar yordami bilan Yevropada kam uchraydigan ''shirin tuz''ni ishlab chiqarishni boshladi. Qullar ayovsiz ishlatilgan va Madeyrada chetdan olib kelingan qullarning ulushi XVI asrga kelib umumiy aholining 10 % ga yetgan<ref>Godinho, V. M. ''Os Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundial'', Arcádia, 1965, Vol 1 and 2, Lisboa</ref>. [[1480-jıl]]ga kelib [[Antverpen]]da Madeyra shakar savdosi bilan shugʻullanadigan yetmishta kema bor edi. 1490-jıllarga kelib Madeyra shakar ishlab chiqarish boʻyicha Kiprni ortda qoldirdi<ref name="Ponting482">[[harvnb|Ponting|2000|p=482]]</ref>. Bartolomeo Markionni kabi shakar savdogarlarining muvaffaqiyati kelajakdagi sayohatlarga sarmoya kiritishga yordam berdi<ref name="Davis84">[[harvnb|Davis|2006|p=84]]</ref>. 1469-jılda shahzoda Genrix vafotidan soʻng va afrikadagi tadqiqotlarning arzimas daromadi natijasida qirol Afonso V Gvineya koʻrfazining bir qismida savdo yuritish huquqini savdogar Fernao Gomesga berdi<ref name="BethencourtCurto232">[[harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|p=232]]</ref>. Besh jıl davomida har jıli qirgʻoq boʻylab 100 milya (160 km)ni tadqiq qilgan Gomes Gvineya koʻrfazidagi orollarni, jumladan San-Tome va Prinsipi orollarini kashf etdi va mahalliy aholi oʻrtasida gullab-yashnayotgan allyuvial oltin savdosini topdi, arab va berber bilan uchrashdi<ref name="White138">[[harvnb|White|2005|p=138]]</ref>. Elmina va Portugaliya oʻrtasidagi savdo oʻn jıl davomida oʻsdi. Kastiliya merosxoʻrligi urushi paytida Kastiliya floti ushbu daromadli savdoni nazorat ostiga olishga harakat qildi, ammo 1478-jılgi Gvineya jangida qatʼiy magʻlubiyatga uchradi, bu esa portugallarning ushbu hududdagi nazoratini mustahkam oʻrnatdi. 1473-jılda Fernao Gomes Ekvatorni va 1482-jılda Kongo daryosini Diogo Kao boshchligidagi dengizchilar kesib oʻtdi. Aynan shu ekspeditsiya paytida portugallar birinchi marta Kongo qirolligiga duch kelishdi va u bilan tez orada yaxshi aloqalar oʻrnatildi<ref name="GannDuignan273">[[harvnb|Gann|Duignan|1972|p=273]]</ref>. 1485—1486-jıllarda Cão hozirgi Namibiya hududiga kiruvchi Keyp Krossga ekspeditsiyasini davom ettirdi<ref name="DiffieWinius156">[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=156]]</ref>. [[File:Portuguese Morocco.PNG|thumb|upright=1.35|Marokashdagi portugal mulklari (1415-1769)]] 1488-jılda Bartolomeu Dias Afrikaning janubiy chekkasida joylashgan [[Yaxshi umid burni]]ni aylanib chiqdi va bu Ptolemey davridan beri Hind okeani quruqlikka tutashmagan degan qarashning notoʻgʻri ekanligini isbotladi<ref name="Anderson59">[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=59]]</ref>. Bir vaqtning oʻzida quruqlik orqali ekspeditsiyasini davom ettirgan Pero da Kovilha Efiopiyaga yetib bordi va Hindistonga dengiz yoʻli kashf etilishiga juda yaqin keldi. Portugaliyaliklar Afrika qirgʻoqlarini oʻrganar ekanlar, ular oʻzlarining daʼvolarini koʻrsatuvchi Portugaliya gerbi bilan oʻjılgan bir qator tosh xochlarni qoldirdilar, qalʼalar va savdo markazlarini qurdilar<ref name="Newitt47">[[harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=47]]</ref>. Ular asosan qul va oltin savdosi bilan shugʻullandilar. Portugaliya bir asrdan koʻproq vaqt davomida Afrikaning dengiz orqali qul savdosi boʻyicha yakkahukmronlikka ega boʻlib, har jıli 800 ga yaqin qullarni olib ketishgan. Ularning aksariyati Portugaliya poytaxti Lissabonga olib kelingan va oʻsha davrda poytaxtda qora tanli afrikaliklar aholining 10 foizini tashkil qilgani taxmin qilinadi<ref name="Anderson55">[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=55]]</ref>. ==== Tordesillas shartnomasi (1494) ==== 1492-jılda [[Christopher Columbus]]ning Ispaniya uchun Osiyo deb tahmin qilinlagan [[Yangi dunyo]]ni kashf etishi ispanlar va portugallar oʻrtasida tortishuvlarga olib keldi<ref name="McAlister73-75">[[harvnb|McAlister|1984|pp=73–75]]</ref>. Ular oxir-oqibat [[1494-jıl]]da Tordesillas shartnomasi orqali oʻzaro Yevropadan chetda boʻlgan Yangi dunyoni taqsimlab olishdi<ref name="BethencourtCurto165">[[harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|p=165]]</ref>. Biroq, oʻsha paytda uzunlikni toʻgʻri oʻlchash imkoni boʻlmagani uchun, aniq chegara ikki davlat tomonidan [[1777-jıl]]gacha bahsli boʻlib kelgan<ref name="DiffieWinius174">[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=174]]</ref>. Portugallar Diasning [[Yaxshi umid burni]]ga qilgan sayohatini davom ettirish uchun nega toʻqqiz jıl kutishganini aniqlash tarixchilar orasida bahsli hisoblanadi. Ularning tahminiga koʻra sirli ekspeditsiyalar davom ettirilgan<ref name="DiffieWinius176">[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=176]]</ref><ref name="Boxer36">[[harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=36]]</ref>. Portugaliyaning Osiyoga dengiz yoʻlini topishdek koʻp jıllik maqsadiga nihoyat [[Vasco da Gama]] qoʻmondonligidagi ulkan ekspeditsiya aʼzolari erishdi<ref name="DiffieWinius176-185">[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=176–185]]</ref>. ==== Portugallarning Hind okeaniga kirishi ==== [[Vasco da Gama]] ekspeditsiyasi aʼzolari [[1497-jıl]]da Portugaliyani tark etib, Keypni aylanib oʻtib va [[Sharqiy Afrika]] qirgʻoqlari boʻylab davom etdi. U yerda mahalliy dengizchilar ularni Hind okeani orqali 1498-jıl may oyida Kalikutga boshlab borishdi. Shu tarzda dengiz orqali Hindistonga yangi yoʻl kashf etildi. Hindistonga ikkinchi ekspeditsiyani Kabral boshchiligida dengizchilar amalga oshirishdi. Ular ham Atlantika okeani orqali Hindistonga dengiz yoʻlini ochishni maqsad qilishgan edi. Ammo 1500-jılda Braziliya qirgʻoqlariga borib tushishdi va shunday qilib Braziliya kashf etildi. Bu, ehtimol, tasodifiy kashfiyotdir, ammo taxminlarga koʻra, portugaliyaliklar [[Braziliya]]ning mavjudligini yashirincha bilishgan va u Tordesilyas chizigʻida joylashgan<ref name="McAlister75">[[harvnb|McAlister|1984|p=75]]</ref>. Kabral Portugaliya qiroliga ushbu yangi hududlarni Portugaliya mulkiga aylantirishni tavsiya qildi va 1501-jıl va 1503-jıllarda ikkita yangi ekspeditsiyalarni amalga oshirdi. Ushbu hududda katta miqdorda oʻrmon va chakalakzorlar topildi, ammo oltin va kumush topilmaganligi portugallarni eʼtiborini yana Hindistonga qaratishiga sabab boʻldi<ref name="McAlister76">[[harvnb|McAlister|1984|p=76]]</ref>. [[1502-jıl]]da Hind okeanining keng hududida savdo hukmronligini qoʻlga olish, Portugaliya imperiyasining savdo kemalarini qaroqchilar va raqib davlatlardan himoya qilish uchun kartaz litsenziyalash tizimini yaratdi<ref name="DiffieWinius274,320-323">[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=274, 320–323]]</ref>. Tristau da Kunya va Afonso de Albukerke qoʻmondonligi ostidagi portugal floti [[Qizil dengiz]]ga kiraverishdagi Sokotrani [[1506-jıl]]da va [[Maskat]]ni [[1507-jıl]]da bosib oldi<ref>[[veb manbasi|url=https://www.keralatourism.org/destination/thangasseri-kollam/296|title=Thangasseri, Kollam, Dutch Quilon, Kerala|website=Kerala Tourism]]</ref><ref name="Abeyasinghe2">[[harvnb|Abeyasinghe|1986|p=2]]</ref>. Ormuzni zabt eta olmagach, ular Hind okeaniga va undan keyingi yerlarda savdo qilishni taʼqiqlash strategiyasiga amal qilishdi<ref name="Disney2009b128">[[harvnb|Disney|2009b|p=128]]</ref><ref name="DiffieWinius233,235">[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=233, 235]]</ref>. [[Madagaskar]] Cunha tomonidan qisman tadqiq etilgan va Mavrikiy esa Cunha va Albuquerque tomonidan ochilgan<ref name="Macmillan11">[[harvnb|Macmillan|2000|p=11]]</ref>. Sokotra qoʻlga kiritilgandan soʻng, Cunha va Albuquerque alohida ish olib bordilar. Cunha savdo maqsadlarida Hindiston va Portugaliya orasida sayohat qilgan boʻlsa, Albuquerque Almeydaning uch jıllik vakolati tugaganidan keyin gubernator lavozimini egallash uchun Hindistonga bordi. Ammo Almeyda hokimiyatni topshirishdan bosh tortdi va tez orada Albuquerqueni uy qamogʻiga oldi va u yerda 1509-jılgacha qoldi<ref name="DiffieWinius237-239">[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=237–239]]</ref>. Manuel I Almeydadan Malakka va Shri-Lankadagi hududlarni yanada batafsil oʻrganishni soʻragan boʻlsa-da, Almeyda buning oʻrniga Hindistonning gʻarbiy qismiga, xususan, Gujarat sultonligiga eʼtibor qaratishni lozim deb topdi. Chunki Almeydaning mintaqadagi savdogarlar boshqa joylarga nisbatan koʻproq kuchga ega ekanligidan shubhalari bor edi. [[Mamluklar|Mamluk sultonligi]] sultoni Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Gavri va Gujarat sultonligi Chaul portida portugal kuchlariga hujum qildi, natijada Almeydaning oʻgʻli bu urushda vafot etdi. Bunga javoban portugallar 1509-jılda Diu dengizidagi jangda Mamluklar va Gujaratlar flotlarini tor-mor qilishdi<ref name="Disney2009b128-29">[[harvnb|Disney|2009b|pp=128–129]]</ref>. Almeydaning dáslepki urınısları menen bir qatarda, Manuel I jáne onıń Lissabondagi keńesi hákimiyattı Hind okeanında bólistiriwge háreket etip, ush jónelisti jarattı : Albuquerque [[Qızıl teńiz]]ga, Diogo Lopes de Sequeira Perishteka sultanı menen shártlesiwge erisiw ushın Qublası -Arqa Aziyaǵa, Xorxe de Aguiar, keyin bolsa Duarte de Lemos [[Jaqsı úmit burni]] hám Gujarat ortasındaǵı aymaqǵa jiberildi<ref name=" DiffieWinius245-247" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=245-247]]</ref><ref name=" Subrahmanyam67-83" >[[harvnb|Subrahmanyam|2012|pp=67-83]]</ref>. <gallery widths=" 200 px" heights=" 200 px" > File:A partida de vasco de Gama para a Índia em 1497.jpg|1497-jılda [[vasco de Gama]]dıń [[Indiya]]ga jo'nab ketiwi File:Portuguese discoveries and explorationsv2 en.png|Portugaliya jańa ashılıwları hám izertlewleri: birinshi jetip kelgen jayları hám sáneleri; Portugaliyanıń tiykarǵı tatımlıq sawda jolları (kók) File:Portuguese Carracks off a Rocky Coast.jpg|Santa-Katarina do Monte Sinay sawda kemesi. Portugal Armadasining qudıreti hám kúshiniń úlgisi edi. File:Codice Casanatense Portuguese Nobleman.jpg|XvI asirdegi portugal zodagonining Indiya daǵı mulozimlar menen Filei </gallery> ==== Aziya, Afrika hám Hind okeanında teńiz sawdası ==== ===== Goa, Perishteka hám Qublası -Arqa Aziya ===== [[File:Asia oceania anonymous c1550.jpg|thumb|upright=1. 35|XvI hám XvII ásirlerde orayı [[Goa]] bolǵan Arqa Portugaliya imperiyasi (Estado de Índia) ]] [[1509-jıl]] aqırına kelip,[[vasco de Gama]] Indiyaǵa joldı jańalıq ashqannan keyin, Albuquerque paytaxtı [[Goa|Eski Goa]] bolǵan [[Tómen-Indiya]]dıń vice-korolı boldı<ref name=" Disney2009 b129" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=129]]</ref>. Almeydadan ayrıqsha bolıp esaplanıw, Albuquerque teńiz flotın bekkemlew, sonıń menen birge, korollıǵılıq máplerine kóbirek xizmet etiw menen shuǵıllangan<ref name=" DiffieWinius238" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=238]]</ref>. Onıń birinshi maqseti Kerala hám Gujarat ortasındaǵı qorǵaw qorǵanı retinde strategiyalıq jaylasıwı, sonıń menen birge, arab atların import qılıwda zárúrligi sebepli [[Goa]]ni jawlap alıw etiw edi<ref name=" Disney2009 b128-29" />. 1510 -jılda Bijapur sultanlıgınan Goaning qolǵa alınıwına tez arada bijapurilar qarsı shıqtı, biraq hindu jeke menshikdori Timoji járdemi menen sol jıldıń 25-noyabrinde qala portugallar tárepinen qayta qolǵa alındı<ref name=" Shastry34-45" >[[harvnb|Shastry|2000|pp=34-45]]</ref><ref name=" Disney2009 b130" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=130]]</ref>. Goa qalasında Albuquerque [[1510-jıl]]de [[Indiya]]de birinshi portugal teńgesin ashtı<ref name=" deSouza220" >[[harvnb|de Souza|1990|p=220]]</ref>. Ol Portugaliyalıq kóshpelinchilarni jergilikli hayallarǵa úyleniwge shaqırıq etdi, Áwliye Ketrin húrmetine shirkew qurdi hám hindlarning sıyınıwxonalarini qorǵaw hám salıq talapların kemeytiw arqalı jergilikli hindlar menen baylanıs ornatıwǵa háreket etdi<ref name=" Disney2009 b130" />. Portugallar qubla Indiya daǵı [[vijayanagar|vijayanagar imperiyasi]]menen dos sıpatında baylanıslardı saqlap qalǵan<ref name=" Mehta291" >[[harvnb|Mehta|1980|p=291]]</ref>. [[1511-jıl]] aprel ayında Albuquerque sol dáwirdiń eń iri tatımlıqlar bazarı bolǵan Malayziya daǵı [[Perishteka]]ga júzip keldi<ref name=" Ricklefs23" >[[harvnb|Ricklefs|1991|p=23]]</ref><ref name=" Kratoska2004 p98" >[[harvnb|Kratoska|2004|p=98]]</ref>. Sawdada tiykarınan gujaratilar ústinlik etken bolsa -de, túrkler, parsılar, armanlar, tamillar hám efiopiyalılar sıyaqlı basqa gruppalar da sawda etiwgan<ref name=" Kratoska2004 p98" />. Albuquerque tatımlıqlar sawdasında musulmanlar hám venetsiyaliklarning tásirine tosqınlıq jasaw hám Lissabon tásirin asırıw ushın Perishtekani ózine boysundirishni joba etdi<ref name=" Gipouloux2011 p301-302" >[[harvnb|Gipouloux|2011|pp=301-302]]</ref>. 1511-jıldıń iyuliga kelip Albuquerque Perishtekani iyelep aldı hám Antonio de Abreu hám Fransisko Serraoni ([[Ferdinand Fmagellan]]menen birge) Indoneziya arxipelagini úyreniw ushın jiberdi<ref name=" Newitt2005 p78" >[[harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=78]]</ref>. [[File:Iberian mare clausum claims. svg|thumb|Jańa ashılıwlar dáwirinde iberiyaning aymaqlarǵa xalıq aralıq dawa huqıqı. Afonso de Albuquerquening Hind okeanın qorshap alıw strategiyası kórsetilgen. ]] Perishteka yarım atawı Portugaliyanıń [[Qıtay]] hám [[Qublası-Arqa Aziya]]menen sawda-satıq jumısları keńeyiwi ushın strategiyalıq bazaǵa aylandı. Qalanı qorǵaw ushın ''A Famosa'' dep atalǵan kúshli dárwaza qurıldı hám bul dárwaza búgin de saqlanıp qalınǵan<ref name=" Ooi2009 p202" >[[harvnb|Ooi|2009|p=202]]</ref>. Siamlarning Perishteka boyınsha maqsetlerin bilip, Albuquerque tezlik penen Duarte Fernandesni Siam patshalıǵına (zamanagóy Tailand ) diplomatik missiyaga jiberdi, ol bul korollıǵılıqtaǵı birinshi evropalıq bolıp, eki korollıǵılıq ortasında dos sıpatında munasábetler hám sawda baylanıslardı ornatdi<ref name=" Lach520 -521" >[[harvnb|Lach|1994|pp=520 -521]]</ref><ref>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania by Barbara A. West. Infobase Publishing, 2009.p. 800</ref>. Portugaliya imperiyasi qublaǵa qaray jıljıdı hám 1512-jılda Timor jańalıq ashıldı. Xorxe de Meneses 1526 -jılda [[Jańa Gvineya]]ni jańalıq ashıp, onı „Papua atawı“ dep at berdi<ref name=" QuanchiRobson2005" >[[kitob deregi| last1=Quanchi| first1=Max| last2=Robson| first2=John| title=Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=FUwDzM94 jGUC| year=2005| publisher=Scarecrow Press| isbn=978-0-8108-6528-0| page=xliii]]</ref>. 1517-jılda João de Silveira [[Chittagong]]<ref>de Silva Jayasuriya, p. 86</ref> flotına komandirlik etdi hám 1528-jılǵa kelip portugallar Chittagongda óz húkimranlıǵın ornatdilar<ref name=" Harris225" >[[kitob deregi|last=Harris|first=Jonathan Gil|title=The First Firangis|url=https://books.google. com/books? id=Y4 i7 BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT225|year=2015|publisher=Aleph Book Company|isbn=978-93-83064-91-5|page=225]]</ref>. ===== Qıtay hám Yaponiya ===== [[File:Macau Trade Routes.png|upright=1. 35|thumb|Portugallarning [[Yaponiya]]dıń [[Nagasaki]] qalasına saparı. ]] Rimlikler [[Kishi Aziya]] arqalı qurǵaqlıqta Qıtayǵa birinshi jetip keliwgen bolsa, Jorge Alvares teńiz arqalı bul mámleketke jetip kelgen dáslepki evropalıq boldı<ref>[[kitob deregi| last1=Twitchett| first1=Denis Crispin| last2=Fairbank| first2=John King| title=The Cambridge History of China| year=1978| isbn=978-0-521-24333-9| page=336]]</ref><ref name=" Edmonds2002" >[[kitob deregi| editor-last=Edmonds| editor-first=Richard L.| title=China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=mXoFscQ2 QwsC| date=September 2002| publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=978-0-521-52403-2| page=1]]</ref><ref name=" Ward2008" >[[kitob deregi| last=Ward| first=Gerald W. R.| title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques ın Art| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=mkJfbdTS--UC| year=2008| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19 -531391-8| page=37]]</ref><ref name=" Gleason2007" >[[kitob deregi| last=Gleason| first=Carrie| title=The Biography of Tea| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=o-54 TjlhrfIC| year=2007| publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company| isbn=978-0-7787-2493-3| page=12]]</ref>. Ol sonıń menen birge [[Hong Kong]]ni jańalıq ashqan dáslepki evropalıq sayaxatshıdir<ref>Hong Kong & Macau 14 By Andrew Stone, Piera Chen, Chung Wah Chow Lonely Planet, 2010.pp. 20 -21</ref><ref>Hong Kong & Macau By Jules Brown Rough Guides, 2002.p. 195</ref>. Indiya Estadosining vice-korolı Albuquerque Evropalıqlardıń jergilikli xalıq menen sawda baylanısların jolǵa qoyıw ushın Rafael Perestreloni Qıtayǵa jo'natdi<ref>[[veb deregi| url=http://algarvedailynews. com/features/history/4372-tne-portuguese-ın-the-far-east| title=Tne Portuguese ın the Far East| publisher=Algarvedailynews. com| access-date=2013-04-18| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20130130144843/http://algarvedailynews. com/features/history/4372-tne-portuguese-ın-the-far-east| archive-date=2013-01-30 ]] [[Webarxiv|url=https://web. archive. org/web/20130130144843/http://algarvedailynews. com/features/history/4372-tne-portuguese-ın-the-far-east| date=2013-01-30 ]]</ref><ref>[[veb deregi|url=http://www. china. org. cn/english/culture/119676. htm|title='Portugal's Discovery ın China' az waqıt Display|website=www. china. org. cn]]</ref>. [[File:Macau oldmap.jpg|thumb|left|[[1639-jıl]]dagi Portugaliya koloniyası Makao yarımatawınıń Filei]] Qıtay sawda portların Portugaliyanıń óz mápleri ushın kúsh menen ashıwǵa háreketi eki mámleket ortasında jangga alıp keldi hám Tamãodagi Tunmen jangida portugallar [[Min (úrim-putaq )| Min]]larda jeńiliwge dus keldiler.[[1521-jıl]]de Lantau atawı daǵı Sincouwaan jangida portugallar 2 kemasini joǵatdılar. Sonıń menen birge [[1548-jıl]]de Dongshan yarımatawı qasındaǵı Shuanyudaa bolıp ótken jangda taǵı 2 kemeleri joǵatildi hám kóplegen portugallar Qıtaylıqlar tárepinen qolǵa alındı.[[1549-jıl]] Galeote Pereira hám portugallarning eki kemesi iyelendi. Bul sawashlar dawamında [[Min (úrim-putaq )| Min]]lar jeńiliwge dus kelgen portugallardan qural -qurallardı iyelep aldılar, keyin olar Qıtayda ǵalabalıq islep shıǵarıla baslandı. Portugallar keyin Qıtayǵa tınısh jol menen qaytıp keliwdi hám Luso-Qıtay shártlesiwi (1554) shártnaması qol qoyıldı. Portugallar Luso-Qıtay shártlesiwinde Franklar ornına ózlerin Portugaliyalıqlar atı menen tanıstırdılar hám Minlarga hár jılı júzlegen gúmis lyan (pul birligi) larni berip, Qıtaydan Makaonı sawda noqatı retinde kireyge aldılar<ref>p. 343-344, Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank,[https://books.google. com/books? id=tvhvh6 ibLJcC&lpg=PA344&dq=Leonel%20 de%20 Sousa%20 Macau&pg=PA344#v=onepage&q=Leonel%20 de%20 Sousa%20 Macau&f=false The Cambridge history of China, volume 2; volume 8], Cambridge University Press, 1978, [[ISBN|0-521-24333-5]]</ref>. Biraq waqıt ótip eki mádeniyat ortasındaǵı dáslepki uyqaslıqqa qaramay, kóp ótpey, bir-birine salıstırǵanda tushunmovchilik, dinge berilgenlik hám hátte dushpanlıq da payda bóle basladı<ref name=" smithsonianmag. com" >[[veb deregi| url=http://www. smithsonianmag. com/history-arsha aǵashıeology/portugal_exhibit. html| title=When Portugal Ruled the Seas | History & Arsha aǵashıeology | Smithsonian Magazine| publisher=Smithsonianmag. com| access-date=2013-04-18| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20121225010332/http://www. smithsonianmag. com/history-arsha aǵashıeology/portugal_exhibit. html| archive-date=2012-12-25 ]] [[Webarxiv|url=https://web. archive. org/web/20121225010332/http://www. smithsonianmag. com/history-arsha aǵashıeology/portugal_exhibit. html| date=2012-12-25 ]]</ref>. Portugaliyalıq teńizshi Simão de Andrade óziniń qaraqshılıq iskerligi, Qıtay kemelerin wayran etiwi, Qıtaylıq hámeldarǵa hújimi hám Qıtaylıqlardı urlawı sebepli Portugaliyanıń Qıtay menen munasábetlerine suwıqshılıq keltirdi. Andrade Tamao atawı daǵı qorǵanda edi. Qıtaylıqlar Simão Qıtaylıq ul hám qızlardı kewilge tiyiwlaganini dawa qılıwdi<ref name=" Jesus5" >[[harvnb|Jesus|1902|p=5]]</ref>. Qıtaylıqlar Portugaliyalıqlardı quwıp shıǵıwǵa hám Tamaoni qaytarıp alıw ushın Portugaliyalıq karavellarga qarsı arzımas áskerdi jiberdiler. Nátiyjede, Qıtaylıqlar kóplegen portugallarni óltirilishini hám olardı teńizge quwıp shıǵıw haqqında pármandi járiyaladılar<ref name=" Dodge226" >[[harvnb|Dodge|1976|p=226]]</ref><ref name=" Whiteway339" >[[harvnb|Whiteway|1899|p=339]]</ref>. Bintan sultanı Tóbeas Pires qol astında bir neshe Portugaliyalıqtı qamawǵa alǵannan keyin, Qıtaylıqlar 23 portugallikni óltirdiler hám qalǵanların qamaqxanaǵa tasladılar, olar jaman, geyde ólimli sharayatlarda yashadılar. Keyin Qıtaylıqlar 1545 hám 1549 -jıllarda Qıtaylıqlardı ǵázeplentirgen portugallarning qıraq boylap keń kólemli hám zıyanlı qaraqshılıqları sebepli Ningbo hám Fujian sawda noqatlarında jasawshı portugallarni ǵalabalıq oba etdilar<ref name=" Dodge226" />. Bul dáwirde portugal qaraqshıları yaponlardan keyin ekinshi orında turardı. Biraq keyinirek portugallar Qıtay kemelerin talashni toqtatdilar hám eki ortada sawda júrgiziw taǵı basladı. 1557-jılda Qıtay húkimeti Portugaliyalıqlarǵa [[Makao]]de jaylasıwǵa ruxsat berip,[[Qıtay]],[[Yaponiya]],[[Goa]] hám [[Evropa]] ortasında tovarlar sawdası bazasın jarattı<ref name=" Dodge226" /><ref name=" Disney2009 b175, 184" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=175, 184]]</ref>. ===== Tatımlıqlar atawları (Maluku) hám Saragosa shártnaması ===== [[File:Attributed tap Kano Sanraku - Important Cultural Property Namban Screens - Google Art Project2.jpg|thumb|320 px|Portugaliya Yaponiya hám Qıtay menen sawda jolların ornatǵan birinshi Evropa mámleketi boldı. Yaponiya ekspediciyasında Portugaliya kemelerindegi ekipajlarning zárúrli bólegi hind nasroniylari edi]] Portugallarning Aziyadaǵı ekspediciyaları basqalarda da úlken qızıǵıwshılıq oyatdı.[[1521-jıl]][[Ferdinand Fmagellan]][[Filippin]]ga keldi hám [[Ispaniya imperiyasi]] múlki dep járiyaladı<ref>[[kitob deregi|title=Interracial Intimacy ın Japan|first=Gary P.| last=Leupp|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]| year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6074-5|page=35]]</ref>.[[1525-jıl]]de Charlz v Molukka atawların koloniya qılıw ushın ekspediciya jiberdi hám bul aymaq Tordesillas shártnaması aymaǵında jaylasqanlıǵın dawa etdi, sebebi shıǵısda hesh qanday shegara joq edi. García Jofre de Loaísa ekspediciyası Molukkaga jetip bardı. Biraq portugallar Ternate qasında óz húkimranlıǵın ornatǵan edi hám eki mámleket bul aymaqlar ushın on jıllar dawamında urıslar alıp bardi. 1529 -jılda Saragosa shártnaması menen Molukkani [[Portugaliya]]ga,[[Filippin]]ni bolsa [[Ispaniya imperiyasi|Ispaniya]]ga beriw tuwrısında qarar qabıllandı<ref name=" Ooi2004 p1340" >[[harvnb|Ooi|2004|p=1340]]</ref>. Portugaliyalıqlar 1530 -jıldan Bruney imperiyasi menen úzliksiz sawda etkenler hám Bruney paytaxtın tas diywal menen oralǵan dep súwretlewgen. ===== Qubla Aziya, Parsı qoltıqı hám Qızıl teńiz ===== [[File:Paydain Fort 1.jpg|thumb|left|Portugal qorǵanı,[[Paydayn]]dagi eń jaqsı saqlanıp qalǵan qorǵanlardan biri]] Portugaliya imperiyasi Ajuran imperiyasi hám Osmanlı imperiyasi menen tatımlıqlar sawdasın baqlaw ushın gúresip, Parsı qoltıqına qáwip sola basladı. 1515-jılda Afonso de Albuquerque Parsı qoltıqınıń basında jaylasqan Huvala mámleketin bo'ysundirib, onı Portugaliya vassaliga aylantırdı. Biraq [[Adan (qala )| Adan]] sol jılı Albuquerquening hújimlerine, sonıń menen birge 1516 -jılda Lopo Soares de Albergarianing hújimlerine qattı qarsılıq kórsetdi.[[1521-jıl]]de Anto'nio Correia basshılıǵındaǵı ásker Jabrid patshası Muqrin ibn Zomilni jeńiliske ushıraǵan etip, Paydaynni iyelep aldı<ref>Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p. 37</ref>. Portugallar keyingi júz jıllar dawamında Parsı qoltıqınıń qubla bóleginde húkimranlıq etdiler. 1497-jıldan beri [[Lissabon]]ni [[Goa]]menen baylanıstıratuǵın úzliksiz teńiz jolı menen Mozambik atawı strategiyalıq portqa aylandı hám onda São Sebastião qorǵanı hám emlewxana qurıldı. Azor atawları quramına kiretuǵın Armada atawları Lissabonga ketetuǵın kemeler qawipsizligin támiyinlagan<ref name=" O'Flanagan125" >[[harvnb|O'Flanagan|2008|p=125]]</ref>. 1534-jılda Gujarat [[Boburiylar]], Chitor hám Manduning Rajput shtatları tárepinen hújimge dus keldi. Gujarat sultanı Bahodurshoh portugallar menen mámleketin kóp aymaǵın basqa hind mámleketlerinen qaytarıp alıw ushın Basseyn shártnamasın imzolab, óz-ara birlespe tuzdi. Bunıń ornına ol Daman, Diu, Mumbay hám Basseyndi portugallarga berdi. Sonıń menen birge, ol bojlarni tólew hám at sawdasına ruxsat beriw ushın Qızıl teńizge jo'naydigan hám Basseyn arqalı ótetuǵın Gujarati kemeleriniń sawdasın tártipke saldı<ref name=" Pearson1976 pp74-82" >[[harvnb|Pearson|1976|pp=74-82]]</ref>.[[Boburiylar|Boburiy]] húkimdarı [[Humoyun]] Batırǵa qarsı urısda tabıs qazanganidan keyin, portugallar menen shártlerdi tastıyıqlaw ushın basqa shártnama imzoladi hám Diuda qorǵan qurılısına ruxsat berdi. Oradan kóp ótpey Humoyun itibarın basqa tárepke qaratdı hám gujaratlar Osmanlılar menen birlespe tuzib, Diu ústinen qadaǵalawdı tiklab, qorǵandı qamal etdiler. 1538 hám 1546 -jıllardaǵı eki áwmetsiz qamal Osmanlılardıń maqsetlerine shek qoydı, bul regiondaǵı Portugaliya gegemonligini tastıyıqlandi<ref name=" Pearson1976 pp74-82" /><ref name=" Malekandathil116 -118" >[[harvnb|Malekandathil|2010|pp=116 -118]]</ref>, sonıń menen birge, portugallar [[Boburiylar]]den ústinlikke iye boldı<ref name=" Mathew138" >[[harvnb|Mathew|1988|p=138]]</ref>. Biraq,[[Osmanlılar imperiyasi|Osmanlılar]] 1541-jılda [[Qızıl teńiz]] hám [[Sinay yarım atawı]]de, 1546 hám 1552-jıllarda [[Parsı qoltıqi]]dıń arqa regioninde portugallarning hújimlerine qarsı gúresdilar<ref>[[kitob deregi|first1=Mesut|last1=Uyar|first2=Edward|last2=J. Erickson|title=A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman tap Atatürk|publisher=ABC-CLIO| year=2003|isbn=0275988767|url=https://books.google. com/books? id=JgfNBKHG7 S8 C&pg=PA76 ]]</ref><ref>D. João de Castro [http://www. columbia. edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00 generallinks/kerr/vol06 chap03 sect01 to05. html ''The voyage of Dán Stefano de Gama from Goa tap Suez, ın 1540, with the intention of Burning the Turkish Galleys at that port''] (volume 6, Chapter 3, eText) </ref>. ===== Sahrası Úlkennen qubla daǵı aymaqlar ===== [[File:Saint Francis Xavier taking leave of King John III (1635) - José Avelar Rebelo.png|thumb|Áwliye Francis Xavier Portugaliya patshası Ioann III den Aziyaǵa missionerlik ekspediciyasın uyushtirishga ruqsat soranıp atır]] [[Efiopiya]]menen bir qatar uzaq múddetli baylanıslardan keyin, Portugaliya elshixonasi 1520 -jılda Rodrigo de Lima basshılıǵındaǵı Efiopiya (Efiopiyalıiston) patshalıǵı menen baylanıs ornatdı. <ref name=Abir86>Abir, p. 86</ref><ref>Appiah; Gates, p. 130</ref>. Tez arada olardıń baylanısları óz-ara birlespe dúziwge shekem bardı<ref>Chesworth; Thomas p. 86</ref>. Portugaliya hám Efiopiya aymaqlarındaǵı túrklerdiń aldınǵa jılısıwı qáweteri de olardıń birlespeinde rol oynadi<ref name=Abir86/><ref>Newitt (2004), p. 86</ref>. Adal sultanlıǵı [[1529-jıl]]de Shimbra Kure jangida Efiopiyalıqlardı jeńiliske ushıraǵan etdi hám islam dini regionda jáne de tarqaldı. Portugaliya patsha Gelawdewosga portugal askarlari hám mushketlari menen járdem berdi. Osmanlılar Adal sultanlıǵına askarlar menen járdem bergen bolsalar -de, 1543-jılda vayna Daga jangida Adali sultan Ahmad ibn Ibrohim al-G'oziy opat etkeninen keyin, Adal-Osmanlı qospa áskerleri chekindi<ref>Black, p. 102</ref><ref name=" Stapleton2013 p121" >[[harvnb|Stapleton|2013|p=121]]</ref><ref>Cohen, pp. 17-18</ref>. ===== Missionerlik ekspediciyaları ===== 1542-jılda iyezuit missioneri Francis Xavier Portugaliya patshası Ioann III tapsırig'iga qaray Apostol nunsiaturasiga juwapker bolǵan [[Goa]]ga keldi. Áyne sol waqıtta Francisco Zeimoto, Anto'nio Mota hám basqa sawdagerler birinshi ret Yaponiyaǵa óz saparların ámelge asırıp atır edi. Bul sayaxatda bolǵanın dawa etken Fernão Mendes Pintoning sózlerine kóre, olar Tanegashimaga jetip keliwgen, onda jergilikli xalıq o'qotar qurallardan tańlanıwda qalǵan. Keyinirek bul qurallar Yaponiyada ǵalabalıq túrde islep shıǵılǵan<ref name=" Pacey1991" >[[kitob deregi| last=Pacey| first=Arnold| title=Technology ın World Civilization: A Thousand-year History| url=https://archive. org/details/technologyinworl0000 pace| url-access=registration| year=1991| publisher=MIT Press| isbn=978-0-262-66072-3]]</ref>.[[1570-jıl]]ga kelip portugallar Yaponiya portınıń bir bólegin satıp aldılar, onda olar [[Nagasaki]] qalasınıń kishi bir bólegine tiykar salındılar<ref>Yosaburō Takekoshi, „The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan“, [[ISBN|0-415-32379 -7]]. </ref> hám qala [[Qıtay]] hám [[Evropa]]menen úshmúyeshlik sawdada Yaponiyanıń tiykarǵı sawda portına aylandı<ref name=" Disney2009 b195" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=195]]</ref>. Óz sawdasın Evropa hám Aziya básekichilaridan qorǵaw etken Portugaliya tekǵana Aziya hám Evropa ortasındaǵı sawdada, bálki [[Indiya]],[[Indoneziya]],[[Qıtay]] hám [[Yaponiya]] sıyaqlı Aziya hám Afrikanıń túrli regionları ortasındaǵı sawdada da ústinlik etdi. Iyezuit missionerlari portugallarga ergashib, rim katolik dinin Aziya hám Afrikada kúsh hám zorlıqshılıq menen jayıwǵa háreketlerdi aparıwdi<ref name=" BethencourtCurto262-265" >[[harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|pp=262-265]]</ref>. ==== Amerikada kolonizatorlik háreketleri ==== [[File:Capitanias.jpg|thumb|left|Braziliyanıń 15 áwladdan áwladqa miyraslar qalatuǵın koloniyalarini kórsetetuǵın 1574-jıldaǵı karta]] ===== Kanada ===== Tordesillas shártnamasına tiykarınan patshalar Manuel I, Ioann III hám Sebastian basshılıǵındaǵı Portugaliya imperiyasi Arqa Amerikada da aymaqlıq huqıqlarǵa dawa etdi. Sol maqsette, 1499 hám 1500-jıllarda João Fernandes Lavrador Grenlandiya hám Kanadanıń arqa Atlantikalıq qurǵaqlıqların úyrendi<ref name=" DiffieWinius464" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=464]]</ref>. Keyinirek, 1500—1501 hám 1502-jıllarda ájaǵa -úke Gaspar hám Miguel Corte-Real Kanadanıń Newfoundland hám Labrador provinsiyalari hám Grenlandiyanı izertlew etip, bulmanlardı Portugaliya múlki dep dawa qılıwdı.[[1506-jıl]]de patsha Manuel I Newfoundland arqalında balıq tutıw ushın salıq ámeldegi etdi. Shama menen 1521-jılda João Alvares Fagundesga Sent-Lorens qoltıqınıń ishki atawlarına qayırqomlıq huqıqı berdi hám sonıń menen birge, balıq tutıw ushın tiykar bolıp xizmet etiwi ushın Keyp Breton atawında xalıq punkti jarattı. Jergilikli xalıq hám básekiles Evropa balıqchiliklarining bul aymaqlarda turaqlı qalıw ushın jańa qalalar payda bolıwına tosqınlıq etdi hám bes jıldan keyin bul aymaqlar tark etildi. Keyingi yarım ásir dawamında Newfoundlandda xalıq punktlerin shólkemlestiriwge bolǵan bir neshe urınıslar da áwmetsizlikke dus keldi<ref name=" Disney2009 a116" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 a|p=116]]</ref>. ===== Braziliya ===== Kabral [[Braziliya]]ni jańalıq ashqannan keyin,[[Fransiya]] bul aymaq ushın Portugaliga básekishige aylandı. 1503-jılda Gonçalo Coelho komandirligi astındaǵı ekspediciya Braziliya arqalında fransuzlarning hújimleri haqqında xabar berdi, <ref name=" HerringHerring214" >[[harvnb|Herring|Herring|1968|p=214]]</ref> hám fransuz teńiz izertlewshisi Bınat Paulmier de Gonneville bir jıldan keyin Braziliya qublaında baylanıs ornatǵannan keyin ''brazilwood'' ushın sawda etdi<ref>Metcalf (2006 ), p. 60</ref>.[[Arqa Amerika]] arqalı boylap Francis I qáwenderlik etken ekspediciyalar Tordesillas shártnamasın tuwrıdan-tuwrı buzdi<ref name=" PickettPickett14" >[[harvnb|Pickett|Pickett|2011|p=14]]</ref>. 1531-jılǵa kelip, fransuzlar Braziliya jaǵaındaǵı aral qasında sawda postini qurdilar<ref name=" PickettPickett14" />. [[File:Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png|upright=1. 35|thumb|[[1598-jıl]] Portugaliya hám Ispaniya patshası Philip II waqtında Iberiya birlespei]] Fransuzlarning Braziliyada aǵash kontrabandasining kúsheytiwi João III ni bul aymaqtı ishkerilew basıp alıwǵa háreket etiwge májbúr etdi<ref name=" Marley2008 p76" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=76]]</ref>.[[1531-jıl]]de Martım Afonso de Sousa jáne onıń úkesi Pero Lopes basshılıǵındaǵı korollıǵılıq ekspediciyası pútkil Braziliya qurǵaqlıqların qorǵaw, fransuzlarni aymaqtan aydalıw hám birinshi koloniya qala — 1532-jılda San-visenteni jaratıw ushın jo'nab kettilar<ref name=" Marley2008 pp76 -78" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|pp=76 -78]]</ref>. Sousa bir jıl ótkennen, Indiya gubernatori bolıw ushın paytaxt [[Lissabon]]ga qaytıp keldi hám hesh qashan Braziliyaǵa qaytıp barmadi<ref name=" DeOliveira254" >[[harvnb|de Oliveira Marques|1972|p=254]]</ref><ref name=" Marley2008 p78" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=78]]</ref>. Fransuz hújimleri Portugaliyalıqlardıń Atlantikalıq okeanı boylap portugal kemelerine hújim qılıwdı toqtatıw ushın fransuzlarga pul tólegeninen keyin, málim dárejede tóqtadı, biraq hújimler 1560 -jıllarda da mashqala bolıp qolaverdi<ref name=" Marley2005 pp694-696" >[[harvnb|Marley|2005|pp=694-696]]</ref>. Tóbeé de Sousa 1549 -jılda „Barlıq ázizler qoltıqi“de [[Braziliya]]dıń paytaxtı [[Salvador]]ni qurdi<ref name=" Mahoney246" >[[harvnb|Mahoney|2010|p=246]]</ref>. De Sousaning 1000 adamlıq ekspediciyası arasında askarlar, jumısshılar hám Manuel de Nobrega basshılıǵındaǵı altı iyezuit bar edi<ref name=" Russell-Wood1968 p47" >[[harvnb|Russell-Wood|1968|p=47]]</ref>. Iezuitlar Braziliyanı koloniya qılıwda, sonday-aq San-visente hám San-Pauluni iyelewde zárúrli rol oynaydı<ref name=" Ladle185" >[[harvnb|Ladle|2000|p=185]]</ref>. Iezuit missiyalari menen birge jergilikli xalıq arasına kóplegen kesellik keldi, kesellikler arasında tırıspa hám sheshek gúl da bar edi<ref>Metcalf (2005), pp. 36 -37</ref>. Keyinirek, fransuzlar Portugaliya aymaǵı bolǵan Guanabara qoltıqına jaylawdılar, bulman ''Fransiya Antarktidası'' dep at berildi<ref name=" Marley2008 p86" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=86]]</ref>. Portugaliya elshisi Fransiya shabıwılchiligi haqqında xabar beriw ushın Parijǵa jiberilganida, Joao III Mem de Sáni Braziliyanıń jańa general gubernatori etip tayınladi hám Mem de Sá [[1557-jıl]]de Braziliyaǵa jo'nab ketti<ref name=" Marley2008 p86" />.[[1560-jıl]]ga kelip, Sá jáne onıń kúshleri birlesken [[Gugenotlar]],[[Kalvinizm|Shotlandiya kalvinistlari]] hám qullar kúshlerin Fransiya Antarktikasınan quwıp shıǵıwdı. Biraq olardıń istehkomlari hám awılların jaǵıp jiberganlaridan keyin de tiri qalǵanlar bul jerde jasawda dawam etiwdi. Bul omon qalǵanlar Gloriya qoltıqı, Flamengo plyaji hám Parapapua aymaǵına Tamoio xalqınıń járdemi menen jaylawdilar<ref name=" Marley2008 p90" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=90]]</ref>. Tamoio Fransiya Antarktidasında jaylasqanınan berli fransuzlar menen birlespeshi bolǵan hám 1560 -jılda fransuzlar jeńiliwge dus kelgenine qaramay, Tamoio ele da qáwip astında edi<ref name=" Treece31" >[[harvnb|Treece|2000|p=31]]</ref>. Olar 1561 hám 1564-jıllarda portugallarga qarsı eki hújim uyushtirdilar (aqırǵı waqıya fransuzlarga járdem berdi) hám hár birinde derlik tabısqa eristilar<ref name=" Marley2008 pp91-92" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|pp=91-92]]</ref><ref>Metcalf (2005), p. 37</ref>. Bul waqıtqa kelip, Manuel de No'brega kásiplesi iyezuit José de Anchieta menen birgelikte Tamoioga hújimler qatnasıwshısına aylandı<ref name=" Treece31" /><ref name=" Marley2008 pp91-92" />. 1565-jıldan 1567-jılǵa shekem Mem de Sá jáne onıń áskerleri Guanabara qoltıqında Fransiya Antarktidasın wayran etiwdi. 1565-jılda Mem de Sá bul aymaqlardı „São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro“ dep atay basladı<ref name=" Marley2008 p96" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=96]]</ref> jáne onıń jiyeni Estácio de Sá 1567-jılda [[Rio-de-Janeyro]] qalasına tiykar salındı.[[1575-jıl]]ga kelip Tamoi tolıq bo'ysindirilgandi hám aymaq joq bolıp ketkendi<ref name=" Schwartz1973 p41" >[[harvnb|Schwartz|1973|p=41]]</ref>. [[File:Flag of Portugal (1667).svg|thumb|Portugaliya bayraǵina (1667-1706 ). Xv-XIX ásirlerden baslap Portugaliya bayraqlarınıń barlıǵı soǵan uqsas bolǵan.]] ==== Iberiya birlespesi ==== [[1580-jıl]]de Iberiya birlespesi sebepli Portugaliya qońsılas [[Ispaniya imperiyasi]]menen birden-bir monarx húkimranlıǵı astında birlesedi. 1640 -jılda mámleket ǵárezsizlikke eristi. Portugal-Ispaniya birlespesiniń 60 jılı dawamında Portugaliyanıń jańa teńiz kúshi Gollandiya menen Aziya, Afrika hám Lotin Amerikası daǵı koloniyalar ushın eń qızǵın gúreslerdi alıp bardı. Bul gúreslerde portugallar mámleket tárepinen qollap -quwatlanmadi. Ispaniya monarxlari, birinshi náwbette, ispan koloniyalarini qorǵaw hám keńeytiwge itibar qaratdilar<ref name=" Kamen177" >[[harvnb|Kamen|1999|p=177]]</ref>. XvI ásir aqırında portugallar úlken kúsh hám kúsh-quwatlı Aziyaǵa barǵan sayın tereńrek kirip barıwda dawam etdilar<ref name=" Boyajian11" >[[harvnb|Boyajian|2008|p=11]]</ref>.[[Goa]] qalasından muwapıqlastırılgan ekspediciyalar Qubla hám Qublası -Arqa Aziyada Portugaliya tásirin jayıwǵa eristi. Biraq gollandlar menen Aziya aymaqları ushın bolıp ótken kóplegen sawashlarda portugallar jeńiliwge dús keliwi, olardıń Aziyadaǵı tásirin anaǵurlım pasaytirdi. Jeńiliwlerdiń sebeplerinen biri ispan monarxlarning portugallarga járdem bermasliklar esaplanadı<ref name=" Anderson104-105" >[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|pp=104-105]]</ref>. Shahzoda Morits Gollandiyanıń ''[[vest-Indiya]]'' kompaniyası menen bolǵan sawashlarda úlken jeńiliwlerge dus keldi. Nátiyjede, Braziliyada Gollandiya koloniyaları qáliplese basladı. Portugallar San-Tóbee atawı, Altın jaǵa daǵı San-Xorxe-de-Mina qorǵanı hám Luanda qalasın da qoldan shıǵarıwdi<ref name=" BethencourtCurto111, 117" >[[harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|pp=111, 117]]</ref>. Eger birlespe bóleklenip, milliy mámleketshilik tiklenganidan keyin, 1654-jılǵa kelip Portugaliya Braziliya hám Luanda ústinen óz hákimiyattı tikladi<ref name=" Thomas159" >[[harvnb|Thomas|1997|p=159]]</ref>, biraq Qublası -Arqa Aziyadaǵı dawamıy keńeyiw gollandlar tárepinen toqtatildi. Sonday etip [[1859-jıl]]gi Lissabon shártnamasında imzolangan hújjetke kóre pútkil boshli [[Indoneziya]]den tekgini Arqa Timor portugallar qolında qaldı<ref>[[jurnal deregi| last=Puga| first=Rogério Miguel| author-link=Rogerio Miguel Puga| date=December 2002| title=The Presence of the " Portugals" ın Macau and Japan ın Richard Hakluyt's ''Sortıgations''| url=https://redalyc. org/articulo. oa? id=36100506| journal=Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies| language=en| volume=5| pages=81-116| issn=0874-8438| access-date=2022-03-26| via=[[Redalyc]]]]</ref>. === Ekinshi imperiya (1663—1822) === [[File:Map of Portuguese India.png|thumb|Portugaliya Hindstanı (1502—1961)]] Portugaliya óz koloniyalarınıń qoldan bay beriliwinde Ispaniyanı ayıplı dep esaplardı, atap aytqanda sol sebep óz-ara birlespediń tawsılıwına alıp keldi.[[1640-jıl]]de John Iv Portugaliya patshası dep daǵaza etildi hám Portugaliyanı qayta qayta tiklew urısı baslandı.[[1643-jıl]]de Portugaliyanıń shettegi koloniyaları ushın basqarıw organı bolǵan Sırt el keńesi tuzildi. Bul keńesde Arqa Afrika, Madeyra hám Azor atawları esaptan tısqarı edi. Sırt el degi múlkke tiyisli barlıq jazıwmalar keńes arqalı alıp barıldı<ref>Francis A. Dutra. „Overseas Council (Portugal) “ ın ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 4, pp. 254-255. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. </ref>. Portugal sudı 1807-jılda [[Napoleon]]dıń Iberiyaga bastırıp kiriwi artınan Braziliyaǵa qashıp ketkeninde, Braziliya keńes yurisdiktsiyasidan shıǵarıldi<ref>Francis A. Dutra, „Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides“ ın ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 5, p. 2. New York: Charles A. Scribner's Sons 1996. </ref>. 1661-jılda portugallar Angliyaǵa Bombay hám Tanjerni beriwdi hám keyingi júz jıllarda inglizlar az-azdan basqa kúshlerdiń sawdasın esaptan tısqarı etip, Indiyada dominant sawdagerge aylandılar. 1668-jılda Ispaniya Iberiya birlespesiniń tawsılǵanlıǵın tán aldı hám bunıń ornına Portugaliya Seutanı Ispaniyaǵa berdi<ref name=" Cowans2003" >[[kitob deregi| editor-last=Cowans| editor-first=Jan| title=Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=Ksf_tz5 x5 FwC&pg=PA180| access-date=10 -iyul 2012-jıl| year=2003| publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press| isbn=0-8122-1845-0| page=180]]</ref>. Portugaliyalıqlar [[Marathalar mámleketi]]dıń hind húkimdarı Chimnaji Appa hám Keledi Nayaka patshalıgınan Shivappa Nayaka tárepinen jeńiliwge uchragach hám gollandlar menen dúgilisisler aqırında [[Goa]] hám Indiya daǵı bir neshe kishi aymaqlardı óz qolında saqlap qola aldı<ref>History of the Atlar tartıp júretuǵın tramvayn by Alexander Kyd Nairne pp. 84-85</ref><ref name=" Ahmed330" >[[harvnb|Ahmed|2011|p=330]]</ref><ref>Portuguese Studies Review [[ISSN| 1057-1515]] (Baywolf Press) p. 35</ref>. Braziliya hám Afrika daǵı koloniyaların qaytarıp alıwǵa eristi, biraq ingliz, fransuz hám gollandlarning Aziyadaǵı sawda punktlerin iyelewi nátiyjesinde óziniń eski kúshin pútkilley joǵatdı. Sonday etip Portugaliya ushın tek bir jónelis, Braziliya taxtaları hám qumshekerleri áhmiyeti artıp bardı<ref name=" BethencourtCurto111, 117" />. ==== Minas-Jerais hám altın sanaatı ==== [[File:Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sessão_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa,_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg|thumb|upright|Portugal kortesleri Birlesken Korollıqtı tarqatıp jiberiwge intildi.]] [[1693-jıl]]de [[Braziliya]]dıń [[Minas-Jerais]] qalasında altın tabılǵan. Minas-Jerais, Shúberek Grosso hám Goyasda altın hám keyinirek almazdıń tabılıwı úlken shumlarǵa sebep boldı. Awıl imperiyaning jańa ekonomikalıq orayı boldı jáne bul jerge tezlik menen o'rnashildi<ref name=" Boxer168" >[[harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=168]]</ref>. Bul altın koni ishki bazardı jaratılıwma alıp keldi hám kóplegen emigrantlardı tartıldı.[[1739-jıl]]ga kelip, taw-kán sanaatınıń eń joqarı shıńı bolǵan Minas-Jerais xalqı 200, 000 den 250, 000 ge shekem edi<ref name=" Disney2009 b268-69" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=268-269]]</ref>. Bul altın koni Portugaliya imperiyasining tabısın sezilerli dárejede asırdı hám barlıq qazib alınǵan kónning 1/5 bólegin quradı. Altın ushın kóplegen jánjel hám urıslar da bolıp ótti. Húkimet, sonıń menen birge, almaz qazib alıwdı óz yurisdiktsiyasi sheńberinde hám jeke jalawshılarǵa sheklep qoydı<ref name=" Disney2009 b273-275" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=273-275]]</ref>. Altındı úlken muǵdarda qazib alıwǵa qaramastan, plantatsiya sanaatı bul dáwirde Braziliya ushın jetekshi kiripke aylandı. Qumsheker 1760 -jılda kiriptiń 50 % ni (altın 46 %) quradı<ref name=" Bethell203" >[[harvnb|Bethell|1985|p=203]]</ref><ref name=" Disney2009 b267-68" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=267-268]]</ref>. Shúberek Grosso hám Goyasda tabılǵan altın koloniyanıń batıs shegaraların bekkemlewge qızıǵıwshılıq oyatdı. 1730 -jıllarda ispan sawda postlari menen dúgilisisler tez-tez júz boldı hám keyin ispanlar áskeriy ekspediciya baslaw menen abay qılıwdı. Ispanlarning jobası ámelge aspadı hám 1750-jıllarǵa kelip, pútkil aymaqta portugallarning jalǵızhokimligi ornatildi<ref name=" Disney2009 b288" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=288]]</ref>. [[1755-jıl]]de [[Lissabon]]de ólimli jer silkiniw júz boldı, cunami menen birge 275, 000 xalıqtan 40, 000 den 60, 000 ge shekem adamdı ólimine sebep boldı<ref name=" KozakCermak131" >[[harvnb|Kozák|Cermák|2007|p=131]]</ref>. Bul bolsa Portugaliyanıń koloniyalarǵa itibarın azmaz susaytirishiga alıp keldi<ref name=" Ramasamy2006" >[[kitob deregi| editor1-last=Ramasamy| editor1-first=SM.| editor2-last=Kumanan| editor2-first=C. J.| editor3-last=Sivakumar| editor3-first=R.| display-editors = 3| editor4-last=Singh| editor4-first=Bhoop| title=Geomatics ın Tsunami| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=5 gEBfvCBclUC&pg=PA8| access-date=10 -iyul 2012-jıl| year=2006| publisher=New India Publishing| isbn=978-81-89422-31-8| page=8]]</ref>. ==== Braziliya ǵárezsizligi ==== [[File:Independence of Brazil 1888.jpg|thumb|left|Braziliya ǵárezsizligi Portugaliya imperiyasini da ekonomikalıq, da siyasiy tárepten uzaq waqıt páseńlewge saldı. ]] [[1808-jıl]]de [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonapart]] Portugaliyaǵa bastırıp kirdi hám sonnan keyin ana xanzada Mari I korollıǵılıq sarayın Braziliyaǵa ótkeriwdi buyırdı. 1815-jılda [[Braziliya]] korollıǵılıq mártebeine kóterildi. Portugaliya mámleketi rásmiy Portugaliya, Braziliya hám Algarves Birlesken patshalıǵına aylandı hám paytaxt [[Lissabon]]den [[Rio-de-Janeyro]]ga kóshirildi. Bul mámleket Evropa mámleketiniń óz koloniyalarınan birinde basqarılatuǵın birden-bir mısal esaplanadı. Sonıń menen birge, 1820 -jılgi liberal revolyuciyadan keyin [[Lissabon]]de jıynalǵan Portugaliya Konstituciyalıq sudi parlamentine Braziliya wákillerin saylaw da bolıp ótti<ref name=" Bethell177-178" >[[harvnb|Bethell|1985|pp=177-178]]</ref>. Eger patsha shańaraǵı [[1821-jıl]]de Portugaliyaǵa qaytqan bolsa -de, Braziliyalıqlar arasında ǵárezsizlikke umtılıwdıń kusheytiwine alıp keldi. 1822-jılda Dom João vI dıń balası shahzoda Dom Pedro I 1822-jıl 7-sentyabrde Braziliya ǵárezsizligin járiyaladı hám jańa Braziliya imperiyasining imperatori lawazımın iyeledi. Ispaniyanıń Qubla Amerikadaǵı koloniyalarınan ayrıqsha bolıp esaplanıw, Braziliya ǵárezsizligine saldamlı qan to'kmagan halda eristi<ref name=" Angus1837" >[[kitob deregi| editor-last=Angus| editor-first=William| title=History of England: From the Roman Invasion tap the Accession of Queen victoria I| url=https://archive. org/details/historyenglandf00 angugoog| access-date=10 -iyul 2012-jıl| year=1837| location=Glasgow| pages=[https://archive. org/details/historyenglandf00 angugoog/page/n264 254]-255]]</ref><ref name=" Levine2003" >[[kitob deregi| last=Levine| first=Robert M.| title=The History of Brazil| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=Pi56 Cw3 yGfcC&pg=PA59| access-date=10 -iyul 2012-jıl| year=2003| publisher=Palgrave Macmillan| isbn=978-1-4039 -6255-3| pages=59 -61]]</ref>. === Úshinshi imperiya (1822—1999 ) === [[File:Jesuit Convent, Macao.jpg|thumb|[[Makao]]dagi Áwliye Paul koleji kórinisi. (1854) ]] XIX asirde Evropa kolonizatorlıǵı pátine shıqqanında Portugaliya Aziyadaǵı bir neshe koloniyasınan tashqar Qubla Amerika hám barlıq aymaqların joǵatǵan edi. Bul basqıshda Portugal kolonizatorlıǵı Afrika daǵı óz koloniyaların ondaǵı basqa Evropa kúshleri menen báseki qılıw ushın milliy aymaqlarǵa keńeytiwge itibar qaratdı. Portugaliya [[Angola]] hám [[Mozambik]]dıń ishki bólegine bastırıp kirdi hám izertlewshilerdiń Serpa Pinto, Hermenegildo Kapelo hám Roberto Ivens Afrikanı batıstan shıǵıs tárepke kesip ótken birinshi evropalıqlar boldı<ref name=" Newitt1995 pp335-336" >[[harvnb|Newitt|1995|pp=335-336]]</ref><ref name=" Corrado18" >[[harvnb|Corrado|2008|p=18]]</ref>. ==== Britaniya ultimatumi hám Portugaliya monarxiyasining tawısıwı (1890—1910 ) ==== [[:en:Pink Map|Aqshıl qızǵılt reń karta]], yaǵnıy eki koloniyanı birlestiriw Portugaliya 1880-jıllardaǵı siyasatınıń tiykarǵı maqsetlerinen biri esaplanardi<ref name=" Lisboa134" >[[harvnb|Lisboa|2008|p=134]]</ref>. Biraq, bul ideya [[Qohira]]den [[Keyptaun]]ge shekem bolǵan aymaqtı óz qolında toplaǵan qońsılas Britaniya ushın qabıl etiliwi múmkin emes edi. 1890 -jılgi Britaniya ultimatumi Portugaliya patshası Carlos I ga qoyıldı hám Aqshıl qızǵılt reń karta tamamlanıldı<ref name=" Lisboa134" />. Patshanıń ultimatumga munasábetinen respublikashılar paydalanıwdi<ref name=" Lisboa134" />.[[1908-jıl]][[1-fevral]]de patsha Carlos hám shahzoda Luis Filipe [[Lissabon]]de Portugaliyalıq eki aktiv revolyuciyashı Alfredo Luis de Kosta hám Manuel Buisa tárepinen óltirildi. Luis Filipening úkesi Manuel Portugaliya patshası Manuel II boldı. Eki jıl ótkennen, 1910 -jıl 5-oktyabrda ol taxtdan ag'darildi hám Angliyaǵa London qasındaǵı Twickenham qashıp ketti hám Portugaliya respublikaǵa aylandı<ref name=" Wheeler48-61" >[[harvnb|Wheeler|1998|pp=48-61]]</ref>. ==== Birinshi jáhán urısı ==== [[File:Chaimite.jpg|thumb|XIX asirde Portugaliya Portugaliya Afrikasında hákimiyattı bekkemlew ushın jańa saparlardı basladı. ]] [[1914-jıl]]de [[Germaniya imperiyasi]][[Angola]]ni Portugaliya qadaǵalawınan tartıp alıw jobaların islep shıqtı<ref name=" vincent-Smith1974" >[[jurnal deregi| title=The Anglo-German Negotiations over the Portuguese Colonies ın Africa, 1911-14| url=https://archive. org/details/sim_historical-journal_1974-09_17_3/page/620| last=vincent-Smith| first=J. D.| journal=The Historical Journal| volume=17| issue=3| date=Qızǵa beriletuǵın dúńya 1974| issn=0018-246 X| jstor=2638392| publisher=Cambridge University Press| pages=620 -629| doi=10. 1017/s0018246 x0000532 x]]</ref>. Portugal hám nemis askarlari ortasında dúgilisisler kelip shıqtı, tiykarǵı aymaqtan qosımsha kúshler jiberildi<ref>[[yangiliklar deregi| title=Portugal enters the war| url=https://archive. org/stream/independen79 v80 newy#page/121/mode/1 up| newspaper=The Independent| date=26 -Oct 1914-jıl| access-date=24-iyul 2012-jıl]]</ref>. Kelgen askarlarning tiykarǵı maqseti Germaniya tárepinen bo'ysundirilgan Mozambik arqaındaǵı Kionga úshmuyeshni qaytarıp alıw edi.[[1916-jıl]]de Portugaliya nemis kemelerin Lissabonda internatsiya etkeninen keyin Germaniya Portugaliyaǵa urıs járiyaladı. Portugaliya da buǵan juwapan urıs járiyaladı hám nátiyjede [[Birinshi jáhán urısi]]ga kirdi<ref name=" Wheeler128" >[[harvnb|Wheeler|1998|p=128]]</ref>. Urıstıń basında Portugaliya tiykarınan [[Fransiya]]de jaylasqan birlespeshilerge járdem kórsetiw menen shuǵıllanǵan. 1916 -jılda Portugaliya aymaǵına tek bir, Madeyraga hújim boldı. 1917-jılda Portugaliya tárepinen ámelge asırılǵan háreketlerden biri urıs háreketleri ushın zárúr bolǵan aǵash sanaatında Britaniyaǵa járdem beriwden ibarat bolǵan. Kanada orman xojalıǵı korpusı menen bir qatarda, Portugaliya xızmetkerleri házirde „Portugal kamini“ dep atalatuǵın aymaqta terek kesiw infratuzilmasini ornatdilar<ref>[[veb deregi|url=http://www. newforestexplorersguide. co. uk/sitefolders/faqs/portuguesefireplace/portuguesefireplacepage. html| title=Portuguese Fireplace| publisher=Newforestexplorersguide. co. uk| access-date=2014-08-06]]</ref>. [[1917-jıl]] dawamında Portugaliya Fransiya daǵı birlespeshiler frontiga áskerler jiberdi. Jıl ortalarında Portugaliya Birinshi jáhán urısındaǵı birinshi jábirleniwshi boldı. Portugaliya Afrikasında Portugaliya hám inglizlar Mozambik hám Angolada nemislarga qarsı kóplegen sawashlar aparıwdı. Jıl aqırında kemeler taǵı Portugaliya suwiga kirdiler hám taǵı Madeyraga hújim etip, bir neshe portugal kemelerin cho'ktirishdi. 1918-jıl basında Portugaliya birlespeles frontda Germaniyaǵa qarsı gúresti dawam ettirdi, sonday-aq La Lys jangida qatnasdi<ref>[[veb deregi|url=http://www. worldwar1. com/france/portugal. htm|archiveurl=https://web. archive. org/web/20070603044406/http://www. worldwar1. com/france/portugal. htm|url-status=dead|title=Battle of La Lys|archivedate=3-iyun 2007-jıl]] [[Webarxiv|url=https://web. archive. org/web/20070603044406/http://www. worldwar1. com/france/portugal. htm| date=2007-06 -03 ]]</ref>. Gúzek waqtında Germaniya da Portugaliyanıń bir neshe kemasini cho'ktirdi. Shama menen úsh jıllıq sawashlardan keyin (Portugaliya kózqarasınan ) Birinshi jáhán urısı Germaniya tárepinen kelisiwshilik shártnaması imzolanishi menen juwmaqlandi. versal konfrensiyasida Portugaliya Tanzaniya daǵı port qalası bolǵan Kiongadan tısqarı óziniń barlıq joǵatılǵan aymaqları ústinen qadaǵalawdı qayta tikladi<ref>Thomas, H. B., „The Kionga Triangle“, ''Teńgenyika Notes and Records'' volume 31 1951, pp. 47-50. </ref>. Afrika daǵı Portugaliya aymaqları [[Kabo-Verde]],[[San-Tóbee hám Principi]],[[Gvineya-Bisau]],[[Angola]] hám [[Mozambik]]ni óz ishine aldı<ref name=" Koffi2012" >[[kitob deregi| last=Koffi| first=Ettien| title=Paradigm Shift ın Language Plandıń and Policy: Game-Theoretic Solutions| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=2 C1 TGbN5 R84 C&pg=PA98| access-date=12-iyul 2012-jıl| year=2012| publisher=Walter de Gruyter, Inc.| location=Boston/Berlin| isbn=978-1-934078-10 -5| page=98]]</ref>. ==== Dekolonizatsiya (1951—1999 ) ==== [[File:Portuguese Empire 20 th century.png|thumb|XX asirde Portugaliya endi ózin imperiya emes, bálki shet el degi provinsiyalari bolǵan kóp kontinent mámleketi dep ataǵan. ]] [[File:Antonio Salazar-1.jpg|thumb|[[Anto'nio de Oliveira Salazar]] kóp kontinentlik Portugaliyanı saqlap qalıwǵa intildi. ]] Ekinshi jáhán urısınan keyin Evropa mámleketleriniń imperiyalarida kolonizatorlikke qarsı háreketleri kúshaya basladı. Suwıq urıs Portugaliyanıń shet el degi xalqı ortasında da biyqararlıqtı keltirip shıǵardı, sebebi Qospa Shtatlar hám Sovet Birlespesi óz tásir dóńgeleklerin asırıw ushın gúresdiler.[[1947-jıl]]de [[Angliya]] tárepinen [[Indiya]]ga ǵárezsizlik berilgeninen keyin hám Fransiya Indiya daǵı anklavlarni jańa ǵárezsiz mámleket quramına qosıwǵa ruxsat beriw tuwrısındaǵı sheshiminen keyin Portugaliyaǵa da tap sonday qılıw ushın basım ótkerildi<ref>[[#refPearson|Pearson 1987, p. 158]]</ref>. Buǵan [[1933-jıl]]de hákimiyattı qolǵa alǵan Anto'nio de Oliveira Salazar qarsılıq kórsetdi. Salazar 1950-jılda anklavlarni Portugaliyanıń ajıralmaytuǵın bólegi retinde kórip, Indiya Bas ministri [[Jawaharlal Neru]]dıń qaytarıw haqqındaǵı soranıwın biykarlaw etdi<ref>[[#refPearson|Pearson 1987, p. 160]]</ref>. Keyingi jılı Portugaliya Konstitusiyasına koloniyalardıń mártebein shet el degi provinsiyalarga ózgertiw ushın ózgertiw kirgizildi.[[1954-jıl]]de jergilikli kóterilis Indiyanıń Dadra hám Nagar Xaveli anklavlarida Portugaliya húkimetiniń awdarılıwına alıp keldi. Indiyada qalǵan Portugaliya koloniyalarınıń bar ekenligi barǵan sayın kúshsizlenip bardı hám Neru Indiyanıń derlik barlıq ishki siyasiy partiyaları, sonıń menen birge, Sovet Birlespesi jáne onıń birlespeshileri tárepinen qollap -quwatlandı. 1961-jılda Angolada portugallarga qarsı kóterilisten kóp ótpey, Neru Indiya armiyasına [[Goa]],[[Daman hám Diu]]ga hújim qılıw buyrıǵın berdi hám olar demde iyelendi hám keyingi jılı rásmiy anneksiya etildi. Salazar aymaqlardı jaysha basıp alınǵan dep esaplab, suverenliitetning ótkeriliwin tán alıwdan bas tartdı. Goa wálayatı 1974-jılǵa shekem Portugaliya Milliy Assambleyasında qatnasıwda dawam etdi<ref name=" Anderson153" >[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=153]]</ref>. [[1961-jıl]] fevral ayında [[Angola]]de Portugaliya zorlıqshılıǵınıń baslanıwı Afrika daǵı Portugaliya imperiyasi tawısıwınıń baslanıwı edi. Angola daǵı Portugaliya armiyası oficerleri partizanlarni urıs baslanıwı menen áskeriy tárepten gúresiwge ılayıq emesligin aytıp, ózara kelisiwler ǵárezsizlik háreketi menen baslanıwı kerek, degen pikirde edi. Biraq, Salazar imperiyani qol qatılmas saqlawǵa qatań qarar etkenligin áshkara járiyaladı hám jıl aqırına kelip ol jerge 50, 000 ásker jaylastırdı. Sol jılı Batıs Afrika qul sawdasınıń qaldıg'i bolǵan Ouida qalasındaǵı kishi Portugaliya qorǵanı San João Baptista de Ajuda Fransiyadan ǵárezsizlikke erisken Dahomey (házirgi [[Benin]]) jańa húkimeti tárepinen qosıp alındı. Angolada baslanǵan ǵárezsizlik háreketleri tez arada basqa koloniyalarǵa da yojıldi hám [[1963-jıl]]da [[Gvineya]]de,[[1964-jıl]]de [[Mozambik]]de sonday háreketler bolıp ótti<ref name=" Anderson153" />. Angola hám Mozambiktegi puqaralar urısları asıǵıslıq menen baslanıp ketti, burınǵı kóterilisshiler (Sovet Birlespesi hám Kuba tárepinen qollanǵan ) tárepinen dúzilgen kommunistlik húkimetler Zair, Qubla Afrika hám Qospa Shtatlar sıyaqlı mámleketlikler tárepinen qollap -quwatlanǵan kóterilisshi gruppalarǵa qarsı gúresdi<ref name=" ArnoldWiener11-12" >[[harvnb|Arnold|Wiener|2012|pp=11-12]]</ref>. Arqa Timor da 1975-jılda óz ǵárezsizligin járiyaladı. Biraq [[Arqa Timor]] demde qońsılas [[Indoneziya]] tárepinen basıp alındı hám [[1999-jıl]]de mámleket quramına qosıp alındı. Birlesken Milletler Shólkemi qáwenderligidegi referendum nátiyjesinde Arqa Timorlıqlardıń kópshiligi ǵárezsizlikti tańladı hám aqır-aqıbetde 2002-jılda olar óz ǵárezsizligine eristi.[[Makao]]dıń 1999 -jıl 20 -dekabrde tapsırılıwı rásmiy Portugaliya imperiyasining tamamlanılıwı hám Aziyadaǵı kolonizatorliktiń tawsılıwın belgilep berdi<ref>[[yangiliklar deregi|url=http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1996673. stm|title=East Timor : Birth of a nation|access-date=12-iyul 2012-jıl]]</ref>. [[1987-jıl]]de Portugaliya Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası menen Qıtay -Portugaliya qospa deklaratsiyasın imzoladi jáne onıń shet elde qalǵan sońǵı múlki bolǵan Makao suverenitetti tapsırıw procesi hám shártlerin belgiledi. Bul process eki jıl aldın Birlesken Korollıǵılıq hám Qıtay ortasındaǵı Gonkong boyınsha shártlesiwge uqsas bolsa -de, Portugaliyanıń múlki Makaodıń Qıtayǵa ótkeriliwi Gonkongdıń Qıtayǵa ótkeriliwine qaraǵanda kemrek qarsılıqqa dus keldi. Sebebi Portugaliya qashannan berli Makaonı [[1979-jıl]]de Portugaliya qol astındaǵı Qıtay aymaǵı retinde tán alǵan edi<ref>[[veb deregi| title=Joint declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and The Government of the Republic of Portugal az waqıt the question of Macao| url=http://bo. io.gov. mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/| publisher=Government Printing Bureau (Macao SAR)| year=1987| access-date=2010 -04-26]]</ref><ref>[http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/566301. stm Macau and the end of empire], 18 December 1999. ''[[BBC News]]''</ref>. == Miyraslar == [[File:CPLP-Mapa.svg|thumb|right|upright=1. 5|Portugal tilinde sóylesiwshi mámleketler jámiyetshiliginiń kartası (CPLP)]] Portugaliyanıń 7 burınǵı koloniyalarında [[portugal tili]] rásmiy til retinde qabıl etilgen. Portugaliya menen birgelikte olar portugal tilinde sóylesiwshi mámleketler jámiyetshiligine aǵza bolıp, olar jámi 10, 742, 000 km² yamasa Jer aymaǵınıń 7, 2 % ni quraydı<ref name=" CPLP" >{{veb deregi|title=CPLP|url=http://www. cplp. org/id-22. aspx|accessdata=2010 -08-12|data=janeiro de 2015}}</ref>. Portugal tilin úshinshi rásmiy til retinde qabıl etken [[Ekvatorial Gvineya]] házirde [[Mavrikiy]] hám [[Senegal]]menen birge bul shólkemdiń gúzetshisi esaplanadı. Bunnan tısqarı, on eki kandidat mámleket bul jámiyetshilikke qosıw ushın arza tapsırǵan hám tastıyıqlanishini kútip atır. Búgingi kúnde [[portugal tili]] dúnyadaǵı tiykarǵı tillerden biri bolıp, dúnya boylap 240 millionga jaqın sóylesiwshige iye hám 6 -orında turadı. Bul til Amerika kontinentindegi úshinshi eń kóp gápiriladigan til esaplanadı, tiykarınan Braziliya xalqı sebepli. Bunnan tısqarı, kóplegen portugal tiline tiykarlanǵan kreol tilleri ámeldegi, sonday-aq Perishtekadagi Cristang jámiyetshiliginiń xalqı paydalanatuǵın til<ref name=lingpt>{{veb deregi|title=Somos 240 milhões de falantes|url=http://www. tvi24. iol.pt/sociedade/lingua-portuguesa-portugues-ensino-governo-alunos/972503-4071. html|accessdata=11/01/2015|publisher=www. tvi24. iol.pt|data=16 da julho de 2008}}</ref>. Sonıń menen birge, Afrika daǵı kóplegen burınǵı koloniya múlkinde lingua franca hám 8 mámlekette rásmiy til, sonıń menen birge, Makao basqarıw aymaǵında kanton tili menen birge rásmiy til esaplanadı. Portugal tili Yaponiyada da óz tásirin qaldırdı. Búgingi kúnde yapon tili leksikologiyasida bir qansha kelip shıǵıwı portugalcha bolǵan sózler bar. Portugallar dúnyanıń kóplegen aymaqlarında úlken insaniy, materiallıq hám ruwxıy miyraslar qaldırdı.[[1527-yil]]de tek 1, 2 million xalıqqa iye bolǵan Portugaliya xalqi dúnyaǵa tarqaldı hám kóplegen jańa aymaqlarǵa hám civilizatsiyalarǵa tiykar salındılar<ref>Numeramento ou Cadastro Geral do Reino, de {{nowrap|D. João III}} (1527) referido em 2009 — Instituto Nacional de Estatística; A primeira [[Censo demográfico|contagem populacional]] foi feita em 1527, no reinado de D. João III com base predominantemente nos fogos. Nesta época houve um arrolamento de [[formatnum:1200000]] portugueses. </ref>. == A'debiyatlar == * Abeyasinghe, Tikiri. Jaffna Under the Portuguese. Lake House Investments, 1986.. ISBN 978-9555520003. * Abir, MordechaiEthiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. Routledge, 1980.. ISBN 978-0714631646. * Ahmed, Farooqui SalmaA Comprehensive History of Medieval India: Twelfth to the Mid-Eighteenth Century. Pearson Education India, 2011.. ISBN 978-81-317-3202-1. * Encyclopedia of Africa, Volume 2. Oxford University Press, 2010.. ISBN 9780195337709. * Cold War: The Essential Reference Guide. ABC-CLIO, 2012.. ISBN 978-1-61069-003-4. * Brockey, Liam MatthewPortuguese Colonial Cities in the Early Modern World. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2008.. ISBN 978-0-7546-6313-3. * Abernethy, DavidThe Dynamics of Global Dominance, European Overseas Empires 1415–1980. Yale University Press, 2000.. ISBN 0-300-09314-4. * Anderson, James MaxwellThe History of Portugal. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2000.. ISBN 0-313-31106-4. * Bakewell, PeterA History of Latin America to 1825. Wiley-Blackwell, 2009.. ISBN 978-1405183680. * Bethell, LeslieThe Independence of Latin America. Cambridge University Press, 1985.. ISBN 978-0-521-34927-7. * Bethencourt, Francisco; Curto, Diogo Ramada. Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1800. Cambridge University Press, 2007.. ISBN 978-0-521-84644-8. * Black, JeremyWar in the World: A Comparative History, 1450–1600. Palgrave Macmillan, 2011.. ISBN 9780230344266. * Boxer, Charles RalphThe Portuguese Seaborne Empire 1415–1825. Hutchinson, 1969.. ISBN 0-09-131071-7. * Boyajian, JamesPortuguese Trade in Asia Under the Habsburgs, 1580–1640. JHU Press, 2008.. ISBN 978-0-8018-8754-3. * Christian-Muslim Relations. a Bibliographical History.: Volume 7. Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, Africa and South America (1500–1600). Brill Academic Publishers, 2015.. ISBN 978-9004297203. * Coates, Timothy JoelConvicts and Orphans: Forced and State-Sponsored Colonization in the Portuguese Empire, 1550–1755. Stanford University Press, 2002.. ISBN 9780804733595. * Cohen, LeonardoThe Missionary Strategies of the Jesuits in Ethiopia (1555–1632). Harrassowitz Verlag, 2009.. ISBN 978-3-447-05892-6. * Corrado, JacopoThe Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism: 1870–1920. Cambria Press, 2008.. ISBN 9781604975291. * Crowley, Roger. Conquerors: How Portugal Forged the First Global Empire (2015) * Curto, Diogo Ramada. Imperial Culture and Colonial Projects: The Portuguese-Speaking World from the Fifteenth to the Eighteenth Centuries (Berghahn Books, 2020) online review * de Almeida, Miguel Vale. An Earth-colored Sea: Race, Culture And The Politics Of Identity In The Post-colonial Portuguese-speaking World. Berghahn Books, 2004.. ISBN 978-1-78238-854-8. * Davies, Kenneth GordonThe North Atlantic World in the Seventeenth Century. University of Minnesota Press, 1974.. ISBN 0-8166-0713-3. * Davis, David BrionInhuman Bondage: The Rise And Fall of Slavery in the New World. Oxford University Press, 2006.. ISBN 9780195140736. * Diffie, Bailey W.; Winius, George D.Foundations of the Portuguese Empire, 1415–1580. University of Minnesota Press, 1977.. ISBN 978-0-8166-0782-2. * Disney, A.R.. History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire Volume 1, Portugal: From Beginnings to 1807. Cambridge University Press, 2009a.. ISBN 978-0521843188. * Disney, A.R.. History of Portugal and the Portuguese Empire Volume 2, Portugal: From Beginnings to 1807. Cambridge University Press, 2009b.. ISBN 978-0521738224. * Dodge, Ernest StanleyIslands and Empires: Western Impact on the Pacific and East Asia. University of Minnesota Press, 1976. — 226 bet. ISBN 978-0816607884. * Gallagher, TomPortugal: A Twentieth Century Interpretation. St. Martin's Press, 1982.. ISBN 9780719008764. * Gann, Louis Henry; Duignan, PeterAfrica and the World: An Introduction to the History of Sub-Saharan Africa from Antiquity to 1840. University Press of America, 1972.. ISBN 978-0-7618-1520-4. * Gipouloux, FrançoisThe Asian Mediterranean: Port Cities and Trading Networks in China, Japan and Southeast Asia, 13th–21st Century. Edward Elger, 2011.. ISBN 978-0857934260. * Goodman, Grant K.Japan and the Dutch 1600-1835. Routledge, 2000.. ISBN 978-0700712205. * Goodwin, StefanAfrica's Legacies Of Urbanization: Unfolding Saga of a Continent. Lexington Books, 2008.. ISBN 978-0-7391-5176-1. * Gupta, Pamila. Portuguese Decolonization in the Indian Ocean World: History and Ethnography (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2018). * Herring, Hubert Clinton; Herring, Helen BaldwinA History of Latin America: From the Beginnings to the Present. Knopf, 1968.. ISBN 0-224-60284-5. * Central Africans, Atlantic Creoles, and the Foundation of the Americas, 1585–1660. Cambridge University Press, 2007.. ISBN 9780521770651. * Jesus, Carlos Augusto MontaltoHistoric Macao. Kelly & Walsh, ltd., 1902.. ISBN 9781143225352. „Carlos Augusto Montalto Jesus Macao.“ * Africa and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: A Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO, 2008.. ISBN 978-1-85109-441-7. * Kamen, HenryPhilip of Spain. Yale University Press, 1999.. ISBN 9780300078008. * Kozák, Jan; Cermák, VladimirThe Illustrated History of Natural Disasters. Springer, 2007.. ISBN 9789048133246. * Kratoska, Paul H.South East Asia, Colonial History: Imperialism before 1800. Taylor and Francis, 2004.. ISBN 978-0415215404. * Lach, Donald F.Asia in the Making of Europe, Volume I: The Century of Discovery. University of Chicago Press, 1994.. ISBN 9780226467085. * Ladle, JaneBrazil. American Map, 2000.. ISBN 9780887291302. * Lisboa, Maria ManuelPaula Rego's Map of Memory: National and Sexual Politics. Ashgate Publishing, 2008.. ISBN 978-0-7546-0720-5. * Lockhart, JamesEarly Latin America: A History of Colonial Spanish America and Brazil. Cambridge University Press, 1983.. ISBN 0-521-29929-2. * MacQueen, Norrie. The Decolonization of Portuguese Africa: Metropolitan Revolution and the Dissolution of Empire (1997) online * Macmillan, AllisterMauritius Illustrated. Educa Books, Facsimile edition, 2000.. ISBN 0-313-31106-4. * Mahoney, JamesColonialism and Postcolonial Development Spanish America in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge University Press, 2010.. ISBN 9780521116343. * Malekandathil, PiusMaritime India: Trade, Religion and Polity in the Indian Ocean. Primus Books, 2010.. ISBN 978-9380607016. * Mancall, Peter C.The Atlantic World and Virginia, 1550–1624. University of North Carolina Press, 2007.. ISBN 9780807838839. * Marley, DavidHistoric Cities of the Americas: An Illustrated Encyclopedia, Volume 1. ABC-CLIO, 2005.. ISBN 978-1-57607-574-6. * Marley, DavidWars of the Americas: A Chronology of Armed Conflict in the Western Hemisphere (2 Volumes). University of Oklahoma Press, 2008.. ISBN 978-1598841008. * McAlister, LyleSpain and Portugal in the New World, 1492–1700. University of Minnesota Press, 1984.. ISBN 0-8166-1216-1. * Mathew, Kuzhippalli SkariaHistory of the Portuguese Navigation in India, 1497–1600. Mittal Publications, 1988.. ISBN 978-8170990468. * Mehta, Jaswant LalAdvanced Study in the History of Medieval India. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd, 1980.. ISBN 978-81-207-0617-0. * Metcalf, Alida C.Go-Betweens and the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600. University of Texas Press, 2006.. ISBN 978-0-292-71276-8. * Metcalf, Alida C.Family and Frontier in Colonial Brazil: Santana de Parnaíba, 1580–1822. University of Texas Press, 2005.. ISBN 978-0-292-70652-1. * Newitt, Malyn D.D.A History of Mozambique. Indiana University Press, 1995. — 335 bet. ISBN 978-0-253-34006-1. * Newitt, Malyn D.D.A History of Portuguese Overseas Expansion, 1400–1668. Routledge, 2005.. ISBN 0-415-23979-6. * O'Flanagan, PatrickPort Cities of Atlantic Iberia, c. 1500–1900. Ashgate Publishing, 2008.. ISBN 978-0-7546-6109-2. * de Oliveira Marques, A.H.History of Portugal: From Lusitania to Empire; Vol. 1. Columbia University Press, 1972.. ISBN 978-0231031592. * Olson, James StuartHistorical Dictionary of European Imperialism. Greenwood, 1991.. ISBN 9780313262579. * Ooi, Keat GinSoutheast Asia: A Historical Encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor: Volume 1. ABC_CLIO, 2004.. ISBN 978-1-57607-771-9. * Ooi, Keat GinHistorical Dictionary of Malaysia. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, Inc., 2009.. ISBN 978-0-8108-5955-5. * Colonialism: An International, Social, Cultural, and Political Encyclopedia, Volume 2. ABC-CLIO, 2003.. ISBN 1-57607-335-1. * Paquette, Gabriel. Imperial Portugal in the Age of Atlantic Revolutions: The Luso-Brazilian World, c. 1770–1850. Cambridge University Press, 2014.. ISBN 978-1107640764. * Panikkar, K.M. (1953). Asia and Western dominance, 1498-1945, by K.M. Panikkar. London: G. Allen and Unwin. * Pearson, MichaelMerchants and Rulers in Gujarat: The Response to the Portuguese in the Sixteenth Century. University of California Press, 1976. — 76 bet. ISBN 978-0520028098. * Pearson, MichaelThe Portuguese in India. Cambridge University Press, 1987.. ISBN 0-521-25713-1. * Ponting, Clive. World History: A New Perspective. Chatto & Windus, 2000.. ISBN 0-7011-6834-X. * Priolkar, A.K. The Goa Inquisition (Bombay, 1961). * Ricklefs, M.C.. A History of Indonesia since c. 1300, 2nd, London: MacMillan, 1991.. ISBN 0-333-57689-6. * Rodriguez, Junius P.Slavery in the United States: A Social, Political, and Historical Encyclopedia: Volume 2. ABC-CLIO, 2007.. ISBN 978-1-85109-549-0. * do Rosário Pimente, MariaViagem ao fundo das consciências: a escravatura na época moderna. Ediçoʻes Colibri, 1995.. ISBN 972-8047-75-4. * Russell-Wood, A.J.R.Fidalgos and Philanthropists: The Santa Casa da Misericórdia of Bahia, 1550–1755. University of California Press, 1968.. * Russell-Wood, A.J.R.The Portuguese Empire 1415–1808. Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998.. ISBN 0-8018-5955-7. * Scammell, Geoffrey VaughnThe First Imperial Age, European Overseas Expansion c. 1400–1715. Routledge, 1997.. ISBN 0-415-09085-7. * Scarano, JulitaMIGRAÇÃO SOB CONTRATO: A OPINIÃO DE EÇA DE QUEIROZ. Unesp- Ceru, 2009.. Arxivlandi 2013-02-04 Wayback Machine saytida. * Schwartz, Stuart B.Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil: The High Court of Bahia and Its Judges, 1609–1751. University of California Press, 1973.. ISBN 978-0520021952. * Shastry, Bhagamandala SeetharamaGoa-Kanara Portuguese Relations, 1498–1763. Concept Publishers, 2000.. ISBN 978-8170228486. * de Silva Jayasuriya, ShihanThe Portuguese in the East: A Cultural History of a Maritime Trading Empire. I.B. Taurus, 2008.. ISBN 978-1845115852. * Goa Through the Ages: An Economic History, Issue 6 of Goa University publication series Volume 2. Concept Publishing Company, 1990.. ISBN 81-7022-259-1. * Stapleton, Timothy J.A Military History of Africa. ABC-CLIO, 2013.. ISBN 978-0-313-39569-7. * Subrahmanyam, SanjayThe Portuguese Empire in Asia, 1500–1700: A Political and Economic History, 2, Wiley-Blackwell, 2012.. ISBN 978-1-118-27401-9. * Thomas, HughThe Slave Trade: The Story of the Atlantic Slave Trade: 1440–1870. 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ISBN 1-74059-421-5. == Derekler == jlqdemed04btwubx7pcj22om42lv5wu 46366 46352 2022-08-25T22:48:40Z Inosham 10264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hymno_Patriotico.ogg|left]] [[File:Hino_da_Carta.ogg|left]] [[File:A_Portuguesa.ogg|left]] [[File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1750).svg|220px|left]] [[File:Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg|220px|left]] [[File:Diachronic_map_of_the_Portuguese_Empire_(1415-1999).png|220px|left]] [[File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1830).svg|220px|left]] '''[[Portugaliya]] imperiyasi''' ([[lang-pt|Império Português]]), sonıń menen birge, tariyxda '''Portugaliya kolonizator imperiyasi''' (''Império Colonial Português'') dep júrgizilgen bul mámleket házirgi Portugaliyadan tısqarı dúnyanıń úlken bólimlerinde jaylasqan bir qansha koloniyalardı óz ishine alǵan. Bul imperiya [[Evropa]]dagi eń uzın ómir kórgen mámleketlerden biri bolıp, 1415-jıl [[Arqa Afrika]]dagi [[Sueta urısi]]den tap 1999 -jıl Makao suverinitetining Qıtayǵa tapsırilguniga shekem derlik altı ásir tariyxda ámeldegi bolǵan. Imperiyaga Xv asirde tiykar salınǵan bolıp, XvI ásir basınan [[Arqa Amerika|Arqa]] hám [[Qubla Amerika]],[[Afrika]],[[Aziya]] hám [[Okeanıya]]dıń túrli regionlarına óz aymaǵın keńeytirip barǵan<ref>harvnb|Page|Sonnenburg|2003|p=481</ref><ref>harvnb|Brockey|2008|p=xv</ref><ref>harvnb|Juang|Morrissette|2008|p=894</ref>. Portugaliya imperiyasi Ullı geografiyalıq ashılıwlar dáwirinde payda boldı hám Portugaliya patshalıǵınıń kúsh hám qudıreti nátiyjesinde dúnyanıń kóp bólimlerin ózine bo'ysundira aldı. Portugal teńizshileri 1418—1419 -jıllarda kartografiya hám teńiz texnologiyasındaǵı sońǵı tabıslardan paydalanǵan halda tatımlıqlar sawdası hám koloniya aymaqlar tabıw ushın jańa teńiz jolların tabıw maqsetinde qurǵaqlıqların hám [[Atlantikalıq okeanı]] arxipelaglarini izertlewdi basladılar.[[1488-jıl]]de [[Bartholomä|Bartolomeu Dias]][[Jaqsı úmit burni]]ni aylanıp shıqtı hám [[1498-jıl]]de [[vasco de Gama]][[Indiya]]ga jetip keldi. 1500-jılda [[Pedro Alvares Kabral]] basshılıǵında [[Braziliya]] arqalı jańalıq ashıldı. Keyingi on jıllıqlar dawamında portugal teńizshileri [[Arqa Aziya]] arqalı hám atawların úyreniwdi dawam ettirdilar, qorǵanlar júzege keliw etdiler. 1571-jılǵa kelip, Afrika,[[Jaqın Shıǵıs]], Indiya hám [[Qubla Aziya]] arqalı boylap [[Lissabon]]ni [[Nagasaki]]menen baylanıstırǵan bir qatar teńiz postlari vujudga keltirildi. Bul sawda tarmaǵı hám koloniyalar daǵı sawda Portugaliyanıń jan basına tuwrı keletuǵın tabısınıń beshdan bir bólegin tashkil etip, Portugaliya ekonomikalıq ósiwine (1500—1800) sezilerli unamlı tásir kórsetdi. 1580-jılda Ispaniya patshası [[Filipp II]] Portugaliya patshalıǵı tojini qolǵa kirgizgeninen keyin, keyinirek tariyxshunoslikda '''Iberiya birlespei''' atı menen atalǵan Ispaniya hám Portugaliya ortasında 60 jıllıq birlespe baslandı. Ispaniya patshası bir waqtıniń ózinde Portugaliya patshası bolǵanlıǵı sebepli, Portugaliya koloniyalari Ispaniyaǵa dushpan bolǵan ush Evropa kúshleri: Gollandiya Respublikası, Angliya hám Fransiya tárepinen kóplegen hújimlerge dus keldi. Xalqı basqalarǵa salıstırǵanda kemrek bolǵan Portugaliya óziniń hádden tıs keńeytirilgen sawda tarmaǵın nátiyjeli qorǵaw ete almadı hám imperiya az-azdan páseńlewge júz tuta basladı. Oxir-aqıbet, Braziliya, imperiya ekinshi dáwirdiń (1663—1825) eń bahalı koloniyası, XIX ásirdiń baslarında Amerika kontinentin qamtıp alǵan ǵárezsizlik háreketi tolqını nátiyjesinde 1822-jıl Portugaliyadan ǵárezsiz bólek mámleketke aylandı. Imperiyaning úshinshi dáwiri 1820 -jıllarda Braziliya ǵárezsizlikke eriskennen keyin portugal kolonizatorlıǵınıń juwmaqlawshı basqıshın óz ishine aladı. Sol waqıtlarǵa kelip Afrika arqalı, Portugaliya Timorı, Portugaliya Hindstanı hám Portugaliya Makaosında plantatsiya xojalıqları kemeytirildi. 1890 -jıldaǵı Britaniya ultimatumi Afrika daǵı portugal ambitsiyalarining qısqarıwına alıp keldi. == Tariyx == === Baslanǵısh tariyx (1139—1415) === [[File:Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta,_s.XV.JPG|thumb|[[1415-jıl]]de [[Seuta]]dıń jawlap alıw etiliwine [[Sortıgator Genrix]] basshılıq etken hám Portugaliya imperiyasiga tiykar salǵan. ]] Portugaliya patshalıǵına rekonkista, yaǵnıy Pireney yarım atawınıń Al-Andalus arablaridan az-azdan qaytarıp alınıwı waqtında tiykar salınǵan<ref name=" DiffieWinius301" >harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=301</ref>. 1139 -jılda ózin bólek korollıǵılıq retinde járiyalaǵannan keyin, Portugaliya [[1249-jıl]]de Algarvega shekem jetip barıp, Al-Andalus aymaǵın qayta basıp alıwdı derlik juwmaqladi, biraq 1411-jılda [[Aylon shártnaması]] imzolanmaguncha onıń ǵárezsizligi qońsılas [[Kastiliya hám Leon patshaligi|Kastiliya]] tárepinen abay astında qaldı<ref name=" Newitt2005 p15-17" >harvnb|Newitt|2005|pp=15-17</ref>. Suverinitetiga iye bolǵan hám basqa Evropa mámleketleri urıslarına qatnaspaǵan Portugaliya itibarın shet aymaqlarǵa hám Arqa Afrikanıń musulman jerlerine bolatuǵın áskeriy ekspediciyaǵa qaratdi<ref name=" Newitt19" >harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=19</ref>. Portugallarning Arqa Afrika daǵı Marinid sultanlıǵına (házirgi Marokash) hújim etiwleri ushın bir neshe múmkinshiligıy sebepler bar edi. Áwele bul hújim Islamǵa qarsı xristian atanaq júriwin dawam ettiriw múmkinshiligi retinde qaraldi, áskeriy klasqa urıs maydanında dańq hám húrmet hám urıs oljaların wáde etdi, hám aqır-aqıbetde, bul Portugaliya sawdasın keńeytiw hám Portugaliyanıń ekonomikalıq páseńlewin sheshiw múmkinshiligi edi. 1415-jılda Arqa Afrikanıń Orta jer teńizi boyında jaylasqan strategiyalıq áhmiyetke iye,[[Sahrası Úlken]]dagi altın hám qul sawdasınıń tiykarǵı portlarınan biri bolǵan musulman qalası [[Seuta]]ga hújim etildi. Seuta iyelenishi áskeriy muvafaqqiyat edi hám Portugaliyanıń [[Pireney yarım atawı]]den tısqarına keńeyiwindegi dáslepki qádemlerden biri boldı<ref>#refAbernethy|Abernethy]], p. 4</ref>. Biraq tez arada qalanı qamal etken musulman kúshlerine qarsı qorǵaw Portugallarga qımbatqa tústi<ref name=" Newitt21" >[[harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=21</ref><ref>harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=55</ref>. === Birinshi imperiya (1415—1663) === Portugaliya bul dáwirde Atlantikalıq okeanında jańa jerlerdi jańalıq ashıw menen gúmira boldı. Bul siyasattiń tiykarǵı tárepdarı Seutanı qolǵa kirgiziwde qatnasqan hám 1460 -jılda opatına shekem Portugaliyanıń teńiz izertlewlerin targ'ib qılıw hám finanslashda jetekshi rol oynaǵan Sortıgator Infante Dom Genri edi<ref name=" DiffieWinius56" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=56]]: Henry, a product of 15 th-century Portugal, was inspired by both religious and economic factors. </ref>. Sol payıtlarda evropalıqlar Afrika qirg'og'idagi Cape Bojadordan keyin ne bar ekenin biliwmegen. Genri Afrika daǵı musulmanlar aymaǵı qanshellilik keńeygenin hám teńiz arqalı [[Aziya mámleketleri dizimi|Aziyaga]] jetip barıw múmkinbe yamasa joq ekenligin biliwdi istardi<ref name=" Anderson50" >[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=50</ref>. Onıń qáwenderligi astında tez arada Atlantikalıq okeanı daǵı [[Madeyra]] (1419 ) hám [[Azor atawlari]]ga (1427) jetip keldi hám Portugaliya kirip qılıw ushın biyday islep shıǵara basladı<ref name=" Coates60" >[[harvnb|Coates|2002|p=60</ref>. [[File:Caminho maritimo para a India.png|thumb|left|300 px| [[legend-line|green solid 2 px|Pêro de Covilhã hám Afonso de Paivaning 1487-1488-jıllardagi Adenga ulıwma jolı (jasıl ) ]] [[legend-line|orange solid 2 px|Covilhãning 1489 -1490 -jıllardagi jolı (apelsin reń) ]] [[legend-line|blue solid 2 px|Covilhãning 1490 -1530 -jıllardagi [[Efiopiya]]ga sayaxatı (kók) ]] [[legend-line|black solid 2 px|[[vasco de Gama]]dıń 1497-1499 -jıldagi sayaxatı (qara ) ]] ]] Portugallarning tiykarǵı maqseti kolonizatorlik yamasa qaraqshılıq emes, bálki sawda edi. Tez arada onıń kemeleri Evropa bazarına qımbat bahalı altın, pıl súyeki, qálempir, paxta, qumsheker hám qullarni alıp keliwdi basladı. Qul sawdası, mısalı, Lissabonda bir neshe o'nlab sawdagerler tárepinen ámelge asırılǵan. Sawda jolların keńeytiw processinde portugal teńiz sayaxatshıları Afrikanıń belgisiz bólimlerin kartaǵa túsiriwdi hám Hind okeanın úyreniwdi basladılar. Pero de Kovilho 1487-jılda Indiyaǵa arab hám hindlar menen birge ekspedidtsiya uyushtirishga háreket etdi hám Efiopiyaǵa jetip bardı. Onıń lekciyası Lissabonda qızıǵıwshılıq menen qarsılandi<ref>L. S. Stavrianos, ፄThe World since 1500: a Global historyፄ (1966 ) pp. 92-93</ref>. ==== Afrika arqalı boylap dáslepki sayaxatlar ==== 1443-jılda Genrixning úkesi hám korollıǵılıqtıń waqıtsha patshahi Infante Dom Pedro Genrixga Cape Bojador qublaındaǵı jerlerde urıs hám sawda jumısların basqarıwdı tapsırdi<ref name=" DiffieWinius68" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=68</ref>. Keyinirek papalikning ፄQuyrıq Diversasፄ hám ፄRomanus Pontifex ፄ qararları menen jańa ashılǵan jerlerde jekke hákimshilik Portugaliyaǵa berilgen<ref name=" Daus33" >[[harvnb|Daus|1983|p=33</ref>. Jańa jerlerdiń jańalıq ashılıwın tezlestirgen úlken tabıs Xv ásirdiń ortalarında Evropada sol waqıtta basqa kemelerge qaraǵanda samalǵa qarsı juretuǵın karavellaning engiziliwi edi<ref name=" Boxer29" >[[harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=29</ref>. Bul jańa teńiz texnologiyasınan paydalanǵan halda, portugal teńizshileri hár jıli ortasha bir dárejege kóterilip, qubla keńliklerge jetip barıwdi<ref name=" Russell-Wood1998 p9" >[[harvnb|Russell-Wood|1998|p=9</ref>. Portugallar [[1445-jıl]]de [[Senegal]] hám [[Kabo-Verde]] yarım aralına keldiler<ref name=" Rodriguez79" >[[harvnb|Rodriguez|2007|p=79</ref>. [[File:Lázaro Luis 1563.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1. 15|Lázaro Luisning Batıs Afrika kartası (1563). São Jorge de Minaning Batıs Afrika daǵı qorǵan suwreti]] Shet el degi birinshi [[faktoriya]] sawda posti [[1445-jıl]]de [[Mavritaniya]] jaǵaındaǵı Arguin atawında musulman sawdagerlerdi tartıw hám Arqa Afrikada teńiz sayaxatları baǵdarlarında biznesti monopollashtirish ushın islengen. 1446 -jılda Alvaro Fernandes derlik házirgi [[Syerra-Leone]]ga shekem basıp aldı hám 1460 -jıllarda Gvineya qoltıqına jetip bardı<ref name=" DiffieWinius469" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=469</ref>.[[Kabo-Verde]] atawları 1456 -jılda jańalıq ashılǵan hám 1462-jılda portugallar tárepinen iyelengen. Portugallar [[1455-jıl]]de Madeyrada qumshekerqamishning keńeyiwi nátiyjesinde Sitsiliya hám Genuyalik máslahátshiler járdemi menen Evropada kem ushraytuǵın ፄshirin tuzፄni islep shıǵarıwdı basladı. Qullar ayawsız isletilingen hám Madeyrada shetten alıp kelingen qullarning úlesi XvI asrga kelip ulıwma xalıqtıń 10 % ga jetken<ref>Godinho, v. M. ፄOs Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundialፄ, Arcádia, 1965, vol 1 and 2, Lisboa</ref>.[[1480-jıl]]ga kelip [[Antverpen]]de Madeyra qumsheker sawdası menen shuǵıllanatuǵın jetpista keme bar edi. 1490 -jıllarga kelip Madeyra qumsheker islep shıǵarıw boyınsha Kiprdi artta qaldırdi<ref name=" Ponting482" >[[harvnb|Ponting|2000|p=482</ref>. Bartolomeo Markionni sıyaqlı qumsheker sawdagerleriniń tabısı keleshektegi sayaxatlarǵa qarjı kirgiziwge járdem berdi<ref name=" Davis84" >[[harvnb|Davis|2006|p=84</ref>. 1469 -jılda shahzoda Genrix opatınan keyin hám Afrika daǵı izertlewlerdiń arzımas tabısı nátiyjesinde patsha Afonso v Gvineya qoltıqınıń bir bóleginde sawda júrgiziw huqıqın sawdager Fernao Gomesga berdi<ref name=" BethencourtCurto232" >[[harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|p=232</ref>. Bes jıl dawamında hár jıli qıraq boylap 100 milya (160 km) ni izertlew etken Gomes Gvineya qoltıqındaǵı atawlardı, atap aytqanda San-Tóbee hám Principi atawların jańalıq ashtı hám jergilikli xalıq ortasında gullep-jasnap atırǵan allyuvial altın sawdasın taptı, arab hám berber menen uchrashdi<ref name=" White138" >[[harvnb|White|2005|p=138</ref>. Elmina hám Portugaliya ortasındaǵı sawda on jıl dawamında o'sdi. Kastiliya miyrasxorlıǵı urısı waqtında Kastiliya flotı bul tabıslı sawdanı qadaǵalaw astına alıwǵa háreket etdi, biraq 1478-jılgi Gvineya jangida qatań jeńiliwge dus keldi, bul bolsa portugallarning bul aymaqtaǵı qadaǵalawın bekkem ornatdı. 1473-jılda Fernao Gomes Ekvatordı hám 1482-jılda Kongo dáryasın Diogo Kao boshchligidagi teńizshiler kesip ótti. Naǵız ózi ekspediciya waqtında portugallar birinshi ret Kongo patshalıǵına dus keldiler hám ol menen tez arada jaqsı baylanıslar ornatildi<ref name=" GannDuignan273" >[[harvnb|Gann|Duignan|1972|p=273</ref>. 1485—1486 -jıllarda Cão házirgi Namibiya aymaǵına kiretuǵın Keyp Krossga ekspediciyasın dawam ettirdi<ref name=" DiffieWinius156" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=156</ref>. [[File:Portuguese_Morocco.PNG|thumb|upright=1. 35|Marokashdagi portugal múlki (1415-1769 )]] 1488-jılda Bartolomeu Dias Afrikanıń qubla shetsinde jaylasqan [[Jaqsı úmit burni]]ni aylanıp shıqtı jáne bul Ptolemey dáwirinen berli Hind okeanı qurǵaqlıqqa tutasmaǵan degen qarawdıń nadurıs ekenligin tastıyıqladı<ref name=" Anderson59" >[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=59</ref>. Bir waqtıniń ózinde qurǵaqlıq arqalı ekspediciyasın dawam ettirgen Pero de Kovilha Efiopiyaǵa jetip bardı hám Indiyaǵa teńiz jolı jańalıq ashılıwına júdá jaqın keldi. Portugaliyalıqlar Afrika qurǵaqlıqların úyrener ekenler, olar ózleriniń dawaların kórsetiwshi Portugaliya gerbine menen o'jılgan bir qatar tas xochlarni qaldırdilar, qorǵanlar hám sawda orayların qurdilar<ref name=" Newitt47" >[[harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=47</ref>. Olar tiykarınan qul hám altın sawdası menen shuǵıllandılar. Portugaliya bir ásirden kóbirek waqıt dawamında Afrikanıń teńiz arqalı qul sawdası boyınsha jalǵızhukmronlikka iye bolıp, hár jıli 800 ge jaqın qullarni alıp ketiwgen. Olardıń kópshiligi Portugaliya paytaxtı Lissabonga alıp kelingen hám sol dáwirde paytaxtda qara tanli Afrikalıqlar xalıqtıń 10 payızın shólkemlestirgeni shama etiledi<ref name=" Anderson55" >[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=55</ref>. ==== Tordesillas shártnaması (1494) ==== 1492-jılda [[Christopher Columbus]]dıń Ispaniya ushın Aziya dep tahmin etińlegen [[Jańa dúnya]]ni jańalıq ashıwı ispanlar hám portugallar ortasında tartıslarǵa alıp keldi<ref name=" McAlister73-75" >[[harvnb|McAlister|1984|pp=73-75</ref>. Olar oxir-aqıbet [[1494-jıl]]de Tordesillas shártnaması arqalı óz-ara Evropadan shette bolǵan Jańa dúnyanı bóliwlab aldılar<ref name=" BethencourtCurto165" >[[harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|p=165</ref>. Biraq, sol waqıtta uzınlıqtı tuwrı ólshew múmkinshiligi bolmaǵanı ushın, anıq shegara eki mámleket tárepinen [[1777-jıl]]ge shekem bahsli bolıp kelgen<ref name=" DiffieWinius174" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=174</ref>. Portugallar Diasning [[Jaqsı úmit burni]]ga etken sayaxatını dawam ettiriw ushın nege toǵız jıl kútiwgenin anıqlaw tariyxchilar arasında bahsli esaplanadı. Olardıń tahminiga kóre sırlı ekspediciyalar dawam ettirilgen<ref name=" DiffieWinius176" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=176</ref><ref name=" Boxer36" >[[harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=36</ref>. Portugaliyanıń Aziyaǵa teńiz jolin tabıw sıyaqlı kóp jıllik maqsetine aqır-aqıbetde [[vasco de Gama]] komandirligidegi úlken ekspediciya aǵzaları eristi<ref name=" DiffieWinius176 -185" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=176-185</ref>. ==== Portugallardin' Hind okeanına kiriwi ==== [[vasco de Gama]] ekspediciyası aǵzaları [[1497-jıl]]de Portugaliyanı tark etip, Keypni aylanıp ótip hám [[Arqa Afrika]] arqalı boylap dawam etdi. Onda jergilikli teńizshiler olardı Hind okeanı arqalı 1498-jıl may ayında Kalikutga baslap barıwdı. Sol tárzde teńiz arqalı Indiyaǵa jańa jol jańalıq ashıldı. Indiyaǵa ekinshi ekspediciyanı Kabral basshılıǵında teńizshiler ámelge asırıwdı. Olar da Atlantikalıq okeanı arqalı Indiyaǵa teńiz jolin ashıw maqset etiwgen edi. Biraq 1500-jılda Braziliya arqalına barıp túsiwdi hám sonday etip Braziliya jańalıq ashıldı. Bul, itimal, tosınarlı jańa ashılıw bolıp tabıladı, biraq shamalarǵa kóre, Portugaliyalıqlar [[Braziliya]]dıń bar ekenligin jasırınsha biliwgen hám ol Tordesilyas sızıǵında jaylasqan<ref name=" McAlister75" >[[harvnb|McAlister|1984|p=75</ref>. Kabral Portugaliya patshaına bul jańa aymaqlardı Portugaliya múlkine aylandırıwdı usınıs etdi hám 1501-jıl hám 1503-jıllarda eki jańa ekspediciyalardı ámelge asırdı. Bul aymaqta úlken muǵdarda orman hám putaqshalar tapildi, biraq altın hám gúmis tabilǵan zatlıǵi portugallarni itibarın taǵı Indiyaǵa qaratıwına sebep boldı<ref name=" McAlister76" >[[harvnb|McAlister|1984|p=76</ref>.[[1502-jıl]]de Hind okeanınıń keń aymaǵında sawda húkimranlıǵın qolǵa alıw, Portugaliya imperiyasining sawda kemelerin qaraqshılar hám raxip mámleketlerden qorǵaw ushın kartaz litsenziyalaw sistemasın jarattı<ref name=" DiffieWinius274, 320 -323" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=274, 320 -323</ref>. Tristau de Kunya hám Afonso de Albukerke komandirligi astındaǵı portugal flotı [[Qızıl teńiz]]ga kiraverishdagi Sokotrani [[1506-jıl]]de hám [[Maskat]]ni [[1507-jıl]]de basıp aldı<ref>veb deregi|url=https://www. keralatourism. org/destination/thangasseri-kollam/296|title=Thangasseri, Kollam, Dutch Quilon, Kerala|website=Kerala Tourism</ref><ref name=" Abeyasinghe2" >[[harvnb|Abeyasinghe|1986|p=2</ref>. Ormuzni jawlap alıw eta almagach, olar Hind okeanına hám odan keyingi jerlerde sawda etiwdi qadaǵan etiw strategiyasına ámel qılıwdi<ref name=" Disney2009 b128" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=128</ref><ref name=" DiffieWinius233, 235" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=233, 235</ref>.[[Madagaskar]] Cunha tárepinen bólekan izertlew etilgen hám Mavrikiy bolsa Cunha hám Albuquerque tárepinen ashılǵan<ref name=" Macmillan11" >[[harvnb|Macmillan|2000|p=11</ref>. Sokotra qolǵa kiritilgennen keyin, Cunha hám Albuquerque bólek jumıs alıp bardi. Cunha sawda maqsetlerinde Indiya hám Portugaliya arasında sayaxat etken bolsa, Albuquerque Almeydaning úsh jıllik kepilligi tawsılǵanınan keyin gubernator lawazımın iyelew ushın Indiyaǵa bardı. Biraq Almeyda hákimiyattı tapsırıwdan bas tartdı hám tez arada Albuquerqueni úy qamog'iga aldı hám onda 1509 -jılgacha qaldı<ref name=" DiffieWinius237-239" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=237-239</ref>. Manuel I Almeydadan Perishteka hám Shri-Lankadagi aymaqlardı jáne de tolıq úyreniwdi soraǵan bolsa -de, Almeyda bunıń ornına Indiyanıń batıs bólegine, atap aytqanda, Gujarat sultanlıǵına itibar qaratıwdı kerek dep taptı. Sebebi Almeydaning regiondaǵı sawdagerler basqa jaylarǵa salıstırǵanda kóbirek kúshke iye ekenliginen shubhaları bar edi.[[Mamluklar|Mamluk sultanligi]] sultanı Al-Eń ullı Qansuh al-Gavri hám Gujarat sultanlıǵı Chaul portında portugal kúshlerine hújim etdi, nátiyjede Almeydaning balası bul urısda opat etdi. Buǵan juwapan portugallar 1509 -jılda Diu teńizindegi jangda Mamluklar hám Gujaratlar flotların tar-mor qılıwdi<ref name=" Disney2009 b128-29" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=128-129</ref>. Almeydaning dáslepki urınısları menen bir qatarda, Manuel I jáne onıń Lissabondagi keńesi hákimiyattı Hind okeanında bólistiriwge háreket etip, ush jónelisti jarattı : Albuquerque [[Qızıl teńiz]]ga, Diogo Lopes de Sequeira Perishteka sultanı menen shártlesiwge erisiw ushın Qublası -Arqa Aziyaǵa, Xorxe de Aguiar, keyin bolsa Duarte de Lemos [[Jaqsı úmit burni]] hám Gujarat ortasındaǵı aymaqǵa jiberildi<ref name=" DiffieWinius245-247" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=245-247</ref><ref name=" Subrahmanyam67-83" >[[harvnb|Subrahmanyam|2012|pp=67-83</ref>. <gallery widths="200 px" heights="200 px"> File:A partida de Vasco da Gama para a Índia em 1497.jpg|1497-jılda [[vasco de Gama]]dıń [[Indiya]]ga jo'nab ketiwi File:Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png|Portugaliya jańa ashılıwları hám izertlewleri: birinshi jetip kelgen jayları hám sáneleri; Portugaliyanıń tiykarǵı tatımlıq sawda jolları (kók) File:Portuguese Carracks off a Rocky Coast.jpg|Santa-Katarina do Monte Sinay sawda kemesi. Portugal Armadasining qudıreti hám kúshiniń úlgisi edi. File:Codice Casanatense Portuguese Nobleman.jpg|XvI asirdegi portugal zodagonining Indiya daǵı mulozimlar menen Filei </gallery> ==== Aziya, Afrika hám Hind okeanında teńiz sawdası ==== ===== Goa, Perishteka hám Qublası -Arqa Aziya ===== [[File:Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg|thumb|upright=1. 35|XvI hám XvII ásirlerde orayı [[Goa]] bolǵan Arqa Portugaliya imperiyasi (Estado de Índia) ]] [[1509-jıl]] aqırına kelip,[[vasco de Gama]] Indiyaǵa joldı jańalıq ashqannan keyin, Albuquerque paytaxtı [[Goa|Eski Goa]] bolǵan [[Tómen-Indiya]]dıń vice-korolı boldı<ref name=" Disney2009 b129" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=129</ref>. Almeydadan ayrıqsha bolıp esaplanıw, Albuquerque teńiz flotın bekkemlew, sonıń menen birge, korollıǵılıq máplerine kóbirek xizmet etiw menen shuǵıllangan<ref name=" DiffieWinius238" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=238</ref>. Onıń birinshi maqseti Kerala hám Gujarat ortasındaǵı qorǵaw qorǵanı retinde strategiyalıq jaylasıwı, sonıń menen birge, arab atların import qılıwda zárúrligi sebepli [[Goa]]ni jawlap alıw etiw edi<ref name=" Disney2009 b128-29" />. 1510 -jılda Bijapur sultanlıgınan Goaning qolǵa alınıwına tez arada bijapurilar qarsı shıqtı, biraq hindu jeke menshikdori Timoji járdemi menen sol jıldıń 25-noyabrinde qala portugallar tárepinen qayta qolǵa alındı<ref name=" Shastry34-45" >[[harvnb|Shastry|2000|pp=34-45</ref><ref name=" Disney2009 b130" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=130</ref>. Goa qalasında Albuquerque [[1510-jıl]]de [[Indiya]]de birinshi portugal teńgesin ashtı<ref name=" deSouza220" >[[harvnb|de Souza|1990|p=220</ref>. Ol Portugaliyalıq kóshpelinchilarni jergilikli hayallarǵa úyleniwge shaqırıq etdi, Áwliye Ketrin húrmetine shirkew qurdi hám hindlarning sıyınıwxonalarini qorǵaw hám salıq talapların kemeytiw arqalı jergilikli hindlar menen baylanıs ornatıwǵa háreket etdi<ref name=" Disney2009 b130" />. Portugallar qubla Indiya daǵı [[vijayanagar|vijayanagar imperiyasi]]menen dos sıpatında baylanıslardı saqlap qalǵan<ref name=" Mehta291" >[[harvnb|Mehta|1980|p=291</ref>. [[1511-jıl]] aprel ayında Albuquerque sol dáwirdiń eń iri tatımlıqlar bazarı bolǵan Malayziya daǵı [[Perishteka]]ga júzip keldi<ref name=" Ricklefs23" >[[harvnb|Ricklefs|1991|p=23</ref><ref name=" Kratoska2004 p98" >[[harvnb|Kratoska|2004|p=98</ref>. Sawdada tiykarınan gujaratilar ústinlik etken bolsa -de, túrkler, parsılar, armanlar, tamillar hám efiopiyalılar sıyaqlı basqa gruppalar da sawda etiwgan<ref name=" Kratoska2004 p98" />. Albuquerque tatımlıqlar sawdasında musulmanlar hám venetsiyaliklarning tásirine tosqınlıq jasaw hám Lissabon tásirin asırıw ushın Perishtekani ózine boysundirishni joba etdi<ref name=" Gipouloux2011 p301-302" >[[harvnb|Gipouloux|2011|pp=301-302</ref>. 1511-jıldıń iyuliga kelip Albuquerque Perishtekani iyelep aldı hám Antonio de Abreu hám Fransisko Serraoni ([[Ferdinand Fmagellan]]menen birge) Indoneziya arxipelagini úyreniw ushın jiberdi<ref name=" Newitt2005 p78" >[[harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=78</ref>. [[File:Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg|thumb|Jańa ashılıwlar dáwirinde iberiyaning aymaqlarǵa xalıq aralıq dawa huqıqı. Afonso de Albuquerquening Hind okeanın qorshap alıw strategiyası kórsetilgen.]] Perishteka yarım atawı Portugaliyanıń [[Qıtay]] hám [[Qublası-Arqa Aziya]]menen sawda-satıq jumısları keńeyiwi ushın strategiyalıq bazaǵa aylandı. Qalanı qorǵaw ushın ''A Famosa'' dep atalǵan kúshli dárwaza qurıldı hám bul dárwaza búgin de saqlanıp qalınǵan<ref name=" Ooi2009 p202" >[[harvnb|Ooi|2009|p=202</ref>. Siamlarning Perishteka boyınsha maqsetlerin bilip, Albuquerque tezlik penen Duarte Fernandesni Siam patshalıǵına (zamanagóy Tailand ) diplomatik missiyaga jiberdi, ol bul korollıǵılıqtaǵı birinshi evropalıq bolıp, eki korollıǵılıq ortasında dos sıpatında munasábetler hám sawda baylanıslardı ornatdi<ref name=" Lach520 -521" >[[harvnb|Lach|1994|pp=520 -521</ref><ref>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania by Barbara A. West. Infobase Publishing, 2009.p. 800</ref>. Portugaliya imperiyasi qublaǵa qaray jıljıdı hám 1512-jılda Timor jańalıq ashıldı. Xorxe de Meneses 1526 -jılda [[Jańa Gvineya]]ni jańalıq ashıp, onı „Papua atawı“ dep at berdi<ref name=" QuanchiRobson2005" >[[kitob deregi| last1=Quanchi| first1=Max| last2=Robson| first2=John| title=Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=FUwDzM94 jGUC| year=2005| publisher=Scarecrow Press| isbn=978-0-8108-6528-0| page=xliii</ref>. 1517-jılda João de Silveira [[Chittagong]]<ref>de Silva Jayasuriya, p. 86</ref> flotına komandirlik etdi hám 1528-jılǵa kelip portugallar Chittagongda óz húkimranlıǵın ornatdilar<ref name=" Harris225" >kitob deregi|last=Harris|first=Jonathan Gil|title=The First Firangis|url=https://books.google. com/books? id=Y4 i7 BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT225|year=2015|publisher=Aleph Book Company|isbn=978-93-83064-91-5|page=225</ref>. ===== Qıtay hám Yaponiya ===== [[File:Macau Trade Routes.png|upright=1. 35|thumb|Portugallarning [[Yaponiya]]dıń [[Nagasaki]] qalasına saparı.]] Rimlikler [[Kishi Aziya]] arqalı qurǵaqlıqta Qıtayǵa birinshi jetip keliwgen bolsa, Jorge Alvares teńiz arqalı bul mámleketke jetip kelgen dáslepki evropalıq boldı<ref>kitob deregi| last1=Twitchett| first1=Denis Crispin| last2=Fairbank| first2=John King| title=The Cambridge History of China| year=1978| isbn=978-0-521-24333-9| page=336</ref><ref name=" Edmonds2002" >kitob deregi| editor-last=Edmonds| editor-first=Richard L.| title=China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=mXoFscQ2 QwsC| date=September 2002| publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=978-0-521-52403-2| page=1</ref><ref name=" Ward2008" >kitob deregi| last=Ward| first=Gerald W. R.| title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques ın Art| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=mkJfbdTS--UC| year=2008| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19 -531391-8| page=37</ref><ref name=" Gleason2007" >kitob deregi| last=Gleason| first=Carrie| title=The Biography of Tea| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=o-54 TjlhrfIC| year=2007| publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company| isbn=978-0-7787-2493-3| page=12</ref>. Ol sonıń menen birge [[Hong Kong]]ni jańalıq ashqan dáslepki evropalıq sayaxatshıdir<ref>Hong Kong & Macau 14 By Andrew Stone, Piera Chen, Chung Wah Chow Lonely Planet, 2010.pp. 20 -21</ref><ref>Hong Kong & Macau By Jules Brown Rough Guides, 2002.p. 195</ref>. Indiya Estadosining vice-korolı Albuquerque Evropalıqlardıń jergilikli xalıq menen sawda baylanısların jolǵa qoyıw ushın Rafael Perestreloni Qıtayǵa jo'natdi<ref>veb deregi| url=http://algarvedailynews. com/features/history/4372-tne-portuguese-ın-the-far-east| title=Tne Portuguese ın the Far East| publisher=Algarvedailynews. com| access-date=2013-04-18| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20130130144843/http://algarvedailynews. com/features/history/4372-tne-portuguese-ın-the-far-east| archive-date=2013-01-30 ]] Webarxiv|url=https://web. archive. org/web/20130130144843/http://algarvedailynews. com/features/history/4372-tne-portuguese-ın-the-far-east| date=2013-01-30 </ref><ref>veb deregi|url=http://www. china. org. cn/english/culture/119676. htm|title='Portugal's Discovery ın China' az waqıt Display|website=www. china. org. cn</ref>. [[File:Macau oldmap.jpg|thumb|left|[[1639-jıl]]dagi Portugaliya koloniyası Makao yarımatawınıń Filei]] Qıtay sawda portların Portugaliyanıń óz mápleri ushın kúsh menen ashıwǵa háreketi eki mámleket ortasında jangga alıp keldi hám Tamãodagi Tunmen jangida portugallar [[Min (úrim-putaq )| Min]]larda jeńiliwge dus keldiler.[[1521-jıl]]de Lantau atawı daǵı Sincouwaan jangida portugallar 2 kemasini joǵatdılar. Sonıń menen birge [[1548-jıl]]de Dongshan yarımatawı qasındaǵı Shuanyudaa bolıp ótken jangda taǵı 2 kemeleri joǵatildi hám kóplegen portugallar Qıtaylıqlar tárepinen qolǵa alındı.[[1549-jıl]] Galeote Pereira hám portugallarning eki kemesi iyelendi. Bul sawashlar dawamında [[Min (úrim-putaq )| Min]]lar jeńiliwge dus kelgen portugallardan qural -qurallardı iyelep aldılar, keyin olar Qıtayda ǵalabalıq islep shıǵarıla baslandı. Portugallar keyin Qıtayǵa tınısh jol menen qaytıp keliwdi hám Luso-Qıtay shártlesiwi (1554) shártnaması qol qoyıldı. Portugallar Luso-Qıtay shártlesiwinde Franklar ornına ózlerin Portugaliyalıqlar atı menen tanıstırdılar hám Minlarga hár jılı júzlegen gúmis lyan (pul birligi) larni berip, Qıtaydan Makaonı sawda noqatı retinde kireyge aldılar<ref>p. 343-344, Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank,[https://books.google. com/books? id=tvhvh6 ibLJcC&lpg=PA344&dq=Leonel%20 de%20 Sousa%20 Macau&pg=PA344#v=onepage&q=Leonel%20 de%20 Sousa%20 Macau&f=false The Cambridge history of China, volume 2; volume 8], Cambridge University Press, 1978, ISBN|0-521-24333-5</ref>. Biraq waqıt ótip eki mádeniyat ortasındaǵı dáslepki uyqaslıqqa qaramay, kóp ótpey, bir-birine salıstırǵanda tushunmovchilik, dinge berilgenlik hám hátte dushpanlıq da payda bóle basladı<ref name=" smithsonianmag. com" >veb deregi| url=http://www. smithsonianmag. com/history-arsha aǵashıeology/portugal_exhibit. html| title=When Portugal Ruled the Seas | History & Arsha aǵashıeology | Smithsonian Magazine| publisher=Smithsonianmag. com| access-date=2013-04-18| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20121225010332/http://www. smithsonianmag. com/history-arsha aǵashıeology/portugal_exhibit. html| archive-date=2012-12-25 ]] [[Webarxiv|url=https://web. archive. org/web/20121225010332/http://www. smithsonianmag. com/history-arsha aǵashıeology/portugal_exhibit. html| date=2012-12-25 </ref>. Portugaliyalıq teńizshi Simão de Andrade óziniń qaraqshılıq iskerligi, Qıtay kemelerin wayran etiwi, Qıtaylıq hámeldarǵa hújimi hám Qıtaylıqlardı urlawı sebepli Portugaliyanıń Qıtay menen munasábetlerine suwıqshılıq keltirdi. Andrade Tamao atawı daǵı qorǵanda edi. Qıtaylıqlar Simão Qıtaylıq ul hám qızlardı kewilge tiyiwlaganini dawa qılıwdi<ref name=" Jesus5" >[[harvnb|Jesus|1902|p=5</ref>. Qıtaylıqlar Portugaliyalıqlardı quwıp shıǵıwǵa hám Tamaoni qaytarıp alıw ushın Portugaliyalıq karavellarga qarsı arzımas áskerdi jiberdiler. Nátiyjede, Qıtaylıqlar kóplegen portugallarni óltirilishini hám olardı teńizge quwıp shıǵıw haqqında pármandi járiyaladılar<ref name=" Dodge226" >[[harvnb|Dodge|1976|p=226</ref><ref name=" Whiteway339" >[[harvnb|Whiteway|1899|p=339</ref>. Bintan sultanı Tóbeas Pires qol astında bir neshe Portugaliyalıqtı qamawǵa alǵannan keyin, Qıtaylıqlar 23 portugallikni óltirdiler hám qalǵanların qamaqxanaǵa tasladılar, olar jaman, geyde ólimli sharayatlarda yashadılar. Keyin Qıtaylıqlar 1545 hám 1549 -jıllarda Qıtaylıqlardı ǵázeplentirgen portugallarning qıraq boylap keń kólemli hám zıyanlı qaraqshılıqları sebepli Ningbo hám Fujian sawda noqatlarında jasawshı portugallarni ǵalabalıq oba etdilar<ref name=" Dodge226" />. Bul dáwirde portugal qaraqshıları yaponlardan keyin ekinshi orında turardı. Biraq keyinirek portugallar Qıtay kemelerin talashni toqtatdilar hám eki ortada sawda júrgiziw taǵı basladı. 1557-jılda Qıtay húkimeti Portugaliyalıqlarǵa [[Makao]]de jaylasıwǵa ruxsat berip,[[Qıtay]],[[Yaponiya]],[[Goa]] hám [[Evropa]] ortasında tovarlar sawdası bazasın jarattı<ref name=" Dodge226" /><ref name=" Disney2009 b175, 184" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=175, 184</ref>. ===== Tatımlıqlar atawları (Maluku) hám Saragosa shártnaması ===== [[File:Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg|thumb|320 px|Portugaliya Yaponiya hám Qıtay menen sawda jolların ornatǵan birinshi Evropa mámleketi boldı. Yaponiya ekspediciyasında Portugaliya kemelerindegi ekipajlarning zárúrli bólegi hind nasroniylari edi]] Portugallarning Aziyadaǵı ekspediciyaları basqalarda da úlken qızıǵıwshılıq oyatdı.[[1521-jıl]][[Ferdinand Fmagellan]][[Filippin]]ga keldi hám [[Ispaniya imperiyasi]] múlki dep járiyaladı<ref>kitob deregi|title=Interracial Intimacy ın Japan|first=Gary P.| last=Leupp|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]| year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6074-5|page=35</ref>.[[1525-jıl]]de Charlz v Molukka atawların koloniya qılıw ushın ekspediciya jiberdi hám bul aymaq Tordesillas shártnaması aymaǵında jaylasqanlıǵın dawa etdi, sebebi shıǵısda hesh qanday shegara joq edi. García Jofre de Loaísa ekspediciyası Molukkaga jetip bardı. Biraq portugallar Ternate qasında óz húkimranlıǵın ornatǵan edi hám eki mámleket bul aymaqlar ushın on jıllar dawamında urıslar alıp bardi. 1529 -jılda Saragosa shártnaması menen Molukkani [[Portugaliya]]ga,[[Filippin]]ni bolsa [[Ispaniya imperiyasi|Ispaniya]]ga beriw tuwrısında qarar qabıllandı<ref name=" Ooi2004 p1340" >[[harvnb|Ooi|2004|p=1340</ref>. Portugaliyalıqlar 1530 -jıldan Bruney imperiyasi menen úzliksiz sawda etkenler hám Bruney paytaxtın tas diywal menen oralǵan dep súwretlewgen. ===== Qubla Aziya, Parsı qoltıqı hám Qızıl teńiz ===== [[File:Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg|thumb|left|Portugal qorǵanı,[[Paydayn]]dagi eń jaqsı saqlanıp qalǵan qorǵanlardan biri]] Portugaliya imperiyasi Ajuran imperiyasi hám Osmanlı imperiyasi menen tatımlıqlar sawdasın baqlaw ushın gúresip, Parsı qoltıqına qáwip sola basladı. 1515-jılda Afonso de Albuquerque Parsı qoltıqınıń basında jaylasqan Huvala mámleketin bo'ysundirib, onı Portugaliya vassaliga aylantırdı. Biraq [[Adan (qala )| Adan]] sol jılı Albuquerquening hújimlerine, sonıń menen birge 1516 -jılda Lopo Soares de Albergarianing hújimlerine qattı qarsılıq kórsetdi.[[1521-jıl]]de Anto'nio Correia basshılıǵındaǵı ásker Jabrid patshası Muqrin ibn Zomilni jeńiliske ushıraǵan etip, Paydaynni iyelep aldı<ref>Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p. 37</ref>. Portugallar keyingi júz jıllar dawamında Parsı qoltıqınıń qubla bóleginde húkimranlıq etdiler. 1497-jıldan beri [[Lissabon]]ni [[Goa]]menen baylanıstıratuǵın úzliksiz teńiz jolı menen Mozambik atawı strategiyalıq portqa aylandı hám onda São Sebastião qorǵanı hám emlewxana qurıldı. Azor atawları quramına kiretuǵın Armada atawları Lissabonga ketetuǵın kemeler qawipsizligin támiyinlagan<ref name=" O'Flanagan125" >[[harvnb|O'Flanagan|2008|p=125</ref>. 1534-jılda Gujarat [[Boburiylar]], Chitor hám Manduning Rajput shtatları tárepinen hújimge dus keldi. Gujarat sultanı Bahodurshoh portugallar menen mámleketin kóp aymaǵın basqa hind mámleketlerinen qaytarıp alıw ushın Basseyn shártnamasın imzolab, óz-ara birlespe tuzdi. Bunıń ornına ol Daman, Diu, Mumbay hám Basseyndi portugallarga berdi. Sonıń menen birge, ol bojlarni tólew hám at sawdasına ruxsat beriw ushın Qızıl teńizge jo'naydigan hám Basseyn arqalı ótetuǵın Gujarati kemeleriniń sawdasın tártipke saldı<ref name=" Pearson1976 pp74-82" >[[harvnb|Pearson|1976|pp=74-82</ref>.[[Boburiylar|Boburiy]] húkimdarı [[Humoyun]] Batırǵa qarsı urısda tabıs qazanganidan keyin, portugallar menen shártlerdi tastıyıqlaw ushın basqa shártnama imzoladi hám Diuda qorǵan qurılısına ruxsat berdi. Oradan kóp ótpey Humoyun itibarın basqa tárepke qaratdı hám gujaratlar Osmanlılar menen birlespe tuzib, Diu ústinen qadaǵalawdı tiklab, qorǵandı qamal etdiler. 1538 hám 1546 -jıllardaǵı eki áwmetsiz qamal Osmanlılardıń maqsetlerine shek qoydı, bul regiondaǵı Portugaliya gegemonligini tastıyıqlandi<ref name=" Pearson1976 pp74-82" /><ref name=" Malekandathil116 -118" >[[harvnb|Malekandathil|2010|pp=116 -118</ref>, sonıń menen birge, portugallar [[Boburiylar]]den ústinlikke iye boldı<ref name=" Mathew138" >[[harvnb|Mathew|1988|p=138</ref>. Biraq,[[Osmanlılar imperiyasi|Osmanlılar]] 1541-jılda [[Qızıl teńiz]] hám [[Sinay yarım atawı]]de, 1546 hám 1552-jıllarda [[Parsı qoltıqi]]dıń arqa regioninde portugallarning hújimlerine qarsı gúresdilar<ref>kitob deregi|first1=Mesut|last1=Uyar|first2=Edward|last2=J. Erickson|title=A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman tap Atatürk|publisher=ABC-CLIO| year=2003|isbn=0275988767|url=https://books.google. com/books? id=JgfNBKHG7 S8 C&pg=PA76 </ref><ref>D. João de Castro [http://www. columbia. edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00 generallinks/kerr/vol06 chap03 sect01 to05. html ''The voyage of Dán Stefano de Gama from Goa tap Suez, ın 1540, with the intention of Burning the Turkish Galleys at that port''] (volume 6, Chapter 3, eText) </ref>. ===== Sahrası Úlkennen qubla daǵı aymaqlar ===== [[File:Saint Francis Xavier taking leave of King John III (1635) - José Avelar Rebelo.png|thumb|Áwliye Francis Xavier Portugaliya patshası Ioann III den Aziyaǵa missionerlik ekspediciyasın uyushtirishga ruqsat soranıp atır]] [[Efiopiya]]menen bir qatar uzaq múddetli baylanıslardan keyin, Portugaliya elshixonasi 1520 -jılda Rodrigo de Lima basshılıǵındaǵı Efiopiya (Efiopiyalıiston) patshalıǵı menen baylanıs ornatdı. <ref name=Abir86>Abir, p. 86</ref><ref>Appiah; Gates, p. 130</ref>. Tez arada olardıń baylanısları óz-ara birlespe dúziwge shekem bardı<ref>Chesworth; Thomas p. 86</ref>. Portugaliya hám Efiopiya aymaqlarındaǵı túrklerdiń aldınǵa jılısıwı qáweteri de olardıń birlespeinde rol oynadi<ref name=Abir86/><ref>Newitt (2004), p. 86</ref>. Adal sultanlıǵı [[1529-jıl]]de Shimbra Kure jangida Efiopiyalıqlardı jeńiliske ushıraǵan etdi hám islam dini regionda jáne de tarqaldı. Portugaliya patsha Gelawdewosga portugal askarlari hám mushketlari menen járdem berdi. Osmanlılar Adal sultanlıǵına askarlar menen járdem bergen bolsalar -de, 1543-jılda vayna Daga jangida Adali sultan Ahmad ibn Ibrohim al-G'oziy opat etkeninen keyin, Adal-Osmanlı qospa áskerleri chekindi<ref>Black, p. 102</ref><ref name=" Stapleton2013 p121" >[[harvnb|Stapleton|2013|p=121</ref><ref>Cohen, pp. 17-18</ref>. ===== Missionerlik ekspediciyaları ===== 1542-jılda iyezuit missioneri Francis Xavier Portugaliya patshası Ioann III tapsırig'iga qaray Apostol nunsiaturasiga juwapker bolǵan [[Goa]]ga keldi. Áyne sol waqıtta Francisco Zeimoto, Anto'nio Mota hám basqa sawdagerler birinshi ret Yaponiyaǵa óz saparların ámelge asırıp atır edi. Bul sayaxatda bolǵanın dawa etken Fernão Mendes Pintoning sózlerine kóre, olar Tanegashimaga jetip keliwgen, onda jergilikli xalıq o'qotar qurallardan tańlanıwda qalǵan. Keyinirek bul qurallar Yaponiyada ǵalabalıq túrde islep shıǵılǵan<ref name=" Pacey1991" >[[kitob deregi| last=Pacey| first=Arnold| title=Technology ın World Civilization: A Thousand-year History| url=https://archive. org/details/technologyinworl0000 pace| url-access=registration| year=1991| publisher=MIT Press| isbn=978-0-262-66072-3</ref>.[[1570-jıl]]ga kelip portugallar Yaponiya portınıń bir bólegin satıp aldılar, onda olar [[Nagasaki]] qalasınıń kishi bir bólegine tiykar salındılar<ref>Yosaburō Takekoshi, „The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan“, [[ISBN|0-415-32379 -7]]. </ref> hám qala [[Qıtay]] hám [[Evropa]]menen úshmúyeshlik sawdada Yaponiyanıń tiykarǵı sawda portına aylandı<ref name=" Disney2009 b195" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=195</ref>. Óz sawdasın Evropa hám Aziya básekichilaridan qorǵaw etken Portugaliya tekǵana Aziya hám Evropa ortasındaǵı sawdada, bálki [[Indiya]],[[Indoneziya]],[[Qıtay]] hám [[Yaponiya]] sıyaqlı Aziya hám Afrikanıń túrli regionları ortasındaǵı sawdada da ústinlik etdi. Iyezuit missionerlari portugallarga ergashib, rim katolik dinin Aziya hám Afrikada kúsh hám zorlıqshılıq menen jayıwǵa háreketlerdi aparıwdi<ref name=" BethencourtCurto262-265" >[[harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|pp=262-265</ref>. ==== Amerikada kolonizatorlik háreketleri ==== [[File:Capitanias.jpg|thumb|left|Braziliyanıń 15 áwladdan áwladqa miyraslar qalatuǵın koloniyalarini kórsetetuǵın 1574-jıldaǵı karta]] ===== Kanada ===== Tordesillas shártnamasına tiykarınan patshalar Manuel I, Ioann III hám Sebastian basshılıǵındaǵı Portugaliya imperiyasi Arqa Amerikada da aymaqlıq huqıqlarǵa dawa etdi. Sol maqsette, 1499 hám 1500-jıllarda João Fernandes Lavrador Grenlandiya hám Kanadanıń arqa Atlantikalıq qurǵaqlıqların úyrendi<ref name=" DiffieWinius464" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=464</ref>. Keyinirek, 1500—1501 hám 1502-jıllarda ájaǵa -úke Gaspar hám Miguel Corte-Real Kanadanıń Newfoundland hám Labrador provinsiyalari hám Grenlandiyanı izertlew etip, bulmanlardı Portugaliya múlki dep dawa qılıwdı.[[1506-jıl]]de patsha Manuel I Newfoundland arqalında balıq tutıw ushın salıq ámeldegi etdi. Shama menen 1521-jılda João Alvares Fagundesga Sent-Lorens qoltıqınıń ishki atawlarına qayırqomlıq huqıqı berdi hám sonıń menen birge, balıq tutıw ushın tiykar bolıp xizmet etiwi ushın Keyp Breton atawında xalıq punkti jarattı. Jergilikli xalıq hám básekiles Evropa balıqchiliklarining bul aymaqlarda turaqlı qalıw ushın jańa qalalar payda bolıwına tosqınlıq etdi hám bes jıldan keyin bul aymaqlar tark etildi. Keyingi yarım ásir dawamında Newfoundlandda xalıq punktlerin shólkemlestiriwge bolǵan bir neshe urınıslar da áwmetsizlikke dus keldi<ref name=" Disney2009 a116" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 a|p=116</ref>. ===== Braziliya ===== Kabral [[Braziliya]]ni jańalıq ashqannan keyin,[[Fransiya]] bul aymaq ushın Portugaliga básekishige aylandı. 1503-jılda Gonçalo Coelho komandirligi astındaǵı ekspediciya Braziliya arqalında fransuzlarning hújimleri haqqında xabar berdi, <ref name=" HerringHerring214" >[[harvnb|Herring|Herring|1968|p=214</ref> hám fransuz teńiz izertlewshisi Bınat Paulmier de Gonneville bir jıldan keyin Braziliya qublaında baylanıs ornatǵannan keyin ''brazilwood'' ushın sawda etdi<ref>Metcalf (2006 ), p. 60</ref>.[[Arqa Amerika]] arqalı boylap Francis I qáwenderlik etken ekspediciyalar Tordesillas shártnamasın tuwrıdan-tuwrı buzdi<ref name=" PickettPickett14" >[[harvnb|Pickett|Pickett|2011|p=14</ref>. 1531-jılǵa kelip, fransuzlar Braziliya jaǵaındaǵı aral qasında sawda postini qurdilar<ref name=" PickettPickett14" />. [[File:Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png|upright=1. 35|thumb|[[1598-jıl]] Portugaliya hám Ispaniya patshası Philip II waqtında Iberiya birlespei]] Fransuzlarning Braziliyada aǵash kontrabandasining kúsheytiwi João III ni bul aymaqtı ishkerilew basıp alıwǵa háreket etiwge májbúr etdi<ref name=" Marley2008 p76" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=76</ref>.[[1531-jıl]]de Martım Afonso de Sousa jáne onıń úkesi Pero Lopes basshılıǵındaǵı korollıǵılıq ekspediciyası pútkil Braziliya qurǵaqlıqların qorǵaw, fransuzlarni aymaqtan aydalıw hám birinshi koloniya qala — 1532-jılda San-visenteni jaratıw ushın jo'nab kettilar<ref name=" Marley2008 pp76 -78" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|pp=76 -78</ref>. Sousa bir jıl ótkennen, Indiya gubernatori bolıw ushın paytaxt [[Lissabon]]ga qaytıp keldi hám hesh qashan Braziliyaǵa qaytıp barmadi<ref name=" DeOliveira254" >[[harvnb|de Oliveira Marques|1972|p=254</ref><ref name=" Marley2008 p78" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=78</ref>. Fransuz hújimleri Portugaliyalıqlardıń Atlantikalıq okeanı boylap portugal kemelerine hújim qılıwdı toqtatıw ushın fransuzlarga pul tólegeninen keyin, málim dárejede tóqtadı, biraq hújimler 1560 -jıllarda da mashqala bolıp qolaverdi<ref name=" Marley2005 pp694-696" >[[harvnb|Marley|2005|pp=694-696</ref>. Tóbeé de Sousa 1549 -jılda „Barlıq ázizler qoltıqi“de [[Braziliya]]dıń paytaxtı [[Salvador]]ni qurdi<ref name=" Mahoney246" >[[harvnb|Mahoney|2010|p=246</ref>. De Sousaning 1000 adamlıq ekspediciyası arasında askarlar, jumısshılar hám Manuel de Nobrega basshılıǵındaǵı altı iyezuit bar edi<ref name=" Russell-Wood1968 p47" >[[harvnb|Russell-Wood|1968|p=47</ref>. Iezuitlar Braziliyanı koloniya qılıwda, sonday-aq San-visente hám San-Pauluni iyelewde zárúrli rol oynaydı<ref name=" Ladle185" >[[harvnb|Ladle|2000|p=185</ref>. Iezuit missiyalari menen birge jergilikli xalıq arasına kóplegen kesellik keldi, kesellikler arasında tırıspa hám sheshek gúl da bar edi<ref>Metcalf (2005), pp. 36 -37</ref>. Keyinirek, fransuzlar Portugaliya aymaǵı bolǵan Guanabara qoltıqına jaylawdılar, bulman ''Fransiya Antarktidası'' dep at berildi<ref name=" Marley2008 p86" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=86</ref>. Portugaliya elshisi Fransiya shabıwılchiligi haqqında xabar beriw ushın Parijǵa jiberilganida, Joao III Mem de Sáni Braziliyanıń jańa general gubernatori etip tayınladi hám Mem de Sá [[1557-jıl]]de Braziliyaǵa jo'nab ketti<ref name=" Marley2008 p86" />.[[1560-jıl]]ga kelip, Sá jáne onıń kúshleri birlesken [[Gugenotlar]],[[Kalvinizm|Shotlandiya kalvinistlari]] hám qullar kúshlerin Fransiya Antarktikasınan quwıp shıǵıwdı. Biraq olardıń istehkomlari hám awılların jaǵıp jiberganlaridan keyin de tiri qalǵanlar bul jerde jasawda dawam etiwdi. Bul omon qalǵanlar Gloriya qoltıqı, Flamengo plyaji hám Parapapua aymaǵına Tamoio xalqınıń járdemi menen jaylawdilar<ref name=" Marley2008 p90" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=90</ref>. Tamoio Fransiya Antarktidasında jaylasqanınan berli fransuzlar menen birlespeshi bolǵan hám 1560 -jılda fransuzlar jeńiliwge dus kelgenine qaramay, Tamoio ele da qáwip astında edi<ref name=" Treece31" >[[harvnb|Treece|2000|p=31</ref>. Olar 1561 hám 1564-jıllarda portugallarga qarsı eki hújim uyushtirdilar (aqırǵı waqıya fransuzlarga járdem berdi) hám hár birinde derlik tabısqa eristilar<ref name=" Marley2008 pp91-92" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|pp=91-92</ref><ref>Metcalf (2005), p. 37</ref>. Bul waqıtqa kelip, Manuel de No'brega kásiplesi iyezuit José de Anchieta menen birgelikte Tamoioga hújimler qatnasıwshısına aylandı<ref name=" Treece31" /><ref name=" Marley2008 pp91-92" />. 1565-jıldan 1567-jılǵa shekem Mem de Sá jáne onıń áskerleri Guanabara qoltıqında Fransiya Antarktidasın wayran etiwdi. 1565-jılda Mem de Sá bul aymaqlardı „São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro“ dep atay basladı<ref name=" Marley2008 p96" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=96</ref> jáne onıń jiyeni Estácio de Sá 1567-jılda [[Rio-de-Janeyro]] qalasına tiykar salındı.[[1575-jıl]]ga kelip Tamoi tolıq bo'ysindirilgandi hám aymaq joq bolıp ketkendi<ref name=" Schwartz1973 p41" >[[harvnb|Schwartz|1973|p=41</ref>. [[File:Flag of Portugal (1667).svg|thumb|Portugaliya bayraǵina (1667-1706 ). Xv-XIX ásirlerden baslap Portugaliya bayraqlarınıń barlıǵı soǵan uqsas bolǵan.]] ==== Iberiya birlespesi ==== [[1580-jıl]]de Iberiya birlespesi sebepli Portugaliya qońsılas [[Ispaniya imperiyasi]]menen birden-bir monarx húkimranlıǵı astında birlesedi. 1640 -jılda mámleket ǵárezsizlikke eristi. Portugal-Ispaniya birlespesiniń 60 jılı dawamında Portugaliyanıń jańa teńiz kúshi Gollandiya menen Aziya, Afrika hám Lotin Amerikası daǵı koloniyalar ushın eń qızǵın gúreslerdi alıp bardı. Bul gúreslerde portugallar mámleket tárepinen qollap -quwatlanmadi. Ispaniya monarxlari, birinshi náwbette, ispan koloniyalarini qorǵaw hám keńeytiwge itibar qaratdilar<ref name=" Kamen177" >[[harvnb|Kamen|1999|p=177</ref>. XvI ásir aqırında portugallar úlken kúsh hám kúsh-quwatlı Aziyaǵa barǵan sayın tereńrek kirip barıwda dawam etdilar<ref name=" Boyajian11" >[[harvnb|Boyajian|2008|p=11</ref>.[[Goa]] qalasından muwapıqlastırılgan ekspediciyalar Qubla hám Qublası -Arqa Aziyada Portugaliya tásirin jayıwǵa eristi. Biraq gollandlar menen Aziya aymaqları ushın bolıp ótken kóplegen sawashlarda portugallar jeńiliwge dús keliwi, olardıń Aziyadaǵı tásirin anaǵurlım pasaytirdi. Jeńiliwlerdiń sebeplerinen biri ispan monarxlarning portugallarga járdem bermasliklar esaplanadı<ref name=" Anderson104-105" >[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|pp=104-105</ref>. Shahzoda Morits Gollandiyanıń ''[[vest-Indiya]]'' kompaniyası menen bolǵan sawashlarda úlken jeńiliwlerge dus keldi. Nátiyjede, Braziliyada Gollandiya koloniyaları qáliplese basladı. Portugallar San-Tóbee atawı, Altın jaǵa daǵı San-Xorxe-de-Mina qorǵanı hám Luanda qalasın da qoldan shıǵarıwdi<ref name=" BethencourtCurto111, 117" >[[harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|pp=111, 117</ref>. Eger birlespe bóleklenip, milliy mámleketshilik tiklenganidan keyin, 1654-jılǵa kelip Portugaliya Braziliya hám Luanda ústinen óz hákimiyattı tikladi<ref name=" Thomas159" >[[harvnb|Thomas|1997|p=159</ref>, biraq Qublası -Arqa Aziyadaǵı dawamıy keńeyiw gollandlar tárepinen toqtatildi. Sonday etip [[1859-jıl]]gi Lissabon shártnamasında imzolangan hújjetke kóre pútkil boshli [[Indoneziya]]den tekgini Arqa Timor portugallar qolında qaldı<ref>jurnal deregi| last=Puga| first=Rogério Miguel| author-link=Rogerio Miguel Puga| date=December 2002| title=The Presence of the " Portugals" ın Macau and Japan ın Richard Hakluyt's ''Sortıgations''| url=https://redalyc. org/articulo. oa? id=36100506| journal=Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies| language=en| volume=5| pages=81-116| issn=0874-8438| access-date=2022-03-26| via=[[Redalyc</ref>. === Ekinshi imperiya (1663—1822) === [[File:Map of Portuguese India.png|thumb|Portugaliya Hindstanı (1502—1961)]] Portugaliya óz koloniyalarınıń qoldan bay beriliwinde Ispaniyanı ayıplı dep esaplardı, atap aytqanda sol sebep óz-ara birlespediń tawsılıwına alıp keldi.[[1640-jıl]]de John Iv Portugaliya patshası dep daǵaza etildi hám Portugaliyanı qayta qayta tiklew urısı baslandı.[[1643-jıl]]de Portugaliyanıń shettegi koloniyaları ushın basqarıw organı bolǵan Sırt el keńesi tuzildi. Bul keńesde Arqa Afrika, Madeyra hám Azor atawları esaptan tısqarı edi. Sırt el degi múlkke tiyisli barlıq jazıwmalar keńes arqalı alıp barıldı<ref>Francis A. Dutra. „Overseas Council (Portugal) “ ın ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 4, pp. 254-255. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. </ref>. Portugal sudı 1807-jılda [[Napoleon]]dıń Iberiyaga bastırıp kiriwi artınan Braziliyaǵa qashıp ketkeninde, Braziliya keńes yurisdiktsiyasidan shıǵarıldi<ref>Francis A. Dutra, „Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides“ ın ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 5, p. 2. New York: Charles A. Scribner's Sons 1996. </ref>. 1661-jılda portugallar Angliyaǵa Bombay hám Tanjerni beriwdi hám keyingi júz jıllarda inglizlar az-azdan basqa kúshlerdiń sawdasın esaptan tısqarı etip, Indiyada dominant sawdagerge aylandılar. 1668-jılda Ispaniya Iberiya birlespesiniń tawsılǵanlıǵın tán aldı hám bunıń ornına Portugaliya Seutanı Ispaniyaǵa berdi<ref name=" Cowans2003" >[[kitob deregi| editor-last=Cowans| editor-first=Jan| title=Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=Ksf_tz5 x5 FwC&pg=PA180| access-date=10 -iyul 2012-jıl| year=2003| publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press| isbn=0-8122-1845-0| page=180</ref>. Portugaliyalıqlar [[Marathalar mámleketi]]dıń hind húkimdarı Chimnaji Appa hám Keledi Nayaka patshalıgınan Shivappa Nayaka tárepinen jeńiliwge uchragach hám gollandlar menen dúgilisisler aqırında [[Goa]] hám Indiya daǵı bir neshe kishi aymaqlardı óz qolında saqlap qola aldı<ref>History of the Atlar tartıp júretuǵın tramvayn by Alexander Kyd Nairne pp. 84-85</ref><ref name=" Ahmed330" >[[harvnb|Ahmed|2011|p=330</ref><ref>Portuguese Studies Review [[ISSN| 1057-1515]] (Baywolf Press) p. 35</ref>. Braziliya hám Afrika daǵı koloniyaların qaytarıp alıwǵa eristi, biraq ingliz, fransuz hám gollandlarning Aziyadaǵı sawda punktlerin iyelewi nátiyjesinde óziniń eski kúshin pútkilley joǵatdı. Sonday etip Portugaliya ushın tek bir jónelis, Braziliya taxtaları hám qumshekerleri áhmiyeti artıp bardı<ref name=" BethencourtCurto111, 117" />. ==== Minas-Jerais hám altın sanaatı ==== [[File:Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sessão_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa,_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg|thumb|upright|Portugal kortesleri Birlesken Korollıqtı tarqatıp jiberiwge intildi.]] [[1693-jıl]]de [[Braziliya]]dıń [[Minas-Jerais]] qalasında altın tabılǵan. Minas-Jerais, Shúberek Grosso hám Goyasda altın hám keyinirek almazdıń tabılıwı úlken shumlarǵa sebep boldı. Awıl imperiyaning jańa ekonomikalıq orayı boldı jáne bul jerge tezlik menen o'rnashildi<ref name=" Boxer168" >[[harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=168</ref>. Bul altın koni ishki bazardı jaratılıwma alıp keldi hám kóplegen emigrantlardı tartıldı.[[1739-jıl]]ga kelip, taw-kán sanaatınıń eń joqarı shıńı bolǵan Minas-Jerais xalqı 200, 000 den 250, 000 ge shekem edi<ref name=" Disney2009 b268-69" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=268-269</ref>. Bul altın koni Portugaliya imperiyasining tabısın sezilerli dárejede asırdı hám barlıq qazib alınǵan kónning 1/5 bólegin quradı. Altın ushın kóplegen jánjel hám urıslar da bolıp ótti. Húkimet, sonıń menen birge, almaz qazib alıwdı óz yurisdiktsiyasi sheńberinde hám jeke jalawshılarǵa sheklep qoydı<ref name=" Disney2009 b273-275" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=273-275</ref>. Altındı úlken muǵdarda qazib alıwǵa qaramastan, plantatsiya sanaatı bul dáwirde Braziliya ushın jetekshi kiripke aylandı. Qumsheker 1760 -jılda kiriptiń 50 % ni (altın 46 %) quradı<ref name=" Bethell203" >[[harvnb|Bethell|1985|p=203</ref><ref name=" Disney2009 b267-68" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=267-268</ref>. Shúberek Grosso hám Goyasda tabılǵan altın koloniyanıń batıs shegaraların bekkemlewge qızıǵıwshılıq oyatdı. 1730 -jıllarda ispan sawda postlari menen dúgilisisler tez-tez júz boldı hám keyin ispanlar áskeriy ekspediciya baslaw menen abay qılıwdı. Ispanlarning jobası ámelge aspadı hám 1750-jıllarǵa kelip, pútkil aymaqta portugallarning jalǵızhokimligi ornatildi<ref name=" Disney2009 b288" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=288</ref>. [[1755-jıl]]de [[Lissabon]]de ólimli jer silkiniw júz boldı, cunami menen birge 275, 000 xalıqtan 40, 000 den 60, 000 ge shekem adamdı ólimine sebep boldı<ref name=" KozakCermak131" >[[harvnb|Kozák|Cermák|2007|p=131</ref>. Bul bolsa Portugaliyanıń koloniyalarǵa itibarın azmaz susaytirishiga alıp keldi<ref name=" Ramasamy2006" >[[kitob deregi| editor1-last=Ramasamy| editor1-first=SM.| editor2-last=Kumanan| editor2-first=C. J.| editor3-last=Sivakumar| editor3-first=R.| display-editors = 3| editor4-last=Singh| editor4-first=Bhoop| title=Geomatics ın Tsunami| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=5 gEBfvCBclUC&pg=PA8| access-date=10 -iyul 2012-jıl| year=2006| publisher=New India Publishing| isbn=978-81-89422-31-8| page=8</ref>. ==== Braziliya ǵárezsizligi ==== [[File:Independence of Brazil 1888.jpg|thumb|left|Braziliya ǵárezsizligi Portugaliya imperiyasini da ekonomikalıq, da siyasiy tárepten uzaq waqıt páseńlewge saldı. ]] [[1808-jıl]]de [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonapart]] Portugaliyaǵa bastırıp kirdi hám sonnan keyin ana xanzada Mari I korollıǵılıq sarayın Braziliyaǵa ótkeriwdi buyırdı. 1815-jılda [[Braziliya]] korollıǵılıq mártebeine kóterildi. Portugaliya mámleketi rásmiy Portugaliya, Braziliya hám Algarves Birlesken patshalıǵına aylandı hám paytaxt [[Lissabon]]den [[Rio-de-Janeyro]]ga kóshirildi. Bul mámleket Evropa mámleketiniń óz koloniyalarınan birinde basqarılatuǵın birden-bir mısal esaplanadı. Sonıń menen birge, 1820 -jılgi liberal revolyuciyadan keyin [[Lissabon]]de jıynalǵan Portugaliya Konstituciyalıq sudi parlamentine Braziliya wákillerin saylaw da bolıp ótti<ref name=" Bethell177-178" >[[harvnb|Bethell|1985|pp=177-178</ref>. Eger patsha shańaraǵı [[1821-jıl]]de Portugaliyaǵa qaytqan bolsa -de, Braziliyalıqlar arasında ǵárezsizlikke umtılıwdıń kusheytiwine alıp keldi. 1822-jılda Dom João vI dıń balası shahzoda Dom Pedro I 1822-jıl 7-sentyabrde Braziliya ǵárezsizligin járiyaladı hám jańa Braziliya imperiyasining imperatori lawazımın iyeledi. Ispaniyanıń Qubla Amerikadaǵı koloniyalarınan ayrıqsha bolıp esaplanıw, Braziliya ǵárezsizligine saldamlı qan to'kmagan halda eristi<ref name=" Angus1837" >[[kitob deregi| editor-last=Angus| editor-first=William| title=History of England: From the Roman Invasion tap the Accession of Queen victoria I| url=https://archive. org/details/historyenglandf00 angugoog| access-date=10 -iyul 2012-jıl| year=1837| location=Glasgow| pages=[https://archive. org/details/historyenglandf00 angugoog/page/n264 254]-255</ref><ref name=" Levine2003" >[[kitob deregi| last=Levine| first=Robert M.| title=The History of Brazil| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=Pi56 Cw3 yGfcC&pg=PA59| access-date=10 -iyul 2012-jıl| year=2003| publisher=Palgrave Macmillan| isbn=978-1-4039 -6255-3| pages=59 -61</ref>. === Úshinshi imperiya (1822—1999 ) === [[File:Jesuit Convent, Macao.jpg|thumb|[[Makao]]dagi Áwliye Paul koleji kórinisi. (1854) ]] XIX asirde Evropa kolonizatorlıǵı pátine shıqqanında Portugaliya Aziyadaǵı bir neshe koloniyasınan tashqar Qubla Amerika hám barlıq aymaqların joǵatǵan edi. Bul basqıshda Portugal kolonizatorlıǵı Afrika daǵı óz koloniyaların ondaǵı basqa Evropa kúshleri menen báseki qılıw ushın milliy aymaqlarǵa keńeytiwge itibar qaratdı. Portugaliya [[Angola]] hám [[Mozambik]]dıń ishki bólegine bastırıp kirdi hám izertlewshilerdiń Serpa Pinto, Hermenegildo Kapelo hám Roberto Ivens Afrikanı batıstan shıǵıs tárepke kesip ótken birinshi evropalıqlar boldı<ref name=" Newitt1995 pp335-336" >[[harvnb|Newitt|1995|pp=335-336</ref><ref name=" Corrado18" >[[harvnb|Corrado|2008|p=18</ref>. ==== Britaniya ultimatumi hám Portugaliya monarxiyasining tawısıwı (1890—1910 ) ==== [[:en:Pink Map|Aqshıl qızǵılt reń karta]], yaǵnıy eki koloniyanı birlestiriw Portugaliya 1880-jıllardaǵı siyasatınıń tiykarǵı maqsetlerinen biri esaplanardi<ref name=" Lisboa134" >[[harvnb|Lisboa|2008|p=134</ref>. Biraq, bul ideya [[Qohira]]den [[Keyptaun]]ge shekem bolǵan aymaqtı óz qolında toplaǵan qońsılas Britaniya ushın qabıl etiliwi múmkin emes edi. 1890 -jılgi Britaniya ultimatumi Portugaliya patshası Carlos I ga qoyıldı hám Aqshıl qızǵılt reń karta tamamlanıldı<ref name=" Lisboa134" />. Patshanıń ultimatumga munasábetinen respublikashılar paydalanıwdi<ref name=" Lisboa134" />.[[1908-jıl]][[1-fevral]]de patsha Carlos hám shahzoda Luis Filipe [[Lissabon]]de Portugaliyalıq eki aktiv revolyuciyashı Alfredo Luis de Kosta hám Manuel Buisa tárepinen óltirildi. Luis Filipening úkesi Manuel Portugaliya patshası Manuel II boldı. Eki jıl ótkennen, 1910 -jıl 5-oktyabrda ol taxtdan ag'darildi hám Angliyaǵa London qasındaǵı Twickenham qashıp ketti hám Portugaliya respublikaǵa aylandı<ref name=" Wheeler48-61" >[[harvnb|Wheeler|1998|pp=48-61</ref>. ==== Birinshi jáhán urısı ==== [[File:Chaimite.jpg|thumb|XIX asirde Portugaliya Portugaliya Afrikasında hákimiyattı bekkemlew ushın jańa saparlardı basladı. ]] [[1914-jıl]]de [[Germaniya imperiyasi]][[Angola]]ni Portugaliya qadaǵalawınan tartıp alıw jobaların islep shıqtı<ref name=" vincent-Smith1974" >[[jurnal deregi| title=The Anglo-German Negotiations over the Portuguese Colonies ın Africa, 1911-14| url=https://archive. org/details/sim_historical-journal_1974-09_17_3/page/620| last=vincent-Smith| first=J. D.| journal=The Historical Journal| volume=17| issue=3| date=Qızǵa beriletuǵın dúńya 1974| issn=0018-246 X| jstor=2638392| publisher=Cambridge University Press| pages=620 -629| doi=10. 1017/s0018246 x0000532 x</ref>. Portugal hám nemis askarlari ortasında dúgilisisler kelip shıqtı, tiykarǵı aymaqtan qosımsha kúshler jiberildi<ref>yangiliklar deregi| title=Portugal enters the war| url=https://archive. org/stream/independen79 v80 newy#page/121/mode/1 up| newspaper=The Independent| date=26 -Oct 1914-jıl| access-date=24-iyul 2012-jıl</ref>. Kelgen askarlarning tiykarǵı maqseti Germaniya tárepinen bo'ysundirilgan Mozambik arqaındaǵı Kionga úshmuyeshni qaytarıp alıw edi.[[1916-jıl]]de Portugaliya nemis kemelerin Lissabonda internatsiya etkeninen keyin Germaniya Portugaliyaǵa urıs járiyaladı. Portugaliya da buǵan juwapan urıs járiyaladı hám nátiyjede [[Birinshi jáhán urısi]]ga kirdi<ref name=" Wheeler128" >[[harvnb|Wheeler|1998|p=128</ref>. Urıstıń basında Portugaliya tiykarınan [[Fransiya]]de jaylasqan birlespeshilerge járdem kórsetiw menen shuǵıllanǵan. 1916 -jılda Portugaliya aymaǵına tek bir, Madeyraga hújim boldı. 1917-jılda Portugaliya tárepinen ámelge asırılǵan háreketlerden biri urıs háreketleri ushın zárúr bolǵan aǵash sanaatında Britaniyaǵa járdem beriwden ibarat bolǵan. Kanada orman xojalıǵı korpusı menen bir qatarda, Portugaliya xızmetkerleri házirde „Portugal kamini“ dep atalatuǵın aymaqta terek kesiw infratuzilmasini ornatdilar<ref>veb deregi|url=http://www. newforestexplorersguide. co. uk/sitefolders/faqs/portuguesefireplace/portuguesefireplacepage. html| title=Portuguese Fireplace| publisher=Newforestexplorersguide. co. uk| access-date=2014-08-06</ref>. [[1917-jıl]] dawamında Portugaliya Fransiya daǵı birlespeshiler frontiga áskerler jiberdi. Jıl ortalarında Portugaliya Birinshi jáhán urısındaǵı birinshi jábirleniwshi boldı. Portugaliya Afrikasında Portugaliya hám inglizlar Mozambik hám Angolada nemislarga qarsı kóplegen sawashlar aparıwdı. Jıl aqırında kemeler taǵı Portugaliya suwiga kirdiler hám taǵı Madeyraga hújim etip, bir neshe portugal kemelerin cho'ktirishdi. 1918-jıl basında Portugaliya birlespeles frontda Germaniyaǵa qarsı gúresti dawam ettirdi, sonday-aq La Lys jangida qatnasdi<ref>veb deregi|url=http://www. worldwar1. com/france/portugal. htm|archiveurl=https://web. archive. org/web/20070603044406/http://www. worldwar1. com/france/portugal. htm|url-status=dead|title=Battle of La Lys|archivedate=3-iyun 2007-jıl]] [[Webarxiv|url=https://web. archive. org/web/20070603044406/http://www. worldwar1. com/france/portugal. htm| date=2007-06 -03 </ref>. Gúzek waqtında Germaniya da Portugaliyanıń bir neshe kemasini cho'ktirdi. Shama menen úsh jıllıq sawashlardan keyin (Portugaliya kózqarasınan ) Birinshi jáhán urısı Germaniya tárepinen kelisiwshilik shártnaması imzolanishi menen juwmaqlandi. versal konfrensiyasida Portugaliya Tanzaniya daǵı port qalası bolǵan Kiongadan tısqarı óziniń barlıq joǵatılǵan aymaqları ústinen qadaǵalawdı qayta tikladi<ref>Thomas, H. B., „The Kionga Triangle“, ''Teńgenyika Notes and Records'' volume 31 1951, pp. 47-50. </ref>. Afrika daǵı Portugaliya aymaqları [[Kabo-Verde]],[[San-Tóbee hám Principi]],[[Gvineya-Bisau]],[[Angola]] hám [[Mozambik]]ni óz ishine aldı<ref name=" Koffi2012" >[[kitob deregi| last=Koffi| first=Ettien| title=Paradigm Shift ın Language Plandıń and Policy: Game-Theoretic Solutions| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=2 C1 TGbN5 R84 C&pg=PA98| access-date=12-iyul 2012-jıl| year=2012| publisher=Walter de Gruyter, Inc.| location=Boston/Berlin| isbn=978-1-934078-10 -5| page=98</ref>. ==== Dekolonizatsiya (1951—1999 ) ==== [[File:Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png|thumb|XX asirde Portugaliya endi ózin imperiya emes, bálki shet el degi provinsiyalari bolǵan kóp kontinent mámleketi dep ataǵan. ]] [[File:Antonio Salazar-1.jpg|thumb|[[Anto'nio de Oliveira Salazar]] kóp kontinentlik Portugaliyanı saqlap qalıwǵa intildi. ]] Ekinshi jáhán urısınan keyin Evropa mámleketleriniń imperiyalarida kolonizatorlikke qarsı háreketleri kúshaya basladı. Suwıq urıs Portugaliyanıń shet el degi xalqı ortasında da biyqararlıqtı keltirip shıǵardı, sebebi Qospa Shtatlar hám Sovet Birlespesi óz tásir dóńgeleklerin asırıw ushın gúresdiler.[[1947-jıl]]de [[Angliya]] tárepinen [[Indiya]]ga ǵárezsizlik berilgeninen keyin hám Fransiya Indiya daǵı anklavlarni jańa ǵárezsiz mámleket quramına qosıwǵa ruxsat beriw tuwrısındaǵı sheshiminen keyin Portugaliyaǵa da tap sonday qılıw ushın basım ótkerildi<ref>#refPearson|Pearson 1987, p. 158</ref>. Buǵan [[1933-jıl]]de hákimiyattı qolǵa alǵan Anto'nio de Oliveira Salazar qarsılıq kórsetdi. Salazar 1950-jılda anklavlarni Portugaliyanıń ajıralmaytuǵın bólegi retinde kórip, Indiya Bas ministri [[Jawaharlal Neru]]dıń qaytarıw haqqındaǵı soranıwın biykarlaw etdi<ref>#refPearson|Pearson 1987, p. 160</ref>. Keyingi jılı Portugaliya Konstitusiyasına koloniyalardıń mártebein shet el degi provinsiyalarga ózgertiw ushın ózgertiw kirgizildi.[[1954-jıl]]de jergilikli kóterilis Indiyanıń Dadra hám Nagar Xaveli anklavlarida Portugaliya húkimetiniń awdarılıwına alıp keldi. Indiyada qalǵan Portugaliya koloniyalarınıń bar ekenligi barǵan sayın kúshsizlenip bardı hám Neru Indiyanıń derlik barlıq ishki siyasiy partiyaları, sonıń menen birge, Sovet Birlespesi jáne onıń birlespeshileri tárepinen qollap -quwatlandı. 1961-jılda Angolada portugallarga qarsı kóterilisten kóp ótpey, Neru Indiya armiyasına [[Goa]],[[Daman hám Diu]]ga hújim qılıw buyrıǵın berdi hám olar demde iyelendi hám keyingi jılı rásmiy anneksiya etildi. Salazar aymaqlardı jaysha basıp alınǵan dep esaplab, suverenliitetning ótkeriliwin tán alıwdan bas tartdı. Goa wálayatı 1974-jılǵa shekem Portugaliya Milliy Assambleyasında qatnasıwda dawam etdi<ref name=" Anderson153" >[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=153</ref>. [[1961-jıl]] fevral ayında [[Angola]]de Portugaliya zorlıqshılıǵınıń baslanıwı Afrika daǵı Portugaliya imperiyasi tawısıwınıń baslanıwı edi. Angola daǵı Portugaliya armiyası oficerleri partizanlarni urıs baslanıwı menen áskeriy tárepten gúresiwge ılayıq emesligin aytıp, ózara kelisiwler ǵárezsizlik háreketi menen baslanıwı kerek, degen pikirde edi. Biraq, Salazar imperiyani qol qatılmas saqlawǵa qatań qarar etkenligin áshkara járiyaladı hám jıl aqırına kelip ol jerge 50, 000 ásker jaylastırdı. Sol jılı Batıs Afrika qul sawdasınıń qaldıg'i bolǵan Ouida qalasındaǵı kishi Portugaliya qorǵanı San João Baptista de Ajuda Fransiyadan ǵárezsizlikke erisken Dahomey (házirgi [[Benin]]) jańa húkimeti tárepinen qosıp alındı. Angolada baslanǵan ǵárezsizlik háreketleri tez arada basqa koloniyalarǵa da yojıldi hám [[1963-jıl]]da [[Gvineya]]de,[[1964-jıl]]de [[Mozambik]]de sonday háreketler bolıp ótti<ref name=" Anderson153" />. Angola hám Mozambiktegi puqaralar urısları asıǵıslıq menen baslanıp ketti, burınǵı kóterilisshiler (Sovet Birlespesi hám Kuba tárepinen qollanǵan ) tárepinen dúzilgen kommunistlik húkimetler Zair, Qubla Afrika hám Qospa Shtatlar sıyaqlı mámleketlikler tárepinen qollap -quwatlanǵan kóterilisshi gruppalarǵa qarsı gúresdi<ref name=" ArnoldWiener11-12" >[[harvnb|Arnold|Wiener|2012|pp=11-12</ref>. Arqa Timor da 1975-jılda óz ǵárezsizligin járiyaladı. Biraq [[Arqa Timor]] demde qońsılas [[Indoneziya]] tárepinen basıp alındı hám [[1999-jıl]]de mámleket quramına qosıp alındı. Birlesken Milletler Shólkemi qáwenderligidegi referendum nátiyjesinde Arqa Timorlıqlardıń kópshiligi ǵárezsizlikti tańladı hám aqır-aqıbetde 2002-jılda olar óz ǵárezsizligine eristi.[[Makao]]dıń 1999 -jıl 20 -dekabrde tapsırılıwı rásmiy Portugaliya imperiyasining tamamlanılıwı hám Aziyadaǵı kolonizatorliktiń tawsılıwın belgilep berdi<ref>yangiliklar deregi|url=http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1996673. stm|title=East Timor : Birth of a nation|access-date=12-iyul 2012-jıl</ref>. [[1987-jıl]]de Portugaliya Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası menen Qıtay -Portugaliya qospa deklaratsiyasın imzoladi jáne onıń shet elde qalǵan sońǵı múlki bolǵan Makao suverenitetti tapsırıw procesi hám shártlerin belgiledi. Bul process eki jıl aldın Birlesken Korollıǵılıq hám Qıtay ortasındaǵı Gonkong boyınsha shártlesiwge uqsas bolsa -de, Portugaliyanıń múlki Makaodıń Qıtayǵa ótkeriliwi Gonkongdıń Qıtayǵa ótkeriliwine qaraǵanda kemrek qarsılıqqa dus keldi. Sebebi Portugaliya qashannan berli Makaonı [[1979-jıl]]de Portugaliya qol astındaǵı Qıtay aymaǵı retinde tán alǵan edi<ref>veb deregi| title=Joint declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and The Government of the Republic of Portugal az waqıt the question of Macao| url=http://bo. io.gov. mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/| publisher=Government Printing Bureau (Macao SAR)| year=1987| access-date=2010 -04-26</ref><ref>[http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/566301. stm Macau and the end of empire], 18 December 1999. ''[[BBC News]]''</ref>. == Miyraslar == [[File:CPLP_-_Mapa.svg|thumb|right|upright=1. 5|Portugal tilinde sóylesiwshi mámleketler jámiyetshiliginiń kartası (CPLP)]] Portugaliyanıń 7 burınǵı koloniyalarında [[portugal tili]] rásmiy til retinde qabıl etilgen. Portugaliya menen birgelikte olar portugal tilinde sóylesiwshi mámleketler jámiyetshiligine aǵza bolıp, olar jámi 10, 742, 000 km² yamasa Jer aymaǵınıń 7, 2 % ni quraydı<ref name=" CPLP" >veb deregi|title=CPLP|url=http://www. cplp. org/id-22. aspx|accessdata=2010 -08-12|data=janeiro de 2015</ref>. Portugal tilin úshinshi rásmiy til retinde qabıl etken [[Ekvatorial Gvineya]] házirde [[Mavrikiy]] hám [[Senegal]]menen birge bul shólkemdiń gúzetshisi esaplanadı. Bunnan tısqarı, on eki kandidat mámleket bul jámiyetshilikke qosıw ushın arza tapsırǵan hám tastıyıqlanishini kútip atır. Búgingi kúnde [[portugal tili]] dúnyadaǵı tiykarǵı tillerden biri bolıp, dúnya boylap 240 millionga jaqın sóylesiwshige iye hám 6 -orında turadı. Bul til Amerika kontinentindegi úshinshi eń kóp gápiriladigan til esaplanadı, tiykarınan Braziliya xalqı sebepli. Bunnan tısqarı, kóplegen portugal tiline tiykarlanǵan kreol tilleri ámeldegi, sonday-aq Perishtekadagi Cristang jámiyetshiliginiń xalqı paydalanatuǵın til<ref name=lingpt>veb deregi|title=Somos 240 milhões de falantes|url=http://www. tvi24. iol.pt/sociedade/lingua-portuguesa-portugues-ensino-governo-alunos/972503-4071. html|accessdata=11/01/2015|publisher=www. tvi24. iol.pt|data=16 da julho de 2008</ref>. Sonıń menen birge, Afrika daǵı kóplegen burınǵı koloniya múlkinde lingua franca hám 8 mámlekette rásmiy til, sonıń menen birge, Makao basqarıw aymaǵında kanton tili menen birge rásmiy til esaplanadı. Portugal tili Yaponiyada da óz tásirin qaldırdı. Búgingi kúnde yapon tili leksikologiyasida bir qansha kelip shıǵıwı portugalcha bolǵan sózler bar. Portugallar dúnyanıń kóplegen aymaqlarında úlken insaniy, materiallıq hám ruwxıy miyraslar qaldırdı.[[1527-yil]]de tek 1, 2 million xalıqqa iye bolǵan Portugaliya xalqi dúnyaǵa tarqaldı hám kóplegen jańa aymaqlarǵa hám civilizatsiyalarǵa tiykar salındılar<ref>Numeramento ou Cadastro Geral do Reino, de nowrap|D. João III (1527) referido em 2009 — Instituto Nacional de Estatística; A primeira [[Censo demográfico|contagem populacional]] foi feita em 1527, no reinado de D. João III com base predominantemente nos fogos. Nesta época houve um arrolamento de [[formatnum:1200000]] portugueses. </ref>. <center> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Aymaq ! Ma'mleketler ! Portugaliya imperiyasi quramina kirgen aymaqlarg'a iye ma'mleketler |- | Afrika | 26 ma'mleket | rowspan="4" | [[File:Countries_with_Historical_Portuguese_Territories.svg|500px|center|Countries with at least one territory (anachronistic) part of the Portuguese Empire]]<small>legend|DarkBlue|Portugaliya imperiyasinin' bir bo'limi bolg'an keminde bir g'ana aymaqqa iye ma'mleketler. legend|#00BFFF|Portugaliya imperiyasi ta'repinen talap qiling'an keminde bir g'ana aymaqqa iye ma'mleketler.legend|#F0FFFF|Portugaliya imperiyasinin' keminde bir dana evrey missiyasi bolg'an ma'mleketler</small> |- | Arqa Amerika | 3 ma'mleket |- | Qubla Amerika | 4 ma'mleket |- | Aziya ha'm Okeaniya | 22 ma'mleket |} </center> == A'debiyatlar == * Abeyasinghe, Tikiri. Jaffna Under the Portuguese. Lake House Investments, 1986.. ISBN 978-9555520003. * Abir, MordechaiEthiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. Routledge, 1980.. 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ISBN 1-74059-421-5. == Derekler == ozdgcsvtv5hgzfcjm0fg4htbjye9mcy 46367 46366 2022-08-25T22:55:10Z Inosham 10264 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hymno_Patriotico.ogg|left]] [[File:Hino_da_Carta.ogg|left]] [[File:A_Portuguesa.ogg|left]] [[File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1750).svg|220px|left]] [[File:Royal_Arms_of_Portugal.svg|150px|left]] [[File:Diachronic_map_of_the_Portuguese_Empire_(1415-1999).png|220px|left]] [[File:Flag_of_Portugal_(1830).svg|220px|left]] '''[[Portugaliya]] imperiyasi''' ([[lang-pt|Império Português]]), sonıń menen birge, tariyxda '''Portugaliya kolonizator imperiyasi''' (''Império Colonial Português'') dep júrgizilgen bul mámleket házirgi Portugaliyadan tısqarı dúnyanıń úlken bólimlerinde jaylasqan bir qansha koloniyalardı óz ishine alǵan. Bul imperiya [[Evropa]]dagi eń uzın ómir kórgen mámleketlerden biri bolıp, 1415-jıl [[Arqa Afrika]]dagi [[Sueta urısi]]den tap 1999 -jıl Makao suverinitetining Qıtayǵa tapsırilguniga shekem derlik altı ásir tariyxda ámeldegi bolǵan. Imperiyaga Xv asirde tiykar salınǵan bolıp, XvI ásir basınan [[Arqa Amerika|Arqa]] hám [[Qubla Amerika]],[[Afrika]],[[Aziya]] hám [[Okeanıya]]dıń túrli regionlarına óz aymaǵın keńeytirip barǵan<ref>harvnb|Page|Sonnenburg|2003|p=481</ref><ref>harvnb|Brockey|2008|p=xv</ref><ref>harvnb|Juang|Morrissette|2008|p=894</ref>. Portugaliya imperiyasi Ullı geografiyalıq ashılıwlar dáwirinde payda boldı hám Portugaliya patshalıǵınıń kúsh hám qudıreti nátiyjesinde dúnyanıń kóp bólimlerin ózine bo'ysundira aldı. Portugal teńizshileri 1418—1419 -jıllarda kartografiya hám teńiz texnologiyasındaǵı sońǵı tabıslardan paydalanǵan halda tatımlıqlar sawdası hám koloniya aymaqlar tabıw ushın jańa teńiz jolların tabıw maqsetinde qurǵaqlıqların hám [[Atlantikalıq okeanı]] arxipelaglarini izertlewdi basladılar.[[1488-jıl]]de [[Bartholomä|Bartolomeu Dias]][[Jaqsı úmit burni]]ni aylanıp shıqtı hám [[1498-jıl]]de [[vasco de Gama]][[Indiya]]ga jetip keldi. 1500-jılda [[Pedro Alvares Kabral]] basshılıǵında [[Braziliya]] arqalı jańalıq ashıldı. Keyingi on jıllıqlar dawamında portugal teńizshileri [[Arqa Aziya]] arqalı hám atawların úyreniwdi dawam ettirdilar, qorǵanlar júzege keliw etdiler. 1571-jılǵa kelip, Afrika,[[Jaqın Shıǵıs]], Indiya hám [[Qubla Aziya]] arqalı boylap [[Lissabon]]ni [[Nagasaki]]menen baylanıstırǵan bir qatar teńiz postlari vujudga keltirildi. Bul sawda tarmaǵı hám koloniyalar daǵı sawda Portugaliyanıń jan basına tuwrı keletuǵın tabısınıń beshdan bir bólegin tashkil etip, Portugaliya ekonomikalıq ósiwine (1500—1800) sezilerli unamlı tásir kórsetdi. 1580-jılda Ispaniya patshası [[Filipp II]] Portugaliya patshalıǵı tojini qolǵa kirgizgeninen keyin, keyinirek tariyxshunoslikda '''Iberiya birlespei''' atı menen atalǵan Ispaniya hám Portugaliya ortasında 60 jıllıq birlespe baslandı. Ispaniya patshası bir waqtıniń ózinde Portugaliya patshası bolǵanlıǵı sebepli, Portugaliya koloniyalari Ispaniyaǵa dushpan bolǵan ush Evropa kúshleri: Gollandiya Respublikası, Angliya hám Fransiya tárepinen kóplegen hújimlerge dus keldi. Xalqı basqalarǵa salıstırǵanda kemrek bolǵan Portugaliya óziniń hádden tıs keńeytirilgen sawda tarmaǵın nátiyjeli qorǵaw ete almadı hám imperiya az-azdan páseńlewge júz tuta basladı. Oxir-aqıbet, Braziliya, imperiya ekinshi dáwirdiń (1663—1825) eń bahalı koloniyası, XIX ásirdiń baslarında Amerika kontinentin qamtıp alǵan ǵárezsizlik háreketi tolqını nátiyjesinde 1822-jıl Portugaliyadan ǵárezsiz bólek mámleketke aylandı. Imperiyaning úshinshi dáwiri 1820 -jıllarda Braziliya ǵárezsizlikke eriskennen keyin portugal kolonizatorlıǵınıń juwmaqlawshı basqıshın óz ishine aladı. Sol waqıtlarǵa kelip Afrika arqalı, Portugaliya Timorı, Portugaliya Hindstanı hám Portugaliya Makaosında plantatsiya xojalıqları kemeytirildi. 1890 -jıldaǵı Britaniya ultimatumi Afrika daǵı portugal ambitsiyalarining qısqarıwına alıp keldi. == Tariyx == === Baslanǵısh tariyx (1139—1415) === [[File:Infante_D._Henrique_na_conquista_de_Ceuta,_s.XV.JPG|thumb|[[1415-jıl]]de [[Seuta]]dıń jawlap alıw etiliwine [[Sortıgator Genrix]] basshılıq etken hám Portugaliya imperiyasiga tiykar salǵan. ]] Portugaliya patshalıǵına rekonkista, yaǵnıy Pireney yarım atawınıń Al-Andalus arablaridan az-azdan qaytarıp alınıwı waqtında tiykar salınǵan<ref name=" DiffieWinius301" >harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=301</ref>. 1139 -jılda ózin bólek korollıǵılıq retinde járiyalaǵannan keyin, Portugaliya [[1249-jıl]]de Algarvega shekem jetip barıp, Al-Andalus aymaǵın qayta basıp alıwdı derlik juwmaqladi, biraq 1411-jılda [[Aylon shártnaması]] imzolanmaguncha onıń ǵárezsizligi qońsılas [[Kastiliya hám Leon patshaligi|Kastiliya]] tárepinen abay astında qaldı<ref name=" Newitt2005 p15-17" >harvnb|Newitt|2005|pp=15-17</ref>. Suverinitetiga iye bolǵan hám basqa Evropa mámleketleri urıslarına qatnaspaǵan Portugaliya itibarın shet aymaqlarǵa hám Arqa Afrikanıń musulman jerlerine bolatuǵın áskeriy ekspediciyaǵa qaratdi<ref name=" Newitt19" >harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=19</ref>. Portugallarning Arqa Afrika daǵı Marinid sultanlıǵına (házirgi Marokash) hújim etiwleri ushın bir neshe múmkinshiligıy sebepler bar edi. Áwele bul hújim Islamǵa qarsı xristian atanaq júriwin dawam ettiriw múmkinshiligi retinde qaraldi, áskeriy klasqa urıs maydanında dańq hám húrmet hám urıs oljaların wáde etdi, hám aqır-aqıbetde, bul Portugaliya sawdasın keńeytiw hám Portugaliyanıń ekonomikalıq páseńlewin sheshiw múmkinshiligi edi. 1415-jılda Arqa Afrikanıń Orta jer teńizi boyında jaylasqan strategiyalıq áhmiyetke iye,[[Sahrası Úlken]]dagi altın hám qul sawdasınıń tiykarǵı portlarınan biri bolǵan musulman qalası [[Seuta]]ga hújim etildi. Seuta iyelenishi áskeriy muvafaqqiyat edi hám Portugaliyanıń [[Pireney yarım atawı]]den tısqarına keńeyiwindegi dáslepki qádemlerden biri boldı<ref>#refAbernethy|Abernethy]], p. 4</ref>. Biraq tez arada qalanı qamal etken musulman kúshlerine qarsı qorǵaw Portugallarga qımbatqa tústi<ref name=" Newitt21" >[[harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=21</ref><ref>harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=55</ref>. === Birinshi imperiya (1415—1663) === Portugaliya bul dáwirde Atlantikalıq okeanında jańa jerlerdi jańalıq ashıw menen gúmira boldı. Bul siyasattiń tiykarǵı tárepdarı Seutanı qolǵa kirgiziwde qatnasqan hám 1460 -jılda opatına shekem Portugaliyanıń teńiz izertlewlerin targ'ib qılıw hám finanslashda jetekshi rol oynaǵan Sortıgator Infante Dom Genri edi<ref name=" DiffieWinius56" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=56]]: Henry, a product of 15 th-century Portugal, was inspired by both religious and economic factors. </ref>. Sol payıtlarda evropalıqlar Afrika qirg'og'idagi Cape Bojadordan keyin ne bar ekenin biliwmegen. Genri Afrika daǵı musulmanlar aymaǵı qanshellilik keńeygenin hám teńiz arqalı [[Aziya mámleketleri dizimi|Aziyaga]] jetip barıw múmkinbe yamasa joq ekenligin biliwdi istardi<ref name=" Anderson50" >[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=50</ref>. Onıń qáwenderligi astında tez arada Atlantikalıq okeanı daǵı [[Madeyra]] (1419 ) hám [[Azor atawlari]]ga (1427) jetip keldi hám Portugaliya kirip qılıw ushın biyday islep shıǵara basladı<ref name=" Coates60" >[[harvnb|Coates|2002|p=60</ref>. [[File:Caminho maritimo para a India.png|thumb|left|300 px| [[legend-line|green solid 2 px|Pêro de Covilhã hám Afonso de Paivaning 1487-1488-jıllardagi Adenga ulıwma jolı (jasıl ) ]] [[legend-line|orange solid 2 px|Covilhãning 1489 -1490 -jıllardagi jolı (apelsin reń) ]] [[legend-line|blue solid 2 px|Covilhãning 1490 -1530 -jıllardagi [[Efiopiya]]ga sayaxatı (kók) ]] [[legend-line|black solid 2 px|[[vasco de Gama]]dıń 1497-1499 -jıldagi sayaxatı (qara ) ]] ]] Portugallarning tiykarǵı maqseti kolonizatorlik yamasa qaraqshılıq emes, bálki sawda edi. Tez arada onıń kemeleri Evropa bazarına qımbat bahalı altın, pıl súyeki, qálempir, paxta, qumsheker hám qullarni alıp keliwdi basladı. Qul sawdası, mısalı, Lissabonda bir neshe o'nlab sawdagerler tárepinen ámelge asırılǵan. Sawda jolların keńeytiw processinde portugal teńiz sayaxatshıları Afrikanıń belgisiz bólimlerin kartaǵa túsiriwdi hám Hind okeanın úyreniwdi basladılar. Pero de Kovilho 1487-jılda Indiyaǵa arab hám hindlar menen birge ekspedidtsiya uyushtirishga háreket etdi hám Efiopiyaǵa jetip bardı. Onıń lekciyası Lissabonda qızıǵıwshılıq menen qarsılandi<ref>L. S. Stavrianos, ፄThe World since 1500: a Global historyፄ (1966 ) pp. 92-93</ref>. ==== Afrika arqalı boylap dáslepki sayaxatlar ==== 1443-jılda Genrixning úkesi hám korollıǵılıqtıń waqıtsha patshahi Infante Dom Pedro Genrixga Cape Bojador qublaındaǵı jerlerde urıs hám sawda jumısların basqarıwdı tapsırdi<ref name=" DiffieWinius68" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=68</ref>. Keyinirek papalikning ፄQuyrıq Diversasፄ hám ፄRomanus Pontifex ፄ qararları menen jańa ashılǵan jerlerde jekke hákimshilik Portugaliyaǵa berilgen<ref name=" Daus33" >[[harvnb|Daus|1983|p=33</ref>. Jańa jerlerdiń jańalıq ashılıwın tezlestirgen úlken tabıs Xv ásirdiń ortalarında Evropada sol waqıtta basqa kemelerge qaraǵanda samalǵa qarsı juretuǵın karavellaning engiziliwi edi<ref name=" Boxer29" >[[harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=29</ref>. Bul jańa teńiz texnologiyasınan paydalanǵan halda, portugal teńizshileri hár jıli ortasha bir dárejege kóterilip, qubla keńliklerge jetip barıwdi<ref name=" Russell-Wood1998 p9" >[[harvnb|Russell-Wood|1998|p=9</ref>. Portugallar [[1445-jıl]]de [[Senegal]] hám [[Kabo-Verde]] yarım aralına keldiler<ref name=" Rodriguez79" >[[harvnb|Rodriguez|2007|p=79</ref>. [[File:Lázaro Luis 1563.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1. 15|Lázaro Luisning Batıs Afrika kartası (1563). São Jorge de Minaning Batıs Afrika daǵı qorǵan suwreti]] Shet el degi birinshi [[faktoriya]] sawda posti [[1445-jıl]]de [[Mavritaniya]] jaǵaındaǵı Arguin atawında musulman sawdagerlerdi tartıw hám Arqa Afrikada teńiz sayaxatları baǵdarlarında biznesti monopollashtirish ushın islengen. 1446 -jılda Alvaro Fernandes derlik házirgi [[Syerra-Leone]]ga shekem basıp aldı hám 1460 -jıllarda Gvineya qoltıqına jetip bardı<ref name=" DiffieWinius469" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=469</ref>.[[Kabo-Verde]] atawları 1456 -jılda jańalıq ashılǵan hám 1462-jılda portugallar tárepinen iyelengen. Portugallar [[1455-jıl]]de Madeyrada qumshekerqamishning keńeyiwi nátiyjesinde Sitsiliya hám Genuyalik máslahátshiler járdemi menen Evropada kem ushraytuǵın ፄshirin tuzፄni islep shıǵarıwdı basladı. Qullar ayawsız isletilingen hám Madeyrada shetten alıp kelingen qullarning úlesi XvI asrga kelip ulıwma xalıqtıń 10 % ga jetken<ref>Godinho, v. M. ፄOs Descobrimentos e a Economia Mundialፄ, Arcádia, 1965, vol 1 and 2, Lisboa</ref>.[[1480-jıl]]ga kelip [[Antverpen]]de Madeyra qumsheker sawdası menen shuǵıllanatuǵın jetpista keme bar edi. 1490 -jıllarga kelip Madeyra qumsheker islep shıǵarıw boyınsha Kiprdi artta qaldırdi<ref name=" Ponting482" >[[harvnb|Ponting|2000|p=482</ref>. Bartolomeo Markionni sıyaqlı qumsheker sawdagerleriniń tabısı keleshektegi sayaxatlarǵa qarjı kirgiziwge járdem berdi<ref name=" Davis84" >[[harvnb|Davis|2006|p=84</ref>. 1469 -jılda shahzoda Genrix opatınan keyin hám Afrika daǵı izertlewlerdiń arzımas tabısı nátiyjesinde patsha Afonso v Gvineya qoltıqınıń bir bóleginde sawda júrgiziw huqıqın sawdager Fernao Gomesga berdi<ref name=" BethencourtCurto232" >[[harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|p=232</ref>. Bes jıl dawamında hár jıli qıraq boylap 100 milya (160 km) ni izertlew etken Gomes Gvineya qoltıqındaǵı atawlardı, atap aytqanda San-Tóbee hám Principi atawların jańalıq ashtı hám jergilikli xalıq ortasında gullep-jasnap atırǵan allyuvial altın sawdasın taptı, arab hám berber menen uchrashdi<ref name=" White138" >[[harvnb|White|2005|p=138</ref>. Elmina hám Portugaliya ortasındaǵı sawda on jıl dawamında o'sdi. Kastiliya miyrasxorlıǵı urısı waqtında Kastiliya flotı bul tabıslı sawdanı qadaǵalaw astına alıwǵa háreket etdi, biraq 1478-jılgi Gvineya jangida qatań jeńiliwge dus keldi, bul bolsa portugallarning bul aymaqtaǵı qadaǵalawın bekkem ornatdı. 1473-jılda Fernao Gomes Ekvatordı hám 1482-jılda Kongo dáryasın Diogo Kao boshchligidagi teńizshiler kesip ótti. Naǵız ózi ekspediciya waqtında portugallar birinshi ret Kongo patshalıǵına dus keldiler hám ol menen tez arada jaqsı baylanıslar ornatildi<ref name=" GannDuignan273" >[[harvnb|Gann|Duignan|1972|p=273</ref>. 1485—1486 -jıllarda Cão házirgi Namibiya aymaǵına kiretuǵın Keyp Krossga ekspediciyasın dawam ettirdi<ref name=" DiffieWinius156" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=156</ref>. [[File:Portuguese_Morocco.PNG|thumb|upright=1. 35|Marokashdagi portugal múlki (1415-1769 )]] 1488-jılda Bartolomeu Dias Afrikanıń qubla shetsinde jaylasqan [[Jaqsı úmit burni]]ni aylanıp shıqtı jáne bul Ptolemey dáwirinen berli Hind okeanı qurǵaqlıqqa tutasmaǵan degen qarawdıń nadurıs ekenligin tastıyıqladı<ref name=" Anderson59" >[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=59</ref>. Bir waqtıniń ózinde qurǵaqlıq arqalı ekspediciyasın dawam ettirgen Pero de Kovilha Efiopiyaǵa jetip bardı hám Indiyaǵa teńiz jolı jańalıq ashılıwına júdá jaqın keldi. Portugaliyalıqlar Afrika qurǵaqlıqların úyrener ekenler, olar ózleriniń dawaların kórsetiwshi Portugaliya gerbine menen o'jılgan bir qatar tas xochlarni qaldırdilar, qorǵanlar hám sawda orayların qurdilar<ref name=" Newitt47" >[[harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=47</ref>. Olar tiykarınan qul hám altın sawdası menen shuǵıllandılar. Portugaliya bir ásirden kóbirek waqıt dawamında Afrikanıń teńiz arqalı qul sawdası boyınsha jalǵızhukmronlikka iye bolıp, hár jıli 800 ge jaqın qullarni alıp ketiwgen. Olardıń kópshiligi Portugaliya paytaxtı Lissabonga alıp kelingen hám sol dáwirde paytaxtda qara tanli Afrikalıqlar xalıqtıń 10 payızın shólkemlestirgeni shama etiledi<ref name=" Anderson55" >[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=55</ref>. ==== Tordesillas shártnaması (1494) ==== 1492-jılda [[Christopher Columbus]]dıń Ispaniya ushın Aziya dep tahmin etińlegen [[Jańa dúnya]]ni jańalıq ashıwı ispanlar hám portugallar ortasında tartıslarǵa alıp keldi<ref name=" McAlister73-75" >[[harvnb|McAlister|1984|pp=73-75</ref>. Olar oxir-aqıbet [[1494-jıl]]de Tordesillas shártnaması arqalı óz-ara Evropadan shette bolǵan Jańa dúnyanı bóliwlab aldılar<ref name=" BethencourtCurto165" >[[harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|p=165</ref>. Biraq, sol waqıtta uzınlıqtı tuwrı ólshew múmkinshiligi bolmaǵanı ushın, anıq shegara eki mámleket tárepinen [[1777-jıl]]ge shekem bahsli bolıp kelgen<ref name=" DiffieWinius174" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=174</ref>. Portugallar Diasning [[Jaqsı úmit burni]]ga etken sayaxatını dawam ettiriw ushın nege toǵız jıl kútiwgenin anıqlaw tariyxchilar arasında bahsli esaplanadı. Olardıń tahminiga kóre sırlı ekspediciyalar dawam ettirilgen<ref name=" DiffieWinius176" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=176</ref><ref name=" Boxer36" >[[harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=36</ref>. Portugaliyanıń Aziyaǵa teńiz jolin tabıw sıyaqlı kóp jıllik maqsetine aqır-aqıbetde [[vasco de Gama]] komandirligidegi úlken ekspediciya aǵzaları eristi<ref name=" DiffieWinius176 -185" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=176-185</ref>. ==== Portugallardin' Hind okeanına kiriwi ==== [[vasco de Gama]] ekspediciyası aǵzaları [[1497-jıl]]de Portugaliyanı tark etip, Keypni aylanıp ótip hám [[Arqa Afrika]] arqalı boylap dawam etdi. Onda jergilikli teńizshiler olardı Hind okeanı arqalı 1498-jıl may ayında Kalikutga baslap barıwdı. Sol tárzde teńiz arqalı Indiyaǵa jańa jol jańalıq ashıldı. Indiyaǵa ekinshi ekspediciyanı Kabral basshılıǵında teńizshiler ámelge asırıwdı. Olar da Atlantikalıq okeanı arqalı Indiyaǵa teńiz jolin ashıw maqset etiwgen edi. Biraq 1500-jılda Braziliya arqalına barıp túsiwdi hám sonday etip Braziliya jańalıq ashıldı. Bul, itimal, tosınarlı jańa ashılıw bolıp tabıladı, biraq shamalarǵa kóre, Portugaliyalıqlar [[Braziliya]]dıń bar ekenligin jasırınsha biliwgen hám ol Tordesilyas sızıǵında jaylasqan<ref name=" McAlister75" >[[harvnb|McAlister|1984|p=75</ref>. Kabral Portugaliya patshaına bul jańa aymaqlardı Portugaliya múlkine aylandırıwdı usınıs etdi hám 1501-jıl hám 1503-jıllarda eki jańa ekspediciyalardı ámelge asırdı. Bul aymaqta úlken muǵdarda orman hám putaqshalar tapildi, biraq altın hám gúmis tabilǵan zatlıǵi portugallarni itibarın taǵı Indiyaǵa qaratıwına sebep boldı<ref name=" McAlister76" >[[harvnb|McAlister|1984|p=76</ref>.[[1502-jıl]]de Hind okeanınıń keń aymaǵında sawda húkimranlıǵın qolǵa alıw, Portugaliya imperiyasining sawda kemelerin qaraqshılar hám raxip mámleketlerden qorǵaw ushın kartaz litsenziyalaw sistemasın jarattı<ref name=" DiffieWinius274, 320 -323" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=274, 320 -323</ref>. Tristau de Kunya hám Afonso de Albukerke komandirligi astındaǵı portugal flotı [[Qızıl teńiz]]ga kiraverishdagi Sokotrani [[1506-jıl]]de hám [[Maskat]]ni [[1507-jıl]]de basıp aldı<ref>veb deregi|url=https://www. keralatourism. org/destination/thangasseri-kollam/296|title=Thangasseri, Kollam, Dutch Quilon, Kerala|website=Kerala Tourism</ref><ref name=" Abeyasinghe2" >[[harvnb|Abeyasinghe|1986|p=2</ref>. Ormuzni jawlap alıw eta almagach, olar Hind okeanına hám odan keyingi jerlerde sawda etiwdi qadaǵan etiw strategiyasına ámel qılıwdi<ref name=" Disney2009 b128" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=128</ref><ref name=" DiffieWinius233, 235" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=233, 235</ref>.[[Madagaskar]] Cunha tárepinen bólekan izertlew etilgen hám Mavrikiy bolsa Cunha hám Albuquerque tárepinen ashılǵan<ref name=" Macmillan11" >[[harvnb|Macmillan|2000|p=11</ref>. Sokotra qolǵa kiritilgennen keyin, Cunha hám Albuquerque bólek jumıs alıp bardi. Cunha sawda maqsetlerinde Indiya hám Portugaliya arasında sayaxat etken bolsa, Albuquerque Almeydaning úsh jıllik kepilligi tawsılǵanınan keyin gubernator lawazımın iyelew ushın Indiyaǵa bardı. Biraq Almeyda hákimiyattı tapsırıwdan bas tartdı hám tez arada Albuquerqueni úy qamog'iga aldı hám onda 1509 -jılgacha qaldı<ref name=" DiffieWinius237-239" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=237-239</ref>. Manuel I Almeydadan Perishteka hám Shri-Lankadagi aymaqlardı jáne de tolıq úyreniwdi soraǵan bolsa -de, Almeyda bunıń ornına Indiyanıń batıs bólegine, atap aytqanda, Gujarat sultanlıǵına itibar qaratıwdı kerek dep taptı. Sebebi Almeydaning regiondaǵı sawdagerler basqa jaylarǵa salıstırǵanda kóbirek kúshke iye ekenliginen shubhaları bar edi.[[Mamluklar|Mamluk sultanligi]] sultanı Al-Eń ullı Qansuh al-Gavri hám Gujarat sultanlıǵı Chaul portında portugal kúshlerine hújim etdi, nátiyjede Almeydaning balası bul urısda opat etdi. Buǵan juwapan portugallar 1509 -jılda Diu teńizindegi jangda Mamluklar hám Gujaratlar flotların tar-mor qılıwdi<ref name=" Disney2009 b128-29" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=128-129</ref>. Almeydaning dáslepki urınısları menen bir qatarda, Manuel I jáne onıń Lissabondagi keńesi hákimiyattı Hind okeanında bólistiriwge háreket etip, ush jónelisti jarattı : Albuquerque [[Qızıl teńiz]]ga, Diogo Lopes de Sequeira Perishteka sultanı menen shártlesiwge erisiw ushın Qublası -Arqa Aziyaǵa, Xorxe de Aguiar, keyin bolsa Duarte de Lemos [[Jaqsı úmit burni]] hám Gujarat ortasındaǵı aymaqǵa jiberildi<ref name=" DiffieWinius245-247" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|pp=245-247</ref><ref name=" Subrahmanyam67-83" >[[harvnb|Subrahmanyam|2012|pp=67-83</ref>. <gallery widths="200 px" heights="200 px"> File:A partida de Vasco da Gama para a Índia em 1497.jpg|1497-jılda [[vasco de Gama]]dıń [[Indiya]]ga jo'nab ketiwi File:Portuguese_discoveries_and_explorationsV2en.png|Portugaliya jańa ashılıwları hám izertlewleri: birinshi jetip kelgen jayları hám sáneleri; Portugaliyanıń tiykarǵı tatımlıq sawda jolları (kók) File:Portuguese Carracks off a Rocky Coast.jpg|Santa-Katarina do Monte Sinay sawda kemesi. Portugal Armadasining qudıreti hám kúshiniń úlgisi edi. File:Codice Casanatense Portuguese Nobleman.jpg|XvI asirdegi portugal zodagonining Indiya daǵı mulozimlar menen Filei </gallery> ==== Aziya, Afrika hám Hind okeanında teńiz sawdası ==== ===== Goa, Perishteka hám Qublası -Arqa Aziya ===== [[File:Asia_oceania_anonymous_c1550.jpg|thumb|upright=1. 35|XvI hám XvII ásirlerde orayı [[Goa]] bolǵan Arqa Portugaliya imperiyasi (Estado de Índia) ]] [[1509-jıl]] aqırına kelip,[[vasco de Gama]] Indiyaǵa joldı jańalıq ashqannan keyin, Albuquerque paytaxtı [[Goa|Eski Goa]] bolǵan [[Tómen-Indiya]]dıń vice-korolı boldı<ref name=" Disney2009 b129" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=129</ref>. Almeydadan ayrıqsha bolıp esaplanıw, Albuquerque teńiz flotın bekkemlew, sonıń menen birge, korollıǵılıq máplerine kóbirek xizmet etiw menen shuǵıllangan<ref name=" DiffieWinius238" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=238</ref>. Onıń birinshi maqseti Kerala hám Gujarat ortasındaǵı qorǵaw qorǵanı retinde strategiyalıq jaylasıwı, sonıń menen birge, arab atların import qılıwda zárúrligi sebepli [[Goa]]ni jawlap alıw etiw edi<ref name=" Disney2009 b128-29" />. 1510 -jılda Bijapur sultanlıgınan Goaning qolǵa alınıwına tez arada bijapurilar qarsı shıqtı, biraq hindu jeke menshikdori Timoji járdemi menen sol jıldıń 25-noyabrinde qala portugallar tárepinen qayta qolǵa alındı<ref name=" Shastry34-45" >[[harvnb|Shastry|2000|pp=34-45</ref><ref name=" Disney2009 b130" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=130</ref>. Goa qalasında Albuquerque [[1510-jıl]]de [[Indiya]]de birinshi portugal teńgesin ashtı<ref name=" deSouza220" >[[harvnb|de Souza|1990|p=220</ref>. Ol Portugaliyalıq kóshpelinchilarni jergilikli hayallarǵa úyleniwge shaqırıq etdi, Áwliye Ketrin húrmetine shirkew qurdi hám hindlarning sıyınıwxonalarini qorǵaw hám salıq talapların kemeytiw arqalı jergilikli hindlar menen baylanıs ornatıwǵa háreket etdi<ref name=" Disney2009 b130" />. Portugallar qubla Indiya daǵı [[vijayanagar|vijayanagar imperiyasi]]menen dos sıpatında baylanıslardı saqlap qalǵan<ref name=" Mehta291" >[[harvnb|Mehta|1980|p=291</ref>. [[1511-jıl]] aprel ayında Albuquerque sol dáwirdiń eń iri tatımlıqlar bazarı bolǵan Malayziya daǵı [[Perishteka]]ga júzip keldi<ref name=" Ricklefs23" >[[harvnb|Ricklefs|1991|p=23</ref><ref name=" Kratoska2004 p98" >[[harvnb|Kratoska|2004|p=98</ref>. Sawdada tiykarınan gujaratilar ústinlik etken bolsa -de, túrkler, parsılar, armanlar, tamillar hám efiopiyalılar sıyaqlı basqa gruppalar da sawda etiwgan<ref name=" Kratoska2004 p98" />. Albuquerque tatımlıqlar sawdasında musulmanlar hám venetsiyaliklarning tásirine tosqınlıq jasaw hám Lissabon tásirin asırıw ushın Perishtekani ózine boysundirishni joba etdi<ref name=" Gipouloux2011 p301-302" >[[harvnb|Gipouloux|2011|pp=301-302</ref>. 1511-jıldıń iyuliga kelip Albuquerque Perishtekani iyelep aldı hám Antonio de Abreu hám Fransisko Serraoni ([[Ferdinand Fmagellan]]menen birge) Indoneziya arxipelagini úyreniw ushın jiberdi<ref name=" Newitt2005 p78" >[[harvnb|Newitt|2005|p=78</ref>. [[File:Iberian_mare_clausum_claims.svg|thumb|Jańa ashılıwlar dáwirinde iberiyaning aymaqlarǵa xalıq aralıq dawa huqıqı. Afonso de Albuquerquening Hind okeanın qorshap alıw strategiyası kórsetilgen.]] Perishteka yarım atawı Portugaliyanıń [[Qıtay]] hám [[Qublası-Arqa Aziya]]menen sawda-satıq jumısları keńeyiwi ushın strategiyalıq bazaǵa aylandı. Qalanı qorǵaw ushın ''A Famosa'' dep atalǵan kúshli dárwaza qurıldı hám bul dárwaza búgin de saqlanıp qalınǵan<ref name=" Ooi2009 p202" >[[harvnb|Ooi|2009|p=202</ref>. Siamlarning Perishteka boyınsha maqsetlerin bilip, Albuquerque tezlik penen Duarte Fernandesni Siam patshalıǵına (zamanagóy Tailand ) diplomatik missiyaga jiberdi, ol bul korollıǵılıqtaǵı birinshi evropalıq bolıp, eki korollıǵılıq ortasında dos sıpatında munasábetler hám sawda baylanıslardı ornatdi<ref name=" Lach520 -521" >[[harvnb|Lach|1994|pp=520 -521</ref><ref>Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania by Barbara A. West. Infobase Publishing, 2009.p. 800</ref>. Portugaliya imperiyasi qublaǵa qaray jıljıdı hám 1512-jılda Timor jańalıq ashıldı. Xorxe de Meneses 1526 -jılda [[Jańa Gvineya]]ni jańalıq ashıp, onı „Papua atawı“ dep at berdi<ref name=" QuanchiRobson2005" >[[kitob deregi| last1=Quanchi| first1=Max| last2=Robson| first2=John| title=Historical Dictionary of the Discovery and Exploration of the Pacific Islands| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=FUwDzM94 jGUC| year=2005| publisher=Scarecrow Press| isbn=978-0-8108-6528-0| page=xliii</ref>. 1517-jılda João de Silveira [[Chittagong]]<ref>de Silva Jayasuriya, p. 86</ref> flotına komandirlik etdi hám 1528-jılǵa kelip portugallar Chittagongda óz húkimranlıǵın ornatdilar<ref name=" Harris225" >kitob deregi|last=Harris|first=Jonathan Gil|title=The First Firangis|url=https://books.google. com/books? id=Y4 i7 BwAAQBAJ&pg=PT225|year=2015|publisher=Aleph Book Company|isbn=978-93-83064-91-5|page=225</ref>. ===== Qıtay hám Yaponiya ===== [[File:Macau Trade Routes.png|upright=1. 35|thumb|Portugallarning [[Yaponiya]]dıń [[Nagasaki]] qalasına saparı.]] Rimlikler [[Kishi Aziya]] arqalı qurǵaqlıqta Qıtayǵa birinshi jetip keliwgen bolsa, Jorge Alvares teńiz arqalı bul mámleketke jetip kelgen dáslepki evropalıq boldı<ref>kitob deregi| last1=Twitchett| first1=Denis Crispin| last2=Fairbank| first2=John King| title=The Cambridge History of China| year=1978| isbn=978-0-521-24333-9| page=336</ref><ref name=" Edmonds2002" >kitob deregi| editor-last=Edmonds| editor-first=Richard L.| title=China and Europe Since 1978: A European Perspective| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=mXoFscQ2 QwsC| date=September 2002| publisher=Cambridge University Press| isbn=978-0-521-52403-2| page=1</ref><ref name=" Ward2008" >kitob deregi| last=Ward| first=Gerald W. R.| title=The Grove Encyclopedia of Materials and Techniques ın Art| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=mkJfbdTS--UC| year=2008| publisher=Oxford University Press| isbn=978-0-19 -531391-8| page=37</ref><ref name=" Gleason2007" >kitob deregi| last=Gleason| first=Carrie| title=The Biography of Tea| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=o-54 TjlhrfIC| year=2007| publisher=Crabtree Publishing Company| isbn=978-0-7787-2493-3| page=12</ref>. Ol sonıń menen birge [[Hong Kong]]ni jańalıq ashqan dáslepki evropalıq sayaxatshıdir<ref>Hong Kong & Macau 14 By Andrew Stone, Piera Chen, Chung Wah Chow Lonely Planet, 2010.pp. 20 -21</ref><ref>Hong Kong & Macau By Jules Brown Rough Guides, 2002.p. 195</ref>. Indiya Estadosining vice-korolı Albuquerque Evropalıqlardıń jergilikli xalıq menen sawda baylanısların jolǵa qoyıw ushın Rafael Perestreloni Qıtayǵa jo'natdi<ref>veb deregi| url=http://algarvedailynews. com/features/history/4372-tne-portuguese-ın-the-far-east| title=Tne Portuguese ın the Far East| publisher=Algarvedailynews. com| access-date=2013-04-18| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20130130144843/http://algarvedailynews. com/features/history/4372-tne-portuguese-ın-the-far-east| archive-date=2013-01-30 ]] Webarxiv|url=https://web. archive. org/web/20130130144843/http://algarvedailynews. com/features/history/4372-tne-portuguese-ın-the-far-east| date=2013-01-30 </ref><ref>veb deregi|url=http://www. china. org. cn/english/culture/119676. htm|title='Portugal's Discovery ın China' az waqıt Display|website=www. china. org. cn</ref>. [[File:Macau oldmap.jpg|thumb|left|[[1639-jıl]]dagi Portugaliya koloniyası Makao yarımatawınıń Filei]] Qıtay sawda portların Portugaliyanıń óz mápleri ushın kúsh menen ashıwǵa háreketi eki mámleket ortasında jangga alıp keldi hám Tamãodagi Tunmen jangida portugallar [[Min (úrim-putaq )| Min]]larda jeńiliwge dus keldiler.[[1521-jıl]]de Lantau atawı daǵı Sincouwaan jangida portugallar 2 kemasini joǵatdılar. Sonıń menen birge [[1548-jıl]]de Dongshan yarımatawı qasındaǵı Shuanyudaa bolıp ótken jangda taǵı 2 kemeleri joǵatildi hám kóplegen portugallar Qıtaylıqlar tárepinen qolǵa alındı.[[1549-jıl]] Galeote Pereira hám portugallarning eki kemesi iyelendi. Bul sawashlar dawamında [[Min (úrim-putaq )| Min]]lar jeńiliwge dus kelgen portugallardan qural -qurallardı iyelep aldılar, keyin olar Qıtayda ǵalabalıq islep shıǵarıla baslandı. Portugallar keyin Qıtayǵa tınısh jol menen qaytıp keliwdi hám Luso-Qıtay shártlesiwi (1554) shártnaması qol qoyıldı. Portugallar Luso-Qıtay shártlesiwinde Franklar ornına ózlerin Portugaliyalıqlar atı menen tanıstırdılar hám Minlarga hár jılı júzlegen gúmis lyan (pul birligi) larni berip, Qıtaydan Makaonı sawda noqatı retinde kireyge aldılar<ref>p. 343-344, Denis Crispin Twitchett, John King Fairbank,[https://books.google. com/books? id=tvhvh6 ibLJcC&lpg=PA344&dq=Leonel%20 de%20 Sousa%20 Macau&pg=PA344#v=onepage&q=Leonel%20 de%20 Sousa%20 Macau&f=false The Cambridge history of China, volume 2; volume 8], Cambridge University Press, 1978, ISBN|0-521-24333-5</ref>. Biraq waqıt ótip eki mádeniyat ortasındaǵı dáslepki uyqaslıqqa qaramay, kóp ótpey, bir-birine salıstırǵanda tushunmovchilik, dinge berilgenlik hám hátte dushpanlıq da payda bóle basladı<ref name=" smithsonianmag. com" >veb deregi| url=http://www. smithsonianmag. com/history-arsha aǵashıeology/portugal_exhibit. html| title=When Portugal Ruled the Seas | History & Arsha aǵashıeology | Smithsonian Magazine| publisher=Smithsonianmag. com| access-date=2013-04-18| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20121225010332/http://www. smithsonianmag. com/history-arsha aǵashıeology/portugal_exhibit. html| archive-date=2012-12-25 ]] [[Webarxiv|url=https://web. archive. org/web/20121225010332/http://www. smithsonianmag. com/history-arsha aǵashıeology/portugal_exhibit. html| date=2012-12-25 </ref>. Portugaliyalıq teńizshi Simão de Andrade óziniń qaraqshılıq iskerligi, Qıtay kemelerin wayran etiwi, Qıtaylıq hámeldarǵa hújimi hám Qıtaylıqlardı urlawı sebepli Portugaliyanıń Qıtay menen munasábetlerine suwıqshılıq keltirdi. Andrade Tamao atawı daǵı qorǵanda edi. Qıtaylıqlar Simão Qıtaylıq ul hám qızlardı kewilge tiyiwlaganini dawa qılıwdi<ref name=" Jesus5" >[[harvnb|Jesus|1902|p=5</ref>. Qıtaylıqlar Portugaliyalıqlardı quwıp shıǵıwǵa hám Tamaoni qaytarıp alıw ushın Portugaliyalıq karavellarga qarsı arzımas áskerdi jiberdiler. Nátiyjede, Qıtaylıqlar kóplegen portugallarni óltirilishini hám olardı teńizge quwıp shıǵıw haqqında pármandi járiyaladılar<ref name=" Dodge226" >[[harvnb|Dodge|1976|p=226</ref><ref name=" Whiteway339" >[[harvnb|Whiteway|1899|p=339</ref>. Bintan sultanı Tóbeas Pires qol astında bir neshe Portugaliyalıqtı qamawǵa alǵannan keyin, Qıtaylıqlar 23 portugallikni óltirdiler hám qalǵanların qamaqxanaǵa tasladılar, olar jaman, geyde ólimli sharayatlarda yashadılar. Keyin Qıtaylıqlar 1545 hám 1549 -jıllarda Qıtaylıqlardı ǵázeplentirgen portugallarning qıraq boylap keń kólemli hám zıyanlı qaraqshılıqları sebepli Ningbo hám Fujian sawda noqatlarında jasawshı portugallarni ǵalabalıq oba etdilar<ref name=" Dodge226" />. Bul dáwirde portugal qaraqshıları yaponlardan keyin ekinshi orında turardı. Biraq keyinirek portugallar Qıtay kemelerin talashni toqtatdilar hám eki ortada sawda júrgiziw taǵı basladı. 1557-jılda Qıtay húkimeti Portugaliyalıqlarǵa [[Makao]]de jaylasıwǵa ruxsat berip,[[Qıtay]],[[Yaponiya]],[[Goa]] hám [[Evropa]] ortasında tovarlar sawdası bazasın jarattı<ref name=" Dodge226" /><ref name=" Disney2009 b175, 184" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=175, 184</ref>. ===== Tatımlıqlar atawları (Maluku) hám Saragosa shártnaması ===== [[File:Attributed_to_Kano_Sanraku_-_Important_Cultural_Property_Namban_Screens_-_Google_Art_Project2.jpg|thumb|320 px|Portugaliya Yaponiya hám Qıtay menen sawda jolların ornatǵan birinshi Evropa mámleketi boldı. Yaponiya ekspediciyasında Portugaliya kemelerindegi ekipajlarning zárúrli bólegi hind nasroniylari edi]] Portugallarning Aziyadaǵı ekspediciyaları basqalarda da úlken qızıǵıwshılıq oyatdı.[[1521-jıl]][[Ferdinand Fmagellan]][[Filippin]]ga keldi hám [[Ispaniya imperiyasi]] múlki dep járiyaladı<ref>kitob deregi|title=Interracial Intimacy ın Japan|first=Gary P.| last=Leupp|publisher=[[Continuum International Publishing Group]]| year=2003|isbn=978-0-8264-6074-5|page=35</ref>.[[1525-jıl]]de Charlz v Molukka atawların koloniya qılıw ushın ekspediciya jiberdi hám bul aymaq Tordesillas shártnaması aymaǵında jaylasqanlıǵın dawa etdi, sebebi shıǵısda hesh qanday shegara joq edi. García Jofre de Loaísa ekspediciyası Molukkaga jetip bardı. Biraq portugallar Ternate qasında óz húkimranlıǵın ornatǵan edi hám eki mámleket bul aymaqlar ushın on jıllar dawamında urıslar alıp bardi. 1529 -jılda Saragosa shártnaması menen Molukkani [[Portugaliya]]ga,[[Filippin]]ni bolsa [[Ispaniya imperiyasi|Ispaniya]]ga beriw tuwrısında qarar qabıllandı<ref name=" Ooi2004 p1340" >[[harvnb|Ooi|2004|p=1340</ref>. Portugaliyalıqlar 1530 -jıldan Bruney imperiyasi menen úzliksiz sawda etkenler hám Bruney paytaxtın tas diywal menen oralǵan dep súwretlewgen. ===== Qubla Aziya, Parsı qoltıqı hám Qızıl teńiz ===== [[File:Bahrain_Fort_1.jpg|thumb|left|Portugal qorǵanı,[[Paydayn]]dagi eń jaqsı saqlanıp qalǵan qorǵanlardan biri]] Portugaliya imperiyasi Ajuran imperiyasi hám Osmanlı imperiyasi menen tatımlıqlar sawdasın baqlaw ushın gúresip, Parsı qoltıqına qáwip sola basladı. 1515-jılda Afonso de Albuquerque Parsı qoltıqınıń basında jaylasqan Huvala mámleketin bo'ysundirib, onı Portugaliya vassaliga aylantırdı. Biraq [[Adan (qala )| Adan]] sol jılı Albuquerquening hújimlerine, sonıń menen birge 1516 -jılda Lopo Soares de Albergarianing hújimlerine qattı qarsılıq kórsetdi.[[1521-jıl]]de Anto'nio Correia basshılıǵındaǵı ásker Jabrid patshası Muqrin ibn Zomilni jeńiliske ushıraǵan etip, Paydaynni iyelep aldı<ref>Juan Cole, Sacred Space and Holy War, IB Tauris, 2007 p. 37</ref>. Portugallar keyingi júz jıllar dawamında Parsı qoltıqınıń qubla bóleginde húkimranlıq etdiler. 1497-jıldan beri [[Lissabon]]ni [[Goa]]menen baylanıstıratuǵın úzliksiz teńiz jolı menen Mozambik atawı strategiyalıq portqa aylandı hám onda São Sebastião qorǵanı hám emlewxana qurıldı. Azor atawları quramına kiretuǵın Armada atawları Lissabonga ketetuǵın kemeler qawipsizligin támiyinlagan<ref name=" O'Flanagan125" >[[harvnb|O'Flanagan|2008|p=125</ref>. 1534-jılda Gujarat [[Boburiylar]], Chitor hám Manduning Rajput shtatları tárepinen hújimge dus keldi. Gujarat sultanı Bahodurshoh portugallar menen mámleketin kóp aymaǵın basqa hind mámleketlerinen qaytarıp alıw ushın Basseyn shártnamasın imzolab, óz-ara birlespe tuzdi. Bunıń ornına ol Daman, Diu, Mumbay hám Basseyndi portugallarga berdi. Sonıń menen birge, ol bojlarni tólew hám at sawdasına ruxsat beriw ushın Qızıl teńizge jo'naydigan hám Basseyn arqalı ótetuǵın Gujarati kemeleriniń sawdasın tártipke saldı<ref name=" Pearson1976 pp74-82" >[[harvnb|Pearson|1976|pp=74-82</ref>.[[Boburiylar|Boburiy]] húkimdarı [[Humoyun]] Batırǵa qarsı urısda tabıs qazanganidan keyin, portugallar menen shártlerdi tastıyıqlaw ushın basqa shártnama imzoladi hám Diuda qorǵan qurılısına ruxsat berdi. Oradan kóp ótpey Humoyun itibarın basqa tárepke qaratdı hám gujaratlar Osmanlılar menen birlespe tuzib, Diu ústinen qadaǵalawdı tiklab, qorǵandı qamal etdiler. 1538 hám 1546 -jıllardaǵı eki áwmetsiz qamal Osmanlılardıń maqsetlerine shek qoydı, bul regiondaǵı Portugaliya gegemonligini tastıyıqlandi<ref name=" Pearson1976 pp74-82" /><ref name=" Malekandathil116 -118" >[[harvnb|Malekandathil|2010|pp=116 -118</ref>, sonıń menen birge, portugallar [[Boburiylar]]den ústinlikke iye boldı<ref name=" Mathew138" >[[harvnb|Mathew|1988|p=138</ref>. Biraq,[[Osmanlılar imperiyasi|Osmanlılar]] 1541-jılda [[Qızıl teńiz]] hám [[Sinay yarım atawı]]de, 1546 hám 1552-jıllarda [[Parsı qoltıqi]]dıń arqa regioninde portugallarning hújimlerine qarsı gúresdilar<ref>kitob deregi|first1=Mesut|last1=Uyar|first2=Edward|last2=J. Erickson|title=A Military History of the Ottomans: From Osman tap Atatürk|publisher=ABC-CLIO| year=2003|isbn=0275988767|url=https://books.google. com/books? id=JgfNBKHG7 S8 C&pg=PA76 </ref><ref>D. João de Castro [http://www. columbia. edu/itc/mealac/pritchett/00 generallinks/kerr/vol06 chap03 sect01 to05. html ''The voyage of Dán Stefano de Gama from Goa tap Suez, ın 1540, with the intention of Burning the Turkish Galleys at that port''] (volume 6, Chapter 3, eText) </ref>. ===== Sahrası Úlkennen qubla daǵı aymaqlar ===== [[File:Saint Francis Xavier taking leave of King John III (1635) - José Avelar Rebelo.png|thumb|Áwliye Francis Xavier Portugaliya patshası Ioann III den Aziyaǵa missionerlik ekspediciyasın uyushtirishga ruqsat soranıp atır]] [[Efiopiya]]menen bir qatar uzaq múddetli baylanıslardan keyin, Portugaliya elshixonasi 1520 -jılda Rodrigo de Lima basshılıǵındaǵı Efiopiya (Efiopiyalıiston) patshalıǵı menen baylanıs ornatdı. <ref name=Abir86>Abir, p. 86</ref><ref>Appiah; Gates, p. 130</ref>. Tez arada olardıń baylanısları óz-ara birlespe dúziwge shekem bardı<ref>Chesworth; Thomas p. 86</ref>. Portugaliya hám Efiopiya aymaqlarındaǵı túrklerdiń aldınǵa jılısıwı qáweteri de olardıń birlespeinde rol oynadi<ref name=Abir86/><ref>Newitt (2004), p. 86</ref>. Adal sultanlıǵı [[1529-jıl]]de Shimbra Kure jangida Efiopiyalıqlardı jeńiliske ushıraǵan etdi hám islam dini regionda jáne de tarqaldı. Portugaliya patsha Gelawdewosga portugal askarlari hám mushketlari menen járdem berdi. Osmanlılar Adal sultanlıǵına askarlar menen járdem bergen bolsalar -de, 1543-jılda vayna Daga jangida Adali sultan Ahmad ibn Ibrohim al-G'oziy opat etkeninen keyin, Adal-Osmanlı qospa áskerleri chekindi<ref>Black, p. 102</ref><ref name=" Stapleton2013 p121" >[[harvnb|Stapleton|2013|p=121</ref><ref>Cohen, pp. 17-18</ref>. ===== Missionerlik ekspediciyaları ===== 1542-jılda iyezuit missioneri Francis Xavier Portugaliya patshası Ioann III tapsırig'iga qaray Apostol nunsiaturasiga juwapker bolǵan [[Goa]]ga keldi. Áyne sol waqıtta Francisco Zeimoto, Anto'nio Mota hám basqa sawdagerler birinshi ret Yaponiyaǵa óz saparların ámelge asırıp atır edi. Bul sayaxatda bolǵanın dawa etken Fernão Mendes Pintoning sózlerine kóre, olar Tanegashimaga jetip keliwgen, onda jergilikli xalıq o'qotar qurallardan tańlanıwda qalǵan. Keyinirek bul qurallar Yaponiyada ǵalabalıq túrde islep shıǵılǵan<ref name=" Pacey1991" >[[kitob deregi| last=Pacey| first=Arnold| title=Technology ın World Civilization: A Thousand-year History| url=https://archive. org/details/technologyinworl0000 pace| url-access=registration| year=1991| publisher=MIT Press| isbn=978-0-262-66072-3</ref>.[[1570-jıl]]ga kelip portugallar Yaponiya portınıń bir bólegin satıp aldılar, onda olar [[Nagasaki]] qalasınıń kishi bir bólegine tiykar salındılar<ref>Yosaburō Takekoshi, „The Economic Aspects of the History of the Civilization of Japan“, [[ISBN|0-415-32379 -7]]. </ref> hám qala [[Qıtay]] hám [[Evropa]]menen úshmúyeshlik sawdada Yaponiyanıń tiykarǵı sawda portına aylandı<ref name=" Disney2009 b195" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=195</ref>. Óz sawdasın Evropa hám Aziya básekichilaridan qorǵaw etken Portugaliya tekǵana Aziya hám Evropa ortasındaǵı sawdada, bálki [[Indiya]],[[Indoneziya]],[[Qıtay]] hám [[Yaponiya]] sıyaqlı Aziya hám Afrikanıń túrli regionları ortasındaǵı sawdada da ústinlik etdi. Iyezuit missionerlari portugallarga ergashib, rim katolik dinin Aziya hám Afrikada kúsh hám zorlıqshılıq menen jayıwǵa háreketlerdi aparıwdi<ref name=" BethencourtCurto262-265" >[[harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|pp=262-265</ref>. ==== Amerikada kolonizatorlik háreketleri ==== [[File:Capitanias.jpg|thumb|left|Braziliyanıń 15 áwladdan áwladqa miyraslar qalatuǵın koloniyalarini kórsetetuǵın 1574-jıldaǵı karta]] ===== Kanada ===== Tordesillas shártnamasına tiykarınan patshalar Manuel I, Ioann III hám Sebastian basshılıǵındaǵı Portugaliya imperiyasi Arqa Amerikada da aymaqlıq huqıqlarǵa dawa etdi. Sol maqsette, 1499 hám 1500-jıllarda João Fernandes Lavrador Grenlandiya hám Kanadanıń arqa Atlantikalıq qurǵaqlıqların úyrendi<ref name=" DiffieWinius464" >[[harvnb|Diffie|Winius|1977|p=464</ref>. Keyinirek, 1500—1501 hám 1502-jıllarda ájaǵa -úke Gaspar hám Miguel Corte-Real Kanadanıń Newfoundland hám Labrador provinsiyalari hám Grenlandiyanı izertlew etip, bulmanlardı Portugaliya múlki dep dawa qılıwdı.[[1506-jıl]]de patsha Manuel I Newfoundland arqalında balıq tutıw ushın salıq ámeldegi etdi. Shama menen 1521-jılda João Alvares Fagundesga Sent-Lorens qoltıqınıń ishki atawlarına qayırqomlıq huqıqı berdi hám sonıń menen birge, balıq tutıw ushın tiykar bolıp xizmet etiwi ushın Keyp Breton atawında xalıq punkti jarattı. Jergilikli xalıq hám básekiles Evropa balıqchiliklarining bul aymaqlarda turaqlı qalıw ushın jańa qalalar payda bolıwına tosqınlıq etdi hám bes jıldan keyin bul aymaqlar tark etildi. Keyingi yarım ásir dawamında Newfoundlandda xalıq punktlerin shólkemlestiriwge bolǵan bir neshe urınıslar da áwmetsizlikke dus keldi<ref name=" Disney2009 a116" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 a|p=116</ref>. ===== Braziliya ===== Kabral [[Braziliya]]ni jańalıq ashqannan keyin,[[Fransiya]] bul aymaq ushın Portugaliga básekishige aylandı. 1503-jılda Gonçalo Coelho komandirligi astındaǵı ekspediciya Braziliya arqalında fransuzlarning hújimleri haqqında xabar berdi, <ref name=" HerringHerring214" >[[harvnb|Herring|Herring|1968|p=214</ref> hám fransuz teńiz izertlewshisi Bınat Paulmier de Gonneville bir jıldan keyin Braziliya qublaında baylanıs ornatǵannan keyin ''brazilwood'' ushın sawda etdi<ref>Metcalf (2006 ), p. 60</ref>.[[Arqa Amerika]] arqalı boylap Francis I qáwenderlik etken ekspediciyalar Tordesillas shártnamasın tuwrıdan-tuwrı buzdi<ref name=" PickettPickett14" >[[harvnb|Pickett|Pickett|2011|p=14</ref>. 1531-jılǵa kelip, fransuzlar Braziliya jaǵaındaǵı aral qasında sawda postini qurdilar<ref name=" PickettPickett14" />. [[File:Philip_II%27s_realms_in_1598.png|upright=1. 35|thumb|[[1598-jıl]] Portugaliya hám Ispaniya patshası Philip II waqtında Iberiya birlespei]] Fransuzlarning Braziliyada aǵash kontrabandasining kúsheytiwi João III ni bul aymaqtı ishkerilew basıp alıwǵa háreket etiwge májbúr etdi<ref name=" Marley2008 p76" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=76</ref>.[[1531-jıl]]de Martım Afonso de Sousa jáne onıń úkesi Pero Lopes basshılıǵındaǵı korollıǵılıq ekspediciyası pútkil Braziliya qurǵaqlıqların qorǵaw, fransuzlarni aymaqtan aydalıw hám birinshi koloniya qala — 1532-jılda San-visenteni jaratıw ushın jo'nab kettilar<ref name=" Marley2008 pp76 -78" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|pp=76 -78</ref>. Sousa bir jıl ótkennen, Indiya gubernatori bolıw ushın paytaxt [[Lissabon]]ga qaytıp keldi hám hesh qashan Braziliyaǵa qaytıp barmadi<ref name=" DeOliveira254" >[[harvnb|de Oliveira Marques|1972|p=254</ref><ref name=" Marley2008 p78" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=78</ref>. Fransuz hújimleri Portugaliyalıqlardıń Atlantikalıq okeanı boylap portugal kemelerine hújim qılıwdı toqtatıw ushın fransuzlarga pul tólegeninen keyin, málim dárejede tóqtadı, biraq hújimler 1560 -jıllarda da mashqala bolıp qolaverdi<ref name=" Marley2005 pp694-696" >[[harvnb|Marley|2005|pp=694-696</ref>. Tóbeé de Sousa 1549 -jılda „Barlıq ázizler qoltıqi“de [[Braziliya]]dıń paytaxtı [[Salvador]]ni qurdi<ref name=" Mahoney246" >[[harvnb|Mahoney|2010|p=246</ref>. De Sousaning 1000 adamlıq ekspediciyası arasında askarlar, jumısshılar hám Manuel de Nobrega basshılıǵındaǵı altı iyezuit bar edi<ref name=" Russell-Wood1968 p47" >[[harvnb|Russell-Wood|1968|p=47</ref>. Iezuitlar Braziliyanı koloniya qılıwda, sonday-aq San-visente hám San-Pauluni iyelewde zárúrli rol oynaydı<ref name=" Ladle185" >[[harvnb|Ladle|2000|p=185</ref>. Iezuit missiyalari menen birge jergilikli xalıq arasına kóplegen kesellik keldi, kesellikler arasında tırıspa hám sheshek gúl da bar edi<ref>Metcalf (2005), pp. 36 -37</ref>. Keyinirek, fransuzlar Portugaliya aymaǵı bolǵan Guanabara qoltıqına jaylawdılar, bulman ''Fransiya Antarktidası'' dep at berildi<ref name=" Marley2008 p86" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=86</ref>. Portugaliya elshisi Fransiya shabıwılchiligi haqqında xabar beriw ushın Parijǵa jiberilganida, Joao III Mem de Sáni Braziliyanıń jańa general gubernatori etip tayınladi hám Mem de Sá [[1557-jıl]]de Braziliyaǵa jo'nab ketti<ref name=" Marley2008 p86" />.[[1560-jıl]]ga kelip, Sá jáne onıń kúshleri birlesken [[Gugenotlar]],[[Kalvinizm|Shotlandiya kalvinistlari]] hám qullar kúshlerin Fransiya Antarktikasınan quwıp shıǵıwdı. Biraq olardıń istehkomlari hám awılların jaǵıp jiberganlaridan keyin de tiri qalǵanlar bul jerde jasawda dawam etiwdi. Bul omon qalǵanlar Gloriya qoltıqı, Flamengo plyaji hám Parapapua aymaǵına Tamoio xalqınıń járdemi menen jaylawdilar<ref name=" Marley2008 p90" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=90</ref>. Tamoio Fransiya Antarktidasında jaylasqanınan berli fransuzlar menen birlespeshi bolǵan hám 1560 -jılda fransuzlar jeńiliwge dus kelgenine qaramay, Tamoio ele da qáwip astında edi<ref name=" Treece31" >[[harvnb|Treece|2000|p=31</ref>. Olar 1561 hám 1564-jıllarda portugallarga qarsı eki hújim uyushtirdilar (aqırǵı waqıya fransuzlarga járdem berdi) hám hár birinde derlik tabısqa eristilar<ref name=" Marley2008 pp91-92" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|pp=91-92</ref><ref>Metcalf (2005), p. 37</ref>. Bul waqıtqa kelip, Manuel de No'brega kásiplesi iyezuit José de Anchieta menen birgelikte Tamoioga hújimler qatnasıwshısına aylandı<ref name=" Treece31" /><ref name=" Marley2008 pp91-92" />. 1565-jıldan 1567-jılǵa shekem Mem de Sá jáne onıń áskerleri Guanabara qoltıqında Fransiya Antarktidasın wayran etiwdi. 1565-jılda Mem de Sá bul aymaqlardı „São Sebastião do Rio de Janeiro“ dep atay basladı<ref name=" Marley2008 p96" >[[harvnb|Marley|2008|p=96</ref> jáne onıń jiyeni Estácio de Sá 1567-jılda [[Rio-de-Janeyro]] qalasına tiykar salındı.[[1575-jıl]]ga kelip Tamoi tolıq bo'ysindirilgandi hám aymaq joq bolıp ketkendi<ref name=" Schwartz1973 p41" >[[harvnb|Schwartz|1973|p=41</ref>. [[File:Flag of Portugal (1667).svg|thumb|Portugaliya bayraǵina (1667-1706 ). Xv-XIX ásirlerden baslap Portugaliya bayraqlarınıń barlıǵı soǵan uqsas bolǵan.]] ==== Iberiya birlespesi ==== [[1580-jıl]]de Iberiya birlespesi sebepli Portugaliya qońsılas [[Ispaniya imperiyasi]]menen birden-bir monarx húkimranlıǵı astında birlesedi. 1640 -jılda mámleket ǵárezsizlikke eristi. Portugal-Ispaniya birlespesiniń 60 jılı dawamında Portugaliyanıń jańa teńiz kúshi Gollandiya menen Aziya, Afrika hám Lotin Amerikası daǵı koloniyalar ushın eń qızǵın gúreslerdi alıp bardı. Bul gúreslerde portugallar mámleket tárepinen qollap -quwatlanmadi. Ispaniya monarxlari, birinshi náwbette, ispan koloniyalarini qorǵaw hám keńeytiwge itibar qaratdilar<ref name=" Kamen177" >[[harvnb|Kamen|1999|p=177</ref>. XvI ásir aqırında portugallar úlken kúsh hám kúsh-quwatlı Aziyaǵa barǵan sayın tereńrek kirip barıwda dawam etdilar<ref name=" Boyajian11" >[[harvnb|Boyajian|2008|p=11</ref>.[[Goa]] qalasından muwapıqlastırılgan ekspediciyalar Qubla hám Qublası -Arqa Aziyada Portugaliya tásirin jayıwǵa eristi. Biraq gollandlar menen Aziya aymaqları ushın bolıp ótken kóplegen sawashlarda portugallar jeńiliwge dús keliwi, olardıń Aziyadaǵı tásirin anaǵurlım pasaytirdi. Jeńiliwlerdiń sebeplerinen biri ispan monarxlarning portugallarga járdem bermasliklar esaplanadı<ref name=" Anderson104-105" >[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|pp=104-105</ref>. Shahzoda Morits Gollandiyanıń ''[[vest-Indiya]]'' kompaniyası menen bolǵan sawashlarda úlken jeńiliwlerge dus keldi. Nátiyjede, Braziliyada Gollandiya koloniyaları qáliplese basladı. Portugallar San-Tóbee atawı, Altın jaǵa daǵı San-Xorxe-de-Mina qorǵanı hám Luanda qalasın da qoldan shıǵarıwdi<ref name=" BethencourtCurto111, 117" >[[harvnb|Bethencourt|Curto|2007|pp=111, 117</ref>. Eger birlespe bóleklenip, milliy mámleketshilik tiklenganidan keyin, 1654-jılǵa kelip Portugaliya Braziliya hám Luanda ústinen óz hákimiyattı tikladi<ref name=" Thomas159" >[[harvnb|Thomas|1997|p=159</ref>, biraq Qublası -Arqa Aziyadaǵı dawamıy keńeyiw gollandlar tárepinen toqtatildi. Sonday etip [[1859-jıl]]gi Lissabon shártnamasında imzolangan hújjetke kóre pútkil boshli [[Indoneziya]]den tekgini Arqa Timor portugallar qolında qaldı<ref>jurnal deregi| last=Puga| first=Rogério Miguel| author-link=Rogerio Miguel Puga| date=December 2002| title=The Presence of the " Portugals" ın Macau and Japan ın Richard Hakluyt's ''Sortıgations''| url=https://redalyc. org/articulo. oa? id=36100506| journal=Bulletin of Portuguese/Japanese Studies| language=en| volume=5| pages=81-116| issn=0874-8438| access-date=2022-03-26| via=[[Redalyc</ref>. === Ekinshi imperiya (1663—1822) === [[File:Map of Portuguese India.png|thumb|Portugaliya Hindstanı (1502—1961)]] Portugaliya óz koloniyalarınıń qoldan bay beriliwinde Ispaniyanı ayıplı dep esaplardı, atap aytqanda sol sebep óz-ara birlespediń tawsılıwına alıp keldi.[[1640-jıl]]de John Iv Portugaliya patshası dep daǵaza etildi hám Portugaliyanı qayta qayta tiklew urısı baslandı.[[1643-jıl]]de Portugaliyanıń shettegi koloniyaları ushın basqarıw organı bolǵan Sırt el keńesi tuzildi. Bul keńesde Arqa Afrika, Madeyra hám Azor atawları esaptan tısqarı edi. Sırt el degi múlkke tiyisli barlıq jazıwmalar keńes arqalı alıp barıldı<ref>Francis A. Dutra. „Overseas Council (Portugal) “ ın ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 4, pp. 254-255. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. </ref>. Portugal sudı 1807-jılda [[Napoleon]]dıń Iberiyaga bastırıp kiriwi artınan Braziliyaǵa qashıp ketkeninde, Braziliya keńes yurisdiktsiyasidan shıǵarıldi<ref>Francis A. Dutra, „Salvador Correia de Sá e Benavides“ ın ''Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture'', vol. 5, p. 2. New York: Charles A. Scribner's Sons 1996. </ref>. 1661-jılda portugallar Angliyaǵa Bombay hám Tanjerni beriwdi hám keyingi júz jıllarda inglizlar az-azdan basqa kúshlerdiń sawdasın esaptan tısqarı etip, Indiyada dominant sawdagerge aylandılar. 1668-jılda Ispaniya Iberiya birlespesiniń tawsılǵanlıǵın tán aldı hám bunıń ornına Portugaliya Seutanı Ispaniyaǵa berdi<ref name=" Cowans2003" >[[kitob deregi| editor-last=Cowans| editor-first=Jan| title=Early Modern Spain: A Documentary History| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=Ksf_tz5 x5 FwC&pg=PA180| access-date=10 -iyul 2012-jıl| year=2003| publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press| isbn=0-8122-1845-0| page=180</ref>. Portugaliyalıqlar [[Marathalar mámleketi]]dıń hind húkimdarı Chimnaji Appa hám Keledi Nayaka patshalıgınan Shivappa Nayaka tárepinen jeńiliwge uchragach hám gollandlar menen dúgilisisler aqırında [[Goa]] hám Indiya daǵı bir neshe kishi aymaqlardı óz qolında saqlap qola aldı<ref>History of the Atlar tartıp júretuǵın tramvayn by Alexander Kyd Nairne pp. 84-85</ref><ref name=" Ahmed330" >[[harvnb|Ahmed|2011|p=330</ref><ref>Portuguese Studies Review [[ISSN| 1057-1515]] (Baywolf Press) p. 35</ref>. Braziliya hám Afrika daǵı koloniyaların qaytarıp alıwǵa eristi, biraq ingliz, fransuz hám gollandlarning Aziyadaǵı sawda punktlerin iyelewi nátiyjesinde óziniń eski kúshin pútkilley joǵatdı. Sonday etip Portugaliya ushın tek bir jónelis, Braziliya taxtaları hám qumshekerleri áhmiyeti artıp bardı<ref name=" BethencourtCurto111, 117" />. ==== Minas-Jerais hám altın sanaatı ==== [[File:Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_-_Sessão_das_Cortes_De_Lisboa,_Acervo_do_Museu_Paulista_da_USP_2.jpg|thumb|upright|Portugal kortesleri Birlesken Korollıqtı tarqatıp jiberiwge intildi.]] [[1693-jıl]]de [[Braziliya]]dıń [[Minas-Jerais]] qalasında altın tabılǵan. Minas-Jerais, Shúberek Grosso hám Goyasda altın hám keyinirek almazdıń tabılıwı úlken shumlarǵa sebep boldı. Awıl imperiyaning jańa ekonomikalıq orayı boldı jáne bul jerge tezlik menen o'rnashildi<ref name=" Boxer168" >[[harvnb|Boxer|1969|p=168</ref>. Bul altın koni ishki bazardı jaratılıwma alıp keldi hám kóplegen emigrantlardı tartıldı.[[1739-jıl]]ga kelip, taw-kán sanaatınıń eń joqarı shıńı bolǵan Minas-Jerais xalqı 200, 000 den 250, 000 ge shekem edi<ref name=" Disney2009 b268-69" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=268-269</ref>. Bul altın koni Portugaliya imperiyasining tabısın sezilerli dárejede asırdı hám barlıq qazib alınǵan kónning 1/5 bólegin quradı. Altın ushın kóplegen jánjel hám urıslar da bolıp ótti. Húkimet, sonıń menen birge, almaz qazib alıwdı óz yurisdiktsiyasi sheńberinde hám jeke jalawshılarǵa sheklep qoydı<ref name=" Disney2009 b273-275" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=273-275</ref>. Altındı úlken muǵdarda qazib alıwǵa qaramastan, plantatsiya sanaatı bul dáwirde Braziliya ushın jetekshi kiripke aylandı. Qumsheker 1760 -jılda kiriptiń 50 % ni (altın 46 %) quradı<ref name=" Bethell203" >[[harvnb|Bethell|1985|p=203</ref><ref name=" Disney2009 b267-68" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|pp=267-268</ref>. Shúberek Grosso hám Goyasda tabılǵan altın koloniyanıń batıs shegaraların bekkemlewge qızıǵıwshılıq oyatdı. 1730 -jıllarda ispan sawda postlari menen dúgilisisler tez-tez júz boldı hám keyin ispanlar áskeriy ekspediciya baslaw menen abay qılıwdı. Ispanlarning jobası ámelge aspadı hám 1750-jıllarǵa kelip, pútkil aymaqta portugallarning jalǵızhokimligi ornatildi<ref name=" Disney2009 b288" >[[harvnb|Disney|2009 b|p=288</ref>. [[1755-jıl]]de [[Lissabon]]de ólimli jer silkiniw júz boldı, cunami menen birge 275, 000 xalıqtan 40, 000 den 60, 000 ge shekem adamdı ólimine sebep boldı<ref name=" KozakCermak131" >[[harvnb|Kozák|Cermák|2007|p=131</ref>. Bul bolsa Portugaliyanıń koloniyalarǵa itibarın azmaz susaytirishiga alıp keldi<ref name=" Ramasamy2006" >[[kitob deregi| editor1-last=Ramasamy| editor1-first=SM.| editor2-last=Kumanan| editor2-first=C. J.| editor3-last=Sivakumar| editor3-first=R.| display-editors = 3| editor4-last=Singh| editor4-first=Bhoop| title=Geomatics ın Tsunami| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=5 gEBfvCBclUC&pg=PA8| access-date=10 -iyul 2012-jıl| year=2006| publisher=New India Publishing| isbn=978-81-89422-31-8| page=8</ref>. ==== Braziliya ǵárezsizligi ==== [[File:Independence of Brazil 1888.jpg|thumb|left|Braziliya ǵárezsizligi Portugaliya imperiyasini da ekonomikalıq, da siyasiy tárepten uzaq waqıt páseńlewge saldı. ]] [[1808-jıl]]de [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonapart]] Portugaliyaǵa bastırıp kirdi hám sonnan keyin ana xanzada Mari I korollıǵılıq sarayın Braziliyaǵa ótkeriwdi buyırdı. 1815-jılda [[Braziliya]] korollıǵılıq mártebeine kóterildi. Portugaliya mámleketi rásmiy Portugaliya, Braziliya hám Algarves Birlesken patshalıǵına aylandı hám paytaxt [[Lissabon]]den [[Rio-de-Janeyro]]ga kóshirildi. Bul mámleket Evropa mámleketiniń óz koloniyalarınan birinde basqarılatuǵın birden-bir mısal esaplanadı. Sonıń menen birge, 1820 -jılgi liberal revolyuciyadan keyin [[Lissabon]]de jıynalǵan Portugaliya Konstituciyalıq sudi parlamentine Braziliya wákillerin saylaw da bolıp ótti<ref name=" Bethell177-178" >[[harvnb|Bethell|1985|pp=177-178</ref>. Eger patsha shańaraǵı [[1821-jıl]]de Portugaliyaǵa qaytqan bolsa -de, Braziliyalıqlar arasında ǵárezsizlikke umtılıwdıń kusheytiwine alıp keldi. 1822-jılda Dom João vI dıń balası shahzoda Dom Pedro I 1822-jıl 7-sentyabrde Braziliya ǵárezsizligin járiyaladı hám jańa Braziliya imperiyasining imperatori lawazımın iyeledi. Ispaniyanıń Qubla Amerikadaǵı koloniyalarınan ayrıqsha bolıp esaplanıw, Braziliya ǵárezsizligine saldamlı qan to'kmagan halda eristi<ref name=" Angus1837" >[[kitob deregi| editor-last=Angus| editor-first=William| title=History of England: From the Roman Invasion tap the Accession of Queen victoria I| url=https://archive. org/details/historyenglandf00 angugoog| access-date=10 -iyul 2012-jıl| year=1837| location=Glasgow| pages=[https://archive. org/details/historyenglandf00 angugoog/page/n264 254]-255</ref><ref name=" Levine2003" >[[kitob deregi| last=Levine| first=Robert M.| title=The History of Brazil| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=Pi56 Cw3 yGfcC&pg=PA59| access-date=10 -iyul 2012-jıl| year=2003| publisher=Palgrave Macmillan| isbn=978-1-4039 -6255-3| pages=59 -61</ref>. === Úshinshi imperiya (1822—1999 ) === [[File:Jesuit Convent, Macao.jpg|thumb|[[Makao]]dagi Áwliye Paul koleji kórinisi. (1854) ]] XIX asirde Evropa kolonizatorlıǵı pátine shıqqanında Portugaliya Aziyadaǵı bir neshe koloniyasınan tashqar Qubla Amerika hám barlıq aymaqların joǵatǵan edi. Bul basqıshda Portugal kolonizatorlıǵı Afrika daǵı óz koloniyaların ondaǵı basqa Evropa kúshleri menen báseki qılıw ushın milliy aymaqlarǵa keńeytiwge itibar qaratdı. Portugaliya [[Angola]] hám [[Mozambik]]dıń ishki bólegine bastırıp kirdi hám izertlewshilerdiń Serpa Pinto, Hermenegildo Kapelo hám Roberto Ivens Afrikanı batıstan shıǵıs tárepke kesip ótken birinshi evropalıqlar boldı<ref name=" Newitt1995 pp335-336" >[[harvnb|Newitt|1995|pp=335-336</ref><ref name=" Corrado18" >[[harvnb|Corrado|2008|p=18</ref>. ==== Britaniya ultimatumi hám Portugaliya monarxiyasining tawısıwı (1890—1910 ) ==== [[:en:Pink Map|Aqshıl qızǵılt reń karta]], yaǵnıy eki koloniyanı birlestiriw Portugaliya 1880-jıllardaǵı siyasatınıń tiykarǵı maqsetlerinen biri esaplanardi<ref name=" Lisboa134" >[[harvnb|Lisboa|2008|p=134</ref>. Biraq, bul ideya [[Qohira]]den [[Keyptaun]]ge shekem bolǵan aymaqtı óz qolında toplaǵan qońsılas Britaniya ushın qabıl etiliwi múmkin emes edi. 1890 -jılgi Britaniya ultimatumi Portugaliya patshası Carlos I ga qoyıldı hám Aqshıl qızǵılt reń karta tamamlanıldı<ref name=" Lisboa134" />. Patshanıń ultimatumga munasábetinen respublikashılar paydalanıwdi<ref name=" Lisboa134" />.[[1908-jıl]][[1-fevral]]de patsha Carlos hám shahzoda Luis Filipe [[Lissabon]]de Portugaliyalıq eki aktiv revolyuciyashı Alfredo Luis de Kosta hám Manuel Buisa tárepinen óltirildi. Luis Filipening úkesi Manuel Portugaliya patshası Manuel II boldı. Eki jıl ótkennen, 1910 -jıl 5-oktyabrda ol taxtdan ag'darildi hám Angliyaǵa London qasındaǵı Twickenham qashıp ketti hám Portugaliya respublikaǵa aylandı<ref name=" Wheeler48-61" >[[harvnb|Wheeler|1998|pp=48-61</ref>. ==== Birinshi jáhán urısı ==== [[File:Chaimite.jpg|thumb|XIX asirde Portugaliya Portugaliya Afrikasında hákimiyattı bekkemlew ushın jańa saparlardı basladı. ]] [[1914-jıl]]de [[Germaniya imperiyasi]][[Angola]]ni Portugaliya qadaǵalawınan tartıp alıw jobaların islep shıqtı<ref name=" vincent-Smith1974" >[[jurnal deregi| title=The Anglo-German Negotiations over the Portuguese Colonies ın Africa, 1911-14| url=https://archive. org/details/sim_historical-journal_1974-09_17_3/page/620| last=vincent-Smith| first=J. D.| journal=The Historical Journal| volume=17| issue=3| date=Qızǵa beriletuǵın dúńya 1974| issn=0018-246 X| jstor=2638392| publisher=Cambridge University Press| pages=620 -629| doi=10. 1017/s0018246 x0000532 x</ref>. Portugal hám nemis askarlari ortasında dúgilisisler kelip shıqtı, tiykarǵı aymaqtan qosımsha kúshler jiberildi<ref>yangiliklar deregi| title=Portugal enters the war| url=https://archive. org/stream/independen79 v80 newy#page/121/mode/1 up| newspaper=The Independent| date=26 -Oct 1914-jıl| access-date=24-iyul 2012-jıl</ref>. Kelgen askarlarning tiykarǵı maqseti Germaniya tárepinen bo'ysundirilgan Mozambik arqaındaǵı Kionga úshmuyeshni qaytarıp alıw edi.[[1916-jıl]]de Portugaliya nemis kemelerin Lissabonda internatsiya etkeninen keyin Germaniya Portugaliyaǵa urıs járiyaladı. Portugaliya da buǵan juwapan urıs járiyaladı hám nátiyjede [[Birinshi jáhán urısi]]ga kirdi<ref name=" Wheeler128" >[[harvnb|Wheeler|1998|p=128</ref>. Urıstıń basında Portugaliya tiykarınan [[Fransiya]]de jaylasqan birlespeshilerge járdem kórsetiw menen shuǵıllanǵan. 1916 -jılda Portugaliya aymaǵına tek bir, Madeyraga hújim boldı. 1917-jılda Portugaliya tárepinen ámelge asırılǵan háreketlerden biri urıs háreketleri ushın zárúr bolǵan aǵash sanaatında Britaniyaǵa járdem beriwden ibarat bolǵan. Kanada orman xojalıǵı korpusı menen bir qatarda, Portugaliya xızmetkerleri házirde „Portugal kamini“ dep atalatuǵın aymaqta terek kesiw infratuzilmasini ornatdilar<ref>veb deregi|url=http://www. newforestexplorersguide. co. uk/sitefolders/faqs/portuguesefireplace/portuguesefireplacepage. html| title=Portuguese Fireplace| publisher=Newforestexplorersguide. co. uk| access-date=2014-08-06</ref>. [[1917-jıl]] dawamında Portugaliya Fransiya daǵı birlespeshiler frontiga áskerler jiberdi. Jıl ortalarında Portugaliya Birinshi jáhán urısındaǵı birinshi jábirleniwshi boldı. Portugaliya Afrikasında Portugaliya hám inglizlar Mozambik hám Angolada nemislarga qarsı kóplegen sawashlar aparıwdı. Jıl aqırında kemeler taǵı Portugaliya suwiga kirdiler hám taǵı Madeyraga hújim etip, bir neshe portugal kemelerin cho'ktirishdi. 1918-jıl basında Portugaliya birlespeles frontda Germaniyaǵa qarsı gúresti dawam ettirdi, sonday-aq La Lys jangida qatnasdi<ref>veb deregi|url=http://www. worldwar1. com/france/portugal. htm|archiveurl=https://web. archive. org/web/20070603044406/http://www. worldwar1. com/france/portugal. htm|url-status=dead|title=Battle of La Lys|archivedate=3-iyun 2007-jıl]] [[Webarxiv|url=https://web. archive. org/web/20070603044406/http://www. worldwar1. com/france/portugal. htm| date=2007-06 -03 </ref>. Gúzek waqtında Germaniya da Portugaliyanıń bir neshe kemasini cho'ktirdi. Shama menen úsh jıllıq sawashlardan keyin (Portugaliya kózqarasınan ) Birinshi jáhán urısı Germaniya tárepinen kelisiwshilik shártnaması imzolanishi menen juwmaqlandi. versal konfrensiyasida Portugaliya Tanzaniya daǵı port qalası bolǵan Kiongadan tısqarı óziniń barlıq joǵatılǵan aymaqları ústinen qadaǵalawdı qayta tikladi<ref>Thomas, H. B., „The Kionga Triangle“, ''Teńgenyika Notes and Records'' volume 31 1951, pp. 47-50. </ref>. Afrika daǵı Portugaliya aymaqları [[Kabo-Verde]],[[San-Tóbee hám Principi]],[[Gvineya-Bisau]],[[Angola]] hám [[Mozambik]]ni óz ishine aldı<ref name=" Koffi2012" >[[kitob deregi| last=Koffi| first=Ettien| title=Paradigm Shift ın Language Plandıń and Policy: Game-Theoretic Solutions| url=https://books.google. com/books? id=2 C1 TGbN5 R84 C&pg=PA98| access-date=12-iyul 2012-jıl| year=2012| publisher=Walter de Gruyter, Inc.| location=Boston/Berlin| isbn=978-1-934078-10 -5| page=98</ref>. ==== Dekolonizatsiya (1951—1999 ) ==== [[File:Portuguese_Empire_20th_century.png|thumb|XX asirde Portugaliya endi ózin imperiya emes, bálki shet el degi provinsiyalari bolǵan kóp kontinent mámleketi dep ataǵan. ]] [[File:Antonio Salazar-1.jpg|thumb|[[Anto'nio de Oliveira Salazar]] kóp kontinentlik Portugaliyanı saqlap qalıwǵa intildi. ]] Ekinshi jáhán urısınan keyin Evropa mámleketleriniń imperiyalarida kolonizatorlikke qarsı háreketleri kúshaya basladı. Suwıq urıs Portugaliyanıń shet el degi xalqı ortasında da biyqararlıqtı keltirip shıǵardı, sebebi Qospa Shtatlar hám Sovet Birlespesi óz tásir dóńgeleklerin asırıw ushın gúresdiler.[[1947-jıl]]de [[Angliya]] tárepinen [[Indiya]]ga ǵárezsizlik berilgeninen keyin hám Fransiya Indiya daǵı anklavlarni jańa ǵárezsiz mámleket quramına qosıwǵa ruxsat beriw tuwrısındaǵı sheshiminen keyin Portugaliyaǵa da tap sonday qılıw ushın basım ótkerildi<ref>#refPearson|Pearson 1987, p. 158</ref>. Buǵan [[1933-jıl]]de hákimiyattı qolǵa alǵan Anto'nio de Oliveira Salazar qarsılıq kórsetdi. Salazar 1950-jılda anklavlarni Portugaliyanıń ajıralmaytuǵın bólegi retinde kórip, Indiya Bas ministri [[Jawaharlal Neru]]dıń qaytarıw haqqındaǵı soranıwın biykarlaw etdi<ref>#refPearson|Pearson 1987, p. 160</ref>. Keyingi jılı Portugaliya Konstitusiyasına koloniyalardıń mártebein shet el degi provinsiyalarga ózgertiw ushın ózgertiw kirgizildi.[[1954-jıl]]de jergilikli kóterilis Indiyanıń Dadra hám Nagar Xaveli anklavlarida Portugaliya húkimetiniń awdarılıwına alıp keldi. Indiyada qalǵan Portugaliya koloniyalarınıń bar ekenligi barǵan sayın kúshsizlenip bardı hám Neru Indiyanıń derlik barlıq ishki siyasiy partiyaları, sonıń menen birge, Sovet Birlespesi jáne onıń birlespeshileri tárepinen qollap -quwatlandı. 1961-jılda Angolada portugallarga qarsı kóterilisten kóp ótpey, Neru Indiya armiyasına [[Goa]],[[Daman hám Diu]]ga hújim qılıw buyrıǵın berdi hám olar demde iyelendi hám keyingi jılı rásmiy anneksiya etildi. Salazar aymaqlardı jaysha basıp alınǵan dep esaplab, suverenliitetning ótkeriliwin tán alıwdan bas tartdı. Goa wálayatı 1974-jılǵa shekem Portugaliya Milliy Assambleyasında qatnasıwda dawam etdi<ref name=" Anderson153" >[[harvnb|Anderson|2000|p=153</ref>. [[1961-jıl]] fevral ayında [[Angola]]de Portugaliya zorlıqshılıǵınıń baslanıwı Afrika daǵı Portugaliya imperiyasi tawısıwınıń baslanıwı edi. Angola daǵı Portugaliya armiyası oficerleri partizanlarni urıs baslanıwı menen áskeriy tárepten gúresiwge ılayıq emesligin aytıp, ózara kelisiwler ǵárezsizlik háreketi menen baslanıwı kerek, degen pikirde edi. Biraq, Salazar imperiyani qol qatılmas saqlawǵa qatań qarar etkenligin áshkara járiyaladı hám jıl aqırına kelip ol jerge 50, 000 ásker jaylastırdı. Sol jılı Batıs Afrika qul sawdasınıń qaldıg'i bolǵan Ouida qalasındaǵı kishi Portugaliya qorǵanı San João Baptista de Ajuda Fransiyadan ǵárezsizlikke erisken Dahomey (házirgi [[Benin]]) jańa húkimeti tárepinen qosıp alındı. Angolada baslanǵan ǵárezsizlik háreketleri tez arada basqa koloniyalarǵa da yojıldi hám [[1963-jıl]]da [[Gvineya]]de,[[1964-jıl]]de [[Mozambik]]de sonday háreketler bolıp ótti<ref name=" Anderson153" />. Angola hám Mozambiktegi puqaralar urısları asıǵıslıq menen baslanıp ketti, burınǵı kóterilisshiler (Sovet Birlespesi hám Kuba tárepinen qollanǵan ) tárepinen dúzilgen kommunistlik húkimetler Zair, Qubla Afrika hám Qospa Shtatlar sıyaqlı mámleketlikler tárepinen qollap -quwatlanǵan kóterilisshi gruppalarǵa qarsı gúresdi<ref name=" ArnoldWiener11-12" >[[harvnb|Arnold|Wiener|2012|pp=11-12</ref>. Arqa Timor da 1975-jılda óz ǵárezsizligin járiyaladı. Biraq [[Arqa Timor]] demde qońsılas [[Indoneziya]] tárepinen basıp alındı hám [[1999-jıl]]de mámleket quramına qosıp alındı. Birlesken Milletler Shólkemi qáwenderligidegi referendum nátiyjesinde Arqa Timorlıqlardıń kópshiligi ǵárezsizlikti tańladı hám aqır-aqıbetde 2002-jılda olar óz ǵárezsizligine eristi.[[Makao]]dıń 1999 -jıl 20 -dekabrde tapsırılıwı rásmiy Portugaliya imperiyasining tamamlanılıwı hám Aziyadaǵı kolonizatorliktiń tawsılıwın belgilep berdi<ref>yangiliklar deregi|url=http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1996673. stm|title=East Timor : Birth of a nation|access-date=12-iyul 2012-jıl</ref>. [[1987-jıl]]de Portugaliya Qıtay Xalıq Respublikası menen Qıtay -Portugaliya qospa deklaratsiyasın imzoladi jáne onıń shet elde qalǵan sońǵı múlki bolǵan Makao suverenitetti tapsırıw procesi hám shártlerin belgiledi. Bul process eki jıl aldın Birlesken Korollıǵılıq hám Qıtay ortasındaǵı Gonkong boyınsha shártlesiwge uqsas bolsa -de, Portugaliyanıń múlki Makaodıń Qıtayǵa ótkeriliwi Gonkongdıń Qıtayǵa ótkeriliwine qaraǵanda kemrek qarsılıqqa dus keldi. Sebebi Portugaliya qashannan berli Makaonı [[1979-jıl]]de Portugaliya qol astındaǵı Qıtay aymaǵı retinde tán alǵan edi<ref>veb deregi| title=Joint declaration of the Government of the People's Republic of China and The Government of the Republic of Portugal az waqıt the question of Macao| url=http://bo. io.gov. mo/bo/i/88/23/dc/en/| publisher=Government Printing Bureau (Macao SAR)| year=1987| access-date=2010 -04-26</ref><ref>[http://news. bbc. co. uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/566301. stm Macau and the end of empire], 18 December 1999. ''[[BBC News]]''</ref>. == Miyraslar == [[File:CPLP_-_Mapa.svg|thumb|right|upright=1. 5|Portugal tilinde sóylesiwshi mámleketler jámiyetshiliginiń kartası (CPLP)]] Portugaliyanıń 7 burınǵı koloniyalarında [[portugal tili]] rásmiy til retinde qabıl etilgen. Portugaliya menen birgelikte olar portugal tilinde sóylesiwshi mámleketler jámiyetshiligine aǵza bolıp, olar jámi 10, 742, 000 km² yamasa Jer aymaǵınıń 7, 2 % ni quraydı<ref name=" CPLP" >veb deregi|title=CPLP|url=http://www. cplp. org/id-22. aspx|accessdata=2010 -08-12|data=janeiro de 2015</ref>. Portugal tilin úshinshi rásmiy til retinde qabıl etken [[Ekvatorial Gvineya]] házirde [[Mavrikiy]] hám [[Senegal]]menen birge bul shólkemdiń gúzetshisi esaplanadı. Bunnan tısqarı, on eki kandidat mámleket bul jámiyetshilikke qosıw ushın arza tapsırǵan hám tastıyıqlanishini kútip atır. Búgingi kúnde [[portugal tili]] dúnyadaǵı tiykarǵı tillerden biri bolıp, dúnya boylap 240 millionga jaqın sóylesiwshige iye hám 6 -orında turadı. Bul til Amerika kontinentindegi úshinshi eń kóp gápiriladigan til esaplanadı, tiykarınan Braziliya xalqı sebepli. Bunnan tısqarı, kóplegen portugal tiline tiykarlanǵan kreol tilleri ámeldegi, sonday-aq Perishtekadagi Cristang jámiyetshiliginiń xalqı paydalanatuǵın til<ref name=lingpt>veb deregi|title=Somos 240 milhões de falantes|url=http://www. tvi24. iol.pt/sociedade/lingua-portuguesa-portugues-ensino-governo-alunos/972503-4071. html|accessdata=11/01/2015|publisher=www. tvi24. iol.pt|data=16 da julho de 2008</ref>. Sonıń menen birge, Afrika daǵı kóplegen burınǵı koloniya múlkinde lingua franca hám 8 mámlekette rásmiy til, sonıń menen birge, Makao basqarıw aymaǵında kanton tili menen birge rásmiy til esaplanadı. Portugal tili Yaponiyada da óz tásirin qaldırdı. Búgingi kúnde yapon tili leksikologiyasida bir qansha kelip shıǵıwı portugalcha bolǵan sózler bar. Portugallar dúnyanıń kóplegen aymaqlarında úlken insaniy, materiallıq hám ruwxıy miyraslar qaldırdı.[[1527-yil]]de tek 1, 2 million xalıqqa iye bolǵan Portugaliya xalqi dúnyaǵa tarqaldı hám kóplegen jańa aymaqlarǵa hám civilizatsiyalarǵa tiykar salındılar<ref>Numeramento ou Cadastro Geral do Reino, de nowrap|D. João III (1527) referido em 2009 — Instituto Nacional de Estatística; A primeira [[Censo demográfico|contagem populacional]] foi feita em 1527, no reinado de D. João III com base predominantemente nos fogos. Nesta época houve um arrolamento de [[formatnum:1200000]] portugueses. </ref>. <center> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Aymaq ! Ma'mleketler ! Portugaliya imperiyasi quramina kirgen aymaqlarg'a iye ma'mleketler |- | Afrika | 26 ma'mleket | rowspan="4" | [[File:Countries_with_Historical_Portuguese_Territories.svg|500px|center|Countries with at least one territory (anachronistic) part of the Portuguese Empire]]<small>legend|DarkBlue|Portugaliya imperiyasinin' bir bo'limi bolg'an keminde bir g'ana aymaqqa iye ma'mleketler. legend|#00BFFF|Portugaliya imperiyasi ta'repinen talap qiling'an keminde bir g'ana aymaqqa iye ma'mleketler.legend|#F0FFFF|Portugaliya imperiyasinin' keminde bir dana evrey missiyasi bolg'an ma'mleketler</small> |- | Arqa Amerika | 3 ma'mleket |- | Qubla Amerika | 4 ma'mleket |- | Aziya ha'm Okeaniya | 22 ma'mleket |} </center> == A'debiyatlar == * Abeyasinghe, Tikiri. Jaffna Under the Portuguese. Lake House Investments, 1986.. ISBN 978-9555520003. * Abir, MordechaiEthiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region. Routledge, 1980.. 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ISBN 1-74059-421-5. == Derekler == [[Kategoriya: 1415-jilda payda bolg'anlar]] [[Kategoriya: 1999-jilda joq bolg'anlar]] [[Kategoriya: Portugaliya tariyxi]] [[Kategoriya: Xristian ma'mleketleri]] [[Kategoriya: Imperiyalar]] [[Kategoriya: Portugaliya Imperiyasi]] [[Kategoriya: Portugaliya hu'kimranlig'i]] [[Kategoriya: Portugaliyanin' zamanago'y tariyxi]] dn3v2fjp3tus9h4v7vrw8xz8ts46fb7 10 6558 46353 2022-08-25T18:29:55Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 Taza bet jaratıldı: "{{ userbox | id-c = #6EF7A7 | id-s = 14 | id = [[Windows|win11]] | border-c = #6EF7A7 | info-c = #C5FCDC | info = Bul paydalanıwshı [[Windows|windows 11]] operacion sistemasınan paydalanadı. }}" wikitext text/x-wiki {{ userbox | id-c = #6EF7A7 | id-s = 14 | id = [[Windows|win11]] | border-c = #6EF7A7 | info-c = #C5FCDC | info = Bul paydalanıwshı [[Windows|windows 11]] operacion sistemasınan paydalanadı. }} s8n89g0ecq89fo8brrtfbtrykb6he7y 0 6559 46354 2022-08-25T18:56:39Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 Taza bet jaratıldı: "Anglichan tili (anglichan: English) — hind-evropa shańaraǵınıń german toparına kiretuǵın til. Ingliz xalqiniń tili. Avstraliya, AQSH, Birlesken Korollıǵılıq, Indiya, Irlandiya, JAR, Kanada, Liberiya, Malta hám Jańa Zelandiyanıń rásmiy tili. Anglichan tili dúnyadaǵı eń kóp isletiletuǵın tiller ishinde 3-orında turadı (Ispan hám de Mandarin Kitaysha tillerden keyin). Evropa Birlespesiniń tiykarǵı tili. Anglichan tili BMTning rásmiy ju..." wikitext text/x-wiki Anglichan tili (anglichan: English) — hind-evropa shańaraǵınıń german toparına kiretuǵın til. Ingliz xalqiniń tili. Avstraliya, AQSH, Birlesken Korollıǵılıq, Indiya, Irlandiya, JAR, Kanada, Liberiya, Malta hám Jańa Zelandiyanıń rásmiy tili. Anglichan tili dúnyadaǵı eń kóp isletiletuǵın tiller ishinde 3-orında turadı (Ispan hám de Mandarin Kitaysha tillerden keyin). Evropa Birlespesiniń tiykarǵı tili. Anglichan tili BMTning rásmiy jumıs júrgiziw tillerinen biri, Ullı Britaniya, Irlandiya, Shalbar. Amerika, Avstraliya, Jańa Zelandiya, Aziya hám Afrika daǵı kóplegen mámleketlerde tarqalǵan. Bul tilde jer júzindegi 400 millionnan artıq kisi soylesedi (1992). Ullı Britaniya hám Shalbar. Irlandiya, AQSH, Avstraliya, Jańa Zelandiya, Kanada (fransuz tili menen birge), Irlandiya (irland tili menen birge), Indiya hám 15 Afrika mámleketi (JAR, Nigeriya, Gana, Uganda, Keniya, Tanzaniya hám b.) de rásmiy til retinde qollanıladı. Anglichan tili áyyemgi german qáwimleri (ingliz, saks hám jut) dıń tillerinen kelip shıqqan. Anglichan tili Angliyanıń Anglo-Seksen korollıǵıları hám de házirgi qubla-shıǵısiy Shotlandiya jerleri aldınǵı Norzumbriya patshalıǵında payda boldı. Tariyxıy dereklerge kóre, eski anglichan tili júdá kóplab dialektler gruppaın óz ishine aladı. Áyyemgi anglichan tili (7— 11-ásirler) anglosaks tili dep atalǵan hám 4 dialektga iye bolǵan : nortumbriy, mersiy, uessek hám kent. 9—11-ásirlerde uessek dialekti tiykarında kórkem ádebiyatqa baylanıslı anglichan tili qáliplesken. Bul dialektler gruppası Ullı Britaniyanıń arqa qirg'og'iga nemis qáwimleri bolǵan anglo-seksenler tárepinen keltirilgen. English (ingliz) sózi Angles sózinen kelip shıqqan bolıp, bul xalıqtıń ajododlar jurtı Angeln házirgi Schleswig-Holstein bolǵan. Ingliz sózlerdiń kóbisi Lotin tilinen alınǵan, negizinde lotin tili Xristian Shirkewi hám de Evropa oylaw sheńberiniń tili edi. vikinglarning 8 hám de 9 -asirdegi istilosidan keyin anglichan tili eski norz-tiliniń bir bólegin ózlestirdi. Angliyanıń 11-asirde Normandlar tárepinen iyelenilishi norman fransuz tilininin anglichan tili menen ıylewishiga alıp keldi. Naǵız ózi sebepli anglichan tili leksikalogik hám orfografiyalıq tárzde roman tiller gruppaına baylanıslı. Orta anglichan tili (12—15-ásirler) pátsiz unlilarning reduksiyaga dús keliwi nátiyjesinde peyillik sóz birikpeleri kóp ózgerislerge dus kelgen. 16—17-ásirlerde jańa anglichan tili júzege kelgen. Ullı Britaniyanıń 17 hám 20 -ásir ortasındaǵı kúshli rawajlanıwı hám de AQSH 20 -asirdegi dúnyalıq tasiri astında anglichan tiliniń xalıq aralıq orını astı. Házirde anglichan tili óz aymaqlıq dialektlerine iye. Ullı Britaniyada shotland dialekti, shalbar., jan., oraylıq dialektler toparı, AQShda Arqa, Orta Atlantikalıq (oraylıq ), jan. arqa, orta, batıs dialektler toparı bar. Anglichan tili fonematik sistemasında ayriqsha unlilar hám dawıssızlar bar. Basqa german tillerinen anglichan tili analitik qurılıs belgisi menen parıq etedi. Grammatik munasábetlerdi ańlatıwda járdemshi sózler (artikl, járdemshi peyiller, predloglar) hám sóz tártibi úlken áhmiyetke iye. Anglichan tili basqa tiller (lotin, fransuz, italyan, ispan hám b.) den 70 % ga jaqın sóz qabıl etken. Anglichan tiliniń amerikasha variantın Ullı Britaniya variantınan ayırmashılıǵın usınıń menen anıqlama beriw múmkin, Shalbar. Amerikaǵa daslep kóship kelgenler (1607) London jáne onıń átirapından, keyingileri bolsa Shalbar. Britaniya hám Irlandiyadan kelgenler. AQSH tilinde Britaniya daǵı sıyaqlı jaqtı kórsetilgen dialektler joq. Prof. X. Kurat redaktorı astında shıqqan „AQSH hám Kanadanıń filologiya atlasi“de (1939 ) jeti dialekt, sonday-aq, tarqalıwı aymaǵı tárepinen eń salmaqlı bolǵan AQShning oraylıq hám shalbar. wálayatları dialektleri ajıratıp kórsetilgen; ol AQShda tiykarǵı kórkem ádebiyatqa baylanıslı norma esaplanadı. Anglichan tiliniń amerikasha hám Ullı Britaniya variantları ortasındaǵı parq leksikada hám málim dárejede fonetikalıqada kórinetuǵın boladı ; grammatikasındaǵı parq sezilerli emes. Anglichan tiliniń ámeldegi Kanada, Avstraliya, Jańa Zelandiya hám JAR kórkem ádebiyatqa baylanıslı variantları jóninde de sonday pikirdi búydew múmkin. Anglichan tili jazıwı lotin álippesi tiykarında bolıp tabıladı.[2] Anglichan tili álippesi lotin jazıwına tiykarlanǵan hám 26 háripten ibarat : A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, Ol, v, W, X, Y, Z. iqzzq9drjubsetg16mx1vorbze7lveo 46355 46354 2022-08-25T18:56:58Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 PirjanovNurlan [[İnglis tili]] бетін [[Anglichan tili]] бетіне жылжытты wikitext text/x-wiki Anglichan tili (anglichan: English) — hind-evropa shańaraǵınıń german toparına kiretuǵın til. Ingliz xalqiniń tili. Avstraliya, AQSH, Birlesken Korollıǵılıq, Indiya, Irlandiya, JAR, Kanada, Liberiya, Malta hám Jańa Zelandiyanıń rásmiy tili. Anglichan tili dúnyadaǵı eń kóp isletiletuǵın tiller ishinde 3-orında turadı (Ispan hám de Mandarin Kitaysha tillerden keyin). Evropa Birlespesiniń tiykarǵı tili. Anglichan tili BMTning rásmiy jumıs júrgiziw tillerinen biri, Ullı Britaniya, Irlandiya, Shalbar. Amerika, Avstraliya, Jańa Zelandiya, Aziya hám Afrika daǵı kóplegen mámleketlerde tarqalǵan. Bul tilde jer júzindegi 400 millionnan artıq kisi soylesedi (1992). Ullı Britaniya hám Shalbar. Irlandiya, AQSH, Avstraliya, Jańa Zelandiya, Kanada (fransuz tili menen birge), Irlandiya (irland tili menen birge), Indiya hám 15 Afrika mámleketi (JAR, Nigeriya, Gana, Uganda, Keniya, Tanzaniya hám b.) de rásmiy til retinde qollanıladı. Anglichan tili áyyemgi german qáwimleri (ingliz, saks hám jut) dıń tillerinen kelip shıqqan. Anglichan tili Angliyanıń Anglo-Seksen korollıǵıları hám de házirgi qubla-shıǵısiy Shotlandiya jerleri aldınǵı Norzumbriya patshalıǵında payda boldı. Tariyxıy dereklerge kóre, eski anglichan tili júdá kóplab dialektler gruppaın óz ishine aladı. Áyyemgi anglichan tili (7— 11-ásirler) anglosaks tili dep atalǵan hám 4 dialektga iye bolǵan : nortumbriy, mersiy, uessek hám kent. 9—11-ásirlerde uessek dialekti tiykarında kórkem ádebiyatqa baylanıslı anglichan tili qáliplesken. Bul dialektler gruppası Ullı Britaniyanıń arqa qirg'og'iga nemis qáwimleri bolǵan anglo-seksenler tárepinen keltirilgen. English (ingliz) sózi Angles sózinen kelip shıqqan bolıp, bul xalıqtıń ajododlar jurtı Angeln házirgi Schleswig-Holstein bolǵan. Ingliz sózlerdiń kóbisi Lotin tilinen alınǵan, negizinde lotin tili Xristian Shirkewi hám de Evropa oylaw sheńberiniń tili edi. vikinglarning 8 hám de 9 -asirdegi istilosidan keyin anglichan tili eski norz-tiliniń bir bólegin ózlestirdi. Angliyanıń 11-asirde Normandlar tárepinen iyelenilishi norman fransuz tilininin anglichan tili menen ıylewishiga alıp keldi. Naǵız ózi sebepli anglichan tili leksikalogik hám orfografiyalıq tárzde roman tiller gruppaına baylanıslı. Orta anglichan tili (12—15-ásirler) pátsiz unlilarning reduksiyaga dús keliwi nátiyjesinde peyillik sóz birikpeleri kóp ózgerislerge dus kelgen. 16—17-ásirlerde jańa anglichan tili júzege kelgen. Ullı Britaniyanıń 17 hám 20 -ásir ortasındaǵı kúshli rawajlanıwı hám de AQSH 20 -asirdegi dúnyalıq tasiri astında anglichan tiliniń xalıq aralıq orını astı. Házirde anglichan tili óz aymaqlıq dialektlerine iye. Ullı Britaniyada shotland dialekti, shalbar., jan., oraylıq dialektler toparı, AQShda Arqa, Orta Atlantikalıq (oraylıq ), jan. arqa, orta, batıs dialektler toparı bar. Anglichan tili fonematik sistemasında ayriqsha unlilar hám dawıssızlar bar. Basqa german tillerinen anglichan tili analitik qurılıs belgisi menen parıq etedi. Grammatik munasábetlerdi ańlatıwda járdemshi sózler (artikl, járdemshi peyiller, predloglar) hám sóz tártibi úlken áhmiyetke iye. Anglichan tili basqa tiller (lotin, fransuz, italyan, ispan hám b.) den 70 % ga jaqın sóz qabıl etken. Anglichan tiliniń amerikasha variantın Ullı Britaniya variantınan ayırmashılıǵın usınıń menen anıqlama beriw múmkin, Shalbar. Amerikaǵa daslep kóship kelgenler (1607) London jáne onıń átirapından, keyingileri bolsa Shalbar. Britaniya hám Irlandiyadan kelgenler. AQSH tilinde Britaniya daǵı sıyaqlı jaqtı kórsetilgen dialektler joq. Prof. X. Kurat redaktorı astında shıqqan „AQSH hám Kanadanıń filologiya atlasi“de (1939 ) jeti dialekt, sonday-aq, tarqalıwı aymaǵı tárepinen eń salmaqlı bolǵan AQShning oraylıq hám shalbar. wálayatları dialektleri ajıratıp kórsetilgen; ol AQShda tiykarǵı kórkem ádebiyatqa baylanıslı norma esaplanadı. Anglichan tiliniń amerikasha hám Ullı Britaniya variantları ortasındaǵı parq leksikada hám málim dárejede fonetikalıqada kórinetuǵın boladı ; grammatikasındaǵı parq sezilerli emes. Anglichan tiliniń ámeldegi Kanada, Avstraliya, Jańa Zelandiya hám JAR kórkem ádebiyatqa baylanıslı variantları jóninde de sonday pikirdi búydew múmkin. Anglichan tili jazıwı lotin álippesi tiykarında bolıp tabıladı.[2] Anglichan tili álippesi lotin jazıwına tiykarlanǵan hám 26 háripten ibarat : A, B, C, D, E, F, G, H, I, J, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q, R, S, T, Ol, v, W, X, Y, Z. iqzzq9drjubsetg16mx1vorbze7lveo 0 6560 46356 2022-08-25T18:56:58Z PirjanovNurlan 10258 PirjanovNurlan [[İnglis tili]] бетін [[Anglichan tili]] бетіне жылжытты wikitext text/x-wiki #AÝDAW [[Anglichan tili]] 7ofe592gk4en51h7vlgx9xehosyx6pr 0 6563 46368 2022-08-25T23:03:14Z Inosham 10264 Taza bet jaratıldı: "[[2022-yil]][[24-fevral]]de [[Rossiya]][[Ukraina]]ga qaraqshılıq hújimin basladı. Qaraqshılıq hújimine shekem Rossiya Ukraina shegarası qasında uzaq waqıt dawamında ásker toplap, onıń sanın asırıp bardı hám de Ukrainanıń [[NATO]]ga qosılıwın nızaman qadaǵan etiw tuwrısındaǵı talap menen shıqtı<ref>yangiliklar deregi|date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| title=Why iyis Russia invading Ukraine and what does Putin want?| language=en| work=BBC|BBC N..." wikitext text/x-wiki [[2022-yil]][[24-fevral]]de [[Rossiya]][[Ukraina]]ga qaraqshılıq hújimin basladı. Qaraqshılıq hújimine shekem Rossiya Ukraina shegarası qasında uzaq waqıt dawamında ásker toplap, onıń sanın asırıp bardı hám de Ukrainanıń [[NATO]]ga qosılıwın nızaman qadaǵan etiw tuwrısındaǵı talap menen shıqtı<ref>yangiliklar deregi|date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| title=Why iyis Russia invading Ukraine and what does Putin want?| language=en| work=[[BBC|BBC News]]| url=https://www. bbc. com/news/world-europe-56720589| access-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| archive-date=19 -dekabr 2021-jıl| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20211219125518/https://www. bbc. com/news/world-europe-56720589| url-status=live</ref>. Shabıwıl baslanıwınan bir neshe kún aldın Rossiya [[Donetsk Xalıq Respublikası]] hám [[Lugansk Xalıq Respublikası]] ǵárezsizligin tán aldı hám 2022-jıl [[21-fevral]]de Ukraina shıǵısındaǵı Donbass aymaǵına Rossiya qurallı kúshleri bólindilerin jiberdi. 24-fevral shama menen saat 05:00 [[:en:Eastern European Time|EET]] (UTC+2) de Rossiya prezidenti [[vladimir Putin]] Ukrainanı „denatsifikatsiya“ hám „[[demilitarizatsiya]]“ qılıw maqsetinde „maxsus áskeriy operatsiya“ baslanǵanın járiyaladı<ref>yangiliklar deregi| title=Russia's Putin authorises 'special military operation' against Ukraine| url=https://www. reuters. com/world/europe/russias-putin-authorises-military-operations-donbass-domestic-media -2022-02-24/| agency=Reuters| date=24-fevral 2022-yil}}</ref><ref>web deregi|url=https://kun. uz/uz/news/2022/02/24/putin-urıs -ashtı -tiykarǵı -malumotlar| title=Putin urıs ashtı. Tiykarǵı maǵlıwmatlar| website=[[Kún. uz]]| date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| access-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| url-status=live}}</ref>. Oradan minutalar ótkennen, orıs askarlari tárepinen Ukraina aymaǵına hawadan hújimler baslandı<ref>https://zamin. uz/uz/dunyo/97598-Rossiya -pútkil-Ukraina -aspanında -ústinlikti-qolga-kirgizgeni-haqqında -malum-etdi. html</ref>. Ukraina shegara xızmeti orıs áskerleri Rossiya hám Belarus menen shegara postlari arqalı bastırıp kirgenin xabarladı<ref>web deregi|url=https://edition. cnn. com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_ec5 f24 d5 accb8 f8503 aabdc63 e3 fd22 d| title=Russia attacks Ukraine| website=[[CNN]]| date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| access-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| archive-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20220224073725/https://edition. cnn. com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_ec5 f24 d5 accb8 f8503 aabdc63 e3 fd22 d| url-status=live</ref><ref>web deregi|url=https://www. interfax. ru/world/824058| title=Ukrainskie pogranichniki soobshili ob atake granitsi so storoni Rossii i Belorussii| website=Interfax| date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| access-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| archive-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20220224073737/https://www. interfax. ru/world/824058| url-status=live</ref>. Kóplegen mámleketlikler bul qaraqshılıq hújimin qaralawdı hám Rossiyaǵa qarsı [[sanksiya]]lar engiziwdi. Hújimge qarsı global kórsetisler bolıp ótip atırǵan bir waqıtta Rossiya daǵı kórsetisler ǵalabalıq qamawǵa alıwlar menen qarsılandi<ref>yangiliklar deregi| last=Morin| first=Rebecca| date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| title=World leaders condemn Russian invasion of Ukraine; EU promises 'harshest' sanctions - live updates| url=https://www. usatoday. com/story/news/politics/2022/02/24/russia-ukraine-invasion/6920609001/| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20220224110055/https://www. usatoday. com/story/news/politics/2022/02/24/russia-ukraine-invasion/6920609001/| archive-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| access-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| work=USA Today</ref><ref>web deregi|date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| title=More than 1, 700 people detained ın widespread Russian protests against Ukraine invasion| url=https://www. cbc. ca/news/world/russia-protest-arrests-1. 6362938| last1=Stewart| first1=Briar| last2=Seminoff| first2=Corinne| last3=Kozlov| first3=Dmitry| access-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| publisher=CBC News| archive-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20220224193201/https://www. cbc. ca/news/world/russia-protest-arrests-1. 6362938| url-status=live}}</ref>. Shabıwıldan aldın da, shabıwıl dawamında da kóplegen mámleketlikler Ukrainaǵa qural -qural jetkiziw arqalı járdem kórsetiwdi. <ref name=" Al-Jazeera-2022-02-28" >yangiliklar deregi|title=NATO tap deploy thousands of commandos tap nations near Ukraine| url=https://www. aljazeera. com/news/2022/2/25/nato-allies -to-provide-more-weapons -to-ukraine-stoltenberg-says| archive-url=https://ghostarchive. org/archive/20220227/https://www. aljazeera. com/news/2022/2/25/nato-allies -to-provide-more-weapons -to-ukraine-stoltenberg-says| archive-date=27-fevral 2022-jıl| publisher=Al Jazeera| access-date=26 -fevral 2022-jıl| date=25-fevral 2022-yil cbignore</ref> Buǵan juwapan Putin Rossiya yadrolıq kúshlerin shay jaǵdayǵa keltirdi<ref>web deregi|last1=Heintz|first1=Jim|last2=Isachenkov|first2=vladimir|last3=Karmanau|first3=Yuras|last4=Litvinova|first4=Dasha|date=27-fevral 2022-jıl| title=Putin puts nuclear forces az waqıt high alert, escalating tensions| url=https://apnews. com/article/russia-ukraine-kyiv-business-europe-moscow-2 e4 e1 cf784 f22 b6 afbe5 a2 f936725550| access-date=3-mart 2022-jıl| website=AP News| language=en}}</ref>. [[BMT|BMTning Qashqınshılar boyınsha Joqarı komissarligi]] maǵlıwmatlarına kóre, 500 mińnen aslam Ukrainalıq qashqınshı hújimdiń dáslepki tórt kúni ishinde mámleketti tark etip, Evropa boylap qashqınshılar daǵdarısına sebep bolǵan<ref name=" MappledFled" >yangiliklar deregi|title=Mapped: Where Ukrainian refugees are fleeing tap| url=https://www. axios. com/ukraine-refugees-map-numbers-8 b0 c20 f2-80 ae-424 e-9 a65-9 a50 ee0 eefe2. html| url-status=live| archive-url=https://ghostarchive. org/archive/20220301/https://www. axios. com/ukraine-refugees-map-numbers-8 b0 c20 f2-80 ae-424 e-9 a65-9 a50 ee0 eefe2. html| archive-date=1-mart 2022-jıl| work=Axios| date=28-fevral 2022-yil|access-date=3-mart 2022-yil cbignore</ref>. == Xalıq aralıq járdemler == Bul áskeriy háreketler munasábeti menen AQSh Ekinshi jáhán urısı dáwirindegi [[Lend-liz]] programmasın qayta jumısqa túsirdi. 2022-jıl 9 -may kúni AQSh Prezidenti [[Joe Biden]] Ukrainaǵa áskeriy járdem beriw imkaniyatın názerde tutatuǵın lend-liz tuwrısındaǵı nızamǵa qol chekdi. <ref>{{cite web| url=https://kun. uz/uz/news/2022/05/11/lend-liz-haqqında -gúrriń-sssr-AQSH-járdemisiz-nemislarni-jeńa-alarmidi| title=Lend-liz haqqında : SSSR AQSh járdemisiz nemislarni jeńa alarmidi? }}</ref> j9dfmx8ftr1eg3ez32bl8h6nudddmgt 46386 46368 2022-08-26T11:22:40Z Yòldoshev Doniyor 10298 wikitext text/x-wiki [[2022-yil]][[24-fevral]]de [[Rossiya]][[Ukraina]]ga qaraqshılıq hújimin basladı. Qaraqshılıq hújimine shekem Rossiya Ukraina shegarası qasında uzaq waqıt dawamında ásker toplap, onıń sanın asırıp bardı hám de Ukrainanıń [[NATO]]ga qosılıwın nızaman qadaǵan etiw tuwrısındaǵı talap menen shıqtı<ref>yangiliklar deregi|date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| title=Why iyis Russia invading Ukraine and what does Putin want?| language=en| work=[[BBC|BBC News]]| url=https://www. bbc. com/news/world-europe-56720589| access-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| archive-date=19 -dekabr 2021-jıl| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20211219125518/https://www. bbc. com/news/world-europe-56720589| url-status=live</ref>. Shabıwıl baslanıwınan bir neshe kún aldın Rossiya [[Donetsk Xalıq Respublikası]] hám [[Lugansk Xalıq Respublikası]] ǵárezsizligin tán aldı hám 2022-jıl [[21-fevral]]de Ukraina shıǵısındaǵı Donbass aymaǵına Rossiya qurallı kúshleri bólindilerin jiberdi. 24-fevral shama menen saat 05:00 [[:en:Eastern European Time|EET]] (UTC+2) de Rossiya prezidenti [[vladimir Putin]] Ukrainanı „denatsifikatsiya“ hám „[[demilitarizatsiya]]“ qılıw maqsetinde „maxsus áskeriy operatsiya“ baslanǵanın járiyaladı<ref>yangiliklar deregi| title=Russia's Putin authorises 'special military operation' against Ukraine| url=https://www. reuters. com/world/europe/russias-putin-authorises-military-operations-donbass-domestic-media -2022-02-24/| agency=Reuters| date=24-fevral 2022-yil}}</ref><ref>web deregi|url=https://kun. uz/uz/news/2022/02/24/putin-urıs -ashtı -tiykarǵı -malumotlar| title=Putin urıs ashtı. Tiykarǵı maǵlıwmatlar| website=[[Kún. uz]]| date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| access-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| url-status=live}}</ref>. Oradan minutalar ótkennen, orıs askarlari tárepinen Ukraina aymaǵına hawadan hújimler baslandı<ref>https://zamin. uz/uz/dunyo/97598-Rossiya -pútkil-Ukraina -aspanında -ústinlikti-qolga-kirgizgeni-haqqında -malum-etdi. html</ref>. Ukraina shegara xızmeti orıs áskerleri Rossiya hám Belarus menen shegara postlari arqalı bastırıp kirgenin xabarladı<ref>web deregi|url=https://edition. cnn. com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_ec5 f24 d5 accb8 f8503 aabdc63 e3 fd22 d| title=Russia attacks Ukraine| website=[[CNN]]| date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| access-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| archive-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20220224073725/https://edition. cnn. com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_ec5 f24 d5 accb8 f8503 aabdc63 e3 fd22 d| url-status=live</ref><ref>web deregi|url=https://www. interfax. ru/world/824058| title=Ukrainskie pogranichniki soobshili ob atake granitsi so storoni Rossii i Belorussii| website=Interfax| date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| access-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| archive-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20220224073737/https://www. interfax. ru/world/824058| url-status=live</ref>. Kóplegen mámleketlikler bul qaraqshılıq hújimin qaralawdı hám Rossiyaǵa qarsı [[sanksiya]]lar engiziwdi. Hújimge qarsı global kórsetisler bolıp ótip atırǵan bir waqıtta Rossiya daǵı kórsetisler ǵalabalıq qamawǵa alıwlar menen qarsılandi<ref>yangiliklar deregi| last=Morin| first=Rebecca| date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| title=World leaders condemn Russian invasion of Ukraine; EU promises 'harshest' sanctions - live updates| url=https://www. usatoday. com/story/news/politics/2022/02/24/russia-ukraine-invasion/6920609001/| url-status=live| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20220224110055/https://www. usatoday. com/story/news/politics/2022/02/24/russia-ukraine-invasion/6920609001/| archive-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| access-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| work=USA Today</ref><ref>web deregi|date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| title=More than 1, 700 people detained ın widespread Russian protests against Ukraine invasion| url=https://www. cbc. ca/news/world/russia-protest-arrests-1. 6362938| last1=Stewart| first1=Briar| last2=Seminoff| first2=Corinne| last3=Kozlov| first3=Dmitry| access-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| publisher=CBC News| archive-date=24-fevral 2022-jıl| archive-url=https://web. archive. org/web/20220224193201/https://www. cbc. ca/news/world/russia-protest-arrests-1. 6362938| url-status=live}}</ref>. Shabıwıldan aldın da, shabıwıl dawamında da kóplegen mámleketlikler Ukrainaǵa qural -qural jetkiziw arqalı járdem kórsetiwdi. <ref name=" Al-Jazeera-2022-02-28" >yangiliklar deregi|title=NATO tap deploy thousands of commandos tap nations near Ukraine| url=https://www. aljazeera. com/news/2022/2/25/nato-allies -to-provide-more-weapons -to-ukraine-stoltenberg-says| archive-url=https://ghostarchive. org/archive/20220227/https://www. aljazeera. com/news/2022/2/25/nato-allies -to-provide-more-weapons -to-ukraine-stoltenberg-says| archive-date=27-fevral 2022-jıl| publisher=Al Jazeera| access-date=26 -fevral 2022-jıl| date=25-fevral 2022-yil cbignore</ref> Buǵan juwapan Putin Rossiya yadrolıq kúshlerin shay jaǵdayǵa keltirdi<ref>web deregi|last1=Heintz|first1=Jim|last2=Isachenkov|first2=vladimir|last3=Karmanau|first3=Yuras|last4=Litvinova|first4=Dasha|date=27-fevral 2022-jıl| title=Putin puts nuclear forces az waqıt high alert, escalating tensions| url=https://apnews. com/article/russia-ukraine-kyiv-business-europe-moscow-2 e4 e1 cf784 f22 b6 afbe5 a2 f936725550| access-date=3-mart 2022-jıl| website=AP News| language=en}}</ref>. [[BMT|BMTning Qashqınshılar boyınsha Joqarı komissarligi]] maǵlıwmatlarına kóre, 500 mińnen aslam Ukrainalıq qashqınshı hújimdiń dáslepki tórt kúni ishinde mámleketti tark etip, Evropa boylap qashqınshılar daǵdarısına sebep bolǵan<ref name=" MappledFled" >yangiliklar deregi|title=Mapped: Where Ukrainian refugees are fleeing tap| url=https://www. axios. com/ukraine-refugees-map-numbers-8 b0 c20 f2-80 ae-424 e-9 a65-9 a50 ee0 eefe2. html| url-status=live| archive-url=https://ghostarchive. org/archive/20220301/https://www. axios. com/ukraine-refugees-map-numbers-8 b0 c20 f2-80 ae-424 e-9 a65-9 a50 ee0 eefe2. html| archive-date=1-mart 2022-jıl| work=Axios| date=28-fevral 2022-yil|access-date=3-mart 2022-yil cbignore</ref>. == Xalıq aralıq járdemler == Bul áskeriy háreketler munasábeti menen AQSh Ekinshi jáhán urısı dáwirindegi [[Lend-liz]] programmasın qayta jumısqa túsirdi. 2022-jıl 9 -may kúni AQSh Prezidenti [[Joe Biden]] Ukrainaǵa áskeriy járdem beriw imkaniyatın názerde tutatuǵın lend-liz tuwrısındaǵı nızamǵa qol chekdi. <ref>{{cite web| url=https://kun. uz/uz/news/2022/05/11/lend-liz-haqqında -gúrriń-sssr-AQSH-járdemisiz-nemislarni-jeńa-alarmidi| title=Lend-liz haqqında : SSSR AQSh járdemisiz nemislarni jeńa alarmidi? }}</ref> == Derekler == t1vidfwb3n19ao8332dkxo9a1cao10t 0 6566 46372 2022-08-26T08:49:54Z Kartexnouz 10322 Taza bet jaratıldı: "Karachi — Pokistondagi shahar. Mamlakattıń qublasında, Hind daryosi deltasida, daryanıń Arabiston teńızıne qúyiw jerinen 100 km joqarıda. Sind walayatınıń orayı. Xalıq sani 9,3 mln. kishi (1998). K. 18-asr baslarında baliq ańlawshılar awili órininda ashilǵam. 1843-yilda inglizlar basip alǵan. 1947—59 yillarda Pokiston paytaxti. K. — mamlakatning eń úlken qalası! == Derekler == Bul maqalada Ózbekstan milly Ensklapediyası (2000-2005)..." wikitext text/x-wiki Karachi — Pokistondagi shahar. Mamlakattıń qublasında, Hind daryosi deltasida, daryanıń Arabiston teńızıne qúyiw jerinen 100 km joqarıda. Sind walayatınıń orayı. Xalıq sani 9,3 mln. kishi (1998). K. 18-asr baslarında baliq ańlawshılar awili órininda ashilǵam. 1843-yilda inglizlar basip alǵan. 1947—59 yillarda Pokiston paytaxti. K. — mamlakatning eń úlken qalası! == Derekler == Bul maqalada Ózbekstan milly Ensklapediyası (2000-2005) maǵlıwmatlarınan paydalanıldı == Siltewler == [[Kategoriya:Geografiya]] n3bubmjq66n1pe9r6qszpenynqogza4 0 6567 46378 2022-08-26T09:05:19Z Kartexnouz 10322 Taza bet jaratıldı: "Yava teńizi — Tınısh okeanning batıs bólegindegi teńiz, Sumatra, Yava va Kalimantan atawları aralıǵinda. Jaǵalarında marjan rifleri menen oralǵan. Maydanı. 552 mıń km². Eń tereń noqati 1272 m. Suwınıń betindeǵi temperatura 27—28°. Shorlıǵı 31, 5—34°/00. Suw júzesiniń eliriwi sutkalıq (ball. 2 m ge shekem ). Teńizden balıq awlanadı, merwert alınadı. Úlken (Iri) portları :Jakarta, Semarang, Banjarmasin. == Derekler ==..." wikitext text/x-wiki Yava teńizi — Tınısh okeanning batıs bólegindegi teńiz, Sumatra, Yava va Kalimantan atawları aralıǵinda. Jaǵalarında marjan rifleri menen oralǵan. Maydanı. 552 mıń km². Eń tereń noqati 1272 m. Suwınıń betindeǵi temperatura 27—28°. Shorlıǵı 31, 5—34°/00. Suw júzesiniń eliriwi sutkalıq (ball. 2 m ge shekem ). Teńizden balıq awlanadı, merwert alınadı. Úlken (Iri) portları :Jakarta, Semarang, Banjarmasin. == Derekler == Bul maqalada Ózbekstan Milliy Ensiklopediyası maǵlıwmatlarınan paydalanıldı == Siltemeler == Tez arada qosıladı [[Kategoriya:Geografiya]] p0sz05yszoai3ssl7sulvkqtkx6gf1b 0 6568 46381 2022-08-26T09:13:47Z Kartexnouz 10322 Taza bet jaratıldı: "Yava — Malay arxipelag nıń Úlken Zond atawlarına kiredi. Indoneziya qúramında. Maydanı 126, 5 mıń km². Jer júzinde xalıq eń tıǵız jaylasqan aymaqlardan biri. Relyefi, tiykarınan, vulkan nátiyjesinde payda bolǵan tawlılardan ibarat, eń bálent noqati 3676 m (Semeru vúlkani). 100 den artıq vulkan bor, olardan 30 ı háreketdegi vúlkanlar. Tez tez den kúshli jer silkiniwleri bólip turadı. Jıllıq jawın tegisliklerde 1000 -1500 mm..." wikitext text/x-wiki Yava — Malay arxipelag nıń Úlken Zond atawlarına kiredi. Indoneziya qúramında. Maydanı 126, 5 mıń km². Jer júzinde xalıq eń tıǵız jaylasqan aymaqlardan biri. Relyefi, tiykarınan, vulkan nátiyjesinde payda bolǵan tawlılardan ibarat, eń bálent noqati 3676 m (Semeru vúlkani). 100 den artıq vulkan bor, olardan 30 ı háreketdegi vúlkanlar. Tez tez den kúshli jer silkiniwleri bólip turadı. Jıllıq jawın tegisliklerde 1000 -1500 mm, tawlarda 5000 mm den zıyat. Dáryaları suwlı. Bir neshe milliy baǵlar islengen. Tiykarǵı qalaları :Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya. == Derekler == Bul maqalada Ózbekstan Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi maǵlıwmatlarınan paydalanıldı == Siltemeler == Bul tez arada qosıladı. [[Kategoriya:Geografiya]] imy4k3gu994k55e9m2nbk5zqip6j65t 46384 46381 2022-08-26T09:44:46Z Kartexnouz 10322 wikitext text/x-wiki Yava — Malay arxipelag nıń Úlken Zond atawlarına kiredi. Indoneziya qúramında. Maydanı 126, 5 mıń km². Jer júzinde xalıq eń tıǵız jaylasqan aymaqlardan biri. Relyefi, tiykarınan, vulkan nátiyjesinde payda bolǵan tawlılardan ibarat, eń bálent noqati 3676 m (Semeru vúlkani). 100 den artıq vulkan bor, olardan 30 ı háreketdegi vúlkanlar. Tez tez den kúshli jer silkiniwleri bólip turadı. Jıllıq jawın tegisliklerde 1000 -1500 mm, tawlarda 5000 mm den zıyat. Dáryaları suwlı. Bir neshe milliy baǵlar islengen. Tiykarǵı qalaları :Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya. <br clear="all" /> <gallery heights="150" widths="300"> Image:Borobodur1.jpg| [[Borobodur]] xramı Image:Semeru Bromo Temple.JPG| [[Bromo]] Vulkanı(shepte, 2329 metr) ha'm [[Semeru]] (on'da, 3676 metr). </gallery> <br clear="all" /> == Derekler == Bul maqalada Ózbekstan Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi maǵlıwmatlarınan paydalanıldı == Siltemeler == Bul tez arada qosıladı. [[Kategoriya:Geografiya]] 8zls1btvxz19gprj1oi5bb0m78v0006 46385 46384 2022-08-26T09:45:53Z Kartexnouz 10322 wikitext text/x-wiki Yava — Malay arxipelag nıń Úlken Zond atawlarına kiredi. Indoneziya qúramında. Maydanı 126, 5 mıń km². Jer júzinde xalıq eń tıǵız jaylasqan aymaqlardan biri. Relyefi, tiykarınan, vulkan nátiyjesinde payda bolǵan tawlılardan ibarat, eń bálent noqati 3676 m (Semeru vúlkani). 100 den artıq vulkan bor, olardan 30 ı háreketdegi vúlkanlar. Tez tez den kúshli jer silkiniwleri bólip turadı. Jıllıq jawın tegisliklerde 1000 -1500 mm, tawlarda 5000 mm den zıyat. Dáryaları suwlı. Bir neshe milliy baǵlar islengen. Tiykarǵı qalaları :Jakarta, Bandung, Surabaya. <br clear="all" /> <gallery heights="150" widths="300"> Image:Borobodur1.jpg| [[Borobodur]] xramı Image:Semeru Bromo Temple.JPG| [[Bromo]] Vulkanı(shepte, 2329 metr) ha'm [[Semeru]] (on'da, 3676 metr). </gallery> <br clear="all" /> ===Galereya=== {{commonscat|java}} == Derekler == Bul maqalada Ózbekstan Oʻzbekiston milliy ensiklopediyasi maǵlıwmatlarınan paydalanıldı == Siltemeler == Bul tez arada qosıladı. [[Kategoriya:Geografiya]] cijki717yz7x84l89km9u62mka5l8i0 0 6569 46383 2022-08-26T09:37:44Z Kartexnouz 10322 Taza bet jaratıldı: "Jańa Gvineya  — Tınısh okeannıń batıs bólegidagi ataw. Úlkenligi boyınsha dúnya da 2-orında (Grenlandiyadan keyin). Maydanı 829 mıń km² (Ayrim maǵlıwmatlarǵa kóre 771, 9 mıń km²). Uz. 2000 km den zıyat, eni 700 km ge shekem. Batıs bólegi Indoneziya, shıǵıs boleǵi PapuaJańa Gvineya mámleketleri aymaǵi. https://uz.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayl:PapuaNG.png == Derekeler == == Siltewler == [[Kategoriya:Geografiya]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Jańa Gvineya  — Tınısh okeannıń batıs bólegidagi ataw. Úlkenligi boyınsha dúnya da 2-orında (Grenlandiyadan keyin). Maydanı 829 mıń km² (Ayrim maǵlıwmatlarǵa kóre 771, 9 mıń km²). Uz. 2000 km den zıyat, eni 700 km ge shekem. Batıs bólegi Indoneziya, shıǵıs boleǵi PapuaJańa Gvineya mámleketleri aymaǵi. https://uz.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fayl:PapuaNG.png == Derekeler == == Siltewler == [[Kategoriya:Geografiya]] mrdjypjv33yngdg42yu7ddci4li59gf