Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.1 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 1993 116392 99345 2026-05-10T07:42:47Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tameryust''' d yiwen n usfugel amensay i d-ittilin d [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tmurt n Yiqbayliyen]]. Asfugel-a yettemcabi ɣer tmeɣra n [[ Halloween]] i d-ittilin deg waṭas n tmura tutrimin am [[Iwunak Yeddukkel n Temrikt|Yiwunak Yeddukklen]] d kra tmura n [[Turuft]]. Deg wssan ineggura n tegrest, ad tennulfu yiwet n trebbut n ilemẓiyen, tin ara d-itezzin ɣef yakk taddart, tawwurt s tewwurt, ur tettağğa ula d axxam. == Igmamen yettilin deg usfugel == Anwa i yettilin deg usfugel n tmeryust: - Amɣar (Ameryus): win yettlusun aqric. - Tameryust: d tin iy tbeggisen yakk iman-is. - Aberraḥ - Wid yekkaten tajewwaqt d ubendayer - Ilemẓiyen nniḍen == Imniren == [[Taggayt:idles amaziɣ]] [[Taggayt:iqbayliyen]] l6xajvh3pskstlm1g8iwl5qwu0xfva2 116393 116392 2026-05-10T07:43:06Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Buɛfif]] ar [[Tameryust]] 116392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tameryust''' d yiwen n usfugel amensay i d-ittilin d [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tmurt n Yiqbayliyen]]. Asfugel-a yettemcabi ɣer tmeɣra n [[ Halloween]] i d-ittilin deg waṭas n tmura tutrimin am [[Iwunak Yeddukkel n Temrikt|Yiwunak Yeddukklen]] d kra tmura n [[Turuft]]. Deg wssan ineggura n tegrest, ad tennulfu yiwet n trebbut n ilemẓiyen, tin ara d-itezzin ɣef yakk taddart, tawwurt s tewwurt, ur tettağğa ula d axxam. == Igmamen yettilin deg usfugel == Anwa i yettilin deg usfugel n tmeryust: - Amɣar (Ameryus): win yettlusun aqric. - Tameryust: d tin iy tbeggisen yakk iman-is. - Aberraḥ - Wid yekkaten tajewwaqt d ubendayer - Ilemẓiyen nniḍen == Imniren == [[Taggayt:idles amaziɣ]] [[Taggayt:iqbayliyen]] l6xajvh3pskstlm1g8iwl5qwu0xfva2 116395 116393 2026-05-10T07:43:41Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tameryust''' d yiwen n usfugel amensay i d-ittilin d [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tmurt n Yiqbayliyen]]. Asfugel-a yettemcabi ɣer tmeɣra n [[ Halloween]] i d-ittilin deg waṭas n tmura tutrimin am [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Yiwunak Yeddukklen]] d kra tmura n [[Turuft]]. Deg wssan ineggura n tegrest, ad tennulfu yiwet n trebbut n ilemẓiyen, tin ara d-itezzin ɣef yakk taddart, tawwurt s tewwurt, ur tettağğa ula d axxam. == Igmamen yettilin deg usfugel == Anwa i yettilin deg usfugel n tmeryust: - Amɣar (Ameryus): win yettlusun aqric. - Tameryust: d tin iy tbeggisen yakk iman-is. - Aberraḥ - Wid yekkaten tajewwaqt d ubendayer - Ilemẓiyen nniḍen == Imniren == [[Taggayt:idles amaziɣ]] [[Taggayt:iqbayliyen]] ly61s81byaszyk7f90r54dj50j6cq1k 0 7062 116388 108747 2026-05-10T07:23:26Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ixef Azegzaw''' d tagrawt n tegzirin i d-yezgan deg utaram n [[Tafrikt|Tefriqt]] (deg [[Agaraw Aṭlasi|Ugaraw Anaṭlas]]). Tajumma tummidt n tegzirin-a tegda 4.033 km². Zedɣen-tt 567.000 n yimezdaɣen. Tamaneɣt-nnes d [[Praia]]. == Amezruy == == Tadamsa == == Ademkal d unezwu == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:tigzirin]] [[Taggayt:Tigzirin n Ugaraw Anaṭlas]] [[Taggayt:Tigzirin n Tefriqt]] [[Category:Timura n Tefriqt]] 5wlvnmdpg8nr43xgxe7pia0e2dlckl3 116389 116388 2026-05-10T07:23:51Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Iɣef Azegzaw]] ar [[Ixef Azegzaw]] 116388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ixef Azegzaw''' d tagrawt n tegzirin i d-yezgan deg utaram n [[Tafrikt|Tefriqt]] (deg [[Agaraw Aṭlasi|Ugaraw Anaṭlas]]). Tajumma tummidt n tegzirin-a tegda 4.033 km². Zedɣen-tt 567.000 n yimezdaɣen. Tamaneɣt-nnes d [[Praia]]. == Amezruy == == Tadamsa == == Ademkal d unezwu == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:tigzirin]] [[Taggayt:Tigzirin n Ugaraw Anaṭlas]] [[Taggayt:Tigzirin n Tefriqt]] [[Category:Timura n Tefriqt]] 5wlvnmdpg8nr43xgxe7pia0e2dlckl3 0 15594 116396 106229 2026-05-10T09:54:16Z Neptune, the Mystic 11360 /* Tadiskugrafit */ Update (https://metalinjection.net/new-music/darkthrone-stays-grim-on-pre-historic-metal-new-album-due-out-in-may) 116396 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist}} '''Darkthrone''' d tarbaɛt n [[black metal]] seg tmurt n [[Nurwij]], tettwaxleq deg useggas n 1986 s yisem Black Death, llan tturaren [[death metal]]. Deg 1991 beddlen style-nsen ɣer [[black metal]] seddaw l'influence n terbaɛin am [[Bathory (tarbaɛt)|Bathory]] neɣ [[Celtic Frost]]. == Tadiskugrafit == * 1991 : ''{{lang|en|[[Soulside Journey]]}}'' * 1992 : ''{{lang|en|[[A Blaze in the Northern Sky]]}}'' * 1993 : ''{{lang|en|[[Under a Funeral Moon]]}}'' * 1994 : ''{{lang|en|[[Transilvanian Hunger]]}}'' * 1995 : ''{{lang|en|[[Panzerfaust (album)|Panzerfaust]]}}'' * 1996 : ''{{lang|en|[[Total Death]]}}'' * 1996 : ''{{lang|en|[[Goatlord]]}}'' * 1999 : ''{{lang|en|[[Ravishing Grimness]]}}'' * 2000 : ''{{lang|en|[[Preparing for War]]}}'' * 2001 : ''{{lang|en|[[Plaguewielder]]}}'' * 2003 : ''{{lang|en|[[Hate Them]]}}'' * 2004 : ''{{lang|en|[[Sardonic Wrath]]}}'' * 2006 : ''{{lang|en|[[The Cult Is Alive]]}}'' * 2007 : ''{{lang|en|[[F.O.A.D.]]}}'' * 2008 : ''{{lang|en|[[Frostland Tapes]]}}'' * 2008 : ''{{lang|en|[[Dark Thrones and Black Flags]]}}'' * 2010 : ''{{lang|en|[[Circle the Wagons]]}}'' * 2013 : ''{{lang|en|[[The Underground Resistance]]}}'' * 2016 : ''{{lang|en|[[Arctic Thunder]]}}'' * 2019 : ''{{lang|en|[[Old Star]]}}'' * 2021 : ''{{lang|en|[[Eternal Hails......]]}}'' * 2022 : ''{{lang|en|[[Astral Fortress]]}}'' * 2024 : ''{{lang|en|[[It Beckons Us All.......]]}}'' * 2026 : ''{{lang|en|[[Pre-Historic Metal]]}}'' [[Category:Aẓawan]] 9veovf23isn2z9iwddqbc049n04trim 0 17532 116375 115821 2026-05-09T12:14:06Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aberru''' neɣ '''Ajṛad''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Locusta''') d [[aburɣas]] yeṭṭafaren [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[Tuserdefriwin|tserdefriwin]] iy gebren seg wugar n 20,000 n [[talmest|telmas]] yettidiren deg yiddegan yemgaraden deg umaḍal. Aberru d yiwen n wanaw n [[abẓiẓ|yebẓaẓ]] ilan (yesɛan) [[aṭar (agman)|iḍarren]] udfiren ttallen-t i unttag, anda iy zmer ad yentteg i wazal n 20 n tikkal n teɣzi n tfekka-ines. Aberru d aɣersiw ilan (isɛan) aṭas n icenga d ingiren (iɛdawen) am [[aylal|yigḍaḍ]] d [[aɣeṛda|iɣeṛdayen]] d [[azrem|izerman]] d [[izinzer|izinezren]], akken daɣen i llan kra n yiɣerfan i t-itetten am kra n iɣerfan n [[Asya]] d [[imaziɣen]] n [[Isusiyen|Sus]]. == Tilmas n uberru == == Amyaraw n uberru == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:ibureɣsen]] em2q8b1veo6f7dg5xpqtzft5b9y0c0o 116376 116375 2026-05-09T12:14:52Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Aberru''' neɣ '''Ajṛad''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Locusta''') d [[aburɣas]] yeṭṭafaren [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[Tuserdefriwin|tserdefriwin]] iy gebren seg wugar n 20,000 n [[talmest|telmas]] yettidiren deg yiddegan yemgaraden deg umaḍal. Aberru d yiwen n wanaw n [[abẓiẓ|yebẓaẓ]] ilan (yesɛan) [[aṭar (agman)|iḍarren]] udfiren ttallen-t i unttag, anda iy zmer ad yentteg i wazal n 20 n tikkal n teɣzi n tfekka-ines. Aberru d aɣersiw ilan (isɛan) aṭas n icenga d ingiren (iɛdawen) am [[aylal|yigḍaḍ]] d [[aɣeṛda|iɣeṛdayen]] d [[azrem|izerman]] d [[izinzer|izinezren]], akken daɣen i llan kra n yiɣerfan i t-itetten am kra n iɣerfan n [[Asya]] d [[imaziɣen]] n [[Isusiyen|Sus]]. == Tilmas n uberru == == Amyaraw n uberru == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:ibureɣsen]] glqde8lj75v1mh8way2hi3u4ud9xqpx 116377 116376 2026-05-09T12:15:17Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aberru''' neɣ '''Ajṛad''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Locusta''') d [[aburɣas]] yeṭṭafaren [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[Tuserdefriwin|tserdefriwin]] iy gebren seg wugar n 20,000 n [[talmest|telmas]] yettidiren deg yiddegan yemgaraden deg umaḍal. Aberru d yiwen n wanaw n [[abẓiẓ|yebẓaẓ]] ilan (yesɛan) [[aṭar (agman)|iḍarren]] udfiren ttallen-t i unttag, anda iy zmer ad yentteg i wazal n 20 n tikkal n teɣzi n tfekka-ines. Aberru d aɣersiw ilan (isɛan) aṭas n icenga d ingiren (iɛdawen) am [[aylal|yigḍaḍ]] d [[aɣeṛda|iɣeṛdayen]] d [[azrem|izerman]] d [[izinzer|izinezren]], akken daɣen i llan kra n yiɣerfan i t-itetten am kra n iɣerfan n [[Asya]] d [[imaziɣen]] n [[Isusiyen|Sus]]. == Tilmas n uberru == == Amyaraw n uberru == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:ibureɣsen]] em2q8b1veo6f7dg5xpqtzft5b9y0c0o 0 20123 116381 97248 2026-05-09T12:58:26Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tirufriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Apterygota''') d tagrawt meẓẓiyen n [[aburɣes|yibureɣsen]] iruraden. Ɣ as akken ṭṭafarent [[asmil (tasnudert)|asmil]] n yibureɣsen, maca mgaraden fell-asen deg yiba n [[afriw|wafriwen]], ama deg wakud-a neɣ deg umezruy-is anamhaz. Ajerred amezwaru [[tamɣuzt|amɣuzan]] fell-as, yella-d deg tallit tadivunayt (send n 354 ar 417 n imelyan n iseggasen). == Asesmel == == Tamhazt == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == [[Taggayt:asesmel n ibureɣsen]] fk1gewtnt1e7avnrvfkwoochqndblon 116382 116381 2026-05-09T12:59:07Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Tarfriwin]] ar [[Tirufriwin]] 116381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tirufriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Apterygota''') d tagrawt meẓẓiyen n [[aburɣes|yibureɣsen]] iruraden. Ɣ as akken ṭṭafarent [[asmil (tasnudert)|asmil]] n yibureɣsen, maca mgaraden fell-asen deg yiba n [[afriw|wafriwen]], ama deg wakud-a neɣ deg umezruy-is anamhaz. Ajerred amezwaru [[tamɣuzt|amɣuzan]] fell-as, yella-d deg tallit tadivunayt (send n 354 ar 417 n imelyan n iseggasen). == Asesmel == == Tamhazt == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == [[Taggayt:asesmel n ibureɣsen]] fk1gewtnt1e7avnrvfkwoochqndblon 116385 116382 2026-05-09T13:39:45Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tirufriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Apterygota''') d tagrawt meẓẓiyen n [[aburɣes|yibureɣsen]] iruraden. Ɣas akken ṭṭafarent [[asmil (tasnudert)|asmil]] n yibureɣsen, maca mgaraden fell-asen deg yiba n [[afriw|wafriwen]], ama deg wakud-a neɣ deg umezruy-is anamhaz. Ajerred amezwaru [[tamɣuzt|amɣuzan]] fell-as, yella-d deg tallit tadivunayt (send n 354 ar 417 n imelyan n iseggasen). == Asesmel == == Tamhazt == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == [[Taggayt:asesmel n ibureɣsen]] n31tda338xmy11xxl0126r97ptffst1 0 25455 116379 116361 2026-05-09T12:52:52Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116379 wikitext text/x-wiki Tigzi taragmawant neɣ Tigzi n tmacint (IA) d aḥric agejdan deg '''tsenselkimt''' i yessegzayen amek ara nefk i tmacinin neɣ i '''yiselkimen''' tazmert akken ad xedmen tiwuriwin i yesran tigzi n umdan. Gar tiwuriwin-a, nezmer ad nebder: almad, asissen n wawal d tutlayin, tuffɣa n tigtiwin (tifrat) i wuguren deg yal aḥric, akked tmuɣli d usekfel n tugniwin. == Tigzi Taragmawant (IA): Amezruy, Tiwuriwin d Yinalkamen deg Yimal == === Amezruy d Temhazt === Xas akken asugen n tmacinin i yesɛan tazmert n tidmi yella-d zik deg tsekla, aḥric-a n tussna ibedd s wudem unṣib deg yiseggasen n 1950. S tmuɣli ɣer umezruy n tiktut-a, nezmer ad t-nebḍu ɣef kraḍ(tlata) talliyin: * '''Tallit n usugen:''' Deg yiseggasen imenza, imusnawen llan ssexdamen iwarzimen isehlen iwakken ad fken i tmacint asurif amezwaru n usegzi(ufeham). Tallit-a tebda-d mi d-yebda wemdan yettxemmim amek ara yessers tiḥerci d tegzi-ines deg tmacint. Nezmer ad nebḍu tallit-a ɣef kra n tneqqiḍin tigejdanin: # '''Alan Turing d Ukayad-is (1950):''' Send ad d-iban yisem n "Tigzi Taragmawant", amusnaw n tusnakt d tsenselkimt Alan Turing yessers-d yiwen n usteqsi agejdan: ''"Tzemmer tmacint ad txemmem?"''. Iwakken ad d-yerr ɣef usteqsi-a, yesnulfa-d ayen umi ssawalen "Akayad n Turing" (Test de Turing). Iswi n ukayad-a d asekfel ma yezmer uselkim ad yurar d umdan s wudem ara yeǧǧen amdan ur yefhim ara ma yettmeslay d tmacint neɣ d amdan nniḍen. # '''Agraw n Dartmouth (1956) - Anekcum unṣib:''' D agraw-a i d-yessentun aḥric-a s wudem unṣib. Imusnawen imeqqranen am John McCarthy d Marvin Minsky jemɛen-d akken ad sbedden tasekniremt (terminologie) n tussna-ya tamaynut. D John McCarthy i d-yesnulfan irem-a n '''"Tigzi Taragmawant"''' i tikkelt tamezwarut. # '''Iwarzimen imenza d usegzi:''' Deg yiseggasen-a imenza, imusnawen llan sxeddamen '''iwarzimen''' imenza, yeshel usenked-nsen, iwakken ad fken i tmacint asurif amezwaru n '''usegzi'''. Ssexdamen-ten iwakken ad ferun tigda tifelsafiyin, ad uraren ccetranǧ, neɣ ad d-suddmen taywalt taḥerfit, am wahil "ELIZA" i d-yettarran awal i yimdanen am wakken d amsujji asnafsan. # '''Tilisa d "Tagrest n Tegzi":''' Asugen n yimusnawen n tallit-nni yella meqqer aṭas; llan ttɣilen s ssehala ara d-snulfun timacinin i yesɛan tigzi yettcabin ɣer tin n umdan. Maca, mmlalen-d d tlisa n yimir-nni: iselkimen ur sɛin ara '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' iwatan, yernu ulac isefka isemmaden iwakken ad yili wemhaz. Ayagi yewwi-d ɣer tnaqṣit n wallalen d tedrimt i usnerni n unadi-a, d ayen i d-yeglan s tallit n tnezzut i wumi ssawalen "Anegres n Tegzi Taragmawant". S umata, tallit-a n usugen d akud n wuguren lqayen d iswa imeqqranen. Xas akken tella-d deqs n tmuɣli i wuguren n tegzi, d tallit-a i d-yeṣṣawen abrid i tneflit i d-itebɛen mi d-yernu lǧehd n yiselkimen deg yiseggasen i d-idefren. * '''Tallit n Tezmert n Usiḍen (Iseggasen n 1980 - 2000): Asaki d Tneflit n Yiselkimen:''' Mi banen iselkimen yelhan d '''teẓwert''' n usiḍen tameqqrant, tennerna tegzi taragmawant s waṭas. Deffir tallit-nni n tegrest n tegzi, ibda-d usirem amaynut deg yiseggasen n 80. Ayen i d-yewwin abeddel-a mačči kan d tiktiwin timaynutin deg tsenselkimt, maca d '''angaw''' s timmad-is i yenneflan yernu yeffeɣ-d seg tlisa-ines timezwura. Atent-a tneqqiḍin tigejdanin n tallit-a: # '''Asnerni n Teẓwert n Usiḍen:''' Iselkimen uɣalen ǧehden yernu rxeṣen (ṣṣawḍen ɣer yixxamen d tkebbaniyin). Itebɛ-d ayagi "Asaḍuf n Moore", i d-yeqqaren d akken tazmert n yiselkimen tettnerni s waṭas yal sdis d mraw (18) n wayyuren. Ayagi yefka-d afud ameqqran i yimussnawen iwakken ad sseddun '''iwarzimen''' ixnazen i wumi ur zmiren ara zik. # '''Inagrawen Imussnawen :''' Deg umkan ad nexdem timacinin yesɛan tigzi tamatut am wemdan, imusnawen bdan xeddmen ihallen uzzigen deg yiwen kan n uḥric. Amedya: aḥric n tujjya neɣ n takrura. Fkan-as i tmacint isuḍaf d tmussni lqayen n yimsujjiyen d yimussnawen, dɣa tuɣal tezmer ad d-tefk tifrat i waṭṭanen neɣ i wuguren icudden ɣer taɣult-nni. # '''Tuɣalin n Yiẓeḍwa n Iṛununen Iragmawanen:''' Tikti n yiẓeḍwa n iṛununen tella-d zik (deg tallit n usugen), maca llan ḥebsen imi ulac '''teẓwert n usiḍen''' iwatan iwakken ad ten-sseddun. Deg yiseggasen n 80 d 90, mi d-yernu lǧehd n yiselkimen, bdan ssexdamen tarrayin timaynutin n walmad, dɣa bdan yiẓeḍwa-ya ttarran-d igemmaḍ yelhan, ladɣa deg usekfel n yisekkilen (OCR) am usenqed n tebṛatin n lbusṭa. # '''Anekcum s Annar n Turart (Deep Blue - 1997):''' Yiwen seg yineḍruyen imeqqranen d imezruyanen n tallit-a d mi tezmer tmacint n IBM umi ssawalen "Deep Blue" ad ternu alɣuɣ n umaḍal deg turart n ccetranǧ, Garry Kasparov. Tamsudemt-a ur telmid ara weḥd-s, maca tesseqdec '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' tameqqrant iwakken ad tessenqad d imelyan n tuddsa deg yiwet n tasint. Ayagi yessebgen-d d akken tmacint tezmer ad teɣleb amdan deg tsertit n uswir aɛlayan. '''S umata:''' Tallit-a mačči d tin i d-yewwin almad aselkiman s wudem-is atrar, maca d tin i d-yessersen azadur(llsas) n wangaw d wuzzal i tallit i d-itebɛen. Imi tesnerna tmacint deg '''tezmert n usiḍen''', teẓẓel abrid iwakken tigzi taragmawant ad tessemres ayen i d-yusan deffir-s: ''Isefka Imeqqranen (Big Data).'' * '''Tallit Tatrart (Seg 2010 ar ass-a): Isefka Imeqqranen d Walmad Lqayen:''' Deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, s tilin n yisefka imeqqranen (données massive / Big Data) akked wesnulfu n iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen, tuɣal tegzi taragmawant tezmer ad telmed weḥd-s ('''Almad Aselkiman''' neɣ ''Machine Learning''). Tallit-a tbedd ɣef sin n yigejdan imeqqranen i d-yemlalen deg yiwen n wakud: asnerni ageɛmir n yisefka akked tezmert n usiḍen n tkaṛdiwin n udlif (GPU) i d-yefkan afud meqqren i yiselkimen. Atent-a tneqqiḍin tigejdanin n tallit-a: * '''Aṭuqqet n Yisefka (Big Data):''' S tneflit n internet, isilkimen n ufus, d yiẓeḍwa inmettiyen, imdanen bdan ssefrakawen isefka s wamḍan ur nesɛi tilisa yal ass. Isefka-ya imeqqranen uɣalen d aseṛɣu i tmacinin iwakken ad lemden s wudem ifazen. * '''Almad Lqayen (Deep Learning):''' Imi tura tella '''teẓwert n usiḍen''' akked yisefka imeqqranen, imusnawen rran-d '''iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen''' s wudem lqayen (s waṭas n tissiwin). Tarrayt-a n walmad aselkiman tewwi-d igemmaḍ igerrzen aṭas, ladɣa deg usekfel n tugniwin d usegzi n tutlayt tagamant. * '''Tigzi Taragmawant Tasarawt:''' D aḥric amaynut i d-yufraren s waṭas deg yiseggasen-a ineggura. S useqdec n tmudmin timeqqranin n tutlayt (LLM), tigzi taragmawant tuɣal d '''asaraw''' n uḍris, n tugniwin, d tengalt. Tezmer ula ad '''tserwes''' taywalt akked wemdan s wudem yessewhamen. * '''Uguren n Tudert n Tbaḍnit d Tmililɣi:''' S usemres ameqqran n yisefka udmawanen i walmad n tmudmin-a, yekker-d wugur ameqqran ɣef wamek ara nḥader '''tudert n tbaḍnit''' n yimdanen, akked wamek ara nessileɣ '''iwarzimen''' war miḥyaf neɣ asɣel. '''S umata:''' Tallit tatrart d asurif ameqqran anda tigzi taragmawant teffeɣ-d seg yinadiyen n tesdawiyin ɣer tudert-nneɣ n yal ass. Tebna ɣef '''uzadur''' n wangaw ǧehden d tuddsa n yisefka imeqqranen, yernu la tessewjaday abrid ɣer yimal anda tmacint ad tezmer ad txeddem tiwuriwin ugar. === Amek i tteddu Tegzi Taragmawant? === Akken ad telḥu tamsudemt n tegzi taragmawant, tesra kraḍ n tgejditin: ==== <u>Isefka: Aseṛɣu n Tegzi Taragmawant</u> ==== Akken tkerrust tesra i '''useṛɣu''' iwakken ad telḥu, Tigzi Taragmawant tesra i yisefka iwakken ad telmed yernu ad tmahel. S war isefka, '''iwarzimen''' d tmacinin ur zmiren ad xedmen acemma. Nezmer ad nebḍu tamiḍrant n yisefka ɣef kṛaḍ n tneqqiḍin tigejdanin: * '''Tiwsitin n Yisefka:''' Isefka ur llin ara d yiwet n tewsit. Zemren ad ilin d iḍrisen, tugniwin, imesla, inawen n tvidyut, neɣ Tifelwiyin ččurent d izwilen. D isefka-ya i d aselmad amezwaru i '''yiẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen'''. * '''Taɣara Uqbel''' '''Ddeqs:''' Xas akken tigzi taragmawant tebna ɣef yisefka imeqqranen (Big Data), maca taɣara n yisefka-ya d nettat i d '''azadur'''. Ma nsečč i tmacint isefka ixuṣṣen, yesɛan tuccḍiwin neɣ igebren yiwen wudem n usɣel kan, igemmaḍ-is ad ilin ur gerrzen ara. Yella yiwen n wawal agejdan deg tsenselkimt yeqqaren: "Ayen n dir i tessekcmeḍ, d ayen n dir ara d-yeffɣen" (Garbage in, Garbage out). * '''Asizdeg d Uceṛṛeḍ:''' Uqbel ad nessiweḍ isefka ɣer tmacint, yessefk ad ttwasizdgen. Imassanen n yisefka ssufuɣen aṭas n wakud iwakken ad kksen tucḍiwin yernu ad ssegmen tuddsa. Tikkwal, isefka sran ad ttwačerḍen. Amedya, ma nebɣa ad neslmed tmacint ad tɛeqqel "aɣyul" deg tugniwin, ilaq ad as-nefk aṭas n tugniwin yettwačerḍen s yisem n uɣyul akken ad tizmirt ad d-tefk '''asaraw''' iwatan neɣ ad '''tserwes''' ayen i d-twala. * '''Tudert n Tbaḍnit d Wamdan:''' Imi amur ameqqran n yisefka-ya ttusdukkulen-d seg yimdanen (internet, inagrawen inmettiyen...), amesten n '''tudert n tbaḍnit''' yettuɣal d asurif agejdan. Tura, tuɣal-d d taḍullit iwakken ad nessileɣ iwarzimen s yisefka war ma nessedra lbaḍna neɣ izarfen n wemdan. ==== <u>Iwarzimen: Amutur n Tegzi Taragmawant</u> ==== Ma yella isefka d aseṛɣu i d-yettfakkan fad i tmacint, '''iwarzimen''' d amutur neɣ d allaɣ iselkiman i iseddayen aseṛɣu-nni. War iwarzimen ifazen, isefka d aṭemmu kan ur nesɛi anamek. Nezmer ad nebḍu amahil n yiwarzimen-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a tigejdanin: * '''Iẓeḍwa n Iṛununen Iragmawanen:''' Tasegda n yiwarzimen-a tewwi-d asugen-is seg wallaɣ n wemdan. Tcuddu iṛununen iragmawanen deg waṭas n tissiwin. Ayen i d-ikeccmen (isefka) ad iɛeddi seg tissi ɣer tayeḍ, yal yiwet tessalay aswir n tegzi akken ad d-yeffeɣ d '''asaraw''' yeddzen yernu yeffeɣ-d akken iwulam. * '''Almad d Uṣeggem:''' Iwarzimen n tegzi taragmawant ur ttwasettfen ara s yisuḍaf udmisen. Ttalmaden s uɛiwed d termit. Yal tikelt mi ara ɛerḍen ad d-fken agmuḍ, ssemsawayen taẓayt/iɣewwaṛen-nsen akken ad sneqsen tuccḍiwin zdat n yisefka n walmad. D anect-a i ten-yettarran d imassanen s wakud. * '''Timudmin Timeqqranin n Tutlayt (LLM):''' Iwarzimen-a uzzigen ttwaxedmen s tseddi iwakken ad gzun yernu ad d-fken '''isemliyen''' d yiḍrisen. Ssexdamen aṭas n tmusniwin icudden ɣer tsenselkimt d tseqqart iwakken ad d-ẓren d acu n wawal i yessefk ad d-itebɛen wayeḍ s wudem amseɣtu yernu iwulman. * '''Asaraw n Umaynut:''' Ayen i d-yessufɣen iwarzimen imaynuten n tegzi taragmawant ɣer tafat, d tizemert-nsen ad d-snulfun ayen ur nelli ara yakan. Mgal iwarzimen iqburen i d-yettaran ɣef tseqsiyin s wayen yellan kan, wigi ssexdamen ayen lemden iwakken ad d-fken tugniwin timaynutin, iḍrisen isnulfuyen, neɣ ula d '''isemliyen''' n tengalt tamaynut. ==== <u>Taẓwert n Usiḍen: Azadur Afekkan n Tegzi Taragmawant</u> ==== Ma yella isefka d aseṛɣu, iwarzimen d amutur, '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' d tazmert tafekkant neɣ d lǧehd n tkerrust ara iseddun anect-a akk s urured. War iselkimen iǧehden, almad n tmacint ɣef yisefka imeqqranen ad yaṭṭaf iseggasen deg umkan n kra n wussan. Nezmer ad nsegzi azadur-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a: * '''Tikaṛdiwin n Udlif (GPU) d''' '''Aferdisen Usefser Uzzigen:''' Zik, iselkimen llan ssexdamen kan iferdisen igejdanen (CPU) i leḥsab. Maca, '''iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen''' sran aṭas n leḥsab(asiḍen) fessusen deg yiwet n tasint. D ɣef aya i d-yennulfa useqdec n tkaṛdiwin n udlif (GPU), imi zemrent ad xedment '''asiḍen amsadaɣ''' s wudem ifazen. Tura, llant ula d tikarḍiwin i yettwaxedmen i useḍen n tferkiwin tusnakin i tegzi taragmawant (am TPUs). * '''Asiḍen deg Usigna :''' Mačči yal amdan neɣ takebbanit tezmer ad tiɣ iselkimen-a imeqqranen iɣlayen aṭas. S tsenselkimt n usigna, imusnawen zmiren ad krun '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' sɣur tkebbaniyin timeqqranin s wudem anmeggag. Ayagi yerra almad n tmudmin timeqqranin yezmer ad yili sɣur wakk inadiyen war ma sran ad bnun ammas n yisefka-nsen. * '''Arured d Tmellilt:''' Taẓwert-a tatrart tessider akud n walmad s waṭas. Ayen yellan yettakk-d agguren zik, tura yezmer ad yettwaxdem deg kra n isragen neɣ wussan. D arured-a i yeǧǧan tigzi taragmawant ad d-teffeɣ seg tezrawin n tesdawiyin ɣer usnas amatu deg tudert-nneɣ n yal ass. * '''Ugur n Tezmert d Tewnaḍt:''' Tisnulfa-ya sɛant azal ɣlayen mačči kan deg yidrimen, maca ula deg twennaḍt. Aseddu n wammasen n yisefka yettett aṭas n trisiti yernu yessufuɣ-d aṭas n teẓɣelt. Imi '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' tettnerni, ugur n wamek ara nḥader tawnaḍt yettuɣal d asurif ameqqran i yimal n tsenselkimt. b6jhoghlj03z0zqlzjydakzavxyeseh 116387 116379 2026-05-09T20:04:33Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116387 wikitext text/x-wiki Tigzi taragmawant neɣ Tigzi n tmacint (IA) d aḥric agejdan deg '''tsenselkimt''' i yessegzayen amek ara nefk i tmacinin neɣ i '''yiselkimen''' tazmert akken ad xedmen tiwuriwin i yesran tigzi n umdan. Gar tiwuriwin-a, nezmer ad nebder: almad, asissen n wawal d tutlayin, tuffɣa n tigtiwin (tifrat) i wuguren deg yal aḥric, akked tmuɣli d usekfel n tugniwin. == Tigzi Taragmawant (IA): Amezruy, Tiwuriwin d Yinalkamen deg Yimal == === Amezruy d Temhazt === Xas akken asugen n tmacinin i yesɛan tazmert n tidmi yella-d zik deg tsekla, aḥric-a n tussna ibedd s wudem unṣib deg yiseggasen n 1950. S tmuɣli ɣer umezruy n tiktut-a, nezmer ad t-nebḍu ɣef kraḍ(tlata) talliyin: * '''Tallit n usugen:''' Deg yiseggasen imenza, imusnawen llan ssexdamen iwarzimen isehlen iwakken ad fken i tmacint asurif amezwaru n usegzi(ufeham). Tallit-a tebda-d mi d-yebda wemdan yettxemmim amek ara yessers tiḥerci d tegzi-ines deg tmacint. Nezmer ad nebḍu tallit-a ɣef kra n tneqqiḍin tigejdanin: # '''Alan Turing d Ukayad-is (1950):''' Send ad d-iban yisem n "Tigzi Taragmawant", amusnaw n tusnakt d tsenselkimt Alan Turing yessers-d yiwen n usteqsi agejdan: ''"Tzemmer tmacint ad txemmem?"''. Iwakken ad d-yerr ɣef usteqsi-a, yesnulfa-d ayen umi ssawalen "Akayad n Turing" (Test de Turing). Iswi n ukayad-a d asekfel ma yezmer uselkim ad yurar d umdan s wudem ara yeǧǧen amdan ur yefhim ara ma yettmeslay d tmacint neɣ d amdan nniḍen. # '''Agraw n Dartmouth (1956) - Anekcum unṣib:''' D agraw-a i d-yessentun aḥric-a s wudem unṣib. Imusnawen imeqqranen am John McCarthy d Marvin Minsky jemɛen-d akken ad sbedden tasekniremt (terminologie) n tussna-ya tamaynut. D John McCarthy i d-yesnulfan irem-a n '''"Tigzi Taragmawant"''' i tikkelt tamezwarut. # '''Iwarzimen imenza d usegzi:''' Deg yiseggasen-a imenza, imusnawen llan sxeddamen '''iwarzimen''' imenza, yeshel usenked-nsen, iwakken ad fken i tmacint asurif amezwaru n '''usegzi'''. Ssexdamen-ten iwakken ad ferun tigda tifelsafiyin, ad uraren ccetranǧ, neɣ ad d-suddmen taywalt taḥerfit, am wahil "ELIZA" i d-yettarran awal i yimdanen am wakken d amsujji asnafsan. # '''Tilisa d "Tagrest n Tegzi":''' Asugen n yimusnawen n tallit-nni yella meqqer aṭas; llan ttɣilen s ssehala ara d-snulfun timacinin i yesɛan tigzi yettcabin ɣer tin n umdan. Maca, mmlalen-d d tlisa n yimir-nni: iselkimen ur sɛin ara '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' iwatan, yernu ulac isefka isemmaden iwakken ad yili wemhaz. Ayagi yewwi-d ɣer tnaqṣit n wallalen d tedrimt i usnerni n unadi-a, d ayen i d-yeglan s tallit n tnezzut i wumi ssawalen "Anegres n Tegzi Taragmawant". S umata, tallit-a n usugen d akud n wuguren lqayen d iswa imeqqranen. Xas akken tella-d deqs n tmuɣli i wuguren n tegzi, d tallit-a i d-yeṣṣawen abrid i tneflit i d-itebɛen mi d-yernu lǧehd n yiselkimen deg yiseggasen i d-idefren. * '''Tallit n Tezmert n Usiḍen (Iseggasen n 1980 - 2000): Asaki d Tneflit n Yiselkimen:''' Mi banen iselkimen yelhan d '''teẓwert''' n usiḍen tameqqrant, tennerna tegzi taragmawant s waṭas. Deffir tallit-nni n tegrest n tegzi, ibda-d usirem amaynut deg yiseggasen n 80. Ayen i d-yewwin abeddel-a mačči kan d tiktiwin timaynutin deg tsenselkimt, maca d '''angaw''' s timmad-is i yenneflan yernu yeffeɣ-d seg tlisa-ines timezwura. Atent-a tneqqiḍin tigejdanin n tallit-a: # '''Asnerni n Teẓwert n Usiḍen:''' Iselkimen uɣalen ǧehden yernu rxeṣen (ṣṣawḍen ɣer yixxamen d tkebbaniyin). Itebɛ-d ayagi "Asaḍuf n Moore", i d-yeqqaren d akken tazmert n yiselkimen tettnerni s waṭas yal sdis d mraw (18) n wayyuren. Ayagi yefka-d afud ameqqran i yimussnawen iwakken ad sseddun '''iwarzimen''' ixnazen i wumi ur zmiren ara zik. # '''Inagrawen Imussnawen :''' Deg umkan ad nexdem timacinin yesɛan tigzi tamatut am wemdan, imusnawen bdan xeddmen ihallen uzzigen deg yiwen kan n uḥric. Amedya: aḥric n tujjya neɣ n takrura. Fkan-as i tmacint isuḍaf d tmussni lqayen n yimsujjiyen d yimussnawen, dɣa tuɣal tezmer ad d-tefk tifrat i waṭṭanen neɣ i wuguren icudden ɣer taɣult-nni. # '''Tuɣalin n Yiẓeḍwa n Iṛununen Iragmawanen:''' Tikti n yiẓeḍwa n iṛununen tella-d zik (deg tallit n usugen), maca llan ḥebsen imi ulac '''teẓwert n usiḍen''' iwatan iwakken ad ten-sseddun. Deg yiseggasen n 80 d 90, mi d-yernu lǧehd n yiselkimen, bdan ssexdamen tarrayin timaynutin n walmad, dɣa bdan yiẓeḍwa-ya ttarran-d igemmaḍ yelhan, ladɣa deg usekfel n yisekkilen (OCR) am usenqed n tebṛatin n lbusṭa. # '''Anekcum s Annar n Turart (Deep Blue - 1997):''' Yiwen seg yineḍruyen imeqqranen d imezruyanen n tallit-a d mi tezmer tmacint n IBM umi ssawalen "Deep Blue" ad ternu alɣuɣ n umaḍal deg turart n ccetranǧ, Garry Kasparov. Tamsudemt-a ur telmid ara weḥd-s, maca tesseqdec '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' tameqqrant iwakken ad tessenqad d imelyan n tuddsa deg yiwet n tasint. Ayagi yessebgen-d d akken tmacint tezmer ad teɣleb amdan deg tsertit n uswir aɛlayan. '''S umata:''' Tallit-a mačči d tin i d-yewwin almad aselkiman s wudem-is atrar, maca d tin i d-yessersen azadur(llsas) n wangaw d wuzzal i tallit i d-itebɛen. Imi tesnerna tmacint deg '''tezmert n usiḍen''', teẓẓel abrid iwakken tigzi taragmawant ad tessemres ayen i d-yusan deffir-s: ''Isefka Imeqqranen (Big Data).'' * '''Tallit Tatrart (Seg 2010 ar ass-a): Isefka Imeqqranen d Walmad Lqayen:''' Deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, s tilin n yisefka imeqqranen (données massive / Big Data) akked wesnulfu n iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen, tuɣal tegzi taragmawant tezmer ad telmed weḥd-s ('''Almad Aselkiman''' neɣ ''Machine Learning''). Tallit-a tbedd ɣef sin n yigejdan imeqqranen i d-yemlalen deg yiwen n wakud: asnerni ageɛmir n yisefka akked tezmert n usiḍen n tkaṛdiwin n udlif (GPU) i d-yefkan afud meqqren i yiselkimen. Atent-a tneqqiḍin tigejdanin n tallit-a: * '''Aṭuqqet n Yisefka (Big Data):''' S tneflit n internet, isilkimen n ufus, d yiẓeḍwa inmettiyen, imdanen bdan ssefrakawen isefka s wamḍan ur nesɛi tilisa yal ass. Isefka-ya imeqqranen uɣalen d aseṛɣu i tmacinin iwakken ad lemden s wudem ifazen. * '''Almad Lqayen (Deep Learning):''' Imi tura tella '''teẓwert n usiḍen''' akked yisefka imeqqranen, imusnawen rran-d '''iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen''' s wudem lqayen (s waṭas n tissiwin). Tarrayt-a n walmad aselkiman tewwi-d igemmaḍ igerrzen aṭas, ladɣa deg usekfel n tugniwin d usegzi n tutlayt tagamant. * '''Tigzi Taragmawant Tasarawt:''' D aḥric amaynut i d-yufraren s waṭas deg yiseggasen-a ineggura. S useqdec n tmudmin timeqqranin n tutlayt (LLM), tigzi taragmawant tuɣal d '''asaraw''' n uḍris, n tugniwin, d tengalt. Tezmer ula ad '''tserwes''' taywalt akked wemdan s wudem yessewhamen. * '''Uguren n Tudert n Tbaḍnit d Tmililɣi:''' S usemres ameqqran n yisefka udmawanen i walmad n tmudmin-a, yekker-d wugur ameqqran ɣef wamek ara nḥader '''tudert n tbaḍnit''' n yimdanen, akked wamek ara nessileɣ '''iwarzimen''' war miḥyaf neɣ asɣel. '''S umata:''' Tallit tatrart d asurif ameqqran anda tigzi taragmawant teffeɣ-d seg yinadiyen n tesdawiyin ɣer tudert-nneɣ n yal ass. Tebna ɣef '''uzadur''' n wangaw ǧehden d tuddsa n yisefka imeqqranen, yernu la tessewjaday abrid ɣer yimal anda tmacint ad tezmer ad txeddem tiwuriwin ugar. === Amek i tteddu Tegzi Taragmawant? === Akken ad telḥu tamsudemt n tegzi taragmawant, tesra kraḍ n tgejditin: ==== <u>Isefka: Aseṛɣu n Tegzi Taragmawant</u> ==== Akken tkerrust tesra i '''useṛɣu''' iwakken ad telḥu, Tigzi Taragmawant tesra i yisefka iwakken ad telmed yernu ad tmahel. S war isefka, '''iwarzimen''' d tmacinin ur zmiren ad xedmen acemma. Nezmer ad nebḍu tamiḍrant n yisefka ɣef kṛaḍ n tneqqiḍin tigejdanin: * '''Tiwsitin n Yisefka:''' Isefka ur llin ara d yiwet n tewsit. Zemren ad ilin d iḍrisen, tugniwin, imesla, inawen n tvidyut, neɣ Tifelwiyin ččurent d izwilen. D isefka-ya i d aselmad amezwaru i '''yiẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen'''. * '''Taɣara Uqbel''' '''Ddeqs:''' Xas akken tigzi taragmawant tebna ɣef yisefka imeqqranen (Big Data), maca taɣara n yisefka-ya d nettat i d '''azadur'''. Ma nsečč i tmacint isefka ixuṣṣen, yesɛan tuccḍiwin neɣ igebren yiwen wudem n usɣel kan, igemmaḍ-is ad ilin ur gerrzen ara. Yella yiwen n wawal agejdan deg tsenselkimt yeqqaren: "Ayen n dir i tessekcmeḍ, d ayen n dir ara d-yeffɣen" (Garbage in, Garbage out). * '''Asizdeg d Uceṛṛeḍ:''' Uqbel ad nessiweḍ isefka ɣer tmacint, yessefk ad ttwasizdgen. Imassanen n yisefka ssufuɣen aṭas n wakud iwakken ad kksen tucḍiwin yernu ad ssegmen tuddsa. Tikkwal, isefka sran ad ttwačerḍen. Amedya, ma nebɣa ad neslmed tmacint ad tɛeqqel "aɣyul" deg tugniwin, ilaq ad as-nefk aṭas n tugniwin yettwačerḍen s yisem n uɣyul akken ad tizmirt ad d-tefk '''asaraw''' iwatan neɣ ad '''tserwes''' ayen i d-twala. * '''Tudert n Tbaḍnit d Wamdan:''' Imi amur ameqqran n yisefka-ya ttusdukkulen-d seg yimdanen (internet, inagrawen inmettiyen...), amesten n '''tudert n tbaḍnit''' yettuɣal d asurif agejdan. Tura, tuɣal-d d taḍullit iwakken ad nessileɣ iwarzimen s yisefka war ma nessedra lbaḍna neɣ izarfen n wemdan. ==== <u>Iwarzimen: Amutur n Tegzi Taragmawant</u> ==== Ma yella isefka d aseṛɣu i d-yettfakkan fad i tmacint, '''iwarzimen''' d amutur neɣ d allaɣ iselkiman i iseddayen aseṛɣu-nni. War iwarzimen ifazen, isefka d aṭemmu kan ur nesɛi anamek. Nezmer ad nebḍu amahil n yiwarzimen-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a tigejdanin: * '''Iẓeḍwa n Iṛununen Iragmawanen:''' Tasegda n yiwarzimen-a tewwi-d asugen-is seg wallaɣ n wemdan. Tcuddu iṛununen iragmawanen deg waṭas n tissiwin. Ayen i d-ikeccmen (isefka) ad iɛeddi seg tissi ɣer tayeḍ, yal yiwet tessalay aswir n tegzi akken ad d-yeffeɣ d '''asaraw''' yeddzen yernu yeffeɣ-d akken iwulam. * '''Almad d Uṣeggem:''' Iwarzimen n tegzi taragmawant ur ttwasettfen ara s yisuḍaf udmisen. Ttalmaden s uɛiwed d termit. Yal tikelt mi ara ɛerḍen ad d-fken agmuḍ, ssemsawayen taẓayt/iɣewwaṛen-nsen akken ad sneqsen tuccḍiwin zdat n yisefka n walmad. D anect-a i ten-yettarran d imassanen s wakud. * '''Timudmin Timeqqranin n Tutlayt (LLM):''' Iwarzimen-a uzzigen ttwaxedmen s tseddi iwakken ad gzun yernu ad d-fken '''isemliyen''' d yiḍrisen. Ssexdamen aṭas n tmusniwin icudden ɣer tsenselkimt d tseqqart iwakken ad d-ẓren d acu n wawal i yessefk ad d-itebɛen wayeḍ s wudem amseɣtu yernu iwulman. * '''Asaraw n Umaynut:''' Ayen i d-yessufɣen iwarzimen imaynuten n tegzi taragmawant ɣer tafat, d tizemert-nsen ad d-snulfun ayen ur nelli ara yakan. Mgal iwarzimen iqburen i d-yettaran ɣef tseqsiyin s wayen yellan kan, wigi ssexdamen ayen lemden iwakken ad d-fken tugniwin timaynutin, iḍrisen isnulfuyen, neɣ ula d '''isemliyen''' n tengalt tamaynut. ==== <u>Taẓwert n Usiḍen: Azadur Afekkan n Tegzi Taragmawant</u> ==== Ma yella isefka d aseṛɣu, iwarzimen d amutur, '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' d tazmert tafekkant neɣ d lǧehd n tkerrust ara iseddun anect-a akk s urured. War iselkimen iǧehden, almad n tmacint ɣef yisefka imeqqranen ad yaṭṭaf iseggasen deg umkan n kra n wussan. Nezmer ad nsegzi azadur-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a: * '''Tikaṛdiwin n Udlif (GPU) d''' '''Aferdisen Usefser Uzzigen:''' Zik, iselkimen llan ssexdamen kan iferdisen igejdanen (CPU) i leḥsab. Maca, '''iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen''' sran aṭas n leḥsab(asiḍen) fessusen deg yiwet n tasint. D ɣef aya i d-yennulfa useqdec n tkaṛdiwin n udlif (GPU), imi zemrent ad xedment '''asiḍen amsadaɣ''' s wudem ifazen. Tura, llant ula d tikarḍiwin i yettwaxedmen i useḍen n tferkiwin tusnakin i tegzi taragmawant (am TPUs). * '''Asiḍen deg Usigna :''' Mačči yal amdan neɣ takebbanit ay izemren ad d-sɣen iselkimen-a imeqqranen iɣlayen aṭas. S tsenselkimt n usigna, imusnawen zmiren ad krun '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' sɣur tkebbaniyin timeqqranin s wudem anmeggag. Ayagi yerra almad n tmudmin timeqqranin yezmer ad yili sɣur wakk inadiyen war ma sran ad bnun ammas n yisefka-nsen. * '''Arured d Tmellilt:''' Taẓwert-a tatrart tessider akud n walmad s waṭas. Ayen yellan yettakk-d agguren zik, tura yezmer ad yettwaxdem deg kra n isragen neɣ wussan. D arured-a i yeǧǧan tigzi taragmawant ad d-teffeɣ seg tezrawin n tesdawiyin ɣer usnas amatu deg tudert-nneɣ n yal ass. * '''Ugur n Tezmert d Tewnaḍt:''' Tisnulfa-ya sɛant azal ɣlayen mačči kan deg yidrimen, maca ula deg twennaḍt. Aseddu n wammasen n yisefka yettett aṭas n trisiti yernu yessufuɣ-d aṭas n teẓɣelt. Imi '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' tettnerni, ugur n wamek ara nḥader tawnaḍt yettuɣal d asurif ameqqran i yimal n tsenselkimt. 07ousovyfhhyorrcwwb3t4dngex4py5 116397 116387 2026-05-10T10:42:33Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116397 wikitext text/x-wiki Tigzi taragmawant neɣ Tigzi n tmacint (IA) d aḥric agejdan deg '''tsenselkimt''' i yessegzayen amek ara nefk i tmacinin neɣ i '''yiselkimen''' tazmert akken ad xedmen tiwuriwin i yesran tigzi n umdan. Gar tiwuriwin-a, nezmer ad nebder: almad, asissen n wawal d tutlayin, tuffɣa n tigtiwin (tifrat) i wuguren deg yal aḥric, akked tmuɣli d usekfel n tugniwin. == Tigzi Taragmawant (IA): Amezruy, Tiwuriwin d Yinalkamen deg Yimal == === Amezruy d Temhazt === Xas akken asugen n tmacinin i yesɛan tazmert n tidmi yella-d zik deg tsekla, aḥric-a n tussna ibedd s wudem unṣib deg yiseggasen n 1950. S tmuɣli ɣer umezruy n tiktut-a, nezmer ad t-nebḍu ɣef kraḍ(tlata) talliyin: * '''Tallit n usugen:''' Deg yiseggasen imenza, imusnawen llan ssexdamen iwarzimen isehlen iwakken ad fken i tmacint asurif amezwaru n usegzi(ufeham). Tallit-a tebda-d mi d-yebda wemdan yettxemmim amek ara yessers tiḥerci d tegzi-ines deg tmacint. Nezmer ad nebḍu tallit-a ɣef kra n tneqqiḍin tigejdanin: # '''Alan Turing d Ukayad-is (1950):''' Send ad d-iban yisem n "Tigzi Taragmawant", amusnaw n tusnakt d tsenselkimt Alan Turing yessers-d yiwen n usteqsi agejdan: ''"Tzemmer tmacint ad txemmem?"''. Iwakken ad d-yerr ɣef usteqsi-a, yesnulfa-d ayen umi ssawalen "Akayad n Turing" (Test de Turing). Iswi n ukayad-a d asekfel ma yezmer uselkim ad yurar d umdan s wudem ara yeǧǧen amdan ur yefhim ara ma yettmeslay d tmacint neɣ d amdan nniḍen. # '''Agraw n Dartmouth (1956) - Anekcum unṣib:''' D agraw-a i d-yessentun aḥric-a s wudem unṣib. Imusnawen imeqqranen am John McCarthy d Marvin Minsky jemɛen-d akken ad sbedden tasekniremt (terminologie) n tussna-ya tamaynut. D John McCarthy i d-yesnulfan irem-a n '''"Tigzi Taragmawant"''' i tikkelt tamezwarut. # '''Iwarzimen imenza d usegzi:''' Deg yiseggasen-a imenza, imusnawen llan sxeddamen '''iwarzimen''' imenza, yeshel usenked-nsen, iwakken ad fken i tmacint asurif amezwaru n '''usegzi'''. Ssexdamen-ten iwakken ad ferun tigda tifelsafiyin, ad uraren ccetranǧ, neɣ ad d-suddmen taywalt taḥerfit, am wahil "ELIZA" i d-yettarran awal i yimdanen am wakken d amsujji asnafsan. # '''Tilisa d "Tagrest n Tegzi":''' Asugen n yimusnawen n tallit-nni yella meqqer aṭas; llan ttɣilen s ssehala ara d-snulfun timacinin i yesɛan tigzi yettcabin ɣer tin n umdan. Maca, mmlalen-d d tlisa n yimir-nni: iselkimen ur sɛin ara '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' iwatan, yernu ulac isefka isemmaden iwakken ad yili wemhaz. Ayagi yewwi-d ɣer tnaqṣit n wallalen d tedrimt i usnerni n unadi-a, d ayen i d-yeglan s tallit n tnezzut i wumi ssawalen "Anegres n Tegzi Taragmawant". S umata, tallit-a n usugen d akud n wuguren lqayen d iswa imeqqranen. Xas akken tella-d deqs n tmuɣli i wuguren n tegzi, d tallit-a i d-yeṣṣawen abrid i tneflit i d-itebɛen mi d-yernu lǧehd n yiselkimen deg yiseggasen i d-idefren. * '''Tallit n Tezmert n Usiḍen (Iseggasen n 1980 - 2000): Asaki d Tneflit n Yiselkimen:''' Mi banen iselkimen yelhan d '''teẓwert''' n usiḍen tameqqrant, tennerna tegzi taragmawant s waṭas. Deffir tallit-nni n tegrest n tegzi, ibda-d usirem amaynut deg yiseggasen n 80. Ayen i d-yewwin abeddel-a mačči kan d tiktiwin timaynutin deg tsenselkimt, maca d '''angaw''' s timmad-is i yenneflan yernu yeffeɣ-d seg tlisa-ines timezwura. Atent-a tneqqiḍin tigejdanin n tallit-a: # '''Asnerni n Teẓwert n Usiḍen:''' Iselkimen uɣalen ǧehden yernu rxeṣen (ṣṣawḍen ɣer yixxamen d tkebbaniyin). Itebɛ-d ayagi "Asaḍuf n Moore", i d-yeqqaren d akken tazmert n yiselkimen tettnerni s waṭas yal sdis d mraw (18) n wayyuren. Ayagi yefka-d afud ameqqran i yimussnawen iwakken ad sseddun '''iwarzimen''' ixnazen i wumi ur zmiren ara zik. # '''Inagrawen Imussnawen :''' Deg umkan ad nexdem timacinin yesɛan tigzi tamatut am wemdan, imusnawen bdan xeddmen ihallen uzzigen deg yiwen kan n uḥric. Amedya: aḥric n tujjya neɣ n takrura. Fkan-as i tmacint isuḍaf d tmussni lqayen n yimsujjiyen d yimussnawen, dɣa tuɣal tezmer ad d-tefk tifrat i waṭṭanen neɣ i wuguren icudden ɣer taɣult-nni. # '''Tuɣalin n Yiẓeḍwa n Iṛununen Iragmawanen:''' Tikti n yiẓeḍwa n iṛununen tella-d zik (deg tallit n usugen), maca llan ḥebsen imi ulac '''teẓwert n usiḍen''' iwatan iwakken ad ten-sseddun. Deg yiseggasen n 80 d 90, mi d-yernu lǧehd n yiselkimen, bdan ssexdamen tarrayin timaynutin n walmad, dɣa bdan yiẓeḍwa-ya ttarran-d igemmaḍ yelhan, ladɣa deg usekfel n yisekkilen (OCR) am usenqed n tebṛatin n lbusṭa. # '''Anekcum s Annar n Turart (Deep Blue - 1997):''' Yiwen seg yineḍruyen imeqqranen d imezruyanen n tallit-a d mi tezmer tmacint n IBM umi ssawalen "Deep Blue" ad ternu alɣuɣ n umaḍal deg turart n ccetranǧ, Garry Kasparov. Tamsudemt-a ur telmid ara weḥd-s, maca tesseqdec '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' tameqqrant iwakken ad tessenqad d imelyan n tuddsa deg yiwet n tasint. Ayagi yessebgen-d d akken tmacint tezmer ad teɣleb amdan deg tsertit n uswir aɛlayan. '''S umata:''' Tallit-a mačči d tin i d-yewwin almad aselkiman s wudem-is atrar, maca d tin i d-yessersen azadur(llsas) n wangaw d wuzzal i tallit i d-itebɛen. Imi tesnerna tmacint deg '''tezmert n usiḍen''', teẓẓel abrid iwakken tigzi taragmawant ad tessemres ayen i d-yusan deffir-s: ''Isefka Imeqqranen (Big Data).'' * '''Tallit Tatrart (Seg 2010 ar ass-a): Isefka Imeqqranen d Walmad Lqayen:''' Deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, s tilin n yisefka imeqqranen (données massive / Big Data) akked wesnulfu n iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen, tuɣal tegzi taragmawant tezmer ad telmed weḥd-s ('''Almad Aselkiman''' neɣ ''Machine Learning''). Tallit-a tbedd ɣef sin n yigejdan imeqqranen i d-yemlalen deg yiwen n wakud: asnerni ageɛmir n yisefka akked tezmert n usiḍen n tkaṛdiwin n udlif (GPU) i d-yefkan afud meqqren i yiselkimen. Atent-a tneqqiḍin tigejdanin n tallit-a: * '''Aṭuqqet n Yisefka (Big Data):''' S tneflit n internet, isilkimen n ufus, d yiẓeḍwa inmettiyen, imdanen bdan ssefrakawen isefka s wamḍan ur nesɛi tilisa yal ass. Isefka-ya imeqqranen uɣalen d aseṛɣu i tmacinin iwakken ad lemden s wudem ifazen. * '''Almad Lqayen (Deep Learning):''' Imi tura tella '''teẓwert n usiḍen''' akked yisefka imeqqranen, imusnawen rran-d '''iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen''' s wudem lqayen (s waṭas n tissiwin). Tarrayt-a n walmad aselkiman tewwi-d igemmaḍ igerrzen aṭas, ladɣa deg usekfel n tugniwin d usegzi n tutlayt tagamant. * '''Tigzi Taragmawant Tasarawt:''' D aḥric amaynut i d-yufraren s waṭas deg yiseggasen-a ineggura. S useqdec n tmudmin timeqqranin n tutlayt (LLM), tigzi taragmawant tuɣal d '''asaraw''' n uḍris, n tugniwin, d tengalt. Tezmer ula ad '''tserwes''' taywalt akked wemdan s wudem yessewhamen. * '''Uguren n Tudert n Tbaḍnit d Tmililɣi:''' S usemres ameqqran n yisefka udmawanen i walmad n tmudmin-a, yekker-d wugur ameqqran ɣef wamek ara nḥader '''tudert n tbaḍnit''' n yimdanen, akked wamek ara nessileɣ '''iwarzimen''' war miḥyaf neɣ asɣel. '''S umata:''' Tallit tatrart d asurif ameqqran anda tigzi taragmawant teffeɣ-d seg yinadiyen n tesdawiyin ɣer tudert-nneɣ n yal ass. Tebna ɣef '''uzadur''' n wangaw ǧehden d tuddsa n yisefka imeqqranen, yernu la tessewjaday abrid ɣer yimal anda tmacint ad tezmer ad txeddem tiwuriwin ugar. === Amek i tteddu Tegzi Taragmawant? === Akken ad telḥu tamsudemt n tegzi taragmawant, tesra kraḍ n tgejditin: ==== <u>Isefka: Aseṛɣu n Tegzi Taragmawant</u> ==== Akken tkerrust tesra i '''useṛɣu''' iwakken ad telḥu, Tigzi Taragmawant tesra i yisefka iwakken ad telmed yernu ad tmahel. S war isefka, '''iwarzimen''' d tmacinin ur zmiren ad xedmen acemma. Nezmer ad nebḍu tamiḍrant n yisefka ɣef kṛaḍ n tneqqiḍin tigejdanin: * '''Tiwsitin n Yisefka:''' Isefka ur llin ara d yiwet n tewsit. Zemren ad ilin d iḍrisen, tugniwin, imesla, inawen n tvidyut, neɣ Tifelwiyin ččurent d izwilen. D isefka-ya i d aselmad amezwaru i '''yiẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen'''. * '''Taɣara Uqbel''' '''Ddeqs:''' Xas akken tigzi taragmawant tebna ɣef yisefka imeqqranen (Big Data), maca taɣara n yisefka-ya d nettat i d '''azadur'''. Ma nsečč i tmacint isefka ixuṣṣen, yesɛan tuccḍiwin neɣ igebren yiwen wudem n usɣel kan, igemmaḍ-is ad ilin ur gerrzen ara. Yella yiwen n wawal agejdan deg tsenselkimt yeqqaren: "Ayen n dir i tessekcmeḍ, d ayen n dir ara d-yeffɣen" (Garbage in, Garbage out). * '''Asizdeg d Uceṛṛeḍ:''' Uqbel ad nessiweḍ isefka ɣer tmacint, yessefk ad ttwasizdgen. Imassanen n yisefka ssufuɣen aṭas n wakud iwakken ad kksen tucḍiwin yernu ad ssegmen tuddsa. Tikkwal, isefka sran ad ttwačerḍen. Amedya, ma nebɣa ad neslmed tmacint ad tɛeqqel "aɣyul" deg tugniwin, ilaq ad as-nefk aṭas n tugniwin yettwačerḍen s yisem n uɣyul akken ad tizmirt ad d-tefk '''asaraw''' iwatan neɣ ad '''tserwes''' ayen i d-twala. * '''Tudert n Tbaḍnit d Wamdan:''' Imi amur ameqqran n yisefka-ya ttusdukkulen-d seg yimdanen (internet, inagrawen inmettiyen...), amesten n '''tudert n tbaḍnit''' yettuɣal d asurif agejdan. Tura, tuɣal-d d taḍullit iwakken ad nessileɣ iwarzimen s yisefka war ma nessedra lbaḍna neɣ izarfen n wemdan. ==== <u>Iwarzimen: Amutur n Tegzi Taragmawant</u> ==== Ma yella isefka d aseṛɣu i d-yettfakkan fad i tmacint, '''iwarzimen''' d amutur neɣ d allaɣ iselkiman i iseddayen aseṛɣu-nni. War iwarzimen ifazen, isefka d aṭemmu kan ur nesɛi anamek. Nezmer ad nebḍu amahil n yiwarzimen-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a tigejdanin: * '''Iẓeḍwa n Iṛununen Iragmawanen:''' Tasegda n yiwarzimen-a tewwi-d asugen-is seg wallaɣ n wemdan. Tcuddu iṛununen iragmawanen deg waṭas n tissiwin. Ayen i d-ikeccmen (isefka) ad iɛeddi seg tissi ɣer tayeḍ, yal yiwet tessalay aswir n tegzi akken ad d-yeffeɣ d '''asaraw''' yeddzen yernu yeffeɣ-d akken iwulam. * '''Almad d Uṣeggem:''' Iwarzimen n tegzi taragmawant ur ttwasettfen ara s yisuḍaf udmisen. Ttalmaden s uɛiwed d termit. Yal tikelt mi ara ɛerḍen ad d-fken agmuḍ, ssemsawayen taẓayt/iɣewwaṛen-nsen akken ad sneqsen tuccḍiwin zdat n yisefka n walmad. D anect-a i ten-yettarran d imassanen s wakud. * '''Timudmin Timeqqranin n Tutlayt (LLM):''' Iwarzimen-a uzzigen ttwaxedmen s tseddi iwakken ad gzun yernu ad d-fken '''isemliyen''' d yiḍrisen. Ssexdamen aṭas n tmusniwin icudden ɣer tsenselkimt d tseqqart iwakken ad d-ẓren d acu n wawal i yessefk ad d-itebɛen wayeḍ s wudem amseɣtu yernu iwulman. * '''Asaraw n Umaynut:''' Ayen i d-yessufɣen iwarzimen imaynuten n tegzi taragmawant ɣer tafat, d tizemert-nsen ad d-snulfun ayen ur nelli ara yakan. Mgal iwarzimen iqburen i d-yettaran ɣef tseqsiyin s wayen yellan kan, wigi ssexdamen ayen lemden iwakken ad d-fken tugniwin timaynutin, iḍrisen isnulfuyen, neɣ ula d '''isemliyen''' n tengalt tamaynut. ==== <u>Taẓwert n Usiḍen: Azadur Afekkan n Tegzi Taragmawant</u> ==== Ma yella isefka d aseṛɣu, iwarzimen d amutur, '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' d tazmert tafekkant neɣ d lǧehd n tkerrust ara iseddun anect-a akk s urured. War iselkimen iǧehden, almad n tmacint ɣef yisefka imeqqranen ad yaṭṭaf iseggasen deg umkan n kra n wussan. Nezmer ad nsegzi azadur-a ɣef tneqqiḍin-a: * '''Tikaṛdiwin n Udlif (GPU) d''' '''Aferdisen Usefser Uzzigen:''' Zik, iselkimen llan ssexdamen kan iferdisen igejdanen (CPU) i leḥsab. Maca, '''iẓeḍwa n iṛununen iragmawanen''' sran aṭas n leḥsab(asiḍen) fessusen deg yiwet n tasint. D ɣef aya i d-yennulfa useqdec n tkaṛdiwin n udlif (GPU), imi zemrent ad xedment '''asiḍen amsadaɣ''' s wudem ifazen. Tura, llant ula d tikarḍiwin i yettwaxedmen i useḍen n tferkiwin tusnakin i tegzi taragmawant (am TPUs). * '''Asiḍen deg Usigna :''' Mačči yal amdan neɣ takebbanit ay izemren ad d-sɣen iselkimen-a imeqqranen iɣlayen aṭas. S tsenselkimt n usigna, imusnawen zmiren ad krun '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' sɣur tkebbaniyin timeqqranin s wudem anmeggag. Ayagi yerra almad n tmudmin timeqqranin yezmer ad yili sɣur wakk inadiyen war ma sran ad bnun ammas n yisefka-nsen. * '''Arured d Tmellilt:''' Taẓwert-a tatrart tessider akud n walmad s waṭas. Ayen yellan yettakk-d agguren zik, tura yezmer ad yettwaxdem deg kra n isragen neɣ wussan. D arured-a i yeǧǧan tigzi taragmawant ad d-teffeɣ seg tezrawin n tesdawiyin ɣer usnas amatu deg tudert-nneɣ n yal ass. * '''Ugur n Tezmert d Tewnaḍt:''' Tisnulfa-ya sɛant azal ɣlayen mačči kan deg yidrimen, maca ula deg twennaḍt. Aseddu n wammasen n yisefka yettett aṭas n trisiti yernu yessufuɣ-d aṭas n teẓɣelt. Imi '''taẓwert n usiḍen''' tettnerni, ugur n wamek ara nḥader tawnaḍt yettuɣal d asurif ameqqran i yimal n tsenselkimt. === Tadawsa d Tujjya: Tigzi Taragmawant deg Uḥader n Tudert === Asnas n tegzi taragmawant deg yiger n tujjya yettak-d asirem ameqqran iwakken ad nsellek tudert n yimdanen, ad nsider lehlakat, yernu ad nesnerni taɣara n usejji. Nezmer ad nebḍu iseqdacen-a tigejdanin ɣef tneqqiḍin-a: * '''Asnulfu n Yisafaren Imaynuten:''' Zik, asufeɣ n usafar (ddwa) amaynut yettaṭṭaf iseggasen d yimelyaren n dulaṛ. Tura, iwarzimen n tegzi taragmawant zmiren ad srewsen yernu ad d-snulfun timsuka n tmulekulin timaynutin deg kra n wussan kan. Ayagi yessifsus abrid iwakken ad d-afen isafaren i waṭṭanen iweɛṛen, am kra n twsitin n lkunsir neɣ aṭṭanen imnugaren. * '''Tasleḍt n Tugniwin n Tujjya:''' Tigzi taragmawant tessaweḍ ɣer yiwen n uswir aɛlayan deg tɣuri n tugniwin am usanew (X-ray) akked (IRM). Tezmer ad d-tefk tallalt i yimejjayen iwakken ad d-afen tucḍiwin neɣ ticnufin n waṭṭanen deg tseddarin timenza uqbel ad ibin ɣef wemdan, s tseddi ur nezmir ad nessiweḍ s tiṭ n wemdan kan. * '''Tujjya s Wudem Udmawan:''' S tesleḍt n yisefka idawsanen akked uzray n waṭṭan n yal amuḍin, timudmin n tegzi taragmawant zmirent ad d-sumrent asafar d usejji iwulmen i yal amdan weḥd-s. Imi yal tafekka temxallaf ɣef tayeḍ, tarrayt-a tettkkes amur ameqqran n wuguren i d-yettasen mi ara fken yiwen n ddwa i medden akk. * '''Aseddu n Tedbelt d Yisemliyen n Yimuḍan:''' Allalen-a ssefsusen taɛkumt ɣef yimejjayen d yinfirmiyen. Zmiren ad kksen agzul n wammuden imeqqranen n '''yisemliyen''' idawsanen, ad d-arun ineqqisen s wudem awurman, d usegzi n twassna s tɣawla, ayen yeǧǧan amejjay ad iserf akud-is ugar ɣef uqabel n wamuḍin deg umkan n tira. mjdmsxxqwmwfwij05getpbv87czugim 0 25464 116374 116373 2026-05-09T12:05:34Z Abillardoo 16203 116374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tidemgesturin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Ensifera''') d [[adu-tfesna]] n [[aburɣes|yibureɣsen]] yezdin deg [[asismel ussnan|usismel]] yakk d [[abẓiẓ|yibẓaẓ]] deg [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[tuɣdafriwin]]. Tidemgesturin ttwassnent s tila-nsent (seɛɛu-nsent) i [[Amezray n tmellalin|umazray n tmellalin]] ɣer [[tawtemt|twetmin]] yemmugen am ugestur (dɣa isem-is Alatin seg teskant-a i d-yekka, acku awal ''ensis'' = agestur, yakk d ''ferre'' = ddem), akken i lant [[timejjiwin]] ɣezzifen yemmugen am ifilan, ama ɣer [[awtem|yiwetmen]] neɣ ɣer twetmin. Tagrawta d tin igebren seg kra n yibureɣsen yettwassnen am [[aberru|yijṛaden]] d [[aburjij|yiburjijen]] yakked [[tuccent n waman]] 59ita42u0x9kcmzg13qixmudlo3998s 116378 116374 2026-05-09T12:51:03Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tidemgesturin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Ensifera''') d [[adu-tfesna]] n [[aburɣes|yibureɣsen]] yezdin deg [[asismel ussnan|usismel]] yakk d [[abẓiẓ|yibẓaẓ]] deg [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[tuɣdafriwin]]. Tidemgesturin ttwassnent s tila-nsent (seɛɛu-nsent) i [[Amezray n tmellalin|umazray n tmellalin]] ɣer [[tawtemt|twetmin]] yemmugen am ugestur (dɣa isem-is Alatin seg teskant-a i d-yekka, acku awal ''ensis'' = agestur, yakk d ''ferre'' = ddem), akken i lant [[timejjiwin]] ɣezzifen yemmugen am ifilan, ama ɣer [[awtem|yiwetmen]] neɣ ɣer twetmin. Tagrawta d tin igebren seg kra n yibureɣsen yettwassnen am [[aberru|yijṛaden]] d [[aburjij|yiburjijen]] yakked [[tuccent n waman]]. == Tasileɣt == == Tikelli == == Tasensartut == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:tuɣdafriwin]] 3qbns83ksxzvkpzo2f4ehn24jixpanm 116380 116378 2026-05-09T12:52:52Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tidemgesturin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Ensifera''') d [[adu-tfesna]] n [[aburɣes|yibureɣsen]] yezdin deg [[asismel n tesnudert|usismel]] yakk d [[abẓiẓ|yibẓaẓ]] deg [[tafesna (tasnudert)|tafesna]] n [[tuɣdafriwin]]. Tidemgesturin ttwassnent s tila-nsent (seɛɛu-nsent) i [[Amezray n tmellalin|umazray n tmellalin]] ɣer [[tawtemt|twetmin]] yemmugen am ugestur (dɣa isem-is Alatin seg teskant-a i d-yekka, acku awal ''ensis'' = agestur, yakk d ''ferre'' = ddem), akken i lant [[timejjiwin]] ɣezzifen yemmugen am ifilan, ama ɣer [[awtem|yiwetmen]] neɣ ɣer twetmin. Tagrawta d tin igebren seg kra n yibureɣsen yettwassnen am [[aberru|yijṛaden]] d [[aburjij|yiburjijen]] yakked [[tuccent n waman]]. == Tasileɣt == == Tikelli == == Tasensartut == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:tuɣdafriwin]] r84dryajl675bcgi2zwcfp5meiolonq 0 25465 116383 2026-05-09T12:59:07Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Tarfriwin]] ar [[Tirufriwin]] 116383 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Tirufriwin]] 6300pffovoxwlvvral2g7e4ns44iru5 0 25466 116384 2026-05-09T13:01:32Z Abillardoo 16203 Asebtar amaynut: {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tufriwin''' neɣ '''Timufriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Pterygota''') d [[adu-smil]] n [[aburɣes|yibureɣsen]] iy lan (yesɛan) [[afriw|afriwen]] (s tenmegla n [[tirufriwin|trufriwin]] ur nli ara afriwen]] 116384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tufriwin''' neɣ '''Timufriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Pterygota''') d [[adu-smil]] n [[aburɣes|yibureɣsen]] iy lan (yesɛan) [[afriw|afriwen]] (s tenmegla n [[tirufriwin|trufriwin]] ur nli ara afriwen]] 418ev1dgema4ee85yr2fgv2hryca5jx 116386 116384 2026-05-09T14:14:51Z Abillardoo 16203 /* */ 116386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tufriwin''' neɣ '''Timufriwin''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Pterygota''') d [[adu-smil]] n [[aburɣes|yibureɣsen]] iy lan (yesɛan) [[afriw|afriwen]] (s tenmegla n [[tirufriwin|trufriwin]] ur nli ara afriwen. [[Talmest|Tilmas]] tufriwin d tid imi d-ttmagen wafriwen mi ara ad ilint d timawaḍin, ɣas ma yella deg telmas-is d tid umi ur d-ttemɣayen ara. == Tiskanin == == Asismel == == Awelleh == == Imniren == qz255ya3mi24xiup9yemj5xv3uv1p0w 0 25467 116390 2026-05-10T07:23:51Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Iɣef Azegzaw]] ar [[Ixef Azegzaw]] 116390 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Ixef Azegzaw]] qtsu7j1jsqvnlbuyzyqxy5ezeg0a8kd 0 25468 116391 2026-05-10T07:33:35Z Abillardoo 16203 Asebtar amaynut: {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tameryust''' neɣ '''Tamergust''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Coturnix coturnix''') d [[talmest]] n [[agḍiḍ|yigḍaḍ]] [[tinigt n yigḍaḍ|iminigen]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[Tidefrin|tferdin]]. Talmest-a n [[tazerkella (tawsit)|tzerkelliwin]] yettidiren deg waṭas n yideggan n umaḍal, [[amyaraw|yettemyaraw]] deg talemmast d unẓul n [[Turuft|Uṛuppa]] d utaram n [[Asya]] yakk d ugafa utrim n Tefriqt, akken i yettid... 116391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Automatic taxobox}} '''Tameryust''' neɣ '''Tamergust''' ([[isem ussnan]]: '''Coturnix coturnix''') d [[talmest]] n [[agḍiḍ|yigḍaḍ]] [[tinigt n yigḍaḍ|iminigen]] yeṭṭafaren [[tawacult (tasnudert)|tawacult]] n [[Tidefrin|tferdin]]. Talmest-a n [[tazerkella (tawsit)|tzerkelliwin]] yettidiren deg waṭas n yideggan n umaḍal, [[amyaraw|yettemyaraw]] deg talemmast d unẓul n [[Turuft|Uṛuppa]] d utaram n [[Asya]] yakk d ugafa utrim n Tefriqt, akken i yettidir deg kra n tegzirin n [[Agaraw anaṭlas|ugaraw Anaṭlas]] am [[Tigzirin Tiknariyin|TegzirinTiknariyin]] d [[Aẓur]] d [[Madeira]]. == Aglam == == Učči, tikelli d umyaraw == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Igḍaḍ]] [[Taggayt:Igṭaṭ iminigen]] [[Taggayt:Iɣersiwen]] [[Taggayt:Tiferdin]] finxyru7cynnpg4f56phdh73wtntu1r 0 25469 116394 2026-05-10T07:43:06Z Abillardoo 16203 Abillardoo yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Buɛfif]] ar [[Tameryust]] 116394 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECTION [[Tameryust]] cn0mqpmg0vzvhxy5rjeggmd4far46la