Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 25504 116771 116766 2026-07-02T19:36:58Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116771 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Tertullian2.png|vignette|Tarudemt n Tertulyan n 1584.]] '''Tertulyan''' (s tlatinit: ''Quintus Septimius Florens Tertullianus'') d yiwen seg yimusnawen d yimyura imeqqranen n tsut tis snat, yellan d azamul deg umezruy n tsekla n Tafriqt n Ugafa. Ilul-d deg temdint n Qerṭaj (Carthage) ɣer wazal n useggas 155, yerna yemmut ɣer wazal n 220. Yettwassen s waṭas imi d netta i d amenzu i yuran s tlatinit ɣef usɣan amasiḥi, ayen i t-yerren d bab n tsekla tamasiḥit talatinit. == Tudert d Unekcum-is ɣer Tmasiḥit == Tertulyan ilul-d deg yiwet n twacult tabaɣurt. Baba-s yella d aserdas ameqqran deg tredsa(lɛesker) taṛumanit. Deg temẓi-s, yeɣra aṭas n tussniwin, gar-asent: * '''Tasnukyist'''. * '''Azref'''. * Tafelsafit d tsekla tagrikit-talatinit. Ixdem d anezraf deg temdint n Roma. Di tazwara, yella d amgetyakuc. Ɣer wazal n useggas 197, yekcem ɣer wesɣan amasiḥi. Yuɣal d anaflas yeqquṛen, yettdafaɛen ɣef Yakuc amasiḥi s ljehd-is d tmusni-s, ladɣa mi iwala tabɣest n yimaɣrasen imasiḥiyen i yqeblen lmut s wudem n yigiten unṣiben n uwanak aṛumani. == Leqdec-is deg Taɣult n Tesnakuca == Deg wayen yerzan tasnakuca, Tertulyan d amasnakuc ameqqran i d-yeǧǧan tiktiwin yeṭṭfen aẓar deg tayankuca n wemḍal utrim. Gar leqdec-is: * '''Asnulfu n yirman imaynuten:''' D netta i d amenzu i d-yesseknen awal latini ''Trinitas'' (Tukṛaḍt / Trinité) iwakken ad yessegzi timmadit n Ṛebbi (Baba, Mmi-s, d Ṛṛuḥ Iqedsen). Yessemres irem amaynut iwakken ad ifru aṭas n wuguren inakttiyen. Asnulfu n yirman imaynuten ɣer Tertulyan d yiwen seg yiḥricen i d-yeǧǧan lǧerra lqayen deg umezruy n tesnakuca. Uqbel-is, tuget n yedlisen imasiḥiyen llan ttwaran s tegrigit, dɣa tutlayt talatinit ur tesɛi ara amawal iwulman iwakken ad d-tessegzi inakttiyen ilsawen n wesɣan amaynut. Iwakken ad ifru ugur-a, Tertulyan ur yeqqim ara kan d asuqqel, maca yuɣal d amesnulfu ameqqran n tesniremt (amawal). Awal yettwasnen aṭas akk i d-yesnulfa d irem n '''"Trinitas"''' (Tukṛaḍt / Trinité), i yessexdem iwakken ad yessegzi amek Yakuc, i yellan d amagdaz, yezmer ad yili d yiwen deg tanga, maca s kraḍ n wudmawen neɣ yimdanen. Assemres-is i wawalen-a yefka lsas i tayankuca n tegnawt tutrimt iwakken ad tessebded iberdan-is mgal tiẓeṛyin i d-yewwin tiktiwin n tiḍent. Rnu ɣer waya, Tertulyan yeddem-d aṭas n wawalen seg taɣult n uzref, imi netta s timmad-is yella d anezraf deg Roma. Ɣef umedya, yessemres awal '''"Sacramentum"''', i yellan zik d limin i yettgalla userdas aṛumani, iwakken ad d-yemeslay ɣef yisaragen imasiḥiyen am uɣḍas (baptême). D netta daɣen i d amenzu i d-yebder irem n '''"Testamentum"''' (Amtawa / Testament) iwakken ad d-yesbgen amgired gar Wemtawa Aqbur d Wemtawa Amaynut. S tikli-ya n usnulfu n yirman, Tertulyan yessemhaz tutlayt talatinit, yerra-tt d allal yesɛan tawwurt yezmren ad d-teglu s yimyerren n Yakuc d tesnakuca talqayant, yerna yeǧǧa-d tigemmi tameqqrant yeldin abrid i yimusnawen d yimyura i d-itebɛen deffir-s. * '''Aḥareb mgal tiẓeṛyin n tiḍent:''' Yura aṭas n yiḍrisen mgal wid yeffɣen i webrid amasiḥi (am Marcion d Valentin), yerna yefka azal ameqqran i liman yeṣfan. Deg umezruy n tesnakuca tamasiḥit, aḥareb n Tertulyan mgal tiẓeṛyin n tiḍent yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yiḥricen igejdanen n tudert-is d leqdec-is. Imi asɣan amasiḥi yella d amaynut deg tsut tis snat, aṭas n yimdanen i d-yewwin lefhama nsen i yexulfen lsas n liman aqbur, dɣa Tertulyan yerra-tt d aɣan fell-as ad iḥareb tiktiwin-a, iwumi qqaṛen tiẓeṛyin n unufel (hérésies), s yimru-ines d tmusni-s lqayant. Ayen i d-yemmezlen deg uḥareb-is mgal tiẓeṛyin n tiḍent d asseqdec-is n tarrayin tizerfanin. Imi yella d anezraf deg Roma, yeddem-d iferdisen n uzref aṛumani issekcem-iten deg tesnakuca. Deg wedlis-is yettwasnen "''De praescriptione haereticorum''" (Ɣef uweṣṣi mgal imesnulfuyen n tiḍent), yessemres yiwen n wawal azerfan, i d-yemmalen tasekkirt i ssekcamen deg ccṛeɛ iwakken ad kksen azref i ucemmat. Yenna-d s wudem alɣawan belli wid iḍefren tiẓeṛyin n tiḍent ur sɛin ara akk aẓayeṛ neɣ azref ad sseqdcen Adlis Iqedsen neɣ ad d-ksen seg-s isallen, axaṭer Adlis-a d ayla unṣib n Tmesgida taṣeḥḥit i t-id-yewerten srid seg yimceggɛen n Ɛisa. S wannect-a, Tertulyan ihudd-asen lsas agejdan n umeslay uqbel ula d asekcem deg umjadel asnakucan. Yiwen seg yicenga imeqqranen i mgal yura Tertulyan d Marciyun (Marcion). Marciyun yella isseɣzay tikti belli Yakuc n Wemtawa Aqbur (Aṛebbi n wudayen, i yettwali d amesbaṭli yerna d aḥercaw) yemxallaf ɣef Yakuc n Wemtawa Amaynut (Aṛebbi n leḥnana d tayri i d-yessebgen Ɛisa). Iwakken ad isefsex tikerkas-a yerna ad tent-yemḥu seg wallaɣen n yimasiḥiyen, Tertulyan yura semmus(xemsa) n yedlisen iwumi isemma "''Adversus Marcionem''" (Mgal Marciyun). Yessegza-d deg-sen s telqayt tasnaktant belli Yakuc(illu) d amagdaz, ur yezmir ara ad yili d sin neɣ ad yebḍu. Yessebgen-d amek Amtawa Amaynut d akemmel alami i Wemtawa Aqbur, mačči d anemgal-is, yerna isukkes-d belli tikli n Yakuc tezdi lǧehd d teɣdemt akked tamella d umsuref. == Tasekla d Tira == Tasekla-s temḥaz aṭas, yerna yura ugar n 30 n yedlisen i d-yewwḍen ar ass-a. Aɣanib-is yettwassen s lqewwa d unqis. Adlis-is yettwasnen aṭas d '''Apologeticus''' (Astan), anda i ymudda astan ɣef yimasiḥiyen mgal taẓirt n Uwanak aṛumani. Yenna-d deg-s d akken imasiḥiyen d iɣermanen ilhan, ur kkin ara deg yinguzen n tsertit, yerna idamen n yimaɣrasen-nsen d "ifsan i d-yettaken imasiḥiyen imaynuten". Tira n Tertulyan ur telli ara d tira tasusamt neɣ d tin n uɣerbaz, maca d amjadel aḥmayan n wunnar. Aɣanib-is d win yesɛan lǧehd, azaylal akked tyita yessawḍen srid ɣer wul d wallaɣ. Imi yeɣra tasnukyist yerna yella d anezraf di Roma, yesseqdec allalen meṛṛa n tesnawalt d tesnukyest iwakken ad iḥudd tiktiwin-is. Tira-s teččuṛ d isenfal imeskariyen, arwas imserreḥ, akked wudem n teḍṣa yessewhamen. Yiwen seg yiseɣwan igejdanen i yeǧǧa deg taɣult n tsekla, d amhaz n tutlayt talatinit s timmad-is. Tertulyan, am akken ttgen yimesnulfuyen n wawalen i yebɣan ad snernin tutlayin-nsen, d netta i d-yesseknen i tikelt tamezwarut aṭas n wawalen i yeqqimen ar ass-a deg tesnakuca d tfelsafit. Yufa-d belli talatinit taqburt ur tesɛi ara awalen lqayen iwakken ad d-tessegzi asɣan amasiḥi, dɣa yesnulfad-d tasniremt tajdidt. D netta i d-yesnulfan awal "''Trinitas''" i d-yemmalen belli Yakuc d amagdaz yezdin deg kraḍ(tlata) n wudmawen war beṭṭu. Iwakken ad d-issegzi tikti-ya, yesseqdec irem azerfan d ufelsaf "''Persona''" (Udem / Personne) akked "''Substantia''" (Tanga neɣ Tumast). S wusileɣ n yirman-a, Tertulyan yessezgi tiẓeṛyin n uzref arumani akked tfelsafit [[tastuysit]] iwakken ad asent-yefk anamek asnakucan amaynut. Tasekla-ines, ihi, d asenfar n usileɣ n tutlayt. == Assaɣ-is d Uzref == Imi yella d anezraf, tiktiwin-is tiẓerfanin kcment ula deg tesnakuca-s. Isexdem aṭas n yiferdisen n uzref iwakken ad yessegzi assaɣen yellan gar Umdan d Yakuc. Tertulyan yettwali lmaɛṣeyya am tirmeggit mgal Asaḍuf n Ṛebbi, yerna yessebded tikti n tefgurt deg laxert s wudem azerfan. == Tagara n tudert-is d Lǧerra-s == Di taggara n tudert-is (ɣer wazal n 207), Tertulyan idda d yiwet n tarbaɛt n yimasiḥiyen iwumi qqaṛen "Tamuntanit" (Montanisme), i yellan d agraw yeqquṛen mliḥ, sseḥramen aṭas n tɣawsiwin, yerna ttamnen s lweḥy amaynut. Ɣef wacemma n tiktiwin-is yeqquṛen, ur yettwaḥseb ara d "Agerram" ɣer tmesgida(taglizt) takatulikit, maca tiktiwin-is d tira-s ǧǧant-d lǧerra meqqren deg temṣukin n tfelsafit tamasiḥit, ladɣa ɣef yimusnawen i d-itebɛen am Ugerram Awgustin (Augustin d'Hippone). f1t1nnazkjg4cc838daoppvq8vmf012 0 25508 116772 116769 2026-07-03T10:56:01Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116772 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Ariusz.JPG|vignette|Tamudemt n Aryus]] '''Aryus''' (s tlatinit: Arius, s tegrikit: Areios), ilul gar iseggasen n 250 d 256, yemmut deg useggas n 336, d aqessis amasiḥi, d amussnaw n tesnakuct, yedder deg temdint n Aleksandriya deg Maṣer. D netta i d amesnulfu n tmuɣli tamsɣant i wumi qqaren [[Taryanit]], yegla-d s wuguren imeqqranen deg umezruy n teglizt tamsiḥit tamezwarut. == Tameddurt-is d Tlalit-is == Aryus ilul gar useggas n 250 d 256 S.Ɛ. (Seld Tallalit n Ɛisa) deg yiwet n temnaḍt tuzzigt n tmurt n Libya (Cyrenaïque) n zik, ayen i t-yerran d mmi-s n Tafriqt Ugafa. Ɣef leḥsab n yimazrayen, Aryus yella d argaz amesɣan yesɛan lqedd aṭas, yettwassen s tmusni-s d taywalt-is lqayen d yemdanen. Yeɣra tasnillut(tasenakuct) deg temdint n Antyuc (Antioche) s ddaw ufus n umezraw meqqren Lusyan n Antyuc. Syin akkin, iruḥ ɣer temdint n [[Taskendrit|Aleksandriya]] (Alexandrie) di [[Maṣer]], anda yuɣal d aqessis deg teglizt n Bukalis. Dinna i d-yebda yettbecciṛ tiktiwin-is i d-ijebden aṭas n yemdanen ɣur-s, ama d imesnulfuyen, ama d imdanen n teglizt. == Tiktiwin-is d Teẓriyin n Taryanit == Ayen i d-yewwi Aryus macci d tasreḍt tamaynut, maca d abeddel aẓuran deg tmuɣli ɣef wassaɣ gar Yillu (Rebbi) d Mmi-s (Ɛisa/Yasuɛ). Tiktiwin n taryanit bnant ɣef lsas n tmeẓla akked uqader ameqqran i tdukli n Yillu. * '''Yillu d Amagdaz:''' I Aryus, Yillu (Ababat) d yiwen, d azedgan, yerna d '''amagdaz'''. Ur yesɛi ara tazwara, ur yettnulfu ara, yerna ur yezmir ara ad yettwabḍu neɣ ad ibeddel. * '''Asaraw n Mmi-s:''' Aryus yebna tiẓri-s ɣef yiwen n lsas yeqqaren: "Yella wakud ideg Mmi-s ur yelli ara". I Aryus, Ɛisa ur yelli ara zik-nni s yiwet n teɣzi akked Yillu. Yillu d netta i d '''asaraw''' amenzu i d-yessufɣen Mmi-s uqbel ad yexleq amaḍal. * '''Amyellel:''' Imi Mmi-s yettwaxleq (neɣ yettwasarew), ur yezmir ara ad yesɛu yiwet n tumast akked Yillu, yerna yella ddaw-as. D ayen i d-yesskanen belli Aryus ur yeqbil ara takraḍit (Trinité) akken i tt-fehmen wiyaḍ. == Asqamu n Niqya d Yimenɣi n Tesnillut(Tasenakuct) == Deg useggas n 318 S.Ɛ., yebda umenɣi gar Aryus d Usqaf Aleksander n Aleksandriya. Aleksander isufeɣ-d Aryus seg teglizt imi iwala deg tektiwin-is d "ffɣent i wubrid". Maca Aryus yufa tallelt ɣer waṭas n yisqafen n unẓul d usamar, gar-asen Usebyus n Nikumidya. Amenkad n Ṛuma, Kunsṭantin Amezwaru, i yebɣan ad isdukkel tamnekda-s, icuɣef-it umjadel-agi i d-yebdan yettbabbaz tasreḍt tamasiḥit. Ɣef waya, yessegraw-d '''Asqamu amezwaru n Niqya''' deg useggas n 325 S.Ɛ. Deg usqamu-a, d teẓri n ''Athanase'' (''Athanase'' d anelmad n ''Aleksander'') i d-yufraren. Asqamu yeɣtes belli Mmi-s d Ubabat sɛan "yiwet n tumast" (''homoousios''). Aryus yugin ad yestenyi aɣtas-agi, yettwakkes-as wemkan-is, yettwanfa (yettwanfa ɣer Ilirya). == Taggara n Tudert-is == Tudert n Aryus ur tfukk ara di Niqya. Isqafen i t-iḥemmlen kemmlen amahil-nsen i wakken ad t-id-rren. Amenkad Kunsṭantin, ɣer taggara n tudert-is, yuɣal yessexdam aṭas n yiwellihen n yitaryaniyen, yerna yebɣa ad d-yerr Aryus s wudem unṣib ɣer teglizt deg useggas n 336 S.Ɛ., di temdint n Kunsṭantinupel. Maca, s wudem ur yettwarǧi ara, Aryus yemmut, yiwen n wass send(uqbel) agraw i as-d-heggan. Kra n yimussnawen d yimazrayen qqaren belli ahat tettwafk-as ssem (yettwasemmem). == Tazrirt d Umezruy n Taryanit == Ɣas akken yemmut Aryus, taryanit tekcem s lqedd deg umezruy. Iɣerfan igermaniyen igiṭiyen am Yiguten (Goths), Yiviziguten (Wisigoths) d Yivundaliyen (Vandales) qeblen tamasiḥit taryanit s ufus n uceggɛan Ulfilas. Ayen yessewhamen, taryanit tuɣal-d ɣer Tafriqt Ugafa (tamurt tayemmat n Aryus) di lqern wis semmus s ufus n Yivundaliyen i d-yekcmen ɣer temnaḍt-a, bdan leḥkem-nsen zdat n tkatulikit tarumanit n [[Agerram Augustin (Saint Augustin)|Ugustin]] n Hippon. Amgired-agi n tesreḍt yegla-d s waṭas n tedyanin d yimenɣiyen gar yigelliden ivundaliyen d rruman deg Tmazɣa (Tafriqt Ugafa). f7pbk8n7seomd3nqnpdwbnczie6r8sj 0 25512 116773 116770 2026-07-03T10:59:33Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116773 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Nero Glyptothek Munich 321.jpg|vignette|Aqerru n Niru, seg usebdad-ines.]] '''Niru''' (s tlatinit: ''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''), ilul deg 15 Dujamber 37 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani wis semmus(xemsa), yerna d aneggaru deg twacult n Yulyu-Klud (''Julio-Claudienne''). Yeṭṭef adabu seg useggas 54 ar 68 S.Ɛ. Xas akken iseggasen imezwura n udabu-s llan d wid n talwit d teɣdemt, isem-is yeqqen s lqis ɣer tdankit, takriḍt, akked Tmes Tameqqrant n Ṛuma. D yiwen seg yigelliden i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, maca yettwassen s yir isem ɣef ljal n temsal n ddell i yexdem. == Temẓi d Talyat ɣer Uqerru n Tmenkda == === Aẓar d Twacult === Isem-is amezwaru d '''Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus'''. Yemma-s d Agrippina Tamẓiyant, i yellan d yiwet n tmeṭṭut yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg tsertit taṛumanit. Tella d weltma-s n umenkad Kaligula (Caligula). === Anekcum ɣer Udabu (54 S.Ɛ) === Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, Agrippina tezweǧ d ɛemmi-s, amenkad Kludyus(''Claudius)''. S tiḥerci-s d txazabiyin-is, tessaweḍ ad tqenneɛ ''Claudius'' ad d-irebbu Niru am mmi-s, yerna ad t-yessers d amekkasu-ines, xas akken ''Claudius'' yesɛa mmi-s n tidet i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut-is tamezwarut (''Britannicus''). S deffir lmut n ''Claudius'' deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ (aṭas i yeqqaren belli d Agrippina i t-yesseččen s ssem), Niru yuli ɣer uqerru n tmenkda taṛumanit, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is. 2lljx0yg3aw280mxhi6mql66v2ga8ay