Leonardo da Vinci

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.11.xsd" version="0.11" xml:lang="kab">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>kabwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Uslig</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Mmeslay</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">Amseqdac</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">Amyannan umsqedac</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Amyannan n Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">Tugna</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">Amyannan n tugna</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">Amyannan n MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Talɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Amyannan n talɣa</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Tallat</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Amyannan n tallat</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Taggayt</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Amyannan n taggayt</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">Awwur</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">Amyannan uwwur</namespace>
      <namespace key="102" case="first-letter">Asenfaṛ</namespace>
      <namespace key="103" case="first-letter">Amyannan usenfaṛ</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Discussion module</namespace>
      <namespace key="1728" case="first-letter">Event</namespace>
      <namespace key="1729" case="first-letter">Event talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2600" case="first-letter">Sujet</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Leonardo da Vinci</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>168</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116787</id>
      <parentid>116558</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T15:43:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin</comment>
      <origin>116787</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="18801" sha1="8bou1ssioj618ylc538ksdmfknsu1zz" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Francesco Melzi - Portrait of Leonardo.png|vignette|Francesco Melzi - Tarudemt n Leonardo da vinci.]]
D anaẓur alsawi, aflurunti (Ṭelyan), d amekla, d asreqqat, d amasdag, d ajenyur u d amassan. '''Leonardo da Vinci''' d Aṭuskani (agafa n Ṭelyan), ilul ass n 15 di yebrir 1452 di temdint [[Vinci]] zdat n [[Flurinsa|Firenze]]. Ar usegg°as 1466 ikcem d anelmad (''garzone'' akken i sen-qqaren di Ṭelyan) ad d-ilmed takult d usreqqet deg tnemselt n Andrea del Verrocchio (1435-1488). Seg useggas 1478 Léonard de Vinci yuɣal d [[taẓuri|anaẓur]] ilelli.

Deg usegg°as 1482 Leonardo da Vinci ikcem d ajenyur n Ludovic Sforza, amḍebber (duc) n [[Milano]].
Deg useggas 1502 iqdec d ajenyur i César Borgia amḍebber n Romagne. Yuɣal ar Milan deg useggas 1506. Deg useggas 1507 iṭṭef amḍiq d amekla n [[Louis XII]] n [[Fransa]] izedɣen imiren di Milano.

Seg usegg°as 1514 ar useggas 1516 idder di [[Rome]] s ddaw ijufar n Ubab (pape) [[Léon X]], izdeɣ di teɣremt Belvedère di &quot;le [[Vatikan|Vatican]]&quot;, din iqqdec tussna.

Deg useggas 1516 Leonardo da Vinci iwweḍ ar Fransa d aqeddac n [[François I]]. Asegg°as-ines aneggaru idder-it di teɣremt n Clos-Lucé, zdat n Amboise anda immut ass n 2 di magu 1519.

Gar tiktulin n Léonard de Vinci llant:
* Madone Benois (v. 1478, asalay (musée) n Ermitage, Saint-Pétersbourg).
* Tugna n Ginevra Benci (1481, National Gallery, Washington).
* Saint Jérôme ur ikfi ara (v. 1481, pinacothèque du Vatican).
* La Vierge aux rochers, i deg llant snat n tugnatin (tamenzut, iga-tt deg usegg°as 1483, tella teḥrez di Louvre).
* La Joconde (1503-1506, asalay n Louvre).
Leonardo da Vinci d yiwen seg yimdanen imeqqranen akk i d-yellan deg umezruy n talsa. D amekla, d amassan, d amasnulfu, d amasnulfu n tmacinin, d amussnaw n tfekka n wemdan, d amussnaw n ugama. Isem-is yeqqen ɣer tallit n tlalit tamaynut n yidles d tussna deg Tuṛuft, andi yessaweḍ ad yesdukel taẓuri d tussna deg yiwen n uxemmem ur nesɛi ara tilisa.

== Tameddurt-is s telqayt ==

=== Tallalit d temẓi-s ===
[[Tugna:Geburtshaus von Leonardo da Vinci in Vinci (Toskana).jpg|vignette|Amkan n tlalit d uxxam n temẓi n leonardo deg &quot;Anchiano, Vinci&quot;, Ṭelyan.]]
Ilul Leonardo da Vinci deg wass n 15 yebrir n useggas 1452, deg yiwen n tudert meẓẓiyen i wumi qqaren Vinci, i d-yezgan qrib i temdint n Firenze deg tmurt n Iṭaliya. D mmi-s n Ser Piero da Vinci, yiwen n umsiraw, d Caterina, yiwet n tmeṭṭut taḥurrit. Ɣas akken ur d-yekkir ara deg yiwet n twacult tameẓyant s wudem unṣib, baba-s yerra tamawt ɣef tiɣri-s d usileɣ-is. Seg temẓi-s, Leonardo yemmal-d tawnafit tameqqrant ɣef ugama, yessen ad yessuneɣ s ufus-is tugniwin yessewhamen.

=== Almad d temhelt deg Firenze ===
Mi yesɛa azal n mraw d sḍis n yiseggasen, Leonardo yudef ɣer uxxam n umahil n Andrea del Verrocchio, yiwen seg yimeskla imeqqranen n tallit-nni deg Firenze. Dinna, yelmed taẓuri n ukla, n useggem n yimɣuzen, d tussna n tusnakt. Yessen ad yexdem s yimassanen yemgaraden, yelmed amek ara yesseqdec tafat d tilli. Tugna tamezwarut i ikkin deg usikel-is n tẓuri d tasemhuyt n waman, andi yessken tamussni-s tameqqrant deg usuneɣ n waman d yigenni. Deg useggas 1472, yuɣal d amekla unṣib, maca yeqqim yettmahal akked uselmad-is.

=== Tallit n Milan d yimeẓla imeqqranen ===
Deg useggas 1482, Leonardo yunag ɣer temdint n Milan, yexdem deg uxxam n Ludovico Sforza, agellid n temdint-nni. Deg tallit-a, Leonardo ur yexdim ara kan deg taẓuri, maca yexdem daɣen deg tesnujya, deg usnulfu n yimrigen n umgaru, d tussna n waman. Yessumer i ugellid-nni asnirem n yimrigen imaynuten n usɣimi d lmdafiɛ n lbarud d yimrigen n waman.

Deg temdint n Milan i yessuneɣ yiwet seg tugniwin-is timeqqranen akk: Asihar aneggaru, i yessunɣen ɣef lḥiḍ n uxxam n yemdanen iqedsen. Tugna-a tettwassen s useqdec n usentel n yimdanen d wamek i ten-yessers deg tjumma.

=== Asikel, Roma, d Fṛansa ===
Seld n uɣelluy n Milan deg ufus n Iṛumyen deg useggas 1499, Leonardo yunag ɣer temdinin yemgaraden am Mantova d Venezia, sakkin yuɣal ɣer Firenze. Deg tallit-a i yessuneɣ tugna-nni i wumi qqaren Mona Lisa, i yellan d tugna tameẓyant s talɣa maca d tameqqrant s yisem-is d wudem n tmeṭṭut i yellan deg-s.

Deg useggas 1513, yunag ɣer Roma andi yexdem deg uxxam n ubabam, maca ur yufi ara aṭas n tallelt. Deg useggas 1516, agellid n Fṛansa François I, yessuter-it ad yili deg uxxam-is deg temdint n Amboise. Leonardo yedda ɣer Fṛansa, yuɣal d amassan amezwaru n ugellid. Dinna, yexdem deg yisenfaren n tesnujya d usuddes n tfaskiwin.

=== Taggara n tmeddurt-is ===
Leonardo da Vinci yemmut deg wass n 2 mayu n useggas 1519, deg uxxam n Clos Lucé qrib i Amboise deg Fṛansa. Yemmut mi yesɛa 67 n yiseggasen. Ɣas akken tameddurt-is tfuk, ayen i d-yeǧǧa deg yidlisen-is n tezmilin d tugniwin-is yeqqim d ayen ur nettfaka ara i tussna d taẓuri.

== Tussna d Tfelsaft-is: Tigawin-is deg Tussna, Tasnujya d Ugama ==

=== Tafelsaft n Ugama d Tussna ===
[[Tugna:Paisagem do Arno - Leonardo da Vinci.jpg|vignette|Imeẓri n yiɣzer n &quot;Arno&quot; (1473)]]
Deg uxemmem n Leonardo da Vinci, taẓuri, tussna, d tfelsaft llant d yiwen n ubrid. Ur yumin ara belli amdan yezmer ad yefhem tilisa n ugama s useqdec n tussna kan war taẓuri, neɣ s taẓuri war tussna. I netta, kulci deg ugama yeqqen ɣer wayeḍ s wudem ur nettwali ara s wallen n wemdan aḥerfi. Yella yumen belli ilugan i yessedduyen aman deg wasif d nitni daɣen i yessedduyen idammen deg tfekka n wemdan, d wamek i tteddun yiferran n yimɣan deg waḍu. Tafelsaft-is tebna ɣef sin n yiḥricin igejdanen: annay s wudem ussnan d tirmit. Ur yelli ara yettamen s wayen i d-yuran deg yidlisen n zik kan, maca yella yessenqad, yettarem, yessawal i ugama i wakken ad as-d-yefk tiririt s yiman-is.

Leonardo da Vinci ur yelli ara kan d amekla neɣ d amesnulfu, maca d afelsaf lqayen i d-yewwin tamuɣli tamaynut ɣer ugama d tussna i ibeddlen udem n txelqit deg tallit n Tleslalit. Tamuɣli-ines tebna ɣef yiwet n tikti tagejdant: agama d yiwen n udem yemmed, d anagraw anda yal taɣawsa teqqen ɣer tayeḍ s lqis d tmeẓla. Ur yeqbil ara ad yeṭṭfer tiktiwin n yimenza s wudem aderɣal d wawal wis-sin, maca yessers-d llsas n tussna tatrart i yebnan ɣef '''tigawt''' lqayen d tirmit tusridt. Ɣur-s, ur nezmir ara ad nefhem ameɣraḍ s wawal neɣ s teẓri kan; ilaq ad nexdem '''tawassna''' s tmuɣli yessan d usenqed amekmil i wayen i aɣ-d-yezzin. S wakka, yezwar-d tallit-ines, imi yessken-d belli tussna ilaq ad tili d tin '''ittcaren''', i yezmren ad teẓr ayen ara d-yeḍrun s tseddi ma negza asrag d unalkam.

Deg tfelsaft-is n ugama, Da Vinci yettwali ameɣraḍ amzun d yiwet n tfekka tameqqrant (macrocosme), anda amdan d agzul-is uffir (microcosme). '''Imyerren''' n ugama, am waman, aḍu, d wakal, s wudem-nsen d umussu-nsen, ttemcabin s waṭas ɣer '''yimyerren''' n tfekka n wemdan am yidammen d yiɣsan. Yal amussu deg txelqit yeṭṭafar yiwen n '''waskar''' n usuddes s yilugan n tusnakt n dima. Ayagi yettawi-aɣ-d ɣer tmuɣli tafelsafit i d-yemmalen belli ulac zher neɣ agacuran deg ugama, yerna yal tigawt deg umaḍal d '''tanigawt''' tanzeggant n tfasna gar yiferdisen. S useqdec n yilugan am '''warid imzireg''', yessaweḍ ad yekcem ɣer n tidet i d-yessebganen tillin n tɣawsiwin deg tallunt.

=== Tussna n Tfekka d Tesnujya ===
[[Tugna:Leonardo da Vinci - Studies of the foetus in the womb.jpg|vignette|D yiwen usebter i d-yessebganen tazrawt n leonardo ɣef yiwen n umdad deg uɛebbuḍ n tmeṭṭut.]]
Gar tigawin-is timeqqranin akk deg tussna, nezmer ad nebder tussna n tfekka n wemdan. Leonardo yesleḍ aṭas n tfekkiwin n yimdanen d yiɣersiwen i wakken ad yissin amek i tella tfekka seg daxel, amek i tteddun igmanen-is. Yessuneɣ iɣsan, iẓẓuran, d yigmanen n wemdan s wudem ur nessin ara tilisa n telqayt. Yella d amezwaru i yesskanayen s wudem ussnan amek i yella ul n wemdan, amek i tteddun yigmanen mi ara yili umdan yedder, d wamek i tteddun wallen. Yessaweḍ daɣen ad yessuneɣ amded seg daxel n uɛebbuḍ n tyemmat, d wamek i yettnerni. Tira-s ɣef tfekka n wemdan qiment d asas i tesnajya tatrart, yerna ldint abrid i yimassanen i d-yusan sakin.

Da Vinci yezger tilisa n teklut iwakken ad yuɣal d amesnujya i yettnadin ad yegzu &quot;tmacint&quot; tukkiwt n wemdan. Ayen i d-yewwi d amaynut yebda s wemkan d waskar n lxedma-ines. Deg tallit-nni, anadi daxel n tfekka n wemdan yella d ayen ur nettwaqbel ara sɣur tamezgida tamaṣiḥit(Taklizt) s wudem azayez, maca Leonardo yexdem tigawt-is i yiswi n tussna, alammi i yessaweḍ ad isleḍ ugar n kṛaḍt n tmerwin (30) n tfekkiwin n yemdanen immuten. Iswi-ines mačči kan d asnulfu n yisufar n sbitar, maca d tussna lqayen n wamek i d-yettili umussu deg tfekka. Yettwali belli yal aɣes d yal aksum d allal ittcaren s tmezla, yesɛan anamek deg tuzzya d uwzan n tfekka. S wudlifen-is ifazen, yebda yettagem-d tugniwin tis-kṛaḍiyin (en 3D) n yiɣsan d yiksumen s yiwet n tseddi ur d-nelli uqbel-is, yerna yesseqdec iqɛiden n tmuɣli am warid imzireg iwakken ad d-yessken telqayt d wadeg n yal aẓar daxel n tfekka ɣef lkaɣeḍ.
[[Tugna:Leonardo da Vinci - RCIN 919000, Verso The bones and muscles of the arm c.1510-11.jpg|vignette|Iɣsan d yifessugen n yiɣil, RCIN 919000.]]
Ger wayen i d-yewwi d amaynut yellan d azamul deg umezruy n tesnujya, d anadi-ines ɣef wul d yidammen. Uqbel-is, llan ttwalin ul d ammas n yirwiḥen kan, maca netta d amezwaru i t-id-isegzan s wudem ussnan belli d aksum afessug yesɛan ukkuẓ n tixxamin, yerna yessken-d amek i xeddment texxamin-agi n wul iwakken ad d-ssiwḍent idammen ɣer yiceqfan n tfekka mebla ma uɣalen-d ɣer deffir. Rnu ɣef waya, yexdem tawassna tamezwarut deg umezruy i lehlak n yiẓuran n yidammen (artériosclérose), mi gesleḍ tafekka n yiwen n wemɣar yemmuten. Yella daɣen d amezwaru i d-yessuksen s wudem ussnan amgun deg tɛebbuṭ n yemma-s, yessken-d lxiḍ n tmitteṭ d wamek i yettili daxel n walluy.

S umata, Leonardo da Vinci yeǧǧa-d idlisen n ufus iččuren d tiwlafin d yizmulen i d-yesskanen tafekka amzun d anagraw awurman. Yezdi taẓuri akked tussna d yiwet n tɣawsa: tiṭ-is n unazur tɛawen-it ad iwali ayen llan ttnadin yimesnujya s wallaɣ, yerna tussna-s n tenzeggit tefka-as allal iwakken ad d-yessuneɣ tilawt-nni. Ɣas akken axeddim-is deg tesnujya yeqqim d uffir aṭas n yiseggasen deffir tmettant-is yerna ur yeffiɣ ara deg yidlisen n zzman-nni, ass-a yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimenza i d-yessersen llsas n tesnujya tatrart.

=== Timacinin ===
[[Tugna:Leonardo da vinci, Drawing of a flying machine.jpg|vignette|Leonardo da vinci, Asuneɣ n tmacint yettafgen. ]]
Leonardo ur yelli ara kan d amussnaw n ugama, maca d amasnulfu n timacinin i yezwaren tallit-is s waṭas n yiseggasen, neɣ s waṭas n tsuta. Deg yidlisen-is n tezmilin, yessuneɣ timacinin n waddud i yessawḍen ad ilin d amedya i yisafagen n wass-a. Yessenqad igḍaḍ s yelqayt, yelmed amek i tteddub yifer-nsen, yessumer timacinin i yezmren ad awin amdan deg ugenni. Yessuneɣ daɣen amrig i wumi qqaren asafag n waddud, win i yellan d amezwaru deg umezruy, i yesskanayen amek i yezmer ad yili umrig ara yawin amdan ɣer igenni s useqdec n tmawin yettezzin.

Deg taɣult n umgaru, yexdem aṭas n yimrigen am ikerrusen imrigen, lmedfeɛ, d timacinin n unṭag i yettuseqdacen i uẓuy n yidɣaɣen ɣer yimukan yembaεden. Yessuneɣ ula d tixutam i wemgaru, i yellan am yimrigen n wass-a, akked yimrigen n waman i yessawḍen ad beddlen amek i ttilin yimenɣiyen deg yilel.

=== Tafizikt, Tusnakt d Tenzeggit ===
Deg tfizikt, Leonardo yelmed aṭas n tɣawsiwin ɣef taẓeyt. Yessenqad amek i tteddu tafat d tilli, yura aṭas n tezmilin ɣef wamek i gzunt wallen n wemdan tafat, d wamek i ttwalint initen. Yelmed daɣen tussna n waman, amek i tettekk tezɣelt n wakal, d wamek i ttruḥun isaffen. Yufa iɣersiwen d yimɣan n zik i yuɣalen d aẓru deg yidurar, yefhem belli akal anda llan yidurar-a yella zik d ilel. Tikti-a tella d tamaynut s waṭas deg tallit-nni, yerna tekcem-as azal ameqran deg tussna n wakal.

Leonardo yesseqdec tusnakt iwakken ad isegzi ameɣraḍ d ugama.

* [[Tugna:Da Vinci Vitruve Luc Viatour.jpg|vignette|Amdan n Vitruv]]'''Amdan n Vitruv:''' D yiwet seg tugniwin-is yettwassnen aṭas, anda i d-yesken amdan yebded deg tlemmast n '''wemkuẓ''' d '''umnenniḍ'''. Tugna-ya tesskan-d assaɣ d lqis amekmil gar yiferdisen n tfekka n umdan akk d tenzeggit.
* Yella yeqqar: ''&quot;Ur d-yettader ɣer yidlisen-iw win ur nelli d amusnak (mathématicien).&quot;''
Ɣer Da Vinci, tanzeggit d llsas n yal timusni, alammi i d-yenna wawal-is yettwassnen: &quot;Ur iyi-d-iɣerri ara win ur nelli d amusnak&quot;. Ayen i d-yewwi d amaynut mačči d asider n yilugan imaynuten deg tusnakt s timmad-is am wamek xedmen yimusnaken imeqqranen n zzman-is neɣ wid i t-id-iḍefren, maca d asdukkel-is ameqqran gar tusnakt lqayen akked taẓuri, d useqdec-is i tenzeggit iwakken ad yefhem asuddes n txelqit. Yekkes tilisa gar ayen yellan d tussna d wayen yellan d taẓuri, yerra-ten d yiwen n webrid i d-yettawin ɣer tidet.

Deg uḥric n teklut, Leonardo yesseqdec tanzeggit akken ad d-yesnulfu arid imzireg s wudem yeflalen i d-yettaken udem n tilawt i tfelwiyin-is. Deg tfelwit n &quot;Imensi Aneggaru&quot;, nettaf belli yal izirig yeffɣen yettemlil deg yiwen n wammas, ayen i d-yesseknen belli yesseqdec iqɛiden n tusnakt iwakken ad yekkel allal n tmuɣli n umdan('''ad iɣurr tiṭ''' '''n wumdan deg tmuɣli-s'''). Askar i yesseqdec deg tmuɣli-a yebna ɣef yimyerren inzegganen n tfekka d wemkan, ayen i yeǧǧan iẓri n wemdan ad yekcem deg telqayt n tfelwit amzun akken yella daxel-is.

Yenna-d daɣen aṭas ɣef tmeẓla n tfekka n wumdan d wamek tetteddu d tenzeggit. Tugna-ines yettwassnen aṭas, &quot;Amdan n Vitruvius&quot;, d agzul n tikti-a. Deg-s, yessebgan-d wamek tafekka n wemdan, mi ara d-teldi ifassen-is d yiḍarren-is, tzemmer ad tekcem s tseddi deg sin n yimkuẓen igejdanen n tenzeggit: amkuẓ d umnenniḍ. Ayagi yessebgan-d amṣada gar wemdan akked umeɣraḍ, anda lqis n tfekka yeṭṭafar ilugan n tusnakt.

Rnu ɣef waya, amussnaw-a yexdem aṭas d umusnak Luca Pacioli, yerna i netta i d-yexdem tiwlafin tinzegganen i d-yesskanen &quot;Amur Illawi neɣ Amḍan n wureɣ&quot; deg udlis-is. Leonardo d amezwaru i d-yewwten ad d-yessken talɣiwin tinzegganin tis-kṛaḍiyin (3D) s wudem ifazen, ayen i d-yefkan abrid i tsegda tatrart. S yagi, yezmer ad d-yexdem aɣawas iwatan i yal tamacint neɣ allal uqbel ad t-yebnu. Yal tigawt deg tmacinin-is tebna ɣef usiḍen(leḥsab) n tusnakt d tenzeggit iwakken ad tili d tin ittcaren i wayen ara d-yeḍrun deg tilawt, mebla ma yeɣleṭ.

Tamuɣli-ines ɣer tenzeggit tefka-as allal akken ad iwali ayen ur ttwalin ara wiyaḍ, d ubrid i yesseqdec iwakken ad iselḥu amussu n waman, tuzzya n yigenni, d usuddes n tfekka n wemdan.

=== Tizmilin d Tira n Lemri ===
Akk tussna-a, akk tigemmi-a n uxemmem, Leonardo yura-tt deg waṭas n tzmilin. Tira-s llant s ufus azelmaḍ, seg yeffus ɣer zelmaḍ. Tarrayt-a n tira, i wumi qqaren tira n lemri, tella i wakken ur tent-yettɣar ara win ur nelli d netta s wudem afraray, neɣ i wakken ad yeḥrez tiktiwin-is i yiman-is. Deg tzmamil-a, yella yessuneɣ unuɣen n timacinin, n tfekka n wemdan, n waman, n yigenni, d kra n wawalen i d-yesskanayen tafelsaft-is ɣef tudert, ɣef tmettant, d ɣef wadeg n wemdan deg ugama.

== Isegziyen ifelsafiyen i yeffren deffir n tfelwiyin-is tigraɣlanin yettwassnen ==

=== 1. Mona Lisa (La Joconde) – Assaɣ gar Umdan d Ugama ===
[[Tugna:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg|vignette|219x219px|Mona Lisa]]
Tafelwit-a ur telli ara kan d tugna n tmeṭṭut tameḥzunt neɣ d acmumeḥ awḥid, maca d tiẓri ɣef wamek yeddukkel umdan akked ugama (macrocosme d microcosme).

* '''Tikti tafelsafit:''' Leonardo yesseqdec tarrayt n ''Sfumato'' (asigna) akken ad yekkes tilisa gar tfekka n tmeṭṭut d ugama (aɣawas n deffir) i s-d-yezzin. Ayagi yessebgan-d tikti-s belli tudert d amussu ur nḥebbes, d asuddem am waman. '''Imyerren''' n tfekka n umdan (iẓuran, idammen) d '''yimyerren''' n ugama (isaffen, iɣezran) d yiwen. Ur yelli umgared gar wemdan d twennaṭ-is; d yiwen n uẓeṭṭa yedduklen.

=== 2. Imensi Aneggaru (La Cène) – Gar Tlelli n Tigawt d Twenza ===
Deg tfelwit-a, Leonardo yewwi-d yiwet n taswiɛt kan seg umezruy: mi d-yenna Ɛisa belli yiwen seg yinelmaden-is ad t-yexdeɛ.

* [[Tugna:The Last Supper - Leonardo Da Vinci - High Resolution 32x16.jpg|vignette|407x407px|Tafelwit n yimensi aneggaru]]'''Tikti tafelsafit:''' D tasleḍt lqayen n tnefsit n wumdan. Yal anelmad yessebgan-d '''tigawt''' temgarad mi yesla i wawal-nni: yiwen yerfa, wayeḍ yekcem-it ccekk, wayeḍ yewhem. Tafelwit-a d amennuɣ ameqqran gar tilelli n wumdan d '''tawenza''' i d-yettraǧun. Tenzeggit n tfelwit-a tessebgan-d ula d '''askar''' n usuddes yellan deg umaḍal, anda lxiḍ n tmuɣli n yal yiwen yettili-d ɣer yiwen n wammas (aqerruy n Ɛisa), amzun d alugen n wemgaru gar Taɣẓint(lmeɛqul) d usra(ayen yeḥwaǧ).


=== 3. Taḥbayrit n Yidɣaɣen – Iba, Tidet, d Lqern n Zzman ===
[[Tugna:Leonardo Da Vinci - Vergine delle Rocce (Louvre).jpg|vignette|230x230px|Taḥbayrit(taɛezrit) n yidɣaɣen]]
Tafelwit i d-yessebganen Mariya, Ɛisa ameẓyan, d Yenḥya (Jean) deg yiwen n wemkan yeffren, yeččur d iẓra .

* '''Tikti tafelsafit:''' Da Vinci yella yesxeddam aṭas tasnakalt. Iẓra i d-yewwi deg tfelwit-a ssebganen-d lqern n zzman, ayen i d-isebganen temɣer d teɣzi n ugama zdat n tudert tawezlant n wumdan. Tafat i d-itekken gar yidɣaɣen tessebgan-d '''tawassna''' neɣ tussna n tfelsafit-is: tidet d tafat tettwaf-d deg tlemmast n ṭṭlam lqayen. Agama s yiman-is d aḥric seg yidles n yillu.


=== 4. Yenḥya Aɣeṭṭas (Saint Jean-Baptiste) – Tafat d Ṭṭlam ===
D tafelwit-is taneggarut. Yenḥya yessken s uḍad-is ɣer dges (asawen), s ucmumeḥ yeffren, yerna yeffeɣ-d seg ṭṭlam iberriken.

* [[Tugna:Leonardo da Vinci - Saint John the Baptist C2RMF retouched.jpg|vignette|Yeḥya Aɣeṭṭas]]'''Tikti tafelsafit:''' Aḍad-nni i d-yesskanen ɣer usawen yessebgan-d tidet tunnigt neɣ aẓar n txelqit. '''Askar''' i yesseqdec da, d &quot;Clair-obscur&quot; (Tafat d ṭṭlam), yebɣa ad d-yini belli tidet neɣ tussna ur d-tettbin ara ma yella ulac ayen i tt-yessedlamen. Tudert tebna ɣef snat n tɣawsiwin-a yemgaraden yebnan ɣef tasinit.

== Muqel daɣen ==

* [[Donatello]]

=== Tamselyut ===
* [http://www.imyura.net/ Sɣur Mack A.A d Yusef A.Y] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}

[[Taggayt:Tameddurt|Da Vinci, Leonardo]]
[[Taggayt:Taẓuri|Da Vinci, Leonardo]]</text>
      <sha1>8bou1ssioj618ylc538ksdmfknsu1zz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aryus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25508</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116790</id>
      <parentid>116785</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T10:27:12Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116790</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8866" sha1="gvoo7gl4j6yygi3syffx184f61z9rr3" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Ariusz.JPG|vignette|Tamudemt n Aryus]]
'''Aryus''' (s tlatinit: Arius, s tegrikit: Areios), ilul gar iseggasen n 250 d 256, yemmut deg useggas n 336, d aqessis amasiḥi, d amussnaw n tesnakuct, yedder deg temdint n Aleksandriya deg Maṣer. D netta i d amesnulfu n tmuɣli tamsɣant i wumi qqaren [[Taryanit]], yegla-d s wuguren imeqqranen deg umezruy n teglizt tamsiḥit tamezwarut.

== Tameddurt-is d Tlalit-is ==
Aryus ilul gar useggas n 250 d 256 S.Ɛ. (Seld Tallalit n Ɛisa) deg yiwet n temnaḍt tuzzigt n tmurt n Libya (Cyrenaïque) n zik, ayen i t-yerran d mmi-s n Tafriqt Ugafa. Ɣef leḥsab n yimazrayen, Aryus yella d argaz amesɣan yesɛan lqedd aṭas, yettwassen s tmusni-s d taywalt-is lqayen d yemdanen.

Yeɣra tasnillut(tasenakuct) deg temdint n Antyuc (Antioche) s ddaw ufus n umezraw meqqren Lusyan n Antyuc. Syin akkin, iruḥ ɣer temdint n [[Taskendrit|Aleksandriya]] (Alexandrie) di [[Maṣer]], anda yuɣal d aqessis deg teglizt n Bukalis. Dinna i d-yebda yettbecciṛ tiktiwin-is i d-ijebden aṭas n yemdanen ɣur-s, ama d imesnulfuyen, ama d imdanen n teglizt.

Asmi yewweḍ d ilemẓi, Aryus yeffeɣ seg tmurt-is, iruḥ ɣer temdint n Antyuc (Antioche), i yellan imiren d ammas ameqqran n tmusni d tesnillut (tasenakuct) deg usamar n temnekda. Dinna, yelmed s ddaw ufus n umezraw ameqqran Lusyan n Antyuc (Lucien d'Antioche). Lusyan-a yella d argaz yettwassnen s tmuɣli-s tamẓulant akked usekfel n yinumak inṣliyen n yedlisen iqedsen (tasekla). D netta i yessersen lsas i tektiwin n Aryus, imi deg uɣerbaz n Lusyan i d-yewwi Aryus iẓuran n tiẓri-s ɣef wassaɣ gar Yillu d Mmi-s. Lusyan yesseɣra-t amek ara yessemres tafelsafit taflaṭunit d tuɣẓint tagrigit i wakken ad yefhem asɣan, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yebnu tmuɣli tasnillut taqurant yerna teṣfa.

Ɣef leḥsab n yiglamen i d-yeqqimen seg tallit-nni, ama sɣur wid i t-iḥemmlen neɣ ula sɣur yicenga-s, Aryus yella d amdan i d-ijebbden lwelha. Yella d argaz yesɛan lqedd aṭas, d azedgan, yettlusu isebbaḍen iqebqaben s yinzaḍen imellalen d yiceṭṭiḍen iḥerfiyen i d-yeskanen tudert-is s wudem n ilugan n wasɣan. Ur yelli nettnadi ara ɣef zzhu n ddunit, ayen i t-yerran d amdan mu qadren aṭas n yemdanen. Imesniyen d yimazrayen fkan-d inigi belli Aryus yella d argaz d amezday, yesnen amek ara yemmeslay, yesɛa taywalt igerrzen, yerna d amesɣan i yeṭṭfen s tidet deg teflest-is(liman-is). Akka i d-yessers iman-is d amdan iwumi yezmer ad yamen ugdud.

Seld aselmed-is deg Antyuc, Aryus iruḥ ɣer temdint n Aleksandriya (Alexandrie) di Maṣer, tamdint i yellan d ul n usɣan d tfelsafit. Deg Aleksandriya, yettwasken d aqessis deg useggas n 313 S.Ɛ. s ufus n usqaf Acillas, yeṭṭef teglizt n Bukalis (Baucalis), i yellan d yiwet gar teglizin timeqqranin yerna yettwassnen aṭas di temdint. Dinna i d-yesbeggen iman-is d ambecciṛ yesɛan lhiba. Awal-is yella yettḥaz ulawen n yimdanen; yessexdam isefra d tezlitin tisɣanin i wakken ad yessefhem tiktiwin tiẓzayin n tesnillut i yimdanen iḥerfiyen, am yemnekcamen deg ssuq. S tarrayt-a, Aryus ur yeqqim ara kan d argaz n tmusni yettmeslayen d yimusnawen, maca yekcem ɣer tudert n yal ass n lɣaci. Yesdukkel-d ɣur-s aṭas n tlawin, imsenjiyen, akked waṭas n yimdanen seg ugdud, ula d kra n yisqafen iddan d tektiwin-is.

Leqdec-is ameqqran d wawal-is awzɣi rran-t d yiwet gar tugniwin yettwaqadren aṭas deg Aleksandriya. Asmi yemmut usqaf Acillas, Aryus yella gar wid i d-yufraren s waṭas i wakken ad yeṭṭef amkan n usqaf ameqqran n Aleksandriya, qbel ad yettwafren Aleksander (Alexandre d'Alexandrie) deg wemkan-is. D tagnit-a n tmeddurt-is tamezwarut, yeččuṛen d leqader akked tesnillut yebnan ɣef tmuɣli tagrigit, i d-yessufɣen syin akkin amjadel ameqqran n &quot;Taryanit&quot;, i ibeddlen amezruy n tmasiḥit ɣer lebda.

== Tiktiwin-is d Teẓriyin n Taryanit ==
Ayen i d-yewwi Aryus macci d tasreḍt tamaynut, maca d abeddel aẓuran deg tmuɣli ɣef wassaɣ gar Yillu (Rebbi) d Mmi-s (Ɛisa/Yasuɛ). Tiktiwin n taryanit bnant ɣef lsas n tmeẓla akked uqader ameqqran i tdukli n Yillu.

* '''Yillu d Amagdaz:''' I Aryus, Yillu (Ababat) d yiwen, d azedgan, yerna d '''amagdaz'''. Ur yesɛi ara tazwara, ur yettnulfu ara, yerna ur yezmir ara ad yettwabḍu neɣ ad ibeddel.
Aryus yessexdem tamussni-s lqayen n tfelsafit d tmeẓla i wakken ad yessefhem agrudem n Yillu d wassaɣ-is akked txelqit. I Aryus, lsas amezwaru n tesnillut-is yebna ɣef yiwet n tikti ur nettwakkes: Yillu (Ababat) d yiwen, d awḥid, yerna d amagdaz s timmad-is. Anamek n &quot;umagdaz&quot; deg usatal-agi n tfelsafit-is d akken Yillu ur yesɛi ara talast, ur yeqqin ɣer wacemma, yerna yella yakan uqbel yal tawsit neɣ akud. Imi d amagdaz, ur yettbeddil ara, ur yettnulfu ara, ur yesɛi tazwara yerna ur t-id-yesnulfa yiwen. D netta i d aẓar amenzu n yal taɣawsa deg umeɣraḍ, maca netta s timmad-is ur d-yekki ara seg uẓar nniḍen. Yugar yal tawsit n txelqit yerna yella sennig-s.

Tiẓri-a tebna s wudem usrid ɣef tikti n &quot;tumast&quot; tazedgant d tmagdazt. Aryus yeqqar belli Yillu, imi d amagdaz, ur yezmir ara ad yettwabḍu. Lemmer ad yefk aḥric seg tumast-s i walebɛaḍ nniḍen — ula d Mmi-s — ayagi ad t-yerr d amdan yettwabḍan, d ayen i d-yemgaraden s telqayt d tmagdazt-is. Akken i t-iwala Aryus, ayen yettwabḍan yettbeddil, ma d ayen yettbeddilen ur yezmir ara ad yili d Yillu amagdaz. Ɣef waya, tella-d tmukrist-is tameqqrant akked wid yettamnen s Tkerḍit (Trinité) i d-yeqqaren belli Ababat d Mmi-s d Ṛṛuḥ Iqedsen sɛan yiwet n tumast, acku ɣer Aryus ayagi d asderfi n ccan n Yillu yerna d asexser n timmad-is.

S wakka, Aryus yewweḍ ɣer yiwet n teɣtest tabadut ɣef Mmi-s. Imi Yillu d amagdaz yerna ur yettwabḍu ara, yessefk Mmi-s ad yili d ayen d-yennulfan, macci d ayen yellan s yiwet n tumast akked Ubabat. Mmi-s, ɣas akken d aserɣan ameqqran yerna yettwaqader aṭas, d amenzu n txelqit, yettwaxleq-d (neɣ yettwasarew-d) sɣur Ubabat. Yillu d asaraw (générateur) awḥid, lebɣi-s d tezmert-is d nutni i d-yesrawen Mmi-s, Akka, Yillu yeqqim d amagdaz awḥid deg umeɣraḍ, yezzuzzren tiwuriwin-is d leqdec-is war ma yebḍa tigellit-is neɣ tumast-s tazedgant. Tiẓri-a tefka-d asenɛet lqayen i wamek i yeẓra Aryus asɣan: asḥissef ɣef ccan ameqqran n Yillu i d-yufraren sennig yal taɣawsa, war aḥric, war abeddel, ɣer lebda.
* '''Asaraw n Mmi-s:''' Aryus yebna tiẓri-s ɣef yiwen n lsas yeqqaren: &quot;Yella wakud ideg Mmi-s ur yelli ara&quot;. I Aryus, Ɛisa ur yelli ara zik-nni s yiwet n teɣzi akked Yillu. Yillu d netta i d '''asaraw''' amenzu i d-yessufɣen Mmi-s uqbel ad yexleq amaḍal.
* '''Amyellel:''' Imi Mmi-s yettwaxleq (neɣ yettwasarew), ur yezmir ara ad yesɛu yiwet n tumast akked Yillu, yerna yella ddaw-as. D ayen i d-yesskanen belli Aryus ur yeqbil ara takraḍit (Trinité) akken i tt-fehmen wiyaḍ.

== Asqamu n Niqya d Yimenɣi n Tesnillut(Tasenakuct) ==
Deg useggas n 318 S.Ɛ., yebda umenɣi gar Aryus d Usqaf Aleksander n Aleksandriya. Aleksander isufeɣ-d Aryus seg teglizt imi iwala deg tektiwin-is d &quot;ffɣent i wubrid&quot;. Maca Aryus yufa tallelt ɣer waṭas n yisqafen n unẓul d usamar, gar-asen Usebyus n Nikumidya.

Amenkad n Ṛuma, Kunsṭantin Amezwaru, i yebɣan ad isdukkel tamnekda-s, icuɣef-it umjadel-agi i d-yebdan yettbabbaz tasreḍt tamasiḥit. Ɣef waya, yessegraw-d '''Asqamu amezwaru n Niqya''' deg useggas n 325 S.Ɛ. Deg usqamu-a, d teẓri n ''Athanase'' (''Athanase'' d anelmad n ''Aleksander'') i d-yufraren. Asqamu yeɣtes belli Mmi-s d Ubabat sɛan &quot;yiwet n tumast&quot; (''homoousios''). Aryus yugin ad yestenyi aɣtas-agi, yettwakkes-as wemkan-is, yettwanfa (yettwanfa ɣer Ilirya).

== Taggara n Tudert-is ==
Tudert n Aryus ur tfukk ara di Niqya. Isqafen i t-iḥemmlen kemmlen amahil-nsen i wakken ad t-id-rren. Amenkad Kunsṭantin, ɣer taggara n tudert-is, yuɣal yessexdam aṭas n yiwellihen n yitaryaniyen, yerna yebɣa ad d-yerr Aryus s wudem unṣib ɣer teglizt deg useggas n 336 S.Ɛ., di temdint n Kunsṭantinupel. Maca, s wudem ur yettwarǧi ara, Aryus yemmut, yiwen n wass send(uqbel) agraw i as-d-heggan. Kra n yimussnawen d yimazrayen qqaren belli ahat tettwafk-as ssem (yettwasemmem).

== Tazrirt d Umezruy n Taryanit ==
Ɣas akken yemmut Aryus, taryanit tekcem s lqedd deg umezruy. Iɣerfan igermaniyen igiṭiyen am Yiguten (Goths), Yiviziguten (Wisigoths) d Yivundaliyen (Vandales) qeblen tamasiḥit taryanit s ufus n uceggɛan Ulfilas.

Ayen yessewhamen, taryanit tuɣal-d ɣer Tafriqt Ugafa (tamurt tayemmat n Aryus) di lqern wis semmus s ufus n Yivundaliyen i d-yekcmen ɣer temnaḍt-a, bdan leḥkem-nsen zdat n tkatulikit tarumanit n [[Agerram Augustin (Saint Augustin)|Ugustin]] n Hippon. Amgired-agi n tesreḍt yegla-d s waṭas n tedyanin d yimenɣiyen gar yigelliden ivundaliyen d rruman deg Tmazɣa (Tafriqt Ugafa).</text>
      <sha1>gvoo7gl4j6yygi3syffx184f61z9rr3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Niru</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25512</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116791</id>
      <parentid>116786</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-06T10:38:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116791</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6595" sha1="5u2mxz236d64dabnz33b8v11qnjkaga" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nero Glyptothek Munich 321.jpg|vignette|Aqerru n Niru, seg usebdad-ines.]]
'''Niru''' (s tlatinit: ''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''), ilul deg 15 Dujamber 37 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani wis semmus(xemsa), yerna d aneggaru deg twacult n Yulyu-Klud (''Julio-Claudienne''). Yeṭṭef adabu seg useggas 54 ar 68 S.Ɛ. Xas akken iseggasen imezwura n udabu-s llan d wid n talwit d teɣdemt, isem-is yeqqen s lqis ɣer tdankit, takriḍt, akked Tmes Tameqqrant n Ṛuma. D yiwen seg yigelliden i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, maca yettwassen s yir isem ɣef ljal n temsal n ddell i yexdem.

== Temẓi d Talyat ɣer Uqerru n Tmenkda ==

=== Aẓar d Twacult ===
Isem-is amezwaru d '''Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus'''. Yemma-s d Agrippina Tamẓiyant, i yellan d yiwet n tmeṭṭut yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg tsertit taṛumanit. Tella d weltma-s n umenkad Kaligula (Caligula).

=== Anekcum ɣer Udabu (54 S.Ɛ) ===
Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, Agrippina tezweǧ d ɛemmi-s, amenkad Kludyus(''Claudius)''. S tiḥerci-s d txazabiyin-is, tessaweḍ ad tqenneɛ ''Claudius'' ad d-irebbu Niru am mmi-s, yerna ad t-yessers d amekkasu-ines, xas akken ''Claudius'' yesɛa mmi-s n tidet i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut-is tamezwarut (''Britannicus''). S deffir lmut n ''Claudius'' deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ (aṭas i yeqqaren belli d Agrippina i t-yesseččen s ssem), Niru yuli ɣer uqerru n tmenkda taṛumanit, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is.

== Iseggasen Imezwura n Udabu (Quinquennium Neronis) ==
Tallit tamezwarut n lḥekm-is tella s ddaw n ufus d wallen n kraḍ wudmawen imeqqranen:

* '''Agrippina (Yemma-s):''' I yebɣan ad teḥkem tamenkda s ufus n mmi-s.
Deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, drus n tlawin i yesɛan tazmert d tezmert n tsertit am Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi i d-tewweḍ ad tessers mmi-s Niru ɣef wudem n udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, asmi yesɛa kan mraw d sa (17) n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is, tella tettwali iman-is d nettat i d aqeṛṛu n tidet n tmurt. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus iseggasen iṣfan n Niru), llan d annar n umennuɣ uffir ɣef udabu gar kraḍ n tgejda: Agrippina s timmad-is, afiluzuf Sinik (Sénèque), akked ujeniral Burrus.

==== '''Tanezzut n Udabu d Tmuɣli ɣer Teqacuct''' ====
Deg yiseggasen imezwura, Agrippina ur teffir ara akk lebɣi-s deg udabu. Tella tettekka deg tlufa n uwanek s wudem unṣib d wudem uffir. D nettat i yesselḥayen isuda imeqqranen n Ṛuma s yisem n mmi-s, yerna tessaweḍ ad tessekcem isem-is d tugna-s ula deg tedrimt (tiẓraf) taṛumanit. Deg waṭas n tebniqin n lawan-nni, tugna-s tella tetteddu-d s yidis n tugna n Niru, d ayen i d-yesskanen belli aẓayeṛ-is yerna ɣef uẓayeṛ n tmeṭṭut n umenkad neɣ yemma-s kan; tella d tamerkantit deg tmenkda. Rnu ɣef waya, asmi ara d-yili usemres n Usqamu Unnig (Sénat), Agrippina tella tettaṭṭaf amkan deffir n uɣenbur neɣ n tdebbuzt, tselled i wayen i d-yettwaxedmen yerna tettekka deg teɣtasin war ma walan-tt-id yinaẓrafen (iɛeggalen n usqamu). Iswi-s yella d aḥraz n udabu i d-tebna s ddeqs n txazabiyin d yidammen n wid i tt-yugin.
* '''Sinik:''' Afiluzuf d amusnaw ameqqran i t-isselmeden.
* '''Burrus:''' Aqerruy n yiserdasen iḥeddayen n umenkad.

Deg yiseggasen-a imezwura, tsertit n Ṛuma teṣfa. Niru yesseḥbiber ɣef teɣdemt, yesselhu aẓayeṛ n yiqeddacen (iklan), yerna yefka azal i Usqamu Unnig (''Imni arumani''). Isem n tallit-a yeqqim-d deg umezruy am tsusmi d ubaɣur i tmenkda.

== Tadankit d Tnekkra ɣef Yimawlan ==
Maca, s leɛḍil, Niru yebda yettwexxiṛ seg teɣri n yimawlan-is. Ikcem-it uɣemlil (Aɣedlilef) d ukukru n teḥraymit.

* '''Timenɣiwt n yemma-s (59 S.Ɛ):''' Imi Agrippina tkemmel tessekcam iman-is deg tlufa n udabu, Niru yeɣtes ad t-yessenger. Deffir n waṭas n wudmawen i yexdem iwakken ad tt-ineɣ s tuffra (am uɣrab n lbabuṛ yetturẓen iwakken ad yeɣreq), ɣer taggara iceggeɛ-as iserdasen i tt-yenɣan.
* '''Timenɣiwt n tlawin-is:''' Yenɣa tameṭṭut-is tamezwarut, Octavia, iwakken ad yezweǧ d Poppaea Sabina. Dɣa ula d Poppaea yenɣa-tt s teyitiwin mi tella s tadist. Ssakkin, ula d ameskar-is Sinka, iḥettem fell-as ad yenɣu iman-is. Niru yeqher inaẓrafen d yimeqqranen n tmenkda, yettarra-d akk ayla n Ṛuma d ayla-s.

== Times Tameqqrant n Ṛuma d Uqehheṛ n Yimasiḥiyen (64 S.Ɛ) ==
Aneḍru yettwassnen aṭas deg tallit-is d times tameqqrant i yewwten tamdint n Ṛuma deg Yulyu n useggas 64. Times-agi tesreɣ aṭas n yigmamen n temdint d wazal n sḍis n wussan.

* '''Tuccḍa n Niru:''' Inekcamen n lawan-nni qqaren-d belli Niru yella icennu yerna yekkat agiṭar mi tetteṛɣay Ṛuma, yettxayel-d iman-is deg umezgun am aɣelluy n Tṛwa (''Troie''), ɣas akken ulac anza ufris ɣef waya. Maca isugen-as d ayen n lmuḥal.
* '''Tamasit ɣef Yimasiḥiyen:''' Iwakken ad isukkes iman-is seg rregmat n uɣref, Niru yerra tamasit d uɣilif ɣef tegrawt tamaynut n ddin i d-ibanen: '''Imasiḥiyen'''. Yeqher-iten s lḥif, yerra-ten d tiɣtas n tkerrist, isreɣ-iten, yerna yessaweḍ-iten ar lmut s yir isuraf deg wurar n unnar n tẓuri.

== Tẓuri, Amezgun d Usenfar &quot;Domus Aurea&quot; ==
Niru yesɛa aramsu ameqqran i tẓuri. Yella yettwali iman-is d anaẓur (cennu, amezgun, timsizzelt n yikeryuten). Yella yettruḥu ad yurar deg tmurt n Legrig, ayen yessetḥan aṭas asqamu ameqqran aṛumani, acku ur d-yewwi ara s ccan i yiwen n umenkad ad yurar s udem agdudan gar yimdanen imuta.

Deffir n Tmes Tameqqrant, yexdem yiwen n usebɣer ameqqran : yebna axxam n ugelid d ameqqran i s-yefka isem n '''Domus Aurea''' (Axxam n Wureɣ). Tella d yiwet n temṣukt tameqqrant yerna d tabaẓṭit i yeččan aṭas n tedrimt d twensi n uɣref aṛumani.

== Taggara d Uɣelluy n Umenkad (65 - 68 S.Ɛ) ==
Tasertit n Niru deg tdamsa teččur d axessar, d ayen i d-yewwin lxiq d wurrif seg yal tama n tmenkda, ladɣa gar yimḍebbren n lɛeskeṛ.

* '''Tigrawliwin n Yijeniralen:''' Deg useggas 68, yiwet n tegrawla tnekkred deg tmurt n Ɣul (''Gaule'') s ddaw tmehla n Vindex, syin tkemmel-d s tagrawla n Galba deg tmurt n Ṣbenya (Hispania).
* '''Timenɣiwt n yiman:''' Imi yufa iman-is weḥd-s, iserdasen-is d asqamu wwin-tt mgal-is yerna rran-t d &quot;Aɛdaw n Uwanek&quot;. Niru yerwel seg temdint n Ṛuma. Mi yesla belli iserdasen teddun-d ad t-ṭṭfen iwakken ad t-nɣen s lmut n ddell (s uqbaṛ deg usalu), Niru yewwet iman-is s tuzzalt ɣer temgerṭ s tallelt n uqeddac-is (Epaphroditus) deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ.</text>
      <sha1>5u2mxz236d64dabnz33b8v11qnjkaga</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Vespasyan</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25513</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116788</id>
      <parentid>116781</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T16:32:04Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116788</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2606" sha1="abqydjm2vddclbl57bsqm4iebgmh51b" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Vespasian, from Naples, c. AD 70, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen (13646730625).jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Vespasyan.]]
'''Vespasyan''' (ilul deg 17 wember n useggas 9, yemmut deg 23 yunyu n useggas 79) d amenkad aṛumani i d-yeṭṭfen adabu seg useggas 69 ar 79. D netta i d-yesbedden agdez aflabyan, yettwassen s usigna n temḥaddit n Tmenkda Taṛumanit deffir yiwet n tezɣent d amgaru aɣarman ameqqran i d-yeḍran deffir tmettant n [[Niru]].

== Temẓi d tneflit-is ==
Vespasyan ilul-d deg taddart n Falakrina (Falacrinae), deg temnaḍt n Sabin, tama n Rityi (Reate) deg Ṭṭalyan n wass-a. Mgal aṭas n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, Vespasyan ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tageldant neɣ tamasɣant n Ruma, maca yusa-d seg &quot;Tasunḍa n iɛudiwen&quot;. Baba-s, Titus Flabyus Sabinus, d amelqqaḍ n tewsiwin, yerna d amdan i yettqadaren asurdi.

S tsertit d ugama-s(ṭṭbiɛa-s) ur nessin zzux, Vespasyan yekcem ɣer tudert tasertant d tserdasit s tḥerci, yuli asurif s usurif deg tseddarin n tedbelt d lɛesker n Ṛuma.

== Amecwar aserdas d yimenɣiwen ==
Vespasyan yettwassen s tezmert-is deg yimenɣiwen. Isekker-d aṭas n yimenɣan iserdasiyen imeqqranen :

* '''Anekcum ɣer Briṭanya (43 - 44):''' S ddaw ufus n umenkad Kludyus (Claude), Vespasyan yella d aqerru ɣef Tegrumma Tis Snat (Legio II Augusta). Iban-d aṭas deg unekcum aṛumani ɣer tegzirt n Briṭanya (Grande-Bretagne n wass-a), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n truẓiwin mgal teqbilin tidiganin. Ayagi yefka-yas-d tisellat tameqqrant deg Ṛuma.
* '''Tagrawla n Wudayen (66 - 69):''' Deg useggas 66, tnekker-d tegrawla tameqqrant deg tmurt n Yahuda (Judée). Amenkad Niru yefka-yas asenfar i Vespasyan akken ad yesseɣli tagrawla-a. S yiwet n tezmert d tḥerci n ujiniral, Vespasyan yessaweḍ ad d-yerr aṭas n temdinin ɣer ufus n Ṛuma, uqbel ma yeǧǧa taɣawsa deg ufus n mmi-s Tiṭus (Titus) asmi yella yettazzal ɣef udabu.

== Aseggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden d tuṭṭfa n udabu (69) ==
Asmi yemmut [[Niru]] deg useggas 68, Ruma tkecm-itt tezɣent taɣarmant tameqqrant, yettwassnen s yisem n &quot;Useggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden&quot;. Deg yiwen n useggas (69), ɛeddan-d kraḍ n yimenkaden: Galba, Utu (Othon), d Vitilyus (Vitellius).

Iserdasen n Usammer (Igipti, Surya, d Yahuda) fernen Vespasyan d amenkad. S wudem uzzig, yewwi-d adeg n leqrar d tegmat seg yisurdasiyen-is akked lḥakem n maṣer Tiberiyus Alyksandarus. Iserdasen n Vespasyan, s ddaw leɛnaya n ujiniral-is Antunyus Primus, kecmen ɣer Ruma, sseɣlin Vitilyus, dɣa Asqamu aṛumani yesteɛref s Vespasyan d amenkad amaynut deg wember 69.</text>
      <sha1>abqydjm2vddclbl57bsqm4iebgmh51b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Fabius Planciades Fulgentius</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116789</id>
      <parentid>116782</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-05T21:16:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116789</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1964" sha1="a713af6vf4xiqe673cgpoa70mq0a4qg" xml:space="preserve">'''Fabius Planciades Fulgentius''' d yiwen n wemyaru alatini n tallit taqburt taneggarut. Aṭas n yisallen i d-yewwḍen fell-as ttwassnen-d s tezrawin d unadi di tsekla d umezruy n Tafriqt Ugafa. D ameskar i yesɛan tazrirt meqqren di tallit talemmast, ladɣa s tarrayt-is deg usegzi n yedlisen d tesnamya(tamitulujit).

== Tudert d Uẓar-is ==
Tudert n Fabius Planciades Fulgentius d tin yeffren s waṭas, ulac aṭas n yisallen ibanen 100% ɣef wass neɣ aseggas i deg d-ilul, maca imusnawen n umezruy mtafaqen ɣef kra n tilɣa:

* '''Tallit d Wamkan:''' Yedder deg taggara n tsut tis 5 d tazwara n tsut tis 6 seld Ɛisa. Yekka-d seg Tafriqt Ugafa (Tamazɣa), ahat deg temnaḍt n Qerṭaj (Carthage n tura), di tallit n tgeldit n Yivandalen. Ayagi yettban-d seg talɣa n tutlayt-is d uẓaṛ n yisental i ɣef d-yewwi.
* '''Asexleḍ amazrayan:''' Yella yiwen n wugur deg umezruy anda aṭas n yimnuda ssexlaḍen gar-as d wemrabeḍ '''Fulgentius n Ruspe''' (yiwen n ugerram d uqerru n teglizt di Tunes n tura). Ɣas akken llan kra n yimusnawen i d-yeqqaren d yiwen n wemdan ay llan, tuget n tezrawin ass-a qqarent-d d akken d sin yemdanen yemgaraden. Tira n Planciades Fulgentius teččur d tamucuha d tmiṭulujit tarumanit/tagrikit, ma d Fulgentius n Ruspe yura kan ɣef ddin d tmasɣant.

== Tira d Yidlisen-is ==
Fulgentius yettwassen s useqdec n &quot;tininiḍent&quot; deg tira-s. Ihi ur yettwali ara tamacahut am akken tella, maca yettnadi ɣef unamek yeffren s deffir-s. Yura kuẓ (4) n yidlisen imeqqranen i d-yewwḍen ar ass-a:

=== 1. Kraḍ n yidlisen n tmitulujit (''Mitologiarum libri III'') ===
D adlis anda i d-yefka asegzi i tmucuha d tmiṭulujiyin tigrikiyin d tṛumaniyin. Di tmuɣli-s, iyucen (irebbiten) d tullisin-agi '''ur llin ara d''' '''ayen yellan s tidet, ur ddiren ara s lǧetta deg umezruy''', maca d inzan d yimedyaten i d-yesskanayen tikli, takrebbut(amyar) d tnefsit n wemdan. Yerra timucuha-agi d isental n leɛqel d tmusni.</text>
      <sha1>a713af6vf4xiqe673cgpoa70mq0a4qg</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>