Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.10 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 5073 116812 114130 2026-07-12T10:23:15Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116812 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Baruch Spinoza''', yettwassen daɣen s yisem n ''Bento de Espinosa'' neɣ ''Benedictus de Spinoza'', ilul ass n 24 Wamber 1632 di Amsterdam, yemmut ass n 21 Fuṛaṛ 1677 di [[Den Haag]]. Yella d amesnagay n [[Tamurt n Wadda|Tmurt n Wadda]] uɣur tasnezgimt tesɛa tazrirt s wazal-is ɣef waziten n tillit dgi yedder d waṭas n wid it-id-iḍefṛen. Spinoza yeɣra aṭas deg temẓi-s, ladɣa deg tgemmi n uselmed n Iyehuden (yeshiva). Yessin taɛebrit, talatinit akked tutlayt tahulandit. Yeɣra daɣen timucuha n Iyehuden akked tfelsuft. Maca mi meqqer, yebda yettemseḥsab deg wayen yeqqar deg ddin. Yura tiktiwin ur nettqebbel ara tmetti tahudit n lweqt-nni. Deg useggas 1656, ṭṭerḍen-t seg tmetti n Iyehuden (herem) Yemmut deg La Haye deg 1677. Ɣas akken ur t-qbilen ara deg tallit-is, yuɣal d yiwen seg ifelyasufen imeqqranen n umezruy. == Tudert n Spinoza (1632-1677) == Baruch Spinoza ilul deg useggas n 1632 di temdint n ''Amsterdam'' (Tamurt n Wadda), deg yiwet n twacult tudayt i d-yerwelen seg ''Portugal'' imi llan ttwaqehṛen ɣef ddemma n ddin-nsen. Yeɣra taɣuri n ddin n udayen, maca seg temẓi-s, yebda yettxemmim yerna yettcikki deg wayen i s-sselmaden. Deg useggas n 1656, asmi yesɛa 23 iseggasen kan, aɣerman n udayen n ''Amsterdam'' yessufeɣ-it, yerra-t "berra n wansayen n tudayt", acku tiktiwin-is ɣef Yakuc(illu), '''ameɣraḍ''' d wayen yura di ''Tora'' (adlis '''uɣris''' n udayen) ur mṣadant ara d wayen ttaɣen tanumi imdanen s umata deg tallit-nni. Seg wass-nni, Spinoza yuɣal la yettidir iman-is, yettḥeccim, yerna yettmahil d asnexdaḍ n llentiyyat n unẓar iwakken ad yaweḍ ad yečč. Tira-s yettarut-ten s tuffra, yerna yugi ad iqbel imukan s-yiman-nsen deg tseddawiyin timeqqranin iwakken ad yeḥrez tilelli n '''tidmi'''-s. Yemmut deg useggas n 1677, s waṭṭan n turin. == Tafelsafit-is == Tafelsafit n Spinoza d yiwet n tfelsafit '''tameẓdut''' maca tesɛa yiwen '''wannaḍ''' ameqqran. Adlis-is ameqqran, "Timlilɣi", yura-t s wudem n '''tnezeggit''', am wakken yettberhin di tusnakt. === Yakuc d Agama (Deus sive Natura) === Tazwart tameqqrant akk deg tfelsafit n Spinoza d '''tamiḍrant''' n "Deus sive Natura", anamek-is 'Yakuc neɣ Agama'. ɣur Spinoza: * Yakuc(neɣ '''illu''') mačči d yiwen ufettan yellan beṛṛa n '''umeɣraḍ''', i t-id-ixelqen am umexlaq. Maca, Yakuc d '''agama''' s timmad-is; d netta i d kul '''tanga''' yellan. * Kulci yellan, seg umdan alamma d aẓru, seg yitran alamma d iferṭeṭṭu, d amedya kan neɣ d "talɣa" n Yakuc. * S wakka, '''ameɣraḍ''' ur ixliq ula seg wacemma, d yiwen '''amagdez''' yellan seg zik. === Tumast, Iraten, d Iskaren === Iwakken ad issefhem '''ameɣraḍ''' , yessemres tlata n '''tmiḍranin''' tigejdanin: # '''Tumast:''' '''Tanga''' ɣur Spinoza d aẓar n kulci, d lsas n tudert d wayen yellan merṛa. Iwakken ad tt-nefhem mliḥ, llant snat n tiwtilin tigejdanen i s-yefka: ## '''"D ayen yellan s yiman-is":''' Anamek-is, '''Tanga''' ur teḥwaǧ ara ayen nniḍen iwakken ad tili. Ur teṛṛiǧ ara ad tt-id-yexleq yiwen, neɣ ad tili s ssebba n tɣawsa nniḍen. D nettat i d tazwara d tagara. Amedya: Aseklu yeḥwaǧ akal d waman iwakken ad yili, amdan yeḥwaǧ imawlan-is. Maca '''Tanga''', ulac ayen i teḥwaǧ. D nettat i d imi, i d aɣbalu. ## '''"Yettwafham s yiman-is":''' Iwakken ad tesneḍ neɣ ad tefhmeḍ d acu i d '''Tanga''', ur teḥwaǧeḍ ara ad tessemrseḍ '''tamiḍrant''' nniḍen. Tessefham iman-s s yiman-s. Amedya: Iwakken ad tefhmeḍ "lmuja", ilaq ad tefhmeḍ d acu i d "agaraw". Maca iwakken ad tefhmeḍ '''Agaraw''' (ma yella nettwali-t d netta i d '''Tanga'''), ur teḥwaǧeḍ acemma nniḍen. ## '''Tagrayt tameqqrant n Spinoza:''' S unamek-agi, Spinoza yewweḍ ɣer yiwet n tikti yeswehmen: '''Yiwet kan n Tanga neɣ Tumast i yellan deg umeɣraḍ merṛa'''. Acuɣer? Acku lemmer llant snat, ad mgaradent, yerna yiwet ad teḥbes tayeḍ. Ma yella yiwet teḥbes tayeḍ, anamek-is ḥekment deg yiman-nsent, dɣa ur llint ara s yiman-nsent. S wakka, i Spinoza, '''Tanga''' yiwet-is kan, d '''tamagdezt''', ur tesɛi tlisa. D acu i d '''Tanga'''-yagi? D '''Yakuc neɣ Agama''' (Dieu ou la Nature). # '''Iraten:''' D wagi i d-yeskanayen '''agagg''' n umdan ɣef ddemma n wayen i d-yeskanen '''tanga'''. '''Tanga''' tesɛa aṭas n yiraten, maca nekni s wemdan nezmer ad nwali sin kan: '''Tidmi''' d Tiddi, anamek-is tuzzya deg '''tallunt''' d tnefsit tagennawt. Ma yella '''Tanga''' d yiwet, amek ihi i nezmer ad nwali amgarad meqqren deg umaḍal (tidmi, tafekka, atg.)? Dagi i d-kkan '''Iraten'''. '''D acu i d Urat?''' D ayen i t-iṣebbren '''agagg''' n umdan ɣef ddemma n wayen i d-yeskanen '''Tanga'''. Llan aṭas n wudmawen neɣ n leṣnaf s wayes i d-teskan '''Tanga''' iman-is; yal udem seg-sen d '''Urat'''. '''Iraten''' mačči d ayen yernan ɣer '''Tanga''', maca d aẓar-is, d ayen i tt-yesbedden. * '''Iraten ur nesɛi tlisa:''' Spinoza yeqqar-d belli imi '''Tanga''' d '''tamagdezt''', tesɛa lqidar ur nesɛi tlisa n '''yiraten'''. D acu kan, nekni s wemdan, s '''ugagg'''-nneɣ, '''sin kan i nezmer ad nwali neɣ ad nefhem''': *# '''Tidmi:''' D '''urat''' n kulci ur nelli d angaw. Anamek-is, yal '''tidmi''', yal tafrit, yal aramsu, yal lefhama yellan deg '''umeɣraḍ''', seg '''tidmi''' n yiferṭeṭṭu (ma yesɛa) alamma d tin n ufelsaf, merṛa d amedya kan n '''urat''' ameqqran n '''Tidmi'''. *# '''Tiddi:''' D '''urat''' n kulci agennaw. Anamek-is, yal taɣawsa yesɛan tiddi deg '''tallunt''' — am tfekka, am weẓru, am yitran, am waman — d amedya kan n '''urat''' ameqqran n '''Tiddi'''. Ayen ilaqen ad t-neṭṭef: '''Tidmi''' d '''Tiddi''' mačči d snat n '''tumasin''' yemgaraden. D sin wudmawen yemgaraden n '''yiwet n Tanga''' kan. Am wakken ad twaliḍ yiwen wezṛu s snat n llentiyyat yemgaraden: yiwet tesskan-ak-id ini-s, tayeḍ amek yettceɛceɛ. Maca d yiwen weẓru i ttwaliḍ. 3. '''<u>Iskaren</u>''' D ayen yellan deg wayen nniḍen. D amedya, yal taɣawsa yellan (amdan, aẓru, yiwet n '''tidmi''' ) d '''askar''' kan, ur tezmir ad tili s yiman-is mebla '''tanga neɣ tumast''' tagejdant (Yakuc). * '''D acu i d Askar?''' '''Askar''' d ayen yellan deg wayen nniḍen, yerna yettwafham s wayen nniḍen-nni. Anamek-is, d amedya aḥeqqani, anesɣan, n '''Tanga''' am wakken i d-tettban seg '''yiraten'''-is. Yal taɣawsa i nessen, i nettidir, i nettwali, d '''askar'''. * '''Amedya ad issefhem kulci:''' ** '''Aziɣer-iw''' neɣ '''yiwet n tidmi i yi-d-yusan tura''' (am "Aqli ad afeɣ") d '''askar''' n '''urat''' n '''Tidmi'''. Ur tezmirent ad tilint s yiman-nsent mebla '''Urat''' agejdan n '''Tidmi'''. ** '''Tafekka-w''', '''agdil-agi n uselkim''', neɣ '''useklu-nni yellan di tebḥirt''', d '''askar''' n '''urat''' n '''Tiddi'''. Ur zmirent ad ilint mebla '''Urat''' agejdan n '''Tiddi'''. S wakka, '''Askar''' d ayen i d-yettban s lḥedd d wazal, maca d abdar kan n '''Tanga tamagdezt'''. '''Amedya aneggaru iwakken ad nejmeɛ kulci:''' Xayel '''agaraw ameqqran'''. * '''Agaraw''' s timmad-is, d '''Tanga'''. Yella s yiman-is. * Lmaɛna-s d '''aman''' (agama-s imengi) d lmaɛna-s n '''umussu''' (agama-s s wudem n umussu) d '''Iraten'''-is. D ayen i t-yerran d agaraw. * '''Yiwet n tayyugt(lmuja)''' i d-yulin tura, i yesɛan talɣa-s, tiddi-s, d wakud-is, d '''Talɣa'''. '''Tayyugt'''-nni ur tezmir ad tili mebla '''agaraw''', yerna d netta i tt-id-yefkan. === Aziɣer d Tafekka === Spinoza yettwali '''aziɣer''' (neɣ '''allaɣ''' ) d tfekka mačči d sin leṣnaf yemgaraden i yettemyilin, maca d sin iraten yemgaraden ('''Tidmi''' d Tiddi) n yiwet n '''tanga''' kan: Yakuc/'''Agama'''. Anamek-is, ayen iḍerrun di tfekka-nneɣ, iḍerru daɣen deg '''uziɣer'''-nneɣ s wudem '''amsadaɣ''', mačči d yiwen i d ssebba n wayeḍ. === Aguccel d Tilelli === ɣur Spinoza, ulac ayen i d-yeḍrun s wudem '''agacuran'''. Kulci di '''tɣerma''' d '''wagama''' yettḍafar ilugan izaruranen. Yal taɣawsa tesɛa ssebba-s. S wakka, tilelli n lebɣi am wakken i tt-nettwali d leɣlaḍ kan, d ayen i d-yekkan seg leqdic-nneɣ n ssebbat i ɣ-yeddelin. Maca, Spinoza yeqqar belli amdan yezmer ad yaweḍ ɣer yiwet n '''uskar''' n tlelli. Tilelli n ṣṣeḥ, mačči d tukkes n ssebbat, maca d lefhama-nsent. Asmi ara yefhem umdan s wudem '''ameɣẓan''' belli netta d amur seg '''wagama''' yerna kulci yettḍafar yiwen '''wannaḍ''' , ad yekkes fell-as lxiq d '''uɣedlilef''', yerna ad yaweḍ ɣer tnefsit n talwit i wumi isemma "tayri tagaggant n Yakuc". === Timlilɣi d Tsertit === Axxam agejdan n tfelsafit-is d adabu ɣef '''iremsan'''. Yettwali belli '''iremsan''' am lferḥ, lḥezen, neɣ tadfi, d '''isalli''' kan i d-yettak '''aziɣer''' ɣef lḥala n tfekka. Ma yella nefhem-iten s '''wagagg''', nezmer ad ten-nsenneɣ, ad nuɣal seg wid i ten-yeṭṭafaṛen ɣer wid i ten-yettḥekkmen, d ayen i d-yettaken talwit d tssaɛda. Deg tsertit, Spinoza yedda d '''tugdut''' , yerna yefka azal ameqqran i tlelli n '''tidmi''' d umsawal. [[Category:Afelsuf]][[Category:Tameddurt]] 9ly3gq1xm5la7fairrhllmcix0vpwhm 0 23108 116810 106572 2026-07-12T07:47:45Z Dinvig 16818 /* */ 116810 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nnfaq n Urumi<ref>{{Fr}} Idir Hachi, Nnfaq[n]Urumi : le nom kabyle de l’insurrection de 1871, ([https://journals.openedition.org/insaniyat/20056 taɣuṛi]).</ref>''' (s [[tafrensist]] : ''La révolte d’El Mokrani''<ref>{{Fr}} [https://www.humanite.fr/en-debat/algerie/histoire-mars-1871-linsurrection-algerienne-del-mokrani-701346 Histoire. Mars 1871, l’insurrection algérienne d’El Mokrani], deg ''humanite.fr''.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Fr}} [https://www.lhistoire.fr/la-r%C3%A9volte-du-bachaga-mokrani La révolte du bachaga Mokrani], deg ''lhistoire.fr''. </ref> neɣ ''L’insurrection d’El Hadj Mohand Aït Mokrane''<ref>{{Fr}} [https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/etudfr/2021-v57-n1-etudfr05909/1076113ar/ 1871 dans la poésie orale kabyle], deg ''erudit.org''.</ref>, neɣ ''L'insurrection de la Grande Kabylie''<ref>{{Fr}} Joseph Robin, ''L'insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871'', Henri Charles-Lavauzelle (Paris), 1901. ([https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f11.item taɣuri])</ref> neɣ daɣen ''L'insurrection Kabyle de 1871''<ref>{{Fr}} Revue des Deux Mondes, ''UN ÉPISODE DE L'INSURRECTION KABYLE DE 1871'', Vol. 108, No. 3, 1er DÉCEMBRE 1873. ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/44741875#metadata_info_tab_contents taɣuri])</ref>), d ṭrad mgal [[Fransa|iṛumiyen (Fransa)]] deg [[Tamurt n Leqbayel]] d [[Lezzayer]], tebda deg [[16 meɣres]] [[1871]], d aqerru-ines [[Muḥend At-Meqqran|Ccix Lmuqqrani]] akked gma-s {{Ill|Bumeẓrag|fr|Boumezrag El Mokrani}}<ref>{{Fr}} ''Revue politique et littéraire: revue bleue'', Bureau des revues, 1894, ([https://books.google.dz/books?id=grUTFZVJxzIC&pg=PA633&dq=mokrani+%C3%A9tendard+vert&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjXosyu-ZL7AhUY7KQKHU50AhcQ6AF6BAgLEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false taɣuri]). tawṛiqt wis 633.</ref>. {{Ill|Ccix Aḥeddad|fr|Cheikh El Haddad}} (aqerru n [[Ṭariqa tareḥmanit]] n [[Sedduq]]) yekcem ɣer ṭrad ardeqqal, deg [[8 yebrir]] [[1871]]<ref>{{Fr}} Revue du Midi, Volume 14, 1900, ([https://books.google.dz/books?id=FErLAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA11&dq=haddad+8+avril+1871&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi315bW9pL7AhU48rsIHZ9rCd8Q6AF6BAgJEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false taɣuri]), tawṛiqt wis 11.</ref>. Ugar n 250 n tiqbilin ttekkin deg ṭrad agi<ref>{{Fr}} Louis Rinn, ''Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie'', Librairie A. Jourdan, 1891. ([https://books.google.dz/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA200&dq=250+tribus+1871&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjmnYys95L7AhVNhv0HHXNlCKEQ6AF6BAgHEAI#v=onepage&q&f=false taɣuri]), tawṛiqt wis 200.</ref>, i tettwaḥseb seg taxatart akk tagrawla mgal [[Fransa|iṛumiyen]] deg [[Lezzayer]] seg [[1830]]<ref>{{Fr}} [https://www.humanite.fr/tribunes/cheikh-el-mokrani-1815-1871-le-chef-de-la-commune-kabyle-%3Fen-guerre-contre-la-colonisation- Cheikh El Mokrani (1815-1871) Le chef de la Commune kabyle, 
en guerre contre la colonisation], deg ''humanite.fr''.</ref>. == Aḥric n tarakalt == Ṭṭṛad agi, teḍra-d seg [[Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)]] armi {{Ill|Tilist|fr|Frontière}} n [[Tunes]], i seg [[Ilel Agrakal]] armi [[Aneẓruf Ameqran|Taneẓruft]]<ref>{{Fr}} J.Olivier, ''L’INSURRECTION DE 1871'', Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie Club Kabylie, 2014, ([https://cdha.fr/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/Club_Kabylie/insurrection1871_JO_251014.pdf taɣuri] '''[pdf]'''), tawṛiqt wis 7.</ref>. Seg tazwara deg aṭas n [[Tamdint|temdinin]] n [[Tamurt n Leqbayel]] : [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Larebɛa Nat Yiraten|Fort-National (Larebɛa Nat Yiraten)]], [[Draɛ Lmizan]], [[Delles]], [[Bgayet]], [[Lburǧ n Yimnayen]] d [[Lexḍareyya|Palestro (Lexḍareyya)]], ardeqqal deg [[Mettijet]], [[Cercal]], [[Tabatent]], [[Tawilayt n Tuggurt|Tuggurt]] d [[Wergla]] daɣen<ref name=":0">{{Fr}} X. Yacono, ''Kabylie : L'insurrection de 1871'', Encyclopédie berbère, ([https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/1410 taɣuri]).</ref>. == Ineḍruyen == [[Tugna:BorjBouArirrij-mokrani-revolte-1871.jpg|vignette|250x250px|Isardasen n [[Muḥend At-Meqqran]] ẓedmen ɣef [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ]] (1871). ]] [[Tugna:Combat de Tizi-Ouzou.JPG|vignette|250x250px|Amennuɣ n [[Tizi Wezzu]] (1871).]] * [[15 meɣres]] [[1871]] : [[Muḥend At-Meqqran]] yesskreḍ ṭrad<ref name=":0" />. * [[16 meɣres]] [[1871]] : Isardasen n [[Muḥend At-Meqqran]] ẓedmen ɣef [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ]]<ref name=":0" />, deg ayen gma-s {{Ill|Bumeẓrag|fr|Boumezrag El Mokrani}} d mmi-s n εemmi-s Ɛli-Burnnan ẓedmen ɣef [[Burǧ Uxriṣ]] deg temnaḍt n Iwanuɣen<ref name=":1">{{Fr}} Henri Garrot, ''Histoire générale de l'Algérie'', P. Crescenzo, 1910, ([https://books.google.dz/books?id=p-xAAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false taɣuri]), tawṛiqt 947-973.</ref>. * [[19 meɣres]] [[1871]] : {{Ill|Bumeẓrag|fr|Boumezrag El Mokrani}} d isardasen-is ẓedmen ɣef [[At Menṣur]]<ref name=":1" />. * [[8 yebrir]] [[1871]] : {{Ill|Ccix Aḥeddad|fr|Cheikh El Haddad}} yekcem ɣer ṭrad<ref name=":0" />. * [[18 yebrir]] [[1871]] : Uẓdam n [[Tizi Wezzu]]<ref name=":1" />. * [[19 yebrir]] [[1871]] : Uẓdam n [[Delles]]<ref name=":1" />. * [[20 yebrir]] [[1871]] : Uẓdam n [[Lexḍareyya|Palestro]], deg ayen Muḥand Ǧɛadi yeẓdem ɣef [[Draɛ Lmizan]]<ref name=":1" />. * [[2 mayyu]] [[1871]] : [[Muḥend At-Meqqran]] d isardasen-is ẓedmen ɣer [[Tubiret|Burǧ Ḥamza (Tubiret)]]<ref name=":1" />. * [[5 mayyu]] [[1871]] : [[Muḥend At-Meqqran]] yemmut deg [[Lmeqrani|Suflat]], gma-s {{Ill|Bumeẓrag|fr|Boumezrag El Mokrani}} ikemmel ṭrad<ref name=":1" />. * [[7 mayyu]] [[1871]] : Ɛziz mmi-s n {{Ill|Ccix Aḥeddad|fr|Cheikh El Haddad}} yeẓdem ɣef {{Ill|Tazzemalt|fr|Smala}} n [[Ɛin Ɛebbasa]]<ref name=":1" />. * [[29 mayyu]] [[1871]] : Ɛziz yeẓdem ɣef [[Ǧiǧel]]<ref name=":1" />. * [[7 yunyu]] [[1871]] : Ɛziz yeẓdem ɣef [[Ǧiǧel]]<ref name=":1" />. * [[9 yunyu]] [[1871]] : Ɛziz yeẓdem ɣef [[Ǧiǧel]]<ref name=":1" />. * [[20 yunyu]] : Lḥusin Crif yeẓdem ɣef {{Ill|Reǧǧaṣ|en|Redjas}}<ref name=":1" />. * [[30 yunyu]] [[1871]] : Ɛziz mmi-s n {{Ill|Ccix Aḥeddad|fr|Cheikh El Haddad}} yekna<ref name=":0" />. * [[13 yulyu]] [[1871]] : {{Ill|Ccix Aḥeddad|fr|Cheikh El Haddad}} yeǧǧa ṭrad<ref name=":0" />. * [[21 yulyu]] [[1871]] : Lḥusin Crif yekna<ref name=":1" />. * [[Ɣuct]] [[1871]] : Ifukk ṭṭṛad deg temnaḍt n At Mnaṣer ([[Cercal]])<ref name=":0" />. * [[Ctember]] [[1871]] : Ifukk ṭṭṛad deg tiqbilin n [[Adrar n Babuṛ|Babuṛ]]<ref name=":0" />. * [[8 tuber]] [[1871]] : {{Ill|Bumeẓrag|fr|Boumezrag El Mokrani}} ixesseṛ {{Ill|Tazzemalt|fr|Smala}}-is deg amennuɣ n <nowiki>''</nowiki>Aẓekka n Slugi<nowiki>''</nowiki> ɣer yiri n [[Timidelt n At Ḥemmad]]<ref name=":0" />. * [[20 yennayer]] [[1872]] : {{Ill|Bumeẓrag|fr|Boumezrag El Mokrani}} yettwaṭṭef deg [[Aneẓruf Ameqran|Taneẓruft]]<ref name=":0" />. * [[29 yebrir]] [[1873]] : {{Ill|Ccix Aḥeddad|fr|Cheikh El Haddad}} yemmut deg lḥebs n [[Qsenṭina]]. == Tazmilt == <references /> o8ummsqjbuumx0e8vqwg3q9w4dra2vn 0 23177 116807 116805 2026-07-11T14:39:53Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin, syin arniɣ aḍris amaynut 116807 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Colosseo 2020.jpg|vignette|Akulusyum n wass-a.]] '''Akulusyum''' neɣ '''Kulusyum''' neɣ '''Amsiswar Aflavi''' (s [[talatint]] : ''Colosseum'', s [[taṭalyanit]] : ''Colosseo''), d amsiswar ameqqren yezga-d deg [[Roma|Ṛuma]], bnan-t deg tallit n umenkad arumani ''[[Vespasyan|Vespasianus Augustus]]'' (gar 70 ed 72)<ref name=":0">{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Colosseum Colosseum],deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>, Akulusyum yesεa kuẓ (ṛebεa) n wannagen<ref name=":1">{{Fr}} [https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/Colis%C3%A9e/114078 Colisée], deg ''larousse.fr''.</ref> ed yezmer ad yawi 50 000<ref name=":0" /> neɣ 100 000 n yimferrjen<ref name=":1" />. Akulusyum sseqdacen ɣer imenɣan n imennaɣen (''gladiatores''), imennaɣen mgal iɣersiwen ed imenɣan n lebwabeṛ (''navalia proelia'')<ref name=":1" />. Deg {{Ill|Tallit-Tanammast|fr|Moyen Âge}}, yettuɣal [[Tamezdayt (Asɣan)|taglisya]], u d yiɣrem n snat n twaculin tarumanit ''Frangipane'' ed ''Annibaldi<ref name=":0" />''. Deg 2007, Akulusyum yettwaxtar d yiwen seg [[Sa n leεǧubat timaynutin n umaḍal]]<ref>{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/list/new-seven-wonders-of-the-world New Seven Wonders of the World], deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>. == 1. Aẓar d tikti n lebni == Tikti n lebni n ukulusyum d tin i d-yusan sɣur umenkad '''[[Vespasyan]]''' (Vespasien) deg useggas 70 ar 72 deffir tlalit n Ɛisa. Iswi-s yella d asertan yerna d adamsan: * '''Tuɣalin n wakal i wegdud:''' Vespasyan yefren ad yebnu asebdir-a(amsiswar-a) ɣef wemkan anda yella ugelmim udmawan n "Wexxam Awraɣ" (Domus Aurea) i yebna Niru i yiman-is kan. S wakka, Vespasyan yerra-d tallunt-nni i yimezdaɣ n Ṛuma irkelli. * '''Tadrimt n lebni:''' Akulusyum yettwabna s yidrimen n uḥwaṣ d tewsiwin i d-kkan seg tegrawla n Wudayen, gar-asen ayen i d-yewwi mmi-s Tiṭus seg useɣli n wemkan n ufakan di Lquds deg useggas 70. Lebni yekfa s ddaw ufus n umenkad '''Tiṭus''' deg useggas 80. Syin akkin, gma-s '''Dumisyan''' yerna yesseɣti-t, yerna-yas-d taserkemt taneggarut akked tzeɣwa ddaw n wakal. == Tizmilin == <references /> phjc6fzj0bg8yhakrng0bx70l30wy5j 116808 116807 2026-07-11T14:47:02Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116808 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Colosseo 2020.jpg|vignette|Akulusyum n wass-a.]] '''Akulusyum''' neɣ '''Kulusyum''' neɣ '''Amsiswar Aflavi''' (s [[talatint]] : ''Colosseum'', s [[taṭalyanit]] : ''Colosseo''), d amsiswar ameqqren yezga-d deg [[Roma|Ṛuma]], bnan-t deg tallit n umenkad aṛumani ''[[Vespasyan|Vespasianus Augustus]]'' (gar 70 ed 72)<ref name=":0">{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Colosseum Colosseum],deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>, Akulusyum yesεa kuẓ (ṛebεa) n wannagen<ref name=":1">{{Fr}} [https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/Colis%C3%A9e/114078 Colisée], deg ''larousse.fr''.</ref> anda yezmer ad yawi 50 000<ref name=":0" /> neɣ 100 000 n yimferrjen<ref name=":1" />. Akulusyum ittuseqdec deg imenɣan n yigladyaturen, ama a gar-asen, neɣ mgal iɣersiwen akked imenɣan s wudem n yiɣerruba<ref name=":1" />. Deg {{Ill|Tallit-Tanammast|fr|Moyen Âge}}, yettuɣal [[Tamezdayt (Asɣan)|taglisya]], u d yiɣrem n snat n twaculin tarumanit ''Frangipane'' ed ''Annibaldi<ref name=":0" />''. Deg 2007, Akulusyum yettwaxtar d yiwen seg [[Sa n leεǧubat timaynutin n umaḍal]]<ref>{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/list/new-seven-wonders-of-the-world New Seven Wonders of the World], deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>. == 1. Aẓar d tikti n lebni == Tikti n lebni n ukulusyum d tin i d-yusan sɣur umenkad '''[[Vespasyan]]''' (Vespasien) deg useggas 70 ar 72 deffir tlalit n Ɛisa. Iswi-s yella d asertan yerna d adamsan: * '''Tuɣalin n wakal i wegdud:''' Vespasyan yefren ad yebnu asebdir-a(amsiswar-a) ɣef wemkan anda yella ugelmim udmawan n "Wexxam Awraɣ" (Domus Aurea) i yebna Niru i yiman-is kan. S wakka, Vespasyan yerra-d tallunt-nni i yimezdaɣ n Ṛuma irkelli. * '''Tadrimt n lebni:''' Akulusyum yettwabna s yidrimen n uḥwaṣ d tewsiwin i d-kkan seg tegrawla n Wudayen, gar-asen ayen i d-yewwi mmi-s Tiṭus seg useɣli n wemkan n ufakan di Lquds deg useggas 70. Lebni yekfa s ddaw ufus n umenkad '''Tiṭus''' deg useggas 80. Syin akkin, gma-s '''Dumisyan''' yerna yesseɣti-t, yerna-yas-d taserkemt taneggarut akked tzeɣwa ddaw n wakal. == Tizmilin == <references /> s2w9l46wquvpwqfrvez80s1vkz2ibr9 116809 116808 2026-07-11T20:05:41Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116809 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Colosseo 2020.jpg|vignette|Akulusyum n wass-a.]] '''Akulusyum''' neɣ '''Kulusyum''' neɣ '''Amsiswar Aflavi''' (s [[talatint]] : ''Colosseum'', s [[taṭalyanit]] : ''Colosseo''), d amsiswar ameqqren yezga-d deg [[Roma|Ṛuma]], bnan-t deg tallit n umenkad aṛumani ''[[Vespasyan|Vespasianus Augustus]]'' (gar 70 ed 72)<ref name=":0">{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Colosseum Colosseum],deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>, Akulusyum yesεa kuẓ (ṛebεa) n wannagen<ref name=":1">{{Fr}} [https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/Colis%C3%A9e/114078 Colisée], deg ''larousse.fr''.</ref> anda yezmer ad yawi 50 000<ref name=":0" /> neɣ 100 000 n yimferrjen<ref name=":1" />. Akulusyum ittuseqdec deg imenɣan n yigladyaturen, ama a gar-asen, neɣ mgal iɣersiwen akked imenɣan s wudem n yiɣerruba<ref name=":1" />. Deg {{Ill|Tallit-Tanammast|fr|Moyen Âge}}, yettuɣal [[Tamezdayt (Asɣan)|taglisya]], u d yiɣrem n snat n twaculin tarumanit ''Frangipane'' ed ''Annibaldi<ref name=":0" />''. Deg 2007, Akulusyum yettwaxtar d yiwen seg [[Sa n leεǧubat timaynutin n umaḍal]]<ref>{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/list/new-seven-wonders-of-the-world New Seven Wonders of the World], deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>. == 1. Aẓar d tikti n lebni == Tikti n lebni n ukulusyum d tin i d-yusan sɣur umenkad '''[[Vespasyan]]''' (Vespasien) deg useggas 70 ar 72 deffir tlalit n Ɛisa. Iswi-s yella d asertan yerna d adamsan: * '''Tuɣalin n wakal i wegdud:''' Vespasyan yefren ad yebnu asebdir-a(amsiswar-a) ɣef wemkan anda yella ugelmim udmawan n "Wexxam Awraɣ" (Domus Aurea) i yebna [[Niru]] i yiman-is kan. S wakka, Vespasyan yerra-d tallunt-nni i yimezdaɣ n Ṛuma irkelli. * '''Tadrimt n lebni:''' Akulusyum yettwabna s yidrimen n uḥwaṣ d tewsiwin i d-kkan seg tegrawla n Wudayen, gar-asen ayen i d-yewwi mmi-s Tiṭus seg useɣli n wemkan n ufakan di Lquds deg useggas 70. Lebni yekfa s ddaw ufus n umenkad '''Tiṭus''' deg useggas 80. Syin akkin, gma-s '''Dumisyan''' yerna yesseɣti-t, yerna-yas-d taserkemt taneggarut akked tzeɣwa ddaw n wakal. == 2. Tasegda d tanga n lebni == Akulusyum d aɣewwaɣ deg unagraw n lebni-s. Mgal yisebdiriyen igrigiyen i yettwabnan deg yidurar, Akulusyum yettwabna ɣef lqaɛa timseggemt, yerna iɛemmed ɣef tɣessa n yisekkaren ijdiden deg tallit-nni. {| class="wikitable" |'''Ayla''' |'''Aglam d Waktal''' |- |'''Talɣa''' |Tamellalt (Ovale) |- |'''Teɣzi''' |189 n lmitrat |- |'''Tehri''' |156 n lmitrat |- |'''Tattayt''' |48 n lmitrat |- |'''Amḍan n yimferrjen''' |Gar 50.000 ar 80.000 n yemdanen |- |'''Tanga''' |Aẓru n Travertin, uzzal, aɣrab n tyajuṛt, ssiman aṛumani |} === Iḥricen n Usebdir(amsiswar): === * '''Annar:''' D asalu alemmas anda ttqabalen yigladyaturen. Yettwaɣem s tencirin n wusɣar, ɣef wacu ssersen ijdi akken ad yessimẓ iseffen n yidammen n wid yettmettaten. * '''Tizeɣwa n ddaw wakal (Ipejyum - Hypogée):''' Dumisyan yebna-d aẓeṭṭa n tzeɣwa d yiberdan ddaw n wennar. Dinna i ttheyyin yiɣersiwen n tẓegwa (izmawen, iɣilasen) d yigladyaturen. Sseqdacen allalen ikinaniyen (ascenseurs et poulies) akken ad d-ssalin iɣersiwen ɣer wennar s wudem awham. * '''Tiserkmin:''' Imferrjen ttwabḍan neɣ ttwaferqen ɣef tseddarin n tɣimit ilmend n tserkemt-nsen deg tmetti. Imaslaḍen n Usqamu d yimenkaden sɣimin deg tseddarin timezwura (yellan s uẓru n marmar), ma d agdud aḥerfi, tlawin, d yiklan sɣimin deg tseddarin tinneggura. == Tizmilin == <references /> nxsa5ycdpzo6kh2n6x1ylnezv1z5m6g 0 25512 116811 116806 2026-07-12T10:03:39Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116811 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Nero Glyptothek Munich 321.jpg|vignette|Aqerru n Niru, seg usebdad-ines.]] '''Niru''' (s tlatinit: ''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''), ilul deg 15 Dujamber 37 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani wis semmus(xemsa), yerna d aneggaru deg twacult n Yulyu-Klud (''Julio-Claudienne''). Yeṭṭef adabu seg useggas 54 ar 68 S.Ɛ. Xas akken iseggasen imezwura n udabu-s llan d wid n talwit d teɣdemt, isem-is yeqqen s lqis ɣer tdankit, takriḍt, akked Tmes Tameqqrant n Ṛuma. D yiwen seg yigelliden i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, maca yettwassen s yir isem ɣef ljal n temsal n ddell i yexdem. == Temẓi d Talyat ɣer Uqerru n Tmenkda == === Aẓar d Twacult === Isem-is amezwaru d '''Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus'''. Yemma-s d Agrippina Tamẓiyant, i yellan d yiwet n tmeṭṭut yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg tsertit taṛumanit. Tella d weltma-s n umenkad Kaligula (Caligula). === Anekcum ɣer Udabu (54 S.Ɛ) === Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, Agrippina tezweǧ d ɛemmi-s, amenkad Kludyus(''Claudius)''. S tiḥerci-s d txazabiyin-is, tessaweḍ ad tqenneɛ ''Claudius'' ad d-irebbu Niru am mmi-s, yerna ad t-yessers d amekkasu-ines, xas akken ''Claudius'' yesɛa mmi-s n tidet i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut-is tamezwarut (''Britannicus''). S deffir lmut n ''Claudius'' deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ (aṭas i yeqqaren belli d Agrippina i t-yesseččen s ssem), Niru yuli ɣer uqerru n tmenkda taṛumanit, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is. == Iseggasen Imezwura n Udabu (Quinquennium Neronis) == Tallit tamezwarut n lḥekm-is tella s ddaw n ufus d wallen n kraḍ wudmawen imeqqranen: * '''Agrippina (Yemma-s):''' I yebɣan ad teḥkem tamenkda s ufus n mmi-s. Deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, drus n tlawin i yesɛan tazmert d tezmert n tsertit am Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi i d-tewweḍ ad tessers mmi-s Niru ɣef wudem n udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, asmi yesɛa kan mraw d sa (17) n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is, tella tettwali iman-is d nettat i d aqeṛṛu n tidet n tmurt. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus iseggasen iṣfan n Niru), llan d annar n umennuɣ uffir ɣef udabu gar kraḍ n tgejda: Agrippina s timmad-is, afiluzuf Sinik (Sénèque), akked ujeniral Burrus. Deg yiseggasen imezwura, Agrippina ur teffir ara akk lebɣi-s deg udabu. Tella tettekka deg tlufa n uwanek s wudem unṣib d wudem uffir. D nettat i yesselḥayen isuda imeqqranen n Ṛuma s yisem n mmi-s, yerna tessaweḍ ad tessekcem isem-is d tugna-s ula deg tedrimt (tiẓraf) taṛumanit. Deg waṭas n tebniqin n lawan-nni, tugna-s tella tetteddu-d s yidis n tugna n Niru, d ayen i d-yesskanen belli aẓayeṛ-is yerna ɣef uẓayeṛ n tmeṭṭut n umenkad neɣ yemma-s kan; tella d tamerkantit deg tmenkda. Rnu ɣef waya, asmi ara d-yili usemres n Usqamu Unnig (Sénat), Agrippina tella tettaṭṭaf amkan deffir n uɣenbur neɣ n tdebbuzt, tselled i wayen i d-yettwaxedmen yerna tettekka deg teɣtasin war ma walan-tt-id yinaẓrafen (iɛeggalen n usqamu). Iswi-s yella d aḥraz n udabu i d-tebna s ddeqs n txazabiyin d yidammen n wid i tt-yugin. Maca, tazrirt-agi tameqqrant n Agrippina tebda tewwi-d acewwel ɣef Sinik d Burrus, i yellan d wid yessegzayen i Niru amek ara yiḥkem s teɣdemt d usaḍuf. Sin-a n yirgazen n tsertit walan belli aɣmar n Agrippina yezmer ad yesseɣli tamenkda deg tdankit d usenṭeḍ n tmenɣiwt. Dɣa bdan ttekksen-as adabu s ddaw yiḍarren-is. Llan ttweṣṣin Niru, sskanayen-as-d belli d netta i d amenkad ameqqran, yerna issefk fell-as ad yeḥkem s timanit war ma yeqqim s ddaw tmuɣli n yemma-s. S tallelt-nsen, Niru yebda yettḥussu belli tazmert-is tella s ddaw n ufus n tmeṭṭut-a tamesbaṭlit, dɣa yebda yettarra-tt ɣer teɣmart. Tuqqna i d-yellan gar Niru d yemma-s tebda tettqerriṣ s ssebba n tudert-is tayiwnant. Agrippina tḥettem ɣef mmi-s ad yezweǧ d Ukṭafya (Octavie), iwakken ad yesseğhed aẓar-is deg twacult tamenkadt. Maca Niru yugi-tt, yerna yeɣli-d deg tayri n yiwet n tqeddact i d-yettwasuref i wumi qqaren Akṭi (Acte). Agrippina, imi twala belli tazrirt-is ɣef mmi-s tetteddu ad teɣli ɣef ljal n tqeddact-a, terfa aṭas yerna tebda tettgalla mgal Niru deg wuxxam n umenkad ameqqran. Tugdi-s tameqqrant tella d akken Akṭi ad tessiweḍ ad teḥkem deg wallaɣ n Niru, ayen ara d-yeglun s uṭixer n Agrippina seg tsertit. Imi twala Niru yeffeɣ-as i wawal, Agrippina tessedrem-it s yiwen n wawal aẓayan: teggez-it belli ad tbeddel liser, yerna ad tesbedd Britanikus (mmi-s n Claudius n tidet) ɣef uqerru n tmenkda deg wemkan-is, acku d netta i d amekkasu aḥeqqani. Taggazt-agi tella d tuccḍa tameqqrant i texdem Agrippina. Niru, i d-yettrebban deg unnar n tkerrist, ur yeǧǧi ara lweqt i yemma-s. Yefka tinaḍin, yessaweḍ yenɣa Britanikus s ssem deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, zdat n wallen n Agrippina. S lmut n Britanikus, Agrippina tefhem belli mmi-s yuɣal d aseddanku i yezmer ad isengger ula d nettat. Seg wass-nni, Niru yekkes-as akk iɣallen-is d tɛessasin-is timezwura, yessufeɣ-itt seg uxxam n udabu, yerna yerra-tt tettidir weḥd-s deg yiwen n uxxam nniḍen. Tazrirt-is tasertant temmut dges, ɣas akken tudert-is tkemmel kra n yiseggasen ar d-yaweḍ useggas n 59 S.Ɛ, anda i d-yefka Niru anaḍ aneggaru iwakken ad tt-nɣen iserdasen-is, ayen i d-yessufɣen amenkad-a ɣer yiwet n tallit tamaynut n tkriḍt n tmeddurt-is. * '''Sinik:''' Afiluzuf d amusnaw ameqqran i t-isselmeden. Lucius Annaeus Seneca, i yettwassnen s yisem n Sinik (Sénèque), d yiwen seg wudmawen i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit d tfelsafit tagraɣlant. D afiluzuf n uɣerbaz [[Tastuysit|astuyan]] (''stoïcien''), d amaru n umezgun, yerna d asertan ameqqran. Xas akken isem-is yeqqen s waṭas ɣer tuɣẓint n lɛeqliya, ṣṣbeṛ, d tezdeg n wul, amezruy-is asertan yezdi s telqayt d tmeddurt d yir tikli n umenkad Niru. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru llan d unnar anda Sinik yessemres tiktiwin-is iwakken ad iselḥu awanek aṛumani, maca llan daɣen d tazwira n tuccḍa-s ɣer tsusmi d uqbal n lbaṭel. Tudert tasertant n Sinik tebda s uɣilif. Deg useggas 41 S.Ɛ, amenkad Kludyus (Claudius) yenfa-t ɣer tegzirt n Kurṣika s rregmat n yir tikli d yiwet n tmeṭṭut n udabu. Yeqqim dinna ṭam n yiseggasen, yettaru idlisen ɣef ṣṣbeṛ d tuẓult. Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, taddart-is tebded-d sɣur Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi tezweǧ d Kludyus yerna tessaweḍ ad d-tessekcem mmi-s Niru ɣer wexxam n udabu amekkasu, teḥwaǧ argaz amusnaw, yesɛan ccan d wawal, ara yesselmeden mmi-s. Tekkes-as lmenfi i Sinik, terra-t d aselmad agejdan n Niru. Iswi n Agrippina yella d aselḥu n tugna n mmi-s zdat n uɣref d Usqamu Unnig. Sinka, s tmussni-s d tfelsafit-is, yebda yessers lsas n tẓult d tsertit deg wallaɣ n Niru, ɣas akken yufa d akken Niru yesɛa aṭas n leḥmala ɣer tẓuri, amezgun, d ccna ugar n tlufa n udabu d teɣdemt. * '''Burrus:''' Aqerruy n yiserdasen iḥeddayen n umenkad. Deg yiseggasen-a imezwura, tsertit n Ṛuma teṣfa. Niru yesseḥbiber ɣef teɣdemt, yesselhu aẓayeṛ n yiqeddacen (iklan), yerna yefka azal i Usqamu Unnig (''Imni arumani''). Isem n tallit-a yeqqim-d deg umezruy am tsusmi d ubaɣur i tmenkda. == Tadankit d Tnekkra ɣef Yimawlan == Maca, s leɛḍil, Niru yebda yettwexxiṛ seg teɣri n yimawlan-is. Ikcem-it uɣemlil (Aɣedlilef) d ukukru n teḥraymit. * '''Timenɣiwt n yemma-s (59 S.Ɛ):''' Imi Agrippina tkemmel tessekcam iman-is deg tlufa n udabu, Niru yeɣtes ad t-yessenger. Deffir n waṭas n wudmawen i yexdem iwakken ad tt-ineɣ s tuffra (am uɣrab n lbabuṛ yetturẓen iwakken ad yeɣreq), ɣer taggara iceggeɛ-as iserdasen i tt-yenɣan. * '''Timenɣiwt n tlawin-is:''' Yenɣa tameṭṭut-is tamezwarut, Octavia, iwakken ad yezweǧ d Poppaea Sabina. Dɣa ula d Poppaea yenɣa-tt s teyitiwin mi tella s tadist. Ssakkin, ula d ameskar-is Sinka, iḥettem fell-as ad yenɣu iman-is. Niru yeqher inaẓrafen d yimeqqranen n tmenkda, yettarra-d akk ayla n Ṛuma d ayla-s. == Times Tameqqrant n Ṛuma d Uqehheṛ n Yimasiḥiyen (64 S.Ɛ) == Aneḍru yettwassnen aṭas deg tallit-is d times tameqqrant i yewwten tamdint n Ṛuma deg Yulyu n useggas 64. Times-agi tesreɣ aṭas n yigmamen n temdint d wazal n sḍis n wussan. * '''Tuccḍa n Niru:''' Inekcamen n lawan-nni qqaren-d belli Niru yella icennu yerna yekkat agiṭar mi tetteṛɣay Ṛuma, yettxayel-d iman-is deg umezgun am aɣelluy n Tṛwa (''Troie''), ɣas akken ulac anza ufris ɣef waya. Maca isugen-as d ayen n lmuḥal. * '''Tamasit ɣef Yimasiḥiyen:''' Iwakken ad isukkes iman-is seg rregmat n uɣref, Niru yerra tamasit d uɣilif ɣef tegrawt tamaynut n ddin i d-ibanen: '''Imasiḥiyen'''. Yeqher-iten s lḥif, yerra-ten d tiɣtas n tkerrist, isreɣ-iten, yerna yessaweḍ-iten ar lmut s yir isuraf deg wurar n unnar n tẓuri. == Tẓuri, Amezgun d Usenfar "Domus Aurea" == Niru yesɛa aramsu ameqqran i tẓuri. Yella yettwali iman-is d anaẓur (cennu, amezgun, timsizzelt n yikeryuten). Yella yettruḥu ad yurar deg tmurt n Legrig, ayen yessetḥan aṭas asqamu ameqqran aṛumani, acku ur d-yewwi ara s ccan i yiwen n umenkad ad yurar s udem agdudan gar yimdanen imuta. Deffir n Tmes Tameqqrant, yexdem yiwen n usebɣer ameqqran : yebna axxam n ugelid d ameqqran i s-yefka isem n '''Domus Aurea''' (Axxam n Wureɣ). Tella d yiwet n temṣukt tameqqrant yerna d tabaẓṭit i yeččan aṭas n tedrimt d twensi n uɣref aṛumani. == Taggara d Uɣelluy n Umenkad (65 - 68 S.Ɛ) == Tasertit n Niru deg tdamsa teččur d axessar, d ayen i d-yewwin lxiq d wurrif seg yal tama n tmenkda, ladɣa gar yimḍebbren n lɛeskeṛ. * '''Tigrawliwin n Yijeniralen:''' Deg useggas 68, yiwet n tegrawla tnekkred deg tmurt n Ɣul (''Gaule'') s ddaw tmehla n Vindex, syin tkemmel-d s tagrawla n Galba deg tmurt n Ṣbenya (Hispania). * '''Timenɣiwt n yiman:''' Imi yufa iman-is weḥd-s, iserdasen-is d asqamu wwin-tt mgal-is yerna rran-t d "Aɛdaw n Uwanek". Niru yerwel seg temdint n Ṛuma. Mi yesla belli iserdasen teddun-d ad t-ṭṭfen iwakken ad t-nɣen s lmut n ddell (s uqbaṛ deg usalu), Niru yewwet iman-is s tuzzalt ɣer temgerṭ s tallelt n uqeddac-is (Epaphroditus) deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ. 6i2623yu9vdxwyqxw12ksfkzmioipfo