Niru

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    <title>Niru</title>
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      <text bytes="11247" sha1="iwktthdklq0e2nwiyhhqpmsx7yhirqg" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nero Glyptothek Munich 321.jpg|vignette|Aqerru n Niru, seg usebdad-ines.]]
'''Niru''' (s tlatinit: ''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''), ilul deg 15 Dujamber 37 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani wis semmus(xemsa), yerna d aneggaru deg twacult n Yulyu-Klud (''Julio-Claudienne''). Yeṭṭef adabu seg useggas 54 ar 68 S.Ɛ. Xas akken iseggasen imezwura n udabu-s llan d wid n talwit d teɣdemt, isem-is yeqqen s lqis ɣer tdankit, takriḍt, akked Tmes Tameqqrant n Ṛuma. D yiwen seg yigelliden i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, maca yettwassen s yir isem ɣef ljal n temsal n ddell i yexdem.

== Temẓi d Talyat ɣer Uqerru n Tmenkda ==

=== Aẓar d Twacult ===
Isem-is amezwaru d '''Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus'''. Yemma-s d Agrippina Tamẓiyant, i yellan d yiwet n tmeṭṭut yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg tsertit taṛumanit. Tella d weltma-s n umenkad Kaligula (Caligula).

=== Anekcum ɣer Udabu (54 S.Ɛ) ===
Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, Agrippina tezweǧ d ɛemmi-s, amenkad Kludyus(''Claudius)''. S tiḥerci-s d txazabiyin-is, tessaweḍ ad tqenneɛ ''Claudius'' ad d-irebbu Niru am mmi-s, yerna ad t-yessers d amekkasu-ines, xas akken ''Claudius'' yesɛa mmi-s n tidet i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut-is tamezwarut (''Britannicus''). S deffir lmut n ''Claudius'' deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ (aṭas i yeqqaren belli d Agrippina i t-yesseččen s ssem), Niru yuli ɣer uqerru n tmenkda taṛumanit, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is.

== Iseggasen Imezwura n Udabu (Quinquennium Neronis) ==
Tallit tamezwarut n lḥekm-is tella s ddaw n ufus d wallen n kraḍ wudmawen imeqqranen:

* '''Agrippina (Yemma-s):''' I yebɣan ad teḥkem tamenkda s ufus n mmi-s.
Deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, drus n tlawin i yesɛan tazmert d tezmert n tsertit am Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi i d-tewweḍ ad tessers mmi-s Niru ɣef wudem n udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, asmi yesɛa kan mraw d sa (17) n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is, tella tettwali iman-is d nettat i d aqeṛṛu n tidet n tmurt. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus iseggasen iṣfan n Niru), llan d annar n umennuɣ uffir ɣef udabu gar kraḍ n tgejda: Agrippina s timmad-is, afiluzuf Sinik (Sénèque), akked ujeniral Burrus.

Deg yiseggasen imezwura, Agrippina ur teffir ara akk lebɣi-s deg udabu. Tella tettekka deg tlufa n uwanek s wudem unṣib d wudem uffir. D nettat i yesselḥayen isuda imeqqranen n Ṛuma s yisem n mmi-s, yerna tessaweḍ ad tessekcem isem-is d tugna-s ula deg tedrimt (tiẓraf) taṛumanit. Deg waṭas n tebniqin n lawan-nni, tugna-s tella tetteddu-d s yidis n tugna n Niru, d ayen i d-yesskanen belli aẓayeṛ-is yerna ɣef uẓayeṛ n tmeṭṭut n umenkad neɣ yemma-s kan; tella d tamerkantit deg tmenkda. Rnu ɣef waya, asmi ara d-yili usemres n Usqamu Unnig (Sénat), Agrippina tella tettaṭṭaf amkan deffir n uɣenbur neɣ n tdebbuzt, tselled i wayen i d-yettwaxedmen yerna tettekka deg teɣtasin war ma walan-tt-id yinaẓrafen (iɛeggalen n usqamu). Iswi-s yella d aḥraz n udabu i d-tebna s ddeqs n txazabiyin d yidammen n wid i tt-yugin.

Maca, tazrirt-agi tameqqrant n Agrippina tebda tewwi-d acewwel ɣef Sinik d Burrus, i yellan d wid yessegzayen i Niru amek ara yiḥkem s teɣdemt d usaḍuf. Sin-a n yirgazen n tsertit walan belli aɣmar n Agrippina yezmer ad yesseɣli tamenkda deg tdankit d usenṭeḍ n tmenɣiwt. Dɣa bdan ttekksen-as adabu s ddaw yiḍarren-is. Llan ttweṣṣin Niru, sskanayen-as-d belli d netta i d amenkad ameqqran, yerna issefk fell-as ad yeḥkem s timanit war ma yeqqim s ddaw tmuɣli n yemma-s. S tallelt-nsen, Niru yebda yettḥussu belli tazmert-is tella s ddaw n ufus n tmeṭṭut-a tamesbaṭlit, dɣa yebda yettarra-tt ɣer teɣmart.

Tuqqna i d-yellan gar Niru d yemma-s tebda tettqerriṣ s ssebba n tudert-is tayiwnant. Agrippina tḥettem ɣef mmi-s ad yezweǧ d Ukṭafya (Octavie), iwakken ad yesseğhed aẓar-is deg twacult tamenkadt. Maca Niru yugi-tt, yerna yeɣli-d deg tayri n yiwet n tqeddact i d-yettwasuref i wumi qqaren Akṭi (Acte). Agrippina, imi twala belli tazrirt-is ɣef mmi-s tetteddu ad teɣli ɣef ljal n tqeddact-a, terfa aṭas yerna tebda tettgalla mgal Niru deg wuxxam n umenkad ameqqran. Tugdi-s tameqqrant tella d akken Akṭi ad tessiweḍ ad teḥkem deg wallaɣ n Niru, ayen ara d-yeglun s uṭixer n Agrippina seg tsertit.

Imi twala Niru yeffeɣ-as i wawal, Agrippina tessedrem-it s yiwen n wawal aẓayan: teggez-it belli ad tbeddel liser, yerna ad tesbedd Britanikus (mmi-s n Claudius n tidet) ɣef uqerru n tmenkda deg wemkan-is, acku d netta i d amekkasu aḥeqqani. Taggazt-agi tella d tuccḍa tameqqrant i texdem Agrippina. Niru, i d-yettrebban deg unnar n tkerrist, ur yeǧǧi ara lweqt i yemma-s. Yefka tinaḍin, yessaweḍ yenɣa Britanikus s ssem deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, zdat n wallen n Agrippina.

S lmut n Britanikus, Agrippina tefhem belli mmi-s yuɣal d aseddanku i yezmer ad isengger ula d nettat. Seg wass-nni, Niru yekkes-as akk iɣallen-is d tɛessasin-is timezwura, yessufeɣ-itt seg uxxam n udabu, yerna yerra-tt tettidir weḥd-s deg yiwen n uxxam nniḍen. Tazrirt-is tasertant temmut dges, ɣas akken tudert-is tkemmel kra n yiseggasen ar d-yaweḍ useggas n 59 S.Ɛ, anda i d-yefka Niru anaḍ aneggaru iwakken ad tt-nɣen iserdasen-is, ayen i d-yessufɣen amenkad-a ɣer yiwet n tallit tamaynut n tkriḍt n tmeddurt-is.
* '''Sinik:''' Afiluzuf d amusnaw ameqqran i t-isselmeden.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca, i yettwassnen s yisem n Sinik (Sénèque), d yiwen seg wudmawen i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit d tfelsafit tagraɣlant. D afiluzuf n uɣerbaz [[Tastuysit|astuyan]] (''stoïcien''), d amaru n umezgun, yerna d asertan ameqqran. Xas akken isem-is yeqqen s waṭas ɣer tuɣẓint n lɛeqliya, ṣṣbeṛ, d tezdeg n wul, amezruy-is asertan yezdi s telqayt d tmeddurt d yir tikli n umenkad Niru. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru llan d unnar anda Sinik yessemres tiktiwin-is iwakken ad iselḥu awanek aṛumani, maca llan daɣen d tazwira n tuccḍa-s ɣer tsusmi d uqbal n lbaṭel.

Tudert tasertant n Sinik tebda s uɣilif. Deg useggas 41 S.Ɛ, amenkad Kludyus (Claudius) yenfa-t ɣer tegzirt n Kurṣika s rregmat n yir tikli d yiwet n tmeṭṭut n udabu. Yeqqim dinna ṭam n yiseggasen, yettaru idlisen ɣef ṣṣbeṛ d tuẓult.

Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, taddart-is tebded-d sɣur Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi tezweǧ d Kludyus yerna tessaweḍ ad d-tessekcem mmi-s Niru ɣer wexxam n udabu amekkasu, teḥwaǧ argaz amusnaw, yesɛan ccan d wawal, ara yesselmeden mmi-s. Tekkes-as lmenfi i Sinik, terra-t d aselmad agejdan n Niru. Iswi n Agrippina yella d aselḥu n tugna n mmi-s zdat n uɣref d Usqamu Unnig. Sinka, s tmussni-s d tfelsafit-is, yebda yessers lsas n tẓult d tsertit deg wallaɣ n Niru, ɣas akken yufa d akken Niru yesɛa aṭas n leḥmala ɣer tẓuri, amezgun, d ccna ugar n tlufa n udabu d teɣdemt.

Asmi yewweḍ Niru ɣer udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen. Ssebba n temẓi-s, ur yesɛi ara tirmit iwakken ad iselḥu tamenkda s timmad-is. D dagi i d-iban wazal n Sinik akked umeddakkel-is asertan, Burrus (Ajeniral n tredsa n umenkad).

Iseggasen-a imezwura ulin ɣer umezruy s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus n yiseggasen iṣfan n Niru). Deg tidet, macci d Niru i yellan iḥekkem, maca d Sinik d Burrus. Tasertit i d-wwin tella d tin yebnan ɣef tezdeg d telwit:

# Aseɣti n Teɣdemt''':''' Sinik yessaweḍ ad yekkes aṭas n lqewanin iẓayanen i yellan sqehiren imdanen.
# Tajmilt i Usqamu Unnig''':''' Iwakken ad isemneɛ tamenkda seg tdankit, Sinik yerra-d azal i inaẓrafen n Usqamu Unnig, yeǧǧa-ten ad d-fken rray-nsen deg tlufa tigejdanin n tmurt.
# Asenqes n Tiwsiwin''':''' Yexdem tarrayin iwakken ad yesnulfu tadamsa yelhan i yigellilen, yerna yesenqes asgufsu deg temnaḍin n tmenkda.
* '''Burrus:''' Aqerruy n yiserdasen iḥeddayen n umenkad.

Deg yiseggasen-a imezwura, tsertit n Ṛuma teṣfa. Niru yesseḥbiber ɣef teɣdemt, yesselhu aẓayeṛ n yiqeddacen (iklan), yerna yefka azal i Usqamu Unnig (''Imni arumani''). Isem n tallit-a yeqqim-d deg umezruy am tsusmi d ubaɣur i tmenkda.

== Tadankit d Tnekkra ɣef Yimawlan ==
Maca, s leɛḍil, Niru yebda yettwexxiṛ seg teɣri n yimawlan-is. Ikcem-it uɣemlil (Aɣedlilef) d ukukru n teḥraymit.

* '''Timenɣiwt n yemma-s (59 S.Ɛ):''' Imi Agrippina tkemmel tessekcam iman-is deg tlufa n udabu, Niru yeɣtes ad t-yessenger. Deffir n waṭas n wudmawen i yexdem iwakken ad tt-ineɣ s tuffra (am uɣrab n lbabuṛ yetturẓen iwakken ad yeɣreq), ɣer taggara iceggeɛ-as iserdasen i tt-yenɣan.
* '''Timenɣiwt n tlawin-is:''' Yenɣa tameṭṭut-is tamezwarut, Octavia, iwakken ad yezweǧ d Poppaea Sabina. Dɣa ula d Poppaea yenɣa-tt s teyitiwin mi tella s tadist. Ssakkin, ula d ameskar-is Sinka, iḥettem fell-as ad yenɣu iman-is. Niru yeqher inaẓrafen d yimeqqranen n tmenkda, yettarra-d akk ayla n Ṛuma d ayla-s.

== Times Tameqqrant n Ṛuma d Uqehheṛ n Yimasiḥiyen (64 S.Ɛ) ==
Aneḍru yettwassnen aṭas deg tallit-is d times tameqqrant i yewwten tamdint n Ṛuma deg Yulyu n useggas 64. Times-agi tesreɣ aṭas n yigmamen n temdint d wazal n sḍis n wussan.

* '''Tuccḍa n Niru:''' Inekcamen n lawan-nni qqaren-d belli Niru yella icennu yerna yekkat agiṭar mi tetteṛɣay Ṛuma, yettxayel-d iman-is deg umezgun am aɣelluy n Tṛwa (''Troie''), ɣas akken ulac anza ufris ɣef waya. Maca isugen-as d ayen n lmuḥal.
* '''Tamasit ɣef Yimasiḥiyen:''' Iwakken ad isukkes iman-is seg rregmat n uɣref, Niru yerra tamasit d uɣilif ɣef tegrawt tamaynut n ddin i d-ibanen: '''Imasiḥiyen'''. Yeqher-iten s lḥif, yerra-ten d tiɣtas n tkerrist, isreɣ-iten, yerna yessaweḍ-iten ar lmut s yir isuraf deg wurar n unnar n tẓuri.

== Tẓuri, Amezgun d Usenfar &quot;Domus Aurea&quot; ==
Niru yesɛa aramsu ameqqran i tẓuri. Yella yettwali iman-is d anaẓur (cennu, amezgun, timsizzelt n yikeryuten). Yella yettruḥu ad yurar deg tmurt n Legrig, ayen yessetḥan aṭas asqamu ameqqran aṛumani, acku ur d-yewwi ara s ccan i yiwen n umenkad ad yurar s udem agdudan gar yimdanen imuta.

Deffir n Tmes Tameqqrant, yexdem yiwen n usebɣer ameqqran : yebna axxam n ugelid d ameqqran i s-yefka isem n '''Domus Aurea''' (Axxam n Wureɣ). Tella d yiwet n temṣukt tameqqrant yerna d tabaẓṭit i yeččan aṭas n tedrimt d twensi n uɣref aṛumani.

== Taggara d Uɣelluy n Umenkad (65 - 68 S.Ɛ) ==
Tasertit n Niru deg tdamsa teččur d axessar, d ayen i d-yewwin lxiq d wurrif seg yal tama n tmenkda, ladɣa gar yimḍebbren n lɛeskeṛ.

* '''Tigrawliwin n Yijeniralen:''' Deg useggas 68, yiwet n tegrawla tnekkred deg tmurt n Ɣul (''Gaule'') s ddaw tmehla n Vindex, syin tkemmel-d s tagrawla n Galba deg tmurt n Ṣbenya (Hispania).
* '''Timenɣiwt n yiman:''' Imi yufa iman-is weḥd-s, iserdasen-is d asqamu wwin-tt mgal-is yerna rran-t d &quot;Aɛdaw n Uwanek&quot;. Niru yerwel seg temdint n Ṛuma. Mi yesla belli iserdasen teddun-d ad t-ṭṭfen iwakken ad t-nɣen s lmut n ddell (s uqbaṛ deg usalu), Niru yewwet iman-is s tuzzalt ɣer temgerṭ s tallelt n uqeddac-is (Epaphroditus) deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ.</text>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <text bytes="12486" sha1="rhvcizejewodnyr8g6mz4xtykswyeuk" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nero Glyptothek Munich 321.jpg|vignette|Aqerru n Niru, seg usebdad-ines.]]
'''Niru''' (s tlatinit: ''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''), ilul deg 15 Dujamber 37 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani wis semmus(xemsa), yerna d aneggaru deg twacult n Yulyu-Klud (''Julio-Claudienne''). Yeṭṭef adabu seg useggas 54 ar 68 S.Ɛ. Xas akken iseggasen imezwura n udabu-s llan d wid n talwit d teɣdemt, isem-is yeqqen s lqis ɣer tdankit, takriḍt, akked Tmes Tameqqrant n Ṛuma. D yiwen seg yigelliden i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, maca yettwassen s yir isem ɣef ljal n temsal n ddell i yexdem.

== Temẓi d Talyat ɣer Uqerru n Tmenkda ==

=== Aẓar d Twacult ===
Isem-is amezwaru d '''Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus'''. Yemma-s d Agrippina Tamẓiyant, i yellan d yiwet n tmeṭṭut yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg tsertit taṛumanit. Tella d weltma-s n umenkad Kaligula (Caligula).

=== Anekcum ɣer Udabu (54 S.Ɛ) ===
Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, Agrippina tezweǧ d ɛemmi-s, amenkad Kludyus(''Claudius)''. S tiḥerci-s d txazabiyin-is, tessaweḍ ad tqenneɛ ''Claudius'' ad d-irebbu Niru am mmi-s, yerna ad t-yessers d amekkasu-ines, xas akken ''Claudius'' yesɛa mmi-s n tidet i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut-is tamezwarut (''Britannicus''). S deffir lmut n ''Claudius'' deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ (aṭas i yeqqaren belli d Agrippina i t-yesseččen s ssem), Niru yuli ɣer uqerru n tmenkda taṛumanit, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is.

== Iseggasen Imezwura n Udabu (Quinquennium Neronis) ==
Tallit tamezwarut n lḥekm-is tella s ddaw n ufus d wallen n kraḍ wudmawen imeqqranen:

* '''Agrippina (Yemma-s):''' I yebɣan ad teḥkem tamenkda s ufus n mmi-s.
Deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, drus n tlawin i yesɛan tazmert d tezmert n tsertit am Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi i d-tewweḍ ad tessers mmi-s Niru ɣef wudem n udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, asmi yesɛa kan mraw d sa (17) n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is, tella tettwali iman-is d nettat i d aqeṛṛu n tidet n tmurt. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus iseggasen iṣfan n Niru), llan d annar n umennuɣ uffir ɣef udabu gar kraḍ n tgejda: Agrippina s timmad-is, afiluzuf Sinik (Sénèque), akked ujeniral Burrus.

Deg yiseggasen imezwura, Agrippina ur teffir ara akk lebɣi-s deg udabu. Tella tettekka deg tlufa n uwanek s wudem unṣib d wudem uffir. D nettat i yesselḥayen isuda imeqqranen n Ṛuma s yisem n mmi-s, yerna tessaweḍ ad tessekcem isem-is d tugna-s ula deg tedrimt (tiẓraf) taṛumanit. Deg waṭas n tebniqin n lawan-nni, tugna-s tella tetteddu-d s yidis n tugna n Niru, d ayen i d-yesskanen belli aẓayeṛ-is yerna ɣef uẓayeṛ n tmeṭṭut n umenkad neɣ yemma-s kan; tella d tamerkantit deg tmenkda. Rnu ɣef waya, asmi ara d-yili usemres n Usqamu Unnig (Sénat), Agrippina tella tettaṭṭaf amkan deffir n uɣenbur neɣ n tdebbuzt, tselled i wayen i d-yettwaxedmen yerna tettekka deg teɣtasin war ma walan-tt-id yinaẓrafen (iɛeggalen n usqamu). Iswi-s yella d aḥraz n udabu i d-tebna s ddeqs n txazabiyin d yidammen n wid i tt-yugin.

Maca, tazrirt-agi tameqqrant n Agrippina tebda tewwi-d acewwel ɣef Sinik d Burrus, i yellan d wid yessegzayen i Niru amek ara yiḥkem s teɣdemt d usaḍuf. Sin-a n yirgazen n tsertit walan belli aɣmar n Agrippina yezmer ad yesseɣli tamenkda deg tdankit d usenṭeḍ n tmenɣiwt. Dɣa bdan ttekksen-as adabu s ddaw yiḍarren-is. Llan ttweṣṣin Niru, sskanayen-as-d belli d netta i d amenkad ameqqran, yerna issefk fell-as ad yeḥkem s timanit war ma yeqqim s ddaw tmuɣli n yemma-s. S tallelt-nsen, Niru yebda yettḥussu belli tazmert-is tella s ddaw n ufus n tmeṭṭut-a tamesbaṭlit, dɣa yebda yettarra-tt ɣer teɣmart.

Tuqqna i d-yellan gar Niru d yemma-s tebda tettqerriṣ s ssebba n tudert-is tayiwnant. Agrippina tḥettem ɣef mmi-s ad yezweǧ d Ukṭafya (Octavie), iwakken ad yesseğhed aẓar-is deg twacult tamenkadt. Maca Niru yugi-tt, yerna yeɣli-d deg tayri n yiwet n tqeddact i d-yettwasuref i wumi qqaren Akṭi (Acte). Agrippina, imi twala belli tazrirt-is ɣef mmi-s tetteddu ad teɣli ɣef ljal n tqeddact-a, terfa aṭas yerna tebda tettgalla mgal Niru deg wuxxam n umenkad ameqqran. Tugdi-s tameqqrant tella d akken Akṭi ad tessiweḍ ad teḥkem deg wallaɣ n Niru, ayen ara d-yeglun s uṭixer n Agrippina seg tsertit.

Imi twala Niru yeffeɣ-as i wawal, Agrippina tessedrem-it s yiwen n wawal aẓayan: teggez-it belli ad tbeddel liser, yerna ad tesbedd Britanikus (mmi-s n Claudius n tidet) ɣef uqerru n tmenkda deg wemkan-is, acku d netta i d amekkasu aḥeqqani. Taggazt-agi tella d tuccḍa tameqqrant i texdem Agrippina. Niru, i d-yettrebban deg unnar n tkerrist, ur yeǧǧi ara lweqt i yemma-s. Yefka tinaḍin, yessaweḍ yenɣa Britanikus s ssem deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, zdat n wallen n Agrippina.

S lmut n Britanikus, Agrippina tefhem belli mmi-s yuɣal d aseddanku i yezmer ad isengger ula d nettat. Seg wass-nni, Niru yekkes-as akk iɣallen-is d tɛessasin-is timezwura, yessufeɣ-itt seg uxxam n udabu, yerna yerra-tt tettidir weḥd-s deg yiwen n uxxam nniḍen. Tazrirt-is tasertant temmut dges, ɣas akken tudert-is tkemmel kra n yiseggasen ar d-yaweḍ useggas n 59 S.Ɛ, anda i d-yefka Niru anaḍ aneggaru iwakken ad tt-nɣen iserdasen-is, ayen i d-yessufɣen amenkad-a ɣer yiwet n tallit tamaynut n tkriḍt n tmeddurt-is.
* '''Sinik:''' Afiluzuf d amusnaw ameqqran i t-isselmeden.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca, i yettwassnen s yisem n Sinik (Sénèque), d yiwen seg wudmawen i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit d tfelsafit tagraɣlant. D afiluzuf n uɣerbaz [[Tastuysit|astuyan]] (''stoïcien''), d amaru n umezgun, yerna d asertan ameqqran. Xas akken isem-is yeqqen s waṭas ɣer tuɣẓint n lɛeqliya, ṣṣbeṛ, d tezdeg n wul, amezruy-is asertan yezdi s telqayt d tmeddurt d yir tikli n umenkad Niru. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru llan d unnar anda Sinik yessemres tiktiwin-is iwakken ad iselḥu awanek aṛumani, maca llan daɣen d tazwira n tuccḍa-s ɣer tsusmi d uqbal n lbaṭel.

Tudert tasertant n Sinik tebda s uɣilif. Deg useggas 41 S.Ɛ, amenkad Kludyus (Claudius) yenfa-t ɣer tegzirt n Kurṣika s rregmat n yir tikli d yiwet n tmeṭṭut n udabu. Yeqqim dinna ṭam n yiseggasen, yettaru idlisen ɣef ṣṣbeṛ d tuẓult.

Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, taddart-is tebded-d sɣur Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi tezweǧ d Kludyus yerna tessaweḍ ad d-tessekcem mmi-s Niru ɣer wexxam n udabu amekkasu, teḥwaǧ argaz amusnaw, yesɛan ccan d wawal, ara yesselmeden mmi-s. Tekkes-as lmenfi i Sinik, terra-t d aselmad agejdan n Niru. Iswi n Agrippina yella d aselḥu n tugna n mmi-s zdat n uɣref d Usqamu Unnig. Sinka, s tmussni-s d tfelsafit-is, yebda yessers lsas n tẓult d tsertit deg wallaɣ n Niru, ɣas akken yufa d akken Niru yesɛa aṭas n leḥmala ɣer tẓuri, amezgun, d ccna ugar n tlufa n udabu d teɣdemt.

Asmi yewweḍ Niru ɣer udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen. Ssebba n temẓi-s, ur yesɛi ara tirmit iwakken ad iselḥu tamenkda s timmad-is. D dagi i d-iban wazal n Sinik akked umeddakkel-is asertan, Burrus (Ajeniral n tredsa n umenkad).

Iseggasen-a imezwura ulin ɣer umezruy s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus n yiseggasen iṣfan n Niru). Deg tidet, macci d Niru i yellan iḥekkem, maca d Sinik d Burrus. Tasertit i d-wwin tella d tin yebnan ɣef tezdeg d telwit:

# Aseɣti n Teɣdemt''':''' Sinik yessaweḍ ad yekkes aṭas n lqewanin iẓayanen i yellan sqehiren imdanen.
# Tajmilt i Usqamu Unnig''':''' Iwakken ad isemneɛ tamenkda seg tdankit, Sinik yerra-d azal i inaẓrafen n Usqamu Unnig, yeǧǧa-ten ad d-fken rray-nsen deg tlufa tigejdanin n tmurt.
# Asenqes n Tiwsiwin''':''' Yexdem tarrayin iwakken ad yesnulfu tadamsa yelhan i yigellilen, yerna yesenqes asgufsu deg temnaḍin n tmenkda.
Deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, Sinik yura adlis-is ameqqran '''&quot;De Clementia&quot;''' i yefka d abuddu i Niru. Deg uḍris-a, afiluzuf issegzay-d belli amenkad ameqqran macci d win iyesxeddmen lǧehd d tugdi, maca d win yesɛan tazmert ad isuref yerna ad yeḥkem s tuẓult d tmlilɣi. D iswi ameqqran i wakken ad yeṭṭef Niru deg ubrid n ṣṣwab.

Sinik ur yelli ara weḥd-s deg wannar n udabu; Agrippina tella tebɣa ad teḥkem s ufus n mmi-s. Sinik d Burrus fhmen s zreb belli ma kemmlen s ddaw n uqeddac n tmeṭṭut-a, tamenkda ad tenger.

Dɣa, Sinik yessemres tiḥerci-s d tmusni-s n umezruy asertan iwakken ad ibedd mgal yemma-s n umenkad. S wudem uffir yerna s tazzla, yebda yekkat ad yessebɛed Agrippina seg tsertit:

* Yessexdem tayri n Niru i tqeddact-is Akṭi (''Acte'') iwakken ad yekkes tazrirt n yemma-s fell-as.
* Iḥudd ɣef Niru asmi Agrippina tebda tettgezzi-t s tmenɣiwt n mmi-s n tidet n Kludyus, Britannicus.

Maca, aya yessekcem Sinik deg yiwet n tuccḍa tameqqrant n temlilɣi-ines. Asmi Niru yessečč ssem i Britannicus (55 S.Ɛ), Sinik d Burrus rran iman-nsen ur ulin, ur d-kkin; qeblen lbaṭel-agi iwakken ad ḥerzen talwit n tmenkda d wemkan-nsen deg udabu. D asurif amezwaru n uɣelluy n tuzma n ufiluzuf.
* '''Burrus:''' Aqerruy n yiserdasen iḥeddayen n umenkad.

Deg yiseggasen-a imezwura, tsertit n Ṛuma teṣfa. Niru yesseḥbiber ɣef teɣdemt, yesselhu aẓayeṛ n yiqeddacen (iklan), yerna yefka azal i Usqamu Unnig (''Imni arumani''). Isem n tallit-a yeqqim-d deg umezruy am tsusmi d ubaɣur i tmenkda.

== Tadankit d Tnekkra ɣef Yimawlan ==
Maca, s leɛḍil, Niru yebda yettwexxiṛ seg teɣri n yimawlan-is. Ikcem-it uɣemlil (Aɣedlilef) d ukukru n teḥraymit.

* '''Timenɣiwt n yemma-s (59 S.Ɛ):''' Imi Agrippina tkemmel tessekcam iman-is deg tlufa n udabu, Niru yeɣtes ad t-yessenger. Deffir n waṭas n wudmawen i yexdem iwakken ad tt-ineɣ s tuffra (am uɣrab n lbabuṛ yetturẓen iwakken ad yeɣreq), ɣer taggara iceggeɛ-as iserdasen i tt-yenɣan.
* '''Timenɣiwt n tlawin-is:''' Yenɣa tameṭṭut-is tamezwarut, Octavia, iwakken ad yezweǧ d Poppaea Sabina. Dɣa ula d Poppaea yenɣa-tt s teyitiwin mi tella s tadist. Ssakkin, ula d ameskar-is Sinka, iḥettem fell-as ad yenɣu iman-is. Niru yeqher inaẓrafen d yimeqqranen n tmenkda, yettarra-d akk ayla n Ṛuma d ayla-s.

== Times Tameqqrant n Ṛuma d Uqehheṛ n Yimasiḥiyen (64 S.Ɛ) ==
Aneḍru yettwassnen aṭas deg tallit-is d times tameqqrant i yewwten tamdint n Ṛuma deg Yulyu n useggas 64. Times-agi tesreɣ aṭas n yigmamen n temdint d wazal n sḍis n wussan.

* '''Tuccḍa n Niru:''' Inekcamen n lawan-nni qqaren-d belli Niru yella icennu yerna yekkat agiṭar mi tetteṛɣay Ṛuma, yettxayel-d iman-is deg umezgun am aɣelluy n Tṛwa (''Troie''), ɣas akken ulac anza ufris ɣef waya. Maca isugen-as d ayen n lmuḥal.
* '''Tamasit ɣef Yimasiḥiyen:''' Iwakken ad isukkes iman-is seg rregmat n uɣref, Niru yerra tamasit d uɣilif ɣef tegrawt tamaynut n ddin i d-ibanen: '''Imasiḥiyen'''. Yeqher-iten s lḥif, yerra-ten d tiɣtas n tkerrist, isreɣ-iten, yerna yessaweḍ-iten ar lmut s yir isuraf deg wurar n unnar n tẓuri.

== Tẓuri, Amezgun d Usenfar &quot;Domus Aurea&quot; ==
Niru yesɛa aramsu ameqqran i tẓuri. Yella yettwali iman-is d anaẓur (cennu, amezgun, timsizzelt n yikeryuten). Yella yettruḥu ad yurar deg tmurt n Legrig, ayen yessetḥan aṭas asqamu ameqqran aṛumani, acku ur d-yewwi ara s ccan i yiwen n umenkad ad yurar s udem agdudan gar yimdanen imuta.

Deffir n Tmes Tameqqrant, yexdem yiwen n usebɣer ameqqran : yebna axxam n ugelid d ameqqran i s-yefka isem n '''Domus Aurea''' (Axxam n Wureɣ). Tella d yiwet n temṣukt tameqqrant yerna d tabaẓṭit i yeččan aṭas n tedrimt d twensi n uɣref aṛumani.

== Taggara d Uɣelluy n Umenkad (65 - 68 S.Ɛ) ==
Tasertit n Niru deg tdamsa teččur d axessar, d ayen i d-yewwin lxiq d wurrif seg yal tama n tmenkda, ladɣa gar yimḍebbren n lɛeskeṛ.

* '''Tigrawliwin n Yijeniralen:''' Deg useggas 68, yiwet n tegrawla tnekkred deg tmurt n Ɣul (''Gaule'') s ddaw tmehla n Vindex, syin tkemmel-d s tagrawla n Galba deg tmurt n Ṣbenya (Hispania).
* '''Timenɣiwt n yiman:''' Imi yufa iman-is weḥd-s, iserdasen-is d asqamu wwin-tt mgal-is yerna rran-t d &quot;Aɛdaw n Uwanek&quot;. Niru yerwel seg temdint n Ṛuma. Mi yesla belli iserdasen teddun-d ad t-ṭṭfen iwakken ad t-nɣen s lmut n ddell (s uqbaṛ deg usalu), Niru yewwet iman-is s tuzzalt ɣer temgerṭ s tallelt n uqeddac-is (Epaphroditus) deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ.</text>
      <sha1>rhvcizejewodnyr8g6mz4xtykswyeuk</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>116822</id>
      <parentid>116821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T09:35:44Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin</comment>
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      <text bytes="12487" sha1="ihz5upef726ie4j3193kt46v9bv3djk" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nero Glyptothek Munich 321.jpg|vignette|Aqerru n Niru, seg usebdad-ines.]]
'''Niru''' (s tlatinit: ''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''), ilul deg 15 Dujamber 37 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani wis semmus(xemsa), yerna d aneggaru deg twacult n Yulyu-Klud (''Julio-Claudienne''). Yeṭṭef adabu seg useggas 54 ar 68 S.Ɛ. Xas akken iseggasen imezwura n udabu-s llan d wid n talwit d teɣdemt, isem-is yeqqen s lqis ɣer tdankit, takriḍt, akked Tmes Tameqqrant n Ṛuma. D yiwen seg yigelliden i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, maca yettwassen s yir isem ɣef ljal n temsal n ddell i yexdem.

== Temẓi d Talyat ɣer Uqerru n Tmenkda ==

=== Aẓar d Twacult ===
Isem-is amezwaru d '''Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus'''. Yemma-s d Agrippina Tamẓiyant, i yellan d yiwet n tmeṭṭut yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg tsertit taṛumanit. Tella d weltma-s n umenkad Kaligula (Caligula).

=== Anekcum ɣer Udabu (54 S.Ɛ) ===
Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, Agrippina tezweǧ d ɛemmi-s, amenkad Kludyus(''Claudius)''. S tiḥerci-s d txazabiyin-is, tessaweḍ ad tqenneɛ ''Claudius'' ad d-irebbu Niru am mmi-s, yerna ad t-yessers d amekkasu-ines, xas akken ''Claudius'' yesɛa mmi-s n tidet i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut-is tamezwarut (''Britannicus''). S deffir lmut n ''Claudius'' deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ (aṭas i yeqqaren belli d Agrippina i t-yesseččen s ssem), Niru yuli ɣer uqerru n tmenkda taṛumanit, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is.

== Iseggasen Imezwura n Udabu (Quinquennium Neronis) ==
Tallit tamezwarut n lḥekm-is tella s ddaw n ufus d wallen n kraḍ wudmawen imeqqranen:

* '''Agrippina (Yemma-s):''' I yebɣan ad teḥkem tamenkda s ufus n mmi-s.
Deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, drus n tlawin i yesɛan tazmert d tezmert n tsertit am Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi i d-tewweḍ ad tessers mmi-s Niru ɣef wudem n udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, asmi yesɛa kan mraw d sa (17) n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is, tella tettwali iman-is d nettat i d aqeṛṛu n tidet n tmurt. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus iseggasen iṣfan n Niru), llan d annar n umennuɣ uffir ɣef udabu gar kraḍ n tgejda: Agrippina s timmad-is, afiluzuf Sinik (Sénèque), akked ujeniral Burrus.

Deg yiseggasen imezwura, Agrippina ur teffir ara akk lebɣi-s deg udabu. Tella tettekka deg tlufa n uwanek s wudem unṣib d wudem uffir. D nettat i yesselḥayen isuda imeqqranen n Ṛuma s yisem n mmi-s, yerna tessaweḍ ad tessekcem isem-is d tugna-s ula deg tedrimt (tiẓraf) taṛumanit. Deg waṭas n tebniqin n lawan-nni, tugna-s tella tetteddu-d s yidis n tugna n Niru, d ayen i d-yesskanen belli aẓayeṛ-is yerna ɣef uẓayeṛ n tmeṭṭut n umenkad neɣ yemma-s kan; tella d tamerkantit deg tmenkda. Rnu ɣef waya, asmi ara d-yili usemres n Usqamu Unnig (Sénat), Agrippina tella tettaṭṭaf amkan deffir n uɣenbur neɣ n tdebbuzt, tselled i wayen i d-yettwaxedmen yerna tettekka deg teɣtasin war ma walan-tt-id yinaẓrafen (iɛeggalen n usqamu). Iswi-s yella d aḥraz n udabu i d-tebna s ddeqs n txazabiyin d yidammen n wid i tt-yugin.

Maca, tazrirt-agi tameqqrant n Agrippina tebda tewwi-d acewwel ɣef Sinik d Burrus, i yellan d wid yessegzayen i Niru amek ara yiḥkem s teɣdemt d usaḍuf. Sin-a n yirgazen n tsertit walan belli aɣmar n Agrippina yezmer ad yesseɣli tamenkda deg tdankit d usenṭeḍ n tmenɣiwt. Dɣa bdan ttekksen-as adabu s ddaw yiḍarren-is. Llan ttweṣṣin Niru, sskanayen-as-d belli d netta i d amenkad ameqqran, yerna issefk fell-as ad yeḥkem s timanit war ma yeqqim s ddaw tmuɣli n yemma-s. S tallelt-nsen, Niru yebda yettḥussu belli tazmert-is tella s ddaw n ufus n tmeṭṭut-a tamesbaṭlit, dɣa yebda yettarra-tt ɣer teɣmart.

Tuqqna i d-yellan gar Niru d yemma-s tebda tettqerriṣ s ssebba n tudert-is tayiwnant. Agrippina tḥettem ɣef mmi-s ad yezweǧ d Ukṭafya (Octavie), iwakken ad yesseğhed aẓar-is deg twacult tamenkadt. Maca Niru yugi-tt, yerna yeɣli-d deg tayri n yiwet n tqeddact i d-yettwasuref i wumi qqaren Akṭi (Acte). Agrippina, imi twala belli tazrirt-is ɣef mmi-s tetteddu ad teɣli ɣef ljal n tqeddact-a, terfa aṭas yerna tebda tettgalla mgal Niru deg wuxxam n umenkad ameqqran. Tugdi-s tameqqrant tella d akken Akṭi ad tessiweḍ ad teḥkem deg wallaɣ n Niru, ayen ara d-yeglun s uṭixer n Agrippina seg tsertit.

Imi twala Niru yeffeɣ-as i wawal, Agrippina tessedrem-it s yiwen n wawal aẓayan: teggez-it belli ad tbeddel liser, yerna ad tesbedd Britanikus (mmi-s n Claudius n tidet) ɣef uqerru n tmenkda deg wemkan-is, acku d netta i d amekkasu aḥeqqani. Taggazt-agi tella d tuccḍa tameqqrant i texdem Agrippina. Niru, i d-yettrebban deg unnar n tkerrist, ur yeǧǧi ara lweqt i yemma-s. Yefka tinaḍin, yessaweḍ yenɣa Britanikus s ssem deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, zdat n wallen n Agrippina.

S lmut n Britanikus, Agrippina tefhem belli mmi-s yuɣal d aseddanku i yezmer ad isengger ula d nettat. Seg wass-nni, Niru yekkes-as akk iɣallen-is d tɛessasin-is timezwura, yessufeɣ-itt seg uxxam n udabu, yerna yerra-tt tettidir weḥd-s deg yiwen n uxxam nniḍen. Tazrirt-is tasertant temmut dges, ɣas akken tudert-is tkemmel kra n yiseggasen ar d-yaweḍ useggas n 59 S.Ɛ, anda i d-yefka Niru anaḍ aneggaru iwakken ad tt-nɣen iserdasen-is, ayen i d-yessufɣen amenkad-a ɣer yiwet n tallit tamaynut n tkriḍt n tmeddurt-is.
* '''Sinik:''' Afiluzuf d amusnaw ameqqran i t-isselmeden.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca, i yettwassnen s yisem n Sinik (Sénèque), d yiwen seg wudmawen i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit d tfelsafit tagraɣlant. D afiluzuf n uɣerbaz [[Tastuysit|astuyan]] (''stoïcien''), d amaru n umezgun, yerna d asertan ameqqran. Xas akken isem-is yeqqen s waṭas ɣer tuɣẓint n lɛeqliya, ṣṣbeṛ, d tezdeg n wul, amezruy-is asertan yezdi s telqayt d tmeddurt d yir tikli n umenkad Niru. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru llan d unnar anda Sinik yessemres tiktiwin-is iwakken ad iselḥu awanek aṛumani, maca llan daɣen d tazwira n tuccḍa-s ɣer tsusmi d uqbal n lbaṭel.

Tudert tasertant n Sinik tebda s uɣilif. Deg useggas 41 S.Ɛ, amenkad Kludyus (Claudius) yenfa-t ɣer tegzirt n Kurṣika s rregmat n yir tikli d yiwet n tmeṭṭut n udabu. Yeqqim dinna ṭam n yiseggasen, yettaru idlisen ɣef ṣṣbeṛ d tuẓult.

Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, taddart-is tebded-d sɣur Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi tezweǧ d Kludyus yerna tessaweḍ ad d-tessekcem mmi-s Niru ɣer wexxam n udabu amekkasu, teḥwaǧ argaz amusnaw, yesɛan ccan d wawal, ara yesselmeden mmi-s. Tekkes-as lmenfi i Sinik, terra-t d aselmad agejdan n Niru. Iswi n Agrippina yella d aselḥu n tugna n mmi-s zdat n uɣref d Usqamu Unnig. Sinka, s tmussni-s d tfelsafit-is, yebda yessers lsas n tẓult d tsertit deg wallaɣ n Niru, ɣas akken yufa d akken Niru yesɛa aṭas n leḥmala ɣer tẓuri, amezgun, d ccna ugar n tlufa n udabu d teɣdemt.

Asmi yewweḍ Niru ɣer udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen. Ssebba n temẓi-s, ur yesɛi ara tirmit iwakken ad iselḥu tamenkda s timmad-is. D dagi i d-iban wazal n Sinik akked umeddakkel-is asertan, Burrus (Ajeniral n tredsa n umenkad).

Iseggasen-a imezwura ulin ɣer umezruy s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus n yiseggasen iṣfan n Niru). Deg tidet, macci d Niru i yellan iḥekkem, maca d Sinik d Burrus. Tasertit i d-wwin tella d tin yebnan ɣef tezdeg d telwit:

# Aseɣti n Teɣdemt''':''' Sinik yessaweḍ ad yekkes aṭas n lqewanin iẓayanen i yellan sqehiren imdanen.
# Tajmilt i Usqamu Unnig''':''' Iwakken ad isemneɛ tamenkda seg tdankit, Sinik yerra-d azal i inaẓrafen n Usqamu Unnig, yeǧǧa-ten ad d-fken rray-nsen deg tlufa tigejdanin n tmurt.
# Asenqes n Tiwsiwin''':''' Yexdem tarrayin iwakken ad yesnulfu tadamsa yelhan i yigellilen, yerna yesenqes asgufsu deg temnaḍin n tmenkda.
Deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, Sinik yura adlis-is ameqqran '''&quot;De Clementia&quot;''' i yefka d abuddu i Niru. Deg uḍris-a, afiluzuf issegzay-d belli amenkad ameqqran macci d win iyesxeddmen lǧehd d tugdi, maca d win yesɛan tazmert ad isuref yerna ad yeḥkem s tuẓult d tmlilɣi. D iswi ameqqran i wakken ad yeṭṭef Niru deg ubrid n ṣṣwab.

Sinik ur yelli ara weḥd-s deg wannar n udabu; Agrippina tella tebɣa ad teḥkem s ufus n mmi-s. Sinik d Burrus fhmen s zreb belli ma kemmlen s ddaw n uqeddac n tmeṭṭut-a, tamenkda ad tenger.

Dɣa, Sinik yessemres tiḥerci-s d tmusni-s n umezruy asertan iwakken ad ibedd mgal yemma-s n umenkad. S wudem uffir yerna s tazzla, yebda yekkat ad yessebɛed Agrippina seg tsertit:

* Yessexdem tayri n Niru i tqeddact-is Akṭi (''Acte'') iwakken ad yekkes tazrirt n yemma-s fell-as.
* Iḥudd ɣef Niru asmi Agrippina tebda tettgezzi-t s tmenɣiwt n mmi-s n tidet n Kludyus, Britannicus.

Maca, aya yessekcem Sinik deg yiwet n tuccḍa tameqqrant n temlilɣi-ines. Asmi Niru yessečč ssem i Britannicus (55 S.Ɛ), Sinik d Burrus rran iman-nsen ur ulin, ur d-kkin; qeblen lbaṭel-agi iwakken ad ḥerzen talwit n tmenkda d wemkan-nsen deg udabu. D asurif amezwaru n uɣelluy n tuzma n ufiluzuf.
* '''Burrus:''' Aqerruy n yiserdasen iḥeddayen n umenkad.

Deg yiseggasen-a imezwura, tasertit n Ṛuma teṣfa. Niru yesseḥbiber ɣef teɣdemt, yesselhu aẓayeṛ n yiqeddacen (iklan), yerna yefka azal i Usqamu Unnig (''Imni arumani''). Isem n tallit-a yeqqim-d deg umezruy am tsusmi d ubaɣur i tmenkda.

== Tadankit d Tnekkra ɣef Yimawlan ==
Maca, s leɛḍil, Niru yebda yettwexxiṛ seg teɣri n yimawlan-is. Ikcem-it uɣemlil (Aɣedlilef) d ukukru n teḥraymit.

* '''Timenɣiwt n yemma-s (59 S.Ɛ):''' Imi Agrippina tkemmel tessekcam iman-is deg tlufa n udabu, Niru yeɣtes ad t-yessenger. Deffir n waṭas n wudmawen i yexdem iwakken ad tt-ineɣ s tuffra (am uɣrab n lbabuṛ yetturẓen iwakken ad yeɣreq), ɣer taggara iceggeɛ-as iserdasen i tt-yenɣan.
* '''Timenɣiwt n tlawin-is:''' Yenɣa tameṭṭut-is tamezwarut, Octavia, iwakken ad yezweǧ d Poppaea Sabina. Dɣa ula d Poppaea yenɣa-tt s teyitiwin mi tella s tadist. Ssakkin, ula d ameskar-is Sinka, iḥettem fell-as ad yenɣu iman-is. Niru yeqher inaẓrafen d yimeqqranen n tmenkda, yettarra-d akk ayla n Ṛuma d ayla-s.

== Times Tameqqrant n Ṛuma d Uqehheṛ n Yimasiḥiyen (64 S.Ɛ) ==
Aneḍru yettwassnen aṭas deg tallit-is d times tameqqrant i yewwten tamdint n Ṛuma deg Yulyu n useggas 64. Times-agi tesreɣ aṭas n yigmamen n temdint d wazal n sḍis n wussan.

* '''Tuccḍa n Niru:''' Inekcamen n lawan-nni qqaren-d belli Niru yella icennu yerna yekkat agiṭar mi tetteṛɣay Ṛuma, yettxayel-d iman-is deg umezgun am aɣelluy n Tṛwa (''Troie''), ɣas akken ulac anza ufris ɣef waya. Maca isugen-as d ayen n lmuḥal.
* '''Tamasit ɣef Yimasiḥiyen:''' Iwakken ad isukkes iman-is seg rregmat n uɣref, Niru yerra tamasit d uɣilif ɣef tegrawt tamaynut n ddin i d-ibanen: '''Imasiḥiyen'''. Yeqher-iten s lḥif, yerra-ten d tiɣtas n tkerrist, isreɣ-iten, yerna yessaweḍ-iten ar lmut s yir isuraf deg wurar n unnar n tẓuri.

== Tẓuri, Amezgun d Usenfar &quot;Domus Aurea&quot; ==
Niru yesɛa aramsu ameqqran i tẓuri. Yella yettwali iman-is d anaẓur (cennu, amezgun, timsizzelt n yikeryuten). Yella yettruḥu ad yurar deg tmurt n Legrig, ayen yessetḥan aṭas asqamu ameqqran aṛumani, acku ur d-yewwi ara s ccan i yiwen n umenkad ad yurar s udem agdudan gar yimdanen imuta.

Deffir n Tmes Tameqqrant, yexdem yiwen n usebɣer ameqqran : yebna axxam n ugelid d ameqqran i s-yefka isem n '''Domus Aurea''' (Axxam n Wureɣ). Tella d yiwet n temṣukt tameqqrant yerna d tabaẓṭit i yeččan aṭas n tedrimt d twensi n uɣref aṛumani.

== Taggara d Uɣelluy n Umenkad (65 - 68 S.Ɛ) ==
Tasertit n Niru deg tdamsa teččur d axessar, d ayen i d-yewwin lxiq d wurrif seg yal tama n tmenkda, ladɣa gar yimḍebbren n lɛeskeṛ.

* '''Tigrawliwin n Yijeniralen:''' Deg useggas 68, yiwet n tegrawla tnekkred deg tmurt n Ɣul (''Gaule'') s ddaw tmehla n Vindex, syin tkemmel-d s tagrawla n Galba deg tmurt n Ṣbenya (Hispania).
* '''Timenɣiwt n yiman:''' Imi yufa iman-is weḥd-s, iserdasen-is d asqamu wwin-tt mgal-is yerna rran-t d &quot;Aɛdaw n Uwanek&quot;. Niru yerwel seg temdint n Ṛuma. Mi yesla belli iserdasen teddun-d ad t-ṭṭfen iwakken ad t-nɣen s lmut n ddell (s uqbaṛ deg usalu), Niru yewwet iman-is s tuzzalt ɣer temgerṭ s tallelt n uqeddac-is (Epaphroditus) deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Agladyatur</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-13T13:06:54Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
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      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin</comment>
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'''Agladyatur''' neɣ s wudem n usget '''Igladyaturen''' (s tlatinit : gladiatores, asuf : gladiator, seg wawal gladius i d-yemmalen &quot;agestur&quot; neɣ asekkin) d irgazen n wurar d yimenɣi i d-yettqabalen s umrig(leslaḥ) zdat wegdud deg yisebdiriyen (am Wekulusyum) n Tmenkda Taṛumanit.

== Aẓar d Umezruy ==
Urar n yigladyaturen ur d-yebdi ara s yimenkaden n Ṛuma, maca aẓar-is yedda deg lqay n tmetti yettamnen s yisusiyen n temḍelt.

* '''Tirmit Tamezwarut (Munera) :''' Deg tazwara, asenɛet n yimenɣiwen yella yeqqen ɣer temḍelt n yimdanen imeqqranen (iṭruskiyen d yikampaniyen i d-yebdan ansay-a). M'ara yemmet wemdan ameqqran (ameɣras), wid-is ssenkren-d amgaru gar yiklan. Idammen-nni i d-yettazzalen deg lqaɛa ttwalan-ten d '''tasareɣt''' neɣ d asfel i d-yettawin talwit i ṛṛuḥ n lmayet di laxert. Ayagi yettusemma ''Munera'' (aɣan neɣ lwaǧeb).
* '''Asedhu Asertan :''' S lweqt, m'ara d-tekcem Ṛuma deg tallit-is tagdudant akked tmenkda-s, asenɛet-a yeffeɣ seg usatal n temḍelt, yuɣal d allal asertan. Imenkaden d yirgazen n tsertit sseqdacen urar-a akken ad awin ulawen n wegdud, ad as-fken '''tadfi''' d wuccu (ayen yettwassnen s tenfalit : ''Panem et circenses'' - Aɣrum d wuraren).</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-07-13T19:52:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116820</origin>
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      <text bytes="2567" sha1="42v4e1woyljnv0dw03r88qd1jwa04td" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Gladiators from the Zliten mosaic 3.JPG|vignette|Tafelwit n umuzayik n igladyaturen seg Leptis Mega(Libya).]]
'''Agladyatur''' neɣ s wudem n usget '''Igladyaturen''' (s tlatinit : gladiatores, asuf : gladiator, seg wawal gladius i d-yemmalen &quot;agestur&quot; neɣ asekkin) d irgazen n wurar d yimenɣi i d-yettqabalen s umrig(leslaḥ) zdat wegdud deg yisebdiriyen (am Wekulusyum) n Tmenkda Taṛumanit.

== Aẓar d Umezruy ==
Urar n yigladyaturen ur d-yebdi ara s yimenkaden n Ṛuma, maca aẓar-is yedda deg lqay n tmetti yettamnen s yisusiyen n temḍelt.

* '''Tirmit Tamezwarut (Munera) :''' Deg tazwara, asenɛet n yimenɣiwen yella yeqqen ɣer temḍelt n yimdanen imeqqranen (iṭruskiyen d yikampaniyen i d-yebdan ansay-a). M'ara yemmet wemdan ameqqran (ameɣras), wid-is ssenkren-d amgaru gar yiklan. Idammen-nni i d-yettazzalen deg lqaɛa ttwalan-ten d '''tasareɣt''' neɣ d asfel i d-yettawin talwit i ṛṛuḥ n lmayet di laxert. Ayagi yettusemma ''Munera'' (aɣan neɣ lwaǧeb).
* '''Asedhu Asertan :''' S lweqt, m'ara d-tekcem Ṛuma deg tallit-is tagdudant akked tmenkda-s, asenɛet-a yeffeɣ seg usatal n temḍelt, yuɣal d allal asertan. Imenkaden d yirgazen n tsertit sseqdacen urar-a akken ad awin ulawen n wegdud, ad as-fken '''tadfi''' d wuccu (ayen yettwassnen s tenfalit : ''Panem et circenses'' - Aɣrum d wuraren).

== Azref d Tmetti ==
Di tmetti taṛumanit, igladyaturen llan sɛan yiwen n '''uẓayeṛ''' yeknan, maca tudert-nsen gar wegdud tella temgarad aṭas ɣef wudem asenḍaf.

=== Anwa i d igladyatur ? ===

* '''Iklan d Yimeḥbas n Wemgaru :''' D wid i d-ttawin s yiɣelluyen deg tmura tiberraniyin. D nutni i d amur ameqqran n yigladyaturen.
* '''Iniɣiyen :''' Wid i d-ixulfen '''alugen''' neɣ yewwten ɣef usaḍuf aṛumani, ttwakksen-asen yizerfan-nsen, u ttwaḥekmen ɣef tmettant zdat yiɣersiwen neɣ zdat yigladyaturen nniḍen.
* '''Ilelliyen d Yimaɣzalen :''' Kra n yimdanen n '''tserkemt''' talemmast, neɣ ula d tserkemt n wedda yeffɣen i webrid, kecmen s lebɣi-nsen ɣer wurar akken ad nadin ɣef yedrimen akked '''tmanegt'''. Sseggzayen yiwen n ugatu i d-yettawin ɣef tudert-nsen d tmettant-nsen.

=== Aẓayeṛ-nsen ===
Akken yebɣu yili wamud-is, igladyatur di Ṛuma yeɣli deg lḥecma tunṣibt. Ulac fell-as '''agemmir''' n uɣarman. Xas akken, deg ubrid n yidles d '''tesnimant'''  n wegdud, uɣalen d izumal, d imedyaten n tezmert d tirrugza. Tilawin ttaɣent-d awal fell-asen aṭas, yerna ttlusun '''aɣenbur''' akken ad mḍlen udem n umdan, ayen i yessishilen tinɣi-nsen zdat wegdud.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>116823</id>
      <parentid>116820</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T09:52:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116823</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3043" sha1="j1t1tg2pyb4i2f76046wdjsutwdi4ee" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Gladiators from the Zliten mosaic 3.JPG|vignette|Tafelwit n umuzayik n igladyaturen seg Leptis Mega(Libya).]]
'''Agladyatur''' neɣ s wudem n usget '''Igladyaturen''' (s tlatinit : gladiatores, asuf : gladiator, seg wawal gladius i d-yemmalen &quot;agestur&quot; neɣ asekkin) d irgazen n wurar d yimenɣi i d-yettqabalen s umrig(leslaḥ) zdat wegdud deg yisebdiriyen (am Wekulusyum) n Tmenkda Taṛumanit.

== Aẓar d Umezruy ==
Urar n yigladyaturen ur d-yebdi ara s yimenkaden n Ṛuma, maca aẓar-is yedda deg lqay n tmetti yettamnen s yisusiyen n temḍelt.

* '''Tirmit Tamezwarut (Munera) :''' Deg tazwara, asenɛet n yimenɣiwen yella yeqqen ɣer temḍelt n yimdanen imeqqranen (iṭruskiyen d yikampaniyen i d-yebdan ansay-a). M'ara yemmet wemdan ameqqran (ameɣras), wid-is ssenkren-d amgaru gar yiklan. Idammen-nni i d-yettazzalen deg lqaɛa ttwalan-ten d '''tasareɣt''' neɣ d asfel i d-yettawin talwit i ṛṛuḥ n lmayet di laxert. Ayagi yettusemma ''Munera'' (aɣan neɣ lwaǧeb).
* '''Asedhu Asertan :''' S lweqt, m'ara d-tekcem Ṛuma deg tallit-is tagdudant akked tmenkda-s, asenɛet-a yeffeɣ seg usatal n temḍelt, yuɣal d allal asertan. Imenkaden d yirgazen n tsertit sseqdacen urar-a akken ad awin ulawen n wegdud, ad as-fken '''tadfi''' d wuccu (ayen yettwassnen s tenfalit : ''Panem et circenses'' - Aɣrum d wuraren).

== Azref d Tmetti ==
Di tmetti taṛumanit, igladyaturen llan sɛan yiwen n '''uẓayeṛ''' yeknan, maca tudert-nsen gar wegdud tella temgarad aṭas ɣef wudem asenḍaf.

=== Anwa i d igladyatur ? ===

* '''Iklan d Yimeḥbas n Wemgaru :''' D wid i d-ttawin s yiɣelluyen deg tmura tiberraniyin. D nutni i d amur ameqqran n yigladyaturen.
* '''Iniɣiyen :''' Wid i d-ixulfen '''alugen''' neɣ yewwten ɣef usaḍuf aṛumani, ttwakksen-asen yizerfan-nsen, u ttwaḥekmen ɣef tmettant zdat yiɣersiwen neɣ zdat yigladyaturen nniḍen.
* '''Ilelliyen d Yimaɣzalen :''' Kra n yimdanen n '''tserkemt''' talemmast, neɣ ula d tserkemt n wedda yeffɣen i webrid, kecmen s lebɣi-nsen ɣer wurar akken ad nadin ɣef yedrimen akked '''tmanegt'''. Sseggzayen yiwen n ugatu i d-yettawin ɣef tudert-nsen d tmettant-nsen.

=== Aẓayeṛ-nsen ===
Akken yebɣu yili wamud-is, igladyatur di Ṛuma yeɣli deg lḥecma tunṣibt. Ulac fell-as '''agemmir''' n uɣarman. Xas akken, deg ubrid n yidles d '''tesnimant'''  n wegdud, uɣalen d izumal, d imedyaten n tezmert d tirrugza. Tilawin ttaɣent-d awal fell-asen aṭas, yerna ttlusun '''aɣenbur''' akken ad mḍlen udem n umdan, ayen i yessishilen tinɣi-nsen zdat wegdud.

== Tiwsitin n Yigladyaturen d Yimrigen ==
Igladyaturen ur llan ara lsan yiwen n umrig. Lḥirfa bnan-tt ɣef '''usemlal''' n snat n tewsitin yemgaraden, akken ad d-fken '''amnekni''' deg wennar. Yal tawsit tesɛa amrig-is ibanen :

# '''Aretiyari (Retiarius) :''' Yetturar s taratta(s talɣa n uzeṭṭa), ''Agelzim'' n kraḍ yiccawen (trident), d uzzal ɣef yiɣil azelmaḍ. Ur yesɛi ara '''aɣenbur''' u ur yesɛi taḥjurt ɣef yidmaren. Yettkel ɣef tazzla d trewla.</text>
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