Tutlayt tamaddudt

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'''Tutlayt tamaddudt''' (tutlayt tunṣibt) d [[tutlayt]] imi id yettunefk umeggez asadaf ddg kra n [[awanak|uwanak]], Tutlayt tamaddudt d tin yessexsam [[adabu|udabu]] amdya deg [[amni|wemni]] d [[taɣdemt|teɣdemt]],Maca deg waṭas n tikwal tutlayt tamaddudt mači d tutlayt yessexsam [[aɣref|uɣref]] deg tmeslayt-is, Mac yessexsam-it kan udabu &lt;br/&gt;
Azal 178 n iwunak n umadal ssexdamen yiwet n tutlayt tamaddudt ma drus, 101 ssexdamen ugar n yiwet n tutlayt tamaddudt, ihi azal ameqran n iwunak-a ttakzen-d (steɛrifen-d) s ugar n yiwet n tutlayt tamaddudt d [[tutlayt tanamurt|tanamurt]] 

[[Taglizit]] yakk i d tutlayt ilan azal ameqran n iwunak anda i tella d tamaddudt (51 n iwunak). 

== Ẓeṛ daɣen ==
* [[Umuɣ n tutlayin timaddudin]]
* [[Tutlayt tanamurt]]
* [[Tutlayt n tdersi]]
* [[Tagetutlayt]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Izerfan n wemdan</title>
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'''Izerfan n wemdan''' d imenzayen [[taɣara|iɣaranen]] neɣ [[tagnut timettit|tignutin timettiyin]] i d-igellmen tamudemt n tikeli talsant yettwagzun s umata d akken-it d tagrawt n [[aẓref|yizerfan]] igejdanen ɣef wacu ur yessefk ara ad tili tzernant fell-asen, acku yal amdan yuklal-iten war tamuɣli ɣer tnekkit-is neɣ tutlayt-is neɣ [[Ajjed|asɣan-is]] neɣ iẓuran-is d wadeg n tmezduɣt-is neɣ yal addad niden. Yerna ad tili taggaẓt fellasen deg ukatar n isudaf idiganen d yigraɣlanen.

== Asenmel (tabadut) ==

== Izerfan n wemdan deg yisudaf ==

== Tilmas n yizerfan n wemdan ==

== Tanfalit n yizerfan n wemdan ==

== Tamlilt n [[tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen|Yiɣlanen Yeddukklen]] deg uzrekki n yizerfan n wemdan ==

== Asesmel n yizerfan n wemdan ==

== Imniren ==

== Ẓeṛ daɣen ==
[[Taggayt:izerfan n wemdan]]
[[Taggayt:Asaduf d tdamsa]]
[[Taggayt:Idles]]
[[Taggayt:Tasertit]]
[[Taggayt:Assaɣen igraɣlanen]]
[[Taggayt:Timetti]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Camma Al Mazruɛi</title>
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'''Shamma bint Suhail Faris Al Mazrui''' (tettwaled 22 février 1993) d tamettut n tbaḍnit n Imarat n Tɛraben Yedduklen; d tiministra n tneqqict n tmezdagnut seg 6 mars 2023.&lt;ref&gt;Décret : nomination de S. E. Shamma Al Mazrui ministre du Développement communautaire — URL : https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/ar/Media-Center/News/NewsDetail?id=5dc8ce7d-21e8-4d9a-8431-2c7dad2bebf2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328182650/https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/ar/Media-Center/News/NewsDetail?id=5dc8ce7d-21e8-4d9a-8431-2c7dad2bebf2 |date=2024-03-28 }} — (ar) — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20240328182650/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  Yakan tella d tminisṭra n tedrimt i yiseqdacen n yilelliyen (2016–2023) di 22 n iseggwasen, u tbedlen d tamecčiṭ n tminisṭren di tudert.&lt;ref&gt;« Les Émirats nomment la plus jeune ministre au monde » — Sky News Arabia — URL : https://www.skynewsarabia.com/middle-east/815134-… — (ar) — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20170509100450/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Taselkimt ==
Tessider master deg tizemrin tazayezt (public policy) s tasedda deg [[Université d’Oxford]] (tessuddes d tamezwarut n Imarat n tɛraben yedduklen i tfernent tabursa Rhodes i imeqranen n umeẓlu n tmezdagnut), d tesarut tazedɣant deg iserkehden gar ddeqs n yidduren deg [[Université de New York]] akked lauréa deg tedrimt (economics) s yitranen ifassen di [[Université de New York|NYU]].&lt;ref&gt;Al-Bayan : « Découvrez Shamma Al Mazrui, ministre d’État à la Jeunesse » — URL : http://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2016-02-10-1.2570336 — (ar) — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20170607084010/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Al-Bayan : « Shamma Al Mazrui : excellence, leadership et innovation » — URL : http://www.albayan.ae/across-the-uae/news-and-reports/2016-02-11-1.2571029 — (ar) — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20160212082610/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Abrid n umahil ==
Send mi d-tedda ɣer tneɣruft, t-xedmet deg [[capital-investissement]] deg yiwen n yifellahen isefrak n [[Abu Dhabi]], u d tbanent n tizemrin i tnebdanin n Imarat ar [[ONU|Tiddukla n Tmomart yedduklen]].&lt;ref&gt;Newsweek Middle East : « UAE: Meet the World's Youngest Minister » — Lelia Hatoum — 27 avril 2016 — URL : http://newsweekme.com/uae-meet-the-worlds-youngest-minister/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230715060257/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  Illa d tbanent n unadi di tbeddit n Imarat di [[Washington (district de Columbia)|Washington, D.C.]],&lt;ref&gt;Khaleej Times : « Meet your new ministers in UAE Cabinet » — 11 février 2016 — URL : http://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/government/shaikh-mohammed-to-announce-new-cabinet-today {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224332/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/nation/government/shaikh-mohammed-to-announce-new-cabinet-today |date=2023-09-20 }} — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230920224332/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  d tbanent n tizemrin di [[Cabinet des Émirats arabes unis|Uxxam n Umekkan]] n Imarat,&lt;ref&gt;ABLF Network : « H.E. Shamma Bint Suhail Faris Al Mazrui — Alumni » — URL : https://www.ablf.com/network/shamma-bint-suhail-faris-al-mazrui — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230207150102/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  d tameɣṛut n tizemrin ɣef tneflit n tlmadin di « Tamkeen » (Tebgert n yimeẓlayen n Abu Dhabi).&lt;ref&gt;RewirEd Summit : « Shamma bint Suhail bin Faris Al Mazrui — Speaker » — URL : https://rewiredsummit.org/speaker2/shamma-bint-suhail-bin-faris-al-mazrui/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230922155801/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tettekki deg Youth Innovation Lab n Uxxam n Umekkan,&lt;ref&gt;CNN Arabic : « Découvrez Shamma Al Mazrui… la plus jeune ministre du monde » — 11 février 2016 — URL : https://arabic.cnn.com/middleeast/2016/02/11/shamma-almazroui — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20161111233358/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  tettawi tameslayt d isɣewnen n berra n [[Oxford Gulf and Arabian Peninsula Studies Forum]] (UK) u tella d tameslayt n yimendayen di [[Blavatnik School of Government]] (Oxford).&lt;ref&gt;RT Arabic : « Photos : la plus jeune ministre au monde distribue des repas d’iftar » — 16 juin 2016 — URL : https://arabic.rt.com/news/828053-… — Archive : (16 décembre 2019) — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  Tettekki daɣen deg usbeddi n « Institute for Renaissance » di [[Université de New York à Abou Dabi|NYU Abu Dhabi]].&lt;ref&gt;Monte Carlo Doualiya : « Qui est Shamma Al Mazrui, la plus jeune ministre au monde ? » — 12 février 2016 — URL : https://www.mc-doualiya.com/articles/20160212-…{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20160627031233/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ass n 10 février 2016, [[Mohammed ben Rachid Al Maktoum]] yessers t-tesbeddeḍ d tminisṭra n tedrimt i yiseqdacen n yilelliyen; d tamecčiṭ n uxxam n Imarat.&lt;ref&gt;The Times of Israel : « UAE names women ministers for happiness, tolerance » — 10 février 2016 — URL : http://www.timesofisrael.com/uae-names-women-ministers-for-happiness-tolerance/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230715105052/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;CNN (edition) : « Happy days? United Arab Emirates appoints first minister of happiness » — Sheena MacKenzie — 15 février 2016 — URL : http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/15/middleeast/united-arab-emirates-minister-of-happiness/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20240112100300/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  Tettusbedday d tameslayt n [[Conseil national de la jeunesse (Émirats arabes unis)|Ugraw Agelzim n yilelliyen]] u d tamesnawt n usenker n [[Markaz n yilelliyen araḍiyen|Centre de la jeunesse arabe]].&lt;ref&gt;WAM — « Shamma Al Mazrouei chairs 1st meeting of Emirates Youth Council » — 4 mars 2016 — URL : http://www.wam.ae/en/news/emirates/1395292372897.html — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230715060257/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;The National (editorial) : « Harnessing the power of youth » — 11 juin 2016 — URL : http://www.thenational.ae/opinion/editorial/harnessing-the-power-of-youth — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230715060253/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Igerracen icudden ɣer tagnawt d isemtiyen (2023) ==
Ass n 12 janvier 2023, tettusbedday d « Youth Climate Champion » n Imarat i [[COP28]].&lt;ref&gt;Ambassade des EAU à Washington : « … appoints COP28 UAE President-Designate » — URL : https://www.uae-embassy.org/news/following-presidential-directive-mansour-bin-zayed-appoints-cop28-uae-president-designate — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20231130105547/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  Tella daɣen deg ugraw n usmiggel (advisory) akked ugraw ameqran n COP28.&lt;ref&gt;COP28 UAE — « Advisory Committee » — URL : https://www.cop28.com/en/advisory-committee — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20231001143508/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;WAM : « UAE forms Higher Committee for COP28 » — URL : https://wam.ae/en/details/1395303060068 — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20240127182602/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ass n 7 février 2023, yella usnifel n uxxam: Shamma Al Mazrui tettusbedday d tiministra n tneqqict n tmezdagnut; tuɣal di tmeɣra ass n 6 mars 2023.&lt;ref&gt;The National : « Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid announces Cabinet reshuffle » — 7 février 2023 — URL : https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/2023/02/07/sheikh-mohammed-bin-rashid-announces-uae-cabinet-reshuffle/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230323213914/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Décret — protocol.dubai.ae — URL : https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/ar/Media-Center/News/NewsDetail?id=5dc8ce7d-21e8-4d9a-8431-2c7dad2bebf2 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240328182650/https://www.protocol.dubai.ae/ar/Media-Center/News/NewsDetail?id=5dc8ce7d-21e8-4d9a-8431-2c7dad2bebf2 |date=2024-03-28 }} — (ar) — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20240328182650/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Tella daɣen d tasɣent n [[Conseil n tlemmast d tegrurin n yiseqdacen|Ugraw n tlimmad d tegrurin n yemsiraden]] (Education and Human Resources Council),&lt;ref&gt;MOFAIC (EAU) : « H.H. Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed chairs meeting… » — 1 février 2023 — URL : https://www.mofaic.gov.ae/en/mediahub/news/2023/2/1/01-02-2023-uae-minister — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230330103441/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;WAM : « Abdullah bin Zayed… national identity and Arabic language in education » — 13 août 2022 — URL : http://wam.ae/en/details/1395303074266 — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230207143449/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  d taddayt n [[Centre national de la qualité de l’éducation|Tamacahut tagelda n tɣellist n tlmadin]],&lt;ref&gt;Dubai Media Office : « UAE Government Annual Meetings – Closing Session » — 23 novembre 2022 — URL : https://www.mediaoffice.ae/en/news/2022/November/23-11/Closing-Session-of-the-UAE-Government-Annual-Meetings — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230207145027/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  u seg yulyu 2023 d taddayt n ugraw n tnebdanin n [[Université Zayed]].&lt;ref&gt;Khaleej Times : « … restructuring of Zayed University’s Board of Trustees » — URL : https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/sheikh-mohammed-approves-restructuring-of-zayed-universitys-board-of-trustees — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20231122175116/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Zayed University : « Board of Trustees Holds Inaugural Meeting… » — URL : https://www.zu.ac.ae/main/en/news/2023/September/bot-meet-sept — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20231209013340/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;  Tella daɣen d tameslayt deg [[International Humanitarian and Philanthropic Council|Ugraw Amadalan Amehban d Usmhim]] in Imarat.&lt;ref&gt;The National : « UAE President issues law to establish International Humanitarian and Philanthropic Council » — 5 janvier 2024 — URL : https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/government/2024/01/05/uae-president-issues-law-to-establish-international-humanitarian-and-philanthropic-council/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20240127190324/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di 2017, tettusbedday d taddayt n ugraw n [[Special Olympics UAE]] u d tamesnawt n tigwidin n « Tamezdagnut d Leḥriṭ » n yUraren n Umaḍal 2019.&lt;ref&gt;Special Olympics : « Special Olympics UAE to become an independent association » — URL : https://staging.specialolympics.org/Stories/GENERAL/Special_Olympics_UAE_to_become_an_independent_association.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011214709/https://staging.specialolympics.org/Stories/GENERAL/Special_Olympics_UAE_to_become_an_independent_association.aspx |date=2018-10-11 }} — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20230715060249/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Gulf Today — URL : https://www.gulftoday.ae/ — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20240322165110/http://www.gulftoday.ae/ — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Asnifel ==
* Azref n Cheikh Mansour bin Zayed i tfazilt.&lt;ref&gt;Monte Carlo Doualiya : « Qui est Shamma Al Mazrui, la plus jeune ministre au monde ? » — URL : https://www.mc-doualiya.com/articles/20160212-…{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20160627031233/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
* « Kotos » Future Leader Award.&lt;ref&gt;almrsal.com : « La plus jeune ministre de la Jeunesse au monde : Shamma Al Mazrui » — 17 février 2016 — URL : https://www.almrsal.com/post/312585 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160915060011/http://www.almrsal.com/post/312585 |date=2016-09-15 }} — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20160915060011/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
* Tabursiwin n tfazilt n yimeqqranen sɣur Cheikh Khalifa bin Zayed akked [[Mohammed ben Zayed Al Nahyane|Mohammed bin Zayed]] i yimacahd n tmalaladt n lqurci n tarmit n tmezruy.&lt;ref&gt;Arab Youth Survey : « Discours d’ouverture par S. E. Shamma Al Mazrui » — URL : https://www.arabyouthsurvey.com/ar/media/details/7{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} — Archive : https://web.archive.org/web/20200407064742/… — ad yettwaɣer 4 septembre 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Iseɣzaf uffiren ==
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7yP3igXyiaQ Tasnut n Shamma Al Mazrui (Forum n Tilawin n Umaḍal – Dubai)]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4FPBp2SdGLM Tasḥunt n tminisṭra tamecčiṭ di Imarat]

== Références ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Taggayt:Ttwaled di 1993]]
[[Taggayt:Tamettut n tbaḍnit n Imarat n Tɛraben Yedduklen]]
[[Taggayt:Tamesnawt di Taddart n Oxford]]
[[Taggayt:Tamesnawt di Taddart n New York]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Niru</title>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="13282" sha1="bmvwfh98hf1nshm2dry8wq4t1mtbfww" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Nero Glyptothek Munich 321.jpg|vignette|Aqerru n Niru, seg usebdad-ines.]]
'''Niru''' (s tlatinit: ''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''), ilul deg 15 Dujamber 37 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani wis semmus(xemsa), yerna d aneggaru deg twacult n Yulyu-Klud (''Julio-Claudienne''). Yeṭṭef adabu seg useggas 54 ar 68 S.Ɛ. Xas akken iseggasen imezwura n udabu-s llan d wid n talwit d teɣdemt, isem-is yeqqen s lqis ɣer tdankit, takriḍt, akked Tmes Tameqqrant n Ṛuma. D yiwen seg yigelliden i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, maca yettwassen s yir isem ɣef ljal n temsal n ddell i yexdem.

== Temẓi d Talyat ɣer Uqerru n Tmenkda ==

=== Aẓar d Twacult ===
Isem-is amezwaru d '''Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus'''. Yemma-s d Agrippina Tamẓiyant, i yellan d yiwet n tmeṭṭut yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg tsertit taṛumanit. Tella d weltma-s n umenkad Kaligula (Caligula).

=== Anekcum ɣer Udabu (54 S.Ɛ) ===
Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, Agrippina tezweǧ d ɛemmi-s, amenkad Kludyus(''Claudius)''. S tiḥerci-s d txazabiyin-is, tessaweḍ ad tqenneɛ ''Claudius'' ad d-irebbu Niru am mmi-s, yerna ad t-yessers d amekkasu-ines, xas akken ''Claudius'' yesɛa mmi-s n tidet i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut-is tamezwarut (''Britannicus''). S deffir lmut n ''Claudius'' deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ (aṭas i yeqqaren belli d Agrippina i t-yesseččen s ssem), Niru yuli ɣer uqerru n tmenkda taṛumanit, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is.

== Iseggasen Imezwura n Udabu (Quinquennium Neronis) ==
Tallit tamezwarut n lḥekm-is tella s ddaw n ufus d wallen n kraḍ wudmawen imeqqranen:

* '''Agrippina (Yemma-s):''' I yebɣan ad teḥkem tamenkda s ufus n mmi-s.
Deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, drus n tlawin i yesɛan tazmert d tezmert n tsertit am Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi i d-tewweḍ ad tessers mmi-s Niru ɣef wudem n udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, asmi yesɛa kan mraw d sa (17) n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is, tella tettwali iman-is d nettat i d aqeṛṛu n tidet n tmurt. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus iseggasen iṣfan n Niru), llan d annar n umennuɣ uffir ɣef udabu gar kraḍ n tgejda: Agrippina s timmad-is, afiluzuf Sinik (Sénèque), akked ujeniral Burrus.

Deg yiseggasen imezwura, Agrippina ur teffir ara akk lebɣi-s deg udabu. Tella tettekka deg tlufa n uwanek s wudem unṣib d wudem uffir. D nettat i yesselḥayen isuda imeqqranen n Ṛuma s yisem n mmi-s, yerna tessaweḍ ad tessekcem isem-is d tugna-s ula deg tedrimt (tiẓraf) taṛumanit. Deg waṭas n tebniqin n lawan-nni, tugna-s tella tetteddu-d s yidis n tugna n Niru, d ayen i d-yesskanen belli aẓayeṛ-is yerna ɣef uẓayeṛ n tmeṭṭut n umenkad neɣ yemma-s kan; tella d tamerkantit deg tmenkda. Rnu ɣef waya, asmi ara d-yili usemres n Usqamu Unnig (Sénat), Agrippina tella tettaṭṭaf amkan deffir n uɣenbur neɣ n tdebbuzt, tselled i wayen i d-yettwaxedmen yerna tettekka deg teɣtasin war ma walan-tt-id yinaẓrafen (iɛeggalen n usqamu). Iswi-s yella d aḥraz n udabu i d-tebna s ddeqs n txazabiyin d yidammen n wid i tt-yugin.

Maca, tazrirt-agi tameqqrant n Agrippina tebda tewwi-d acewwel ɣef Sinik d Burrus, i yellan d wid yessegzayen i Niru amek ara yiḥkem s teɣdemt d usaḍuf. Sin-a n yirgazen n tsertit walan belli aɣmar n Agrippina yezmer ad yesseɣli tamenkda deg tdankit d usenṭeḍ n tmenɣiwt. Dɣa bdan ttekksen-as adabu s ddaw yiḍarren-is. Llan ttweṣṣin Niru, sskanayen-as-d belli d netta i d amenkad ameqqran, yerna issefk fell-as ad yeḥkem s timanit war ma yeqqim s ddaw tmuɣli n yemma-s. S tallelt-nsen, Niru yebda yettḥussu belli tazmert-is tella s ddaw n ufus n tmeṭṭut-a tamesbaṭlit, dɣa yebda yettarra-tt ɣer teɣmart.

Tuqqna i d-yellan gar Niru d yemma-s tebda tettqerriṣ s ssebba n tudert-is tayiwnant. Agrippina tḥettem ɣef mmi-s ad yezweǧ d Ukṭafya (Octavie), iwakken ad yesseğhed aẓar-is deg twacult tamenkadt. Maca Niru yugi-tt, yerna yeɣli-d deg tayri n yiwet n tqeddact i d-yettwasuref i wumi qqaren Akṭi (Acte). Agrippina, imi twala belli tazrirt-is ɣef mmi-s tetteddu ad teɣli ɣef ljal n tqeddact-a, terfa aṭas yerna tebda tettgalla mgal Niru deg wuxxam n umenkad ameqqran. Tugdi-s tameqqrant tella d akken Akṭi ad tessiweḍ ad teḥkem deg wallaɣ n Niru, ayen ara d-yeglun s uṭixer n Agrippina seg tsertit.

Imi twala Niru yeffeɣ-as i wawal, Agrippina tessedrem-it s yiwen n wawal aẓayan: teggez-it belli ad tbeddel liser, yerna ad tesbedd Britanikus (mmi-s n Claudius n tidet) ɣef uqerru n tmenkda deg wemkan-is, acku d netta i d amekkasu aḥeqqani. Taggazt-agi tella d tuccḍa tameqqrant i texdem Agrippina. Niru, i d-yettrebban deg unnar n tkerrist, ur yeǧǧi ara lweqt i yemma-s. Yefka tinaḍin, yessaweḍ yenɣa Britanikus s ssem deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, zdat n wallen n Agrippina.

S lmut n Britanikus, Agrippina tefhem belli mmi-s yuɣal d aseddanku i yezmer ad isengger ula d nettat. Seg wass-nni, Niru yekkes-as akk iɣallen-is d tɛessasin-is timezwura, yessufeɣ-itt seg uxxam n udabu, yerna yerra-tt tettidir weḥd-s deg yiwen n uxxam nniḍen. Tazrirt-is tasertant temmut dges, ɣas akken tudert-is tkemmel kra n yiseggasen ar d-yaweḍ useggas n 59 S.Ɛ, anda i d-yefka Niru anaḍ aneggaru iwakken ad tt-nɣen iserdasen-is, ayen i d-yessufɣen amenkad-a ɣer yiwet n tallit tamaynut n tkriḍt n tmeddurt-is.
* '''Sinik:''' Afiluzuf d amusnaw ameqqran i t-isselmeden.
Lucius Annaeus Seneca, i yettwassnen s yisem n Sinik (Sénèque), d yiwen seg wudmawen i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit d tfelsafit tagraɣlant. D afiluzuf n uɣerbaz [[Tastuysit|astuyan]] (''stoïcien''), d amaru n umezgun, yerna d asertan ameqqran. Xas akken isem-is yeqqen s waṭas ɣer tuɣẓint n lɛeqliya, ṣṣbeṛ, d tezdeg n wul, amezruy-is asertan yezdi s telqayt d tmeddurt d yir tikli n umenkad Niru. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru llan d unnar anda Sinik yessemres tiktiwin-is iwakken ad iselḥu awanek aṛumani, maca llan daɣen d tazwira n tuccḍa-s ɣer tsusmi d uqbal n lbaṭel.

Tudert tasertant n Sinik tebda s uɣilif. Deg useggas 41 S.Ɛ, amenkad Kludyus (Claudius) yenfa-t ɣer tegzirt n Kurṣika s rregmat n yir tikli d yiwet n tmeṭṭut n udabu. Yeqqim dinna ṭam n yiseggasen, yettaru idlisen ɣef ṣṣbeṛ d tuẓult.

Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, taddart-is tebded-d sɣur Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi tezweǧ d Kludyus yerna tessaweḍ ad d-tessekcem mmi-s Niru ɣer wexxam n udabu amekkasu, teḥwaǧ argaz amusnaw, yesɛan ccan d wawal, ara yesselmeden mmi-s. Tekkes-as lmenfi i Sinik, terra-t d aselmad agejdan n Niru. Iswi n Agrippina yella d aselḥu n tugna n mmi-s zdat n uɣref d Usqamu Unnig. Sinka, s tmussni-s d tfelsafit-is, yebda yessers lsas n tẓult d tsertit deg wallaɣ n Niru, ɣas akken yufa d akken Niru yesɛa aṭas n leḥmala ɣer tẓuri, amezgun, d ccna ugar n tlufa n udabu d teɣdemt.

Asmi yewweḍ Niru ɣer udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen. Ssebba n temẓi-s, ur yesɛi ara tirmit iwakken ad iselḥu tamenkda s timmad-is. D dagi i d-iban wazal n Sinik akked umeddakkel-is asertan, Burrus (Ajeniral n tredsa n umenkad).

Iseggasen-a imezwura ulin ɣer umezruy s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus n yiseggasen iṣfan n Niru). Deg tidet, macci d Niru i yellan iḥekkem, maca d Sinik d Burrus. Tasertit i d-wwin tella d tin yebnan ɣef tezdeg d telwit:

# Aseɣti n Teɣdemt''':''' Sinik yessaweḍ ad yekkes aṭas n lqewanin iẓayanen i yellan sqehiren imdanen.
# Tajmilt i Usqamu Unnig''':''' Iwakken ad isemneɛ tamenkda seg tdankit, Sinik yerra-d azal i inaẓrafen n Usqamu Unnig, yeǧǧa-ten ad d-fken rray-nsen deg tlufa tigejdanin n tmurt.
# Asenqes n Tiwsiwin''':''' Yexdem tarrayin iwakken ad yesnulfu tadamsa yelhan i yigellilen, yerna yesenqes asgufsu deg temnaḍin n tmenkda.
Deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, Sinik yura adlis-is ameqqran '''&quot;De Clementia&quot;''' i yefka d abuddu i Niru. Deg uḍris-a, afiluzuf issegzay-d belli amenkad ameqqran macci d win iyesxeddmen lǧehd d tugdi, maca d win yesɛan tazmert ad isuref yerna ad yeḥkem s tuẓult d tmlilɣi. D iswi ameqqran i wakken ad yeṭṭef Niru deg ubrid n ṣṣwab.

Sinik ur yelli ara weḥd-s deg wannar n udabu; Agrippina tella tebɣa ad teḥkem s ufus n mmi-s. Sinik d Burrus fhmen s zreb belli ma kemmlen s ddaw n uqeddac n tmeṭṭut-a, tamenkda ad tenger.

Dɣa, Sinik yessemres tiḥerci-s d tmusni-s n umezruy asertan iwakken ad ibedd mgal yemma-s n umenkad. S wudem uffir yerna s tazzla, yebda yekkat ad yessebɛed Agrippina seg tsertit:

* Yessexdem tayri n Niru i tqeddact-is Akṭi (''Acte'') iwakken ad yekkes tazrirt n yemma-s fell-as.
* Iḥudd ɣef Niru asmi Agrippina tebda tettgezzi-t s tmenɣiwt n mmi-s n tidet n Kludyus, Britannicus.

Maca, aya yessekcem Sinik deg yiwet n tuccḍa tameqqrant n temlilɣi-ines. Asmi Niru yessečč ssem i Britannicus (55 S.Ɛ), Sinik d Burrus rran iman-nsen ur ulin, ur d-kkin; qeblen lbaṭel-agi iwakken ad ḥerzen talwit n tmenkda d wemkan-nsen deg udabu. D asurif amezwaru n uɣelluy n tuzma n ufiluzuf.

Asurif i d-yewwin lmut ɣef tettwaflest n Sinka d timenɣiwt n Agrippina deg useggas 59. Imi Niru yeɣtes ad yenɣ yemma-s s wudem unṣib, Sinik d Burrus llan deg tegnit tucmit. Xas akken ahat ur llin ara deffir usenfar-a s timmad-nsen, maca ur bdiden ara mgal amenkad-nsen deg twaɣit-a.

Ayen yesserkan ugar isem n Sinik, d akken deffir n tmenɣiwt-a, d netta s timmad-is i yuran tabrat tunṣibt n umenkad i d-yezzuzren i Usqamu Unnig, anda isegzi belli Agrippina tella tettheyyi anguz iwakken ad tenɣ amenkad, yerna lmut-is tella d &quot;asellek&quot; n Ṛuma. Afiluzuf-nni i d-yuran ɣef rreḥma d tezdeg, yufa-d iman-is isneflali timenɣiwt n yemma-s n ugellid. Seg wass-nni, tazmert-is tasertant tebda tettneɣṣi, acku Niru ifaq belli yezmer ad yexdem ayen yebɣa war ma yehweṣ-it wemdan.
* '''Burrus:''' Aqerruy n yiserdasen iḥeddayen n umenkad.

Deg yiseggasen-a imezwura, tasertit n Ṛuma teṣfa. Niru yesseḥbiber ɣef teɣdemt, yesselhu aẓayeṛ n yiqeddacen (iklan), yerna yefka azal i Usqamu Unnig (''Imni arumani''). Isem n tallit-a yeqqim-d deg umezruy am tsusmi d ubaɣur i tmenkda.

== Tadankit d Tnekkra ɣef Yimawlan ==
Maca, s leɛḍil, Niru yebda yettwexxiṛ seg teɣri n yimawlan-is. Ikcem-it uɣemlil (Aɣedlilef) d ukukru n teḥraymit.

* '''Timenɣiwt n yemma-s (59 S.Ɛ):''' Imi Agrippina tkemmel tessekcam iman-is deg tlufa n udabu, Niru yeɣtes ad t-yessenger. Deffir n waṭas n wudmawen i yexdem iwakken ad tt-ineɣ s tuffra (am uɣrab n lbabuṛ yetturẓen iwakken ad yeɣreq), ɣer taggara iceggeɛ-as iserdasen i tt-yenɣan.
* '''Timenɣiwt n tlawin-is:''' Yenɣa tameṭṭut-is tamezwarut, Octavia, iwakken ad yezweǧ d Poppaea Sabina. Dɣa ula d Poppaea yenɣa-tt s teyitiwin mi tella s tadist. Ssakkin, ula d ameskar-is Sinka, iḥettem fell-as ad yenɣu iman-is. Niru yeqher inaẓrafen d yimeqqranen n tmenkda, yettarra-d akk ayla n Ṛuma d ayla-s.

== Times Tameqqrant n Ṛuma d Uqehheṛ n Yimasiḥiyen (64 S.Ɛ) ==
Aneḍru yettwassnen aṭas deg tallit-is d times tameqqrant i yewwten tamdint n Ṛuma deg Yulyu n useggas 64. Times-agi tesreɣ aṭas n yigmamen n temdint d wazal n sḍis n wussan.

* '''Tuccḍa n Niru:''' Inekcamen n lawan-nni qqaren-d belli Niru yella icennu yerna yekkat agiṭar mi tetteṛɣay Ṛuma, yettxayel-d iman-is deg umezgun am aɣelluy n Tṛwa (''Troie''), ɣas akken ulac anza ufris ɣef waya. Maca isugen-as d ayen n lmuḥal.
* '''Tamasit ɣef Yimasiḥiyen:''' Iwakken ad isukkes iman-is seg rregmat n uɣref, Niru yerra tamasit d uɣilif ɣef tegrawt tamaynut n ddin i d-ibanen: '''Imasiḥiyen'''. Yeqher-iten s lḥif, yerra-ten d tiɣtas n tkerrist, isreɣ-iten, yerna yessaweḍ-iten ar lmut s yir isuraf deg wurar n unnar n tẓuri.

== Tẓuri, Amezgun d Usenfar &quot;Domus Aurea&quot; ==
Niru yesɛa aramsu ameqqran i tẓuri. Yella yettwali iman-is d anaẓur (cennu, amezgun, timsizzelt n yikeryuten). Yella yettruḥu ad yurar deg tmurt n Legrig, ayen yessetḥan aṭas asqamu ameqqran aṛumani, acku ur d-yewwi ara s ccan i yiwen n umenkad ad yurar s udem agdudan gar yimdanen imuta.

Deffir n Tmes Tameqqrant, yexdem yiwen n usebɣer ameqqran : yebna axxam n ugelid d ameqqran i s-yefka isem n '''Domus Aurea''' (Axxam n Wureɣ). Tella d yiwet n temṣukt tameqqrant yerna d tabaẓṭit i yeččan aṭas n tedrimt d twensi n uɣref aṛumani.

== Taggara d Uɣelluy n Umenkad (65 - 68 S.Ɛ) ==
Tasertit n Niru deg tdamsa teččur d axessar, d ayen i d-yewwin lxiq d wurrif seg yal tama n tmenkda, ladɣa gar yimḍebbren n lɛeskeṛ.

* '''Tigrawliwin n Yijeniralen:''' Deg useggas 68, yiwet n tegrawla tnekkred deg tmurt n Ɣul (''Gaule'') s ddaw tmehla n Vindex, syin tkemmel-d s tagrawla n Galba deg tmurt n Ṣbenya (Hispania).
* '''Timenɣiwt n yiman:''' Imi yufa iman-is weḥd-s, iserdasen-is d asqamu wwin-tt mgal-is yerna rran-t d &quot;Aɛdaw n Uwanek&quot;. Niru yerwel seg temdint n Ṛuma. Mi yesla belli iserdasen teddun-d ad t-ṭṭfen iwakken ad t-nɣen s lmut n ddell (s uqbaṛ deg usalu), Niru yewwet iman-is s tuzzalt ɣer temgerṭ s tallelt n uqeddac-is (Epaphroditus) deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Agladyatur</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25516</id>
    <revision>
      <id>116826</id>
      <parentid>116823</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-14T20:02:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>116826</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3594" sha1="b4cj9vfbqd64k8l0wawx7qxl0ctscnq" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Gladiators from the Zliten mosaic 3.JPG|vignette|Tafelwit n umuzayik n igladyaturen seg Leptis Mega(Libya).]]
'''Agladyatur''' neɣ s wudem n usget '''Igladyaturen''' (s tlatinit : gladiatores, asuf : gladiator, seg wawal gladius i d-yemmalen &quot;agestur&quot; neɣ asekkin) d irgazen n wurar d yimenɣi i d-yettqabalen s umrig(leslaḥ) zdat wegdud deg yisebdiriyen (am Wekulusyum) n Tmenkda Taṛumanit.

== Aẓar d Umezruy ==
Urar n yigladyaturen ur d-yebdi ara s yimenkaden n Ṛuma, maca aẓar-is yedda deg lqay n tmetti yettamnen s yisusiyen n temḍelt.

* '''Tirmit Tamezwarut (Munera) :''' Deg tazwara, asenɛet n yimenɣiwen yella yeqqen ɣer temḍelt n yimdanen imeqqranen (iṭruskiyen d yikampaniyen i d-yebdan ansay-a). M'ara yemmet wemdan ameqqran (ameɣras), wid-is ssenkren-d amgaru gar yiklan. Idammen-nni i d-yettazzalen deg lqaɛa ttwalan-ten d '''tasareɣt''' neɣ d asfel i d-yettawin talwit i ṛṛuḥ n lmayet di laxert. Ayagi yettusemma ''Munera'' (aɣan neɣ lwaǧeb).
* '''Asedhu Asertan :''' S lweqt, m'ara d-tekcem Ṛuma deg tallit-is tagdudant akked tmenkda-s, asenɛet-a yeffeɣ seg usatal n temḍelt, yuɣal d allal asertan. Imenkaden d yirgazen n tsertit sseqdacen urar-a akken ad awin ulawen n wegdud, ad as-fken '''tadfi''' d wuccu (ayen yettwassnen s tenfalit : ''Panem et circenses'' - Aɣrum d wuraren).

== Azref d Tmetti ==
Di tmetti taṛumanit, igladyaturen llan sɛan yiwen n '''uẓayeṛ''' yeknan, maca tudert-nsen gar wegdud tella temgarad aṭas ɣef wudem asenḍaf.

=== Anwa i d igladyatur ? ===

* '''Iklan d Yimeḥbas n Wemgaru :''' D wid i d-ttawin s yiɣelluyen deg tmura tiberraniyin. D nutni i d amur ameqqran n yigladyaturen.
* '''Iniɣiyen :''' Wid i d-ixulfen '''alugen''' neɣ yewwten ɣef usaḍuf aṛumani, ttwakksen-asen yizerfan-nsen, u ttwaḥekmen ɣef tmettant zdat yiɣersiwen neɣ zdat yigladyaturen nniḍen.
* '''Ilelliyen d Yimaɣzalen :''' Kra n yimdanen n '''tserkemt''' talemmast, neɣ ula d tserkemt n wedda yeffɣen i webrid, kecmen s lebɣi-nsen ɣer wurar akken ad nadin ɣef yedrimen akked '''tmanegt'''. Sseggzayen yiwen n ugatu i d-yettawin ɣef tudert-nsen d tmettant-nsen.

=== Aẓayeṛ-nsen ===
Akken yebɣu yili wamud-is, igladyatur di Ṛuma yeɣli deg lḥecma tunṣibt. Ulac fell-as '''agemmir''' n uɣarman. Xas akken, deg ubrid n yidles d '''tesnimant'''  n wegdud, uɣalen d izumal, d imedyaten n tezmert d tirrugza. Tilawin ttaɣent-d awal fell-asen aṭas, yerna ttlusun '''aɣenbur''' akken ad mḍlen udem n umdan, ayen i yessishilen tinɣi-nsen zdat wegdud.

== Tiwsitin n Yigladyaturen d Yimrigen ==
Igladyaturen ur llan ara lsan yiwen n umrig. Lḥirfa bnan-tt ɣef '''usemlal''' n snat n tewsitin yemgaraden, akken ad d-fken '''amnekni''' deg wennar. Yal tawsit tesɛa amrig-is ibanen :

# '''Aretiyari (Retiarius) :''' Yetturar s taratta(s talɣa n uzeṭṭa), ''Agelzim'' n kraḍ yiccawen (trident), d uzzal ɣef yiɣil azelmaḍ. Ur yesɛi ara '''aɣenbur''' u ur yesɛi taḥjurt ɣef yidmaren. Yettkel ɣef tazzla d trewla.
# '''Asekutur (Secutor) :''' D '''axeṣṣam''' asudan n uretiyari. Yesɛa aɣenbur alewwaɣ yesselsen akk aqerru-s am teqbuct, i wakken ur t-yeṭṭafar ara uzeṭṭa. Yetturar s ugestur awezlan d wuaɣeṛ.
# '''Amurmilu (Murmillo) :''' Aɣenbur-is yebna ɣef talɣa yesɛan taɣabuyt n tɣerda n yilel. Yesɛa aɣaṛ ameqqran (Scutum) d ugestur aṛumani (Gladius).
# '''Atraki (Thraex) :''' Yesɛa agestur ameknay neɣ akaraf (''Sica'') d uɣaṛ amecṭuḥ amkuẓ. Yettlusu aɣenbur yesɛan talɣa n yigider iwakken ad imel '''tamanegt'''.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>116829</id>
      <parentid>116826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-15T10:32:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="4501" sha1="b2307em3zcsoothj6k8tcud9f3lne43" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Gladiators from the Zliten mosaic 3.JPG|vignette|Tafelwit n umuzayik n igladyaturen seg Leptis Mega(Libya).]]
'''Agladyatur''' neɣ s wudem n usget '''Igladyaturen''' (s tlatinit : gladiatores, asuf : gladiator, seg wawal gladius i d-yemmalen &quot;agestur&quot; neɣ asekkin) d irgazen n wurar d yimenɣi i d-yettqabalen s umrig(leslaḥ) zdat wegdud deg yisebdiriyen (am Wekulusyum) n Tmenkda Taṛumanit.

== Aẓar d Umezruy ==
Urar n yigladyaturen ur d-yebdi ara s yimenkaden n Ṛuma, maca aẓar-is yedda deg lqay n tmetti yettamnen s yisusiyen n temḍelt.

* '''Tirmit Tamezwarut (Munera) :''' Deg tazwara, asenɛet n yimenɣiwen yella yeqqen ɣer temḍelt n yimdanen imeqqranen (iṭruskiyen d yikampaniyen i d-yebdan ansay-a). M'ara yemmet wemdan ameqqran (ameɣras), wid-is ssenkren-d amgaru gar yiklan. Idammen-nni i d-yettazzalen deg lqaɛa ttwalan-ten d '''tasareɣt''' neɣ d asfel i d-yettawin talwit i ṛṛuḥ n lmayet di laxert. Ayagi yettusemma ''Munera'' (aɣan neɣ lwaǧeb).
* '''Asedhu Asertan :''' S lweqt, m'ara d-tekcem Ṛuma deg tallit-is tagdudant akked tmenkda-s, asenɛet-a yeffeɣ seg usatal n temḍelt, yuɣal d allal asertan. Imenkaden d yirgazen n tsertit sseqdacen urar-a akken ad awin ulawen n wegdud, ad as-fken '''tadfi''' d wuccu (ayen yettwassnen s tenfalit : ''Panem et circenses'' - Aɣrum d wuraren).

== Azref d Tmetti ==
Di tmetti taṛumanit, igladyaturen llan sɛan yiwen n '''uẓayeṛ''' yeknan, maca tudert-nsen gar wegdud tella temgarad aṭas ɣef wudem asenḍaf.

=== Anwa i d agladyatur ? ===

* '''Iklan d Yimeḥbas n Wemgaru :''' D wid i d-ttawin s yiɣelluyen deg tmura tiberraniyin. D nutni i d amur ameqqran n yigladyaturen.
* '''Iniɣiyen :''' Wid i d-ixulfen '''alugen''' neɣ yewwten ɣef usaḍuf aṛumani, ttwakksen-asen yizerfan-nsen, u ttwaḥekmen ɣef tmettant zdat yiɣersiwen neɣ zdat yigladyaturen nniḍen.
* '''Ilelliyen d Yimaɣzalen :''' Kra n yimdanen n '''tserkemt''' talemmast, neɣ ula d tserkemt n wedda yeffɣen i webrid, kecmen s lebɣi-nsen ɣer wurar akken ad nadin ɣef yedrimen akked '''tmanegt'''. Sseggzayen yiwen n ugatu i d-yettawin ɣef tudert-nsen d tmettant-nsen.

=== Aẓayeṛ-nsen ===
Akken yebɣu yili wamud-is, igladyatur di Ṛuma yeɣli deg lḥecma tunṣibt. Ulac fell-as '''agemmir''' n uɣarman. Xas akken, deg ubrid n yidles d '''tesnimant'''  n wegdud, uɣalen d izumal, d imedyaten n tezmert d tirrugza. Tilawin ttaɣent-d awal fell-asen aṭas, yerna ttlusun '''aɣenbur''' akken ad mḍlen udem n umdan, ayen i yessishilen tinɣi-nsen zdat wegdud.

== Tiwsitin n Yigladyaturen d Yimrigen ==
Igladyaturen ur llan ara lsan yiwen n umrig. Lḥirfa bnan-tt ɣef '''usemlal''' n snat n tewsitin yemgaraden, akken ad d-fken '''amnekni''' deg wennar. Yal tawsit tesɛa amrig-is ibanen :

# '''Aretiyari (Retiarius) :''' Yetturar s taratta(s talɣa n uzeṭṭa), ''Agelzim'' n kraḍ yiccawen (trident), d uzzal ɣef yiɣil azelmaḍ. Ur yesɛi ara '''aɣenbur''' u ur yesɛi taḥjurt ɣef yidmaren. Yettkel ɣef tazzla d trewla.
# '''Asekutur (Secutor) :''' D '''axeṣṣam''' asudan n uretiyari. Yesɛa aɣenbur alewwaɣ yesselsen akk aqerru-s am teqbuct, i wakken ur t-yeṭṭafar ara uzeṭṭa. Yetturar s ugestur awezlan d wuaɣeṛ.
# '''Amurmilu (Murmillo) :''' Aɣenbur-is yebna ɣef talɣa yesɛan taɣabuyt n tɣerda n yilel. Yesɛa aɣaṛ ameqqran (Scutum) d ugestur aṛumani (Gladius).
# '''Atraki (Thraex) :''' Yesɛa agestur ameknay neɣ akaraf (''Sica'') d uɣaṛ amecṭuḥ amkuẓ. Yettlusu aɣenbur yesɛan talɣa n yigider iwakken ad imel '''tamanegt'''.

== Tudert deg Yiɣerbazen d Tilawt n Wennar ==

=== Aɣerbaz (Ludus) ===
Igladyaturen ttidiren deg yiɣerbazen lqayen yettusemman ''Ludi''. D bab n uɣerbaz (Lanista) i yettkellfen s usileɣ-nsen. Sɛan imejjayen igerrzen nezzeh deg tallit-nni (am ɣalinyus / Galien) iwakken ad d-lhun s tezmert-nsen, acku igladyatur d idrimen. Aselmed ibedd ɣef tfekka d usenqes n '''umihi'''.

=== Deg Wennar ===
Mgal ayen d-ttawin yisfura n wass-a, amgaru n yigladyaturen mačči d ayen yessufuɣen ɣer tmettant yal ass. D sṣenf n yimenɣi i yesɛan '''alugen''' d usaḍuf, yerna yella unefray i d-iḥebbisen urar ma yewweḍ yiwen ɣer lḥedd-is.

* Ma yewweḍ-d yigladyatur ad yexser s tezɣent, yezmer ad isuter tamella.
* D amenkad (ma yella din) neɣ d agdud i d-yefkkan '''taɣtest''' taneggarut ɣef tagara n uɣelluy s useqdec n uḍad (''Pollice verso'' - aḍad ɣer tqaɛet, neɣ ɣer daxel n ufus).</text>
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