Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.11 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 25512 116834 116828 2026-07-16T09:43:19Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116834 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Nero Glyptothek Munich 321.jpg|vignette|Aqerru n Niru, seg usebdad-ines.]] '''Niru''' (s tlatinit: ''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''), ilul deg 15 Dujamber 37 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani wis semmus(xemsa), yerna d aneggaru deg twacult n Yulyu-Klud (''Julio-Claudienne''). Yeṭṭef adabu seg useggas 54 ar 68 S.Ɛ. Xas akken iseggasen imezwura n udabu-s llan d wid n talwit d teɣdemt, isem-is yeqqen s lqis ɣer tdankit, takriḍt, akked Tmes Tameqqrant n Ṛuma. D yiwen seg yigelliden i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, maca yettwassen s yir isem ɣef ljal n temsal n ddell i yexdem. == Temẓi d Talyat ɣer Uqerru n Tmenkda == === Aẓar d Twacult === Isem-is amezwaru d '''Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus'''. Yemma-s d Agrippina Tamẓiyant, i yellan d yiwet n tmeṭṭut yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg tsertit taṛumanit. Tella d weltma-s n umenkad Kaligula (Caligula). === Anekcum ɣer Udabu (54 S.Ɛ) === Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, Agrippina tezweǧ d ɛemmi-s, amenkad Kludyus(''Claudius)''. S tiḥerci-s d txazabiyin-is, tessaweḍ ad tqenneɛ ''Claudius'' ad d-irebbu Niru am mmi-s, yerna ad t-yessers d amekkasu-ines, xas akken ''Claudius'' yesɛa mmi-s n tidet i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut-is tamezwarut (''Britannicus''). S deffir lmut n ''Claudius'' deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ (aṭas i yeqqaren belli d Agrippina i t-yesseččen s ssem), Niru yuli ɣer uqerru n tmenkda taṛumanit, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is. == Iseggasen Imezwura n Udabu (Quinquennium Neronis) == Tallit tamezwarut n lḥekm-is tella s ddaw n ufus d wallen n kraḍ wudmawen imeqqranen: * '''Agrippina (Yemma-s):''' I yebɣan ad teḥkem tamenkda s ufus n mmi-s. Deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, drus n tlawin i yesɛan tazmert d tezmert n tsertit am Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi i d-tewweḍ ad tessers mmi-s Niru ɣef wudem n udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, asmi yesɛa kan mraw d sa (17) n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is, tella tettwali iman-is d nettat i d aqeṛṛu n tidet n tmurt. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus iseggasen iṣfan n Niru), llan d annar n umennuɣ uffir ɣef udabu gar kraḍ n tgejda: Agrippina s timmad-is, afiluzuf Sinik (Sénèque), akked ujeniral Burrus. Deg yiseggasen imezwura, Agrippina ur teffir ara akk lebɣi-s deg udabu. Tella tettekka deg tlufa n uwanek s wudem unṣib d wudem uffir. D nettat i yesselḥayen isuda imeqqranen n Ṛuma s yisem n mmi-s, yerna tessaweḍ ad tessekcem isem-is d tugna-s ula deg tedrimt (tiẓraf) taṛumanit. Deg waṭas n tebniqin n lawan-nni, tugna-s tella tetteddu-d s yidis n tugna n Niru, d ayen i d-yesskanen belli aẓayeṛ-is yerna ɣef uẓayeṛ n tmeṭṭut n umenkad neɣ yemma-s kan; tella d tamerkantit deg tmenkda. Rnu ɣef waya, asmi ara d-yili usemres n Usqamu Unnig (Sénat), Agrippina tella tettaṭṭaf amkan deffir n uɣenbur neɣ n tdebbuzt, tselled i wayen i d-yettwaxedmen yerna tettekka deg teɣtasin war ma walan-tt-id yinaẓrafen (iɛeggalen n usqamu). Iswi-s yella d aḥraz n udabu i d-tebna s ddeqs n txazabiyin d yidammen n wid i tt-yugin. Maca, tazrirt-agi tameqqrant n Agrippina tebda tewwi-d acewwel ɣef Sinik d Burrus, i yellan d wid yessegzayen i Niru amek ara yiḥkem s teɣdemt d usaḍuf. Sin-a n yirgazen n tsertit walan belli aɣmar n Agrippina yezmer ad yesseɣli tamenkda deg tdankit d usenṭeḍ n tmenɣiwt. Dɣa bdan ttekksen-as adabu s ddaw yiḍarren-is. Llan ttweṣṣin Niru, sskanayen-as-d belli d netta i d amenkad ameqqran, yerna issefk fell-as ad yeḥkem s timanit war ma yeqqim s ddaw tmuɣli n yemma-s. S tallelt-nsen, Niru yebda yettḥussu belli tazmert-is tella s ddaw n ufus n tmeṭṭut-a tamesbaṭlit, dɣa yebda yettarra-tt ɣer teɣmart. Tuqqna i d-yellan gar Niru d yemma-s tebda tettqerriṣ s ssebba n tudert-is tayiwnant. Agrippina tḥettem ɣef mmi-s ad yezweǧ d Ukṭafya (Octavie), iwakken ad yesseğhed aẓar-is deg twacult tamenkadt. Maca Niru yugi-tt, yerna yeɣli-d deg tayri n yiwet n tqeddact i d-yettwasuref i wumi qqaren Akṭi (Acte). Agrippina, imi twala belli tazrirt-is ɣef mmi-s tetteddu ad teɣli ɣef ljal n tqeddact-a, terfa aṭas yerna tebda tettgalla mgal Niru deg wuxxam n umenkad ameqqran. Tugdi-s tameqqrant tella d akken Akṭi ad tessiweḍ ad teḥkem deg wallaɣ n Niru, ayen ara d-yeglun s uṭixer n Agrippina seg tsertit. Imi twala Niru yeffeɣ-as i wawal, Agrippina tessedrem-it s yiwen n wawal aẓayan: teggez-it belli ad tbeddel liser, yerna ad tesbedd Britanikus (mmi-s n Claudius n tidet) ɣef uqerru n tmenkda deg wemkan-is, acku d netta i d amekkasu aḥeqqani. Taggazt-agi tella d tuccḍa tameqqrant i texdem Agrippina. Niru, i d-yettrebban deg unnar n tkerrist, ur yeǧǧi ara lweqt i yemma-s. Yefka tinaḍin, yessaweḍ yenɣa Britanikus s ssem deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, zdat n wallen n Agrippina. S lmut n Britanikus, Agrippina tefhem belli mmi-s yuɣal d aseddanku i yezmer ad isengger ula d nettat. Seg wass-nni, Niru yekkes-as akk iɣallen-is d tɛessasin-is timezwura, yessufeɣ-itt seg uxxam n udabu, yerna yerra-tt tettidir weḥd-s deg yiwen n uxxam nniḍen. Tazrirt-is tasertant temmut dges, ɣas akken tudert-is tkemmel kra n yiseggasen ar d-yaweḍ useggas n 59 S.Ɛ, anda i d-yefka Niru anaḍ aneggaru iwakken ad tt-nɣen iserdasen-is, ayen i d-yessufɣen amenkad-a ɣer yiwet n tallit tamaynut n tkriḍt n tmeddurt-is. * '''Sinik:''' Afiluzuf d amusnaw ameqqran i t-isselmeden. Lucius Annaeus Seneca, i yettwassnen s yisem n Sinik (Sénèque), d yiwen seg wudmawen i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit d tfelsafit tagraɣlant. D afiluzuf n uɣerbaz [[Tastuysit|astuyan]] (''stoïcien''), d amaru n umezgun, yerna d asertan ameqqran. Xas akken isem-is yeqqen s waṭas ɣer tuɣẓint n lɛeqliya, ṣṣbeṛ, d tezdeg n wul, amezruy-is asertan yezdi s telqayt d tmeddurt d yir tikli n umenkad Niru. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru llan d unnar anda Sinik yessemres tiktiwin-is iwakken ad iselḥu awanek aṛumani, maca llan daɣen d tazwira n tuccḍa-s ɣer tsusmi d uqbal n lbaṭel. Tudert tasertant n Sinik tebda s uɣilif. Deg useggas 41 S.Ɛ, amenkad Kludyus (Claudius) yenfa-t ɣer tegzirt n Kurṣika s rregmat n yir tikli d yiwet n tmeṭṭut n udabu. Yeqqim dinna ṭam n yiseggasen, yettaru idlisen ɣef ṣṣbeṛ d tuẓult. Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, taddart-is tebded-d sɣur Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi tezweǧ d Kludyus yerna tessaweḍ ad d-tessekcem mmi-s Niru ɣer wexxam n udabu amekkasu, teḥwaǧ argaz amusnaw, yesɛan ccan d wawal, ara yesselmeden mmi-s. Tekkes-as lmenfi i Sinik, terra-t d aselmad agejdan n Niru. Iswi n Agrippina yella d aselḥu n tugna n mmi-s zdat n uɣref d Usqamu Unnig. Sinka, s tmussni-s d tfelsafit-is, yebda yessers lsas n tẓult d tsertit deg wallaɣ n Niru, ɣas akken yufa d akken Niru yesɛa aṭas n leḥmala ɣer tẓuri, amezgun, d ccna ugar n tlufa n udabu d teɣdemt. Asmi yewweḍ Niru ɣer udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen. Ssebba n temẓi-s, ur yesɛi ara tirmit iwakken ad iselḥu tamenkda s timmad-is. D dagi i d-iban wazal n Sinik akked umeddakkel-is asertan, Burrus (Ajeniral n tredsa n umenkad). Iseggasen-a imezwura ulin ɣer umezruy s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus n yiseggasen iṣfan n Niru). Deg tidet, macci d Niru i yellan iḥekkem, maca d Sinik d Burrus. Tasertit i d-wwin tella d tin yebnan ɣef tezdeg d telwit: # Aseɣti n Teɣdemt''':''' Sinik yessaweḍ ad yekkes aṭas n lqewanin iẓayanen i yellan sqehiren imdanen. # Tajmilt i Usqamu Unnig''':''' Iwakken ad isemneɛ tamenkda seg tdankit, Sinik yerra-d azal i inaẓrafen n Usqamu Unnig, yeǧǧa-ten ad d-fken rray-nsen deg tlufa tigejdanin n tmurt. # Asenqes n Tiwsiwin''':''' Yexdem tarrayin iwakken ad yesnulfu tadamsa yelhan i yigellilen, yerna yesenqes asgufsu deg temnaḍin n tmenkda. Deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, Sinik yura adlis-is ameqqran '''"De Clementia"''' i yefka d abuddu i Niru. Deg uḍris-a, afiluzuf issegzay-d belli amenkad ameqqran macci d win iyesxeddmen lǧehd d tugdi, maca d win yesɛan tazmert ad isuref yerna ad yeḥkem s tuẓult d tmlilɣi. D iswi ameqqran i wakken ad yeṭṭef Niru deg ubrid n ṣṣwab. Sinik ur yelli ara weḥd-s deg wannar n udabu; Agrippina tella tebɣa ad teḥkem s ufus n mmi-s. Sinik d Burrus fhmen s zreb belli ma kemmlen s ddaw n uqeddac n tmeṭṭut-a, tamenkda ad tenger. Dɣa, Sinik yessemres tiḥerci-s d tmusni-s n umezruy asertan iwakken ad ibedd mgal yemma-s n umenkad. S wudem uffir yerna s tazzla, yebda yekkat ad yessebɛed Agrippina seg tsertit: * Yessexdem tayri n Niru i tqeddact-is Akṭi (''Acte'') iwakken ad yekkes tazrirt n yemma-s fell-as. * Iḥudd ɣef Niru asmi Agrippina tebda tettgezzi-t s tmenɣiwt n mmi-s n tidet n Kludyus, Britannicus. Maca, aya yessekcem Sinik deg yiwet n tuccḍa tameqqrant n temlilɣi-ines. Asmi Niru yessečč ssem i Britannicus (55 S.Ɛ), Sinik d Burrus rran iman-nsen ur ulin, ur d-kkin; qeblen lbaṭel-agi iwakken ad ḥerzen talwit n tmenkda d wemkan-nsen deg udabu. D asurif amezwaru n uɣelluy n tuzma n ufiluzuf. Asurif i d-yewwin lmut ɣef tettwaflest n Sinka d timenɣiwt n Agrippina deg useggas 59. Imi Niru yeɣtes ad yenɣ yemma-s s wudem unṣib, Sinik d Burrus llan deg tegnit tucmit. Xas akken ahat ur llin ara deffir usenfar-a s timmad-nsen, maca ur bdiden ara mgal amenkad-nsen deg twaɣit-a. Ayen yesserkan ugar isem n Sinik, d akken deffir n tmenɣiwt-a, d netta s timmad-is i yuran tabrat tunṣibt n umenkad i d-yezzuzren i Usqamu Unnig, anda isegzi belli Agrippina tella tettheyyi anguz iwakken ad tenɣ amenkad, yerna lmut-is tella d "asellek" n Ṛuma. Afiluzuf-nni i d-yuran ɣef rreḥma d tezdeg, yufa-d iman-is isneflali timenɣiwt n yemma-s n ugellid. Seg wass-nni, tazmert-is tasertant tebda tettneɣṣi, acku Niru ifaq belli yezmer ad yexdem ayen yebɣa war ma yehweṣ-it wemdan. S lmut n umeddakkel-is Burrus deg useggas 62 S.Ɛ, Sinka yufa-d iman-is weḥd-s zdat n umenkad i yettuɣalen d adankal s tidet, yeččuren takriḍt. Niru yebda yessemras "iqezzaben" yerna yessufeɣ isuḍaf imeqqranen. Sinik yewwi-d rray ad ijbed iman-is seg tsertit. Yessuter deg umenkad ad as-yeǧǧ ad yerr ɣer tama, yerna yessemsed-as akk ttrika-s d wayla-s ameqqran iwakken ad isemneɛ aqerruy-is. Xas akken Niru yugi-yas s wudem unṣib, Sinka yexla axxam n udabu, yeqqim deg wemkan-is, yettarra-d iman-is yuḍen, yerna ikemmel ad yaru idlisen-is n tfelsafit (am tbratin-is i Lucilius). Tudert-is tfukk s wudem aḥezzan maca d astuyan n tidet. Deg useggas 65 S.Ɛ, yeffeɣ-d unguz n ''Pison'' iwakken ad nɣen Niru. Xas akken ulac anza belli Sinik yettekka deg-s s tidet, isem-is yettwabder-d. Niru yefka-yas lamer i uselmad-is aqbur ad yenɣ iman-is. Sinka yeqbel annect-a s wudem n yigelliden d yifiluzufen: yebra i yiẓuran-is, yeǧǧa idammen-is ad ffɣen s leɛqel, yerna ikemmel yettmeslay ɣef tfelsafit d ṣṣbeṛ i yimeddukal-is armi d asrag-is anggaru. * '''Burrus:''' Aqerruy n yiserdasen iḥeddayen n umenkad. Deg yiseggasen-a imezwura, tasertit n Ṛuma teṣfa. Niru yesseḥbiber ɣef teɣdemt, yesselhu aẓayeṛ n yiqeddacen (iklan), yerna yefka azal i Usqamu Unnig (''Imni arumani''). Isem n tallit-a yeqqim-d deg umezruy am tsusmi d ubaɣur i tmenkda. == Tadankit d Tnekkra ɣef Yimawlan == Maca, s leɛḍil, Niru yebda yettwexxiṛ seg teɣri n yimawlan-is. Ikcem-it uɣemlil (Aɣedlilef) d ukukru n teḥraymit. * '''Timenɣiwt n yemma-s (59 S.Ɛ):''' Imi Agrippina tkemmel tessekcam iman-is deg tlufa n udabu, Niru yeɣtes ad t-yessenger. Deffir n waṭas n wudmawen i yexdem iwakken ad tt-ineɣ s tuffra (am uɣrab n lbabuṛ yetturẓen iwakken ad yeɣreq), ɣer taggara iceggeɛ-as iserdasen i tt-yenɣan. * '''Timenɣiwt n tlawin-is:''' Yenɣa tameṭṭut-is tamezwarut, Octavia, iwakken ad yezweǧ d Poppaea Sabina. Dɣa ula d Poppaea yenɣa-tt s teyitiwin mi tella s tadist. Ssakkin, ula d ameskar-is Sinka, iḥettem fell-as ad yenɣu iman-is. Niru yeqher inaẓrafen d yimeqqranen n tmenkda, yettarra-d akk ayla n Ṛuma d ayla-s. == Times Tameqqrant n Ṛuma d Uqehheṛ n Yimasiḥiyen (64 S.Ɛ) == Aneḍru yettwassnen aṭas deg tallit-is d times tameqqrant i yewwten tamdint n Ṛuma deg Yulyu n useggas 64. Times-agi tesreɣ aṭas n yigmamen n temdint d wazal n sḍis n wussan. * '''Tuccḍa n Niru:''' Inekcamen n lawan-nni qqaren-d belli Niru yella icennu yerna yekkat agiṭar mi tetteṛɣay Ṛuma, yettxayel-d iman-is deg umezgun am aɣelluy n Tṛwa (''Troie''), ɣas akken ulac anza ufris ɣef waya. Maca isugen-as d ayen n lmuḥal. * '''Tamasit ɣef Yimasiḥiyen:''' Iwakken ad isukkes iman-is seg rregmat n uɣref, Niru yerra tamasit d uɣilif ɣef tegrawt tamaynut n ddin i d-ibanen: '''Imasiḥiyen'''. Yeqher-iten s lḥif, yerra-ten d tiɣtas n tkerrist, isreɣ-iten, yerna yessaweḍ-iten ar lmut s yir isuraf deg wurar n unnar n tẓuri. == Tẓuri, Amezgun d Usenfar "Domus Aurea" == Niru yesɛa aramsu ameqqran i tẓuri. Yella yettwali iman-is d anaẓur (cennu, amezgun, timsizzelt n yikeryuten). Yella yettruḥu ad yurar deg tmurt n Legrig, ayen yessetḥan aṭas asqamu ameqqran aṛumani, acku ur d-yewwi ara s ccan i yiwen n umenkad ad yurar s udem agdudan gar yimdanen imuta. Deffir n Tmes Tameqqrant, yexdem yiwen n usebɣer ameqqran : yebna axxam n ugelid d ameqqran i s-yefka isem n '''Domus Aurea''' (Axxam n Wureɣ). Tella d yiwet n temṣukt tameqqrant yerna d tabaẓṭit i yeččan aṭas n tedrimt d twensi n uɣref aṛumani. == Taggara d Uɣelluy n Umenkad (65 - 68 S.Ɛ) == Tasertit n Niru deg tdamsa teččur d axessar, d ayen i d-yewwin lxiq d wurrif seg yal tama n tmenkda, ladɣa gar yimḍebbren n lɛeskeṛ. * '''Tigrawliwin n Yijeniralen:''' Deg useggas 68, yiwet n tegrawla tnekkred deg tmurt n Ɣul (''Gaule'') s ddaw tmehla n Vindex, syin tkemmel-d s tagrawla n Galba deg tmurt n Ṣbenya (Hispania). * '''Timenɣiwt n yiman:''' Imi yufa iman-is weḥd-s, iserdasen-is d asqamu wwin-tt mgal-is yerna rran-t d "Aɛdaw n Uwanek". Niru yerwel seg temdint n Ṛuma. Mi yesla belli iserdasen teddun-d ad t-ṭṭfen iwakken ad t-nɣen s lmut n ddell (s uqbaṛ deg usalu), Niru yewwet iman-is s tuzzalt ɣer temgerṭ s tallelt n uqeddac-is (Epaphroditus) deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ. ollvxfl3cgm0m623cpviwpwrhqm8edk 0 25513 116835 116800 2026-07-16T09:45:32Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116835 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Vespasian, from Naples, c. AD 70, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen (13646730625).jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Vespasyan.]] '''Vespasyan''' (ilul deg 17 wember n useggas 9, yemmut deg 23 yunyu n useggas 79) d amenkad aṛumani i d-yeṭṭfen adabu seg useggas 69 ar 79. D netta i d-yesbedden agdez aflabyan, yettwassen s usigna n temḥaddit n Tmenkda Taṛumanit deffir yiwet n tezɣent d amgaru aɣarman ameqqran i d-yeḍran deffir tmettant n [[Niru]]. == Temẓi d tneflit-is == Vespasyan ilul-d deg taddart n Falakrina (Falacrinae), deg temnaḍt n Sabin, tama n Rityi (Reate) deg Ṭṭalyan n wass-a. Mgal aṭas n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, Vespasyan ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tageldant neɣ tamasɣant n Ruma, maca yusa-d seg "Tasunḍa n iɛudiwen". Baba-s, Titus Flabyus Sabinus, d amelqqaḍ n tewsiwin, yerna d amdan i yettqadaren asurdi. S tsertit d ugama-s(ṭṭbiɛa-s) ur nessin zzux, Vespasyan yekcem ɣer tudert tasertant d tserdasit s tḥerci, yuli asurif s usurif deg tseddarin n tedbelt d lɛesker n Ṛuma. == Amecwar aserdas d yimenɣiwen == Vespasyan yettwassen s tezmert-is deg yimenɣiwen. Isekker-d aṭas n yimenɣan iserdasiyen imeqqranen : * '''Anekcum ɣer Briṭanya (43 - 44):''' S ddaw ufus n umenkad Kludyus (Claude), Vespasyan yella d aqerru ɣef Tegrumma Tis Snat (Legio II Augusta). Iban-d aṭas deg unekcum aṛumani ɣer tegzirt n Briṭanya (Grande-Bretagne n wass-a), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n truẓiwin mgal teqbilin tidiganin. Ayagi yefka-yas-d tisellat tameqqrant deg Ṛuma. * '''Tagrawla n Wudayen (66 - 69):''' Deg useggas 66, tnekker-d tegrawla tameqqrant deg tmurt n Yahuda (Judée). Amenkad Niru yefka-yas asenfar i Vespasyan akken ad yesseɣli tagrawla-a. S yiwet n tezmert d tḥerci n ujiniral, Vespasyan yessaweḍ ad d-yerr aṭas n temdinin ɣer ufus n Ṛuma, uqbel ma yeǧǧa taɣawsa deg ufus n mmi-s Tiṭus (Titus) asmi yella yettazzal ɣef udabu. == Aseggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden d tuṭṭfa n udabu (69) == Asmi yemmut [[Niru]] deg useggas 68, Ruma tkecm-itt tezɣent taɣarmant tameqqrant, yettwassnen s yisem n "Useggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden". Deg yiwen n useggas (69), ɛeddan-d kraḍ n yimenkaden: Galba, Utu (Othon), d Vitilyus (Vitellius). Iserdasen n Usammer (Igipti, Surya, d Yahuda) fernen Vespasyan d amenkad. S wudem uzzig, yewwi-d adeg n leqrar d tegmat seg yisurdasiyen-is akked lḥakem n maṣer Tiberiyus Alyksandarus. Iserdasen n Vespasyan, s ddaw leɛnaya n ujiniral-is Antunyus Primus, kecmen ɣer Ruma, sseɣlin Vitilyus, dɣa Asqamu aṛumani yesteɛref s Vespasyan d amenkad amaynut deg wember 69. == Tamenkda-s d tsertit tadamsant == Asmi yewweḍ ɣer udabu, Ṛuma tella tettwaɣ d leflas s ssebba n wemgaru aɣarman d uṣerref n Niru. Vespasyan yesbedd-d timsal s wudem ufrir : * '''Tiẓeṭṭḍin d teẓraf:''' Yesseɣti tadamsa n Ṛuma i yeɣlin. Yessers-d tiwsiwin timaynutin, gar-asent tiwsi ɣef yibdaz izuyaz. Asmi mmi-s Tiṭus yelum-it mgal tiwsi-a, Vespasyan yefka-yas-d tanfalit-nni yettwassnen aṭas: '''''"Pecunia non olet"''''' (Idrimen ur sriḥen ara). * '''Tadbelt d''' '''usaḍuf:''' Yesseɣti Asqamu aṛumani, yessekcem ɣur-s aṭas n yimaslaḍen imaynuten n "tesmilt temnayt" seg yakk timnaḍin n Tmenkda. Iṣeggem tiwuriwin duzref. * '''Isekkiyen d lebni:''' Yesseḥbiber ɣef uḥric n lebni. Yebda abnay n uxxam ameqqran n wurar n yigelliden "asebdir(Amfityatr) Aflabyan", i neqqar ass-a '''Akulusyum'''. Yebna daɣen Afakan n Talwit. == Tameddurt tazzayant d tagara-s == Vespasyan yella d amdan ur nettɛenni ara ɣer zzux am Niru neɣ Kaligula. Yettwassen s ukyis, zzhir, d tezdeg n wul-is, xas akken yella d aqesḥan deg usaḍuf(lqanun). Ur yessuli ara azal i yiman-is aṭas send tmettant-is. Yemmut s waṭṭan n uberriḍ d yir aṭṭan deg zik n useggas 79. Llant-d kra n tenfaliyin-is tineggura anda yessenṭeq s tmesɣiwt: ''"Vae, puto deus fio"'' (Awaɣzen, aql-iyi ad uɣaleɣ d ṛebbi!) – acku di Ruma, amenkad ma yemmut yettwaḥseb d agellid / ṛebbi. == 6. Tukkest == Tameddurt n Vespasyan teǧǧa-d latar n talwit d uselkem i Ruma. Yeǧǧa-d snat n warrac ara t-iweṛten, Tiṭus (Titus) d Dumisyan (Domitien). Titus d netta i t-id-iweṛten s talwit, d wayen ur d-neḍri ara acḥal d iseggasen di Ruma. Tawsit taflabyant tekker-d s wudem amnekni d ulamek, tessiweḍ ad terr Ruma deg ubrid n timawit d udellel. 4628298xj2rlbzy6q2cyhfu6pprjs35 116839 116835 2026-07-16T09:52:41Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116839 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Vespasian, from Naples, c. AD 70, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen (13646730625).jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Vespasyan.]] '''Vespasyan''' (ilul deg 17 wember n useggas 9, yemmut deg 23 yunyu n useggas 79) d amenkad aṛumani i d-yeṭṭfen adabu seg useggas 69 ar 79. D netta i d-yesbedden agdez aflabyan, yettwassen s usigna n temḥaddit n Tmenkda Taṛumanit deffir yiwet n tezɣent d amgaru aɣarman ameqqran i d-yeḍran deffir tmettant n [[Niru]]. == Temẓi d tneflit-is == Vespasyan ilul-d deg taddart n Falakrina (Falacrinae), deg temnaḍt n Sabin, tama n Rityi (Reate) deg Ṭṭalyan n wass-a. Mgal aṭas n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, Vespasyan ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tageldant neɣ tamasɣant n Ruma, maca yusa-d seg "Tasunḍa n iɛudiwen". Baba-s, Titus Flabyus Sabinus, d amelqqaḍ n tewsiwin, yerna d amdan i yettqadaren asurdi. S tsertit d ugama-s(ṭṭbiɛa-s) ur nessin zzux, Vespasyan yekcem ɣer tudert tasertant d tserdasit s tḥerci, yuli asurif s usurif deg tseddarin n tedbelt d lɛesker n Ṛuma. == Amecwar aserdas d yimenɣiwen == Vespasyan yettwassen s tezmert-is deg yimenɣiwen. Isekker-d aṭas n yimenɣan iserdasiyen imeqqranen : * '''Anekcum ɣer Briṭanya (43 - 44):''' S ddaw ufus n umenkad Kludyus (Claude), Vespasyan yella d aqerru ɣef Tegrumma Tis Snat (Legio II Augusta). Iban-d aṭas deg unekcum aṛumani ɣer tegzirt n Briṭanya (Grande-Bretagne n wass-a), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n truẓiwin mgal teqbilin tidiganin. Ayagi yefka-yas-d tisellat tameqqrant deg Ṛuma. * '''Tagrawla n Wudayen (66 - 69):''' Deg useggas 66, tnekker-d tegrawla tameqqrant deg tmurt n Yahuda (Judée). Amenkad Niru yefka-yas asenfar i Vespasyan akken ad yesseɣli tagrawla-a. S yiwet n tezmert d tḥerci n ujiniral, Vespasyan yessaweḍ ad d-yerr aṭas n temdinin ɣer ufus n Ṛuma, uqbel ma yeǧǧa taɣawsa deg ufus n mmi-s Tiṭus (Titus) asmi yella yettazzal ɣef udabu. == Aseggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden d tuṭṭfa n udabu (69) == Asmi yemmut [[Niru]] deg useggas 68, Ruma tkecm-itt tezɣent taɣarmant tameqqrant, yettwassnen s yisem n "Useggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden". Deg yiwen n useggas (69), ɛeddan-d kraḍ n yimenkaden: Galba, Utu (Othon), d Vitilyus (Vitellius). Iserdasen n Usammer (Igipti, Surya, d Yahuda) fernen Vespasyan d amenkad. S wudem uzzig, yewwi-d adeg n leqrar d tegmat seg yisurdasiyen-is akked lḥakem n maṣer Tiberiyus Alyksandarus. Iserdasen n Vespasyan, s ddaw leɛnaya n ujiniral-is Antunyus Primus, kecmen ɣer Ruma, sseɣlin Vitilyus, dɣa Asqamu aṛumani yesteɛref s Vespasyan d amenkad amaynut deg wember 69. == Tamenkda-s d tsertit tadamsant == Asmi yewweḍ ɣer udabu, Ṛuma tella tettwaɣ d leflas s ssebba n wemgaru aɣarman d uṣerref n Niru. Vespasyan yesbedd-d timsal s wudem ufrir : * '''Tiẓeṭṭḍin d teẓraf:''' Yesseɣti tadamsa n Ṛuma i yeɣlin. Yessers-d tiwsiwin timaynutin, gar-asent tiwsi ɣef yibdaz izuyaz. Asmi mmi-s Tiṭus yelum-it mgal tiwsi-a, Vespasyan yefka-yas-d tanfalit-nni yettwassnen aṭas: '''''"Pecunia non olet"''''' (Idrimen ur sriḥen ara). * '''Tadbelt d''' '''usaḍuf:''' Yesseɣti Asqamu aṛumani, yessekcem ɣur-s aṭas n yimaslaḍen imaynuten n "tesmilt temnayt" seg yakk timnaḍin n Tmenkda. Iṣeggem tiwuriwin duzref. * '''Isekkiyen d lebni:''' Yesseḥbiber ɣef uḥric n lebni. Yebda abnay n uxxam ameqqran n wurar n yigelliden "asebdir(Amfityatr) Aflabyan", i neqqar ass-a '''Akulusyum'''. Yebna daɣen Afakan n Talwit. == Tameddurt tazzayant d tagara-s == Vespasyan yella d amdan ur nettɛenni ara ɣer zzux am Niru neɣ Kaligula. Yettwassen s ukyis, zzhir, d tezdeg n wul-is, xas akken yella d aqesḥan deg usaḍuf(lqanun). Ur yessuli ara azal i yiman-is aṭas send tmettant-is. Yemmut s waṭṭan n uberriḍ d yir aṭṭan deg zik n useggas 79. Llant-d kra n tenfaliyin-is tineggura anda yessenṭeq s tmesɣiwt: ''"Vae, puto deus fio"'' (Awaɣzen, aql-iyi ad uɣaleɣ d ṛebbi!) – acku di Ruma, amenkad ma yemmut yettwaḥseb d agellid / ṛebbi. == 6. Tukkest == Tameddurt n Vespasyan teǧǧa-d latar n talwit d uselkem i Ruma. Yeǧǧa-d snat n warrac ara t-iweṛten, Tiṭus (Titus) d Dumisyan (Domitien). [[Titus]] d netta i t-id-iweṛten s talwit, d wayen ur d-neḍri ara acḥal d iseggasen di Ruma. Tawsit taflabyant tekker-d s wudem amnekni d ulamek, tessiweḍ ad terr Ruma deg ubrid n timawit d udellel. bh7vfkdczbxlzpdau1rmtpbzrfd1dz6 0 25516 116832 116829 2026-07-15T14:41:55Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116832 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Gladiators from the Zliten mosaic 3.JPG|vignette|Tafelwit n umuzayik n igladyaturen seg Leptis Mega(Libya).]] '''Agladyatur''' neɣ s wudem n usget '''Igladyaturen''' (s tlatinit : gladiatores, asuf : gladiator, seg wawal gladius i d-yemmalen "agestur" neɣ asekkin) d irgazen n wurar d yimenɣi i d-yettqabalen s umrig(leslaḥ) zdat wegdud deg yisebdiriyen (am Wekulusyum) n Tmenkda Taṛumanit. == Aẓar d Umezruy == Urar n yigladyaturen ur d-yebdi ara s yimenkaden n Ṛuma, maca aẓar-is yedda deg lqay n tmetti yettamnen s yisusiyen n temḍelt. * '''Tirmit Tamezwarut (Munera) :''' Deg tazwara, asenɛet n yimenɣiwen yella yeqqen ɣer temḍelt n yimdanen imeqqranen (iṭruskiyen d yikampaniyen i d-yebdan ansay-a). M'ara yemmet wemdan ameqqran (ameɣras), wid-is ssenkren-d amgaru gar yiklan. Idammen-nni i d-yettazzalen deg lqaɛa ttwalan-ten d '''tasareɣt''' neɣ d asfel i d-yettawin talwit i ṛṛuḥ n lmayet di laxert. Ayagi yettusemma ''Munera'' (aɣan neɣ lwaǧeb). * '''Asedhu Asertan :''' S lweqt, m'ara d-tekcem Ṛuma deg tallit-is tagdudant akked tmenkda-s, asenɛet-a yeffeɣ seg usatal n temḍelt, yuɣal d allal asertan. Imenkaden d yirgazen n tsertit sseqdacen urar-a akken ad awin ulawen n wegdud, ad as-fken '''tadfi''' d wuccu (ayen yettwassnen s tenfalit : ''Panem et circenses'' - Aɣrum d wuraren). == Azref d Tmetti == Di tmetti taṛumanit, igladyaturen llan sɛan yiwen n '''uẓayeṛ''' yeknan, maca tudert-nsen gar wegdud tella temgarad aṭas ɣef wudem asenḍaf. === Anwa i d agladyatur ? === * '''Iklan d Yimeḥbas n Wemgaru :''' D wid i d-ttawin s yiɣelluyen deg tmura tiberraniyin. D nutni i d amur ameqqran n yigladyaturen. * '''Iniɣiyen :''' Wid i d-ixulfen '''alugen''' neɣ yewwten ɣef usaḍuf aṛumani, ttwakksen-asen yizerfan-nsen, u ttwaḥekmen ɣef tmettant zdat yiɣersiwen neɣ zdat yigladyaturen nniḍen. * '''Ilelliyen d Yimaɣzalen :''' Kra n yimdanen n '''tserkemt''' talemmast, neɣ ula d tserkemt n wedda yeffɣen i webrid, kecmen s lebɣi-nsen ɣer wurar akken ad nadin ɣef yedrimen akked '''tmanegt'''. Sseggzayen yiwen n ugatu i d-yettawin ɣef tudert-nsen d tmettant-nsen. === Aẓayeṛ-nsen === Akken yebɣu yili wamud-is, igladyatur di Ṛuma yeɣli deg lḥecma tunṣibt. Ulac fell-as '''agemmir''' n uɣarman. Xas akken, deg ubrid n yidles d '''tesnimant''' n wegdud, uɣalen d izumal, d imedyaten n tezmert d tirrugza. Tilawin ttaɣent-d awal fell-asen aṭas, yerna ttlusun '''aɣenbur''' akken ad mḍlen udem n umdan, ayen i yessishilen tinɣi-nsen zdat wegdud. == Tiwsitin n Yigladyaturen d Yimrigen == Igladyaturen ur llan ara lsan yiwen n umrig. Lḥirfa bnan-tt ɣef '''usemlal''' n snat n tewsitin yemgaraden, akken ad d-fken '''amnekni''' deg wennar. Yal tawsit tesɛa amrig-is ibanen : # '''Aretiyari (Retiarius) :''' Yetturar s taratta(s talɣa n uzeṭṭa), ''Agelzim'' n kraḍ yiccawen (trident), d uzzal ɣef yiɣil azelmaḍ. Ur yesɛi ara '''aɣenbur''' u ur yesɛi taḥjurt ɣef yidmaren. Yettkel ɣef tazzla d trewla. # '''Asekutur (Secutor) :''' D '''axeṣṣam''' asudan n uretiyari. Yesɛa aɣenbur alewwaɣ yesselsen akk aqerru-s am teqbuct, i wakken ur t-yeṭṭafar ara uzeṭṭa. Yetturar s ugestur awezlan d wuaɣeṛ. # '''Amurmilu (Murmillo) :''' Aɣenbur-is yebna ɣef talɣa yesɛan taɣabuyt n tɣerda n yilel. Yesɛa aɣaṛ ameqqran (Scutum) d ugestur aṛumani (Gladius). # '''Atraki (Thraex) :''' Yesɛa agestur ameknay neɣ akaraf (''Sica'') d uɣaṛ amecṭuḥ amkuẓ. Yettlusu aɣenbur yesɛan talɣa n yigider iwakken ad imel '''tamanegt'''. == Tudert deg Yiɣerbazen d Tilawt n Wennar == === Aɣerbaz (Ludus) === Igladyaturen ttidiren deg yiɣerbazen lqayen yettusemman ''Ludi''. D bab n uɣerbaz (Lanista) i yettkellfen s usileɣ-nsen. Sɛan imejjayen igerrzen nezzeh deg tallit-nni (am ɣalinyus / Galien) iwakken ad d-lhun s tezmert-nsen, acku igladyatur d idrimen. Aselmed ibedd ɣef tfekka d usenqes n '''umihi'''. === Deg Wennar === Mgal ayen d-ttawin yisfura n wass-a, amgaru n yigladyaturen mačči d ayen yessufuɣen ɣer tmettant yal ass. D sṣenf n yimenɣi i yesɛan '''alugen''' d usaḍuf, yerna yella unefray i d-iḥebbisen urar ma yewweḍ yiwen ɣer lḥedd-is. * Ma yewweḍ-d yigladyatur ad yexser s tezɣent, yezmer ad isuter tamella. * D amenkad (ma yella din) neɣ d agdud i d-yefkkan '''taɣtest''' taneggarut ɣef tagara n uɣelluy s useqdec n uḍad (''Pollice verso'' - aḍad ɣer tqaɛet, neɣ ɣer daxel n ufus). == Tagara n Wurar d Tukkest == Urar n yigladyaturen iṭṭef aṭas n leqrun di '''tanzagt''' n Tmenkda Taṛumanit, maca yebda yessenqas seg lqern wis kraḍ d wis kuẓ : # '''Tazɣent tadamsant :''' Asexdem d usileɣ n yigladyaturen yeffeɣ-d s wazal ɣlayen aṭas, ayen ur tessaweḍ ara tmenkda ad t-txelleṣ gar tezeɣnin tidamsanin. # '''Tazrirt n Tmasɣant :''' S unekcum n tmasɣant tamasiḥit ɣer ugerram n tmenkda, bdan-d yinaḍen mgal urar yettazzalen s yidammen. Deg useggas 404, amenkad ''Unuryus'' (Honorius) yeḥrem s wudem unṣib akk uraren n yigladyaturen. Xas akken teḥbes "tmeɣra" n yidammen, ayen d-ǧǧan d '''tukkest''' tasertant ur yettwattu ara : uɣalen d amatar n useqdec n tdamsa s wudem n usseḍu i usnekwu d usderfi n wegdud. 6oads0gmsm9uuguhaeull8n14ykfbsi 116833 116832 2026-07-15T20:52:18Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116833 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Gladiators from the Zliten mosaic 3.JPG|vignette|Tafelwit n umuzayik n igladyaturen seg Leptis Mega(Libya).]] '''Agladyatur''' neɣ s wudem n usget '''Igladyaturen''' (s tlatinit : gladiatores, asuf : gladiator, seg wawal gladius i d-yemmalen "agestur" neɣ asekkin) d irgazen n wurar d yimenɣi i d-yettqabalen s umrig(leslaḥ) zdat wegdud deg yisebdiriyen (am Wekulusyum) n Tmenkda Taṛumanit. == Aẓar d Umezruy == Urar n yigladyaturen ur d-yebdi ara s yimenkaden n Ṛuma, maca aẓar-is yedda deg lqay n tmetti yettamnen s yisusiyen n temḍelt. * '''Tirmit Tamezwarut (Munera) :''' Deg tazwara, asenɛet n yimenɣiwen yella yeqqen ɣer temḍelt n yimdanen imeqqranen (iṭruskiyen d yikampaniyen i d-yebdan ansay-a). M'ara yemmet wemdan ameqqran (ameɣras), wid-is ssenkren-d amgaru gar yiklan. Idammen-nni i d-yettazzalen deg lqaɛa ttwalan-ten d '''tasareɣt''' neɣ d asfel i d-yettawin talwit i ṛṛuḥ n lmayet di laxert. Ayagi yettusemma ''Munera'' (aɣan neɣ lwaǧeb). * '''Asedhu Asertan :''' S lweqt, m'ara d-tekcem Ṛuma deg tallit-is tagdudant akked tmenkda-s, asenɛet-a yeffeɣ seg usatal n temḍelt, yuɣal d allal asertan. Imenkaden d yirgazen n tsertit sseqdacen urar-a akken ad awin ulawen n wegdud, ad as-fken '''tadfi''' d wuccu (ayen yettwassnen s tenfalit : ''Panem et circenses'' - Aɣrum d wuraren). == Azref d Tmetti == Di tmetti taṛumanit, igladyaturen llan sɛan yiwen n '''uẓayeṛ''' yeknan, maca tudert-nsen gar wegdud tella temgarad aṭas ɣef wudem asenḍaf. === Anwa i d agladyatur ? === * '''Iklan d Yimeḥbas n Wemgaru :''' D wid i d-ttawin s yiɣelluyen deg tmura tiberraniyin. D nutni i d amur ameqqran n yigladyaturen. * '''Iniɣiyen :''' Wid i d-ixulfen '''alugen''' neɣ yewwten ɣef usaḍuf aṛumani, ttwakksen-asen yizerfan-nsen, u ttwaḥekmen ɣef tmettant zdat yiɣersiwen neɣ zdat yigladyaturen nniḍen. * '''Ilelliyen d Yimaɣzalen :''' Kra n yimdanen n '''tserkemt''' talemmast, neɣ ula d tserkemt n wedda yeffɣen i webrid, kecmen s lebɣi-nsen ɣer wurar akken ad nadin ɣef yedrimen akked '''tmanegt'''. Sseggzayen yiwen n ugatu i d-yettawin ɣef tudert-nsen d tmettant-nsen. === Aẓayeṛ-nsen === Akken yebɣu yili wamud-is, igladyatur di Ṛuma yeɣli deg lḥecma tunṣibt. Ulac fell-as '''agemmir''' n uɣarman. Xas akken, deg ubrid n yidles d '''tesnimant''' n wegdud, uɣalen d izumal, d imedyaten n tezmert d tirrugza. Tilawin ttaɣent-d awal fell-asen aṭas, yerna ttlusun '''aɣenbur''' akken ad mḍlen udem n umdan, ayen i yessishilen tinɣi-nsen zdat wegdud. == Tiwsitin n Yigladyaturen d Yimrigen == Igladyaturen ur llan ara lsan yiwen n umrig. Lḥirfa bnan-tt ɣef '''usemlal''' n snat n tewsitin yemgaraden, akken ad d-fken '''amnekni''' deg wennar. Yal tawsit tesɛa amrig-is ibanen : # '''Aretiyari (Retiarius) :''' Yetturar s taratta(s talɣa n uzeṭṭa), ''Agelzim'' n kraḍ yiccawen (trident), d uzzal ɣef yiɣil azelmaḍ. Ur yesɛi ara '''aɣenbur''' u ur yesɛi taḥjurt ɣef yidmaren. Yettkel ɣef tazzla d trewla. # '''Asekutur (Secutor) :''' D '''axeṣṣam''' asudan n uretiyari. Yesɛa aɣenbur alewwaɣ yesselsen akk aqerru-s am teqbuct, i wakken ur t-yeṭṭafar ara uzeṭṭa. Yetturar s ugestur awezlan d wuaɣeṛ. # '''Amurmilu (Murmillo) :''' Aɣenbur-is yebna ɣef talɣa yesɛan taɣabuyt n tɣerda n yilel. Yesɛa aɣaṛ ameqqran (Scutum) d ugestur aṛumani (Gladius). # '''Atraki (Thraex) :''' Yesɛa agestur ameknay neɣ akaraf (''Sica'') d uɣaṛ amecṭuḥ amkuẓ. Yettlusu aɣenbur yesɛan talɣa n yigider iwakken ad imel '''tamanegt'''. == Tudert deg Yiɣerbazen d Tilawt n Wennar == === Aɣerbaz (Ludus) === Igladyaturen ttidiren deg yiɣerbazen lqayen yettusemman ''Ludi''. D bab n uɣerbaz (Lanista) i yettkellfen s usileɣ-nsen. Sɛan imejjayen igerrzen nezzeh deg tallit-nni (am ɣalinyus / Galien) iwakken ad d-lhun s tezmert-nsen, acku igladyatur d idrimen. Aselmed ibedd ɣef tfekka d usenqes n '''umihi'''. === Deg Wennar === Mgal ayen d-ttawin yisfura n wass-a, amgaru n yigladyaturen mačči d ayen yessufuɣen ɣer tmettant yal ass. D sṣenf n yimenɣi i yesɛan '''alugen''' d usaḍuf, yerna yella unefray i d-iḥebbisen urar ma yewweḍ yiwen ɣer lḥedd-is. * Ma yewweḍ-d yigladyatur ad yexser s tezɣent, yezmer ad isuter tamella. * D amenkad (ma yella din) neɣ d agdud i d-yefkkan '''taɣtest''' taneggarut ɣef tagara n uɣelluy s useqdec n uḍad (''Pollice verso'' - aḍad ɣer tqaɛet, neɣ ɣer daxel n ufus). == Tagara n Wurar d Tukkest == Urar n yigladyaturen iṭṭef aṭas n leqrun di '''tanzagt''' n Tmenkda Taṛumanit, maca yebda yessenqas seg lqern wis kraḍ d wis kuẓ : # '''Tazɣent tadamsant :''' Asexdem d usileɣ n yigladyaturen yeffeɣ-d s wazal ɣlayen aṭas, ayen ur tessaweḍ ara tmenkda ad t-txelleṣ gar tezeɣnin tidamsanin. # '''Tazrirt n Tmasɣant :''' S unekcum n tmasɣant tamasiḥit ɣer ugerram n tmenkda, bdan-d yinaḍen mgal urar yettazzalen s yidammen. Deg useggas 404, amenkad ''Unuryus'' (Honorius) yeḥrem s wudem unṣib akk uraren n yigladyaturen. Xas akken teḥbes "tmeɣra" n yidammen, ayen d-ǧǧan d '''tukkest''' tasertant ur yettwattu ara : uɣalen d amatar n useqdec n tdamsa s wudem n usmurer i tkufḍa d usedhu n wegdud. j8ljrmu8ce7zh51mwykvanbe1avf1mc 0 25518 116836 2026-07-16T09:49:53Z Gurzil90x 14292 Asebtar amaynut: '''Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Titus''', d amenkad aṛumani i d-yemmugren tallit n unbaḍ gar useggas 79 d 81 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). D netta i d amenkad wis sin n ugdez n Yiflavyanen, iṭṭef adabu seld lmut n baba-s, Vespasian. Ɣas akken tallit n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant (sin n iseggasen d kra n wayyuren), Titus yewwi-d tisellat n yigelliden imeqranen, yerna yeǧǧa-d ccama lqayen deg umezruy aṛumani. 116836 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Titus''', d amenkad aṛumani i d-yemmugren tallit n unbaḍ gar useggas 79 d 81 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). D netta i d amenkad wis sin n ugdez n Yiflavyanen, iṭṭef adabu seld lmut n baba-s, Vespasian. Ɣas akken tallit n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant (sin n iseggasen d kra n wayyuren), Titus yewwi-d tisellat n yigelliden imeqranen, yerna yeǧǧa-d ccama lqayen deg umezruy aṛumani. pcbbmlmbi5w9heujxejnty4yhcq4cz1 116837 116836 2026-07-16T09:50:49Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116837 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Titus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN3159.jpg|vignette|Titus]] '''Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Titus''', d amenkad aṛumani i d-yemmugren tallit n unbaḍ gar useggas 79 d 81 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). D netta i d amenkad wis sin n ugdez n Yiflavyanen, iṭṭef adabu seld lmut n baba-s, Vespasian. Ɣas akken tallit n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant (sin n iseggasen d kra n wayyuren), Titus yewwi-d tisellat n yigelliden imeqranen, yerna yeǧǧa-d ccama lqayen deg umezruy aṛumani. oigyc2sicxp23wem8p89xekklbilnkj 116838 116837 2026-07-16T09:52:18Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116838 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Titus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN3159.jpg|vignette|Titus]] '''Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Titus''', d amenkad aṛumani i d-yemmugren tallit n unbaḍ gar useggas 79 d 81 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). D netta i d amenkad wis sin n ugdez n Yiflavyanen, iṭṭef adabu seld lmut n baba-s, [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]]. Ɣas akken tallit n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant (sin n iseggasen d kra n wayyuren), Titus yewwi-d tisellat n yigelliden imeqranen, yerna yeǧǧa-d ccama lqayen deg umezruy aṛumani. ndlh3zgibs7nv8xszznnojllutevzoj