Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.12 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 39 116871 116268 2026-07-21T21:46:01Z Nazim 06dz 14892 116871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Tamnaḍt | isem = Tamurt n Leqvayel | tiɣmi = 0D5EAF | isem adigan = Tamurt n Iqbayliyen / Tamurt n Izwawen | isem adigan 2 = ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵡⴻⵏ | alugu = Tala_guilef.jpg | lqedd alugu = 255px | azday alugu = Tala Gilef, [[Buɣni|Vuɣni]]. | asenjaq = | lqedd asenjaq = | azday asenjaq = | imseɣret = Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu | takarḍa = Kabylie.svg | lqedd takarḍa = 255px | azday takarḍa = Takarḍa n Tamurt n Leqvayel. | timdinin = [[Bgayet]], [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]] d [[Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]] | tutlayin = [[Taqvaylit]]</br>[[Tafransist]]</br>[[Taɛrabt]] | imsidag = 37°49′N 4°50′E | tajumma = {{formatnum:32486}} km² | isem n umezdaɣ = [[Iqbayliyen]] (Aqvayli, Taqvaylit), Izwawen (Azwaw, Tazwawt), Igawawen (Agawaw, Tagawawt) | imezdaɣ = {{formatnum:3000000}}-{{formatnum:3500000}} | taneẓẓi = 92-108 imezdaɣ/km² | tamawt = Amḍan n yimezdaɣ akked tneẓẓi n useggas 2025. |tamurt=Lezzayer}} [[Tugna:Djurjura, Algeria.jpg|alt=Idurar n Ǧerǧer|vignette|260px|Idurar n [[Ǧerǧer]]]] '''Tamurt n Leqvayel d Teqvayliyyin,''' tettwaru daɣen Tamurt n Leqbayel ''(s tifinaɣ: ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ, anamek-is "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen")'', d tamnaḍt n yidurar yellan deg Ugafa-Agmuḍan n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg wenẓul-agmuḍan n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]]. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as "Tamurt n Idurar" neɣ "Tamurt" kan. Leqvayel ttmeslayen [[Taqbaylit|Taqvaylit]], yiwet si ger [[tutlayin timaziɣin]]. S wazal n 40.000 km2 n wakal ''(am [[Danmaṛk]], neɣ [[Taswist]], neɣ [[Timura n Wadda|Tagelda n Tmura n Wadda]]),'' Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa azal n 10 imelyan n yimezdaɣ<ref>UNPO [https://unpo.org/downloads/2474.pdf Kabylia Briefing Note]. 2025 (s teglizit). </ref> zdaxel n tlisa-s, tesɛa daɣen azal n sin n imelyan n leqvayel deg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], d wazal n sin n imelyan deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], akked azal 500 n imelyan nniḍen deg [[Amaḍal|umaḍal]], aya ad yessiweḍ agdud n Leqvayel ɣer wazal n 14 n yimelyunen d uzgen; aya d ayen yugaren amḍan n yimezdaɣ n tmurt n [[Tunes]]. Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa aṭas n temnaḍin d temdinin, gar-asent: [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Bgayet|Vgayet]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]]<ref>Tamnaḍt s waṭas n yimezdaɣen yettwaɛerben. Tamnaḍt icudden s umezruy ɣer Tamurt n Leqvayel (imi ay d-tekcem ddaw temnaḍt tis III d tmurt n Leqvayel n usammar (ccerq).</ref>, [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ|Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]], [[Mila]], d [[Skikda]]<ref>Tamnaḍt s waṭas n yimezdaɣen yettwaɛerben. Tamnaḍt icudden s umezruy ɣer Tamurt n Leqvayel (imi ay d-tekcem ddaw temnaḍt tis III d tmurt n Leqvayel n usammar (ccerq).</ref>. Amezruy-iss yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa. == '''Aẓar n yisem n Leqvayel''' == Isem n teqvaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal "Kabbalah"—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus. Ahat awal n "Kabbalah" n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Taqvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu ([[Aqbu]]) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi "Kabbalah", i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden. Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Leqvayel sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”<ref>Salem Chaker, « Note à propos du précédent article », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1,‎ 1978, p. 103–104 ([https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1978_num_26_1_1826 ɣeṛ deg usebter-a s tefransist] [archive], consulté le 11 janvier 2019)</ref>. Daɣen, seg zik, Leqvayel ur ur smalen ara iman-nsen d “iqvayliyen”, maca d Iẓwawen. Akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yimezdaɣ n “tmurt n Leqvayel” deg unamek-is n tura, wid yettmeslayen Taɛrabt llan sseqdacen awal n Zuwawa (Zwawa), asuf. Zzwawi (Zwawi) i yellan, ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tmuɣli, d asenqes n Agawa amaziɣ, d aɣerrabu yellan deg wul n “Tamurt n Leqvayel Tameqrant”, seg waya ay d-yekka wawal Igawawen<ref>Il semblerait que dans l'Antiquité, les Igawawen aient porté le nom de Quinquegentiens, appellation administrative désignant cinq tribus (''quinque gente''). Une vieille légende rapporte en effet que les montagnards descendent d'un géant qui eut cinq fils, lesquels formaient les cinq tribus antiques (Boulifa, 1925), les fameux Quinquegentiens qui se révoltèrent contre les Romains. (Leroux, 1857, p. 57.)</ref> akken ad d-yesmekti “Iqvayliyen”, yerna d isem n yiwet n tamawya (tdukli) tazmertant n tmanya n yegduden i d-yezgan deg “tmurt n Leqvayel”: At Betrun (At Yenni, At Budrar, At Bu Ɛekkac, At Wasif) d At Menguellath (At Mengellat, At Bu Yusef, At Weqbil, At Ɛeṭṭaf)<ref name=":8">Jacques Lanfry, «  », ''Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée'', <abbr>vol.</abbr> 26, <abbr>n^o</abbr> 1,‎ 1978</ref>. [[Ibn Xeldun]] yenna-d dakken Iẓwawen llan daɣen d aḥric seg Yikutamen<ref name=":8" />. ''(Tameslayt-a ay d-yellan ɣef Ibn Xeldoun d akken kan ad d-nesmekti belli awal Iẓwawen yettwaseqdac-ed deg tallit-is)'' Isem “zwawa” yessekles akka akk “iqvayliyen” s umata; Izwawen deg tutlayt tamaziɣt. Ɣef leḥsab n imusnawen nniḍen, awal Aẓwaw d wawal Agawa/Agawaw ur sɛin ara yiwet n tmetti, Igawawen yettak-d anamek n tamawya n Yigawawen, ma d Iẓwawen yettak-d anamek n Iẓwawen, “Leqvayel”, akken ma llan. Aselmad Salem Chaker yeqqar-d dakken awal Zwawa/Zwawi i d-sseqdacen wid yemeslayen taɛrabt ur ilaq ara ad yettwasemlil d agawa/igawawen, maca d Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen (isem aqvayli d yisem n lɛerc ay yettwassnen deg “Tmurt n Leqvayel”). Salem Chaker yeṭṭef deg tikti-ya belli Iẓwawen d isem n tidet aqbur n “Leqvayel” ay yellan,"imi qrib ttun isem-nsen n tidet")<ref name=":8" />. Nnig waya, deg wegmuḍ n Lezzayer, iqvayliyen mazal-iten ttwasemman s yisem n Zouaoua/Zouaoui<ref>Malha Benbrahim, professeur à l'Inalco, ''Documents sur Fadhma N’Soumeur (1830-1861)'', Clio, numéro 9/1999, Femmes du Maghreb.</ref>. Ula d ass-a, “iqbayliyen” akk ssawalen i yiman-nsen s yisem Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen. Deg usebter-a nesseqdac sin n wawalen-a, "Leqvayel" d "Iẓwawen" mebla amgired imi anamek-nsen d yiwen. Yettwafhem daɣen belli awal-a d win i d-yesdukklen deg-s Teqvayliyyin. == '''Amezruy''' == Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n [[Ǧerǧer]] yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n ''Muns Ferratus'' ("adrar n wuzzal"). Ibder-iten [[Aurelius Victor]] deg wedlis-is (''De Caesaribus'' 39.22: "nationes Quinquegentanae") d [[Eutropius]] (''Breviarium'' 9.22: "Quinquegentiani"). Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL). '''Ẓer:''' '''[[Numidya]]''' Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast. == '''Tallit talemmast''' == Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma. Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]] deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa North Africa - The Vandal conques]t". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</ref><ref>Day, Alan (July 2001). "[https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.2001.15.7.43.400 The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV:2001400Averil Cameron, Brian Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby, editors. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. xx+1,166pp, ISBN: 0 521 32591 9]". ISSN 0950-4125.</ref> Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen.<ref>"[https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219133607/https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en |date=2024-12-19 }}". esploro.libs.uga.edu. Yettwaṭṭef deg 11 Ɣuct 2024.</ref> Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156 The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118 Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167 The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568]</ref> Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa [[Tutlayt taɛrabt|Taɛrabt]] n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93 The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93]</ref> Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tYtIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA186 Scottish Geographical Magazine, Volume 10; Volume 1894]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f1pBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA165 Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4]</ref> Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken. == '''Listiɛmar Aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal Aɛraben''' == [[Tugna:Dihya Berber Queen of the Aurès by Vernet-Lecomte.jpg|vignette|[[Dihya Tadmut|'''Dihya''' '''Tadmut''']] '''- Vernet-Lecomte''']] Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Meynier2010|Meynier 2010]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 195.</ref>. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen. Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 46. </ref> Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni "العدو" taɛdawt".<ref name=":0">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 513.</ref> Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am [[Aksel (agellid)|Aksel]] neɣ [[Dihya Tadmut]], iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.[[Tugna:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|vignette|Tugna n yiwen n weqcic d akli deg Tmurt n Zanzibar. "Yettwaɛaqeb sɣur bab-is aɛrab." Azal n 1890. Seg iseggasen n 1860 ar deffir, tugna tettwaseqdac s waṭas deg yiznan i d-yettakken tiɣri i uḥemmal n tlelli. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']]Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen ''(جزية ǧizyah)'', ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen ''(dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي)'', war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen. [[Tugna:Meccan merchant and his Circassian slave.jpg|vignette|Yiwen n umerkanti aɛṛab seg Mekka (ayeffus) d wakli-s n tmurt n Ccirkas - Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, azal n 1888. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] [[Tugna:IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png|vignette|Tasenselt n uḍar ssexdamen-tt akken ad ḥebsen imdanen deg taddart. S umata, ttwaseqdacen deg waklan deg yiḍ. Akli-nni yezmer kan ad iεeddi s ttawil. Mi ara ttwaqqnent ɣef yiḍarren, ala aḥeddad i izemren ad tent-yesfeḍ. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] == '''Imenɣiyen n Tlelli & Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab''' == Deg useggas n 740''',''' imaziɣen akk deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tafriqt n ugafa]] kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=865 Les Rustamides (761-909]) [archive] », sur Qantara, [[:fr:Institut_du_monde_arabe|Institut du monde arabe]], 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).</ref> ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt.<ref name=":1">[[:fr:Kabylie#Plantade2007|Plantade 2007]], p. 83.</ref> Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d [[Ɛennaba]], si tmurt n [[Lmerruk]] alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen.<ref name=":2">[[:fr:Kabylie#RedjalaSemmoud2011|Redjala 2011]], section 1 : « La Kabylie », « Formation et évolution du bloc kabyle ».</ref> Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen ''(ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen)''<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=866 Les Aghlabides (800-909]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D866 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 19 novembre 2014).</ref>, yerna ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n [[Ibn Xeldun]]: "Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen".<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 48-49. </ref> Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 236.</ref> Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar.<ref>D. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=597 Les Fatimides (909-1171]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D597 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 18 septembre 2012).</ref> Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di [[Maṣer]], ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akk d Shiɛa.<ref name=":3">A. A., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=596 Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)] [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 18 ctember 2012).</ref> Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt.<ref name=":4">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], p. 514.</ref> [[Tugna:Fibonacci5.jpg|vignette|Tugna n Leonardo Fibonacci - mačči d tidet.]] Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]], Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n [[Bgayet]] deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna.<ref name=":3" /> Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as "abrid n ugellid".<ref>Djamel Alilat, « [http://rabahnaceri.unblog.fr/histoire-de-bgayet/triq-es-soltane-litineraire-du-roi-par-dj-alilat/ Triq Es Soltane (l’itinéraire du roi]) [archive] », 1re pub. El Watan, 2 septembre 2007.</ref> S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akk d Turuft<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Dermenghem1954|Dermenghem 1954]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 95.</ref>, tama n tsertit n "tgelda n Bgayet", tettwassen s yisem n "Imerǧan n Tefriqt", tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg [[Turuft]], sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg [[Turuft]].<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Julien1966|Julien 1966]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 104.</ref> Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII.<ref name=":1" /> Dɣa deg tɣiwant n [[Bgayet]], azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen ''(imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni)'' d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt'', (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni)'' yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130.<ref name=":0" /> Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Mourre1996|Mourre 1996]], t. 1, article « Algérie », p. 162.</ref> S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache1992|Kaddache 1992]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 102.</ref> Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet ''(deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes)'' d Dellys ''(i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan)'' tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen. Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Feredj2002|Feredj 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 16-17.</ref> [[Tugna:Béjaïa 1551.jpg|vignette|Asekkil n temdint n [[Bgayet|Vgayet]] sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥrez deg Tmezgunt Taɣelnawt n Fṛansa ''(La Bibliothèque nationale de France).'']] Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif.<ref name=":2" /> Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen "iḥerzen", dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d "tamanaɣt-nsen" yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n [[Tunes]], neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n [[Spenyul]]. == '''Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen''' == [[Tugna:Kab 1500-1750.png|vignette|Tamurt n Yiẓwawen d Tgelda n Lezzayer, 1500-1750.]] Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 515</ref>, neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen "tigeldiwin" n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam.<ref name=":0" /> Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s "Mejana"), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d [[Tunes (tamaneɣt)|Tunes]]; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen<ref name=":5">[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 139.</ref> d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint.<ref name=":5" /> [[Tugna:Koukou si Tefrawt.JPG|vignette|Tadart n [[Kuku]].]] I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abu Ɛebd Lah Muḥemmed IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj ''(Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d'' Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis'', yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Ga%C3%AFd1976|Gaïd 1976]], « Depuis le <abbr>XI^e</abbr> siècle », <abbr>3^e</abbr> partie.</ref> Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref>, tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d [[Ǧiǧel]].<ref>Mechehed Djamel-Eddine, « [http://mechehed.free.fr/documents/Les_turcs___Bougie.doc Les Espagnols et les Turcs à Bougie] [archive] », Radio Soummam, Béjaïa, son histoire et son port, juin–septembre 2004.</ref> Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref> Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n [[Kuku]]<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Leclerc1864|Leclerc 1864]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 61.</ref> i d-yeddren sin n leqrun.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lacoste-Dujardin2003|Lacoste-Dujardin 2003]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 70.</ref> Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 152.</ref>, s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Souidi2005|Souidi 2005]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 36.</ref><ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 239.</ref> Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqvayel d wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen<ref name=":2" /> maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 76.</ref>: tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 516.</ref> Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer ''(''Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas. Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Adli2004|Adli 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 105.</ref> [[Tugna:Kabyle Shepherd, by Eugène Fromentin.JPG|vignette|Ameksa deg idurar n tmurt n Yiẓwawen - Eugène Fromentin (1861).]] Di Tmurt n Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal [[Ǧiǧel]]. Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 24.</ref> Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer [[Qsenṭina]] deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 307.</ref> Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg [[Buɣni]] i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n "lbruj", gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 486.</ref> [[Tugna:Chef Kabyle.jpg|vignette|Ameqran n Tamawya ''(teqbilt)'' Aẓwaw. 1846 - Amezruy n Lezzayer Tafransist ''(Histoire de l'Algérie française)'' - Camille Leynadier.|alt=Ameqran n Tamawya]] S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akk d tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 79.</ref> Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt.<ref name=":2" /> Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen.<ref name=":4" /> Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526.</ref> I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526, 407.</ref> Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akk d twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 477.</ref> D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770 (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 ''(deg temnaḍt n Soummam)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 205.</ref> Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 490.</ref> Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a. == '''Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857''' == ==== '''Adabu Di Tmurt n Leqvayel''' ==== I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen: '''Awanek:''' d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines. '''Anavad:''' yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes. [[Tugna:Sur les côtes de Kabylie par Frederick Arthur Bridgman.jpg|vignette|Tiɣilt n Yiẓwawen - Frederick Arthur Bridgman.]] Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli”<ref name=":6" /> yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt. Awalen i d-tenna Lalla [[Faḍma n Sumer|Faḍma n Sume]]<nowiki/>r i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkem.” [[Tugna:Chérif Boubaghla and Lalla Fatma n'Soumer, by Félix Philippoteaux.jpg|vignette|Lalla Faḍma n Sumer Tennaɣ armi d taggara - Philippoteaux, 1866.]] [[Tugna:Portrait-Fatma N'Soumer.jpg|vignette|Tameṭṭut taẓwawt deg umennuɣ F. Filiput.]] Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: "skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. " Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli. Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 ''(aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj)'' armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli. Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.”<ref name=":7">Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: [[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]. 2017. </ref> Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. [[Tugna:Martinus Rørbye - A seated Kabyla.jpg|vignette|Aẓwaw yeqqimen - Martinus Rørbye. ]] Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.”<ref name=":7" /> Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen.<ref>Asebter seg udlis d tdiwennit n Hugh Roberts "[[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]" & Hugh Roberts: "Les kabyles avaient une sorte d'État de Droit dans leurs arches et leurs villages. Video.</ref> [[Tugna:A Kabyle Beauty.webp|vignette|Tameṭṭut taqvaylit ]] Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen ''(ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal<ref name=":7" />, yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella)''<ref name=":7" /> d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines. D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi [[Imaziɣen]] akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti. Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya. == '''Tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n''' '''Fransa''' <ref>Aḥric agi d tasuqilt n umgarad ifazen n https://wiki.amazigh.com. [https://wiki.amazigh.com/index.php/Kabyle_socio-political_structure#cite_note-:20-15 ɣeṛ-it deg internet] (s teglizit). </ref> == [[Tugna:Tuddsa n uwanek aqbayli.png|vignette|Tuddsa n uwanek n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n Fransa]] Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, uqbel asehres n n Fransa, lebni n tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt yella-d s waṭas n yiswiren, yebdan seg win n wadda arma d win yugaren: '''axxam''', '''''taxerrubt'', ''adrum''''', '''taddart''', '''Ṣfuf''' d '''lɛerc''' <ref name=":10">Devaux, Charles. ''Les Kebaïles du Djerdjera''. Marseilles: Camoin, and Paris: Challamel, 1859, asebter. 2-3. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref name=":11">Bourdieu, Pierre. ''The Algerians. Translated by Alan G. C. Ross. Beacon Press, 1962, p. 3. (S teglizit) (Izwel amezwaru s tefransist: Sociologie de l'Algérie''. Presses universitaires de France, 1958).</ref>. Simal yettnerni uswir, simal tettnerni tdukli gar yiɛeggalen-is<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe, and Aristide Horace Letourneux. ''La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles''. 1st ed, 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1872-1873, vol. II, p. 5. ([https://books.google.fr/books?id=L7ZTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 1], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=KxBbAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 2], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=gjA-AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 3] (s tefransist)</ref>. Anagraw asertan yella d win n tugdut<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 1. (s tefransist)</ref>, deg-s yal argaz aqbayli yesɛan azref i wakken ad yeṭṭef leslaḥ yesɛa awal deg temsal n taddart s usarag n tajmalt n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Asdukel n snat neɣ ugar n tudrin d win i d-yefkan lɛerc, yerna mi ara d-dduklen aṭas n leɛruc-a, ad d-snulfun Tamawya ''(taqbilt)''<ref name=":10" />. '''Taddart''' '''Amezruy''' [[Tugna:Maison des Kabyles.jpg|alt=Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882|vignette|Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882]] Di tazwara, Iẓwawen llan zedɣen deg tudrin timecṭuḥin, qqaren-asent ixliǧen (asuf. taxliǧt). Ixliǧeni d-yezgan ɣef yiri-nsent, dduklent akken ad d-snulfun ayen iwumi qqaren tufiq (asget. tufeq), d awal i d-yekkan seg Taɛrabt i d-yettawin s wazal-is anamek n wemsefham neɣ n usselhu<ref>Roberts, Hugh. ''Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria'' ''(Anabaḍ amaziɣ : Tasertit taqbaylit di Lezzayer uqbel n usehres n Fransa)''. I. B. Tauris, 2014, p. 50-51. (s teglizit) </ref>. Anagraw amezwaru yella deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Yiẓwawen, ladɣa deg tdukliwin n At Wagnun d Iflisen Lebḥar, ma d anagraw wis sin yella deg yal amkan anagar deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 54.</ref>. Tikwal, tufiq yettwasemma s yisem n taddart-is tamezwarut, ugar n tikwal d tin meqqren, am akken yella deg Taka n twacult n At Yaḥya<ref name=":12">Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 5.</ref>. Deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer, anda i llant tuddar timeqranin, ixliǧen i d-yellan d aḥric seg twafeq msefhamen ad d-dduklen, s wakka i d-snulfan tudrin tiɣezzanin, yemgaraden ɣef twafeq imi llan d timnaḍin timeqqranin deg umkan n tid meẓẓiyen i d-yezzin, yerna llant d timnaḍin yemgaraden seg iẓuran yemgaraden gar-asent<ref name=":13">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 58-59.</ref>. Imrabḍen zemren ad sɛun tiɣremt-nsen s tayeḍ s waṭas n telmas, zemren ad awḍen ar 400 n yimezdaɣen, am taddart n At Mraw n tamaya n At Iraten deg useggas n 1868<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 241.</ref>. Aṭas n tikkal, tudrin-nsen ttilin ɣef yiri n tilisa n lecruc ur msefhamen ara gar-asen<ref>Roberts,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 236.</ref>. Maca deg tudrin timeqqranin, ttilin-d d aḥric neɣ d abrid ur yettwaferqen ara ɣef wid nniḍen<ref name=":14">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 244.</ref>. === '''Talɣa''' === ==== '''Axxam & Adrum''' ==== Tadukli tamecṭuḥt akk deg taddart d tawacult neɣ axxam. Tawacult, akk d twaculin-nniḍen swayes i sɛant yiwen n lejdud ucrik, tettawi-d yiwet n twaculin (taxerrubt, asget. tixerrubin; neɣ: taɛrift<ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “[https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle]”, ''Droit et cultures'', 60 | 2010-2 (s tefransist), Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025. Asebter: [http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359]</ref> neɣ adrum), ssawalen i yiman-nsen d atmaten yerna ssuturen iman-nsen s yiwen n yisem<ref name=":11" />. Taxerrubt tezmer ad d-teqbel yiwet n twacult yesɛan laṣel yemgerraden i d-yettnadin ɣef tasdawit, deg tegnit-a iminig-nni imaynuten ad uɣalen d imselliyen (imsenden) yerna ad ttwaḥerzen (s Laɛnaya) <ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle”, ''Droit et cultures'' [Online], 60 | 2010-2. (s tefransist) URL: http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359;&#x20;DOI:&{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}#x20;https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359</ref>. [[Tugna:Pittura famiglia Kabyle.jpg|alt=Tawacult taqbaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.|vignette|Tawacult taqvaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.]] Tudrin n Yiẓwawen zemrent ad ilint deg-sent tixerrubin ur nettwaḥsab ara d Iẓwawen: imrabḍen d aklan. imrabḍen llan-d d yiwet n tarbaεt n imqeddsen n yimdanen i qqaren-d d akken ffɣen-d seg nnbi ineslem Muḥemmed. Ur d-ggaren ara iman-nsent deg lecɣal n taddart d yimennuɣen, ala akken ad d-rren talwit, acku ur ttekkan ara ɣer taddart neɣ ɣer yiwet n twacult. Seg tama niḍen, aklan d tawsit n yiqeddacen i d-yekkan si tmurt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt, wid yellan deg-s xeddmen lecɣal i yettwaḥeqren. D wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. Aẓwaw yellan ddaw n tmenɣiwt, yezmer ad yeqbel ad yuɣal d akli, s wakka ad yeǧǧ izerfan-is d aɣerman, akken ad iḥrez iman-is seg tmenɣiwt, imi ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḥettem ɣef aklan, maca kan ɣef yimdanen yesɛan yiwen n uswir anmetti. Imrabḍen llan d tawsit tamecṭuḥt deg yal amkan, maca deg teqbilt n At Itsuraɣ, ur llan ddaw n 40% seg wakk imezdaɣen<ref name=":14" />. ==== '''Adrum''' ==== Tixerrubin-nni i d-yellan deg yiwet n taddart, ttwaqqnen ɣer sin neɣ ugar n Tixerrubin (iderma, asuf. adrum), yal yiwen deg-sen yesεa amkan-is deg taddart, yezmer ad yesɛu agraw-is, tamesgida-ines d tmeqbert-ines. Tixerrubin yemgaraden n yiwet n twacult, s tidett, ttemsefhament s wazal n yidammen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 25.</ref>, mebla ma swaswa ad d-kkren seg yiwen n lejdud<ref name=":13" />. Tiwaculin tibeṛṛaniyin zemrent ad ttwaseddant deg yiwet seg Tixerrubin-nni yellan uqbel. ==== Ṣfuf ==== Iderma n tudrin tiqbayliyin tilemmasin d timqranin llant ttwaseddant s waṭas degs sin ṣfuf. Deg kra n tudrin, ṣfuf ur zeddigen ara deg wazal-nsen, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan akabar-nni ixuṣṣen ad d-inadi ɣef yimeddukal deg yimukan niḍen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13-14.</ref>. Aya yessawḍ-d ɣer ussebded nyiwen n uẓeṭṭa n tdukliwin i d-yeffɣen s yal tama. A ṣeff yezmer ad yili d win ixuṣṣen deg waṭṭas deg yiwet n taddart, ma deg tayeḍ yezmer ad yili d win i d-yessersen deg tayeḍ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13.</ref>. Aɣbel meẓẓiyen kan yezmer ad d-yeǧǧ lgirra gar sin ṣfuf, yerna ma yebɣa yiwen ṣfuf ad yessers lebɣi-s ɣef wayeḍ, s waṭas ay yettɛedday ɣef ccwal. Ilaq ad d-nini belli ṣeff d kra i yettbeddilen, yerna yezmer ad yernu neɣ ad yenqes deg tezmert-nnes, yerna wid i t-id-yeḍḍfen zemren ad beddlen tama<ref name=":15">Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 38. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 12.</ref>. . Isem-nsen yemgerrad seg teqbilt ɣer tayeḍ, win i d-yettwassen akk d ṣeff ufella ('akabar n ufella') d ṣeff n wadda ('akabar n ddaw') yerna, d ɣer yiwen n weḥric ameẓyan, icerqiyen d iɣerbiyen [19]. Ismawen-a, ɣas akken d ismawen i d-yeffɣen seg umḍiq, ur sɛin ara assaɣ d tgemmi n ṣeff. Ṣfuf nniḍen ttwasemman-asen s yisem n twacult neɣ n uqerru-nsen<ref name=":15" /><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel.'', vol. II, asebter. 11.</ref>. === '''Asqamu n taddart''' === ==== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ==== Taddart tẓwawt tella d awanek akk d d temdint, tasudut i tt-yesselḥayen d agraw* ''(tajmaɛt)'' n taddart. Yella yeṭṭef tazmert tasertant, tasertant, tadbelt d teɣdemt<ref name=":16">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 10, 25.</ref>, yerna yesɛa Ameqran, i d-yefren imezdaɣ n taddart, d aselway-is. Yiwet n tikelt deg yal ddurt neɣ sin, ad d-tili yiwet n temlilit akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef temsal n taddart. Aberraḥ d netta ay d-yettbecciren ɣef lebda n temlilit, yerna yal argaz meqqren yessefk fell-as ad d-yeḥḍer. Amḍiq n temlilit d d lebni yeldin, deg daxel-nnes yella sin n yimukan n uẓru i d-yettmuqulen yiwen ɣef wayeḍ<ref name=":17">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 93.</ref>. Timlilit tezmer daɣen ad tili deg imukan-nniḍen, am tmesgidiwin, neɣ zdat n tteǧra. Agraw n taddart d netta i d-yelhan s usnulfu n usaḍuf d usseḍru-nsen, yerna ad d-yeṭṭef tiɣriwin deg tegnit n tuccḍa<ref name=":16" />. Aselway-is, ameqran neɣ amɣar (da amin) n taddart, d netta daɣen i d-yettawin leqdic amatu, am usseqdec n yiberdan, tiliwa d tmesgidiwin, neɣ lebni n yixxamen<ref>Hanoteau and Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. Tettili-d daɣen tikwal ayen i wumi qqaren timecret s Taẓwawt, anda i d-yettunefken wulli neɣ iɣersiwen-nniḍen, dɣa aksum-nsen yettwafreq s lbaṭel ɣer yal tawacult<ref name=":18">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 29.</ref>. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, agraw n taddart yettarra-d iserdan d lbarud i wid ur nezmir ara ad ten-id-aɣen<ref name=":18" />. <nowiki/>* Ɣur Twareg, agraw qqaren-as ameni neɣ ameney, aẓar "mny" ay d-yeqqaren "ad nwali gar-aneɣ, ad nemlil", yesskanay-d deg Tuareg "tadiwennit, timlilit" s unamek amatu am wakken ay d-yesmektay "timlilit" neɣ "taɣimit" n wegraw asertan. ==== '''Talɣa''' ==== [[Tugna:Maison du marabout et mosquée à Koukou.jpg|vignette|Taxxamt n imrabḍen d lǧameɛ deg tagelda n [[Kuku]]. Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Asemres n usqamu n taddart deg-s i d-iteddun: lamin, yettwafren s tefranin tiɣelnawin neɣ yettefran sɣur imḍebbren, yettgen ukil n lǧameɛ, yerna aneggaru-a d netta i d amḍebber n tedrimt n lǧameɛ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. Yal adrum n taddart yettferriḍ yiwen n wergaz seg yiman-nsen d agensas-nsen deg usqamu n taddart. Ṭamen d win i d-yezgan gar adrum-is d lamin, akk d win i d-yettεawanen aneggaru-a<ref name=":11" />. Ɣef leḥsab n Hanoteau, d lamin i d-yettwafernen ṭamen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Daɣen, kra n yergazen yettwaḥesben d imusnawen (d lɛuqqal) ttekkin ula d nutni deg usqamu<ref name=":19">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 24.</ref>. Irgazen-nniḍen ttɣimen zzin-d i umḍiq n temlilit, sellen, mmeslayen tikwal kan, ma ulac ur mmeslayen akk<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 93.</ref>. Imrabḍen d iklan ur ttilin ara deg usarag<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqqran (lamin) n Taddart''' ===== Ismawen yemgaraden i yettwaseqdacen i usemres-a, ɣef leḥsab n temnaḍt, win ay d-yettwassnen yerna yettwassen aṭas d lamin. Ismawen-nniḍen, ur ttwasseqdacen ara mliḥ, d “ameqqran” d “amɣar”<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Yal argaz aqbayli, ma yella yezmer ad yeddem leslaḥ, yezmer ad yuɣal d lamin n taddart-is, di tiẓri meqqar. Maca deg tuget n tegnatin, amin s umata yettas-d seg twacult yesɛan tazmert deg taddart. Deg twafeq, amur ameqran n wakud, seg terbaɛt tameqrant n yimezdaɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 26.</ref>. Lamin yella yesɛa cwiṭ n tezmert d aselway n temlilit, yerna yeṭṭef kan amkan-is skud yettwaḥsab d win yezmeren ad yexxdem ccɣel-nnes<ref>Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'',asebter. 4-5.</ref>. Deg yiwet n taddart n At Mangellat, Tawrirt Mangellat, amen yettwafernen seg yal taxerrubt s nnuba<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 33</ref>. Gar lecɣal n lamin, d aɛessas n wayla<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 44.</ref>, am wakken daɣen ay d-yella uḍman n uqader n usaḍuf d ussefqed n tmenɣiwin. D netta daɣen i d-yettaṭṭafen tifin d leɣlaḍ. Ma yella amin yexdem lbaṭel, ilaq-as ad ixelleṣ yerna ad yeṭṭef taggara<ref>Liorel, Jules. ''Races berbères: Kabylie du Djurdjura''. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1893, 315. (s tefransist) ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Kabylie_du_Jurjura.html?id=msThiy2egeAC&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref>, ma yella yeṭṭef taggara mebla agraw n imezdaɣ n taddart, ad ixelleṣ ula d netta (qanun n yiwet n taddart n tmurt Aqbil, At Mangellat)<ref>Liorel, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 316.</ref>. Lamin ilaq ad yili d aḥerfi yerna ilaq ad yesɛu tamusni taserdast, imi ad d-yawi irgazen-is deg umennuɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ, i d-yettunefken sɣur Ameqran n taddart, yezmer ad yili d Aẓwaw neɣ d amṛabti, yerna yettwafernen seg twacult yesɛan aṭas n yedrimen yerna yesɛa tazmert<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. D netta i d-yettḥekkmen ɣef ussefrek n ugerruj n lǧameɛ i yellan yemsefraq ɣef ugerruj n taddart. Ma yella lǧameɛ-nni d ayla n yiwet n tmesgida mačči d ayla n taddart, ukil n lǧameɛ yettwafren sɣur taxerrubt-nni ay yesɛan lǧameɛ-nni mačči sɣur Ameqran n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 36.</ref>. Segmi i d-teṭṭef Fransa tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tadbelt tamesbaṭlit, ɣas akken teǧǧa timḍebbrin tiqbayliyin akken llan, tesnulfa-d amḍiq amaynut, d win n ukil, yettwafren sɣur agraw n taddart, yerna yesɛa tiɣbula am ukil n lǧameɛ, maca mačči am ineggura-agi, yessedday lxezna n taddart deg umḍiq n lǧameɛ-nni<ref name=":20">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 134.</ref>. ===== Ṭamen ===== [[Tugna:Élection à Koukou.jpg|alt=Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.|vignette|Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Yal taxerubt tesεa yiwen n umseqdac deg tejmaɛt, iwumi qqaren ṭamen, d awal n taɛrabt yesεan anamek n 'aḍman'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Yal taxerubt n taddart tettak-d yiwen seg yergazen-is d ṭamen[2], maca ɣef wakken i d-yenna Hanoteau, d Ameqran i t-yettunefken<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. D netta i d amsalay gar taxerubt d tejmaɛt, yerna daɣen d amεiwen n Ameqran. Deg kra n teqbilin, am At Fliq, ṭamen, imi d netta i d aqerru n twacult-is, tikwal ttwakelfen-as tazmert n ṭamen <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100.</ref>. Deg kra n tudrin, ṭamen mačči kan d win i d-yeskanen taxerubt-is, d lɛerc-is s lekmal-is<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Gar lecɣal-is, ad d-yerr s yisem n taxerubt-is (neɣ n lɛerc-is) deg tejmaɛt n taddart, ad ixelleṣ tiɣrifin i d-yexdem iɛeggalen n txerubt-is, yerna ad d-yefk isallen ineggura i Ameqran<ref name=":21">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100-101.</ref>. Tikwal, d ṭamen i d-yettawin ticcetkiwin uqbel ad awḍen ɣer Ameqran. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, yettak-d iɣallen-is i Ameqran<ref name=":21" />. ===== Ɛuqqal ===== Awal ɛuqqal, n laṣel aɛrab, anamek-is d 'amussnaw', 'afehhem'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 92.</ref>. Ur yelli ara lḥedd ɣef wacḥal n ɛuqqal ay yezmer ad teṭṭef agraw n taddart, maca s umata llan gar 5 ar 10 deg wazal-nsen. Ttwafernen s rray n medden<ref name=":19" />. Iɛuqqalen d imɣaren, aya i ten-yeǧǧan ad ttwaḥesben d wid yesɛan tamusni d tmussni deg wallen n Yiqbayliyen, imi Aqbayli, mi ara yili yid-s yiwen seg twacult-is meqqren, qlil ma yettmeslay (s leqder), daymi i d nutni, Ameqran d ṭemman, i d-yettḥekmen ɣef tejmaɛt<ref name=":17" />. Ttwaqadren aṭas, yerna d ccbaḥa-nsen kan i asen-yefkan azwel-nsen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 95.</ref>. Awal-nsen yesεa azal deg temsirin n wagraw. ==== '''Lɛerc''' ==== Tiddukla n waṭas n tudrin (neɣ twafeq) d tin i d-yettakken lɛerc (anamek-is d 'akersi' am win yesseqdac ugellid). Deg kra n tegnatin, lɛerc yezmer ad yili seg yiwet n taddart kan, am Iɣil Imula<ref name=":22">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 47.</ref>. Imdanen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n lɛerc ur ttekkan dima deg yiwen n lejdud, yerna aṭas n leɛruc ur sɛin ara ismawen i d-yettawin ɣer lejdud-nsen, am At Wasif (imdanen n wasif) d At Budrar (imdanen yesɛan adrar), At Umalu d At Usammer (imdanen n tama n wedrar ay yesɛan tili d yiṭij, s tɣawla) n At Iraten<ref name=":22" />. Asemres n lɛerc yezmer daɣen ad ibeddel. Aya yezmer ad d-yili s usdukkel n taddart n teqbilt niḍen, neɣ s lɛerc n taddart. Deg tdukli n At Ɛisi, taddart n At Maḥmud, Tala Xellil, tettwaqqen ɣer At Dwala. Amedya nniḍen d taddart n Tagemmunt Leǧdid, i d-yekkan di tazwara ɣer At Ɛmer u-Fayed n tdukli n At Ɛisi, dɣa teqqen ɣer Iwaḍiyen deffir n ṭṭraḍ<ref name=":23">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67.</ref>. Llan sin n yimedyaten i d-yettwaseknen deg umezruy n leɛruc i yedduklen tudrin-nsen ɣer leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer tama-nsen ɣef ddemma n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw, am wakken i yella deg tegnit n Isemmaḍiyen n tdukli n At Iraten, d At u-Belqasem n At Betrun<ref name=":23" />. Tiddukliwin-a ur tent-id-yeḍfer ara umussu n yimezdaɣen, imezdaɣen n tuddar yettwaqqnen qqimen ttwaḥerzen. Mi llan deg wakal aberrani, iqbayliyen ttwasnen s teqbilt-nsen neɣ s tdukli-nsen kan, werǧin s tudrin-nsen, yerna ttemɛawanen waygar-asen mebla lxilaf. Yal yiwen deg-sen yella ddaw laɛnaya-s, dɣa d lwaǧeb i yal yiwen ad iḥareb ɣef teqbilt-is, xas ma yella d ayen ara d-yeǧǧen tudert-is deg lḥif. Win i d-yesbeggnen isekkilen n tkerkas, ur d-yettekki ara deg uɛiwen neɣ deg uḥareb n teqbilt-is, ad ixelleṣ, yerna ad yexṣer ccan-is ger wegdud-is<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 59.</ref>. S umata, leɛruc llan ttwabḍan ɣef sin n ṣfuf, yerna yal taddart tesɛa sin-nni n leɛruc. Ṣfuf-a zemren ad awḍen ula nnig n tdukli. Naqal, snulfun leɛruc s lekmal-nsen, akk d leɛruc niḍen neɣ d tiddukla, ṣeff. Akka i yella lḥal di lqern wis XVIII di tmurt n Leqvayel, anda tamnaḍt-a merra tebḍa ɣef sin n ṣfuf imeqqranen: ṣeff ufella d ṣeff n wadda. Ɣef leḥsab n wansay adigant, timliliyin-a llant-d deffir yiwen n ccwal gar sin n watmaten, Urxu d Buxtuc, seg Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ n lɛerc n At Frawsen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 17-19.</ref>. Sin-a llan deg yiwen n weḥric seg twacult i iḥekmen ɣef tagelda n Kuku, yerna tamezwarut tella tettɛawan-itt ṣeff ufella, ma d tis snat d ṣeff n wadda. D wagi i d asemres n sin n ṣfuf<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 19.</ref>: * '''Ṣeff ufella:''' At Yaḥya, xemsa n yegduden n Igawawen (At Mangellat, At bu-Yusef, At Wasif, At Ɛeṭṭaf, At bu-Ɛekkac), sin n leɛruc n At Sedqa (Ugdal, At Hmed), tlata n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Addu, At Mendas, At Smaɛel), Iflisen Umlil, yiwen n lɛerc n At Ɛisi (At Abdelmumen), At Ǧennad, Iɛeẓẓugen (aḥric n At Ɣebri), At Fliq, Ilulen Usammer, At Mlikec, Ifnayen, At bu-Mesudɛ, Imezzayen, Iẓnagen, d ugar n uzgen n At Ɛebbas. * '''Ṣeff n wadda:''' At Iraten, Iɛemrawen, At Wagnun, At Frawsen, At Xellili, At bu-Cɛayeb, At Itsuraɣ, Illilten, Ilulen Umalu, At Iǧǧer, At Ziki, At Ɣebri, Iflisen Lebḥar, Asif Lḥemmam, xemsa n leɛruc At Ɛisi (At Dwala, At Meḥmud, Iferdiwen, At Ɛmer u-Fayed, At Zmenzer), Lemɛatqa, tlata n leɛruc n Igawa (At Yenni, At Budrar, Aqbil), yiwen At Sedqa (Iwaḍiyen), sin n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Ɣerdan, At Amefi), Kucras, At Temẓalt, Ɛella, Uzgen, Icenbaber, At Sidel, Ɛliman, At Waɣlis. ===== '''Agraw''' ''(Tajmaɛt)'' '''n Lɛerc''' ===== ===== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ===== Agraw n Lɛerc, mačči am win n taddart, yettili-d kan di kra n tegnatin, yerna imedyaten yettwasqedcen qlilet aṭas. Yiwen seg umedya-a d win n lɛerc n At Frawsen, i yemlalen deg useggas n 1752 neɣ deg useggas-nniḍen deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ (Bida n zik), i wakken ad d-sbedden ttaggara n yizerfan n tlawin ɣer tmanegt <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 224.</ref>. Ahat ayagi yettwaxdem akken ad ḥebsen leɛruc nniḍen ad d-ssutren akal d wayla ɣef tmettant n wergaz s yizerfan n tmeṭṭut-is izemren ad tili seg lɛerc-nsen yerna ad ḥebsen timcewwekt i izemren ad d-yeḍru ɣef waya. Asefhem-iḍen yella-d akken ad ḥebsen irgazen Iɛetmaniyen ad d-rren ula d nutni tiɣawsiwin am tin, dɣa ad rnun ad snerniyen akal-nsen ddaw n tiɣawsiwin am tin. Amedya nniḍen d win n At Yanni (Asdukel n At Betrun), i d-yeṭṭfen deg useggas n 1818 yiwet n temlilit deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, At Laḥsen, i wakken ad d-rren i tlawin azref i tmanegt-nsent, ay d-yekkes usdukel i deg tella deg useggas n 1749<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 226.</ref>. Agraw n Lɛerc, am win n taddart, yezmer ad d-yessuffeɣ izerfan i d-yettwafernen ɣef tudrin akk yellan deg-s. D ccɣel n yimḍebbren n tuddar ''(s umata sin neɣ tlata)'' ad sεelmen imezdaɣ-nsen ɣef tseddarin timaynutin i d-yettwaddmen. Naqal, kra n leɛruc ttwaɛaqben ɣef tmenɣiwin timeqranin i ttgen, am tukerḍa d tmenɣiwt<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 65.</ref>. Idrimen n lɛerc i yettwaḥwajen i yisenfaren am usnerni neɣ aseḥbiber n yiberdan, n tmesgidiwin, n ssuq d d wayen-nniḍen, ttwabḍan gar-asen gar wakk tuddar, yerna yal yiwet seg-sent yessefk ad ttekkin s lqidar n yimezdaɣen-nsent. Ma yella lɛerc yesεa aɣbalu n tedrimt i d-yettakken azal ugar n wiyaḍ, yettwabḍa gar tudrin s yiwen n ubrid<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter 64-65.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqran''' ''(Amin)'' '''n lumna''' ===== Amɣar n lumna deg tuget n leɛruc yettwafernen kan deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ. Yettwafren seg yemdanen niḍen, Imɣaren n leɛruc, i sɛan azwel am wa akken ad yessuddes iɣallen n leɛruc d ttawilat-nsen, akken daɣen ad d-yefk lewṣayat i Imɣaren n leɛruc deg yimenɣi, yerna d nitni i ten-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen. Lxedma-s tettḥebbis deffir ma ttwaḥebsent tmenɣiwin<ref name=":24">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 68-69.</ref>. Leɛruc-nni kan i yeṭṭfen Amɣar n lumna-nsent deg talwit, d tid-nni i d-yezgan ɣer yidis n yiɣemmiwen n maxzen deg tallit n talwit d wid ay d-yezzin ɣef yiɣerfan n Iɛetmaniyen deg tallit n Ṭṭerk, imi llan ttnaɣen dima yid-sen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 73.</ref>. Mi d-teṭṭef Fransa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tagnit n Ameqran n lumna tuɣal d tin n dayem. Argaz-nni yettwafren ad yeṭṭef amkan-nni yella d aselway n lɛerc-is, yerna yessefk ad t-teqbel tedbelt tafṛensist<ref name=":20" />. ==== Tamawya (''Takufidṛalit/taqbilt'') ==== Leɛruc yedduklen akk ttgent akk Tamawya. Timawya akk Iẓwawen llant deg Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, ma d ayen nniḍen qqimen war Tamawya, tteklen kan ɣef tdukliwin<ref name=":25">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67-68.</ref>. Iswi n Tamawya yella s umata s ṣṣenf aserdasi, anamek-is dakken leɛruc i d-yeṭṭfen tamawya ttemḥuddun (maca mačči dima) wway gar-asen m'ara mgerradent d Timawya-nniḍen. Timawya yemgaraden qlil ma msefhament akk, yerna mi ara msefhament, dima d ayen ara mqabalen d iɣallen ibeṛṛaniyen, am Yiṭerkiyen neɣ Ifṛensisen<ref name=":12" />. Tadukli-nsen temgarad seg tamawya ɣer tayeḍ. Leɛruc ur nelli ara deg tamawya, i yesɛan imukan imeqranen, am At Ɛebbas n wasif Wad Saḥel d At Ɛidel n temnaṭ n Summam, bḍan-d ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen, yerna anagraw-nsen yecba win n tamawya n tmurt n Yiẓwawen Meqqren. Tamawya tesɛa daɣen agraw-is d Ameqran n Tamawya (Amin n Tamawya)<ref name=":25" />. Timawya n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ttwaḥsabent s umata: Iflisen Umlil, At Wagnun, Iflisen Lebḥar, At Jennad, At Iǧǧer, At Mangellat, At Betrun, At Iraten, At Sedqa, At Ɛisi, Lemɛatqa d Igucdal<ref name=":26">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 238-300.</ref>. Gar timawya-a, sin, At Betrun d At Mangellat, i yettusemman Igawawen (Zwawa s taɛrabt)<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 251.</ref>, d isem swayes Iẓwawen n Tmurt Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt ssexdamen akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk leɛruc n Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, yerna tasuqilt-is s taɛrabt tettwaseqdac akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk Yiẓwawen akken yebɣu ad yilin. "Akken ara yettbeɛḍ yiwen ɣef Ǧeṛǧer, Iẓwawen ttaken isem n Igawawen i leɛruc i ten-yessefran seg tdukli-nni i d-nebder akka kan [At Betrun d At Mangellat]. Ɣef waya, i “Guechoula”, At Sedqa d Igawawen, ma d Guechtoula s timmad-is ttwaqqaren Iflissen Umellil d At Xelfun. Aqbayli seg Waṭlas abliḏi neɣ d Ichenwiyen ad d-yernu s yisem n Agawa yakk leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer usammar n wasif Isser<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe. ''Essai de grammaire Kabyle''. Alger: Bastide; Constantine: Bastide et Amavet; Paris: Challamel and Benjamin Duprat, 1858, p. xxij. (s tefransist) ([https://www.google.nl/books/edition/Essai_de_grammaire_Kabyle_renfermant_les/qG6TfIMgibMC?hl=en&gbpv=1 ɣeṛ-it deg interne]t)</ref>". ― Adolphe Hanoteau, Essai de grammaire kabyle (1858) ''(Adolphe Hanoteau, Aḍris n tjerrumt taqbaylit)''. Lqedd n tamawya d leɛruc-is tettbeddil aṭas. Amqqran deg-sen, Iflisen Umlil, yesεa tlata n leɛruc. Deg umḍiq wis sin i d-iteddun At Wagnun d Igawawen, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tmanya. Tamawya i yesɛan aṭas n leɛruc d tin n Lemɛatqa, i yesɛan kan kraḍ<ref name=":26" />. Iẓwawen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n tamawya, mi ara ilin deg berra n tmurt-nsen, zemren ad ttwassen s lɛerc-nsen akk d tamawya-nsen, maca werǧin s taddart-nsen. "Deg yiberdan n Lezzayer tamenaɣt, yezmer yiwen ad iẓer Iẓwawen seg lɛerc n At Ǧennad i d-yettasen akken ad sqedcen izerfan-nsen... ma yesteqsa-ten ḥedd, deg Lezzayer, ansi i d-kkren, ad d-rren: "At Ǧennad". ttun tudrin-nsen yerna ttnadin kan ɣef teqbilt-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin....Yeshel ad nefhem belli, mi ara ilin deg temnaḍin i yellan d tiberraniyin fell-asen, At εakache akk tettu tudrin-nsen yerna ad d-inin kan d lɛerc-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin. Ttṛuḥun ugar, ad d-inin kan Agawaw. D aya, imi di tazwara d Igawawen akk i llan, i ttεawnen wway gar-asen yerna ad d-rren ttar ...<ref>Liorel, ''Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025'', asebter. 354-356.</ref>" ― Jules Liorel, ''Races berbères, Kabylie du Jurjura'' (1892). '''Agraw n Tamawya''' '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' Agraw n Tamawya qlil ma yettemlili, yerna am Tamawya n Leɛruc, ur nesɛi ara imedyaten i d-yettwasqedcen ɣef waya. Sin-nni n yimedyaten i d-yettbanen s wazal-nsen i d-yettunefken deg At Iraten akk d At Betrun. Amezwaru yexdem timlilit-is deg yiwen n wass ur ur nettwassen deg tlemmast n lqern wis 18, deg taddart n Tizra Wagemun<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 223.</ref>, anda yal lɛerc n Tamawya yesbedd-d aẓru-ines n usmekti<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 8.</ref>. Amedya wis sin yexdem timlilit-is deg useggas n 1749 d wid i ten-iɛawnen, leɛrac n usammar n At Sedqa, deg ssuq n At Wasif. Sin-nni n yigrawen, fsbedden-d iṣuḍaf imaynuten, yerna kksen-d azref n tlawin ad weṛten<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 124.</ref>. Timawya zemren daɣen ad d-mlalen mi ara d-kkren yimenɣiyen, i wakk-n ad meslayen ɣef ṭṭraḍ. '''Ameqran''' ''(lamin)'' '''n Tamawya''' Tikwal, mi ara gzun leɛruc i d-yesbedden Tamawya ad ttgent akk ccɣel n yiserdasen, ttfernin yiwen n "Ameqran n Tamawya" akken ad d-yesselḥu timhal-nni. Ahil-is am win n Ameqran n lumna, anagar aneggaru-a yettuɣal d amɛiwen-is. Ameqran n lumna, deg tilin n Ameqran n Tamawya, yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yessiwḍ lewṣayat n uqerruy-is ɣer yimdanen-nsen, dɣa d nitni ay ten-id-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen<ref name=":24" />. == '''Anekcum n Fransa ɣef Tefriqt n Ugafa''' == Tawayt taserdasit tafransist n 1830 tella deg tazwara mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tamaneɣt imi Fṛansa ur tesɛa ara lfayda deg ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel neɣ ad tkemmel ad teqqim d timziregt. Mi i ṭṭfen Yifṛensisen tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer, semman-as i tama-nni, i wumi qqaren deg tazwara n ussehres d ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Lezzayer; aya yeḍra-d s yiwet n lewṣayat n uneɣlaf afṛensis n ṭṭraḍ, Jeneral Schneider, deg tebrat-is n 14 Tubeṛ 1838 i Marshall Valée, imi yura-d: “Ar ass-a, akal-nni i d-neṭṭef deg Tefriqt n Ugafa llan qqaren-as d ayla n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa neɣ s yisem n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart, neɣ s yisem n Lezzayer. Imesli-a aneggaru, d win yezzin, yeshel, yerna d win i d-yeqqnen ɣef wiyaḍ [...], i d-yettbanen akka tura d win am i d-irebḥen ɣef imesliyen niḍen [...] Ihi ad k-id-iniɣ [...] ad tesbeddleḍ (ad tesqedceḍ) awal "Lezzayer" deg yismawen-nniḍen i yellan uqbel.” (Yettwabder-d sɣur Guiral, 1992: 45)<ref>Bernand Lugan [https://ia903405.us.archive.org/25/items/histoire-de-l-afrique-du-nord-des-origines-a-nos-jours-bernard-lugan_edition-2016/Histoire%20de%20l%27Afrique%20du%20Nord%20-%28Des%20origines%20%C3%A0%20nos%20jours%29-%20Bernard%20Lugan_%C3%A9dition-2016.pdf – Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord. Chapitre III]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Algérie : de l’« encombrante conquete » au « royaume arabe »</ref> Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer [[Surya]] netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.[[Tugna:Reddition d abd el kader 1847.jpg|vignette|Asellem n Limir Ɛebdelqader, 23 Dujembeṛ 1847. Augustin Regis.]]Lezzayer tafṛensist d tmurt n Leqvayel ttkemmilent tteddunt yiwet ɣer tama n wayeḍ, dɣa deg wass n 3 Meɣres 1854, Napoléon wis 3 yessuffeɣ-d "sénatus-consulte" (lqanun n Useqqamu n Senat) i d-yesbeggnen lebɣi ameqqran n Fransa i wakken ad tkemmel tilin n uwanak n tmurt n Leqvayel. Tamuɣli-ya tella-d daɣen sɣur ujiniṛal Bugeaud (Ajiniṛal n Lezzayer seg 1840 arma d 1847) i yufa d ayen yesεa sswab ad ikemmel ad iqabel tmurt taqbaylit tilellit, wala ad yebdu ṭṭraḍ mgal-is. Tamurt n Leqvayel deg tallit-a mazal-itt tettwaḥder seg lebɛid sɣur lɛesker afṛansis imi ugaden ad ten-awḍen yiɣallen n Leqvayel.<ref name=":9">Jean-Pierre Frapolli - [https://cdha.fr/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/Club_Kabylie/conquête_kabylie_1_JPF_120115.pdf La Conquête De La Kabylie - (1ère Partie) Une conquête fortuite] - Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie - Club Kabylie</ref> [[Tugna:Discussion sous la tente des chefs Kabyle avec le général Randon.jpg|alt=Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqbayel akk-d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.|vignette|Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqvayel akk d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.]] Win i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n Bugeaud, Jeneral Jacques Randon (1795-1871), yella yesɛa rray nniḍen. Yeqqneɛ Napoléon wis tlata ɣef lḥeṛs n ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel, yerna yenna-d dakken tamurt n Leqvayel timziregt ad tili dima d azaglu i yiɣlanen imaynuten n Fransa deg Tefriqt ugafa, yerna lemmer ad d-yili ṭṭraḍ di Turuft, Leqvayel zemrent ad d-ssiwḍent isallen iserdasiyen s lebḥer u ad bdun tagrawla deg temnaḍt-nni akk. Aẓdam n tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d deg 19 maggu 1857, s ddaw n Jeneral Randon s 4 n tseddarin s 37.000 n yergazen; Aẓdam n Fransa ɣef tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d 27 n yiseggasen deffir n umenɣi n Fransa mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart deg 1830 d 19 n yiseggasen deffir n usnulfu n Lezzayer. Deg taggara, Fransa teqqen-ed Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857.<ref name=":9" /> Ihi, Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli"<ref name=":6">Émile Carrey - [[iarchive:bub_gb_9LaPjz173RgC/page/n135/mode/2up|Récit de Kabylie, compagne de 185]]7. Chapitre X - Dissolution de l'armée expéditionnaire. “La Kabylie du Djurjura n’existe plus à l’état de nation indépendante."</ref> Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa. == Tasertit == * Sin ikabaren isertiyen i llan di Tmurt n Leqvayel, ɣas akken bɣan ad illin d ikabaren iɣelnawen maca imeɣnasen nsen ttekkin seg Leqvayel kan : [[Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen]] (FFS) n [[Ḥusin At Ḥmed]], d [[Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut|Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut]] (RCD) n duktur [[Saɛid Saɛdi]]. * leɛrac bannen-d di [[Tafsut Taberkant]] (2001) maca am nutni ama FFS d RCD lhan d wayen i ceɣben izayriyen s umata, ttun tamurt. * [[Timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen]] (MAK) yesbed [[Ferḥat Mhenni]] iban-ed daɣen di tefsut taberkant, d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiweḍ ar timanit n tmurt n Leqvayel. == Iẓwawen ittwasnen == : ɣer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]'' == Udmawen Iqbayliyen== : ɣer ''[[Idmawen iqbayliyen]]'' == Wali daɣen== * [[Imaziɣen]] == Ismal n Internet == * '''[http://www.imyura.net www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}''' : asmel n tsekla tazwawt, s teqbaylit akk. * '''[http://www.kabyle.com www.kabyle.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.acaoh.ca http://www.acaoh.ca]''' : asmel n [[Tidukkla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Ḥull]] di Kanada. * '''[http://www.kabyles.com www.kabyles.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.tamazgha.org www.tamazgha.org]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Marikan ugafa. * '''[http://www.racines-izuran.com www.racines-izuran.com]''' : asmel n weɣmis s snat n tutlayin: taqbaylit d tafransist. * '''[http://www.tamazgha.fr www.tamazgha.fr]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Franṣa. *'''[http://tameddit.com www.tameddit.com] aɣmis s tmaziɣt''' * '''[http://www.tussna.blogspot.com www.tussna.blogspot.com]''' tussna i yibujaden, s teqvaylit == Iɣbula == [[Taggayt:Tamurt n Leqbayel|*]] t0wu6wx6agbid4gmzuawexrpnkbkt6f 0 92 116870 115661 2026-07-21T21:42:33Z Nazim 06dz 14892 116870 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Port Bejaia - panoramio.jpg|vignette|309x309px|Tamuɣli n Bgayet seg [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal -]] Adrar n Yema Guraya deg deffir.|alt=Tamuɣli n Bgayet seg Yilel Agrakal - Adrar n Yema Guraya deg deffir.]] {{Infobox Tamnaḍt |isem=Bgayet |tamurt=Tamurt n Lezzayer |tamanaɣt=Taɣiwant n Bgayet |isem adigan=Bgayet/Bgayet |takarḍa=Algeria-Bejaia.png |lqedd takarḍa=300 |azday takarḍa=Temnaḍt n Bgayet deg Tamurt n Lezzayer|imezdaɣ=177,988 (2008)|taneẓẓi=1,480.5 imezdaɣen/km² |tutlayin=Taqbaylit, Tafransist, Taɛrabt|tajumma=120,22 km² }} '''Bgayet''' neɣ Vgayet ('''ⴲⴳⴰⵢⴻⵝ''' s Tifnaɣ) d tamdint akk d asagan meqqren deg Yilel Agrakal akk d tamaneɣt n tamnaḍt n Bgayet deg [[tmurt n leqbayel]] deg ugafa n [[Tamurt Lezzayer|Tamurt n Lezzayer]]. Tamdint n Bgayet tesɛa azal n 177, 988<ref>« [http://www.ons.dz/collections/w06_p2.pdf Wilaya de Béjaïa : répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion] » [PDF]. Données du recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2008 sur le site de l'ONS.</ref> n imezdaɣ. Tamnaḍt n Bgayet tesɛa azal n amelyun n yimezdaɣ (2008)<ref>« [http://www.ons.dz/collections/pop1_national.pdf Population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs selon la wilaya de résidence et le sexe et le taux d’accroissement annuel moyen (1998-2008)] ». </ref>. == '''Aẓar n yisem n Bgayet''' == Bgayet d isem amaziɣ—i yellan deg tazwara d Tabgayet, maca asekkil n “t” amezwaru n yisem-is d-yettakken azref n tmeṭṭut yeɣli-d deg useqdec acḥal aya —yekka-d seg wawalen iqburen tabegga neɣ tabeɣayt, s unamek n atrar n "imudaɣ d [[tizwal]] n tẓegwa"<ref name=":2">Haddadou, Mohand Akli (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8kiwnQEACAAJ Dictionnaire toponymique et historique de l'Algérie: comportant les principales localités, ainsi qu'un glossaire des mots arabes et berbères entrant dans la composition des noms de lieux] pp. 193–194 (s tefransist). Tizi Wezzu: Achab. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9947-972-25-0</nowiki>.</ref>. Isem n Bgayet yesεa ihi yiwen n uẓar amaziɣ deg tazwara am yismawen niḍen n temdinin n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tamezɣa]] am Thugga d [[Baja]] deg [[Tunes]] neɣ Begay (Baghaï, s tarbt "بغاي") deg [[Awras|Wawras]].<ref name=":2" /> Deg tutlayin i d-yekkan srid seg tlatinit taɣerfant n tallit talemmast—xemsa-nni n tutlayin i yettmeslayen s waṭas, d taspenyult, tapurtugit, tafṛansist, taṭelyanit, tarumaniyt— Bugaya (seg taɛrabt بجاية; s tespenyulit Bujía d s taṭelyanit Bugía<ref name=":3">"[http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/bougie Bougie: Définition de Bougie]". cnrtl.fr (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 12 fuṛar 2017. </ref> ) d isem i d-yettunefken i temdint-a imi deg tallit-nni tessawaḍ-d ɣer Tuṛuft aṭas n ccmeɛ n tizizwa i usnulfu n teftilin<ref>"[http://stella.atilf.fr/Dendien/scripts/tlfiv5/visusel.exe?11;s=4194639330;r=1;nat=;sol=0; BOUGIE, subst. fém]". Trésor de la langue française informatisé (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 26 yulyu 2017.</ref>. Dɣa, isem-nni yuɣal Bougie s tefransist. S tikelt ɣer tayed, deg tallit n tlemmas, isem-nni yewweḍ ad d-yerzu ɣer i usnulfu n teftilin di Turuf; seg imir-n, s umata, teftilin ttwasemman s tefransist s wawal "bougie"<ref name=":3" />. Aya daɣen i d yerran wawal n “bougeoir”, d win ay d-yesskanayen ticemmaɛin s ufus ɣezzifen i sseqdacen ineɣmasen akatuliken d iserdasen imeqranen.<ref>"[https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=32252 Dictionary : BUGIA]". www.catholicculture.org. Yettwaṭṭef deg 3 yennayer 2025.</ref> == '''Tarakalt''' == Temding n Bgayet tella deg ugafa n tamnaḍt n Bgayet, ɣef tafsirt [[ilel Agrakal|agrakal]] dɣa tettwazger sɣur [[Asif asemmam]], taɣiwant n Bgayet tella deg iri n ilel Agrakal deg ugafa d ugmuḍ dɣa tennuled tiɣiwanin n [[Tuǧa]] deg ugmuḍ, n [[Asif n Ɣir]] deg wenẓul dɣa [[Buxlifa]] d [[Tala Ḥemza]] deg wenẓul-agmuḍ. [[Tugna:Cap_carbon_Béjaia.jpg|alt=Cap Carbon|vignette|304x304px|Cap Carbon]] === '''Amkan''' === Tilin n Bgayet teqqen ɣer i wasagan-is i tt-yerran d tamerkantit seg tazwara-s. Tettiki deg yiwen n ukalil ''(aḥric amecṭuḥ n waman i d-yeffɣen seg uḥric ameqqran)'' i yesɛan ṣṣenf n tmeẓdit, yerna yettwaḥrez seg tmeẓdit n waḍu n yilel ''(i d-yettmuqulen ɣer ugafa-utrim)'' s uḥric n Cape Carbon ''(ɣer utaram n temdint)''. Bgayet tettwaḍmen s udrar n Yemma Guraya i d-yezgan deg umalu n ugafa-utrim. Tamuɣli seg usagan-is, d yiwet seg timuɣliwin icebḥen akk n rrifan n ilellen n Tmezɣa akk d n Yilel Agrakal, imi tesɛa idurar n [[Ibaburen|ibabuṛen]] icebḥen deffir-s. Lfayda niḍen i tesɛa temdint-a imi tella d amkan anda i d-teffeɣ teẓgi n [[Asif asemmam|Wasif Asemmam]]; d agnir yesɛan azal n wagama akk d azal adamsan i d-yettmuqulen ɣer wenẓul-asamer. Maca, seg wasmi i d-teqqel tamdint d tamanaɣt, yella-d umgired gar temdint d timnaḍin niḍen n [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tmurt n Yiẓwawen]] ɣef ssebba n wugur n usenqed n temnaḍin i yellan deffir n temdint. [[Tugna:Yemma gouraya National Park.jpg|vignette|Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya|210x210px|alt=Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya]] Deg wayen yeɛnan tadamsa-ines d temnaḍin-nniḍen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen, Bgayet tettak-d aɛrur-is i timnaḍin: amkan-is deg taggara n Wasif Asemmam yerra-tt d assaɣ gar Tamurt Yiẓwawen Tameqrant d Tamurt Yiẓwawen Tamecṭuḥt. Maca sin-a ttwaqqnent ɣef yiman-nsent yerna ttnadint ɣef tmaneɣin n daxel n tmurt (Tizi Wezzu, Aqbu, [[Xerraṭa]], atg.) s tuɣalin-nsen ɣer lebεid n rrif n yilel. Bgayet tesɛa, seg yiwet n tama, iẓuran idiganen ixuṣṣen; llan kan rebεa neɣ xemsa n tɣiwanin i d-iqerben ɣer-s. Deg uswir aɣelnaw, Bgayet d tuffɣa n Lezzayer talemmast, seg Lezzayer ar Skikda, d abrid n tuffɣa n temnaḍin n yidurar, d usagen n lqut d lqeḍyan n azal n sin imelyan n yimdanen. Maca tuqqna-a d tin i yuεren: ɣer wenẓul-asamer, tanezzut d [[Sṭif]] teţţili kan s yiɣeẓran n Xerraṭa. Abrid-nniḍen yettawi-d abrid n Wasif Asemmam, syin ɣer usammar n tiwwura n wuzzal d usali ɣer tama n [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ]]; abrid-a i d-yettawi ubrid aɣelnaw d ubrid n tmacint. Uguren-a sskanayen belli, ɣas akken tesɛa leqdic ijehden, tamdint n Bgayet tettwali amur seg tnezzut yettwasseqdac akken ilaq deg temnaḍin-nnes n usamer d utaram aydeg tesɛa tazmert.<ref name=":7">Cote, M. (1 yebrir 1991). [https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère] (s tefransist). Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. <nowiki>ISBN 2-85744-509-1</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 21 Yennayer 2017.</ref> [[Tugna:Béjaia - le pic des singes بجاية - قمة القردة 06.jpg|vignette|Ixef n yiddawen ''(neɣ Ixef n ibkan, Pic des Singes)''|alt=Ixef n yiddawen (neɣ Ixef n ibkan, Pic des Singes)]]Taɣiwant-a tettmuqul-itt-id adrar n Yemma Gouraya. Imḍiqen niḍen n icebḥen i d-iqerben ɣer-s, d taftist n Zigwat d Ixef n yiddawen ''(neɣ Ixef n ibkan, Pic des Singes)''; amḍiq-a aneggaru d umṭiq n tmeddurt n Ibkan n Tamez''ɣa'' i yellan deg ubrid n nnger, i yesɛan zik, qbel amezruy, tamnaḍt meqqren aṭas ugar n tin n wass-a.<ref>Taub, David Milton (3 yunyu 1978). "[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F79AB3DD50D2FC8FE82CA5E4F41D1166/S0030605300015581a.pdf/the-barbary-macaque-in-north-africa.pdf The Barbary Macaque in North Africa]" (PDF) (s teglizit. "Iddew amaziɣ deg Tefriqt n Ugafa" s taqbaylit). Oryx. 14 (3): 245–253. doi:10.1017/S0030605300015581. Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 yulyu 2024.</ref> Kraḍ-a n yimukan i n d-nebder llan deg Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya. Tamnaḍt n temdint tesɛa azal n 12,022 n yihektar. Bgayet tezga-d 220 km ɣer usammar n temdint n [[Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)|Lezzayer tamanaɣt]], 93 km ɣer usammar n [[Tizi Wezzu]], 81.5 km ɣer ugafa-ataram n [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ]], 70 km ɣer ugafa-ataram n [[Sṭif]] d 61 km ɣer ataram n [[Jijel]].<ref>"[http://www.apcbejaia.org/index.php/fr/features-4/portfolio/grid-three-column-2 L'Historique de la Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609181235/http://apcbejaia.org/index.php/fr/features-4/portfolio/grid-three-column-2 |date=2017-06-09 }}". apcbejaia.org (s tefransist: Amezruy n tɣiwant). Yettwaṭṭef deg 27 Yunyu 2017., s tmuɣli n yisefka seg yiwen n uḍris seg « Répertoire Partiel des Biens Culturels Immobiliers de la Wilaya de Béjaïa » ''(Uḍris aḥric n tɣawsiwin n yidles n l wilaya n Bgayet)'' ay d-tessuffeɣ Tanemhla n yidles d tzuri n l wilaya n Bgayet .</ref> === Iɣersiwen d yimɣan === [[Tugna:Les Aiguades.jpg|vignette|Amḍiq yettwaḥerzen n Zigwat, deg Ugemmaḍ Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.|alt=Amḍiq yettwaḥerzen n Zigwat, deg Ugemmaḍ Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.]] Taɣrem n Bgayet d aḥric seg rrif n yilel n [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tmurt n Yiẓwawen]], i d-yettkemmilen arma d [[Jijel]], d amkan agmaw i d-yessewhamen. Deg ugafa n temdint, Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya d tamnaḍt n tlisa yettwaḥerzen<ref>(s teglizit) UNESCO, « Gouraya », deg unesco.org, maɣres 2010. (Yettwaẓer deg 21 ɣuct 2012).</ref> , akk d Ugemmaḍ Aɣelnaw n Taza<ref>Ali Loukkas (conception) ''<abbr>et al.</abbr>'', , Théniet El Had, Parc national de Théniet El Had, 2006, 92 <abbr>p.</abbr> <small>([http://www.fichier-pdf.fr/2010/12/19/atlas-des-parcs-nationaux/atlas-des-parcs-nationaux.pdf asebter n uskan] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fichier-pdf.fr%2F2010%2F12%2F19%2Fatlas-des-parcs-nationaux%2Fatlas-des-parcs-nationaux.pdf archive]]</small></ref> i d-yezgan 60 km ɣer umalu n Bgayet, i d-yettwasbedden sɣur UNESCO gar "imukan n tmusni i usnerni aɣelnaw deg umaḍal"; timnaḍin i yesɛan iswi n tmusni i usnerni aɣelnaw.<ref>« Le programme MAB » UNESCO (yettwaẓer deg 21 ɣuct 2012).</ref> Urti n Guraya yemgarad ɣef wurtiyen niḍen n yilel agrakal imi deg-s llan yiɣersiwen am win n [[Ayefki n teɣyult|uyefki n taγyult]], d ṣṣenf i yellan deg ubrid n nnger deg yilel agrakal, d tiɣbula n yiɣersiwen anda ttɣimin [[Tasaft yizem|tasaft]] akk d [[Aẓebbuj|uẓebbuj]], [[tayda]] (''Pinus halepensis''), [[taqqa]] (''Juniperus''), d [[taseṭṭa n meryem]] (''Artemisia absinthium'') <ref>ASAL 2006, [http://www.asal.dz/files/atlas/Parcs%20nationaux1.pdf asebter n asuffeɣ] 1(s tefransist), asebter wis 16.</ref>. Deg urti n Taza, [[tucet]] (''Quercus canariensis''), [[afernan]] (''Quercus suber''), d [[Tucet|techt]] (''Quercus afares)'' d nutni i d leṣnaf imeqranen i d-yezgan alamma d Jijel.<ref name=":0">[[:fr:Béjaïa#ASAL2006|ASAL 2006]], [http://www.asal.dz/files/atlas/Parcs%20nationaux2.pdf asebter n asuffeɣ 2] (s tefransist), asebter wis 21.</ref> Ma d [[Afernan|ufernan]], deg yiwet n tmurt i d-yettawin ugar n uzgen n wakal i d-yeṭṭef ṣṣenf-a deg teftist n wenẓul n Yilel Agrakal; Tamurt n Yiẓwawen akk d ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Lezzayer d timnaḍin aydeg llant tẓegwa timeqranin akk n ufernan: ttnernint ɣef tlisa n yilel seg Lezzayer tamenaɣt arma d ntlisa n [[Tunes]]. Daɣen, seg teftist n yilel alamma d 1.200 m n wewrir.<ref>Rachid Safou, « [https://archive.today/20130629141322/http://www.kabyle.com/la-d%C3%A9gradation-des-for%C3%AAts-de-ch%C3%AAne-li%C3%A8ge-en-alg%C3%A9rie-16062-06032011.html La dégradation des forêts de chêne-liège en Algérie] », deg Archive.is, 6 meɣres 2011 (Yettwaẓer ass n 21 yulyu 2017.).</ref> [[Tugna:Macaque berbère Bejaia.JPG|vignette|[[Iddew amaziɣ]] deg Ugemmaḍ Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.|alt=Iddew amaziɣ deg Ugemmaḍ Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.|224x224px]] Iɣersiwen n tmurt-a ttaken-d taseddarit i imsuṭṭaḍ am uccen (''Canis aureus), cebbirdu, ilef (Sus scrofa), d leṣnaf i yellan deg ubrid n nnger am [[abeṛṛay n tẓegwa]] (Felis silvestris “amcic n lexla”), aruy, iblinṣer, [[iddew amaziɣ]] (Macaca sylvanus) yiwen n ṣṣenf i yelan anagar deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]]. [[Aridal|Arida]]'' (''Hyaena hyaena''), [[tadɣaɣat]], [[abareɣ azeggaɣ]] (<dfn>''Vulpes vulpes''</dfn>), [[imerwel]] (''Lepus capensis''), akk d inisi n Lezzayer (''Atelerix algirus'') llan deg Urti n Taza d win n Guraya. Idurar i d-yezzin fell-asen llan deg-sen aṭas n ṣṣenf n yigḍaḍ gar-asen [[Ijider|igider]] (''Aquila fasciata'')'','' Ijider amejjuṭ (''Gyps fulvus''), tmila, iḥiqel, bururu (''Bubo bubo''), labaz ''iqesḥen? (Buteo rufinus)'', d [[taninna tamezdayt]] (''Falco tinnunculus)''<ref>[[:fr:Béjaïa#ASAL2006|ASAL 2006]], asebter n asuffeɣ [1] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asal.dz%2Ffiles%2Fatlas%2FParcs%2520nationaux1.pdf archive]] asebter wis 14 d 16 d [[https://www.asal.dz/files/atlas/Parcs%20nationaux2.pdf 2]] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asal.dz%2Ffiles%2Fatlas%2FParcs%2520nationaux2.pdf archive]] p. 21.</ref><ref name=":1">Ali Loukkas (conception) et al., Atlas des parcs nationaux algériens, Théniet El Had, Parc national de Théniet El Had, 2006, 92 p. (<small>[http://www.fichier-pdf.fr/2010/12/19/atlas-des-parcs-nationaux/atlas-des-parcs-nationaux.pdf asebter n asuffeɣ]</small> [archive]) </ref>. Iwriren n yidurar n Tmurt Yiẓwawen Tamecṭuḥt d axxam daɣen n [[taserẓut uzumba]] (''Sitta ledanti''), d ''yiwen n ṣṣenf n wagḍiḍ i yelan anagar deg'' temnaḍt-a i d-yettwasen anagar deg 1975 deg udrar n [[Adrar n Babuṛ|Babuṛ ameqran]].<ref>Laurence D., « [http://www.monde-berbere.net/nature1A1.htm La Sittelle kabyle (Sitta Ledanti) : l'oiseau rare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827205501/http://www.monde-berbere.net/nature1A1.htm |date=2008-08-27 }} [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-berbere.net%2Fnature1A1.htm archive]] », sur Monde berbère, Association culturelle n'Imazighen, Bruxelles, 2005 (Yettwaẓer ass n 21 Ɣuct 2012).</ref> <ref name=":0" /> [[Tugna:Route Bejaia.jpg|vignette|Abrid i d-yezgan ɣef tlisa n Ugelmim n Bgayet zdat n Urti n Aɣelnaw n Taza.|alt=Abrid i d-yezgan ɣef tlisa n Ugelmim n Bgayet zdat n Urti n Aɣelnaw n Taza.]] Iɣersiwen d yimɣan n tamnaḍt-a d ayen yessewhamen imi aḥric n yilel n Guraya d amkan i deg zedɣen 4 n ccetlat yettwaḥerzen n imsuṭṭaḍ n yilel: [[aferrun]] (''Phocoena phocoena''), [[azyam]] (''Delphinus delphis''), addenfil (''Tursiops truncatus)'', agelmum ameqran (<dfn>''Physeter macrocephalus'') .</dfn> Lqaεa n yilel n urtan deg-sen sḍis n yimeẓriyen yesɛan azal agraɣlan.<ref name=":1" /> === Anezwu d yiɣallen n waman === Tamdint n Bgayet d aḥric seg tamnaḍt n [[Asif asemmam|Wasif Asemmam]] anda i d-ttemlili akk waman n tmurt i d-yettasen seg idurar. Bgayet d Wasif Asemmam n wadda sɛan anezwu n Yilel Agrakal. S umata yetnewway lḥal s kra n ubeddel amecṭuḥ n teẓɣelt n lawan<ref>Zouggaghe; Mouni; Taffer (March 2014). "[http://lab.univ-biskra.dz/Larhyss/images/pdf/JOURNALN%C2%B017/2.Zouggaghe-et-al_French.pdf Qualité biologique du réseau hydrographique du bassin versant de la Soummam. (Nord de l'Algérie)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150045/http://lab.univ-biskra.dz/Larhyss/images/pdf/JOURNALN%C2%B017/2.Zouggaghe-et-al_French.pdf |date=2014-10-06 }}" (PDF). Larhyss Journal (17): 21–33. ISSN 1112-3680.</ref>. [[Taẓɣelt]], s umata ayen yellan d axfifan, s wazal amatu i yettbeddilen gar 11.1 °C deg tagrest arma d 24.5 °C deg unebdu. Nnig n Wasif Asemmam, i d-yettakken ayen ilaqen i takerza deg temnaḍin i d-yezzin i temdint, Bgayet tezga-d deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen n yilel, yerna tesɛa aṭas n lehwa deg tmurt-is. TAzal n ugeffur deg tmennaḍt yezmer ad yili gar n 800 ar 1200 mm, maca kra n yiɣbula idiganen ttwasseqdacen s tɣawla ɣef ljal n uḥwaǧ ameqran<ref>Kheladi, Mokhtar (1 January 1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oGbaAAAAMAAJ Urbanisme et systèmes sociaux: la planification urbaine en Algérie] (s tefransist). Office des publications universitaires.</ref>. Tamdint n Bgayet tettawi daɣen aman-is seg udrar yellan deffir-is akk d seg waṭas n yiɣbula niḍen, am win n Tuǧa ''(Toudja)'' i d-yeqqnen deg tallit taqburt s yiwen n uqedus ɣer temdint taqburt [[Saldae]].<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=YpBGAAAAMAAJ Annales algériennes de géographie] (s tefransist). Institut de géographie de l'Université d'Alger. 1966.</ref> == '''Issawaḍen iɣerfanen – tikeṛṛusin d timacinin''' == [[Tugna:Béjaïa arrière pays.png|vignette|Bgayet - Iberdan-is, tikeṛṛusin d timacinin|alt=Bgayet - Iberdan-is, tikeṛṛusin d timacinin]] Tamdint n Bgayet tteqqen ɣer Lezzayer tamanaɣt, Tizi Wezzu, Tubiret, Sṭif, Jijel d waṭas n tmiwa Iẓwawen s yiwen n uẓeḍḍa n yiberdan. Tesɛa daɣen yiwet n teɣsert tagejdant n lkaṛat i d-yettawin ɣer temdinin n wenẓul azzayri, gar-asent [[Ḥasi Mesɛud|Ḥasi Mseɛud]], [[Wergla|Waregla]], Ɣerdaya, [[Leɣwaṭ|Lɣawat]], Dǧelfa d [[Busɛada]]'''.''' Taɣiwant n Bgayet tettwaɛedda s waṭas n yiberdan iɣelnawen. Kra seg-sen tteddun deg yiɣeẓran d tizza i d-yellan d imukan n uɛeddi igamanen<ref>Cote, M. (1 April 1991). [https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère] (s tefransist). Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. <nowiki>ISBN 2-85744-509-1</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 21 Yennayer 2017.</ref>: abrid aɣelnaw 9 (Abrid n [[Sṭif]]), i d-yettεeddin ɣef yiri n teftist, syin ɣef yiɣil n [[Xerraṭa]] ar Sṭif, akk d ubrid aɣelnaw 24 (Abrid n Bgayet), i d-yettεeddin ɣef yiɣil n Wasif Asemmam, [[Tubiret]], syin tamdint n Lezzayer ɣer umalu, neɣ [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ]] ɣer usammar. Llan daɣen iberdan nniḍen i d-ttɛeddayen ɣef isegraraben: abrid aɣelnaw wis 12 (abrid n [[Tizi Wezzu]]), yettɛedday ɣef teẓgi n [[Iɛekkuren]] d yidurar-is syin ɣer Ɛzazga, Tizi Wezzu ar [[Bumerdas]], akk d webrid aɣelnaw 75 (abrid n [[Tabatent]]), yettɛedday ɣef [[Iberbacen]] yidurar n Tamurt Yiẓwawen Tamecṭuḥt akken ad yaweḍ ɣer [[Sṭif]] u ad yeqqen ɣer durar ɛlayen ɣer [[Tabatent]]. Abrid aɣelnaw n trmurt n Lezzayer Asamer-Ataram<ref>"[http://ana.org.dz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73&Itemid=100 Pénétrante De Béjaia 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010402/http://ana.org.dz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=73&Itemid=100 |date=2017-02-02 }}". ana.org.dz (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 21 Yennayer 2017.</ref> (s taɛrabt: الطريق السيار شرق-غرب), umi qqaren daɣen Abrid aɣelnaw A1, i yekfa deg Ɣuct n 2023 deffir 17 n yiseggasen n lebni , ɣas akken yexḍa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, yeqqen ɣer temdint n Bgayet s yiberdan niḍen. Bgayet ɣur-s yiwet n teɣsert n tmacint, d taggara n temsirt Bnimenṣur-Bgayet, i d-yettwabnan deg useggas n 1889, yerna fell-as tetteddu yiwet n tmacint n i d-yesdukklen tiɣsar n temnaḍt-a: Bnimenṣur''',''' [[Tazmalt]]''',''' Allaɣen''',''' [[Aqbu]]''',''' Laɛzib Ben Crif, Iɣzer Ameqran''',''' Takrits''',''' [[Sidi Ɛic]], [[Ilmaten (Akeffadu)|Ilmaten]] d [[Leqṣer]]<ref>"[http://www.radiogouraya.com/bejaia-un-nouvel-autorail-en-attendant-les-trains-marchandises Béjaia: un nouvel autorail en attendant les trains marchandises – Radio Gouraya]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}". radiogouraya.com (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 4 yulyu 2017.</ref>. Tuqqna-a gar-asent, deg Bnimenṣur, akk d yizirig n Lezzayer-Skikda, tettaǧǧa ad awḍen ɣer wakk aẓeḍḍa n yiberdan n tmacint n Lezzayer s tuqqniwin tusridin ɣer tmaneɣt tazzayrit, deg ataram, d Sṭif, deg anzul-asamar. Tella daɣen yiwet n tmacint tamnaḍant i d-yeqqnen s umata [[Tugna:Vue panoramique de l'aérogare de Béjaïa.jpg|vignette|Tamuɣli n tewwurt n unafag [[Ɛebban Ṛemḍan]] n Bgayet.|alt=Tamuɣli n tewwurt n unafag Ɛebban Ṛemḍan n Bgayet.]] Bgayet ɣer temnaḍin-is; tettwaseggem akken ad teldi usammar n tmennaḍt-a. [[Tugna:Vue aérienne de l'aéroport de Béjaïa (Algérie).jpg|alt=Tamuɣli seg yigenni n unafag Ɛebban Ṛemḍan n Bgayet|vignette|Tamuɣli seg yigenni n unafag [[Ɛebban Ṛemḍan]] n Bgayet]] Bgayet tesɛa yiwen n unafag agraɣlan yezga-d 5 km ɣer wenẓul n temdint. Isem-is tikkelt tamezwarut "Bgayet - Anafag n Asemmam" gar n 1982 d 1999, semman-as s yisem n wasif n Summam i d-yettasen ɣer yilel agrakal deg tama n Bgayet. Yebda leqdic-is deg useggas n 1982 i leqdic aɣelnaw, deg 1993 i leqdic igraɣlanen. Deg 1999 yettwasemma "Anafag n Begayet - Asemmam - [[Ɛebban Ṛemḍan]]" deg 1999, d asmekti i uselmad n ṭṭraḍ azzayri i yesɛan amkan ameqqran deg umezruy n Ṭṭraḍ n Tlelli n Lezzayer. == '''Iḥricen n Bgayet''' == *Acercur *Karaman *Bab Lluz *Ddar Nnaṣer *P.K. 17 *Buxyama *Iḥeddaden *Targa Uzemmur *Iɣil Uɛeẓẓug *Bir Slam *Iriyahen *Amafag (Aérodrome) *Bulimaṭ *Asif n Saket *Adrar Ufarnu *Amṭiq n Tafat == '''Tiɣiwanin n Bgayet''' == Llant 52 (sumset sin) n [[Tiɣiwanin n Bgayet|tɣiwanin n Bgayet]] == '''Amezruy''' == === Uqbel n umezruy === [[Tugna:Mechta el-Arbi.png|vignette|184x184px|Aɣrab n n Iberomaurus i d-yusan seg [[Qsenṭina]] ([[Lezzayer]])|alt=Aɣrab n n Iberomaurus i d-yusan seg Qsenṭina (Lezzayer)]] Tilin n umdan tettwassekles deg yimukan yemgaraden n temdint. Taɣsert n yifri n '''AƐli Bacha''' tettwaḥseb d amkan aqbur akk n tnezduɣt azal n 40.000 arma d 20.000 n yiseggasen uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Deg umḍiq n Zigwat, cci d tɣawsiwin i d-ufan ttmeslayen-d ɣef tallit n wazal n 10.000 n yiseggasen uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ, dɣa d tallit n tamaynut n uẓru ''(Neolithik; seg tegrigit νέος néos "aynum" d λίθος líthos "aẓru")''<ref name=":4">"[https://www.gehimab.org/depliants/depliants/Depliant%20Bejaia%20Ville%20d%27Histoire%20et%20de%20Savoir.pdf Béjaïa Ville d'Histoire et de savoir]" (PDF). Adlis n tdukli Gehimab - Circonscription archéologique de Béjaïa (s tefransist). Gehimab - Laboratoire de Recherche Lamos Université de Béjaia. Yunyu 2002.</ref>''.'' Tamnaḍt-a teččur daɣen aṭas n tɣawsiwin tisekniyin am yifri n Afalou anda i d-ufan kra seg yiḍrisen iqburen akk n yergazen imaynuten, yettwasnen s yimdanen n Afalu-Bu Rmel<ref>Chamla, M.-C.; Dastugue, J.; Hachi, S. (1 Wamber 1985). "[https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/880 Afalou-Bou-Rhummel]". Encyclopédie berbère (s tefransist) (2): 182–192. doi:[https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/880 10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.880]. ISSN 1015-7344. Yettwaṭṭef deg 15 Tubeṛ 2024..</ref>, i d-yesseknen ɣef yidles i d-yesbedden ɣef leḥnana s tmeḍlant n yimdanen deg yifran iqedsen d useqdec n ufexxar n uzwaɣ i d-yellan seg 18,000 ar 11,000 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.<ref name=":5">Roubet, C.; Hachi, S. (30 dujamber 2010). "[https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/542 Mechta el-Arbi (Préhistoire)]". ''Encyclopédie berbère'' (s tefransist) (31): 4811–4814. doi:[[doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.542|10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.542]]. ISSN 1015-7344. Yettwaṭṭef deg 15 Tubeṛ 2024.</ref> Tiɣawsiwin-a d wid yettwassnen deg wayen umi qqaren idles n Iberomaurus<ref name=":5" /> == '''Seg tallit taqburt alamma d tallit tabizantit''' == ''Ẓer daɣen: [[Saldae]]'' Bgayet tesɛa ayen i d-yeqqimen seg tallit n nnḥas<ref name=":4" />; ayen i d-yettwassen akk i d aẓekka aqbur amaziɣ, acku acḥal n wakud i yettwaḥseb d aẓekka afiniqi, maca deg tidet, maca deg tilawt meqqer aṭas ɣef tilin n ifiniqiyen deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], yerna ur yettwassen ara melmi i d-twabna<ref>Laporte, Jean-Pierre (2005). "[https://www.academia.edu/30387621 Histoire et patrimoine antiques de Saldae (Bgayet, Bejaia, Bougie])" (PDF). Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité, Actes du colloque: "Le patrimoine culturel immatériel amazigh: Le processus d'inventaire" (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 15 Tubeṛ 2024.</ref>. [[Tugna:Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax, 1855 facsimile of 13th century copy of original Greek text.jpg|vignette|Tira umi semman Periplus n Pseudo-Scylax|alt=Tira umi semman Periplus n Pseudo-Scylax]] Amḍiq-a d win yelhan imi yettwaḥudd ɣef waḍu n Cape Carbon, yerna iban belli aṭas n medden i d-zedɣen deg-s zik. Aḍris amezwaru n umezruy yeɣ amkan-a iban-d deg awines ''(lqern)'' wis 5 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ, tamnaḍt-a tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya, deg tira umi semman Periplus n Pseudo-Scylax (d adlis agrigi aqbur i d-yettmeslayen ɣef webrid n ln yilel i d-yezzin i [[Ilel agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]] d Yilel Aberkan. Yezmer lḥal yettwaru deg tlemmast n awines wis 4 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ deg iseggasen n 330, yerna ahat yettwaru deg [[Atina|Athina]] neɣ yiri-s.). Nnig waya, ad naf daɣen tazmert tazrirt n [[Ifniqen]]: Imeggura-a llan ttinigen ɣef tlisa n Tefriqt n Ugafa akken ad snuzun yerna ad d-sbedden imukan n tnezzut iwumi qqaren "''emporioe''"<ref name=":6">Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie ''Histoire de Bougie''] (s tefransist). Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 yennayer 2017.</ref><ref name=":7" />. === Ifniqen === [[Ifniqen]] llan uqbel kullec d agdud amzenzu. Ɣur-sen Bgayet tella d yiwen n umkan anda zemren ad zzenzen lqecc-nsen, ad myibdalen tiɣawsiwin d imezdaɣ n tmurt, akk d ubrid yelzzm-asen ad ɛeddin am wakken ad kemmlen ɣer leswaq n tmura-nniḍen, mazal yella armi d tura yiwen n lmersa afniqi deg "Azraruḥ" (yeqreb ɣer Wedrar Ufarnu). === Numidya === Deg wakud n [[Tageldit n Inumiden|Numidya]], Bgayet ur tesɛi ara azzal meqqṛen imi tella tebɛed aṭas ɣef tamanaɣt n Numidya [[Sirta]] === Ṛṛuman === [[Tugna:Mosaique d'Océan Béjaïa.jpg|vignette|Aẓru n tallit tarumanit, yettwabeggen i lɣaci deg tɣiwant n Bgayet|alt=Aẓru n tallit tarumanit, yettwabeggen i lɣaci deg tɣiwant n Bgayet]] Lexsara n [[Yugerten]] deg tagrawla-s mgal Iṛumaniyen tbeddel Numidya ɣer yiwet n tgelda i d-yeqqnen ɣer [[Ruma n zik|Ṛuma]] ɣef wakk leqrar imeqranen; Augustus ''(Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus)'' yebḍa tamnaḍt-nni ɣer temnaḍin i d-yefkan Mauretania Caesariensis ''([[Muretanya|Muriṭanya]] n Qayṣ̣er; tamdint n Ilel neɣ Cherchell n wass-a).'' Ɣef wakken i d-yenna Plinus Aqbur ''(Gaius Plinius Secundus)'', [[Saldae]] ''(isem aqdim n temdint-a)'' tella d tahrest ni Iṛumaniyen i d-yettwabnan deg tallit n tmenɣiwin timezwura deg 33 qbel uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Tmanya n yiseggasen sakkin, Augustus yerra tamnaḍt n temdint-a i ugellid n [[Tageldit n Inumiden|Numidya]] [[Yuba II]], d leɣrama n timnaḍin i d-yewṛet, maca ur s-d-yețțunefk ara zik. [[Tugna:Julius Caesar MET 267729.jpg|alt=Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus|vignette|175x175px|Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus]] Augustus daɣen yesbed-d tadmint n Tubusuptus, i d-yezgan tura d yixerban n Tiklat deg kra n ikilumitren deg yiri n wasif n Nasava ([[Asif asemmam|Asif Asemmam]]) (tura deg tɣiwant n [[Leqṣer]] azal n 20 km ɣer umalu n Bgayet) Tamdint n Saldae tesεa idles alatini, sakkin, tuɣal d tamasiḥit asmi i tuɣal Tgelda n Iṛumaniyen d tamasiḥit ula d nettat<ref name=":6" />. Iṛumaniyen sbedden-d aẓeḍḍa n waṭas n iqudas waman i d-yeqqlen ad ttwasqedcen acḥal n leqrun sakkin ula deg tallit n Ḥammadiyen. Aqadus n waman n [[Tuǧa]] yella-d deg tallit n tgelda n Antoninus Pius ''(Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius)''. Maca tamdint-a ur tessin ara azal n usnerni am Hippo Regius ([[Ɛennaba]]), i d-yesεan rrbeḥ ugar ddaw tallit n Ṛuma<ref name=":6" />. [[Tugna:Roman Empire Map.png|thumb|400px|alt=Takeṛḍa n tgelda n Rruman azal n 116 sdeffir talalit n Lmasiḥ.|Takeṛḍa n tgelda n [[Ruma n zik|iṛumaniyen]] azal n 116 sdeffir talalit n Lmasiḥ.]]Seg awines amezwaru, tagrawla n [[Takfarinas agellid|Takfar-ines]] teggar akk imezdaɣ n Numidya n temnaḍt-nni; Takfar-ines yewwi iɣzer n [[Asif asemmam|Asemmam]], yewwi Tiklat, yerna yewweḍ ar Saldae. Deg taggara, yettwaɣleb sɣur Aqunsul ''(aqunsul d amḍebber ameqran akk i yettwafernen deg Tegduda Taṛumanit seg azal n 509 arma d 27 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)'' Publius Cornelius Dolabella<ref name=":6" />. Deg awines wis 4, deg idurar iqerben ɣer Saldae, Firmus ''(d ageldun amaziɣ d amasiḥi)'' yesnejmaɛ Tamawya n Imaziɣen n Wis Xemsa (''tamaway n xemsa n leɛṛa Imaziɣen n Ǧeṛǧer n tura)'' mgal Iṛumaniyen. Yusa-d ageldun Theodosius s yiɣallen seg Tuṛuft akken ad yesres tagrawla; yerbeḥ deg ṭṭraḍ, maca yesɛa uguren akken ad yeɣleb iɣallen n Firmus<ref name=":6" />. === Ivandalen === [[Tugna:0899 Tracht der Wandalische Krieger in Südpolen im 2. Jh. n. Chr.JPG|alt=Amedya n tmeṭṭut d wargaz ivandalen deg wenẓul n Pulunya deg lqern wis sin, Aẓawan n tmucuha n Kraków.|vignette|Amedya n tmeṭṭut d wargaz ivandalen deg wenẓul n Pulunya deg awines ''(lqern)'' wis sin, Aẓawan n tmucuha n Kraków.]] Ivandalen, s nnuba-nsen, kecmen ɣer [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt n Ugafa]] seg [[Spenyul]] deg useggas 429. S ufus n Gaisarīx, wwin-d ijenwiyen-nsen n wuzzal akk d times-nsen ɣer temdinin akk n rrif n ilel. Rran Saldae d tamaneɣt n uwanak-nsen amaynut armi i ṭṭfen Qerṭaj deg 439. === Ibiẓanṭiyen === [[Tugna:Exarchate of Africa 600 AD.png|alt=Tafriqt n Ibizantiyen azal n 600|vignette|Tafriqt n [[Ibiẓanṭiyen|Ibizantiyen]] azal n 600]] Imenɣiyen i d-yellan gar wid ay d-yesdukklen ddaw aselmed n Arius d wid d-yesdukklen ddaw n uselmed n teklizt tkatulikit, yeǧǧa-d akk tamnaḍt-nni tefcel; dɣa Ibiẓanṭiyen ufan-d dihin ssebba d tagnit akken ad d-rren afus. Tamdint n Saldae teɣli-d s ddaw n yiɣallen Ibiẓanṭiyen deg ṭṭrad-nsen mgal Ivandaliyen deg 533-534. Taḥeqranit-nni tameqqrant n Ibizantiniyen teǧǧa-d ula d nettat lebɣi n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt akken ad d-sbedden tagrawla deg tallit-a armi d tazwara n Listiɛmar Aɛrab n Tefriqt n Ugafa<ref name=":6" /> seg 647 armi 709 ; tallit tebda yiwen n yixef ɣezzifen n yimennuɣen. == '''Listiɛmar Aɛrab''' == ''Ẓer daɣen [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tamurt n Yiẓwawen]], [[Aksel (agellid)|Aksel]], d [[Dihya Tadmut]]'' Iserdasen Aɛraben i d-yusan seg [[Qayrawan|Takerwant]] muqlen tamdint, syin ɣer idurar i d-yezzin i Bgayet, syin tikkelt nniḍen ɣer temdint-nni iǧehden zdat-sen, dɣa semman i durar-is “el ɛadua”, taɛdawt, ɣef sseba n umennuɣ i d-yesken wegdud akken ad yeṭṭef tilelli-ines<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 January 2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie] (s tefransist). Éditions Bouchène. '''Asebter 44'''. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref><ref name=":8">Lalmi, Nedjma Abdelfettah (2004). "[https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/4710 Du mythe de l’isolat kabyle]". Cahiers d'Études Africaines (s tefransist). 44 (175): 507–531. '''asebter 510'''. doi:[https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/4710 10.4000/etudesafricaines.4710.] </ref>. Isalan ɣef tallit-a xuṣṣen neɣ mxallafen; iban-d d akken tamdint ur ttwaḍḍfent-tt ara Aɛraben s tɣawla, yewwi-asen aṭas n wakud akken ad ṭṭfen, azal n useggas n 708. [[Tugna:A long line of men are marching with their hands thrust thro Wellcome V0041263.jpg|alt=Tanezzut n yiklan sɣur aɛraben. Aẓru n awines (lqern) wis 19 i d-yesskanayen yiwet n tarbaɛt n waɛraben i d-yettgen aklan seg Tefriqt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt ad ɛeddin ɣef Tniri Tutrimt. Tanezzut n yiklan sɣur waɛṛaben tnerna deg awines wis 7 d wis 8 imi d-ḍḍfen waɛṛaben aḥric ameqran seg Tefriqt n Ugafa. Tanezzut n Yiklan tnerna s waṭas seg awines wis 10 arma d wis 15 yerna tewweḍ ɣer tqacuct-nnes deg tlemmast n awines wis 19.|vignette|Tanezzut n yiklan sɣur aɛraben. Aẓru n awines ''(lqern)'' wis 19 i d-yesskanayen yiwet n tarbaɛt n waɛraben i d-yettgen aklan seg Tefriqt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt ad ɛeddin ɣef Tniri Tutrimt. Tanezzut n yiklan sɣur waɛṛaben tnerna deg awines wis 7 d wis 8 imi d-ḍḍfen waɛṛaben aḥric ameqran seg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt n Ugafa]]. Tanezzut n Yiklan tnerna s waṭas seg awines wis 10 arma d wis 15 yerna tewweḍ ɣer tqacuct-nnes deg tlemmast n awines wis 19.]] Deg useggas n 740''',''' imaziɣen akk deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tafriqt n ugafa]] kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=865 Les Rustamides (761-909)] [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).</ref> ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt<ref>Yidir Plantade, «Laïcité et athéisme en Kabylie : Mythes et ambigüités », ''Journal d’étude des relations internationales au Moyen-Orient'', <abbr>vol.</abbr> 2, <abbr>n^o</abbr> 1,‎ Yennayer 2007, isebtar 81-94 (s tefransist). [http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal_fr/2007/issue1/MERIA_fr_v2n1_Plantade.pdf ɣeṛ-d s Internet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824061005/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal_fr/2007/issue1/MERIA_fr_v2n1_Plantade.pdf |date=2009-08-24 }}.</ref>. Yezmer lḥal d akken imezdaɣen n Bgayet kkan deg tegrawla-nni, maca ur nesɛi ara tira i d-yeqqaren ɣef aya. Kraḍ n awines i d-yeḍran deffir ma yebda Listiɛmar Aɛrab n Bgayet ur ṣfan acku ulac tira ɣef tegnit-is deg tallit-a. Timdint-a tella d aḥric seg wakal n Yiɣlabiyen, sakkin d win n Yifaṭimiyen, yerna ddaw n udabu-nsen tesɛa kra n tazmert. Yettban-d belli asmi i d-yesbedd Naser Ayetḥmed* ''(s taɛrabt “Al-Naser ibn ALnas ibn Ḥammad” الناصر بن الناس)'', agellid wis xemsa n At Ḥmed, tamaneɣt-is ''An-''Nāṣīrīya dinna, deg 1067, lebni n Saldae taqburt yella d axrib. Llan aṭas n tiktiwin i d-yettwabnan ɣef yidles unṣib i wakken ad d-sfehmen liḥala-ines: kra seg-sen qqaren-d belli tamdint Saldae tesεu 7 n tizenzlin neɣ amḍan am wa n lḥemlat n ccwal<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie] '''Asebter 48'''. (s tefransist). Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. Yettban-d daɣen belli deg awines wis 10, tamdint tella deg ifassen n Tamawya Tamaziɣt n [[Iẓnagen]], seg-sen i d-kkren tgelda n [[Iziriyen]] d At Ḥmed i ḥekmen ɣef Tafriqt n Ugafa Talemmast. Di tallit-nni, tella d taɣiwant i d-yezgan s tuget deg-s imezdaɣ n Andalus, akken i t-id-yessegza umagraw n Andalus Al Bakri, uqbel ma tefka tsertit n At Ḥmed azal ameqran i temdint-a<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie] '''Asebter 49''' (s tefransist). Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref><ref>Cote, M. (1 yebrir 1991). [https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère] (s tefransist) '''Asebter 6'''. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. <nowiki>ISBN 2-85744-509-1</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 21 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. == '''Tigeldiwin Timaziɣin: Tamanegt''' '''n tmaneɣt n tallit talemmast''' == Deg awines wis 10, tamdint-a tella kan d asagen amecṭuḥ i d-yezgan i useyyeḍ n yiselman. Deg 1067, agellid amaziɣ n tgelda n At Ḥmed, Naser Ayetḥmed (1062-1088), i yellan yeḥkem ɣef Tafriqt n Ugafa Talemmast, yesnulfa tamdint-nni yerra-tt d tamaneɣt-is imi tamaneɣt-is tamezwarut — Lberǧ n Ayetḥmed ''(s Taɛrabt'' ''قلعة بني حماد)'', ugafa-asamer n [[Tamsilet]] n wass-a deg temnaḍt n [[Awras|Wawras]] — tella ddaw uzaglu n leɛṛac yiminigen Aɛraben wid iwumi qqaren Ihilaliyen ''(s Taɛrabt بنو هلال Banū Hilāl).'' Ineggura-agi usan-d seg [[Asamar alemmas|Wasamar alemmas]] deg uḥric wis sin n tegrawla n Waɛraben mgal imaziɣen n Tefriqt n Ugafa<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie] (s tefransist) '''Asebter 47'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. Ayetḥmed isemma-yas i temdint-nni Al Nassiriya; isem-a yuεer-as ad yeṭṭef acku isem n Bgayet yella yettwaseqdac s waṭas. Ibnu Xaldun yeɣil belli ayagi d ssebba n yisem Bgayet i yeqqnen ɣer yisem n yiwen wegraw amazi i zedɣen amkan-a<ref>Laporte, Jean-Pierre (2005). "[https://www.academia.edu/30387621 Histoire et patrimoine antiques de Saldae (Bgayet, Bejaia, Bougie)]" (pdf). Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité, Actes du colloque: "''Le patrimoine culturel immatériel amazigh: Le processus d'inventair''e" (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 15 Tubeṛ 2024.</ref>: ''"Deg useggas n 460 (1067-1068), netta [Naser] yeṭṭef adrar n Biǧāya, d tamnaḍt aydeg i yezdeɣ yiwen n lɛeṛc amaziɣ yesɛan isem am win n temdint. Gar-asen, Biǧāya qqaren-as Bekaïa yerna ttwasemman-as Begaya. Nacer imi yewwi-d adrar-nni, yebna-d tamdint, isemma-yas Al Nassiriya. Maca yal yiwen yeqqar-as Biǧāya, seg yisem n lɛeṛc amaziɣ."'' Da, ilaq ad d-nini belli ulac ayen i d-yesbeggnen belli yella yiwen n lɛeṛc am wa. Yerna, isem-a “Biǧāya” ur d-yettbin ara d yisem aqvayli yerna ur d-yettili ara deg tikta n yismawen n leɛruc n tamurt n Leqvayel. Yezmer lḥal meqqren d akken Ibnu Xaldun yella kan yettgen-d tifratin akken llan ttgen-tent yimaruyen n tallit talemmast. Uqbel ma tesɛa izwel n tmaneɣt, tamdint-a tesɛu annerni i d-yesskanayen s wazal-nnes, ladɣa deg weswir adelsan; tella di tidett d asagen deg tlemmast n webrid n Lberǧ n Ayetḥmed d Landalus. Ttɛeddayen-d deg-s yimusnawen d yemsenza imi deg-s akken yella d ukcem d tuffɣa n ubrid n ugellid; abrid agellid seg Yigran Imeqranen ɣer Yilel Agrakal yerna ula d abrid n tnezzut n tlisa n Tniri Tutrimt<ref>Charles-André Julien, ''Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord : des origines à 1830'', Paris, Payot, 1966 (1re éd. 1951) (s tefransist) '''<abbr>Asebter</abbr> 104'''.</ref>. Imiren aɛṛaben n Sicilya Banu Kalb ''(s Taɛrabt بنو كلب)'' ţţuweḥḥan s tiɣermin (leqṣur) n Bgayet imi sbedden tiɣermin-nsen deg Palermo am wid n Bgayet. Bgayet, ugar n amkan yettwasnen neɣ yettwaḥemmlen, tella d tamḍiqt yettwaḥettmen deg webrid seg Landalus ɣer Usamer alemmas (ladɣa i wid yetteddun ɣer Lmekka), yerna daɣen seg Tuṛuft ɣer Tefriqt. D amkan n timlilit d umsawal n tmusni gar yimezdaɣen n Tuṛuft akk d Usamer<ref>Gilles Ferréol (dir.) et Abdel-Halim Berretima (dir.), La ville méditerranéenne : défis et mutations : Actes de colloque international (28-29/11/13, Béjaïa), EME éditions, 16 novembre 2015 <abbr>(s tefransist) '''Asebter'''</abbr> '''258'''. (<nowiki>ISBN 978-2-8066-3534-1</nowiki>, [[https://books.google.fr/books?id=GKDtCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=ville+m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9enne archive]]) </ref>. S ufus n imḍebbren n At Ḥmed, tamdint tuɣal d yiwen seg yiɣermanen n yidles d tussna imeqranen n umalu n Yilel Agrakal, yerna d amkan ameqran n tnezzut yesɛan azal i Turuft. Lqedd n iɣezzuba n tnezzut n temdint-a ur tettwassen ara swaswa, maca yettban-iɣezzuba n tnezzut llan sɛan azal ameqran deg Yilel Agrakal, maca llin ara d aṭas deg umḍan am wid n Tuṛuft. [[Tugna:The Leaning Tower of Pisa SB.jpeg|alt=Lbeṛǧ n Pisa yettwabnan deg lqern wis 12|vignette|Lbeṛǧ n Pisa yettwabnan deg awines wis 12]] Bgayet llan ttgen-tt s waṭas yemsenza Ilatiniyen, Indalusiyen, d Yikataluniyen, d yemsenza seg Pisa d Genova<ref>Valérian, Dominique (2006). [http://books.openedition.org/efr/194?lang=fr ''Bougie, port maghrébin, 1067-1510''] (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 247–290, 607–610'''. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-7283-0748-7</nowiki>.</ref>. Imsenza-agi seg wenẓul n Tuṛuft fkan-as ismawen yemgaraden deg tutlayin tiṛumansiyin: Bugia, Buzia, Bugea, Buzana. Dɣa deg tallit-a —ɣef ssebba n ccmeɛ n temdint-a i yellan ttwassifiḍen ɣer Tuṛuft i usnulfu n teftilin — i d-yefkan wawal n "bougie" i tutlayt tafṛensist akk d wawal n "basane" i tabḍant (tahidurt) n wullis; wigi llan deg laṣel-nsen d tisekkirin n yismawen n temdint s tutlayin-a ''(deg uwenneɛ i d-yettunefken uqbel: Bougie d Buzana)''<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 46'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref><ref name=":9">Valérian, Dominique; Aissani, Djamil (2003). "[https://www.academia.edu/3640311 Mathématiques, commerce et société à Béjaïa (Bugia) au moment de séjour de Leonardo Fibonacci (XII-XIII)]". (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 10–15'''. ''Bollettino di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche'' . XXIII (2): 9–31.</ref>. Taɣremt n Yiḥemmadiyen tejbed-d imusnawen seg wakk timnaḍin yerna tella tesseqdac tasertit yeldin, ladɣa ɣer tama n Tuṛuft. Udayen d imasiḥiyen sfaydin seg lḥalat-is yelhan; Ageldun Nasir yella yettmeslay-d, yeṭṭef-d tikta, d Papa Gregory VII<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 51'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017. </ref> yerna yessuter-as ad d-yessers aselway n tamasiḥit i temdint-is<ref>Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011) [1982]. L'Algérie des Algériens (s tefransist) '''Asebter 232'''. Alger: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9961-9-6621-1</nowiki>.</ref>. Tiwḍin n yimussnawen terra Bgayet d tamdint tamezwarut deg unnar n tussna; tazmert-is tezger nnig n Yilel Agrakal yerna tewweḍ arma d Tuṛuft. Deg umgarad n Lqelɛa i yellan deg tamnaḍtin n deffir n tmur, Bgayet tella tettwaḥseb d tamdint tadelsant d "tatrart"; "Tamdint tamaziɣt i yeddren s ṣṣifa n wegmuḍ",<ref>Cote, M. (1 April 1991). ''[https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 9'''. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. <nowiki>ISBN 2-85744-509-1</nowiki>. Yettwasekles deg 21 Yennayer 2017.</ref> aṭas n yimusnawen imeqranen ay d-yekkan seg-s neɣ d-yessuklen ad zedɣen din deg tallit talemmast: am Leonardo Fibonacci, d amussnaw n tusnakt aṭelyani, (awines wis 12), Ramon Llull akk d Ibn Xaldun (awines wis 13). [[Tugna:Leonardo da Pisa.jpg|alt=Leonardo Fibonacci|vignette|Leonardo Fibonacci]] Deg useggas n 1202, Leonardo Fibonacci yewwi-d seg Bgayet ɣer Tuṛuft "uṭṭunen n taɛrabt" d usekkil n ljebra (D anagraw i tira n yimeslayen d tmiḍrant n tusnakt s useqdec n yisekkilen, Izumal, d tmeẓriwin n tusnakt). Ɣef leḥsab n kra n yiɣbula, asnulfu n tegzemt n tusnakt n Fibonacci tusa-d seg ssebba n tmuɣli-s n yimɣuṛiyen n tizizwa d usnerni n tizizwa deg temnaḍt-nni neɣ neɣ ssebba n yiwen n wugur tusnakit adigan i yeqqnen ɣer tlalit n yiɣersiwen kra i d-yessegza deg wedlis-is ''Liber abaci''<ref name=":9" /><ref>Scott, T.C.; Marketos, P. (23 March 2014). "[https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Publications/fibonacci.pdf On the Origin of the Fibonacci Sequence"] (PDF) (s teglizit) '''Isebtar 9–15'''. MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews.</ref>. Di tallit-nni tamdint n Bgayet tuɣal d tameqrant armi, ɣef wakken i d-yenna Leo Africanus, zedɣen-tt aṭas n tmerwin n yimyilen n yemdanen seg yal tama n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], [[Asamar alemmas]], [[Turuft|Tuṛuft]] d [[Asya]]. Imezdaɣ n temdint llan s tuget d Imaziɣen i d-yusan si tmurt n Yiqbayliyen d waṭas n yizruzaɣ n Landalus. Al Idrissi yeqqar-d belli azal n 100 000 imezdaɣ i yellan di tallit-nni. Muḥend Mis n Tumart (''Yekka-d seg tadukli n imesmuden deg [[Lmerruk]])'' yemlal d Ɛebd Lmumen ''(Yekka-d seg Iznaten yettwaɛraben deg Tlemsan)'' i d-yesbedden sin-nsen sakkin Tagelda n Tdukli (neɣ Tagelda n Imwaḥḥden; s taɛrabt ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ ), deg tazwar s ufus n Muḥend mis n Tumart, sakkin, yessemɣer-itt Ɛebd Lmumen, ɣer tama n Bgayet azal n 1118.<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 59'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017. </ref> [[Tugna:Spanish engraving depicting Ibn Tumart.jpg|alt=Tugna taspenyulit i d-yesskanayen Mis n Tumart|vignette|Tugna taspenyulit i d-yesskanayen Mis n Tumart]] Muḥend Mis n Tumart yesselmad-d tuɣalin ɣer yiɣallen n tineslemt seg Mellala (tamdint i d-yezgan ɣef 10 km ɣef Bgayet). Iseggasen uqbel, qqaren-d d akken imezdaɣ n Bgayet ssuffeɣen-d Mis n Tumart imi i d-yettcetki s waṭas ɣef tikli-nsen<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 60'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017. </ref>. Amussu asertan i d-yesbedd d lsas n Tagelda n Tdukli ''(Imwaḥḥden)'', i yeṭṭfen Bgayet deg useggas n 1152 yerna yekkes At Ḥmed seg udabu. Tamdint teṭṭef azal-is amatu di tallit n Tdukli; tuɣal d tamaneɣt n tamnaḍt<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 61'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. Axlif Ɛebd Lmumen yesbedd-d yiwen seg twacult-is d agellid n temdint<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 63'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>, d ayen i d-yesbeggnen azal-is asertan. Asagen n temdin yella deg-s lbabuṛat n Ɛebd Lmumen d wid n At Ḥmed, i d-yeṭṭef<ref>Valérian, Dominique (2006). ''[http://books.openedition.org/efr/194?lang=fr Bougie, port maghrébin]'', 1067-1510 (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 35–101'''. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-7283-0748-7</nowiki>. </ref>. Deg useggas n 1183, deg yiwet n tallit tawezlant, At Ɣaniya ''('''بنو غانية''' s taɛrabt)'' —i d-yeqqimen seg tgelda n Imrabḍen — ṭṭfen Bgayet, maca iɣallen n Tagelda n Tdukli rran-tt-id s tikkelt niḍen<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 63'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. [[Tugna:Hafsids Bougie Algeria 1249 1276 ornemental Kufic.JPG|alt=Adrim n Bgayet (1249-1276) deg talit n Iḥafsiyen.|vignette|Adrim n Bgayet (1249-1276) deg talit n Iḥafsiyen.|153x153px]] Mi teɣli tagelda n Tdukli, Bgayet tuɣal-d ɣer Tagleda tamziɣt n Iḥafsiyen n Tunes i d-yeqqlen d ilelliyen deg yunyu 1228<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 64'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. Maca di tilawt, imi d-yeḍra ccwal ɣef tmeḍrit n udabu, agelid neɣ aselway Aḥafsi n Bgayet yuɣal d azarug ɣef win n Tunes; yuɣal-d d aqerruy n yiwet n tgeldunt n tidett i yeddren aṭas n tallitin. Tallit taneggarut seg-sent, uqbel ma wwḍen-d Yispenyuliyen, teḍḍef akk awines wis 15 yerna tella tettwassen s yisem n "tgeldunt n Bgayet". Tazmert n tnezzut n Bgayet d tmura timasiḥiyin deg tallit-a d teqqim s wazal-is yerna tamdint-a tella d yiwet seg tmiwa timeqranin aydeg ttwaqeblen yizruzaɣ n Landalus i irewlen seg Reconquista<ref>Valérian, Dominique (2006). ''[http://books.openedition.org/efr/194?lang=fr Bougie, port maghrébin]'', 1067-1510 (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 247–290, 607–610'''. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-7283-0748-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Valérian, Dominique (2006). ''[http://books.openedition.org/efr/194?lang=fr Bougie, port maghrébin]'', 1067-1510 (s tefransist) '''Asebter 674'''. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-7283-0748-7</nowiki>.</ref>. == '''Iwinsen n tanhawt n Bgayet''' == Am akken i d-yeḍra s lmeḥna i ḍḍfen deg tgara n awines wis 15 aṭas n temdinin Tefriqt Ugafa d Tiniri n tallit talemmast i d-yellan qqnen s waṭas ɣer tnezzut n tiɣelmin d Ilel Agrakal, Bgayet tebda-d ihi tanhawt-s. Iberdan imaynuten n tanezzut sbedden-d tikkelt niḍen n tanezzut i lfayda n yiberdan imaynuten n tnezzut n yilel — i d-yeṭṭfen deg tazwara Ipurtugaliyen, syin d Ihulandiyen, i d-yebnan srid d tlisa n Tefriqt Tataramt — yesneqs-d s waṭas azal n iberdan n tnezzut n tiɣelmin d n tnezzut n yilel i ɣef tettkel temdint n Bgayet d temdinin-nniḍen n Tefriqt Ugafa<ref>Mauny, Raymond (1 June 1972). ". « [https://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0037-9166_1973_num_43_2_1716_t1_0271_0000_2 Routes de commerce et échanges en Afrique occidentale en relation avec la Méditerranée. Un essai sur le commerce africain médiéval du XIe au XVIe siècle] » par Jean Dévisse (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 271–272''' -- [numérisation de livre/revue spécialisée/article : article du Journal de la Société des Africanistes (1972), via www.persee.fr]". Journal des Africanistes. Yettwaṭṭef deg 26 Yunyu 2019.</ref>. == '''Bgayet iswi n ṭṭmeɛ n leǧnas''' == Ispenyuliyen, deg tazwara n Reconquista, rran-d tiɣriwin ɣef yisafagen n Tefriqt n Ugafa. Aspenyuli Pedro Navarro yeṭṭef tamdint n Bgayet seg yifassen n Sselṭan Ɛebdalaziz deg useggas n 1510. Ispanyuliyen rran taggara i "tagelda n Bgayet" di Tameaɣa talemmast. Rran tamdint-nni d yiwet seg tneqqiḍin-nsen n tnezzut i d-yettwaḥerzen s lmendad n n wassaɣen i sɛa d Piza akk d '''Genova'''. Maca d takriḍt-nsen tessaweḍ ɣer trewla n yimezdaɣ n tmurt, dɣa d sseba n yimenɣiyen d Imaziɣen deg temnaḍin-nni iqerben. Tamdint-a ur tezmir ara ad teqqim d assaɣ i tnezzut d timura i yella deffi-s, dɣa Abu Bakr, gma-s n Ɛebd Lɛaziz, yeεreḍ ad d-yerr Bgayet deg useggas n 1512 seg tmanaɣt-is tamaynut [[Qsenṭina]] (s useqdec n unagraw n usekles n Iznyaten n awines wis 14) maca yexser<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 99–101'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. [[Tugna:Bordj Moussa.jpeg|alt=Lbeṛj n Ispenyuliyen deg Bgayet|vignette|Lberǧ n Ispenyuliyen deg Bgayet ''(yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n Lberǧ Musa)'' - Yettwabna azal n tlemmast n awines wis 16 gar (1510-1555) deg talit n tuḍḍfa n Yispenyuliyen n temdint-a.]] Ispenyuliyen qnen s tmehla-nsen ɣef yiwen yiwet n tamnaḍt i d-yellan d ṣṣenf n ukerdis gar Bordj Ɛebdlqader, Taqsibt d Bordj Mussa. Aḥric n temdint i yellan beṛṛa n tilisa-yagi dɣa yeɣli-d fell-as axrib imi iɣallen ispenyuliyen mebla tazmert ur zmiren ara ad ḥerezen. Ṛṛuḥ n Tasestant n Axxam n Ccreɛ n Ddin ''(lnquisition)'' yeṭṭef-d amkan deg tsertit taspenyult tadigant imi yettwaḥettem ɣef Udayen ad ffɣen seg temdint, yerna imeqranen n temdint rewlen ''(tarbaɛt tamecṭuḥt n yimdanen ijehden neɣ imerkantiyen)'' gar-asen imusnawen. Ansay ussnan n temdint yeqqel sakkin s waṭas ɣer yizawiyen n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yellan deffir-is, ula d tira n ufus ttwakksen yerna ttwaferqent. Amḍan n imezdaɣ n temdint yeɣli s waṭas, yerna ula d iɣallen n ispenyuliyen deg-s sneqsen daɣen s waṭas; llan kan 500 n yergazen deg 1555<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 102'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. [[Tugna:Béjaïa 1551.jpg|alt=Aẓeṭṭa n temdint sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥerzen deg Tamkarḍit taɣelnawt n Fransa |vignette|Aẓeṭṭa n temdint sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥerzen deg Tamkarḍit taɣelnawt n Fransa ''(Bibliothèque nationale de France)'']] Timnaḍin-nni n zik n Bgayet llan ttwabḍan, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan ugur i yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a ad rnun ad ṭṭfen tamdint-a. Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, Ɛebbas, mmi-s n ugellid n Bgayet, yesbedd-d tagelda-ines ɣef yiwen n lberǧ yettwassen s yisem n Lberǧ Ayt Ɛebbas deg ugemmaḍ ataram n Asemmam. Ɛebbas yerra-d seg-s kra seg imḍebbren n temdint n Bgayet. Deg umkan-a yella deg temsizzelt d Belkadi i d-yekkan seg n umasnazref n Bgayet n At Ɣebri i d-yesbedden Tagelda N [[Kuku]]. Deg [[Qsenṭina]], d Abu Bakr, gma-s n ugellid-nni n zik n Bgayet, i d-yesbedden iman-is d agellid ɣef wakk nu usamer n tmurt n Lezzayer n tura<ref>Lezzayer, ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugaf, tesnulfa-tt-id Fṛansa deg useggas n 1830 imi teṭṭef tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart. Fransa teqqen-ed, 27 n yiseggasen deffir, Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857. Daɣen deg talliyin-nni, aneẓruf werǧin yella d aḥric seg tagelda taɛetmanit neɣ n tmurt Leqvayel.</ref>''.'' Imḍebbren-a, i yemxalafen gar-asen, yal yiwen deg-sen yessaram ad yerr tamdint n Bgayet u ad d-yesdukkel akk timnaḍin-is n zik<ref>Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011) [1982]. L'Algérie des Algériens (s tefransist) '''Asebter 240'''. Alger: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9961-9-6621-1</nowiki>. </ref><ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 98'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. [[Tugna:Algiers and Bejaia by Piri Reis.jpg|alt=Takarḍa taɛetmanit n yilel seg lqern wis 16 i d-yesseknen agmuḍ: Lezzayer (deg ugafa), Delles (deg tlemmast) d Bgayet (deg wenẓul).|vignette|Takarḍa taɛetmanit n yilel seg awines wis 16 i d-yesseknen agmuḍ: Lezzayer (deg ugafa), Delles (deg tlemmast) d Bgayet (deg wenẓul).|185x185px]] Deg tallit-a, asmi i d-uɣalen ɣer deffir yiwanaken iqburen, i d-banen watmaten Ɛaruj yerna zedɣen deg temdint n Jijel. Atmaten Ɛaruj rran-d afus iwakken ad d-rren tamdint-a seg Yispenyuliyen s tmussni-nsen n yilel. Deg tgara, sbedden-d awanak-nsen deg tama n Ldzayer Tamaneɣt, ɣef leqdic n iflissen, dɣa s tɣawla ssersen-d tazmert-nsen ɣef ugafa n Ldzayer, rran-d iman-nsen ɣer tama n Tgeldit n Yiɛetmaniyen, dɣa sseknen-d iman-nsen deg wallen n yimezdaɣ am akken d ixṣimen n Spanyul. Bgayet tuɣal s lemɣawla d iswi n ṭṭmeɛ; Ɛaruj s ttawil-is i yekkes Iḥafsiyen seg Qsenṭina d Ɛennaba. Carlos I agellid n Spenyul ''(Yettwassen daɣen s Charles V deg Tuṛuft)'' yesseqdec tamdint-a d amkan n tuqqna deffir tawaɣit n tuffɣa n 1541 mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 102–108'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref><ref>Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011) [1982]. L'Algérie des Algériens (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 310–312'''. Alger: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9961-9-6621-1</nowiki>.</ref>. == '''Tamdint i d-yettwaɛzelen''' == [[Tugna:Giovanni Maria Morandi - Religieux.jpg|alt=lmuqedmin imasiḥiyen ttxellisen akken ad ssufɣen imasiḥiyen i yellan d aklan sɣur Iṭurkiyen - lqern wis 17 - D aḥric seg leqdic n iflissen iɛetmaniyen|vignette|lmuqedmin imasiḥiyen ttxellisen akken ad ssufɣen imasiḥiyen i yellan d aklan sɣur Iṭurkiyen - lqern wis 17 - D aḥric seg leqdic n iflissen iɛetmaniyen]] [[Tugna:Captain walter croker horror stricken at algiers 1815.jpg|alt=Tugna n 1815 n aklan imasiḥiyen di Lezzayer - D aḥric seg leqdic n iflissen iɛetmaniyen|vignette|Tugna n 1815 n aklan imasiḥiyen di Lezzayer - D aḥric seg leqdic n iflissen iɛetmaniyen]] Atmaten Ɛaruj werǧin ssawḍen ɣer yeswi-nsen n tuṭṭfa n Bgayet deg tudert-nsen. Deg taggara, Salah Raïs, yiwen seg wid i d-yeṭṭfen amkan-nsen, i d-yekcem ɣer temdint deffir umennuɣ n Bgayet (1555) mgal Spenyul s tallelt n Yiẓwawen n Kuku[64]. Di teswiεt-a Bgayet tekcem ɣer temnaḍt n Yiɛetmaniyen n Lezzayer, tezga-d ddaw lḥekma n Beylik n Qsenṭina alamma d 1830. Tabḍit temnaḍt n Yiɛetmaniyen n Tefriqt n Ugafa ɣef kraḍ n yibeyliyen ''(Timnaḍin s tutlayt taturkit)'' tessers tamdint-a deg yiwen n umdiq ur nesɛi azal ameqran. Targit tasertant n watmaten Ɛaruj akken n usbedu n tamaneɣt-nsen deg Bgayet tettwaɛzel; tamaneɣt n tagelda n Yiɛetmaniyen deg Tefriqt Ugafa tella tettwasbedd yakan deg tamnaḍt Lezzayer Tamaneɣt n tura i yellan d asagan yettwaḥerzen yerna deg-s llan ttwaxedmen aṭas n yisenfaren<ref>Cote, M. (1 April 1991). ''[https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 3'''. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. <nowiki>ISBN 2-85744-509-1</nowiki>. Yettwasekles deg 21 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. Tuddsa tameqqrant kan i d-yeqqimen deg Bgayet deg tallit-a d tin n “dar senɛa”; d amkan i lebni n iɣerruba ''(lbabuṛat)'' n Dey n Lezzayer Tamaneɣt<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 117'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. Bgayet, ddaw lḥekma n lqayed aṭerki, tettwaḥsab sɣur Lezzayer d tamdint i izemren ad tqabel Lezzayer ɣas akken zzin-as-tt idurar n yiɛdawenn<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 115'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. Lezzayer tettabaɛ-d s leḥdert tikli n yiɣallen iɛetmaniyen deg Bgayet imi tugad ad d-yili umennuɣ gar-as d Lezzayer, dɣa tceggeε-d lbabuṛat-is ɣer Bgayet ladɣa deg tegrest imi tiẓgiwin n idurar-is d tiɣremt i d-yefkan. Dɣa tamdint-a teẓra aɣelluy-nnes yettnerni s tɣawla mi ṛuḥen Ispanyulen. Imezdaɣ n Bgayet llan sεan amḍan amecṭuḥ n yiɣerruba n tnezzut, azal n ɛecrin n tiflukin, i d-yettruḥun ɣer [[Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)|Lezzayer]], [[Wehran|Wehṛan]], [[Ɛennaba]] d [[Tunes]] akken ad ssufuɣen lɣella n temnaḍt-a deg lḥal yelhan. Deg tegrest, iɣerruba n tnezzut-a tella tettɣimi deg teftist n “Dar Senɛa” seddaw la casbah ''(s taɛrabt “al-qaṣabah” القصبة "lberǧ")'' ar tefsut<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 117'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. Sselɛa i d-yettwassuffuɣen tella deg-s zzit, lxeḍra, tazart, d igelman; ttwassen-d ccac d imendiyen ttwawwin-d seg berra n temdint. Ahat iɣezzuba-a ''(lbabuṛat)'' wwin-d tiẓgi i lebni n iɣezzuba di Lezzayer<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 118'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. Deg tallit-a, ikemmel-d ccɣel n iflissen iɛetmaniyen, ladɣa wid yellan deg Jijel. Deg useggas n 1671, sserɣen-tt lbumbat n yiɣezzuba Yigliziyen ddaw n akellef n Edward Spragge akken ad ḥebsen aẓdam n iflissen iɛetmaniyen deg yilel agrakal ɣef iɣezzuba-nsen. Deg tallit-a merra, tamdint ur tettwaḥrez ara, yerna imeslayen n waṭas n yimsebriden i d-yusan ɣer-s, ttmeslayen-d ɣef yir liḥala d lexṣaṣ n uṣeggem n lebni deg tamdint. Seg tallit-a alamma d tagrawla tafransist, iɣallen n Tmurt n Leqvayel ɛerḍen ad ṭṭfen tamdint mebla ma yessaweḍ yiwen ɣer rbeḥ. Deg useggas n 1823, Leɛruc n [[Idurar n Tiggura|Iwanuɣen]] d [[Asif asemmam|Wasif asemmam]] ṭṭfen amḍebber n temdint. Deg useggas n 1825, Aɣa Yahia, amḍebber n yiɣallen n Lezzayer, yerza tamdint yerna yebda tikta n usekcam mgal Leɛruc n Wasif asemmam<ref>Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011) [1982]. L'Algérie des Algériens (s tefransist) '''Asebter 490'''. Alger: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. <nowiki>ISBN 978-9961-9-6621-1</nowiki>.</ref>. ''Ẓer daɣen [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tamurt n Leqvayel]]'' == '''Aɣelluy n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer d tallit n ussehres afransis''' == [[Tugna:Bougie-ville.jpg|right|232x232px|thumb|Bgayet n zik ]] Deg useggas n 1830, Ifransisen bdan-d tikli n tuṭṭfa n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer. Deg tazwara, tikli-nni tella tettwasnebgi mgal Lezzayer. Maca ur ɛeḍḍlen ara aṭas imi iɣallen-nsen bdan ttnadin ad ṭṭfen Tamurt n Leqvayel, mgal-as i d-bdan aṭas n yimenɣiyen. Deg tallit-a, mi teɣli-d tezmert n ussehres aṭerki, ɣef ljal n axrab i d-yellan deffir waya, Leqvayel rran-d tazmert-nsen d kra n leḥkem ɣef temdint d timnaḍin n tmurt-nsen i yellan zik seddaw tamehla n Ṭṭerk yerna werɛad ur llint ddaw n tmehla n Fṛansa. Timdint d temnaḍt-is rran-d tagrawla meqqren mgal ussehres afṛensis. Seg tazwara, am Yispenyuliyen n awines wis 16, Ifransisen qnen s yiwet n tilin tamecṭuḥt arma d 1846, dɣa bnan-d aṭas n lebni n uḥraz deg tlemmast n temdint akk d deg imukan ɛlayen n temdint<ref>Habsbourg, Louis Salvator de (2000) [1899]. Bougie: La perle de l'Afrique du Nord (s tefransist). Paris/Montréal: L’Harmattan. <nowiki>ISBN 2-7384-8455-7</nowiki>.</ref><ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 140–145'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. Ayagi ur d-yeḥbis ara tamdint-a ad teṭṭef amkan deg waṭas n tegrawliwin d tmenɣiwin am wid n [[Crif Bubeɣla]], yerna ladɣa nnfaq ameqran n [[Muḥend At-Meqqran|Lḥaǧ Muḥend At Meqqran]] d Ccix Aḥedad deg 1871.[[Tugna:Phare du Cap Carbon.jpg|alt=Taftilt n Cape Carbon|vignette|Taftilt n Cape Carbon]]Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa tafransist, tamdint tella d tamdint tamecṭuḥt s azal n 2000 n yimezdaɣ<ref>Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 140–145'''. Éditions Bouchène. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7</nowiki>. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. Tamdint tettwaɣ-d d taɣiwant s usaḍuf ''(lqanun)'' n 17 yunyu 1854<ref>"[http://anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/geo.php?ir=&lieu=Bougie+(Alg%C3%A9rie) Recherche géographique: Bougie (Algérie)]". ''anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr'' (s tefransist). 2015. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yulyu 2017.</ref>. Ifransisen ččuren-d ukalil n temdint s wakal akken ad sɛun ugar n wakal yelhan i lebni, mi d-snulfan asagan n temdint yerna bnan-as-d aḥric n beṛṛa ɣer tama n yilel akken ad yesɛu ugar n wemkan i yiɣerruba. Ahil n usnerni aɣerman n temdint (asnulfu n tama n yilel d iberdan imeqranen) yeǧǧa-d azamul d ameqran deg wamek i d-tnerna temdint seg tallit-nni ar ass-a. Timdint tewwi-d cwiṭ cwiṭ amkan-is d amḍiq alemmas n tmurt n Leqvayel d asagen n ussufuɣ (usifeḍ) n ifuras n tfellaḥt n tmurt-a. Imezdaɣen iqvayliyen mazal ttkemmilen deg leqdic-nsen n usifeḍ ɣef tlisa n yilel. Deg useggas n 1906, imḍebbren n Fṛansa bnan taftilt n Cape Carbon; d tin yugaren akk deg umaḍal ɣef ssebba n umkan-is ɣef yixef n wedrar (220 n lmitrat deg teɣzi) yerna tafat-is tettaweḍ 53 n yikilumitren ɣer yilel<ref>[https://books.google.ca/books?id=85IvAAAAMAAJ&redir_esc=y Ministère de l'information] 1970, p. 106. Anabaḍ n Lezzayer (s tefransist)</ref>. == '''Ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan II''' == [[Tugna:North Africa Operations. 12 November 1942, Bougie, North Africa. A13019.jpg|alt=Karanja d Cathay ttwasserɣen ɣer tama n n yilel n Bgayet deffir tmenɣiwin n yigenni n Luftwaffe.|vignette|Karanja d Cathay ttwasserɣen ɣer tama n yilel n Bgayet deffir tmenɣiwin n yigenni n Luftwaffe - 1942.]] Deg ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan wis sin, Operation Torch tessers-d iɣallen imarikaniyen d ibriṭaniyen deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt n Ugafa]], gar-asen yiwen n ugraw n Royal West Kent Regiment n tgelda tageldanit deg Bgayet deg 11 wember 1942. Deg wass-nni, ɣef 4:40 n tmeddit, yiwet n terbaεt n yisafagen n iɣallen n Luftwaffe n Lalman ssersen lbumbat ɣef Bgayet s tlatin n yisafagen Ju 88 d ṣṣenf-nniḍen n yisafagen. Iɣerruba n usifeḍ ''(aḥemmel)'' Awatea d Cathay ɣḍeṣen, ma d aɣerrabu n ṭṭraḍ HMS Roberts yettwaɣ. Azekka-nni, aɣerrabu n ṭṭraḍ SS Tynwald d aɣerrabu n usifeḍ Karanja ttwaɣen yerna ɣḍeṣen<ref>Atkinson, Rick (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cEEpZPDnV7EC An Army At Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942-1943]'' (s teglizit). Little, Brown Book Group. <nowiki>ISBN 978-1-4055-2727-9</nowiki>.</ref>. == '''Ṭṭraḍ n timunent n Lezzayer''' == [[Tugna:Ɛebban Ṛemḍan.png|alt=Ɛebban Ṛemḍan|vignette|[[Ɛebban Ṛemḍan]]|224x224px]] Deg ṭṭrad n timunent n Lezzayer ''(1 Wamber 1954 – 5 Yulyu 1962 i yettwasnen daɣen s Tagrawla)'', tamurt n leqvayel tella ddaw yisem n temnaḍt III s ddaw n uselway n [[Krim Belqasem|Belqasem Krim]] i d-iḥettmen ad teqqim tmurt n Leqbayel ddaw leɛnaya n Leqvayel; Bgayet tella d aḥric seg temnaḍt III<ref name=":8" />. [[Agraw n Ṣummam]] i d-yesseggan [[Ɛebban Ṛemḍan]] yesbedd-d tawsit tasertant-taserdasit n umussu aɣelnaw azzayri deg ṭṭraḍ, yeḍra-d deg [[Uzellagen]], deg idurar i llan deffir n Bgayet<ref>Zirem, Youcef (2013). Histoire de Kabylie: Le point de vue kabyle (s tefransist) '''Asebter 84'''. Fouesnant: Yoran Embanner. <nowiki>ISBN 978-2-914855-98-3</nowiki>. </ref>. Uqbel agraw-a, Ɣef leḥsab n waṭas n tdiwennitin d inagan n [[Ḥusin Nat Ḥmed|Ḥusin At Ḥmed]], amennuɣ ur yesɛi ara lsas iǧehden. == '''Tamdint tatrart''' == [[Tugna:Bejaia place guidon.jpg|vignette|Bgayet - Place Guidon - Lebni n [[Fransa]].]]Deg yiḍ n ṭṭraḍ n timunent n Lezzayer deg 1954, Bgayet tesɛa azal n 30.000 n yimezdaɣen, gar-asen 6.200 n yifṛensisen. Yiwet n tseddarin ineggura n udabu afṛansis d lebni n yiwen n aqadu (pipeline) ara yessiwḍen lpeṭrul ''(zzit n wakal)'' seg [[Ḥasi Mesɛud]] deg uneẓruf ɣer Iɣerruba n usagan n temdint. Deg useggas n 1959, Bgayet tella d taḥanut n wuzzal tameqrant akk deg tmurt n Lezzayer, i d-yettakent idrimen. Deg 1959, Bgayet tella d asagan ameqran n lpeṭrul ay yesɛan azal akk deg Lezzayer, yerna d aɣbalu n tedrimt<ref>Cote, M. (1 April 1991). ''[https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 4'''. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. <nowiki>ISBN 2-85744-509-1</nowiki>. Yettwasekles deg 21 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. Deg 1962, tettwaqqel ɣer temnaḍt n Sétif, uqbel ad tuɣal d tamaneɣt n temnaḍt-s deg useggas n 1974. Tamdint teẓra tigmi n yimezdaɣ, gar-asen amḍiq n Lexmis, sdeffir ma usan-d aṭas n medden seg tudrin d temnaḍin n tmurt n Leqvayel akken ad ddren deg-s<ref>Kheladi, Mokhtar (1 yennayer 1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oGbaAAAAMAAJ Urbanisme et systèmes sociaux: la planification urbaine en Algérie]'' (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 109–110'''. Office des publications universitaires. </ref>. Bgayet, am temdinin-nniḍen deg Tmurt n Leqvayel, tella d yiwet seg wammasen n tmenɣiwt n tdukli tamaziɣt deg [[Tafsut n Yimaziɣen]] n 1980; yerna deg useggas n 2001 akk d deg [[Tafsut Taberkant|Tefsut Taberkant]]. Bgayet daɣen gar tmaneɣin tidamsanin n Tmurt n Leqvayel d yiwet seg yimukan idelsanen yesɛan iswiyen idelsanen am [[Tizi Wezzu]]. Alday n unnar asertan yeǧǧa-d ad d-kkren waṭas n tdukliwin n yidles n yal ṣṣenf. Tasdawit n Bgayet, s tilin-is, tettɛawan umussu-a; llan yiɣawasen i wakken ad tili tasudut n uselmed n tutlayt tamaziɣt deg Bgayet<ref>Cote, M. (1 April 1991). ''[https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 7'''. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. <nowiki>ISBN 2-85744-509-1</nowiki>. Yettwasekles deg 21 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. Tigmi s tɣawla n yimezdaɣ n temdint tettak-d uguren i usnulfu n tmezduɣin d uḥraz n yimukan n yidles. Tella daɣen temsalt n twennaṭ i d-yeqqnen ɣer ussuḍes i d-yettasen seg lecɣal n yixxamen d tnezzut. Deg tazwara n yiseggasen n 1990, tigmi n yimezdaɣ, lexṣaṣ n n tsertit yelhan, sneqsen ṣṣenf n twennaṭ n temdint, ɣas akken llan kra n iɣbula i yimal-is<ref>Kheladi, Mokhtar (1 January 1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oGbaAAAAMAAJ Urbanisme et systèmes sociaux: la planification urbaine en Algérie]'' (in French) '''Asebter 112'''. Office des publications universitaires.</ref><ref>Cote, M. (1 April 1991). ''[https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 7'''. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. <nowiki>ISBN 2-85744-509-1</nowiki>. Yettwasekles deg 21 Yennayer 2017.</ref>. == '''Uṭṭunen n yimezdaɣImezdaɣ''' == Tamdint tesɛa 177,988 imezdaɣ ɣef leḥsab n 2008. {| class="wikitable" |+Tigmi n yimezdaɣ s wakud<ref>[http://www.populstat.info/Africa/algeriat.htm populstat.info] Yettwaḥrez 3 Meɣres 2016 deg [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] (Asebter s teglizit)</ref> !Aseggas !Imezdaɣ !Aseggas !Imezdaɣ !Aseggas !Imezdaɣ !Aseggas !Imezdaɣ |- |1901 |14,600 |1926 |15,900 |1954 |43,900 |1977 |74,000 |- |1906 |17,500 |1931 |25,300 |1960 |63,000 |1987 |114,500 |- |1911 |10,000 |1936 |30,700 |1966 |49,900 |1987 |144,400 |- |1921 |19,400 |1948 |28,500 |1974 |104,000 |2008 |177,988 |} '''Tugnatin n Bgayet'''<gallery> Tugna:Yemma Gouraya.jpg|Tamdint n Bgayet seddaw n wedrar n [[Yemma Guraya]] Tugna:Bgayet port.jpg|Lmersa n Bgayet Tugna:Bgayet Maison de la culture.jpg|Axxam n yedles "[[Ṭawes Ɛamruc]]" n Bgayet Tugna:Tasdawit n Bgayet 01.jpg|[[Tasdawit Ɛebderraḥman Mira n Bgayet|Tasdawit Ɛebderraḥman Mira n Bgayet]]" Tugna:Cap Carbon 1.jpg|"Cap Carbon" Tugna:Cap Carbon2.jpg|"Cap Carbon" Tugna:Les Aiguades.jpg|Zegwaḍ </gallery> == Iɣbula == <references/> {{Tawilayt n Bgayet}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiɣiwanin n twilayt n Bgayet}} [[Taggayt:Timdinin]] [[Taggayt:Bgayet]] e135m0azcjq5iuyp9nudqgevlvvc0wj 0 1884 116862 107377 2026-07-21T12:23:19Z CommonsDelinker 96 Replacing Ecseri_166.jpg with [[File:Széchenyi_utca,_Ecseri_166.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: bad name). 116862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ecser''' d yiwet n taddart n 3 252 imezdaɣ, i d yussan di temnaṭ n Pest, [[Hungari|Hungri]], s zdat n [[Budapest]] == Tizgin == Ecser (tettwanṭaq Eččer) tesɛa daɣen isem niḍen asluviki: '''''Ečer''''', tesdari daɣen kra n isluvikiyen. Taddart-a tezga-d deg unẓul-asamar n Budapest, s zdat n unafag agraɣlan n Ferihegy. tiɣiwanin i as-d-yezzin d Maglud, Večes, Gyumru akk d Ullu. Abrid ameqran n MO yettawi s zdat n taddart. Taddart tussa-d rrif n rraya n tmacint 120a (Budapest-Szulnuk-Ujszasz). == Amezruy == lkaɣeḍ amenzu i d-yuddren Ecser yettwaru ass n 15 di ğember 1315, maca taddart tella uqbel seg 896, di tisin n iHungriyen. Di yiwet n tmacahut, qqaren-d akken isem n taddart yettunefk s Ugellid ameqran n idrumen ihungriyen Arpad. Ass mi yesteqsa anwa i d isem n temnaṭ-a, anda yeḥbes i wakken ad yesteɛfu, imezdaɣ n temnaṭ-a ur tessinen ara. Dadɣa Arpad yenna: "Sya d assawen, ad tsemmim i temnaṭ-a s yisem n ubeluḍ (s thungrit: cser)". Taddart temmut s ddaw uzaglu n Ṭurk iɛutmaniyen (1526-1686), ass-mi teɣli Buda, ur yebɛiden ara aṭas fell-as. Imezdaɣ-is imenza ur d-ussin ɣer ɣur-s alammi d 1699. llan 11 iserdasen (iɛeskriyen) i yettekkan deg umennuɣ n Rakoczi ɣef timmunent (1703-1711). di tazwara n isseggasen 1700, Bab n taddart, lkumt Antal Grassalkovich, yessezdeɣ deg-s isluvakiyen. == Ayen niḍen == Asbad n taddart i yellan, d yiwet-nni Tmesgida takatulikit taṛumanit, yettwabnan di [[1740]] Yiwen n cṭeḥ afulkluri yettwasnen aṭas d win n "assuli di Ecser" (Noces à Ecser, Ecseri lakodalmas). Di imrigen n taddart ad naf tlata n tɣewsiwin mucaɛen: tamesgida, cṭeḥ afulkluri d ubelluḍ, ==Galeri== <center> <gallery> Image:Ecseri 151.jpg| Image:Ecseri 154.jpg| Image:Ecseri 158.jpg| Image:ecseri 171.jpg| Image:ecseri 159.jpg| Image:ecseri 156.jpg| Image:ecseri 168.jpg| Image:ecseri 175.jpg| Image:ecseri 178.jpg| Image:ecseri 180.jpg| Image:ecseri 173.jpg| Image:Széchenyi utca, Ecseri 166.jpg| </gallery> </center> [[Category:Tuddar]] dcok514a57ti11cbbah5g3x0rl6wbhe 0 23169 116863 110238 2026-07-21T14:32:07Z CommonsDelinker 96 Replacing Bandera_de_España.svg with [[File:Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Spain.svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR4|Criterion 4]]). 116863 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:New7Wonders.jpg|vignette|316x316px|Sebɛa n leεǧubat timaynutin n umaḍal.]] '''Sa n leɛǧubat timaynutin n umḍal''' neɣ '''Sebɛa n leɛǧubat timaynutin n umḍal''' (s [[Taglizit]] : ''Seven New Wonders''), d tawayt tebda-d seg 2000, i d-yextar gar 200 n umkanen imzazwaren, s lvuṭ deg [[World Wide Web|Web]] ed asawal (SMS), lvuṭ-agi yessnulfat-id ''New 7 Wonders Foundation (N7W)'', mya yimelyan n medden i ivuṭin, igemmaḍ n lvuṭ berrḥen deg ass n [[7 yulyu]] [[2007]] (07/07/2007) deg [[Lisbun]]<ref>{{En}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20140217203940/http://world.new7wonders.com/about-n7w/our-mission/how-the-new7wonders-movement-all-began/ How the New7Wonders movement all began], deg new7wonders.com.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Fr}} Jean Massicot, ''Les merveilles du monde antique'', Lulu, {{ISBN|9781445249148}} ([https://books.google.dz/books?id=0x9DAgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false taɣuṛi]), tawṛiqt wis 135.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Fr}} Gilles HOLDER, ''L'islam, nouvel espace public en Afrique'', KARTHALA Editions, 2009, {{ISBN|9782811131791}} ([https://books.google.dz/books?id=QoIVlFDcPaAC&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false taɣuṛi]), tawṛiqt wis 251.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{Fr}} Benhamou Noëlle, QCM de culture générale pour réussir ses concours. IEP, Prépas, Concours administratifs, Editions Ellipses, 2017, {{ISBN|9782340051416}} ([https://books.google.dz/books?id=7B1EEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false taɣuṛi]), tawṛiqt wis 31.</ref>. Deg [[6 yulyu]] [[2007]], deg ulɣu n tɣamsa, [[Tuddsa n UNESCO]] teqqar-d belli ur tesɛi ara wassaɣ akked wumuɣ-nni<ref>{{En}} [https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/index2.php?url=http%3A%2F%2Fportal.unesco.org%2Fen%2Fev.php-URL_ID%3D38482%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html#federation=archive.wikiwix.com&tab=url UNESCO confirms that it is not involved in the “New 7 wonders of the world” campaign], deg ''unesco.org''.</ref>. == Igmaḍ n lvuṭ == === Sa n leεǧubat timaynutin n umaḍal === [[Tugna:New Seven Wonders of the World.JPG|vignette|228x228px|Timura n sa n leεǧubat timaynutin n umaḍal.|gauche]] [[Tugna:New 7 Wonders Winners.png|gauche|vignette|200x200px|Timura n sa n leεǧubat timaynutin n umaḍal.]] {| class="wikitable" |+Sa n leεǧubat timaynutin n umaḍal <ref>{{En}} [https://edition.cnn.com/2007/TRAVEL/07/06/seven.wonders/index.html New 7 wonders of the world named] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221127230056/https://edition.cnn.com/2007/TRAVEL/07/06/seven.wonders/index.html |date=2022-11-27 }}, deg ''edition.cnn.com''.</ref> !Amkan win irebḥen !Tamurt-is !Amenẓaw !Tugna |- |[[Ssuṛ ameqqran n Ccinwa]] |[[Tugna:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ccinwa]] |[[Asya]] |[[Tugna:Great Wall of China July 2006.JPG|bordure|140x140px]] |- |Al Batra |[[Tugna:Flag of Jordan.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Urdun]] |[[Asya]] |[[Tugna:Al Khazneh.jpg|bordure|174x174px]] |- |Asebdad n Christ the Redeemer |[[Tugna:Flag of Brazil.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Brazil]] |[[Tamrikt]] |[[Tugna:O Cristo Redentor.JPG|bordure|145x145px]] |- |Maču Piču |[[Tugna:Flag of Peru.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Piru]] |[[Tamrikt]] |[[Tugna:Machu Picchu, Perú, 2015-07-30, DD 47.JPG|bordure|140x140px]] |- |Tzamugt n Čičen Itza |[[Tugna:Flag of Mexico.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Miksik]] |[[Tamrikt]] |[[Tugna:Chichen-Itza-Castillo-Seen-From-East.JPG|bordure|140x140px]] |- |[[Kolosyum]] |[[Tugna:Flag of Italy.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ṭṭelyan]] |[[Turuft]] |[[Tugna:Colosseo 2020.jpg|bordure|140x140px]] |- |[[Taǧ Maḥal]] |[[Tugna:Flag of India.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Lhend]] |[[Asya]] |[[Tugna:Taj Mahal in March 2004.jpg|bordure|140x140px]] |} === Imazwaren nniḍen === {| class="wikitable" |+14 imazwaren nniḍen<ref>{{En}} [https://world.new7wonders.com/wonders/ THE 21 FINALISTS], deg ''world.new7wonders.com''.</ref> !Amkan !Tamurt-is !Tugna |- |[[Tizumag n Ǧiza]] |[[Tugna:Flag of Egypt.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Maṣer]] |[[Tugna:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|bordure|140x140px]] |- |Stonehenge |[[Tugna:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Tagelda Yedduklen]] |[[Tugna:Stonehenge-Green.jpg|bordure|140x140px]] |- |Acropolis n Atina |[[Tugna:Flag of Greece.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Legrig]] |[[Tugna:The Acropolis of Athens on February 5, 2020.jpg|bordure|140x140px]] |- |[[Aya Sufya]] |[[Tugna:Flag of Turkey.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Tturk]] |[[Tugna:Aya Sophia (7144824757).jpg|bordure|140x140px]] |- |[[Angkur Vat|Angkor Vat]] |[[Tugna:Flag of Cambodia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Kambudya]] |[[Tugna:Angkor Wat W-Seite.jpg|bordure|140x140px]] |- |Muay |[[Tugna:Flag of Chile.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Cili]] |[[Tugna:Ahu-Akivi-1.JPG|bordure|140x140px]] |- |[[Tin Buktu]] |[[Tugna:Flag of Mali.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Mali]] |[[Tugna:Timbuktu-107981.jpg|bordure|140x140px]] |- |Al-Hamra |[[Tugna:Flag of the Kingdom of Spain.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Spenyul]] |[[Tugna:Миртовий дворик з видом на башню Комарес.jpg|bordure|140x140px]] |- |Kremlin ed amkan n azeggaɣ |[[Tugna:Flag of Russia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Rusya]] |[[Tugna:1 Saint Basils Cathedral.jpg|bordure|213x213px]] |- |Afakan n Kiyomizu |[[Tugna:Flag of Japan.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Yapan]] |[[Tugna:Kiyomizu-dera, Kyoto, November 2016 -01.jpg|bordure|140x140px]] |- |Aɣrem n Neuschwanstein |[[Tugna:Flag of Germany.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Lalman]] |[[Tugna:Schloss Neuschwanstein 2013.jpg|bordure|140x140px]] |- |[[Asebdad n Tlelli]] |[[Tugna:Flag of the United States.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt]] |[[Tugna:Statue of Liberty, NY.jpg|bordure|140x140px]] |- |[[Lberǧ n Eiffel]] |[[Tugna:Flag of France.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Fransa]] |[[Tugna:Tour Eiffel Wikimedia Commons (cropped).jpg|bordure|233x233px]] |- |Opiṛa n Sidni |[[Tugna:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Usṭralya]] |[[Tugna:Sydney Opera House mid-morning.jpg|bordure|140x140px]] |} == Muqel daɣen == * [[Tigemmi tamaḍlant]] == Tizmilin == <references /> g7p7nuek0xrk3r994nbbqmcgckjrpoy 0 23178 116860 113262 2026-07-21T10:22:09Z CommonsDelinker 96 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 116860 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:World Heritage Logo global.svg|vignette|200x200px|Alugu n tigemmi tamaḍlant n [[Tuddsa n UNESCO|UNESCO]].]] [[Tugna:World Heritage flagg 2012.jpg|vignette|200x200px|[[Annay]] n tigemmi tamaḍlant n [[Tuddsa n UNESCO|UNESCO]].]] '''Tigemmi tamaḍlant''' neɣ '''Adeg n tigemmi tamaḍlant''' (s [[taglizit]] : ''World Heritage''<ref>{{En}} [https://whc.unesco.org/en/about/ World Heritage], deg ''unesco.org''.</ref>), d umkan ḥerzen s [[Tuddsa n UNESCO|Tuddsa n yeɣlalen yedduklen i usegmi, tussna d yidles (UNESCO)]], em « azal anmeɣrad », ddaw umtawa (lmitaq) n uḥuddu n tigemmi adelsan ed agaman n umaḍal (deg 1972)<ref name=":0">{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/topic/World-Heritage-site World Heritage site], deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>. Llan kraḍ n leṣnaf n tigemmi tamaḍlant : adelsan, agaman ed sin-nni akken (adelsan ed agaman)<ref name=":0" />. == Umuɣ n tigemmi tamaḍlant == [[Tugna:Unesco world heritage sites.png|vignette|199x199px|Ismelen n tigemmi tamaḍlant n [[Tuddsa n UNESCO|UNESCO]].]] Deg 2021, llan1154 n idegen n 167 n timura (897 adelsan, 218 agaman 39 adelsan ed agaman) win ijerrden em tigemmi tamaḍlant s [[Tuddsa n UNESCO|UNESCO]]<ref>{{Fr}} [https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/stat#d1 Biens du patrimoine mondial par région], deg ''unesco.org''.</ref>. Deg 2021 daɣen, [[Ṭṭelyan]] tesɛa amḍan ameqqran n tigemmi tamaḍlant (58), t-ḍefren s [[Ccinwa]] (56), [[Lalman]] (51), [[Fransa]] (49), [[Spenyul]] (49) ed [[Lhend]] (40)<ref name=":1" />. Deg 2018, {| class="wikitable" |+Amḍan n idegen win ijerrden em tigemmi tamaḍlant s UNESCO yal aseggas<ref>{{Fr}} [https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/stat#d31 Nombre de biens du patrimoine mondial inscrits chaque année : Culturel, naturel, mixte], deg ''unesco.org''.</ref> !Aseggas !Amḍan n idegen !Adelsan !Agaman !Adelsan ed Agaman |- |1978 |12 |8 |4 |0 |- |1979 |45 |34 |8 |3 |- |1980 |27 |22 |5 |0 |- |1981 |26 |15 |9 |2 |- |1982 |24 |17 |5 |2 |- |1983 |29 |19 |9 |1 |- |1984 |22 |15 |7 |0 |- |1985 |30 |25 |4 |1 |- |1986 |29 |23 |5 |1 |- |1987 |41 |32 |7 |2 |- |1988 |27 |19 |5 |3 |- |1989 |7 |4 |2 |1 |- |1990 |16 |11 |2 |3 |- |1991 |22 |16 |6 |0 |- |1992 |20 |16 |4 |0 |- |1993 |33 |29 |4 |0 |- |1994 |29 |21 |8 |0 |- |1995 |29 |23 |6 |0 |- |1996 |37 |30 |5 |2 |- |1997 |46 |38 |7 |1 |- |1998 |30 |27 |3 |0 |- |1999 |48 |35 |11 |2 |- |2000 |61 |20 |10 |1 |- |2001 |31 |25 |6 |0 |- |2002 |9 |8 |0 |1 |- |2003 |24 |19 |5 |0 |- |2004 |34 |29 |5 |0 |- |2005 |24 |17 |7 |0 |- |2006 |18 |16 |2 |0 |- |2007 |22 |16 |5 |1 |- |2008 |27 |19 |8 |0 |- |2009 |13 |11 |2 |0 |- |2010 |21 |15 |5 |1 |- |2011 |25 |21 |3 |1 |- |2012 |26 |20 |5 |1 |- |2013 |19 |14 |5 |0 |- |2014 |26 |21 |4 |1 |- |2015 |24 |23 |0 |1 |- |2016 |21 |12 |6 |3 |- |2017 |21 |18 |3 |0 |- |2018 |19 |13 |3 |3 |- |2019 |29 |24 |4 |1 |- |2020 | colspan="4" | - |- |2021 |34 |29 |5 |0 |} {| class="wikitable" |+Amḍan n idegen win ijerrden em tigemmi tamaḍlant deg yal tamurt<ref name=":1">{{Fr}} [https://whc.unesco.org/fr/list/stat#s2 Nombre de biens inscrits du patrimoine mondial par État partie] , deg ''unesco.org''.</ref> !Tamurt !Amḍan n idegen |- |[[Tugna:Flag of the Taliban.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Afɣanistan]] |2 |- |{{ALB-d}} [[Albanya]] |4 |- |{{AND-d}} [[Andorra]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Angola.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Angola]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Antigua and Barbuda.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Antigua ed Barbuda]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Armenia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Arminya]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Azerbaijan.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Azerbijan]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Bangladesh.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Bangladec]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Barbados.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Barbados]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Bahrain.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Beḥrin]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Belize.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Belize]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Benin.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Benin]] |2 |- |{{BEL-d}} [[Biljik]] |15 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Myanmar.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Birmanya]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Bolivia (state).svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Bolivia]] |7 |- |{{BRA-d}} [[Brazil]] |23 |- |{{BUL-d}} [[Bulgarya]] |10 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Poland.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Bulunda]] |17 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Burkina Faso]] |3 |- |{{BIH-d}} [[Busnya ed Hirziguvina]] |4 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Botswana.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Butswana]] |2 |- |{{BLR-d}} [[Byilurusya]] |4 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Chile.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Cili]] |7 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ccinwa]] |56 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Chad.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ččad]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of the Czech Republic.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Čik]] |16 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Denmark.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Danmaṛk]] |10 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Dominica.svg|bordure|20x20px]] Duminika |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Iraq.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ɛiraq]] |6 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Oman (1970–1995).svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ɛumman]] |5 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Palestine.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Falesṭin (Awanek)|Falesṭin]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Fiji.svg|bordure|20x20px]] Fiǧi |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Finland.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Finland]] |7 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of the Philippines.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Filippin]] |6 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_France.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Fṛansa]] |49 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Gabon.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Gabun]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of The Gambia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Gambya]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Guinea.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ginya]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Guatemala.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Gwatimala]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Ghana.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ɣana]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Haiti.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Hayti]] |1 |- | [[Honduras]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Iɣef Azegzaw]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Ecuador.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ikwadur]] |5 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Indonesia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Indunisya]] |9 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Iran.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Iṛan]] |26 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Eritrea.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Iritirya]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Ireland.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Irland (Tamurt)|Irland]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Iceland.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Island]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Estonia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Isṭunya]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Ethiopia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ityupya]] |9 |- |{{USA-d}} [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt]] |24 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Cambodia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Kambudya]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Georgia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Jurjya]] |4 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Jamaica.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ǧamayka]] |1 |- |{{CMR-d}} [[Kamirun]] |2 |- |{{CAN-d}} [[Kanada]] |20 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Kazaxestan]] |5 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Kenya.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Kenya]] |7 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Croatia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Kruwatya]] |10 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Cuba.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Kuba]] |9 |- |{{COL-d}} [[Kulumbya]] |9 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of the Republic of the Congo.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Kungu]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of North Korea.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Kurya n Ugafa]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of South Korea.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Kurya n Wenẓul]] |15 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Costa Rica.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Kusta Rika]] |4 |- |{{GER-d}} [[Lalman]] |51 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Greece.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Legrig]] |18 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of India.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Lhend]] |40 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Algeria.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Lezzayer]] |7 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Libya.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Libya]] |5 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of the United Arab Emirates.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Limarat Taɛrabin Yeddukklen]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Lithuania.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Litwanya]] |4 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Morocco.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Lmerruk]] |9 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Lebanon.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Lubnan]] |5 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Luxembourg.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Luxembourg|Luksemburg]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Madagascar.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Madagaskar]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Hungary.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Maǧar]] |8 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Malawi.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Malawi]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Moldova.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Muldavya|Moldavya]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Mali.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Mali]] |4 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Malta.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Malṭa]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Malaysia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Malizya]] |4 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_North_Macedonia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Masidunya n Ugafa]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Egypt.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Maṣer]] |7 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Mexico.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Miksik]] |35 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Mongolia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Mungulya]] |5 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Montenegro.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Montinegro|Muntinegro]] |4 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Mauritania.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Muriṭanya]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Mozambique.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Muzambiq]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Namibia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Namibya]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Nepal.svg|bordure|24x24px]] [[Nipal]] |4 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Niger.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Nnijer]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Nigeria.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Nijirya]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Nicaragua.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Nikaragwa]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Norway.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Nuṛvij]] |8 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Pakistan.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Pakistan]] |6 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Palau.svg|bordure|20x20px]] Palu |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Panama.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Panama]] |5 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Paraguay_(reverse).svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Paraguay]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Peru.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Piru]] |13 |- |{{POR-d}} [[Portugal]] |17 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Qatar.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Qaṭar]] |1 |- |{{CYP-d}} [[Qubrus (tamurt)|Qubrus]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Romania.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Rumanya]] |9 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Russia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Rusya]] |30 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of El Salvador.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Salvador]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of San Marino.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[San Marin]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Seychelles.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Seychelles|Seycel]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Serbia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Serbya]] |5 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Singapore.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Singapur]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Senegal.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Sinigal]] |7 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Slovakia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Sluvakya]] |8 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Slovenia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Sluvinya|Sluvenya]] |5 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Spain.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Spanya]] |49 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Sri Lanka.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Sri Lanka]] |8 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Sweden.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Sswid]] |15 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Sudan.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Sudan]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Saudi Arabia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Suɛudiya]] |6 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Suriname.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Surinam]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Syria.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Surya]] |6 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of the Central African Republic.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Tagduda n Tefriqt Talemmast]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Tagduda Tamegdayt n Kungu]] |5 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Tagelda Yeddukklen]] |33 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Tajikistan.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ṭaǧikstan]] |2 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of South Africa.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Tafrikt n Wenẓul]] |10 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Tafsirt n Uẓer]] |5 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Tanzania.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Tanzanya]] |7 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Argentina.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Tarjentint]] |11 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Switzerland.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Taswist]] |13 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Timura n Wadda]] |12 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Tunisia (1959–1999).svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Tunes]] |8 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Turkey.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Tturk]] |19 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Turkmenistan.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Turkmanistan]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Thailand.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ṭayland]] |6 |- |[[Tugna:Flag_of_Italy.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ṭelyan]] |58 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ṭugu]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Uganda.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Uganda]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Ukraine.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ukrayin]] |7 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Jordan.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Urdun]] |6 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Uruguay.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Urugway]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Australia (converted).svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Usṭralya]] |20 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Uzbekistan.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Uzbekistan]] |5 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Venezuela.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Venezuela]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Vietnam.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Vietnam]] |8 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Japan.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Yapan]] |25 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Yemen.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Yamen]] |4 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Zambia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Zambya]] |1 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of New Zealand.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ziland Tamaynut]] |3 |- |[[Tugna:Flag of Zimbabwe.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Zimbabwe]] |5 |} == Muqel daɣen == * [[Sa n leεǧubat timaynutin n umaḍal]] == Tizmilin == <references /> 63cah2rfoin9uktnl4jzupq9vxx0k5z 0 23347 116861 110114 2026-07-21T10:24:27Z CommonsDelinker 96 Replacing Flag_of_Cape_Verde.svg with [[File:Flag_of_Cape_Verde_(10-17).svg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR3|Criterion 3]] (obvious error) · Government standardized ratio is 2:3. For fu 116861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tafriqt n Umalu''' d temnaḍt i d-yezgan deg [[Amalu(Tanila)|umalu]] n [[Tafriqt]]. == Timura n Tafriqt Umalu == [[Tugna:Régions d'Afrique.svg|gauche|vignette|220x220px|Timura n Tafriqt ɣef leḥsab n [[Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen|ONU]] :{{Legend|#80ff00|Tafriqt n Umalu}}{{Legend|#1e90ff|Tafriqt n Ugafa}}{{Legend|#fea600|Tafriqt n Usamar}}{{Legend|#f76bb2|Tafriqt Telemmast}}{{Legend|#dc143b|Tafriqt n Wenẓul}}]] Ɣef leḥsab n [[Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen|Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen (ONU)]] Tafriqt n Umalu deg-s 17 n timura<ref>{{En}} [https://unstats.un.org/unsd/methodology/m49/ Geographic Regions - Africa - Western Africa], deg ''unstats.un.org''.</ref> : * [[Tugna:Flag of Benin.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Benin]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Burkina Faso.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Burkina Faso]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Cape Verde (10-17).svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Iɣef Azegzaw]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Côte d'Ivoire.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Tafsirt n Uẓer]] * [[Tugna:Flag of The Gambia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Gambya]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Ghana.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ɣana]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Guinea.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ginya]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Guinea-Bissau.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ginya-Bissau]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Liberia.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Liberya]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Mali.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Mali]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Mauritania.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Muriṭanya]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Niger.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Nnijer]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Nigeria.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Nijirya]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Saint Helena.svg|bordure|20x20px]] Tegzirt n Santa Hilina ([[Tagelda Yedduklen]]) * [[Tugna:Flag of Senegal.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Sinigal]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Sierra Leone.svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Sierra Leone]] * [[Tugna:Flag of Togo (3-2).svg|bordure|20x20px]] [[Ṭugu]] == Tmennaḍin n Tafriqt nniḍen == === Ɣef leḥsab n [[Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen|(ONU)]] === * [[Tafriqt Usamar]] * [[Tafriqt Wenẓul]] * [[Tafriqt Talemmast]] * [[Tafriqt Ugafa]] === Asesmel nniḍen === * [[Tafrikt tasebgast]] == Tizmilin == <references /> 6dutylag2jzuy2g3bz6mc9mlg9gp94c 0 25486 116880 116572 2026-07-22T16:05:53Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116880 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Pharaoh Akhenaten.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uferɛun Axnaṭun]] '''Axnaṭun''' (s teglizit: Akhenaten), i yettwassnen uqbel s yisem n Amenḥutep Wis Kuẓ, d yiwen seg yigelliden imeqranen u d win i d-yewwin abeddel axatar deg '''umezruy aqbur'''. Yella d aferɛun wis mraw deg twacult tis mraw d tam (18) n '''uwanek''' amaṣri. Yekcem ɣer umezruy s telqayt imi yesker-d '''timeskelt''' tameqrant deg ddunit n tsertit, mi d-yesnulfa '''tasnektit(tadyulujit)''' n wesɣan iwumi neqqar ''Atenism''. Isbedd leɛbada n yiwen n '''Yakuc''' awḥid, Aṭun (Aten), i d-yemmalen udem n tfat n yiṭij. == Tawenza d Temẓi-s == Axnaṭun d mmi-s n Amenḥutep Wis Kraḍ d tgellidt Tiye. Tawenza-s tella d tin icebḥen akken ad yuɣal d aferɛun iɣeẓẓafen lqedd, ɣas akken deg tazwara mačči d netta i d amezwaru i lḥekma. Lmut n gma-s ameqran, Tutmes, terr-it d netta i d amekkasu n tkuziyin. Deg '''tallit''' n temẓi-s, yella d ilemẓi yeɣran u yella d '''amentam''' i gerrzen deg tsertit d uqader n temsal n tmurt. Yezweǧ d Nefertiti, yiwet seg tgellidin i d-yeǧǧan later ameqran deg ccbaḥa d tẓuri. == Tanekra n Wesɣan d Yimyerren n Yillu == Mi d-yeṭṭef adabu, Axnaṭun ixemmem ɣef yiwet n tinnulfa n wemhaz ameqran. * '''Asnulfu''' n wesɣan amaynut: Ibeddel leɛbada tagrawant n yilluten, ladɣa Amun i yellan d illu ameqran n temdint n Ṭiba (Thebes), isbedd ɣef wudem n tmurt leɛbada taḥerfit n Aṭun. * Yesbadu-d imyerren imaynuten i Yillu, imi Aṭun yettuneḥsab d asaraw awḥid n tfat, n tezdeg d tudert. * '''Timeskelt''' (amhaz) n yisem: Ibeddel isem-is seg Amenḥutep (i yesɛan inumak: "Amun yerṣa") ɣer Axnaṭun (i yesɛan inumak: "Win isehren ɣef Aṭun"). == Tamaneɣt Tamaynut (Axtaṭun) == Akken ad iqemmeɛ lǧehd n yimrabḍen n Ṭiba d yimawlan n wedrim, Axnaṭun ixemmem ad isbedd '''tamaneɣt''' tamaynut s wudem unsib. * Isemma i temdint-a Axtaṭun (Ass-a yettunefk-as yisem n Tell el-Amarna). * Temdint-a tebna deg yiwet n '''tniri''' yexlan, gar Maṣer Tufella d Maṣer Wadda. * Tella d amkan n '''tneflit''' tamatut i tsertit-is, tefka taswiɛt i wesɣan amaynut ad yimɣur mebla uguren n yiqburen. == Idles d Tẓuri deg Umerna == Deg '''tallit''' n Axnaṭun, '''idles''' d usunneɣ maṣri beddlen nezzeh. * '''Taẓuṛi''' tuɣal d tin i d-iṭṭafaṛen tidet n ugama akken tella deg tilawt. * '''Tugna''' n uferɛun ur tuɣal ara d tin yettwaxedmen s theggi icebḥen n yilluten. * Iferɛunen ttwasknayen-d deg '''tugniwin''' d twacult-nsen s talɣa n yemdanen imagnuten, tturaren d yigerdan-nsen deg wunnar. Tafekka n Axnaṭun tban-d am wakken tella s tidet (aɛebbuḍ yeffeɣ, iɣalen ɣezzifit, aqerruy meqqer). == Taggara, Tanhawt, d Usefsex n Yisem-is == Taggara n tgelda-s tella d tin yeččuṛen d iɣeblan. Mi yemmut Xnaṭun, asɣan-is yeɣli yid-s, yewwi-d rrwayeɛ d lḥif. * Tella-d '''tanhawt''' n wesɣan n Aṭun d yidles n Umerna s tɣawla u s wudem asertan seld tamettant n Axnaṭun. * Adabu yuɣal ɣer mmi-s Tutɛenxatun, i yebddlen isem-is ɣer Tutɛenxamun (Tutankhamun), u yerra-d lḥurma i yimrabḍen n Amun. * Asefsex n later-is: Imrabḍen iqburen sefsexen akk ayen i d-yeǧǧa, u kksen isem-is seg warraten d yidɣaɣen akken ad t-ttun medden. Dɣa yemmut lqedd-is deg umezruy almi t-id-ufan imnadiyen n tasenzikt (archéologie) deg lqern wis tẓa d mraw. l175dg4ry3j48dkecmqgbiyrpkyv1r6 116881 116880 2026-07-22T16:07:37Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116881 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Pharaoh Akhenaten.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uferɛun Axnaṭun]] '''Axnaṭun''' (s teglizit: Akhenaten), i yettwassnen uqbel s yisem n Amenḥutep Wis Kuẓ, d yiwen seg yigelliden imeqranen u d win i d-yewwin abeddel axatar deg '''umezruy aqbur'''. Yella d aferɛun wis mraw deg twacult tis mraw d tam (18) n '''uwanek''' amaṣri. Yekcem ɣer umezruy s telqayt imi yesker-d '''timeskelt''' tameqrant deg ddunit n tsertit, mi d-yesnulfa '''tasnektit(tadyulujit)''' n wesɣan iwumi neqqar ''Atenism''. Isbedd leɛbada n yiwen n '''Yakuc''' awḥid, Aṭun (Aten), i d-yemmalen udem n tfat n yiṭij. == Tawenza d Temẓi-s == Axnaṭun d mmi-s n Amenḥutep Wis Kraḍ d tgellidt Tiye. Tawenza-s tella d tin icebḥen akken ad yuɣal d aferɛun iɣeẓẓafen lqedd, ɣas akken deg tazwara mačči d netta i d amezwaru i lḥekma. Lmut n gma-s ameqran, Tutmes, terr-it d netta i d amekkasu n tkuziyin. Deg '''tallit''' n temẓi-s, yella d ilemẓi yeɣran u yella d '''amentam''' i gerrzen deg tsertit d uqader n temsal n tmurt. Yezweǧ d [[Nefertiti]], yiwet seg tgellidin i d-yeǧǧan later ameqran deg ccbaḥa d tẓuri. == Tanekra n Wesɣan d Yimyerren n Yillu == Mi d-yeṭṭef adabu, Axnaṭun ixemmem ɣef yiwet n tinnulfa n wemhaz ameqran. * '''Asnulfu''' n wesɣan amaynut: Ibeddel leɛbada tagrawant n yilluten, ladɣa Amun i yellan d illu ameqran n temdint n Ṭiba (Thebes), isbedd ɣef wudem n tmurt leɛbada taḥerfit n Aṭun. * Yesbadu-d imyerren imaynuten i Yillu, imi Aṭun yettuneḥsab d asaraw awḥid n tfat, n tezdeg d tudert. * '''Timeskelt''' (amhaz) n yisem: Ibeddel isem-is seg Amenḥutep (i yesɛan inumak: "Amun yerṣa") ɣer Axnaṭun (i yesɛan inumak: "Win isehren ɣef Aṭun"). == Tamaneɣt Tamaynut (Axtaṭun) == Akken ad iqemmeɛ lǧehd n yimrabḍen n Ṭiba d yimawlan n wedrim, Axnaṭun ixemmem ad isbedd '''tamaneɣt''' tamaynut s wudem unsib. * Isemma i temdint-a Axtaṭun (Ass-a yettunefk-as yisem n Tell el-Amarna). * Temdint-a tebna deg yiwet n '''tniri''' yexlan, gar Maṣer Tufella d Maṣer Wadda. * Tella d amkan n '''tneflit''' tamatut i tsertit-is, tefka taswiɛt i wesɣan amaynut ad yimɣur mebla uguren n yiqburen. == Idles d Tẓuri deg Umerna == Deg '''tallit''' n Axnaṭun, '''idles''' d usunneɣ maṣri beddlen nezzeh. * '''Taẓuṛi''' tuɣal d tin i d-iṭṭafaṛen tidet n ugama akken tella deg tilawt. * '''Tugna''' n uferɛun ur tuɣal ara d tin yettwaxedmen s theggi icebḥen n yilluten. * Iferɛunen ttwasknayen-d deg '''tugniwin''' d twacult-nsen s talɣa n yemdanen imagnuten, tturaren d yigerdan-nsen deg wunnar. Tafekka n Axnaṭun tban-d am wakken tella s tidet (aɛebbuḍ yeffeɣ, iɣalen ɣezzifit, aqerruy meqqer). == Taggara, Tanhawt, d Usefsex n Yisem-is == Taggara n tgelda-s tella d tin yeččuṛen d iɣeblan. Mi yemmut Xnaṭun, asɣan-is yeɣli yid-s, yewwi-d rrwayeɛ d lḥif. * Tella-d '''tanhawt''' n wesɣan n Aṭun d yidles n Umerna s tɣawla u s wudem asertan seld tamettant n Axnaṭun. * Adabu yuɣal ɣer mmi-s Tutɛenxatun, i yebddlen isem-is ɣer Tutɛenxamun (Tutankhamun), u yerra-d lḥurma i yimrabḍen n Amun. * Asefsex n later-is: Imrabḍen iqburen sefsexen akk ayen i d-yeǧǧa, u kksen isem-is seg warraten d yidɣaɣen akken ad t-ttun medden. Dɣa yemmut lqedd-is deg umezruy almi t-id-ufan imnadiyen n tasenzikt (archéologie) deg lqern wis tẓa d mraw. jm5no1v88p9ot2t11pznweyx0z46cto 0 25512 116856 116834 2026-07-20T13:20:17Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116856 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Nero Glyptothek Munich 321.jpg|vignette|Aqerru n Niru, seg usebdad-ines.]] '''Niru''' (s tlatinit: ''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''), ilul deg 15 Dujamber 37 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani wis semmus(xemsa), yerna d aneggaru deg twacult n Yulyu-Klud (''Julio-Claudienne''). Yeṭṭef adabu seg useggas 54 ar 68 S.Ɛ. Xas akken iseggasen imezwura n udabu-s llan d wid n talwit d teɣdemt, isem-is yeqqen s lqis ɣer tdankit, takriḍt, akked Tmes Tameqqrant n Ṛuma. D yiwen seg yigelliden i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, maca yettwassen s yir isem ɣef ljal n temsal n ddell i yexdem. == Temẓi d Walluy-is ɣer Uqerru n Tmenkda == === Aẓar d Twacult === Isem-is amezwaru d '''Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus'''. Yemma-s d Agrippina Tamẓiyant, i yellan d yiwet n tmeṭṭut yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg tsertit taṛumanit. Tella d weltma-s n umenkad Kaligula (Caligula). === Anekcum ɣer Udabu (54 S.Ɛ) === Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, Agrippina tezweǧ d ɛemmi-s, amenkad Kludyus(''Claudius)''. S tiḥerci-s d txazabiyin-is, tessaweḍ ad tqenneɛ ''Claudius'' ad d-irebbu Niru am mmi-s, yerna ad t-yessers d amekkasu-ines, xas akken ''Claudius'' yesɛa mmi-s n tidet i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut-is tamezwarut (''Britannicus''). S deffir lmut n ''Claudius'' deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ (aṭas i yeqqaren belli d Agrippina i t-yesseččen s ssem), Niru yuli ɣer uqerru n tmenkda taṛumanit, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is. == Iseggasen Imezwura n Udabu (Quinquennium Neronis) == Tallit tamezwarut n lḥekm-is tella s ddaw n ufus d wallen n kraḍ wudmawen imeqqranen: * '''Agrippina (Yemma-s):''' I yebɣan ad teḥkem tamenkda s ufus n mmi-s. Deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, drus n tlawin i yesɛan tazmert d tezmert n tsertit am Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi i d-tewweḍ ad tessers mmi-s Niru ɣef wudem n udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, asmi yesɛa kan mraw d sa (17) n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is, tella tettwali iman-is d nettat i d aqeṛṛu n tidet n tmurt. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus iseggasen iṣfan n Niru), llan d annar n umennuɣ uffir ɣef udabu gar kraḍ n tgejda: Agrippina s timmad-is, afiluzuf Sinik (Sénèque), akked ujeniral Burrus. Deg yiseggasen imezwura, Agrippina ur teffir ara akk lebɣi-s deg udabu. Tella tettekka deg tlufa n uwanek s wudem unṣib d wudem uffir. D nettat i yesselḥayen isuda imeqqranen n Ṛuma s yisem n mmi-s, yerna tessaweḍ ad tessekcem isem-is d tugna-s ula deg tedrimt (tiẓraf) taṛumanit. Deg waṭas n tebniqin n lawan-nni, tugna-s tella tetteddu-d s yidis n tugna n Niru, d ayen i d-yesskanen belli aẓayeṛ-is yerna ɣef uẓayeṛ n tmeṭṭut n umenkad neɣ yemma-s kan; tella d tamerkantit deg tmenkda. Rnu ɣef waya, asmi ara d-yili usemres n Usqamu Unnig (Sénat), Agrippina tella tettaṭṭaf amkan deffir n uɣenbur neɣ n tdebbuzt, tselled i wayen i d-yettwaxedmen yerna tettekka deg teɣtasin war ma walan-tt-id yinaẓrafen (iɛeggalen n usqamu). Iswi-s yella d aḥraz n udabu i d-tebna s ddeqs n txazabiyin d yidammen n wid i tt-yugin. Maca, tazrirt-agi tameqqrant n Agrippina tebda tewwi-d acewwel ɣef Sinik d Burrus, i yellan d wid yessegzayen i Niru amek ara yiḥkem s teɣdemt d usaḍuf. Sin-a n yirgazen n tsertit walan belli aɣmar n Agrippina yezmer ad yesseɣli tamenkda deg tdankit d usenṭeḍ n tmenɣiwt. Dɣa bdan ttekksen-as adabu s ddaw yiḍarren-is. Llan ttweṣṣin Niru, sskanayen-as-d belli d netta i d amenkad ameqqran, yerna issefk fell-as ad yeḥkem s timanit war ma yeqqim s ddaw tmuɣli n yemma-s. S tallelt-nsen, Niru yebda yettḥussu belli tazmert-is tella s ddaw n ufus n tmeṭṭut-a tamesbaṭlit, dɣa yebda yettarra-tt ɣer teɣmart. Tuqqna i d-yellan gar Niru d yemma-s tebda tettqerriṣ s ssebba n tudert-is tayiwnant. Agrippina tḥettem ɣef mmi-s ad yezweǧ d Ukṭafya (Octavie), iwakken ad yesseğhed aẓar-is deg twacult tamenkadt. Maca Niru yugi-tt, yerna yeɣli-d deg tayri n yiwet n tqeddact i d-yettwasuref i wumi qqaren Akṭi (Acte). Agrippina, imi twala belli tazrirt-is ɣef mmi-s tetteddu ad teɣli ɣef ljal n tqeddact-a, terfa aṭas yerna tebda tettgalla mgal Niru deg wuxxam n umenkad ameqqran. Tugdi-s tameqqrant tella d akken Akṭi ad tessiweḍ ad teḥkem deg wallaɣ n Niru, ayen ara d-yeglun s uṭixer n Agrippina seg tsertit. Imi twala Niru yeffeɣ-as i wawal, Agrippina tessedrem-it s yiwen n wawal aẓayan: teggez-it belli ad tbeddel liser, yerna ad tesbedd Britanikus (mmi-s n Claudius n tidet) ɣef uqerru n tmenkda deg wemkan-is, acku d netta i d amekkasu aḥeqqani. Taggazt-agi tella d tuccḍa tameqqrant i texdem Agrippina. Niru, i d-yettrebban deg unnar n tkerrist, ur yeǧǧi ara lweqt i yemma-s. Yefka tinaḍin, yessaweḍ yenɣa Britanikus s ssem deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, zdat n wallen n Agrippina. S lmut n Britanikus, Agrippina tefhem belli mmi-s yuɣal d aseddanku i yezmer ad isengger ula d nettat. Seg wass-nni, Niru yekkes-as akk iɣallen-is d tɛessasin-is timezwura, yessufeɣ-itt seg uxxam n udabu, yerna yerra-tt tettidir weḥd-s deg yiwen n uxxam nniḍen. Tazrirt-is tasertant temmut dges, ɣas akken tudert-is tkemmel kra n yiseggasen ar d-yaweḍ useggas n 59 S.Ɛ, anda i d-yefka Niru anaḍ aneggaru iwakken ad tt-nɣen iserdasen-is, ayen i d-yessufɣen amenkad-a ɣer yiwet n tallit tamaynut n tkriḍt n tmeddurt-is. * '''Sinik:''' Afiluzuf d amusnaw ameqqran i t-isselmeden. Lucius Annaeus Seneca, i yettwassnen s yisem n Sinik (Sénèque), d yiwen seg wudmawen i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit d tfelsafit tagraɣlant. D afiluzuf n uɣerbaz [[Tastuysit|astuyan]] (''stoïcien''), d amaru n umezgun, yerna d asertan ameqqran. Xas akken isem-is yeqqen s waṭas ɣer tuɣẓint n lɛeqliya, ṣṣbeṛ, d tezdeg n wul, amezruy-is asertan yezdi s telqayt d tmeddurt d yir tikli n umenkad Niru. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru llan d unnar anda Sinik yessemres tiktiwin-is iwakken ad iselḥu awanek aṛumani, maca llan daɣen d tazwira n tuccḍa-s ɣer tsusmi d uqbal n lbaṭel. Tudert tasertant n Sinik tebda s uɣilif. Deg useggas 41 S.Ɛ, amenkad Kludyus (Claudius) yenfa-t ɣer tegzirt n Kurṣika s rregmat n yir tikli d yiwet n tmeṭṭut n udabu. Yeqqim dinna ṭam n yiseggasen, yettaru idlisen ɣef ṣṣbeṛ d tuẓult. Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, taddart-is tebded-d sɣur Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi tezweǧ d Kludyus yerna tessaweḍ ad d-tessekcem mmi-s Niru ɣer wexxam n udabu amekkasu, teḥwaǧ argaz amusnaw, yesɛan ccan d wawal, ara yesselmeden mmi-s. Tekkes-as lmenfi i Sinik, terra-t d aselmad agejdan n Niru. Iswi n Agrippina yella d aselḥu n tugna n mmi-s zdat n uɣref d Usqamu Unnig. Sinka, s tmussni-s d tfelsafit-is, yebda yessers lsas n tẓult d tsertit deg wallaɣ n Niru, ɣas akken yufa d akken Niru yesɛa aṭas n leḥmala ɣer tẓuri, amezgun, d ccna ugar n tlufa n udabu d teɣdemt. Asmi yewweḍ Niru ɣer udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen. Ssebba n temẓi-s, ur yesɛi ara tirmit iwakken ad iselḥu tamenkda s timmad-is. D dagi i d-iban wazal n Sinik akked umeddakkel-is asertan, Burrus (Ajeniral n tredsa n umenkad). Iseggasen-a imezwura ulin ɣer umezruy s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus n yiseggasen iṣfan n Niru). Deg tidet, macci d Niru i yellan iḥekkem, maca d Sinik d Burrus. Tasertit i d-wwin tella d tin yebnan ɣef tezdeg d telwit: # Aseɣti n Teɣdemt''':''' Sinik yessaweḍ ad yekkes aṭas n lqewanin iẓayanen i yellan sqehiren imdanen. # Tajmilt i Usqamu Unnig''':''' Iwakken ad isemneɛ tamenkda seg tdankit, Sinik yerra-d azal i inaẓrafen n Usqamu Unnig, yeǧǧa-ten ad d-fken rray-nsen deg tlufa tigejdanin n tmurt. # Asenqes n Tiwsiwin''':''' Yexdem tarrayin iwakken ad yesnulfu tadamsa yelhan i yigellilen, yerna yesenqes asgufsu deg temnaḍin n tmenkda. Deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, Sinik yura adlis-is ameqqran '''"De Clementia"''' i yefka d abuddu i Niru. Deg uḍris-a, afiluzuf issegzay-d belli amenkad ameqqran macci d win iyesxeddmen lǧehd d tugdi, maca d win yesɛan tazmert ad isuref yerna ad yeḥkem s tuẓult d tmlilɣi. D iswi ameqqran i wakken ad yeṭṭef Niru deg ubrid n ṣṣwab. Sinik ur yelli ara weḥd-s deg wannar n udabu; Agrippina tella tebɣa ad teḥkem s ufus n mmi-s. Sinik d Burrus fhmen s zreb belli ma kemmlen s ddaw n uqeddac n tmeṭṭut-a, tamenkda ad tenger. Dɣa, Sinik yessemres tiḥerci-s d tmusni-s n umezruy asertan iwakken ad ibedd mgal yemma-s n umenkad. S wudem uffir yerna s tazzla, yebda yekkat ad yessebɛed Agrippina seg tsertit: * Yessexdem tayri n Niru i tqeddact-is Akṭi (''Acte'') iwakken ad yekkes tazrirt n yemma-s fell-as. * Iḥudd ɣef Niru asmi Agrippina tebda tettgezzi-t s tmenɣiwt n mmi-s n tidet n Kludyus, Britannicus. Maca, aya yessekcem Sinik deg yiwet n tuccḍa tameqqrant n temlilɣi-ines. Asmi Niru yessečč ssem i Britannicus (55 S.Ɛ), Sinik d Burrus rran iman-nsen ur ulin, ur d-kkin; qeblen lbaṭel-agi iwakken ad ḥerzen talwit n tmenkda d wemkan-nsen deg udabu. D asurif amezwaru n uɣelluy n tuzma n ufiluzuf. Asurif i d-yewwin lmut ɣef tettwaflest n Sinka d timenɣiwt n Agrippina deg useggas 59. Imi Niru yeɣtes ad yenɣ yemma-s s wudem unṣib, Sinik d Burrus llan deg tegnit tucmit. Xas akken ahat ur llin ara deffir usenfar-a s timmad-nsen, maca ur bdiden ara mgal amenkad-nsen deg twaɣit-a. Ayen yesserkan ugar isem n Sinik, d akken deffir n tmenɣiwt-a, d netta s timmad-is i yuran tabrat tunṣibt n umenkad i d-yezzuzren i Usqamu Unnig, anda isegzi belli Agrippina tella tettheyyi anguz iwakken ad tenɣ amenkad, yerna lmut-is tella d "asellek" n Ṛuma. Afiluzuf-nni i d-yuran ɣef rreḥma d tezdeg, yufa-d iman-is isneflali timenɣiwt n yemma-s n ugellid. Seg wass-nni, tazmert-is tasertant tebda tettneɣṣi, acku Niru ifaq belli yezmer ad yexdem ayen yebɣa war ma yehweṣ-it wemdan. S lmut n umeddakkel-is Burrus deg useggas 62 S.Ɛ, Sinka yufa-d iman-is weḥd-s zdat n umenkad i yettuɣalen d adankal s tidet, yeččuren takriḍt. Niru yebda yessemras "iqezzaben" yerna yessufeɣ isuḍaf imeqqranen. Sinik yewwi-d rray ad ijbed iman-is seg tsertit. Yessuter deg umenkad ad as-yeǧǧ ad yerr ɣer tama, yerna yessemsed-as akk ttrika-s d wayla-s ameqqran iwakken ad isemneɛ aqerruy-is. Xas akken Niru yugi-yas s wudem unṣib, Sinka yexla axxam n udabu, yeqqim deg wemkan-is, yettarra-d iman-is yuḍen, yerna ikemmel ad yaru idlisen-is n tfelsafit (am tbratin-is i Lucilius). Tudert-is tfukk s wudem aḥezzan maca d astuyan n tidet. Deg useggas 65 S.Ɛ, yeffeɣ-d unguz n ''Pison'' iwakken ad nɣen Niru. Xas akken ulac anza belli Sinik yettekka deg-s s tidet, isem-is yettwabder-d. Niru yefka-yas lamer i uselmad-is aqbur ad yenɣ iman-is. Sinka yeqbel annect-a s wudem n yigelliden d yifiluzufen: yebra i yiẓuran-is, yeǧǧa idammen-is ad ffɣen s leɛqel, yerna ikemmel yettmeslay ɣef tfelsafit d ṣṣbeṛ i yimeddukal-is armi d asrag-is anggaru. * '''Burrus:''' Aqerruy n yiserdasen iḥeddayen n umenkad. Deg yiseggasen-a imezwura, tasertit n Ṛuma teṣfa. Niru yesseḥbiber ɣef teɣdemt, yesselhu aẓayeṛ n yiqeddacen (iklan), yerna yefka azal i Usqamu Unnig (''Imni arumani''). Isem n tallit-a yeqqim-d deg umezruy am tsusmi d ubaɣur i tmenkda. == Tadankit d Tnekkra ɣef Yimawlan == Maca, s leɛḍil, Niru yebda yettwexxiṛ seg teɣri n yimawlan-is. Ikcem-it uɣemlil (Aɣedlilef) d ukukru n teḥraymit. * '''Timenɣiwt n yemma-s (59 S.Ɛ):''' Imi Agrippina tkemmel tessekcam iman-is deg tlufa n udabu, Niru yeɣtes ad t-yessenger. Deffir n waṭas n wudmawen i yexdem iwakken ad tt-ineɣ s tuffra (am uɣrab n lbabuṛ yetturẓen iwakken ad yeɣreq), ɣer taggara iceggeɛ-as iserdasen i tt-yenɣan. * '''Timenɣiwt n tlawin-is:''' Yenɣa tameṭṭut-is tamezwarut, Octavia, iwakken ad yezweǧ d Poppaea Sabina. Dɣa ula d Poppaea yenɣa-tt s teyitiwin mi tella s tadist. Ssakkin, ula d ameskar-is Sinka, iḥettem fell-as ad yenɣu iman-is. Niru yeqher inaẓrafen d yimeqqranen n tmenkda, yettarra-d akk ayla n Ṛuma d ayla-s. == Times Tameqqrant n Ṛuma d Uqehheṛ n Yimasiḥiyen (64 S.Ɛ) == Aneḍru yettwassnen aṭas deg tallit-is d times tameqqrant i yewwten tamdint n Ṛuma deg Yulyu n useggas 64. Times-agi tesreɣ aṭas n yigmamen n temdint d wazal n sḍis n wussan. * '''Tuccḍa n Niru:''' Inekcamen n lawan-nni qqaren-d belli Niru yella icennu yerna yekkat agiṭar mi tetteṛɣay Ṛuma, yettxayel-d iman-is deg umezgun am aɣelluy n Tṛwa (''Troie''), ɣas akken ulac anza ufris ɣef waya. Maca isugen-as d ayen n lmuḥal. * '''Tamasit ɣef Yimasiḥiyen:''' Iwakken ad isukkes iman-is seg rregmat n uɣref, Niru yerra tamasit d uɣilif ɣef tegrawt tamaynut n ddin i d-ibanen: '''Imasiḥiyen'''. Yeqher-iten s lḥif, yerra-ten d tiɣtas n tkerrist, isreɣ-iten, yerna yessaweḍ-iten ar lmut s yir isuraf deg wurar n unnar n tẓuri. == Taẓuri, Amezgun d Usenfar "Domus Aurea" == Niru yesɛa aramsu ameqqran i tẓuri. Yella yettwali iman-is d anaẓur (cennu, amezgun, timsizzelt n yikeryuten). Yella yettruḥu ad yurar deg tmurt n Legrig, ayen yessetḥan aṭas asqamu ameqqran aṛumani, acku ur d-yewwi ara s ccan i yiwen n umenkad ad yurar s udem agdudan gar yimdanen imuta. Deffir n Tmes Tameqqrant, yexdem yiwen n usebɣer ameqqran : yebna axxam n ugelid d ameqqran i s-yefka isem n '''Domus Aurea''' (Axxam n Wureɣ). Tella d yiwet n temṣukt tameqqrant yerna d tabaẓṭit i yeččan aṭas n tedrimt d twensi n uɣref aṛumani. == Taggara d Uɣelluy n Umenkad (65 - 68 S.Ɛ) == Tasertit n Niru deg tdamsa teččur d axessar, d ayen i d-yewwin lxiq d wurrif seg yal tama n tmenkda, ladɣa gar yimḍebbren n lɛeskeṛ. * '''Tigrawliwin n Yijeniralen:''' Deg useggas 68, yiwet n tegrawla tnekkred deg tmurt n Ɣul (''Gaule'') s ddaw tmehla n Vindex, syin tkemmel-d s tagrawla n Galba deg tmurt n Ṣbenya (Hispania). * '''Timenɣiwt n yiman:''' Imi yufa iman-is weḥd-s, iserdasen-is d asqamu wwin-tt mgal-is yerna rran-t d "Aɛdaw n Uwanek". Niru yerwel seg temdint n Ṛuma. Mi yesla belli iserdasen teddun-d ad t-ṭṭfen iwakken ad t-nɣen s lmut n ddell (s uqbaṛ deg usalu), Niru yewwet iman-is s tuzzalt ɣer temgerṭ s tallelt n uqeddac-is (Epaphroditus) deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ. aptqe13503v8n0xq9z9cgn0zhgjn02e 116869 116856 2026-07-21T21:27:26Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 116869 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Nero Glyptothek Munich 321.jpg|vignette|Aqerru n Niru, seg usebdad-ines.]] '''Niru''' (s tlatinit: ''Nero Claudius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''), ilul deg 15 Dujamber 37 S.Ɛ, yemmut deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani wis semmus(xemsa), yerna d aneggaru deg twacult n Yulyu-Klud (''Julio-Claudienne''). Yeṭṭef adabu seg useggas 54 ar 68 S.Ɛ. Xas akken iseggasen imezwura n udabu-s llan d wid n talwit d teɣdemt, isem-is yeqqen s lqis ɣer tdankit, takriḍt, akked Tmes Tameqqrant n Ṛuma. D yiwen seg yigelliden i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, maca yettwassen s yir isem ɣef ljal n temsal n ddell i yexdem. == Temẓi d Walluy-is ɣer Uqerru n Tmenkda == === Aẓar d Twacult === Isem-is amezwaru d '''Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus'''. Yemma-s d Agrippina Tamẓiyant, i yellan d yiwet n tmeṭṭut yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg tsertit taṛumanit. Tella d weltma-s n umenkad Kaligula (Caligula). === Anekcum ɣer Udabu (54 S.Ɛ) === Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, Agrippina tezweǧ d ɛemmi-s, amenkad Kludyus(''Claudius)''. S tiḥerci-s d txazabiyin-is, tessaweḍ ad tqenneɛ ''Claudius'' ad d-irebbu Niru am mmi-s, yerna ad t-yessers d amekkasu-ines, xas akken ''Claudius'' yesɛa mmi-s n tidet i d-ilulen seg tmeṭṭut-is tamezwarut (''Britannicus''). S deffir lmut n ''Claudius'' deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ (aṭas i yeqqaren belli d Agrippina i t-yesseččen s ssem), Niru yuli ɣer uqerru n tmenkda taṛumanit, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is. == Iseggasen Imezwura n Udabu (Quinquennium Neronis) == Tallit tamezwarut n lḥekm-is tella s ddaw n ufus d wallen n kraḍ wudmawen imeqqranen: * '''Agrippina (Yemma-s):''' I yebɣan ad teḥkem tamenkda s ufus n mmi-s. Deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit, drus n tlawin i yesɛan tazmert d tezmert n tsertit am Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi i d-tewweḍ ad tessers mmi-s Niru ɣef wudem n udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, asmi yesɛa kan mraw d sa (17) n yiseggasen deg leɛmeṛ-is, tella tettwali iman-is d nettat i d aqeṛṛu n tidet n tmurt. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru, i yettwassnen s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus iseggasen iṣfan n Niru), llan d annar n umennuɣ uffir ɣef udabu gar kraḍ n tgejda: Agrippina s timmad-is, afiluzuf Sinik (Sénèque), akked ujeniral Burrus. Deg yiseggasen imezwura, Agrippina ur teffir ara akk lebɣi-s deg udabu. Tella tettekka deg tlufa n uwanek s wudem unṣib d wudem uffir. D nettat i yesselḥayen isuda imeqqranen n Ṛuma s yisem n mmi-s, yerna tessaweḍ ad tessekcem isem-is d tugna-s ula deg tedrimt (tiẓraf) taṛumanit. Deg waṭas n tebniqin n lawan-nni, tugna-s tella tetteddu-d s yidis n tugna n Niru, d ayen i d-yesskanen belli aẓayeṛ-is yerna ɣef uẓayeṛ n tmeṭṭut n umenkad neɣ yemma-s kan; tella d tamerkantit deg tmenkda. Rnu ɣef waya, asmi ara d-yili usemres n Usqamu Unnig (Sénat), Agrippina tella tettaṭṭaf amkan deffir n uɣenbur neɣ n tdebbuzt, tselled i wayen i d-yettwaxedmen yerna tettekka deg teɣtasin war ma walan-tt-id yinaẓrafen (iɛeggalen n usqamu). Iswi-s yella d aḥraz n udabu i d-tebna s ddeqs n txazabiyin d yidammen n wid i tt-yugin. Maca, tazrirt-agi tameqqrant n Agrippina tebda tewwi-d acewwel ɣef Sinik d Burrus, i yellan d wid yessegzayen i Niru amek ara yiḥkem s teɣdemt d usaḍuf. Sin-a n yirgazen n tsertit walan belli aɣmar n Agrippina yezmer ad yesseɣli tamenkda deg tdankit d usenṭeḍ n tmenɣiwt. Dɣa bdan ttekksen-as adabu s ddaw yiḍarren-is. Llan ttweṣṣin Niru, sskanayen-as-d belli d netta i d amenkad ameqqran, yerna issefk fell-as ad yeḥkem s timanit war ma yeqqim s ddaw tmuɣli n yemma-s. S tallelt-nsen, Niru yebda yettḥussu belli tazmert-is tella s ddaw n ufus n tmeṭṭut-a tamesbaṭlit, dɣa yebda yettarra-tt ɣer teɣmart. Tuqqna i d-yellan gar Niru d yemma-s tebda tettqerriṣ s ssebba n tudert-is tayiwnant. Agrippina tḥettem ɣef mmi-s ad yezweǧ d Ukṭafya (Octavie), iwakken ad yesseğhed aẓar-is deg twacult tamenkadt. Maca Niru yugi-tt, yerna yeɣli-d deg tayri n yiwet n tqeddact i d-yettwasuref i wumi qqaren Akṭi (Acte). Agrippina, imi twala belli tazrirt-is ɣef mmi-s tetteddu ad teɣli ɣef ljal n tqeddact-a, terfa aṭas yerna tebda tettgalla mgal Niru deg wuxxam n umenkad ameqqran. Tugdi-s tameqqrant tella d akken Akṭi ad tessiweḍ ad teḥkem deg wallaɣ n Niru, ayen ara d-yeglun s uṭixer n Agrippina seg tsertit. Imi twala Niru yeffeɣ-as i wawal, Agrippina tessedrem-it s yiwen n wawal aẓayan: teggez-it belli ad tbeddel liser, yerna ad tesbedd Britanikus (mmi-s n Claudius n tidet) ɣef uqerru n tmenkda deg wemkan-is, acku d netta i d amekkasu aḥeqqani. Taggazt-agi tella d tuccḍa tameqqrant i texdem Agrippina. Niru, i d-yettrebban deg unnar n tkerrist, ur yeǧǧi ara lweqt i yemma-s. Yefka tinaḍin, yessaweḍ yenɣa Britanikus s ssem deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, zdat n wallen n Agrippina. S lmut n Britanikus, Agrippina tefhem belli mmi-s yuɣal d aseddanku i yezmer ad isengger ula d nettat. Seg wass-nni, Niru yekkes-as akk iɣallen-is d tɛessasin-is timezwura, yessufeɣ-itt seg uxxam n udabu, yerna yerra-tt tettidir weḥd-s deg yiwen n uxxam nniḍen. Tazrirt-is tasertant temmut dges, ɣas akken tudert-is tkemmel kra n yiseggasen ar d-yaweḍ useggas n 59 S.Ɛ, anda i d-yefka Niru anaḍ aneggaru iwakken ad tt-nɣen iserdasen-is, ayen i d-yessufɣen amenkad-a ɣer yiwet n tallit tamaynut n tkriḍt n tmeddurt-is. * '''Sinik:''' Afiluzuf d amusnaw ameqqran i t-isselmeden. Lucius Annaeus Seneca, i yettwassnen s yisem n Sinik (Sénèque), d yiwen seg wudmawen i d-yeǧǧan later lqayen deg umezruy n tmenkda taṛumanit d tfelsafit tagraɣlant. D afiluzuf n uɣerbaz [[Tastuysit|astuyan]] (''stoïcien''), d amaru n umezgun, yerna d asertan ameqqran. Xas akken isem-is yeqqen s waṭas ɣer tuɣẓint n lɛeqliya, ṣṣbeṛ, d tezdeg n wul, amezruy-is asertan yezdi s telqayt d tmeddurt d yir tikli n umenkad Niru. Iseggasen imezwura n udabu n Niru llan d unnar anda Sinik yessemres tiktiwin-is iwakken ad iselḥu awanek aṛumani, maca llan daɣen d tazwira n tuccḍa-s ɣer tsusmi d uqbal n lbaṭel. Tudert tasertant n Sinik tebda s uɣilif. Deg useggas 41 S.Ɛ, amenkad Kludyus (Claudius) yenfa-t ɣer tegzirt n Kurṣika s rregmat n yir tikli d yiwet n tmeṭṭut n udabu. Yeqqim dinna ṭam n yiseggasen, yettaru idlisen ɣef ṣṣbeṛ d tuẓult. Deg useggas 49 S.Ɛ, taddart-is tebded-d sɣur Agrippina Tamẓiyant. Imi tezweǧ d Kludyus yerna tessaweḍ ad d-tessekcem mmi-s Niru ɣer wexxam n udabu amekkasu, teḥwaǧ argaz amusnaw, yesɛan ccan d wawal, ara yesselmeden mmi-s. Tekkes-as lmenfi i Sinik, terra-t d aselmad agejdan n Niru. Iswi n Agrippina yella d aselḥu n tugna n mmi-s zdat n uɣref d Usqamu Unnig. Sinka, s tmussni-s d tfelsafit-is, yebda yessers lsas n tẓult d tsertit deg wallaɣ n Niru, ɣas akken yufa d akken Niru yesɛa aṭas n leḥmala ɣer tẓuri, amezgun, d ccna ugar n tlufa n udabu d teɣdemt. Asmi yewweḍ Niru ɣer udabu deg useggas 54 S.Ɛ, yella yesɛa kan 17 n yiseggasen. Ssebba n temẓi-s, ur yesɛi ara tirmit iwakken ad iselḥu tamenkda s timmad-is. D dagi i d-iban wazal n Sinik akked umeddakkel-is asertan, Burrus (Ajeniral n tredsa n umenkad). Iseggasen-a imezwura ulin ɣer umezruy s yisem n ''Quinquennium Neronis'' (Semmus n yiseggasen iṣfan n Niru). Deg tidet, macci d Niru i yellan iḥekkem, maca d Sinik d Burrus. Tasertit i d-wwin tella d tin yebnan ɣef tezdeg d telwit: # Aseɣti n Teɣdemt''':''' Sinik yessaweḍ ad yekkes aṭas n lqewanin iẓayanen i yellan sqehiren imdanen. # Tajmilt i Usqamu Unnig''':''' Iwakken ad isemneɛ tamenkda seg tdankit, Sinik yerra-d azal i inaẓrafen n Usqamu Unnig, yeǧǧa-ten ad d-fken rray-nsen deg tlufa tigejdanin n tmurt. # Asenqes n Tiwsiwin''':''' Yexdem tarrayin iwakken ad yesnulfu tadamsa yelhan i yigellilen, yerna yesenqes asgufsu deg temnaḍin n tmenkda. Deg useggas 55 S.Ɛ, Sinik yura adlis-is ameqqran '''"De Clementia"''' i yefka d abuddu i Niru. Deg uḍris-a, afiluzuf issegzay-d belli amenkad ameqqran macci d win iyesxeddmen lǧehd d tugdi, maca d win yesɛan tazmert ad isuref yerna ad yeḥkem s tuẓult d tmlilɣi. D iswi ameqqran i wakken ad yeṭṭef Niru deg ubrid n ṣṣwab. Sinik ur yelli ara weḥd-s deg wannar n udabu; Agrippina tella tebɣa ad teḥkem s ufus n mmi-s. Sinik d Burrus fhmen s zreb belli ma kemmlen s ddaw n uqeddac n tmeṭṭut-a, tamenkda ad tenger. Dɣa, Sinik yessemres tiḥerci-s d tmusni-s n umezruy asertan iwakken ad ibedd mgal yemma-s n umenkad. S wudem uffir yerna s tazzla, yebda yekkat ad yessebɛed Agrippina seg tsertit: * Yessexdem tayri n Niru i tqeddact-is Akṭi (''Acte'') iwakken ad yekkes tazrirt n yemma-s fell-as. * Iḥudd ɣef Niru asmi Agrippina tebda tettgezzi-t s tmenɣiwt n mmi-s n tidet n Kludyus, Britannicus. Maca, aya yessekcem Sinik deg yiwet n tuccḍa tameqqrant n temlilɣi-ines. Asmi Niru yessečč ssem i Britannicus (55 S.Ɛ), Sinik d Burrus rran iman-nsen ur ulin, ur d-kkin; qeblen lbaṭel-agi iwakken ad ḥerzen talwit n tmenkda d wemkan-nsen deg udabu. D asurif amezwaru n uɣelluy n tuzma n ufiluzuf. Asurif i d-yewwin lmut ɣef tettwaflest n Sinka d timenɣiwt n Agrippina deg useggas 59. Imi Niru yeɣtes ad yenɣ yemma-s s wudem unṣib, Sinik d Burrus llan deg tegnit tucmit. Xas akken ahat ur llin ara deffir usenfar-a s timmad-nsen, maca ur bdiden ara mgal amenkad-nsen deg twaɣit-a. Ayen yesserkan ugar isem n Sinik, d akken deffir n tmenɣiwt-a, d netta s timmad-is i yuran tabrat tunṣibt n umenkad i d-yezzuzren i Usqamu Unnig, anda isegzi belli Agrippina tella tettheyyi anguz iwakken ad tenɣ amenkad, yerna lmut-is tella d "asellek" n Ṛuma. Afiluzuf-nni i d-yuran ɣef rreḥma d tezdeg, yufa-d iman-is isneflali timenɣiwt n yemma-s n ugellid. Seg wass-nni, tazmert-is tasertant tebda tettneɣṣi, acku Niru ifaq belli yezmer ad yexdem ayen yebɣa war ma yehweṣ-it wemdan. S lmut n umeddakkel-is Burrus deg useggas 62 S.Ɛ, Sinka yufa-d iman-is weḥd-s zdat n umenkad i yettuɣalen d adankal s tidet, yeččuren takriḍt. Niru yebda yessemras "iqezzaben" yerna yessufeɣ isuḍaf imeqqranen. Sinik yewwi-d rray ad ijbed iman-is seg tsertit. Yessuter deg umenkad ad as-yeǧǧ ad yerr ɣer tama, yerna yessemsed-as akk ttrika-s d wayla-s ameqqran iwakken ad isemneɛ aqerruy-is. Xas akken Niru yugi-yas s wudem unṣib, Sinka yexla axxam n udabu, yeqqim deg wemkan-is, yettarra-d iman-is yuḍen, yerna ikemmel ad yaru idlisen-is n tfelsafit (am tbratin-is i Lucilius). Tudert-is tfukk s wudem aḥezzan maca d astuyan n tidet. Deg useggas 65 S.Ɛ, yeffeɣ-d unguz n ''Pison'' iwakken ad nɣen Niru. Xas akken ulac anza belli Sinik yettekka deg-s s tidet, isem-is yettwabder-d. Niru yefka-yas lamer i uselmad-is aqbur ad yenɣ iman-is. Sinka yeqbel annect-a s wudem n yigelliden d yifiluzufen: yebra i yiẓuran-is, yeǧǧa idammen-is ad ffɣen s leɛqel, yerna ikemmel yettmeslay ɣef tfelsafit d ṣṣbeṛ i yimeddukal-is armi d asrag-is anggaru. * '''Burrus:''' Aqerruy n yiserdasen iḥeddayen n umenkad. Deg yiseggasen-a imezwura, tasertit n Ṛuma teṣfa. Niru yesseḥbiber ɣef teɣdemt, yesselhu aẓayeṛ n yiqeddacen (iklan), yerna yefka azal i Usqamu Unnig (''Imni arumani''). Isem n tallit-a yeqqim-d deg umezruy am tsusmi d ubaɣur i tmenkda. == Tadankit d Tnekkra ɣef Yimawlan == [[Tugna:Relief from the Sebasteion depicting Nero and Agrippina, Aphrodisias Museum, Turkey (20481225182).jpg|vignette|tasreɣta i d-yessebganen Niru d yemma-s Agrippina]] Maca, s leɛḍil, Niru yebda yettwexxiṛ seg teɣri n yimawlan-is. Ikcem-it uɣemlil (Aɣedlilef) d ukukru n teḥraymit. * '''Timenɣiwt n yemma-s (59 S.Ɛ):''' Imi Agrippina tkemmel tessekcam iman-is deg tlufa n udabu, Niru yeɣtes ad t-yessenger. Deffir n waṭas n wudmawen i yexdem iwakken ad tt-ineɣ s tuffra (am uɣrab n lbabuṛ yetturẓen iwakken ad yeɣreq), ɣer taggara iceggeɛ-as iserdasen i tt-yenɣan. * '''Timenɣiwt n tlawin-is:''' Yenɣa tameṭṭut-is tamezwarut, Octavia, iwakken ad yezweǧ d Poppaea Sabina. Dɣa ula d Poppaea yenɣa-tt s teyitiwin mi tella s tadist. Ssakkin, ula d ameskar-is Sinka, iḥettem fell-as ad yenɣu iman-is. Niru yeqher inaẓrafen d yimeqqranen n tmenkda, yettarra-d akk ayla n Ṛuma d ayla-s. == Times Tameqqrant n Ṛuma d Uqehheṛ n Yimasiḥiyen (64 S.Ɛ) == Aneḍru yettwassnen aṭas deg tallit-is d times tameqqrant i yewwten tamdint n Ṛuma deg Yulyu n useggas 64. Times-agi tesreɣ aṭas n yigmamen n temdint d wazal n sḍis n wussan. * '''Tuccḍa n Niru:''' Inekcamen n lawan-nni qqaren-d belli Niru yella icennu yerna yekkat agiṭar mi tetteṛɣay Ṛuma, yettxayel-d iman-is deg umezgun am aɣelluy n Tṛwa (''Troie''), ɣas akken ulac anza ufris ɣef waya. Maca isugen-as d ayen n lmuḥal. * '''Tamasit ɣef Yimasiḥiyen:''' Iwakken ad isukkes iman-is seg rregmat n uɣref, Niru yerra tamasit d uɣilif ɣef tegrawt tamaynut n ddin i d-ibanen: '''Imasiḥiyen'''. Yeqher-iten s lḥif, yerra-ten d tiɣtas n tkerrist, isreɣ-iten, yerna yessaweḍ-iten ar lmut s yir isuraf deg wurar n unnar n tẓuri. == Taẓuri, Amezgun d Usenfar "Domus Aurea" == Niru yesɛa aramsu ameqqran i tẓuri. Yella yettwali iman-is d anaẓur (cennu, amezgun, timsizzelt n yikeryuten). Yella yettruḥu ad yurar deg tmurt n Legrig, ayen yessetḥan aṭas asqamu ameqqran aṛumani, acku ur d-yewwi ara s ccan i yiwen n umenkad ad yurar s udem agdudan gar yimdanen imuta. Deffir n Tmes Tameqqrant, yexdem yiwen n usebɣer ameqqran : yebna axxam n ugelid d ameqqran i s-yefka isem n '''Domus Aurea''' (Axxam n Wureɣ). Tella d yiwet n temṣukt tameqqrant yerna d tabaẓṭit i yeččan aṭas n tedrimt d twensi n uɣref aṛumani. == Taggara d Uɣelluy n Umenkad (65 - 68 S.Ɛ) == Tasertit n Niru deg tdamsa teččur d axessar, d ayen i d-yewwin lxiq d wurrif seg yal tama n tmenkda, ladɣa gar yimḍebbren n lɛeskeṛ. * '''Tigrawliwin n Yijeniralen:''' Deg useggas 68, yiwet n tegrawla tnekkred deg tmurt n Ɣul (''Gaule'') s ddaw tmehla n Vindex, syin tkemmel-d s tagrawla n Galba deg tmurt n Ṣbenya (Hispania). * '''Timenɣiwt n yiman:''' Imi yufa iman-is weḥd-s, iserdasen-is d asqamu wwin-tt mgal-is yerna rran-t d "Aɛdaw n Uwanek". Niru yerwel seg temdint n Ṛuma. Mi yesla belli iserdasen teddun-d ad t-ṭṭfen iwakken ad t-nɣen s lmut n ddell (s uqbaṛ deg usalu), Niru yewwet iman-is s tuzzalt ɣer temgerṭ s tallelt n uqeddac-is (Epaphroditus) deg 9 Yunyu 68 S.Ɛ. l3cbr7ri2dygwz9xupexyum7twzzpqy 0 25513 116868 116839 2026-07-21T21:19:24Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116868 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Vespasian, from Naples, c. AD 70, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen (13646730625).jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Vespasyan.]] '''Vespasyan''' (ilul deg 17 wember n useggas 9, yemmut deg 23 yunyu n useggas 79) d amenkad aṛumani i d-yeṭṭfen adabu seg useggas 69 ar 79. D netta i d-yesbedden agdez aflabyan, yettwassen s usigna n temḥaddit n Tmenkda Taṛumanit deffir yiwet n tezɣent d umgaru aɣarman ameqqran i d-yeḍran deffir tmettant n [[Niru]]. == Temẓi d tneflit-is == Vespasyan ilul-d deg taddart n Falakrina (Falacrinae), deg temnaḍt n Sabin, tama n Rityi (Reate) deg Ṭṭalyan n wass-a. Mgal aṭas n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, Vespasyan ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tageldant neɣ tamasɣant n Ruma, maca yusa-d seg "Tasunḍa n iɛudiwen". Baba-s, Titus Flabyus Sabinus, d amelqqaḍ n tewsiwin, yerna d amdan i yettqadaren asurdi. S tsertit d ugama-s(ṭṭbiɛa-s) ur nessin zzux, Vespasyan yekcem ɣer tudert tasertant d tserdasit s tḥerci, yuli asurif s usurif deg tseddarin n tedbelt d lɛesker n Ṛuma. == Amecwar aserdas d yimenɣiwen == Vespasyan yettwassen s tezmert-is deg yimenɣiwen. Isekker-d aṭas n yimenɣan iserdasiyen imeqqranen : * '''Anekcum ɣer Briṭanya (43 - 44):''' S ddaw ufus n umenkad Kludyus (Claude), Vespasyan yella d aqerru ɣef Tegrumma Tis Snat (Legio II Augusta). Iban-d aṭas deg unekcum aṛumani ɣer tegzirt n Briṭanya (Grande-Bretagne n wass-a), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n truẓiwin mgal teqbilin tidiganin. Ayagi yefka-yas-d tisellat tameqqrant deg Ṛuma. * '''Tagrawla n Wudayen (66 - 69):''' Deg useggas 66, tnekker-d tegrawla tameqqrant deg tmurt n Yahuda (Judée). Amenkad [[Niru]] yefka-yas asenfar i Vespasyan akken ad yesseɣli tagrawla-a. S yiwet n tezmert d tḥerci n ujiniral, Vespasyan yessaweḍ ad d-yerr aṭas n temdinin ɣer ufus n Ṛuma, uqbel ma yeǧǧa taɣawsa deg ufus n mmi-s [[Titus]] asmi yella yettazzal ɣef udabu. == Aseggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden d tuṭṭfa n udabu (69) == Asmi yemmut [[Niru]] deg useggas 68, Ruma tkecm-itt tezɣent taɣarmant tameqqrant, yettwassnen s yisem n "Useggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden". Deg yiwen n useggas (69), ɛeddan-d kraḍ n yimenkaden: Galba, Utu (Othon), d Vitilyus (Vitellius). Iserdasen n Usammer (Igipti, Surya, d Yahuda) fernen Vespasyan d amenkad. S wudem uzzig, yewwi-d adeg n leqrar d tegmat seg yisurdasiyen-is akked lḥakem n maṣer Tiberiyus Alyksandarus. Iserdasen n Vespasyan, s ddaw leɛnaya n ujiniral-is Antunyus Primus, kecmen ɣer Ruma, sseɣlin Vitilyus, dɣa Asqamu aṛumani yesteɛref s Vespasyan d amenkad amaynut deg wember 69. == Tamenkda-s d tsertit tadamsant == Asmi yewweḍ ɣer udabu, Ṛuma tella tettwaɣ d leflas s ssebba n wemgaru aɣarman d uṣerref n Niru. Vespasyan yesbedd-d timsal s wudem ufrir : * '''Tiẓeṭṭḍin d teẓraf:''' Yesseɣti tadamsa n Ṛuma i yeɣlin. Yessers-d tiwsiwin timaynutin, gar-asent tiwsi ɣef yibdaz izuyaz. Asmi mmi-s Tiṭus yelum-it mgal tiwsi-a, Vespasyan yefka-yas-d tanfalit-nni yettwassnen aṭas: '''''"Pecunia non olet"''''' (Idrimen ur sriḥen ara). * '''Tadbelt d''' '''usaḍuf:''' Yesseɣti Asqamu aṛumani, yessekcem ɣur-s aṭas n yimaslaḍen imaynuten n "tesmilt temnayt" seg yakk timnaḍin n Tmenkda. Iṣeggem tiwuriwin duzref. * '''Isekkiyen d lebni:''' Yesseḥbiber ɣef uḥric n lebni. Yebda abnay n uxxam ameqqran n wurar n yigelliden "asebdir(Amfityatr) Aflabyan", i neqqar ass-a '''[[Akulusyum]]'''. Yebna daɣen Afakan n Talwit. == Tameddurt tazzayant d tagara-s == Vespasyan yella d amdan ur nettɛenni ara ɣer zzux am Niru neɣ Kaligula. Yettwassen s ukyis, zzhir, d tezdeg n wul-is, xas akken yella d aqesḥan deg usaḍuf(lqanun). Ur yessuli ara azal i yiman-is aṭas send tmettant-is. Yemmut s waṭṭan n uberriḍ d yir aṭṭan deg zik n useggas 79. Llant-d kra n tenfaliyin-is tineggura anda yessenṭeq s tmesɣiwt: ''"Vae, puto deus fio"'' (Awaɣzen, aql-iyi ad uɣaleɣ d ṛebbi!) – acku di Ruma, amenkad ma yemmut yettwaḥseb d agellid / ṛebbi. == 6. Tukkest == Tameddurt n Vespasyan teǧǧa-d latar n talwit d uselkem i Ruma. Yeǧǧa-d snat n warrac ara t-iweṛten, [[Titus]] d Dumisyan (Domitien). [[Titus]] d netta i t-id-iweṛten s talwit, d wayen ur d-neḍri ara acḥal d iseggasen di Ruma. Tawsit taflabyant tekker-d s wudem amnekni d ulamek, tessiweḍ ad terr Ruma deg ubrid n timawit d udellel. qqzzxpgeqb7vam46kqfdg8upk09mfpl 116876 116868 2026-07-22T13:14:03Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116876 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Vespasian, from Naples, c. AD 70, Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek, Copenhagen (13646730625).jpg|vignette|Asebdad n Vespasyan.]] '''Vespasyan''' (ilul deg 17 wember n useggas 9, yemmut deg 23 yunyu n useggas 79) d amenkad aṛumani i d-yeṭṭfen adabu seg useggas 69 ar 79. D netta i d-yesbedden agdez aflabyan, yettwassen s usigna n temḥaddit n Tmenkda Taṛumanit deffir yiwet n tezɣent d umgaru aɣarman ameqqran i d-yeḍran deffir tmettant n [[Niru]]. == Temẓi d tneflit-is == Vespasyan ilul-d deg taddart n Falakrina (Falacrinae), deg temnaḍt n Sabin, tama n Rityi (Reate) deg Ṭṭalyan n wass-a. Mgal aṭas n yimenkaden i t-id-yezwaren, Vespasyan ur d-yekki ara seg yiwet n twacult tageldant neɣ tamasɣant n Ruma, maca yusa-d seg "Tasunḍa n iɛudiwen". Baba-s, Titus Flabyus Sabinus, d amelqqaḍ n tewsiwin, yerna d amdan i yettqadaren asurdi. S tsertit d ugama-s(ṭṭbiɛa-s) ur nessin zzux, Vespasyan yekcem ɣer tudert tasertant d tserdasit s tḥerci, yuli asurif s usurif deg tseddarin n tedbelt d lɛesker n Ṛuma. == Amecwar aserdas d yimenɣiwen == Vespasyan yettwassen s tezmert-is deg yimenɣiwen. Isekker-d aṭas n yimenɣan iserdasiyen imeqqranen : * '''Anekcum ɣer Briṭanya (43 - 44):''' S ddaw ufus n umenkad Kludyus (Claude), Vespasyan yella d aqerru ɣef Tegrumma Tis Snat (Legio II Augusta). Iban-d aṭas deg unekcum aṛumani ɣer tegzirt n Briṭanya (Grande-Bretagne n wass-a), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n truẓiwin mgal teqbilin tidiganin. Ayagi yefka-yas-d tisellat tameqqrant deg Ṛuma. * '''Tagrawla n Wudayen (66 - 69):''' Deg useggas 66, tnekker-d tegrawla tameqqrant deg tmurt n Yahuda (Judée). Amenkad [[Niru]] yefka-yas asenfar i Vespasyan akken ad yesseɣli tagrawla-a. S yiwet n tezmert d tḥerci n ujiniral, Vespasyan yessaweḍ ad d-yerr aṭas n temdinin ɣer ufus n Ṛuma, uqbel ma yeǧǧa taɣawsa deg ufus n mmi-s [[Titus]] asmi yella yettazzal ɣef udabu. == Aseggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden d tuṭṭfa n udabu (69) == Asmi yemmut [[Niru]] deg useggas 68, Ruma tkecm-itt tezɣent taɣarmant tameqqrant, yettwassnen s yisem n "Useggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden". Deg yiwen n useggas (69), ɛeddan-d kraḍ n yimenkaden: Galba, Utu (Othon), d Vitilyus (Vitellius). Iserdasen n Usammer (Igipti, Surya, d Yahuda) fernen Vespasyan d amenkad. S wudem uzzig, yewwi-d adeg n leqrar d tegmat seg yisurdasiyen-is akked lḥakem n maṣer Tiberiyus Alyksandarus. Iserdasen n Vespasyan, s ddaw leɛnaya n ujiniral-is Antunyus Primus, kecmen ɣer Ruma, sseɣlin Vitilyus, dɣa Asqamu aṛumani yesteɛref s Vespasyan d amenkad amaynut deg wember 69. == Tamenkda-s d tsertit tadamsant == Asmi yewweḍ ɣer udabu, Ṛuma tella tettwaɣ d leflas s ssebba n wemgaru aɣarman d uṣerref n Niru. Vespasyan yesbedd-d timsal s wudem ufrir : * '''Tiẓeṭṭḍin d teẓraf:''' Yesseɣti tadamsa n Ṛuma i yeɣlin. Yessers-d tiwsiwin timaynutin, gar-asent tiwsi ɣef yibdaz izuyaz. Asmi mmi-s Tiṭus yelum-it mgal tiwsi-a, Vespasyan yefka-yas-d tanfalit-nni yettwassnen aṭas: '''''"Pecunia non olet"''''' (Idrimen ur sriḥen ara). * '''Tadbelt d''' '''usaḍuf:''' Yesseɣti Asqamu aṛumani, yessekcem ɣur-s aṭas n yimaslaḍen imaynuten n "tesmilt temnayt" seg yakk timnaḍin n Tmenkda. Iṣeggem tiwuriwin duzref. * '''Isekkiyen d lebni:''' Yesseḥbiber ɣef uḥric n lebni. Yebda abnay n uxxam ameqqran n wurar n yigelliden "asebdir(Amfityatr) Aflabyan", i neqqar ass-a '''[[Akulusyum]]'''. Yebna daɣen Afakan n Talwit. == Tameddurt tazzayant d tagara-s == Vespasyan yella d amdan ur nettɛenni ara ɣer zzux am Niru neɣ Kaligula. Yettwassen s ukyis, zzhir, d tezdeg n wul-is, xas akken yella d aqesḥan deg usaḍuf(lqanun). Ur yessuli ara azal i yiman-is aṭas send tmettant-is. Yemmut s waṭṭan n uberriḍ d yir aṭṭan deg zik n useggas 79. Llant-d kra n tenfaliyin-is tineggura anda yessenṭeq s tmesɣiwt: ''"Vae, puto deus fio"'' (Awaɣzen, aql-iyi ad uɣaleɣ d ṛebbi!) – acku di Ruma, amenkad ma yemmut yettwaḥseb d agellid / ṛebbi. == 6. Tukkest == Tameddurt n Vespasyan teǧǧa-d latar n talwit d uselkem i Ruma. Yeǧǧa-d snat n warrac ara t-iweṛten, [[Titus]] d [[Dumisyan]] (Domitien). [[Titus]] d netta i t-id-iweṛten s talwit, d wayen ur d-neḍri ara acḥal d iseggasen di Ruma. Tawsit taflabyant tekker-d s wudem amnekni d ulamek, tessiweḍ ad terr Ruma deg ubrid n timawit d udellel. pzwhcjsukqwo9wgkbhlnqadhn5st8cj 0 25518 116857 116855 2026-07-20T21:16:56Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116857 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Titus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN3159.jpg|vignette|Titus]] '''Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Titus''', d amenkad aṛumani i d-yemmugren tallit n unbaḍ gar useggas 79 d 81 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). D netta i d amenkad wis sin n ugdez n Yiflavyanen, iṭṭef adabu seld lmut n baba-s, [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]]. Ɣas akken tallit n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant (sin n iseggasen d kra n wayyuren), Titus yewwi-d tisellat n yigelliden imeqranen, yerna yeǧǧa-d ccama lqayen deg umezruy aṛumani. == 1. Temẓi-s akked Tudert-is Taserdasit == Send(Qbel) ad yali ɣer wemkan n '''usɣim''' n tmenkda, Titus yedder tudert n userdas n usɣan, anda yesken-d tazmert-is. * '''Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut:''' Yedda d uqerru ameqran deg yiserdasen iṛumaniyen deg Bṛiṭanya (Britannia) akked Lalman (Germania), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n '''tirmitin''' meqren. Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut n Titus tella d lsas lqayen ɣef wacu i d-yebna tudert-is tasertant akked tserdasit i t-yessawḍen ɣer tqacuct n udabu aṛumani. Send(qbel) ad yuɣal d amenkad, yewwi-d ad yezger ɣef yiwet n utteki i d-yewwi ɣef yal ilemẓi aṛumani n tserkemt yattuyen: aqdec deg yigen ameqran. Titus yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult i d-ikecmen s amkan yelhan di Ṛuma, u asmi yella d ilemẓi, yesɛedda aṭas n wakud-is deg teɣremt umenkad akked Briṭanikus (Britannicus), mmi-s n umenkad Klud (Claude). Dinna yelmed tiẓuriwin, adiwennit, d tfesniwin n lɛesker. Di wakud n tlelli-s, yella yettnadi deg tmusniwin u yettzi aṭas ɣef yiɣerbazen iṛumaniyen akked yifakanen n Ṛuma iwakken ad yelmed ansayen n usɣan d tsertit n lejdud-is, ayen i as-d-yefkan tafrit lqayen ɣef wazal n tɣerma taṛumanit. Akken kan yewweḍ ɣer temẓi-s tameqrant, gar useggas 57 d 59 S.Ɛ, yekcem s udem unṣib ɣer tlufa n yigen. Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Lalman (Germania) s yisem n umɣar aserdas (tribunus militum). Tasga-ya n ugafa tella tettwassen s unezwu-ines aqseḥan akked yimihiyen-is yeffren, imi iserdasen irumaniyen llan ttidiren deg yigruren d imeqranen, tqabalen tigzamin d unṭag n yidrumen iberraniyen yellan mgal n tmenkda. Deg wasatal-a n twaɣit d lḥerṣ, Titus yelmed amek i d-yettili unbaḍ, amek ttarran iserdasen d tigrawin yedduklen, u yessenher iserdasen-is s tabɣest d tiḥerci. Ayen i t-yerran ifaz-d d tazmert-is tabeddanit; yella d amdan iṣeḥḥan, yessen ad iseqdec uzzal, u yettarra ddehn-is ɣer yal asɣel d wulɣu n yimdanen-is. Ur yelli ara d aqerruy yettaggin ad yexleḍ gar yiserdasen neɣ ad yebɛed fell-asen, maca yella d argaz n urmas akked tnekkit, ayen i as-d-yewwin leqder ameqran gar yiserdasen iweɛṛen n Lalman. Seld tirmit-is deg ugafa, Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Briṭanya (Britannia) gar useggas 59 d 61 S.Ɛ, iwakken ad ikemmel tamazant-is taserdasit. Di tallit-nni, Briṭanya tella d tasga tamaynut i d-yettwakksen s dderɛ seld anekcum n umenkad Klud, akal-is d ameqran u anmeggag-is ɣef Ṛuma yeǧǧa-tt d amkan anda azbu n yimezdaɣ yezga yettnerni. Di tmurt-a, Titus yarna ibeyyen-d aswir-is yeflalin deg tsuddest taserdasit. Yeqdec akken iwata mgal n tegrawliwin timecṭaḥ, issebded tafada n laman deg kra n temnaḍin iweɛṛen, yerna isken-d actal-is deg usezri n tilufa s wudem uzzig. Amyaru aṛumani Suétone (Suetonius), mi d-yura ɣef tmeddurt n yigelliden deg udlis-is, isebder-d belli Titus yeǧǧa-d ccan d ameqran u yella d amatar ufrir gar yimdanen n Lalman d Briṭanya. Tisellat-is tugar tilisa n yigruren iserdasen armi uɣalen yiserdasen d yimezdaɣ n temnaḍin-a bnan-as aṭas n tsereɣtin d yizmulen n usmekti iwakken ad ǧǧen isem-is deg tkatut u ad sseḥbibren ɣef ccfawa n tezmart-is. Ayen i d-yewwi Titus seg yiseggasen-a imezwura n tserdast mačči kan d asileɣ d taɣda tastratijit, maca d tussna lqayen n tmeddurt n yiserdasen d uɣan-nsen aɣelnaw. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma di taggara n tmazant-is, Titus yewwi-d yid-s agerdas n tissas d "lḥeqq deg wawal", ayen i as-yeldin tiwwura n tsertit. Dinna i yeṭṭef amkan n uqestur (anedbal aṛumani), yebda-d tikli-s di tedbelt taṛumanit. Tirmit-a tamezwarut deg Lalman d Briṭanya tella d taḍullit iwakken ad iḥeggi abrid-is, u ad yuɣal d amgi agejdan deg tmenkda aṛumanit, ladɣa asmi i d-yemlal d umgaru ameqran n Udayen s ljehd d tiḥerci i d-ijmeɛ seg yiḍan isemmaḍen n umalu. * '''Amgaru n Udayen:''' Deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ, iwet mgal wid i d-yebdan '''azbu''' di tmurt n Udayen. Mi yuɣal baba-s d amenkad deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, Titus iṭṭef-d asenbeḍ n uselwi n tserdast deg ugmuḍ(ccerq). Deg useggas 66 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n wazbu ameqran di tmurt n Udayen (Judée) mgal unbaḍ aṛumani. Iwakken ad isseḥbes tegrawla-ya u ad yerr talwit ɣer temnaḍt-a n ugmuḍ(ccerq), amenkad [[Niru]](Néron) iceggeɛ-d aserdas ufrir Vespasian (Vespasien) deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ. Di tuɣdaḍt-a, Titus yedda d baba-s am uqerruy ɣef tegrumma tis 15 (Legio XV Apollinaris). Tirmit-a tella d tagnit i d-yessufɣen Titus seg weksum n ulemẓi anelmad ɣer wudem n userdas aḥerri i gzemmen tilufa ticuqanin. Deg yiseggasen imezwura n umgaru, isken-d tamuɣlii lqayen d tebɣest deg waṭas n yimenɣiyen deg temnaḍt n Jilil (Galilée), anda issezdi taḥerci taserdasit akked tsertit n tsedmirt mgal n yiqerra n wazbu.[[Tugna:The Arch of Titus, Upper Via Sacra, Rome (31605340150).jpg|vignette|Taganza n Titus di Ṛuma, zdat n unmager.]]'''Anekcum ɣer Uṛcalim:''' Deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, Titus yesutel tamdint n Uṛcalim. '''Tamhelt-a''' tessuli s usedrem n ufakan wis Sin d tmenɣiwt n waṭas n yimdanen. Ɣer yiṛumaniyen, aya yella d '''asenɛet''' n tezmart-nsen akked '''tmanegt'''; ma ɣer umezruy n udayen, yettwaḥseb d '''tanɣaɣreft''' tameqrant. Iwakken ad d-mektin aya, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma, i d-yemmalen ayen id-wwin d agerruj seg Uṛcalim. == 2. Anekcum ɣer Udabu d Tsertit == Mi yemmut [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]] deg useggas 79 S.Ɛ, Titus igzem-itt di rray ad yuɣal d amenkad. Deg tazwara, agdud aṛumani yekcem-it tugdi. Imdanen llan ttagaden ahat ad yuɣal d aḥeqqar neɣ d '''iniɣi''' (criminel) am [[Niru]], ɣef ljal n tiqesḥi-s asmi yella d aserdas, d wassaɣ-is n tayri akked tgellidt Bérénice (i d-yekkan seg Ccerq, ayen ur nqebbel ara wansay aṛumani). Maca, '''tasedmirt''' n Titus temgarad akk ɣef wayen nwan. Mi yeṭṭef adabu, ibeddel tikli-s: * Yerra-d asqamu aṛumani (Sénat) ɣer wemkan-is, yegdel tigiḍiwin mgal yemdanen n tsertit. * Ikkes '''tiwsiwin''' timeqranin ur nesɛi anamek-nsent deg tmetti. * Yebḍa aṭas n '''teɣbula'''/'''yimengiyen''' d idrimen ɣef yigellilen. Amyaru Suétone, di udlis-is, iweṣṣef-it s wawal-a yettwassnen: ''"Titus d lfeṛḥ d wul n talsa"''. === 3. Tizeɣnin d Twuɣa di Tallit-is === Tallit n Titus, ɣas wezilet, temlal-d d kraḍ n '''tezeɣnin''' timeqranin i d-yessutren anabaḍ iǧehden. Deg wakk tiwuɣa-ya, Titus yesken-d tabɣest d tegzi-ines, yerna ixelleṣ aṭas seg "lǧib-is" iwakken ad iɛiwen '''tiɣtas'''. {| class="wikitable" |'''Tawuɣa''' |'''Aseggas''' |'''Ayen yeḍran''' |'''Asseggem d Tallelt n Titus''' |- |'''Aṭerḍeq n Vésuve''' |79 S.Ɛ |Adrar n tmes (Vésuve) iṭerḍeq-d, yeṣfeḍ timdinin n Pompéi d Herculaneum seg udem n lqaɛa. |Yessers asqamu uzzig, yuzen aklan d tallelt i yimenɛawen, yefka tiyita n tedrimt iwulmen. |- |'''Timest di Ṛuma''' |80 S.Ɛ |Timest tameqrant tečča aṭas n yiɣerban, isulayen d tmezduɣin di temdint n Ṛuma, tuɣ 3 n wussan. |Yeṭṭef '''tasiḍent''' n wasaɣen, ifreq aqqaṛen d ufrux i yimezdaɣ yeqqimen bla axxam, yebda tulya n lebni. |- |'''Tawla tameqrant''' |80/81 S.Ɛ |Yiwet n tsakrart neɣ n waṭṭan yebda ileḥu deg tmenkda, yenɣa aṭas n lɣaci. |Yerfed arkawel n tezmert, yewwi-d imnadiyen ara yesferken tiwuɣa-agi di '''tallunt''' tazayezt. |} == 4. Aḥric n Lebni d Tẓuri == Titus isnerna di tmenkda s waṭas n leqdicat n lebni, ama i '''tnafutiwin''' tizuyaz neɣ i ucebbaḥ n temdint. * '''Anrar n Yiflavyanen (Akulusyum):''' I kemmel lbni n unrar-a ameqran (i yebda baba-s). D netta i t-id-yeldin deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ s tfaskiwin n yisalen d '''yisenɛaten''' meqren i d-yuɣen 100 n wussan gar ccḍeḥ, imennuɣen n igladyaturen, d ṣṣyada n yiɣersiwen. * '''Iḥemmamen n Titus:''' Yebna iḥemmamen n waman izuyaz ɣer tama n ''ukulusyum'', i yellan s ttawil '''ufrir''' i yal amazdaɣ deg Ṛuma. == 5. Tamettant d Tukkest == [[Tugna:Tito, fine I sec. dc..JPG|vignette|Asebdad n Titus s wudem aserdas.]] Deg ctember 81 S.Ɛ, Titus yemmut seg tawla tamcumt (ahat seg lmalarya) deg taddart n Aquae Cutiliae, anda yemmut baba-s yakan. Tamettant-is tella-d d asfel ameqran i ugdud yellan iḥemmel-it aṭas. Agraw aṛumani isali-t ɣer wemkan n yigucelen; yerra-t d '''agerram'''. Iṭṭef-d amkan-is gma-s amecṭuḥ, Dumisyan. Mgal Titus, tallit n Dumisyan tefka-d udem '''awahan''', imi yuɣal d aḥeqqar amesbaṭli mgal yiwudam n udabu, ayen i d-yesseknen ugar azal ameqran i d-yeǧǧa Titus di '''tukkest'''-is i tmenkda taṛumanit. czfmffgzfz5c17b6s5raodsp2klwlvi 116859 116857 2026-07-21T09:18:30Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116859 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Titus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN3159.jpg|vignette|Titus]] '''Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Titus''', d amenkad aṛumani i d-yemmugren tallit n unbaḍ gar useggas 79 d 81 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). D netta i d amenkad wis sin n ugdez n Yiflavyanen, iṭṭef adabu seld lmut n baba-s, [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]]. Ɣas akken tallit n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant (sin n iseggasen d kra n wayyuren), Titus yewwi-d tisellat n yigelliden imeqranen, yerna yeǧǧa-d ccama lqayen deg umezruy aṛumani. == 1. Temẓi-s akked Tudert-is Taserdasit == Send(Qbel) ad yali ɣer wemkan n '''usɣim''' n tmenkda, Titus yedder tudert n userdas n usɣan, anda yesken-d tazmert-is. * '''Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut:''' Yedda d uqerru ameqran deg yiserdasen iṛumaniyen deg Bṛiṭanya (Britannia) akked Lalman (Germania), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n '''tirmitin''' meqren. Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut n Titus tella d lsas lqayen ɣef wacu i d-yebna tudert-is tasertant akked tserdasit i t-yessawḍen ɣer tqacuct n udabu aṛumani. Send(qbel) ad yuɣal d amenkad, yewwi-d ad yezger ɣef yiwet n utteki i d-yewwi ɣef yal ilemẓi aṛumani n tserkemt yattuyen: aqdec deg yigen ameqran. Titus yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult i d-ikecmen s amkan yelhan di Ṛuma, u asmi yella d ilemẓi, yesɛedda aṭas n wakud-is deg teɣremt umenkad akked Briṭanikus (Britannicus), mmi-s n umenkad Klud (Claude). Dinna yelmed tiẓuriwin, adiwennit, d tfesniwin n lɛesker. Di wakud n tlelli-s, yella yettnadi deg tmusniwin u yettzi aṭas ɣef yiɣerbazen iṛumaniyen akked yifakanen n Ṛuma iwakken ad yelmed ansayen n usɣan d tsertit n lejdud-is, ayen i as-d-yefkan tafrit lqayen ɣef wazal n tɣerma taṛumanit. Akken kan yewweḍ ɣer temẓi-s tameqrant, gar useggas 57 d 59 S.Ɛ, yekcem s udem unṣib ɣer tlufa n yigen. Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Lalman (Germania) s yisem n umɣar aserdas (tribunus militum). Tasga-ya n ugafa tella tettwassen s unezwu-ines aqseḥan akked yimihiyen-is yeffren, imi iserdasen irumaniyen llan ttidiren deg yigruren d imeqranen, tqabalen tigzamin d unṭag n yidrumen iberraniyen yellan mgal n tmenkda. Deg wasatal-a n twaɣit d lḥerṣ, Titus yelmed amek i d-yettili unbaḍ, amek ttarran iserdasen d tigrawin yedduklen, u yessenher iserdasen-is s tabɣest d tiḥerci. Ayen i t-yerran ifaz-d d tazmert-is tabeddanit; yella d amdan iṣeḥḥan, yessen ad iseqdec uzzal, u yettarra ddehn-is ɣer yal asɣel d wulɣu n yimdanen-is. Ur yelli ara d aqerruy yettaggin ad yexleḍ gar yiserdasen neɣ ad yebɛed fell-asen, maca yella d argaz n urmas akked tnekkit, ayen i as-d-yewwin leqder ameqran gar yiserdasen iweɛṛen n Lalman. Seld tirmit-is deg ugafa, Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Briṭanya (Britannia) gar useggas 59 d 61 S.Ɛ, iwakken ad ikemmel tamazant-is taserdasit. Di tallit-nni, Briṭanya tella d tasga tamaynut i d-yettwakksen s dderɛ seld anekcum n umenkad Klud, akal-is d ameqran u anmeggag-is ɣef Ṛuma yeǧǧa-tt d amkan anda azbu n yimezdaɣ yezga yettnerni. Di tmurt-a, Titus yarna ibeyyen-d aswir-is yeflalin deg tsuddest taserdasit. Yeqdec akken iwata mgal n tegrawliwin timecṭaḥ, issebded tafada n laman deg kra n temnaḍin iweɛṛen, yerna isken-d actal-is deg usezri n tilufa s wudem uzzig. Amyaru aṛumani Suétone (Suetonius), mi d-yura ɣef tmeddurt n yigelliden deg udlis-is, isebder-d belli Titus yeǧǧa-d ccan d ameqran u yella d amatar ufrir gar yimdanen n Lalman d Briṭanya. Tisellat-is tugar tilisa n yigruren iserdasen armi uɣalen yiserdasen d yimezdaɣ n temnaḍin-a bnan-as aṭas n tsereɣtin d yizmulen n usmekti iwakken ad ǧǧen isem-is deg tkatut u ad sseḥbibren ɣef ccfawa n tezmart-is. Ayen i d-yewwi Titus seg yiseggasen-a imezwura n tserdast mačči kan d asileɣ d taɣda tastratijit, maca d tussna lqayen n tmeddurt n yiserdasen d uɣan-nsen aɣelnaw. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma di taggara n tmazant-is, Titus yewwi-d yid-s agerdas n tissas d "lḥeqq deg wawal", ayen i as-yeldin tiwwura n tsertit. Dinna i yeṭṭef amkan n uqestur (anedbal aṛumani), yebda-d tikli-s di tedbelt taṛumanit. Tirmit-a tamezwarut deg Lalman d Briṭanya tella d taḍullit iwakken ad iḥeggi abrid-is, u ad yuɣal d amgi agejdan deg tmenkda aṛumanit, ladɣa asmi i d-yemlal d umgaru ameqran n Udayen s ljehd d tiḥerci i d-ijmeɛ seg yiḍan isemmaḍen n umalu. * '''Amgaru n Udayen:''' Deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ, iwet mgal wid i d-yebdan '''azbu''' di tmurt n Udayen. Mi yuɣal baba-s d amenkad deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, Titus iṭṭef-d asenbeḍ n uselwi n tserdast deg ugmuḍ(ccerq). Deg useggas 66 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n wazbu ameqran di tmurt n Udayen (Judée) mgal unbaḍ aṛumani. Iwakken ad isseḥbes tegrawla-ya u ad yerr talwit ɣer temnaḍt-a n ugmuḍ(ccerq), amenkad [[Niru]](Néron) iceggeɛ-d aserdas ufrir Vespasian (Vespasien) deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ. Di tuɣdaḍt-a, Titus yedda d baba-s am uqerruy ɣef tegrumma tis 15 (Legio XV Apollinaris). Tirmit-a tella d tagnit i d-yessufɣen Titus seg weksum n ulemẓi anelmad ɣer wudem n userdas aḥerri i gzemmen tilufa ticuqanin. Deg yiseggasen imezwura n umgaru, isken-d tamuɣlii lqayen d tebɣest deg waṭas n yimenɣiyen deg temnaḍt n Jilil (Galilée), anda issezdi taḥerci taserdasit akked tsertit n tsedmirt mgal n yiqerra n wazbu.[[Tugna:The Arch of Titus, Upper Via Sacra, Rome (31605340150).jpg|vignette|Taganza n Titus di Ṛuma, zdat n unmager.]]Tagnit tembeddal aṭas deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, asmi i d-teḍra tezɣent tasertant deg Ṛuma i wumi qqaren "Aseggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden". Seld lmut n [[Niru]] d ccwal ameqran i d-itebɛen di tmenkda, iserdasen n ugmaḍ fkan tiɣri sbedden Vespasian d amenkad amaynut. Mi yewwi abrid-is ɣer Ṛuma iwakken ad yeṭṭef asɣim s wudem unṣib, Vespasian yeǧǧa taɣtest akked tuɣdaḍt n usefrak n umgaru ger yifassen n mmi-s, Titus. Ɣas akken yella meẓẓi di leɛmer (qrib 30 n yiseggasen), Titus yerfed aɣan-a ameqran s wuzzal. Issebded anagraw aserdas iǧehden, yerna issemlal ugar n 60,000 n yiserdasen irumaniyen (gar tegrummiwin d yimendiden) iwakken ad iqabel tamdint n Uṛcalim (Jérusalem), i yellan d ul n tsertit d usɣan n yigrawliwen. '''Anekcum ɣer Uṛcalim:''' Deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, Titus yesutel tamdint n Uṛcalim. '''Tamhelt-a''' tessuli s usedrem n ufakan wis Sin d tmenɣiwt n waṭas n yimdanen. Ɣer yiṛumaniyen, aya yella d '''asenɛet''' n tezmart-nsen akked '''tmanegt'''; ma ɣer umezruy n udayen, yettwaḥseb d '''tanɣaɣreft''' tameqrant. Iwakken ad d-mektin aya, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma, i d-yemmalen ayen id-wwin d agerruj seg Uṛcalim. == 2. Anekcum ɣer Udabu d Tsertit == Mi yemmut [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]] deg useggas 79 S.Ɛ, Titus igzem-itt di rray ad yuɣal d amenkad. Deg tazwara, agdud aṛumani yekcem-it tugdi. Imdanen llan ttagaden ahat ad yuɣal d aḥeqqar neɣ d '''iniɣi''' (criminel) am [[Niru]], ɣef ljal n tiqesḥi-s asmi yella d aserdas, d wassaɣ-is n tayri akked tgellidt Bérénice (i d-yekkan seg Ccerq, ayen ur nqebbel ara wansay aṛumani). Maca, '''tasedmirt''' n Titus temgarad akk ɣef wayen nwan. Mi yeṭṭef adabu, ibeddel tikli-s: * Yerra-d asqamu aṛumani (Sénat) ɣer wemkan-is, yegdel tigiḍiwin mgal yemdanen n tsertit. * Ikkes '''tiwsiwin''' timeqranin ur nesɛi anamek-nsent deg tmetti. * Yebḍa aṭas n '''teɣbula'''/'''yimengiyen''' d idrimen ɣef yigellilen. Amyaru Suétone, di udlis-is, iweṣṣef-it s wawal-a yettwassnen: ''"Titus d lfeṛḥ d wul n talsa"''. === 3. Tizeɣnin d Twuɣa di Tallit-is === Tallit n Titus, ɣas wezilet, temlal-d d kraḍ n '''tezeɣnin''' timeqranin i d-yessutren anabaḍ iǧehden. Deg wakk tiwuɣa-ya, Titus yesken-d tabɣest d tegzi-ines, yerna ixelleṣ aṭas seg "lǧib-is" iwakken ad iɛiwen '''tiɣtas'''. {| class="wikitable" |'''Tawuɣa''' |'''Aseggas''' |'''Ayen yeḍran''' |'''Asseggem d Tallelt n Titus''' |- |'''Aṭerḍeq n Vésuve''' |79 S.Ɛ |Adrar n tmes (Vésuve) iṭerḍeq-d, yeṣfeḍ timdinin n Pompéi d Herculaneum seg udem n lqaɛa. |Yessers asqamu uzzig, yuzen aklan d tallelt i yimenɛawen, yefka tiyita n tedrimt iwulmen. |- |'''Timest di Ṛuma''' |80 S.Ɛ |Timest tameqrant tečča aṭas n yiɣerban, isulayen d tmezduɣin di temdint n Ṛuma, tuɣ 3 n wussan. |Yeṭṭef '''tasiḍent''' n wasaɣen, ifreq aqqaṛen d ufrux i yimezdaɣ yeqqimen bla axxam, yebda tulya n lebni. |- |'''Tawla tameqrant''' |80/81 S.Ɛ |Yiwet n tsakrart neɣ n waṭṭan yebda ileḥu deg tmenkda, yenɣa aṭas n lɣaci. |Yerfed arkawel n tezmert, yewwi-d imnadiyen ara yesferken tiwuɣa-agi di '''tallunt''' tazayezt. |} == 4. Aḥric n Lebni d Tẓuri == Titus isnerna di tmenkda s waṭas n leqdicat n lebni, ama i '''tnafutiwin''' tizuyaz neɣ i ucebbaḥ n temdint. * '''Anrar n Yiflavyanen (Akulusyum):''' I kemmel lbni n unrar-a ameqran (i yebda baba-s). D netta i t-id-yeldin deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ s tfaskiwin n yisalen d '''yisenɛaten''' meqren i d-yuɣen 100 n wussan gar ccḍeḥ, imennuɣen n igladyaturen, d ṣṣyada n yiɣersiwen. * '''Iḥemmamen n Titus:''' Yebna iḥemmamen n waman izuyaz ɣer tama n ''ukulusyum'', i yellan s ttawil '''ufrir''' i yal amazdaɣ deg Ṛuma. == 5. Tamettant d Tukkest == [[Tugna:Tito, fine I sec. dc..JPG|vignette|Asebdad n Titus s wudem aserdas.]] Deg ctember 81 S.Ɛ, Titus yemmut seg tawla tamcumt (ahat seg lmalarya) deg taddart n Aquae Cutiliae, anda yemmut baba-s yakan. Tamettant-is tella-d d asfel ameqran i ugdud yellan iḥemmel-it aṭas. Agraw aṛumani isali-t ɣer wemkan n yigucelen; yerra-t d '''agerram'''. Iṭṭef-d amkan-is gma-s amecṭuḥ, Dumisyan. Mgal Titus, tallit n Dumisyan tefka-d udem '''awahan''', imi yuɣal d aḥeqqar amesbaṭli mgal yiwudam n udabu, ayen i d-yesseknen ugar azal ameqran i d-yeǧǧa Titus di '''tukkest'''-is i tmenkda taṛumanit. 9iikg9xg6ks4xl312kaiouo6dga7spp 116864 116859 2026-07-21T15:50:47Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116864 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Titus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN3159.jpg|vignette|Titus]] '''Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Titus''', d amenkad aṛumani i d-yemmugren tallit n unbaḍ gar useggas 79 d 81 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). D netta i d amenkad wis sin n ugdez n Yiflavyanen, iṭṭef adabu seld lmut n baba-s, [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]]. Ɣas akken tallit n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant (sin n iseggasen d kra n wayyuren), Titus yewwi-d tisellat n yigelliden imeqranen, yerna yeǧǧa-d ccama lqayen deg umezruy aṛumani. == 1. Temẓi-s akked Tudert-is Taserdasit == Send(Qbel) ad yali ɣer wemkan n '''usɣim''' n tmenkda, Titus yedder tudert n userdas n usɣan, anda yesken-d tazmert-is. * '''Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut:''' Yedda d uqerru ameqran deg yiserdasen iṛumaniyen deg Bṛiṭanya (Britannia) akked Lalman (Germania), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n '''tirmitin''' meqren. Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut n Titus tella d lsas lqayen ɣef wacu i d-yebna tudert-is tasertant akked tserdasit i t-yessawḍen ɣer tqacuct n udabu aṛumani. Send(qbel) ad yuɣal d amenkad, yewwi-d ad yezger ɣef yiwet n utteki i d-yewwi ɣef yal ilemẓi aṛumani n tserkemt yattuyen: aqdec deg yigen ameqran. Titus yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult i d-ikecmen s amkan yelhan di Ṛuma, u asmi yella d ilemẓi, yesɛedda aṭas n wakud-is deg teɣremt umenkad akked Briṭanikus (Britannicus), mmi-s n umenkad Klud (Claude). Dinna yelmed tiẓuriwin, adiwennit, d tfesniwin n lɛesker. Di wakud n tlelli-s, yella yettnadi deg tmusniwin u yettzi aṭas ɣef yiɣerbazen iṛumaniyen akked yifakanen n Ṛuma iwakken ad yelmed ansayen n usɣan d tsertit n lejdud-is, ayen i as-d-yefkan tafrit lqayen ɣef wazal n tɣerma taṛumanit. Akken kan yewweḍ ɣer temẓi-s tameqrant, gar useggas 57 d 59 S.Ɛ, yekcem s udem unṣib ɣer tlufa n yigen. Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Lalman (Germania) s yisem n umɣar aserdas (tribunus militum). Tasga-ya n ugafa tella tettwassen s unezwu-ines aqseḥan akked yimihiyen-is yeffren, imi iserdasen irumaniyen llan ttidiren deg yigruren d imeqranen, tqabalen tigzamin d unṭag n yidrumen iberraniyen yellan mgal n tmenkda. Deg wasatal-a n twaɣit d lḥerṣ, Titus yelmed amek i d-yettili unbaḍ, amek ttarran iserdasen d tigrawin yedduklen, u yessenher iserdasen-is s tabɣest d tiḥerci. Ayen i t-yerran ifaz-d d tazmert-is tabeddanit; yella d amdan iṣeḥḥan, yessen ad iseqdec uzzal, u yettarra ddehn-is ɣer yal asɣel d wulɣu n yimdanen-is. Ur yelli ara d aqerruy yettaggin ad yexleḍ gar yiserdasen neɣ ad yebɛed fell-asen, maca yella d argaz n urmas akked tnekkit, ayen i as-d-yewwin leqder ameqran gar yiserdasen iweɛṛen n Lalman. Seld tirmit-is deg ugafa, Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Briṭanya (Britannia) gar useggas 59 d 61 S.Ɛ, iwakken ad ikemmel tamazant-is taserdasit. Di tallit-nni, Briṭanya tella d tasga tamaynut i d-yettwakksen s dderɛ seld anekcum n umenkad Klud, akal-is d ameqran u anmeggag-is ɣef Ṛuma yeǧǧa-tt d amkan anda azbu n yimezdaɣ yezga yettnerni. Di tmurt-a, Titus yarna ibeyyen-d aswir-is yeflalin deg tsuddest taserdasit. Yeqdec akken iwata mgal n tegrawliwin timecṭaḥ, issebded tafada n laman deg kra n temnaḍin iweɛṛen, yerna isken-d actal-is deg usezri n tilufa s wudem uzzig. Amyaru aṛumani Suétone (Suetonius), mi d-yura ɣef tmeddurt n yigelliden deg udlis-is, isebder-d belli Titus yeǧǧa-d ccan d ameqran u yella d amatar ufrir gar yimdanen n Lalman d Briṭanya. Tisellat-is tugar tilisa n yigruren iserdasen armi uɣalen yiserdasen d yimezdaɣ n temnaḍin-a bnan-as aṭas n tsereɣtin d yizmulen n usmekti iwakken ad ǧǧen isem-is deg tkatut u ad sseḥbibren ɣef ccfawa n tezmart-is. Ayen i d-yewwi Titus seg yiseggasen-a imezwura n tserdast mačči kan d asileɣ d taɣda tastratijit, maca d tussna lqayen n tmeddurt n yiserdasen d uɣan-nsen aɣelnaw. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma di taggara n tmazant-is, Titus yewwi-d yid-s agerdas n tissas d "lḥeqq deg wawal", ayen i as-yeldin tiwwura n tsertit. Dinna i yeṭṭef amkan n uqestur (anedbal aṛumani), yebda-d tikli-s di tedbelt taṛumanit. Tirmit-a tamezwarut deg Lalman d Briṭanya tella d taḍullit iwakken ad iḥeggi abrid-is, u ad yuɣal d amgi agejdan deg tmenkda aṛumanit, ladɣa asmi i d-yemlal d umgaru ameqran n Udayen s ljehd d tiḥerci i d-ijmeɛ seg yiḍan isemmaḍen n umalu. * '''Amgaru n Udayen:''' Deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ, iwet mgal wid i d-yebdan '''azbu''' di tmurt n Udayen. Mi yuɣal baba-s d amenkad deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, Titus iṭṭef-d asenbeḍ n uselwi n tserdast deg ugmuḍ(ccerq). Deg useggas 66 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n wazbu ameqran di tmurt n Udayen (Judée) mgal unbaḍ aṛumani. Iwakken ad isseḥbes tegrawla-ya u ad yerr talwit ɣer temnaḍt-a n ugmuḍ(ccerq), amenkad [[Niru]](Néron) iceggeɛ-d aserdas ufrir Vespasian (Vespasien) deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ. Di tuɣdaḍt-a, Titus yedda d baba-s am uqerruy ɣef tegrumma tis 15 (Legio XV Apollinaris). Tirmit-a tella d tagnit i d-yessufɣen Titus seg weksum n ulemẓi anelmad ɣer wudem n userdas aḥerri i gzemmen tilufa ticuqanin. Deg yiseggasen imezwura n umgaru, isken-d tamuɣlii lqayen d tebɣest deg waṭas n yimenɣiyen deg temnaḍt n Jilil (Galilée), anda issezdi taḥerci taserdasit akked tsertit n tsedmirt mgal n yiqerra n wazbu.[[Tugna:The Arch of Titus, Upper Via Sacra, Rome (31605340150).jpg|vignette|Taganza n Titus di Ṛuma, zdat n unmager.]]Tagnit tembeddal aṭas deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, asmi i d-teḍra tezɣent tasertant deg Ṛuma i wumi qqaren "Aseggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden". Seld lmut n [[Niru]] d ccwal ameqran i d-itebɛen di tmenkda, iserdasen n ugmaḍ fkan tiɣri sbedden Vespasian d amenkad amaynut. Mi yewwi abrid-is ɣer Ṛuma iwakken ad yeṭṭef asɣim s wudem unṣib, Vespasian yeǧǧa taɣtest akked tuɣdaḍt n usefrak n umgaru ger yifassen n mmi-s, Titus. Ɣas akken yella meẓẓi di leɛmer (qrib 30 n yiseggasen), Titus yerfed aɣan-a ameqran s wuzzal. Issebded anagraw aserdas iǧehden, yerna issemlal ugar n 60,000 n yiserdasen irumaniyen (gar tegrummiwin d yimendiden) iwakken ad iqabel tamdint n Uṛcalim (Jérusalem), i yellan d ul n tsertit d usɣan n yigrawliwen. Anekcum d usutel n temdint n Uṛcalim deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimukan iqesḥanen akk deg umezruy aserdas aṛumani. Titus isseḥbes yal abrid n taywalt neɣ n tukci n wucci ɣef temdint, ayen i d-yewwin laẓ, tussaft d twuɣa timeqranin ɣef yimezdaɣ-is. Seld aṭas n wayyuren n usutel, d yimenɣiyen qeṣḥanen s daxel n yiberdan, iserdasen irumaniyen ssawḍen ad rẓen iɣerban n temdint. Taggara n temhelt-a teffeɣ-d s tiyita n rreḥba: iserdasen sseɣlin u sseṛɣen '''Afakan wis Sin''', i yellan d amkan ufrir u yettwaqedsen akk deg umaḍal ɣer udayen. Ɣas akken kra n yimnadiyen n umezruy ttinin belli Titus ur yebɣi ara ad isseṛɣ '''afakan'''-a s timmad-is, maca ccwal n yimenɣi d wurfan n yiserdasen ssawḍen ɣer nnger n tmeṣkiwt-a n usɣan ameqran. '''Anekcum ɣer Uṛcalim:''' Deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, Titus yesutel tamdint n Uṛcalim. '''Tamhelt-a''' tessuli s usedrem n ufakan wis Sin d tmenɣiwt n waṭas n yimdanen. Ɣer yiṛumaniyen, aya yella d '''asenɛet''' n tezmart-nsen akked '''tmanegt'''; ma ɣer umezruy n udayen, yettwaḥseb d '''tanɣaɣreft''' tameqrant. Iwakken ad d-mektin aya, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma, i d-yemmalen ayen id-wwin d agerruj seg Uṛcalim. == 2. Anekcum ɣer Udabu d Tsertit == Mi yemmut [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]] deg useggas 79 S.Ɛ, Titus igzem-itt di rray ad yuɣal d amenkad. Deg tazwara, agdud aṛumani yekcem-it tugdi. Imdanen llan ttagaden ahat ad yuɣal d aḥeqqar neɣ d '''iniɣi''' (criminel) am [[Niru]], ɣef ljal n tiqesḥi-s asmi yella d aserdas, d wassaɣ-is n tayri akked tgellidt Bérénice (i d-yekkan seg Ccerq, ayen ur nqebbel ara wansay aṛumani). Maca, '''tasedmirt''' n Titus temgarad akk ɣef wayen nwan. Mi yeṭṭef adabu, ibeddel tikli-s: * Yerra-d asqamu aṛumani (Sénat) ɣer wemkan-is, yegdel tigiḍiwin mgal yemdanen n tsertit. * Ikkes '''tiwsiwin''' timeqranin ur nesɛi anamek-nsent deg tmetti. * Yebḍa aṭas n '''teɣbula'''/'''yimengiyen''' d idrimen ɣef yigellilen. Amyaru Suétone, di udlis-is, iweṣṣef-it s wawal-a yettwassnen: ''"Titus d lfeṛḥ d wul n talsa"''. === 3. Tizeɣnin d Twuɣa di Tallit-is === Tallit n Titus, ɣas wezilet, temlal-d d kraḍ n '''tezeɣnin''' timeqranin i d-yessutren anabaḍ iǧehden. Deg wakk tiwuɣa-ya, Titus yesken-d tabɣest d tegzi-ines, yerna ixelleṣ aṭas seg "lǧib-is" iwakken ad iɛiwen '''tiɣtas'''. {| class="wikitable" |'''Tawuɣa''' |'''Aseggas''' |'''Ayen yeḍran''' |'''Asseggem d Tallelt n Titus''' |- |'''Aṭerḍeq n Vésuve''' |79 S.Ɛ |Adrar n tmes (Vésuve) iṭerḍeq-d, yeṣfeḍ timdinin n Pompéi d Herculaneum seg udem n lqaɛa. |Yessers asqamu uzzig, yuzen aklan d tallelt i yimenɛawen, yefka tiyita n tedrimt iwulmen. |- |'''Timest di Ṛuma''' |80 S.Ɛ |Timest tameqrant tečča aṭas n yiɣerban, isulayen d tmezduɣin di temdint n Ṛuma, tuɣ 3 n wussan. |Yeṭṭef '''tasiḍent''' n wasaɣen, ifreq aqqaṛen d ufrux i yimezdaɣ yeqqimen bla axxam, yebda tulya n lebni. |- |'''Tawla tameqrant''' |80/81 S.Ɛ |Yiwet n tsakrart neɣ n waṭṭan yebda ileḥu deg tmenkda, yenɣa aṭas n lɣaci. |Yerfed arkawel n tezmert, yewwi-d imnadiyen ara yesferken tiwuɣa-agi di '''tallunt''' tazayezt. |} == 4. Aḥric n Lebni d Tẓuri == Titus isnerna di tmenkda s waṭas n leqdicat n lebni, ama i '''tnafutiwin''' tizuyaz neɣ i ucebbaḥ n temdint. * '''Anrar n Yiflavyanen (Akulusyum):''' I kemmel lbni n unrar-a ameqran (i yebda baba-s). D netta i t-id-yeldin deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ s tfaskiwin n yisalen d '''yisenɛaten''' meqren i d-yuɣen 100 n wussan gar ccḍeḥ, imennuɣen n igladyaturen, d ṣṣyada n yiɣersiwen. * '''Iḥemmamen n Titus:''' Yebna iḥemmamen n waman izuyaz ɣer tama n ''ukulusyum'', i yellan s ttawil '''ufrir''' i yal amazdaɣ deg Ṛuma. == 5. Tamettant d Tukkest == [[Tugna:Tito, fine I sec. dc..JPG|vignette|Asebdad n Titus s wudem aserdas.]] Deg ctember 81 S.Ɛ, Titus yemmut seg tawla tamcumt (ahat seg lmalarya) deg taddart n Aquae Cutiliae, anda yemmut baba-s yakan. Tamettant-is tella-d d asfel ameqran i ugdud yellan iḥemmel-it aṭas. Agraw aṛumani isali-t ɣer wemkan n yigucelen; yerra-t d '''agerram'''. Iṭṭef-d amkan-is gma-s amecṭuḥ, Dumisyan. Mgal Titus, tallit n Dumisyan tefka-d udem '''awahan''', imi yuɣal d aḥeqqar amesbaṭli mgal yiwudam n udabu, ayen i d-yesseknen ugar azal ameqran i d-yeǧǧa Titus di '''tukkest'''-is i tmenkda taṛumanit. ibtrp0sn308zxj236he9m61z9zny3cd 116865 116864 2026-07-21T15:52:11Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116865 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Titus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN3159.jpg|vignette|Titus]] '''Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Titus''', d amenkad aṛumani i d-yemmugren tallit n unbaḍ gar useggas 79 d 81 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). D netta i d amenkad wis sin n ugdez n Yiflavyanen, iṭṭef adabu seld lmut n baba-s, [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]]. Ɣas akken tallit n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant (sin n iseggasen d kra n wayyuren), Titus yewwi-d tisellat n yigelliden imeqranen, yerna yeǧǧa-d ccama lqayen deg umezruy aṛumani. == 1. Temẓi-s akked Tudert-is Taserdasit == Send(Qbel) ad yali ɣer wemkan n '''usɣim''' n tmenkda, Titus yedder tudert n userdas n usɣan, anda yesken-d tazmert-is. * '''Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut:''' Yedda d uqerru ameqran deg yiserdasen iṛumaniyen deg Bṛiṭanya (Britannia) akked Lalman (Germania), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n '''tirmitin''' meqren. Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut n Titus tella d lsas lqayen ɣef wacu i d-yebna tudert-is tasertant akked tserdasit i t-yessawḍen ɣer tqacuct n udabu aṛumani. Send(qbel) ad yuɣal d amenkad, yewwi-d ad yezger ɣef yiwet n utteki i d-yewwi ɣef yal ilemẓi aṛumani n tserkemt yattuyen: aqdec deg yigen ameqran. Titus yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult i d-ikecmen s amkan yelhan di Ṛuma, u asmi yella d ilemẓi, yesɛedda aṭas n wakud-is deg teɣremt umenkad akked Briṭanikus (Britannicus), mmi-s n umenkad Klud (Claude). Dinna yelmed tiẓuriwin, adiwennit, d tfesniwin n lɛesker. Di wakud n tlelli-s, yella yettnadi deg tmusniwin u yettzi aṭas ɣef yiɣerbazen iṛumaniyen akked yifakanen n Ṛuma iwakken ad yelmed ansayen n usɣan d tsertit n lejdud-is, ayen i as-d-yefkan tafrit lqayen ɣef wazal n tɣerma taṛumanit. Akken kan yewweḍ ɣer temẓi-s tameqrant, gar useggas 57 d 59 S.Ɛ, yekcem s udem unṣib ɣer tlufa n yigen. Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Lalman (Germania) s yisem n umɣar aserdas (tribunus militum). Tasga-ya n ugafa tella tettwassen s unezwu-ines aqseḥan akked yimihiyen-is yeffren, imi iserdasen irumaniyen llan ttidiren deg yigruren d imeqranen, tqabalen tigzamin d unṭag n yidrumen iberraniyen yellan mgal n tmenkda. Deg wasatal-a n twaɣit d lḥerṣ, Titus yelmed amek i d-yettili unbaḍ, amek ttarran iserdasen d tigrawin yedduklen, u yessenher iserdasen-is s tabɣest d tiḥerci. Ayen i t-yerran ifaz-d d tazmert-is tabeddanit; yella d amdan iṣeḥḥan, yessen ad iseqdec uzzal, u yettarra ddehn-is ɣer yal asɣel d wulɣu n yimdanen-is. Ur yelli ara d aqerruy yettaggin ad yexleḍ gar yiserdasen neɣ ad yebɛed fell-asen, maca yella d argaz n urmas akked tnekkit, ayen i as-d-yewwin leqder ameqran gar yiserdasen iweɛṛen n Lalman. Seld tirmit-is deg ugafa, Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Briṭanya (Britannia) gar useggas 59 d 61 S.Ɛ, iwakken ad ikemmel tamazant-is taserdasit. Di tallit-nni, Briṭanya tella d tasga tamaynut i d-yettwakksen s dderɛ seld anekcum n umenkad Klud, akal-is d ameqran u anmeggag-is ɣef Ṛuma yeǧǧa-tt d amkan anda azbu n yimezdaɣ yezga yettnerni. Di tmurt-a, Titus yarna ibeyyen-d aswir-is yeflalin deg tsuddest taserdasit. Yeqdec akken iwata mgal n tegrawliwin timecṭaḥ, issebded tafada n laman deg kra n temnaḍin iweɛṛen, yerna isken-d actal-is deg usezri n tilufa s wudem uzzig. Amyaru aṛumani Suétone (Suetonius), mi d-yura ɣef tmeddurt n yigelliden deg udlis-is, isebder-d belli Titus yeǧǧa-d ccan d ameqran u yella d amatar ufrir gar yimdanen n Lalman d Briṭanya. Tisellat-is tugar tilisa n yigruren iserdasen armi uɣalen yiserdasen d yimezdaɣ n temnaḍin-a bnan-as aṭas n tsereɣtin d yizmulen n usmekti iwakken ad ǧǧen isem-is deg tkatut u ad sseḥbibren ɣef ccfawa n tezmart-is. Ayen i d-yewwi Titus seg yiseggasen-a imezwura n tserdast mačči kan d asileɣ d taɣda tastratijit, maca d tussna lqayen n tmeddurt n yiserdasen d uɣan-nsen aɣelnaw. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma di taggara n tmazant-is, Titus yewwi-d yid-s agerdas n tissas d "lḥeqq deg wawal", ayen i as-yeldin tiwwura n tsertit. Dinna i yeṭṭef amkan n uqestur (anedbal aṛumani), yebda-d tikli-s di tedbelt taṛumanit. Tirmit-a tamezwarut deg Lalman d Briṭanya tella d taḍullit iwakken ad iḥeggi abrid-is, u ad yuɣal d amgi agejdan deg tmenkda aṛumanit, ladɣa asmi i d-yemlal d umgaru ameqran n Udayen s ljehd d tiḥerci i d-ijmeɛ seg yiḍan isemmaḍen n umalu. * '''Amgaru n Udayen:''' Deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ, iwet mgal wid i d-yebdan '''azbu''' di tmurt n Udayen. Mi yuɣal baba-s d amenkad deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, Titus iṭṭef-d asenbeḍ n uselwi n tserdast deg ugmuḍ(ccerq). Deg useggas 66 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n wazbu ameqran di tmurt n Udayen (Judée) mgal unbaḍ aṛumani. Iwakken ad isseḥbes tegrawla-ya u ad yerr talwit ɣer temnaḍt-a n ugmuḍ(ccerq), amenkad [[Niru]](Néron) iceggeɛ-d aserdas ufrir Vespasian (Vespasien) deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ. Di tuɣdaḍt-a, Titus yedda d baba-s am uqerruy ɣef tegrumma tis 15 (Legio XV Apollinaris). Tirmit-a tella d tagnit i d-yessufɣen Titus seg weksum n ulemẓi anelmad ɣer wudem n userdas aḥerri i gzemmen tilufa ticuqanin. Deg yiseggasen imezwura n umgaru, isken-d tamuɣlii lqayen d tebɣest deg waṭas n yimenɣiyen deg temnaḍt n Jilil (Galilée), anda issezdi taḥerci taserdasit akked tsertit n tsedmirt mgal n yiqerra n wazbu.[[Tugna:Tito, fine I sec. dc..JPG|vignette|Asebdad n Titus s wudem aserdas.]][[Tugna:The Arch of Titus, Upper Via Sacra, Rome (31605340150).jpg|vignette|Taganza n Titus di Ṛuma, zdat n unmager.]]Tagnit tembeddal aṭas deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, asmi i d-teḍra tezɣent tasertant deg Ṛuma i wumi qqaren "Aseggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden". Seld lmut n [[Niru]] d ccwal ameqran i d-itebɛen di tmenkda, iserdasen n ugmaḍ fkan tiɣri sbedden Vespasian d amenkad amaynut. Mi yewwi abrid-is ɣer Ṛuma iwakken ad yeṭṭef asɣim s wudem unṣib, Vespasian yeǧǧa taɣtest akked tuɣdaḍt n usefrak n umgaru ger yifassen n mmi-s, Titus. Ɣas akken yella meẓẓi di leɛmer (qrib 30 n yiseggasen), Titus yerfed aɣan-a ameqran s wuzzal. Issebded anagraw aserdas iǧehden, yerna issemlal ugar n 60,000 n yiserdasen irumaniyen (gar tegrummiwin d yimendiden) iwakken ad iqabel tamdint n Uṛcalim (Jérusalem), i yellan d ul n tsertit d usɣan n yigrawliwen. Anekcum d usutel n temdint n Uṛcalim deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimukan iqesḥanen akk deg umezruy aserdas aṛumani. Titus isseḥbes yal abrid n taywalt neɣ n tukci n wucci ɣef temdint, ayen i d-yewwin laẓ, tussaft d twuɣa timeqranin ɣef yimezdaɣ-is. Seld aṭas n wayyuren n usutel, d yimenɣiyen qeṣḥanen s daxel n yiberdan, iserdasen irumaniyen ssawḍen ad rẓen iɣerban n temdint. Taggara n temhelt-a teffeɣ-d s tiyita n rreḥba: iserdasen sseɣlin u sseṛɣen '''Afakan wis Sin''', i yellan d amkan ufrir u yettwaqedsen akk deg umaḍal ɣer udayen. Ɣas akken kra n yimnadiyen n umezruy ttinin belli Titus ur yebɣi ara ad isseṛɣ '''afakan'''-a s timmad-is, maca ccwal n yimenɣi d wurfan n yiserdasen ssawḍen ɣer nnger n tmeṣkiwt-a n usɣan ameqran. '''Anekcum ɣer Uṛcalim:''' Deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, Titus yesutel tamdint n Uṛcalim. '''Tamhelt-a''' tessuli s usedrem n ufakan wis Sin d tmenɣiwt n waṭas n yimdanen. Ɣer yiṛumaniyen, aya yella d '''asenɛet''' n tezmart-nsen akked '''tmanegt'''; ma ɣer umezruy n udayen, yettwaḥseb d '''tanɣaɣreft''' tameqrant. Iwakken ad d-mektin aya, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma, i d-yemmalen ayen id-wwin d agerruj seg Uṛcalim. == 2. Anekcum ɣer Udabu d Tsertit == Mi yemmut [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]] deg useggas 79 S.Ɛ, Titus igzem-itt di rray ad yuɣal d amenkad. Deg tazwara, agdud aṛumani yekcem-it tugdi. Imdanen llan ttagaden ahat ad yuɣal d aḥeqqar neɣ d '''iniɣi''' (criminel) am [[Niru]], ɣef ljal n tiqesḥi-s asmi yella d aserdas, d wassaɣ-is n tayri akked tgellidt Bérénice (i d-yekkan seg Ccerq, ayen ur nqebbel ara wansay aṛumani). Maca, '''tasedmirt''' n Titus temgarad akk ɣef wayen nwan. Mi yeṭṭef adabu, ibeddel tikli-s: * Yerra-d asqamu aṛumani (Sénat) ɣer wemkan-is, yegdel tigiḍiwin mgal yemdanen n tsertit. * Ikkes '''tiwsiwin''' timeqranin ur nesɛi anamek-nsent deg tmetti. * Yebḍa aṭas n '''teɣbula'''/'''yimengiyen''' d idrimen ɣef yigellilen. Amyaru Suétone, di udlis-is, iweṣṣef-it s wawal-a yettwassnen: ''"Titus d lfeṛḥ d wul n talsa"''. === 3. Tizeɣnin d Twuɣa di Tallit-is === Tallit n Titus, ɣas wezilet, temlal-d d kraḍ n '''tezeɣnin''' timeqranin i d-yessutren anabaḍ iǧehden. Deg wakk tiwuɣa-ya, Titus yesken-d tabɣest d tegzi-ines, yerna ixelleṣ aṭas seg "lǧib-is" iwakken ad iɛiwen '''tiɣtas'''. {| class="wikitable" |'''Tawuɣa''' |'''Aseggas''' |'''Ayen yeḍran''' |'''Asseggem d Tallelt n Titus''' |- |'''Aṭerḍeq n Vésuve''' |79 S.Ɛ |Adrar n tmes (Vésuve) iṭerḍeq-d, yeṣfeḍ timdinin n Pompéi d Herculaneum seg udem n lqaɛa. |Yessers asqamu uzzig, yuzen aklan d tallelt i yimenɛawen, yefka tiyita n tedrimt iwulmen. |- |'''Timest di Ṛuma''' |80 S.Ɛ |Timest tameqrant tečča aṭas n yiɣerban, isulayen d tmezduɣin di temdint n Ṛuma, tuɣ 3 n wussan. |Yeṭṭef '''tasiḍent''' n wasaɣen, ifreq aqqaṛen d ufrux i yimezdaɣ yeqqimen bla axxam, yebda tulya n lebni. |- |'''Tawla tameqrant''' |80/81 S.Ɛ |Yiwet n tsakrart neɣ n waṭṭan yebda ileḥu deg tmenkda, yenɣa aṭas n lɣaci. |Yerfed arkawel n tezmert, yewwi-d imnadiyen ara yesferken tiwuɣa-agi di '''tallunt''' tazayezt. |} == 4. Aḥric n Lebni d Tẓuri == Titus isnerna di tmenkda s waṭas n leqdicat n lebni, ama i '''tnafutiwin''' tizuyaz neɣ i ucebbaḥ n temdint. * '''Anrar n Yiflavyanen (Akulusyum):''' I kemmel lbni n unrar-a ameqran (i yebda baba-s). D netta i t-id-yeldin deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ s tfaskiwin n yisalen d '''yisenɛaten''' meqren i d-yuɣen 100 n wussan gar ccḍeḥ, imennuɣen n igladyaturen, d ṣṣyada n yiɣersiwen. * '''Iḥemmamen n Titus:''' Yebna iḥemmamen n waman izuyaz ɣer tama n ''ukulusyum'', i yellan s ttawil '''ufrir''' i yal amazdaɣ deg Ṛuma. == 5. Tamettant d Tukkest == Deg ctember 81 S.Ɛ, Titus yemmut seg tawla tamcumt (ahat seg lmalarya) deg taddart n Aquae Cutiliae, anda yemmut baba-s yakan. Tamettant-is tella-d d asfel ameqran i ugdud yellan iḥemmel-it aṭas. Agraw aṛumani isali-t ɣer wemkan n yigucelen; yerra-t d '''agerram'''. Iṭṭef-d amkan-is gma-s amecṭuḥ, Dumisyan. Mgal Titus, tallit n Dumisyan tefka-d udem '''awahan''', imi yuɣal d aḥeqqar amesbaṭli mgal yiwudam n udabu, ayen i d-yesseknen ugar azal ameqran i d-yeǧǧa Titus di '''tukkest'''-is i tmenkda taṛumanit. 83ggs0v2i8pyw3fi9j1lifvfo9x41iz 116866 116865 2026-07-21T21:10:03Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116866 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Titus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN3159.jpg|vignette|Titus]] '''Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Titus''', d amenkad aṛumani i d-yemmugren tallit n unbaḍ gar useggas 79 d 81 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). D netta i d amenkad wis sin n ugdez n Yiflavyanen, iṭṭef adabu seld lmut n baba-s, [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]]. Ɣas akken tallit n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant (sin n iseggasen d kra n wayyuren), Titus yewwi-d tisellat n yigelliden imeqranen, yerna yeǧǧa-d ccama lqayen deg umezruy aṛumani. == 1. Temẓi-s akked Tudert-is Taserdasit == Send(Qbel) ad yali ɣer wemkan n '''usɣim''' n tmenkda, Titus yedder tudert n userdas n usɣan, anda yesken-d tazmert-is. * '''Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut:''' Yedda d uqerru ameqran deg yiserdasen iṛumaniyen deg Bṛiṭanya (Britannia) akked Lalman (Germania), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n '''tirmitin''' meqren. Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut n Titus tella d lsas lqayen ɣef wacu i d-yebna tudert-is tasertant akked tserdasit i t-yessawḍen ɣer tqacuct n udabu aṛumani. Send(qbel) ad yuɣal d amenkad, yewwi-d ad yezger ɣef yiwet n utteki i d-yewwi ɣef yal ilemẓi aṛumani n tserkemt yattuyen: aqdec deg yigen ameqran. Titus yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult i d-ikecmen s amkan yelhan di Ṛuma, u asmi yella d ilemẓi, yesɛedda aṭas n wakud-is deg teɣremt umenkad akked Briṭanikus (Britannicus), mmi-s n umenkad Klud (Claude). Dinna yelmed tiẓuriwin, adiwennit, d tfesniwin n lɛesker. Di wakud n tlelli-s, yella yettnadi deg tmusniwin u yettzi aṭas ɣef yiɣerbazen iṛumaniyen akked yifakanen n Ṛuma iwakken ad yelmed ansayen n usɣan d tsertit n lejdud-is, ayen i as-d-yefkan tafrit lqayen ɣef wazal n tɣerma taṛumanit. Akken kan yewweḍ ɣer temẓi-s tameqrant, gar useggas 57 d 59 S.Ɛ, yekcem s udem unṣib ɣer tlufa n yigen. Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Lalman (Germania) s yisem n umɣar aserdas (tribunus militum). Tasga-ya n ugafa tella tettwassen s unezwu-ines aqseḥan akked yimihiyen-is yeffren, imi iserdasen irumaniyen llan ttidiren deg yigruren d imeqranen, tqabalen tigzamin d unṭag n yidrumen iberraniyen yellan mgal n tmenkda. Deg wasatal-a n twaɣit d lḥerṣ, Titus yelmed amek i d-yettili unbaḍ, amek ttarran iserdasen d tigrawin yedduklen, u yessenher iserdasen-is s tabɣest d tiḥerci. Ayen i t-yerran ifaz-d d tazmert-is tabeddanit; yella d amdan iṣeḥḥan, yessen ad iseqdec uzzal, u yettarra ddehn-is ɣer yal asɣel d wulɣu n yimdanen-is. Ur yelli ara d aqerruy yettaggin ad yexleḍ gar yiserdasen neɣ ad yebɛed fell-asen, maca yella d argaz n urmas akked tnekkit, ayen i as-d-yewwin leqder ameqran gar yiserdasen iweɛṛen n Lalman. Seld tirmit-is deg ugafa, Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Briṭanya (Britannia) gar useggas 59 d 61 S.Ɛ, iwakken ad ikemmel tamazant-is taserdasit. Di tallit-nni, Briṭanya tella d tasga tamaynut i d-yettwakksen s dderɛ seld anekcum n umenkad Klud, akal-is d ameqran u anmeggag-is ɣef Ṛuma yeǧǧa-tt d amkan anda azbu n yimezdaɣ yezga yettnerni. Di tmurt-a, Titus yarna ibeyyen-d aswir-is yeflalin deg tsuddest taserdasit. Yeqdec akken iwata mgal n tegrawliwin timecṭaḥ, issebded tafada n laman deg kra n temnaḍin iweɛṛen, yerna isken-d actal-is deg usezri n tilufa s wudem uzzig. Amyaru aṛumani Suétone (Suetonius), mi d-yura ɣef tmeddurt n yigelliden deg udlis-is, isebder-d belli Titus yeǧǧa-d ccan d ameqran u yella d amatar ufrir gar yimdanen n Lalman d Briṭanya. Tisellat-is tugar tilisa n yigruren iserdasen armi uɣalen yiserdasen d yimezdaɣ n temnaḍin-a bnan-as aṭas n tsereɣtin d yizmulen n usmekti iwakken ad ǧǧen isem-is deg tkatut u ad sseḥbibren ɣef ccfawa n tezmart-is. Ayen i d-yewwi Titus seg yiseggasen-a imezwura n tserdast mačči kan d asileɣ d taɣda tastratijit, maca d tussna lqayen n tmeddurt n yiserdasen d uɣan-nsen aɣelnaw. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma di taggara n tmazant-is, Titus yewwi-d yid-s agerdas n tissas d "lḥeqq deg wawal", ayen i as-yeldin tiwwura n tsertit. Dinna i yeṭṭef amkan n uqestur (anedbal aṛumani), yebda-d tikli-s di tedbelt taṛumanit. Tirmit-a tamezwarut deg Lalman d Briṭanya tella d taḍullit iwakken ad iḥeggi abrid-is, u ad yuɣal d amgi agejdan deg tmenkda aṛumanit, ladɣa asmi i d-yemlal d umgaru ameqran n Udayen s ljehd d tiḥerci i d-ijmeɛ seg yiḍan isemmaḍen n umalu. * '''Amgaru n Udayen:''' Deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ, iwet mgal wid i d-yebdan '''azbu''' di tmurt n Udayen. Mi yuɣal baba-s d amenkad deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, Titus iṭṭef-d asenbeḍ n uselwi n tserdast deg ugmuḍ(ccerq). Deg useggas 66 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n wazbu ameqran di tmurt n Udayen (Judée) mgal unbaḍ aṛumani. Iwakken ad isseḥbes tegrawla-ya u ad yerr talwit ɣer temnaḍt-a n ugmuḍ(ccerq), amenkad [[Niru]](Néron) iceggeɛ-d aserdas ufrir Vespasian (Vespasien) deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ. Di tuɣdaḍt-a, Titus yedda d baba-s am uqerruy ɣef tegrumma tis 15 (Legio XV Apollinaris). Tirmit-a tella d tagnit i d-yessufɣen Titus seg weksum n ulemẓi anelmad ɣer wudem n userdas aḥerri i gzemmen tilufa ticuqanin. Deg yiseggasen imezwura n umgaru, isken-d tamuɣlii lqayen d tebɣest deg waṭas n yimenɣiyen deg temnaḍt n Jilil (Galilée), anda issezdi taḥerci taserdasit akked tsertit n tsedmirt mgal n yiqerra n wazbu.[[Tugna:Tito, fine I sec. dc..JPG|vignette|Asebdad n Titus s wudem aserdas.]][[Tugna:The Arch of Titus, Upper Via Sacra, Rome (31605340150).jpg|vignette|Taganza n Titus di Ṛuma, zdat n unmager.]]Tagnit tembeddal aṭas deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, asmi i d-teḍra tezɣent tasertant deg Ṛuma i wumi qqaren "Aseggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden". Seld lmut n [[Niru]] d ccwal ameqran i d-itebɛen di tmenkda, iserdasen n ugmaḍ fkan tiɣri sbedden Vespasian d amenkad amaynut. Mi yewwi abrid-is ɣer Ṛuma iwakken ad yeṭṭef asɣim s wudem unṣib, Vespasian yeǧǧa taɣtest akked tuɣdaḍt n usefrak n umgaru ger yifassen n mmi-s, Titus. Ɣas akken yella meẓẓi di leɛmer (qrib 30 n yiseggasen), Titus yerfed aɣan-a ameqran s wuzzal. Issebded anagraw aserdas iǧehden, yerna issemlal ugar n 60,000 n yiserdasen irumaniyen (gar tegrummiwin d yimendiden) iwakken ad iqabel tamdint n Uṛcalim (Jérusalem), i yellan d ul n tsertit d usɣan n yigrawliwen. Anekcum d usutel n temdint n Uṛcalim deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimukan iqesḥanen akk deg umezruy aserdas aṛumani. Titus isseḥbes yal abrid n taywalt neɣ n tukci n wucci ɣef temdint, ayen i d-yewwin laẓ, tussaft d twuɣa timeqranin ɣef yimezdaɣ-is. Seld aṭas n wayyuren n usutel, d yimenɣiyen qeṣḥanen s daxel n yiberdan, iserdasen irumaniyen ssawḍen ad rẓen iɣerban n temdint. Taggara n temhelt-a teffeɣ-d s tiyita n rreḥba: iserdasen sseɣlin u sseṛɣen '''Afakan wis Sin''', i yellan d amkan ufrir u yettwaqedsen akk deg umaḍal ɣer udayen. Ɣas akken kra n yimnadiyen n umezruy ttinin belli Titus ur yebɣi ara ad isseṛɣ '''afakan'''-a s timmad-is, maca ccwal n yimenɣi d wurfan n yiserdasen ssawḍen ɣer nnger n tmeṣkiwt-a n usɣan ameqran. Taggara n umgaru-ya tefka-d tiɣtas ur nettwaḥsab; aṭas n yimdanen i yemmuten s tmenɣiwt neɣ s laẓ, ma d wid yemenɛen uɣalen d aklan, ttuzenzen deg leswaq n tmenkda taṛumanit. Ɣer yirumaniyen, ayen i d-yewwi Titus yella d tamanegt tasemlalt i d-issebganen tanezmart n tmenkda-nsen mgal yal aɣewwiɣ. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, agdud akked ugraw aṛumani snemmren-t s tfaska n rrbeḥ tameqrant (Allak). Di tfaska-ya, ssekcen-d gar yiberdan tiɣawsiwin d yigerrujen n wureɣ i d-wwin seg '''ufakan''' n Uṛcalim, am tmennart n ṣa n yifuṛka (Menorah). Iwakken ad ǧǧen tigawt-a di tkatut n yimdanen d tsutwin i d-iteddun, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma. Aɣrab-a d azamul yellan ar ass-a, d amatar agejdan ɣef temhelt-a d tezrirt-is lqayen i d-yeǧǧan ccama deg tmeddurt n Titus akked umezruy n talsa s umata. '''Anekcum ɣer Uṛcalim:''' Deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, Titus yesutel tamdint n Uṛcalim. '''Tamhelt-a''' tessuli s usedrem n ufakan wis Sin d tmenɣiwt n waṭas n yimdanen. Ɣer yiṛumaniyen, aya yella d '''asenɛet''' n tezmart-nsen akked '''tmanegt'''; ma ɣer umezruy n udayen, yettwaḥseb d '''tanɣaɣreft''' tameqrant. Iwakken ad d-mektin aya, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma, i d-yemmalen ayen id-wwin d agerruj seg Uṛcalim. == 2. Anekcum ɣer Udabu d Tsertit == Mi yemmut [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]] deg useggas 79 S.Ɛ, Titus igzem-itt di rray ad yuɣal d amenkad. Deg tazwara, agdud aṛumani yekcem-it tugdi. Imdanen llan ttagaden ahat ad yuɣal d aḥeqqar neɣ d '''iniɣi''' (criminel) am [[Niru]], ɣef ljal n tiqesḥi-s asmi yella d aserdas, d wassaɣ-is n tayri akked tgellidt Bérénice (i d-yekkan seg Ccerq, ayen ur nqebbel ara wansay aṛumani). Maca, '''tasedmirt''' n Titus temgarad akk ɣef wayen nwan. Mi yeṭṭef adabu, ibeddel tikli-s: * Yerra-d asqamu aṛumani (Sénat) ɣer wemkan-is, yegdel tigiḍiwin mgal yemdanen n tsertit. * Ikkes '''tiwsiwin''' timeqranin ur nesɛi anamek-nsent deg tmetti. * Yebḍa aṭas n '''teɣbula'''/'''yimengiyen''' d idrimen ɣef yigellilen. Amyaru Suétone, di udlis-is, iweṣṣef-it s wawal-a yettwassnen: ''"Titus d lfeṛḥ d wul n talsa"''. === 3. Tizeɣnin d Twuɣa di Tallit-is === Tallit n Titus, ɣas wezilet, temlal-d d kraḍ n '''tezeɣnin''' timeqranin i d-yessutren anabaḍ iǧehden. Deg wakk tiwuɣa-ya, Titus yesken-d tabɣest d tegzi-ines, yerna ixelleṣ aṭas seg "lǧib-is" iwakken ad iɛiwen '''tiɣtas'''. {| class="wikitable" |'''Tawuɣa''' |'''Aseggas''' |'''Ayen yeḍran''' |'''Asseggem d Tallelt n Titus''' |- |'''Aṭerḍeq n Vésuve''' |79 S.Ɛ |Adrar n tmes (Vésuve) iṭerḍeq-d, yeṣfeḍ timdinin n Pompéi d Herculaneum seg udem n lqaɛa. |Yessers asqamu uzzig, yuzen aklan d tallelt i yimenɛawen, yefka tiyita n tedrimt iwulmen. |- |'''Timest di Ṛuma''' |80 S.Ɛ |Timest tameqrant tečča aṭas n yiɣerban, isulayen d tmezduɣin di temdint n Ṛuma, tuɣ 3 n wussan. |Yeṭṭef '''tasiḍent''' n wasaɣen, ifreq aqqaṛen d ufrux i yimezdaɣ yeqqimen bla axxam, yebda tulya n lebni. |- |'''Tawla tameqrant''' |80/81 S.Ɛ |Yiwet n tsakrart neɣ n waṭṭan yebda ileḥu deg tmenkda, yenɣa aṭas n lɣaci. |Yerfed arkawel n tezmert, yewwi-d imnadiyen ara yesferken tiwuɣa-agi di '''tallunt''' tazayezt. |} == 4. Aḥric n Lebni d Tẓuri == Titus isnerna di tmenkda s waṭas n leqdicat n lebni, ama i '''tnafutiwin''' tizuyaz neɣ i ucebbaḥ n temdint. * '''Anrar n Yiflavyanen (Akulusyum):''' I kemmel lbni n unrar-a ameqran (i yebda baba-s). D netta i t-id-yeldin deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ s tfaskiwin n yisalen d '''yisenɛaten''' meqren i d-yuɣen 100 n wussan gar ccḍeḥ, imennuɣen n igladyaturen, d ṣṣyada n yiɣersiwen. * '''Iḥemmamen n Titus:''' Yebna iḥemmamen n waman izuyaz ɣer tama n ''ukulusyum'', i yellan s ttawil '''ufrir''' i yal amazdaɣ deg Ṛuma. == 5. Tamettant d Tukkest == Deg ctember 81 S.Ɛ, Titus yemmut seg tawla tamcumt (ahat seg lmalarya) deg taddart n Aquae Cutiliae, anda yemmut baba-s yakan. Tamettant-is tella-d d asfel ameqran i ugdud yellan iḥemmel-it aṭas. Agraw aṛumani isali-t ɣer wemkan n yigucelen; yerra-t d '''agerram'''. Iṭṭef-d amkan-is gma-s amecṭuḥ, Dumisyan. Mgal Titus, tallit n Dumisyan tefka-d udem '''awahan''', imi yuɣal d aḥeqqar amesbaṭli mgal yiwudam n udabu, ayen i d-yesseknen ugar azal ameqran i d-yeǧǧa Titus di '''tukkest'''-is i tmenkda taṛumanit. l2growt0h7elhfqsiq4coue0nbme5ce 116867 116866 2026-07-21T21:14:10Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116867 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Titus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN3159.jpg|vignette|Titus]] '''Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Titus''', d amenkad aṛumani i d-yemmugren tallit n unbaḍ gar useggas 79 d 81 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). D netta i d amenkad wis sin n ugdez n Yiflavyanen, iṭṭef adabu seld lmut n baba-s, [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]]. Ɣas akken tallit n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant (sin n iseggasen d kra n wayyuren), Titus yewwi-d tisellat n yigelliden imeqranen, yerna yeǧǧa-d ccama lqayen deg umezruy aṛumani. == 1. Temẓi-s akked Tudert-is Taserdasit == Send(Qbel) ad yali ɣer wemkan n '''usɣim''' n tmenkda, Titus yedder tudert n userdas n usɣan, anda yesken-d tazmert-is. * '''Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut:''' Yedda d uqerru ameqran deg yiserdasen iṛumaniyen deg Bṛiṭanya (Britannia) akked Lalman (Germania), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n '''tirmitin''' meqren. Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut n Titus tella d lsas lqayen ɣef wacu i d-yebna tudert-is tasertant akked tserdasit i t-yessawḍen ɣer tqacuct n udabu aṛumani. Send(qbel) ad yuɣal d amenkad, yewwi-d ad yezger ɣef yiwet n utteki i d-yewwi ɣef yal ilemẓi aṛumani n tserkemt yattuyen: aqdec deg yigen ameqran. Titus yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult i d-ikecmen s amkan yelhan di Ṛuma, u asmi yella d ilemẓi, yesɛedda aṭas n wakud-is deg teɣremt umenkad akked Briṭanikus (Britannicus), mmi-s n umenkad Klud (Claude). Dinna yelmed tiẓuriwin, adiwennit, d tfesniwin n lɛesker. Di wakud n tlelli-s, yella yettnadi deg tmusniwin u yettzi aṭas ɣef yiɣerbazen iṛumaniyen akked yifakanen n Ṛuma iwakken ad yelmed ansayen n usɣan d tsertit n lejdud-is, ayen i as-d-yefkan tafrit lqayen ɣef wazal n tɣerma taṛumanit. Akken kan yewweḍ ɣer temẓi-s tameqrant, gar useggas 57 d 59 S.Ɛ, yekcem s udem unṣib ɣer tlufa n yigen. Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Lalman (Germania) s yisem n umɣar aserdas (tribunus militum). Tasga-ya n ugafa tella tettwassen s unezwu-ines aqseḥan akked yimihiyen-is yeffren, imi iserdasen irumaniyen llan ttidiren deg yigruren d imeqranen, tqabalen tigzamin d unṭag n yidrumen iberraniyen yellan mgal n tmenkda. Deg wasatal-a n twaɣit d lḥerṣ, Titus yelmed amek i d-yettili unbaḍ, amek ttarran iserdasen d tigrawin yedduklen, u yessenher iserdasen-is s tabɣest d tiḥerci. Ayen i t-yerran ifaz-d d tazmert-is tabeddanit; yella d amdan iṣeḥḥan, yessen ad iseqdec uzzal, u yettarra ddehn-is ɣer yal asɣel d wulɣu n yimdanen-is. Ur yelli ara d aqerruy yettaggin ad yexleḍ gar yiserdasen neɣ ad yebɛed fell-asen, maca yella d argaz n urmas akked tnekkit, ayen i as-d-yewwin leqder ameqran gar yiserdasen iweɛṛen n Lalman. Seld tirmit-is deg ugafa, Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Briṭanya (Britannia) gar useggas 59 d 61 S.Ɛ, iwakken ad ikemmel tamazant-is taserdasit. Di tallit-nni, Briṭanya tella d tasga tamaynut i d-yettwakksen s dderɛ seld anekcum n umenkad Klud, akal-is d ameqran u anmeggag-is ɣef Ṛuma yeǧǧa-tt d amkan anda azbu n yimezdaɣ yezga yettnerni. Di tmurt-a, Titus yarna ibeyyen-d aswir-is yeflalin deg tsuddest taserdasit. Yeqdec akken iwata mgal n tegrawliwin timecṭaḥ, issebded tafada n laman deg kra n temnaḍin iweɛṛen, yerna isken-d actal-is deg usezri n tilufa s wudem uzzig. Amyaru aṛumani Suétone (Suetonius), mi d-yura ɣef tmeddurt n yigelliden deg udlis-is, isebder-d belli Titus yeǧǧa-d ccan d ameqran u yella d amatar ufrir gar yimdanen n Lalman d Briṭanya. Tisellat-is tugar tilisa n yigruren iserdasen armi uɣalen yiserdasen d yimezdaɣ n temnaḍin-a bnan-as aṭas n tsereɣtin d yizmulen n usmekti iwakken ad ǧǧen isem-is deg tkatut u ad sseḥbibren ɣef ccfawa n tezmart-is. Ayen i d-yewwi Titus seg yiseggasen-a imezwura n tserdast mačči kan d asileɣ d taɣda tastratijit, maca d tussna lqayen n tmeddurt n yiserdasen d uɣan-nsen aɣelnaw. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma di taggara n tmazant-is, Titus yewwi-d yid-s agerdas n tissas d "lḥeqq deg wawal", ayen i as-yeldin tiwwura n tsertit. Dinna i yeṭṭef amkan n uqestur (anedbal aṛumani), yebda-d tikli-s di tedbelt taṛumanit. Tirmit-a tamezwarut deg Lalman d Briṭanya tella d taḍullit iwakken ad iḥeggi abrid-is, u ad yuɣal d amgi agejdan deg tmenkda aṛumanit, ladɣa asmi i d-yemlal d umgaru ameqran n Udayen s ljehd d tiḥerci i d-ijmeɛ seg yiḍan isemmaḍen n umalu. * '''Amgaru n Udayen:''' Deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ, iwet mgal wid i d-yebdan '''azbu''' di tmurt n Udayen. Mi yuɣal baba-s d amenkad deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, Titus iṭṭef-d asenbeḍ n uselwi n tserdast deg ugmuḍ(ccerq). Deg useggas 66 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n wazbu ameqran di tmurt n Udayen (Judée) mgal unbaḍ aṛumani. Iwakken ad isseḥbes tegrawla-ya u ad yerr talwit ɣer temnaḍt-a n ugmuḍ(ccerq), amenkad [[Niru]](Néron) iceggeɛ-d aserdas ufrir Vespasian (Vespasien) deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ. Di tuɣdaḍt-a, Titus yedda d baba-s am uqerruy ɣef tegrumma tis 15 (Legio XV Apollinaris). Tirmit-a tella d tagnit i d-yessufɣen Titus seg weksum n ulemẓi anelmad ɣer wudem n userdas aḥerri i gzemmen tilufa ticuqanin. Deg yiseggasen imezwura n umgaru, isken-d tamuɣlii lqayen d tebɣest deg waṭas n yimenɣiyen deg temnaḍt n Jilil (Galilée), anda issezdi taḥerci taserdasit akked tsertit n tsedmirt mgal n yiqerra n wazbu.[[Tugna:Tito, fine I sec. dc..JPG|vignette|Asebdad n Titus s wudem aserdas.]][[Tugna:The Arch of Titus, Upper Via Sacra, Rome (31605340150).jpg|vignette|Taganza n Titus di Ṛuma, zdat n unmager.]]Tagnit tembeddal aṭas deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, asmi i d-teḍra tezɣent tasertant deg Ṛuma i wumi qqaren "Aseggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden". Seld lmut n [[Niru]] d ccwal ameqran i d-itebɛen di tmenkda, iserdasen n ugmaḍ fkan tiɣri sbedden Vespasian d amenkad amaynut. Mi yewwi abrid-is ɣer Ṛuma iwakken ad yeṭṭef asɣim s wudem unṣib, Vespasian yeǧǧa taɣtest akked tuɣdaḍt n usefrak n umgaru ger yifassen n mmi-s, Titus. Ɣas akken yella meẓẓi di leɛmer (qrib 30 n yiseggasen), Titus yerfed aɣan-a ameqran s wuzzal. Issebded anagraw aserdas iǧehden, yerna issemlal ugar n 60,000 n yiserdasen irumaniyen (gar tegrummiwin d yimendiden) iwakken ad iqabel tamdint n Uṛcalim (Jérusalem), i yellan d ul n tsertit d usɣan n yigrawliwen. Anekcum d usutel n temdint n Uṛcalim deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimukan iqesḥanen akk deg umezruy aserdas aṛumani. Titus isseḥbes yal abrid n taywalt neɣ n tukci n wucci ɣef temdint, ayen i d-yewwin laẓ, tussaft d twuɣa timeqranin ɣef yimezdaɣ-is. Seld aṭas n wayyuren n usutel, d yimenɣiyen qeṣḥanen s daxel n yiberdan, iserdasen irumaniyen ssawḍen ad rẓen iɣerban n temdint. Taggara n temhelt-a teffeɣ-d s tiyita n rreḥba: iserdasen sseɣlin u sseṛɣen '''Afakan wis Sin''', i yellan d amkan ufrir u yettwaqedsen akk deg umaḍal ɣer udayen. Ɣas akken kra n yimnadiyen n umezruy ttinin belli Titus ur yebɣi ara ad isseṛɣ '''afakan'''-a s timmad-is, maca ccwal n yimenɣi d wurfan n yiserdasen ssawḍen ɣer nnger n tmeṣkiwt-a n usɣan ameqran. Taggara n umgaru-ya tefka-d tiɣtas ur nettwaḥsab; aṭas n yimdanen i yemmuten s tmenɣiwt neɣ s laẓ, ma d wid yemenɛen uɣalen d aklan, ttuzenzen deg leswaq n tmenkda taṛumanit. Ɣer yirumaniyen, ayen i d-yewwi Titus yella d tamanegt tasemlalt i d-issebganen tanezmart n tmenkda-nsen mgal yal aɣewwiɣ. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, agdud akked ugraw aṛumani snemmren-t s tfaska n rrbeḥ tameqrant (Allak). Di tfaska-ya, ssekcen-d gar yiberdan tiɣawsiwin d yigerrujen n wureɣ i d-wwin seg '''ufakan''' n Uṛcalim, am tmennart n ṣa n yifuṛka (Menorah). Iwakken ad ǧǧen tigawt-a di tkatut n yimdanen d tsutwin i d-iteddun, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma. Aɣrab-a d azamul yellan ar ass-a, d amatar agejdan ɣef temhelt-a d tezrirt-is lqayen i d-yeǧǧan ccama deg tmeddurt n Titus akked umezruy n talsa s umata. '''Anekcum ɣer Uṛcalim:''' Deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, Titus yesutel tamdint n Uṛcalim. '''Tamhelt-a''' tessuli s usedrem n ufakan wis Sin d tmenɣiwt n waṭas n yimdanen. Ɣer yiṛumaniyen, aya yella d '''asenɛet''' n tezmart-nsen akked '''tmanegt'''; ma ɣer umezruy n udayen, yettwaḥseb d '''tanɣaɣreft''' tameqrant. Iwakken ad d-mektin aya, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma, i d-yemmalen ayen id-wwin d agerruj seg Uṛcalim. == 2. Anekcum ɣer Udabu d Tsertit == Mi yemmut [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]] deg useggas 79 S.Ɛ, Titus igzem-itt di rray ad yuɣal d amenkad. Deg tazwara, agdud aṛumani yekcem-it tugdi. Imdanen llan ttagaden ahat ad yuɣal d aḥeqqar neɣ d '''iniɣi''' am [[Niru]], ɣef ljal n tiqesḥi-s asmi yella d aserdas, d wassaɣ-is n tayri akked tgellidt Bérénice (i d-yekkan seg Ccerq, ayen ur nqebbel ara wansay aṛumani). Maca, '''tasedmirt''' n Titus temgarad akk ɣef wayen nwan. Mi yeṭṭef adabu, ibeddel tikli-s: * Yerra-d asqamu aṛumani (Sénat) ɣer wemkan-is, yegdel tigiḍiwin mgal yemdanen n tsertit. * Ikkes '''tiwsiwin''' timeqranin ur nesɛi anamek-nsent deg tmetti. * Yebḍa aṭas n '''teɣbula'''/'''yimengiyen''' d idrimen ɣef yigellilen. Amyaru Suétone, di udlis-is, iweṣṣef-it s wawal-a yettwassnen: ''"Titus d lfeṛḥ d wul n talsa"''. === 3. Tizeɣnin d Twuɣa di Tallit-is === Tallit n Titus, ɣas wezilet, temlal-d d kraḍ n '''tezeɣnin''' timeqranin i d-yessutren anabaḍ iǧehden. Deg wakk tiwuɣa-ya, Titus yesken-d tabɣest d tegzi-ines, yerna ixelleṣ aṭas seg "lǧib-is" iwakken ad iɛiwen '''tiɣtas'''. {| class="wikitable" |'''Tawuɣa''' |'''Aseggas''' |'''Ayen yeḍran''' |'''Asseggem d Tallelt n Titus''' |- |'''Aṭerḍeq n Vésuve''' |79 S.Ɛ |Adrar n tmes (Vésuve) iṭerḍeq-d, yeṣfeḍ timdinin n Pompéi d Herculaneum seg udem n lqaɛa. |Yessers asqamu uzzig, yuzen aklan d tallelt i yimenɛawen, yefka tiyita n tedrimt iwulmen. |- |'''Timest di Ṛuma''' |80 S.Ɛ |Timest tameqrant tečča aṭas n yiɣerban, isulayen d tmezduɣin di temdint n Ṛuma, tuɣ 3 n wussan. |Yeṭṭef '''tasiḍent''' n wasaɣen, ifreq aqqaṛen d ufrux i yimezdaɣ yeqqimen bla axxam, yebda tulya n lebni. |- |'''Tawla tameqrant''' |80/81 S.Ɛ |Yiwet n tsakrart neɣ n waṭṭan yebda ileḥu deg tmenkda, yenɣa aṭas n lɣaci. |Yerfed arkawel n tezmert, yewwi-d imnadiyen ara yesferken tiwuɣa-agi di '''tallunt''' tazayezt. |} == 4. Aḥric n Lebni d Tẓuri == Titus isnerna di tmenkda s waṭas n leqdicat n lebni, ama i '''tnafutiwin''' tizuyaz neɣ i ucebbaḥ n temdint. * '''Anrar n Yiflavyanen (Akulusyum):''' I kemmel lbni n unrar-a ameqran (i yebda baba-s). D netta i t-id-yeldin deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ s tfaskiwin n yisalen d '''yisenɛaten''' meqren i d-yuɣen 100 n wussan gar ccḍeḥ, imennuɣen n igladyaturen, d ṣṣyada n yiɣersiwen. * '''Iḥemmamen n Titus:''' Yebna iḥemmamen n waman izuyaz ɣer tama n ''ukulusyum'', i yellan s ttawil '''ufrir''' i yal amazdaɣ deg Ṛuma. == 5. Tamettant d Tukkest == Deg ctember 81 S.Ɛ, Titus yemmut seg tawla tamcumt (ahat seg lmalarya) deg taddart n Aquae Cutiliae, anda yemmut baba-s yakan. Tamettant-is tella-d d asfel ameqran i ugdud yellan iḥemmel-it aṭas. Agraw aṛumani isali-t ɣer wemkan n yigucelen; yerra-t d '''agerram'''. Iṭṭef-d amkan-is gma-s amecṭuḥ, Dumisyan. Mgal Titus, tallit n Dumisyan tefka-d udem '''awahan''', imi yuɣal d aḥeqqar amesbaṭli mgal yiwudam n udabu, ayen i d-yesseknen ugar azal ameqran i d-yeǧǧa Titus di '''tukkest'''-is i tmenkda taṛumanit. h7jtfuftjr4f9wn4u1cxy4pqb6xnnuu 116874 116867 2026-07-22T09:46:56Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116874 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Titus Ny Carlsberg Glyptotek IN3159.jpg|vignette|Titus]] '''Titus Flavius Caesar Vespasianus Augustus''', yettwassnen s yisem n '''Titus''', d amenkad aṛumani i d-yemmugren tallit n unbaḍ gar useggas 79 d 81 S.Ɛ (Seld Ɛisa). D netta i d amenkad wis sin n ugdez n Yiflavyanen, iṭṭef adabu seld lmut n baba-s, [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]]. Ɣas akken tallit n unbaḍ-is tella d tawezlant (sin n iseggasen d kra n wayyuren), Titus yewwi-d tisellat n yigelliden imeqranen, yerna yeǧǧa-d ccama lqayen deg umezruy aṛumani. == 1. Temẓi-s akked Tudert-is Taserdasit == Send(Qbel) ad yali ɣer wemkan n '''usɣim''' n tmenkda, Titus yedder tudert n userdas n usɣan, anda yesken-d tazmert-is. * '''Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut:''' Yedda d uqerru ameqran deg yiserdasen iṛumaniyen deg Bṛiṭanya (Britannia) akked Lalman (Germania), anda i d-yewwi aṭas n '''tirmitin''' meqren. Tirmit taserdasit tamezwarut n Titus tella d lsas lqayen ɣef wacu i d-yebna tudert-is tasertant akked tserdasit i t-yessawḍen ɣer tqacuct n udabu aṛumani. Send(qbel) ad yuɣal d amenkad, yewwi-d ad yezger ɣef yiwet n utteki i d-yewwi ɣef yal ilemẓi aṛumani n tserkemt yattuyen: aqdec deg yigen ameqran. Titus yekker-d deg yiwet n twacult i d-ikecmen s amkan yelhan di Ṛuma, u asmi yella d ilemẓi, yesɛedda aṭas n wakud-is deg teɣremt umenkad akked Briṭanikus (Britannicus), mmi-s n umenkad Klud (Claude). Dinna yelmed tiẓuriwin, adiwennit, d tfesniwin n lɛesker. Di wakud n tlelli-s, yella yettnadi deg tmusniwin u yettzi aṭas ɣef yiɣerbazen iṛumaniyen akked yifakanen n Ṛuma iwakken ad yelmed ansayen n usɣan d tsertit n lejdud-is, ayen i as-d-yefkan tafrit lqayen ɣef wazal n tɣerma taṛumanit. Akken kan yewweḍ ɣer temẓi-s tameqrant, gar useggas 57 d 59 S.Ɛ, yekcem s udem unṣib ɣer tlufa n yigen. Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Lalman (Germania) s yisem n umɣar aserdas (tribunus militum). Tasga-ya n ugafa tella tettwassen s unezwu-ines aqseḥan akked yimihiyen-is yeffren, imi iserdasen irumaniyen llan ttidiren deg yigruren d imeqranen, tqabalen tigzamin d unṭag n yidrumen iberraniyen yellan mgal n tmenkda. Deg wasatal-a n twaɣit d lḥerṣ, Titus yelmed amek i d-yettili unbaḍ, amek ttarran iserdasen d tigrawin yedduklen, u yessenher iserdasen-is s tabɣest d tiḥerci. Ayen i t-yerran ifaz-d d tazmert-is tabeddanit; yella d amdan iṣeḥḥan, yessen ad iseqdec uzzal, u yettarra ddehn-is ɣer yal asɣel d wulɣu n yimdanen-is. Ur yelli ara d aqerruy yettaggin ad yexleḍ gar yiserdasen neɣ ad yebɛed fell-asen, maca yella d argaz n urmas akked tnekkit, ayen i as-d-yewwin leqder ameqran gar yiserdasen iweɛṛen n Lalman. Seld tirmit-is deg ugafa, Titus yettwaceggeɛ ɣer tmurt n Briṭanya (Britannia) gar useggas 59 d 61 S.Ɛ, iwakken ad ikemmel tamazant-is taserdasit. Di tallit-nni, Briṭanya tella d tasga tamaynut i d-yettwakksen s dderɛ seld anekcum n umenkad Klud, akal-is d ameqran u anmeggag-is ɣef Ṛuma yeǧǧa-tt d amkan anda azbu n yimezdaɣ yezga yettnerni. Di tmurt-a, Titus yarna ibeyyen-d aswir-is yeflalin deg tsuddest taserdasit. Yeqdec akken iwata mgal n tegrawliwin timecṭaḥ, issebded tafada n laman deg kra n temnaḍin iweɛṛen, yerna isken-d actal-is deg usezri n tilufa s wudem uzzig. Amyaru aṛumani Suétone (Suetonius), mi d-yura ɣef tmeddurt n yigelliden deg udlis-is, isebder-d belli Titus yeǧǧa-d ccan d ameqran u yella d amatar ufrir gar yimdanen n Lalman d Briṭanya. Tisellat-is tugar tilisa n yigruren iserdasen armi uɣalen yiserdasen d yimezdaɣ n temnaḍin-a bnan-as aṭas n tsereɣtin d yizmulen n usmekti iwakken ad ǧǧen isem-is deg tkatut u ad sseḥbibren ɣef ccfawa n tezmart-is. Ayen i d-yewwi Titus seg yiseggasen-a imezwura n tserdast mačči kan d asileɣ d taɣda tastratijit, maca d tussna lqayen n tmeddurt n yiserdasen d uɣan-nsen aɣelnaw. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma di taggara n tmazant-is, Titus yewwi-d yid-s agerdas n tissas d "lḥeqq deg wawal", ayen i as-yeldin tiwwura n tsertit. Dinna i yeṭṭef amkan n uqestur (anedbal aṛumani), yebda-d tikli-s di tedbelt taṛumanit. Tirmit-a tamezwarut deg Lalman d Briṭanya tella d taḍullit iwakken ad iḥeggi abrid-is, u ad yuɣal d amgi agejdan deg tmenkda aṛumanit, ladɣa asmi i d-yemlal d umgaru ameqran n Udayen s ljehd d tiḥerci i d-ijmeɛ seg yiḍan isemmaḍen n umalu. * '''Amgaru n Udayen:''' Deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ, iwet mgal wid i d-yebdan '''azbu''' di tmurt n Udayen. Mi yuɣal baba-s d amenkad deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, Titus iṭṭef-d asenbeḍ n uselwi n tserdast deg ugmuḍ(ccerq). Deg useggas 66 S.Ɛ, yekker-d yiwen n wazbu ameqran di tmurt n Udayen (Judée) mgal unbaḍ aṛumani. Iwakken ad isseḥbes tegrawla-ya u ad yerr talwit ɣer temnaḍt-a n ugmuḍ(ccerq), amenkad [[Niru]](Néron) iceggeɛ-d aserdas ufrir Vespasian (Vespasien) deg useggas 67 S.Ɛ. Di tuɣdaḍt-a, Titus yedda d baba-s am uqerruy ɣef tegrumma tis 15 (Legio XV Apollinaris). Tirmit-a tella d tagnit i d-yessufɣen Titus seg weksum n ulemẓi anelmad ɣer wudem n userdas aḥerri i gzemmen tilufa ticuqanin. Deg yiseggasen imezwura n umgaru, isken-d tamuɣlii lqayen d tebɣest deg waṭas n yimenɣiyen deg temnaḍt n Jilil (Galilée), anda issezdi taḥerci taserdasit akked tsertit n tsedmirt mgal n yiqerra n wazbu.[[Tugna:Tito, fine I sec. dc..JPG|vignette|Asebdad n Titus s wudem aserdas.]][[Tugna:The Arch of Titus, Upper Via Sacra, Rome (31605340150).jpg|vignette|Taganza n Titus di Ṛuma, zdat n unmager.]]Tagnit tembeddal aṭas deg useggas 69 S.Ɛ, asmi i d-teḍra tezɣent tasertant deg Ṛuma i wumi qqaren "Aseggas n Kuẓ n Yimenkaden". Seld lmut n [[Niru]] d ccwal ameqran i d-itebɛen di tmenkda, iserdasen n ugmaḍ fkan tiɣri sbedden Vespasian d amenkad amaynut. Mi yewwi abrid-is ɣer Ṛuma iwakken ad yeṭṭef asɣim s wudem unṣib, Vespasian yeǧǧa taɣtest akked tuɣdaḍt n usefrak n umgaru ger yifassen n mmi-s, Titus. Ɣas akken yella meẓẓi di leɛmer (qrib 30 n yiseggasen), Titus yerfed aɣan-a ameqran s wuzzal. Issebded anagraw aserdas iǧehden, yerna issemlal ugar n 60,000 n yiserdasen irumaniyen (gar tegrummiwin d yimendiden) iwakken ad iqabel tamdint n Uṛcalim (Jérusalem), i yellan d ul n tsertit d usɣan n yigrawliwen. Anekcum d usutel n temdint n Uṛcalim deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg yimukan iqesḥanen akk deg umezruy aserdas aṛumani. Titus isseḥbes yal abrid n taywalt neɣ n tukci n wucci ɣef temdint, ayen i d-yewwin laẓ, tussaft d twuɣa timeqranin ɣef yimezdaɣ-is. Seld aṭas n wayyuren n usutel, d yimenɣiyen qeṣḥanen s daxel n yiberdan, iserdasen irumaniyen ssawḍen ad rẓen iɣerban n temdint. Taggara n temhelt-a teffeɣ-d s tiyita n rreḥba: iserdasen sseɣlin u sseṛɣen '''Afakan wis Sin''', i yellan d amkan ufrir u yettwaqedsen akk deg umaḍal ɣer udayen. Ɣas akken kra n yimnadiyen n umezruy ttinin belli Titus ur yebɣi ara ad isseṛɣ '''afakan'''-a s timmad-is, maca ccwal n yimenɣi d wurfan n yiserdasen ssawḍen ɣer nnger n tmeṣkiwt-a n usɣan ameqran. Taggara n umgaru-ya tefka-d tiɣtas ur nettwaḥsab; aṭas n yimdanen i yemmuten s tmenɣiwt neɣ s laẓ, ma d wid yemenɛen uɣalen d aklan, ttuzenzen deg leswaq n tmenkda taṛumanit. Ɣer yirumaniyen, ayen i d-yewwi Titus yella d tamanegt tasemlalt i d-issebganen tanezmart n tmenkda-nsen mgal yal aɣewwiɣ. Asmi i d-yuɣal ɣer Ṛuma, agdud akked ugraw aṛumani snemmren-t s tfaska n rrbeḥ tameqrant (Allak). Di tfaska-ya, ssekcen-d gar yiberdan tiɣawsiwin d yigerrujen n wureɣ i d-wwin seg '''ufakan''' n Uṛcalim, am tmennart n ṣa n yifuṛka (Menorah). Iwakken ad ǧǧen tigawt-a di tkatut n yimdanen d tsutwin i d-iteddun, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma. Aɣrab-a d azamul yellan ar ass-a, d amatar agejdan ɣef temhelt-a d tezrirt-is lqayen i d-yeǧǧan ccama deg tmeddurt n Titus akked umezruy n talsa s umata. '''Anekcum ɣer Uṛcalim:''' Deg useggas 70 S.Ɛ, Titus yesutel tamdint n Uṛcalim. '''Tamhelt-a''' tessuli s usedrem n ufakan wis Sin d tmenɣiwt n waṭas n yimdanen. Ɣer yiṛumaniyen, aya yella d '''asenɛet''' n tezmart-nsen akked '''tmanegt'''; ma ɣer umezruy n udayen, yettwaḥseb d '''tanɣaɣreft''' tameqrant. Iwakken ad d-mektin aya, bnan "Taganza n Titus" di Ṛuma, i d-yemmalen ayen id-wwin d agerruj seg Uṛcalim. == 2. Anekcum ɣer Udabu d Tsertit == Mi yemmut [[Vespasyan|Vespasian]] deg useggas 79 S.Ɛ, Titus igzem-itt di rray ad yuɣal d amenkad. Deg tazwara, agdud aṛumani yekcem-it tugdi. Imdanen llan ttagaden ahat ad yuɣal d aḥeqqar neɣ d '''iniɣi''' am [[Niru]], ɣef ljal n tiqesḥi-s asmi yella d aserdas, d wassaɣ-is n tayri akked tgellidt Bérénice (i d-yekkan seg Ccerq, ayen ur nqebbel ara wansay aṛumani). Maca, '''tasedmirt''' n Titus temgarad akk ɣef wayen nwan. Mi yeṭṭef adabu, ibeddel tikli-s: * Yerra-d asqamu aṛumani (Sénat) ɣer wemkan-is, yegdel tigiḍiwin mgal yemdanen n tsertit. * Ikkes '''tiwsiwin''' timeqranin ur nesɛi anamek-nsent deg tmetti. * Yebḍa aṭas n '''teɣbula'''/'''yimengiyen''' d idrimen ɣef yigellilen. Amyaru Suétone, di udlis-is, iweṣṣef-it s wawal-a yettwassnen: ''"Titus d lfeṛḥ d wul n talsa"''. === 3. Tizeɣnin d Twuɣa di Tallit-is === Tallit n Titus, ɣas wezilet, temlal-d d kraḍ n '''tezeɣnin''' timeqranin i d-yessutren anabaḍ iǧehden. Deg wakk tiwuɣa-ya, Titus yesken-d tabɣest d tegzi-ines, yerna ixelleṣ aṭas seg "lǧib-is" iwakken ad iɛiwen '''tiɣtas'''. {| class="wikitable" |'''Tawuɣa''' |'''Aseggas''' |'''Ayen yeḍran''' |'''Asseggem d Tallelt n Titus''' |- |'''Aṭerḍeq n Vésuve''' |79 S.Ɛ |Adrar n tmes (Vésuve) iṭerḍeq-d, yeṣfeḍ timdinin n Pompéi d Herculaneum seg udem n lqaɛa. |Yessers asqamu uzzig, yuzen aklan d tallelt i yimenɛawen, yefka tiyita n tedrimt iwulmen. |- |'''Timest di Ṛuma''' |80 S.Ɛ |Timest tameqrant tečča aṭas n yiɣerban, isulayen d tmezduɣin di temdint n Ṛuma, tuɣ 3 n wussan. |Yeṭṭef '''tasiḍent''' n wasaɣen, ifreq aqqaṛen d ufrux i yimezdaɣ yeqqimen bla axxam, yebda tulya n lebni. |- |'''Tawla tameqrant''' |80/81 S.Ɛ |Yiwet n tsakrart neɣ n waṭṭan yebda ileḥu deg tmenkda, yenɣa aṭas n lɣaci. |Yerfed arkawel n tezmert, yewwi-d imnadiyen ara yesferken tiwuɣa-agi di '''tallunt''' tazayezt. |} == 4. Aḥric n Lebni d Tẓuri == Titus isnerna di tmenkda s waṭas n leqdicat n lebni, ama i '''tnafutiwin''' tizuyaz neɣ i ucebbaḥ n temdint. * '''Anrar n Yiflavyanen (Akulusyum):''' I kemmel lbni n unrar-a ameqran (i yebda baba-s). D netta i t-id-yeldin deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ s tfaskiwin n yisalen d '''yisenɛaten''' meqren i d-yuɣen 100 n wussan gar ccḍeḥ, imennuɣen n igladyaturen, d ṣṣyada n yiɣersiwen. * '''Iḥemmamen n Titus:''' Yebna iḥemmamen n waman izuyaz ɣer tama n ''ukulusyum'', i yellan s ttawil '''ufrir''' i yal amazdaɣ deg Ṛuma. == 5. Tamettant d Tukkest == Deg ctember 81 S.Ɛ, Titus yemmut seg tawla tamcumt (ahat seg lmalarya) deg taddart n Aquae Cutiliae, anda yemmut baba-s yakan. Tamettant-is tella-d d asfel ameqran i ugdud yellan iḥemmel-it aṭas. Agraw aṛumani isali-t ɣer wemkan n yigucelen; yerra-t d '''agerram'''. Iṭṭef-d amkan-is gma-s amecṭuḥ, [[Dumisyan]]. Mgal Titus, tallit n Dumisyan tefka-d udem '''awahan''', imi yuɣal d aḥeqqar amesbaṭli mgal yiwudam n udabu, ayen i d-yesseknen ugar azal ameqran i d-yeǧǧa Titus di '''tukkest'''-is i tmenkda taṛumanit. hjdr7hv174geq48b2yeayg16elovmok 0 25519 116858 2026-07-21T05:10:18Z Abennay 14017 Asebtar amaynut: {{databox}} '''Tamacahut n Schleicher''' d tamɛayt tawezzlant, yura-tt di lqern w19 umesniles alalmani August Schleicher s talɣa-is talṣakant n [[tutlayt tanzuhendurupit]]. isem n tmacahut-is {{lang|ine-x-proto|Avis akvāsas ka}} (‘Tixsi akked Yiɛewdiwen’) tuɣal d aḍris d amselɣan di tesnilest tamezruyant, tettuṭerjem ɣer waṭas n tutlayin tiqdimin d tejdidin akked tutlayin iɛawden ad mmeṣkent. Imi tamacahut-nni tesɛa aṭas n tmeṣkiwin tijerrumanin... 116858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Tamacahut n Schleicher''' d tamɛayt tawezzlant, yura-tt di lqern w19 umesniles alalmani August Schleicher s talɣa-is talṣakant n [[tutlayt tanzuhendurupit]]. isem n tmacahut-is {{lang|ine-x-proto|Avis akvāsas ka}} (‘Tixsi akked Yiɛewdiwen’) tuɣal d aḍris d amselɣan di tesnilest tamezruyant, tettuṭerjem ɣer waṭas n tutlayin tiqdimin d tejdidin akked tutlayin iɛawden ad mmeṣkent. Imi tamacahut-nni tesɛa aṭas n tmeṣkiwin tijerrumanin d umawal, tezga tettuseqdac i usenɛet n telsaṣka tasnilsant, i ukenni n tutlayin, rnu i wesbeyyen n telsaṣkiwin yettwasumren n tenzutlayin ur ntebbet ara. == Tixsi akked Yiɛewdiwen == === Schleicher (1868) === {{lang|ine-x-proto|Avis akvāsas ka.|proto=no}}<blockquote>''Avis, jasmin varnā na ā ast, dadarka akvams, tam, vāgham garum vaghantam, tam, bhāram magham, tam, manum āku bharantam. Avis akvabhjams ā vavakat: kard aghnutai mai vidanti manum akvams agantam.'' ''Akvāsas ā vavakant: krudhi avai, kard aghnutai vividvant-svas: manus patis varnām avisāms karnauti svabhjam gharmam vastram avibhjams ka varnā na asti.'' ''Tat kukruvants avis agram ā bhugat''</blockquote> ==== Tasuqilt talalmanit n Schleicher ==== {{lang|de|[Das] schaf und [die] rosse.}}<blockquote>[Ein] schaf, [auf] welchem wolle nicht war (ein geschorenes schaf) sah rosse, das [einen] schweren wagen fahrend, das [eine] große last, das [einen] menschen schnell tragend. [Das] schaf sprach [zu den] rossen: [Das] herz wird beengt [in] mir (es thut mir herzlich leid), sehend [den] menschen [die] rosse treibend. [Die] rosse sprachen: Höre schaf, [das] herz wird beengt [in den] gesehen-habenden (es thut uns herzlich leid, da wir wissen): [der] mensch, [der] herr macht [die] wolle [der] schafe [zu einem] warmen kleide [für] sich und [den] schafen ist nicht wolle (die schafe aber haben keine wolle mehr, sie werden geschoren; es geht ihnen noch schlechter als den rossen). Dies gehört-habend bog (entwich) [das] schaf [auf das] feld (es machte sich aus dem staube).</blockquote> == Tasuqilt ɣer Tmaziɣt == Tettuṭerjem Tmacahut n Schleicher ɣer tenzumaziɣt i tikkelt tamezwarut tawḥidt deg 3 n Yebrir 2023 sɣur umesniles ahulandi Marijn Van Putten, yessers tasuqilt-is taneṣlit deg wesmel n X (zik Twitter), dɣa yessufeɣ-d deg 4 n Yebrir 2023 tasuqilt tamaynut iseggmen ugar === Van Putten (2023) === {{lang|ber|Teɣse əd Yəẓyiḍăn}}<blockquote>''Təlla teɣse wăr-ăt əleʔ taʔḍuβt. Tănβəy ḱărăḍ ən yəẓyiḍăn. Aməzwaru əd wi s sin əḱsăβăn igəǵǵíʔăn əẓḍaḱnen. Wi s ḱărăḍ, yənăy təʔ wămănay.'' ''Tənwa teɣse i yəẓyiḍăn-ănn: akud ənβăyəɣ aggʷid yəttawăyăn iẓyiḍan, yəssiḍăn əyəʔ ayăʔ.'' ''Yənwa wăẓyiḍ i teɣse: ăsləʔ, a teɣse, năḱḱəni nuḍăn akud nənβăy aggʷid yəlăʔăn wəlle, yălsəʔ eles n teɣse əd asălsuʔ.'' ''Akud-ănn tərwăl teɣse s tamăsna''</blockquote> ==== Tasuqilt Taqbaylit ==== {{lang|kab|Tixsi d Yijjḍen}}<blockquote>''Tella tixsi ur tli taḍuṭṭ. Tenney tlata n yijjḍen. Amezwaru d wis sin refden awwayen ẓẓayen. Wis tlata, yerkeb-it wemnay.'' ''Tenna tixsi i yijjḍen-nni: mi nnyeɣ amdan yettawin ijjḍen, yessaḍan-iyi waya.'' ''Yenwa yijjeḍ i tixsi : sel, a tixsi, nekkni nuḍen mi nenney amdan ilan ulli, yelsa ilis n tixsi d llebsa.'' ''Dɣa terwel tixsi ɣer tmesna.''</blockquote>Tizmilin Tisnlisanin Tasuqilt-a d aḍris aqbayli aseklan uddis, yebna ɣas ɣef talɣiwin itebbten seg waṭas n tantaliwin akked yiɣbula imezruyanen. li : amyag aqdim lmeɛna-is "sɛu". nney : amyag yellan di temnaḍt n Tubiret, lmeɛna-is "ẓer". ijjeḍ : amegdawal n "aɣyul" di kra n temnaḍin. Tamesna : d isem n wemkan yellan di Bgayet. joeynlxjwm7yosqqdjrzzi7nobu7wmh 0 25520 116872 2026-07-22T09:44:55Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 116872 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]] '''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s Vespasyan akked gma-s Titus. Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i isegmen tadamsa n Ruma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, ukukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal. k34iqfz0liq1m7j9stgm7i8fc2sutn5 116873 116872 2026-07-22T09:46:20Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116873 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]] '''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]]. Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i isegmen tadamsa n Ruma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, ukukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal. 4euwg0jo6plk3a7bjskp6ytpfnr5rha 116875 116873 2026-07-22T11:30:28Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116875 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]] '''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]]. Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i isegmen tadamsa n Ruma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, ukukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal. == 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa == Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin. * '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen. * '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin. 1dycn1wyla1pb2qmeigpmue1yu1gqa4 116882 116875 2026-07-22T21:32:36Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116882 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]] '''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]]. Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i isegmen tadamsa n Ruma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, ukukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal. == 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa == Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin. * '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen. * '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin. == 2. Tasegda == Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella: * '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna asalay ameqqran ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda. * '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is. * '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona). e2uy7gu7w9kclsfaaviaxxtzrc5rgvm 116884 116882 2026-07-23T09:40:26Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116884 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Domiziano da collezione albani, fine del I sec. dc. 02.JPG|vignette|Dumisyan]] '''Dumisyan''' (s tlatinit: Titus Flavius Domitianus), ilul deg useggas 51, yemmut deg 96 S.Ɛ, d amenkad aṛumani i yeṭṭfen adabu gar useggas 81 d 96 S.Ɛ. D netta i d amenkad aneggaru n twacult n Yiflavyanen (Flaviens), s deffir n baba-s [[Vespasyan]] akked gma-s [[Titus]]. Tallit n Dumisyan d tin yeččuren d timlelliyin: ɣas akken yella d anedbal ameqqran i isegmen tadamsa n Ruma yerna isebded-d aṭas n yiɣsaren yessewhamen, maca ineggura n yiseggasen-is rran-t d azamul iḥemmlen tamḥeqranit, ukukru, d uqelleb ɣef wid i s-yugin awal. == 1. Tadbelt d Tdamsa == Dumisyan yefka-d azal ameqqran i wusnerni n tdamsa. Yella iḥemmel ad yeṭṭef yal taɣawsa s ufus-is, ur yeǧǧi ara tilelli i yinabaḍen n temnaḍin. * '''Aṣeggem n yedrimen:''' Yesnerna azal n tedrimt taṛumanit (Denarius), ayen yeǧǧan tadamsa ad tezg, yerna tewwi-d rrbeḥ i yiqeddacen n uwanek d yisardasen. * '''Aaẓeṭṭa n tebzert:''' Yella yeṭṭafar s telqayt amek i d-tettwagem tebzert (neɣ tiwsitin), ayen isenqsen tullist neɣ tamacahut n yimakaren deg temnaḍin. == 2. Tasegda == Ṛuma teṛɣa s tmes deg useggas 80 S.Ɛ (deg lweqt n gma-s Titus). Mi d-yewweḍ Dumisyan ɣer udabu, yeṭṭef ɣef yir-is ad yuɣal ad yebnu tamanaɣt s wudem atrar yerna yif akken tella: * '''Axxam n Umenkad:''' Yebna asalay ameqqran ɣef udrar n Palatin (''Domus Augustana''), i d-yegran d axxam n yimenkaden i d-itebɛen alamma d taggara n tmenkda. * '''Iɣsaren n ddin:''' Isebded-d '''afakan''' ameqqran n Yubiter (Jupiter Capitolinus) s wureɣ d rrxam, i d-yemmalen tazamugt n tezmert-is. * '''Annar n Dumisyan:''' Yebna-d annar i yecban wid n legrik, i mazal ar ass-a d amkan yettwassnen deg Ruma (Piazza Navona). == 3. Timetti : Uraren, Asexdem d usedhu n Wegdud == Akken ad yejmeɛ ulawen n yimdanen, amenkad-a yella yeẓra belli iṛumaniyen ḥemmlen timsikniwin. * '''Tarrayt n udabu:''' Yessebded-d uraren n yigladyaturen akked temsikniwin timeqqranin i '''wasseḍu(i wusedhu)''' n wegdud. Maca, ayagi ur yelli ara kan i zzhu; yella d tarrayt n '''wasmurer''' tasertant i wakken ad isedhu lɣaci ɣef wuguren n tidet, ayen yewwin timetti ɣer yiwet n lḥala n '''tekufḍa''' (ur ttḥussun ara s wayen yeḍerrun deg tsertit tamatut). * '''Tasreḍt n Umenkad:''' Yebɣa ad yerr iman-is d illu ger yemdanen. Yeḥkem ɣef lɣaci ad t-tteddun s yisem n ''Dominus et Deus'' (Mass akked Yillu). D aya i d-yewwin '''asnekwu''' gar udabu asertan akked tezmert taɣelsant. 58rdf2h4rac05r264r7uyxt488srcjc 0 25521 116877 2026-07-22T13:25:26Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 116877 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Aqerru n Nefertiti]] '''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is "Tamesrart tusa-d" neɣ "Tucbiḥt tusa-d". Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n Axenaṭun (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal. cyyr38reb10zjvclnjtbedtjkpqne6k 116878 116877 2026-07-22T15:50:34Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116878 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]] '''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is "Tamesrart tusa-d" neɣ "Tucbiḥt tusa-d". Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n Axenaṭun (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal. d8mxrdvu3a51duf5aoa7bfgdj72dcut 116879 116878 2026-07-22T15:51:37Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin 116879 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]] '''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is "Tamesrart tusa-d" neɣ "Tucbiḥt tusa-d". Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal. 97xzmhgu4ziy3hab2p6cf8ewwck8gw1 116883 116879 2026-07-22T21:35:24Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116883 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]] '''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is "Tamesrart tusa-d" neɣ "Tucbiḥt tusa-d". Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal. == Aẓar d Tameddurt Tamezwarut == Aẓar n Nefertiti yeqqim d '''arussin''' deg umezruy imi ulac aṭas n yisemliyen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef temẓi-s. * '''Turdiwin n yimusnawen:''' Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d d yelli-s n '''Ay''', yiwen n '''ugensas''' ameqqran d wemdan yesɛan '''tazrirt''' meqqren deg teɣremt n Amenḥutep wis 3. Wiyaḍ qqaren-d d tageldunt i d-yekkan seg tmurt n Mitanni. * '''Asileɣ d usegmi:''' Tetturebba-d deg '''usatal''' n teɣremt tagellidant, ayen tt-yeǧǧan ad tesɛu tiwuriwin d '''tanfa''' yelhan i uselḥu n tsertit n tmurt d ussenqes n '''wemihi''' asertan. hj2iaymcgtnohxnq3xyaqgd5mh4hruq 116885 116883 2026-07-23T09:44:33Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 116885 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Tugna:Nofretete Neues Museum.jpg|vignette|Asebdad n uqerru n Nefertiti]] '''Nefertiti''' d yiwet gar tgellidin yettwasnen aṭas deg umezruy n Maṣer taqburt. Isem-is, s tmaṣrit taqburt, anamek-is "Tamesrart tusa-d" neɣ "Tucbiḥt tusa-d". Tella d tameṭṭut tamezwarut (Taɣellift n Ferɛun) n [[Axnaṭun|Axenaṭun]] (Amenḥutep wis 4), i ggelden deg tuzzya n lqern wis 14 uqbel n tlallit n Ɛisa, deg tmetti n Twacult Tagellidant tis 18. Tudert-is d tsertit-is llan d amedya n '''tnezmart''' d ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy n umaḍal. == Aẓar d Tameddurt Tamezwarut == Aẓar n Nefertiti yeqqim d '''arussin''' deg umezruy imi ulac aṭas n yisemliyen i d-yemmeslayen ɣef temẓi-s. * '''Turdiwin n yimusnawen:''' Kra n yimnadiyen qqaren-d d yelli-s n '''Ay''', yiwen n '''ugensas''' ameqqran d wemdan yesɛan '''tazrirt''' meqqren deg teɣremt n Amenḥutep wis 3. Wiyaḍ qqaren-d d tageldunt i d-yekkan seg tmurt n Mitanni. * '''Asileɣ d usegmi:''' Tetturebba-d deg '''usatal''' n teɣremt tagellidant, ayen tt-yeǧǧan ad tesɛu tiwuriwin d '''tanfa''' yelhan i uselḥu n tsertit n tmurt d ussenqes n '''wemihi''' asertan. == Tagrawla Tasɣanant : Asɣan n Aten d Ifakanen Imaynuten == Nefertiti d urgaz-is [[Axnaṭun|Axenaten]] xedmen yiwet n tegrawla ibeddlen iẓuran n Maṣer taqburt, ama deg tsertit ama deg wesɣan. * '''Asɣan amaynut:''' Bṭlen leɛbada n yilluten i d-yellan uqbel (ladɣa Amun deg Thebes), sbedden-d leɛbada n yiwen n yillu, '''Aten''' (Akayad n yiṭij). Ayagi yella d '''aɣan''' n usnulfu n umezruy amaynut d tsertit n ubeddel asɣanan. * '''Tamanaɣt d Yifakanen imaynuten:''' Bnan tamanaɣt tamaynut iwumi semman ''Axetaten'' (Amarna n tura). Deg temdint-a, bnan aṭas n '''yifakanen''' i yillu Aten. '''Ifakanen'''-a ur llin ara s iɣraben d isqufan imedlen am zik, maca llan ldin ɣer '''tallunt''' akken tafukt ad tkcem srid ɣer wammas n ufakan. * '''Asemdu ɣef tmetti:''' Tagrawla-a tesɛa '''asemdu''' meqqren. Bddlen '''alugen''' n '''tnezzut''' d yansayen n teɣremt, ayen i d-yewwin abeddel ameqqran deg tudert n yal ass. 6koh66tlfbuzet5an13e4ze74k7d1kc