Israyel

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'''Israyel''' ([[taɛebrit|s taɛebrit]] יִשְרָאֵל‎, Yisra'el; s [[taɛrabt]]: إسرائيل‎, ''Isrā'īl'') isem ines unṣib '''Awanek n Israyel''' (s [[taɛebrit]]: מְדִינַת יִשְרָאֵל‎ , ''Medinat Yisra'el''; s [[taɛrabt]]: دَوْلَةْ إِسْرَائِيل‎, ''Dawlat Isrā'īl''), tamurt tezgad g [[Asya n umalu|umalu n umenẓaw Asya]] d rrif asammer n [[ilel agrakal]], tesɛa tilas d [[Lubnan]] s ugafa, [[Surya]] s ugafa asammer, s usammer [[Urdun]],  s unzul asammer [[Maser]] , yezgad gar-as d tamurt n l’[[Urdun]] [[ilel amettan]] , Awanek n Israyel d yiwen awanek uday kan i yellan g ddunit, ulac wayed am netta, tajumma ines mectuḥet  maca llan g-yes tigwti n [[udayen]] d tadersi n  w[[aɛraben]] [[inselmen]], [[ineṣriyen]], [[idruzen]] d [[isamariyen]]. Llant daɣen  [[Ɣezza|tasfift n Ɣezza]] d [[tama turdunit|tama tanẓulit]] neɣ [[tama turdunit]].

Awanek atrar n Israyel mɣind iẓuran-is s takti n [[Tamurt n Israyel]]  (''Eretz Ysra’el'') i g-yellan g’allaɣ n [[udayen]] g azal n 3000 iseggasen deqqal [[amgaru amedlan amenzu]], [[tametti n iɣlanen]] teǧǧad l'eḥkem n [[Agmuḍ alemmas|wegmuḍ alemmas]] d [[Falesṭin|Falaṣṭin]] ger ifasen n [[ibritaniyen]] bac ad xleq axxam aɣelnaw i-[[udayen]], g useggas n [[1947]], [[iɣlanen i dduklen]] bḍan tamurt n Falesṭin ɣef sin iwanaken, yiwen awanek uday, wayed aɛrab, g [[14 magu]] [[1948]] teḍra taseɣrut n uzarug n awanek n Israyel s umtawa n [[iɣlanen i dduklen]], deqqal-is krend iɛraben s umgaru mgal udayen axater ugin ad qeblen azarug n awanek n Israyel, rnan imgura nniden maca Israyliyen rebḥen g yal imenɣiyen, rnan sbaɛden tilas isen tefkan iɣlanen idduklen uqbel, g’imir nni udayen d iɛraben kecmen g yiwen azenzab n imenɣiyen ur yetfak
Tezmel Israyel imtawayen n telwit akk d timura n [[Maser]] d [[Urdun]] 
Awanek n Israyel yewweḍ ɣef kra imanzyen am [[tugdut timgensest]],  [[angaraw awamni]], afran amegradi,  Aneglaf amenzu d netta i gellan ixxef n unabad akk d l [[Kneset]].
Tadamasa taɣelnawt n Israyel tella [[umuɣ n timura s ufares aɣelnaw (issem)|tis 44]] g ddunit, [[taneflit talsant]], [[tilelli n tifeffegt]]. [[Urcalim]] d tamdint tamaneɣt d tamdint i meqqren deg Israyel, din i yella asutel n unabad maca ammas n [[tadamsa]] d [[tiẓraf]] yella g tamdint n [[Tel Aviv]].

== Isem ==

Issem n '''Israyil''' ybined i tikkelt tamenzut g [[aẓru n Merenptah]] g useggas 1200 uqbel talalit n [[Ɛisa]], issem agi yella d win n [[Tagelda n Israyel]] tamzikit.
Issem n Israyil d yessem i s-yefka [[illu]] i [[Yeɛqub]] ass mi yennuɣ ar tama n lmalayek n [[Illu]] anamek ines « win innuɣen ar tama n Illu »
Yeɛqub d babas n 12 n tiqbilin i yeffɣen s [[Maser]] imir semmanten arraw n Israyel neɣ « Israyliten »
G [[taseɣrut n’uzarug n awanek n Israyel]] id ixelqen g’useggas n [[1948]] yettef issem n Israyel yeǧǧa issmawen niḍen am Ṣehyun, Tudayt (Judea).

== Amezruy ==
=== Iẓuran imezwura ===
[[Tamurt n Israyl]] (awal-agi  itwassen s tɛebrit s ''Erets Yisrael'') yella kra i sɛan azal ameqqran ɣur udayen; g [[Turat]] yura belli [[Illu]] yefkad amiru i udayen bac asen-yefk tamurt n Israyel faken a tili tamurt-nsen neg axxam-nsen

[[Tugna:Masada Roman Ruins by David Shankbone.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Masada]]]]

=== Taṣiyunit ===
[[Tugna:Herzl on a balcony full.jpg|thumb|left|150px|[[Theodor Herzl|Teodor Herzel]] Bbas n awanek uday]]
=== Azarug ===

[[Tugna:UN Partition Plan For Palestine 1947.png|thumb|150px|Beṭṭu n 1947]]
Deg lqern 19, akk d [[Theodor Herzl]] yexleq [[taṣionit]] (Ṣionism) : udayen bɣan a d-uɣalen ɣer tmurt taneṣlit-nsen. Assmi kksen yingliziyen [[Falesṭin]] seg ifassen n [[Tturk]], udayen zemren ad ruḥen ɣer Falesṭin, uɣen-d akal seg weɛraben, bnan u zedɣen.

Di [[1948]], [[Langliz]] teffeɣ-d seg falesṭin, [[tuddsa n iɣlanen i dduklen]] [[U.Ɣ.D]] (l'ONU) tegzem akal-agi di sin : 

* [[Tamurt n Falesṭin]] ideg zedɣen 99% aɛraven.
* Tamurt n Israyel ideg zedɣen 55% udayen.

Udayen qeblen, aɛraben ugin beṭṭu-yagi, 7 timura n weɛraben ttnaɣen akk d tmurt tamaynut n wudayen : Israyel terbeḥ imenɣ (lgirra), terbeḥ akal s wazal n 28% kter n wayen i-ten-id-ifkan [[tuddsa n iɣlanen i dduklen]](l'ONU). Kra n weɛraben i yellan deg Israyel rewlen, meɛna kra qqimen: tutlayt-nsen [[tutlayt tunṣibt]]. Akk udayen i yellan deg tamurt n Falesṭin rewlen ɣer Israyel.

G [[1967]], tskker [[Maṣer]] abrid n lebḥer n [[Tiran]], ihi Israyel tebda lgirra amgal Maṣer, timura n weɛraben nniḍen bɣan ad ɛawnen Maṣer meɛna akk xesren, Israyel terbeḥ daɣen kter akal.

G [[1973]], aɛraben xeddmen lgirra tikkelt nniḍen akk d Israyel, meɛna xesren daɣen : lgirra d wakal. Israyel tuɣal-d tameqqrant zdat Israyel n [[1948]].

== Tasertit ==
[[Tugna:Knesset.jpg|thumb|left|250px|L'[[Kneset]] amni n Israyel]]

[[Taggayt:Timura n Asya]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tanzeggit</title>
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'''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da.

Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]]

== 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit ==
Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Tallit
!Amhaz agenjdan
|-
|Taglest
|Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ.
|-
|Tasut tis 3 uqbel
tallit-nneɣ
|Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg &quot;Iferdisen&quot;.
|-
|Tallit talemmast
|Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d
tsenallunt.
|-
|Tasut tis 17
|Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin.
|-
|Tasut tis 19
|Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n
tiknit d tallunin.
|-
|1872 d mbeɛd
|Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan.
|-
|Tasut tis 20–21
|Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka.
|}
&quot;'''Iferdisen'''&quot; n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan.

== 2. Isbaduten, igejdan d usfukel ==
Asbadu yessegza tamiḍrant s wawalen yettwasnen. Agejdi d tafyirt i neqqbel deg yiwen unagraw war asfukel deg unagraw-nni. Asekkud(tiẓri) d ayen ara d-nsuffeɣ seg yigejdan d yisekkuden yettwasfuklen yakan.

Deg umedya n Aklid, yezmer ad yettwabnu yiɣil n teɣda gar snat n tneqqiḍin, ad yettwasɣezef yiɣil, ad tettwabnu twinest s wammas d waqqar yettwabedren. Yella daɣen agejdi ɣef tɣmar timaɣudin d wayen yeqqnen ɣer umṣadaɣ.

=== Amedya n useɣẓen ===
Deg uɣawas n Aklid, i teneqqiṭ '''P''' i ur nelli ara ɣef taɣda '''d''', tella yiwet kan n teɣda iɛeddan seg '''P''' ur nettmagar ara '''d'''. Talɣa-a n yigejdi n umṣadaɣ tettwassen s yisem n '''Playfair'''; d talɣa tagdazalt i yigejdi wis semmus n Aklid deg lsas n tanzeggit tamagnut.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-18 09-56-11.png|centré]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 2. Tiɣmert d wassaɣ n umṣadaɣ. Tigniwin ttɛawanent deg tɣuri n yisekkuden; isfukal ilaq ad d-begnen ayɣer iiṣeḥḥa wassaɣ.&lt;/small&gt;

Deg tugna, tineqqiḍin ttbanent sɛant tehri, izirigen sɛan tuzert, imeccaqen zemren ur ttwaḥerzen ara s tiseddi. Deg tusnakt, taneqqiṭ ur tesɛi ara tehri. Ihi ma tugna teskan-d belli sin n yimeccaqen d igdazalen, ayen-a ur d-yettawi ara asfukel.

== 3. Taneqqiṭ, taɣda d tallunt ==
Taneqqiṭ d amḍiq war tehri; taɣda tettwasɣezef deg sin yinumak war tilisa; iɣil n teɣda yesɛa sin n yixfawen; tazinaɣda tesɛa yiwen n yixef, tettwasɣezef deg yiwen unamek. Aɣawas d tajumma ilweɣ i deg yezmer ad yili wudlif s sin n yimsidag.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-19 12-18-47.png|centré|611x611px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 3. Tisektiwin 0, 1, 2 d 3. Aɣawas n tugna d amur ifuken kan; aɣawas n tusnakt ur yesɛi ara tilisa.&lt;/small&gt;

Tasekta n tallunt tettawi amḍan n yimsidag ilelliyen i ilaqen iwakken ad nesbadu amḍiq. Deg taɣda, yiwen x ikfa; deg uɣawas, nesra (x,y); deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, nesra (x,y,z). Tasekta ur tɛelliq ara ɣef wamek ara d-nsuneɣ talɣa: amaḍal s tajumma kan yesɛa snat n tsektiwin, ɣas ma yettwaseknen deg tallunt s kraḍ.

ℝⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, …, xₙ) : xᵢ d imḍanen ilawen}

Tallunin s n &gt; 3 ttwasqedcent deg tusnakt d yisefka. Ma yal amedya n yisefka yesɛa 10 n yimuttiyen ilelliyen, yezmer ad yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg ℝ¹⁰. Ayen-a ur d-yemmal ara belli nezmer ad t-nwali s wallen; imsidag d yilugan fkan-d allalen n tazrawt.

=== Tajumma d wanrar ===
Tajumma d talɣa n snat n tsektiwin; anrar d asket-is. S yiwet n tɣawsa, takurt tesɛa daxel-is d ubleɣ, ma amaḍal d tajumma n rrif-is. Asbadu n wayen nzerrew yesɛa azal uqbel yal asiḍen.

== 4. Ikerdisen d usekkud n Pythagore ==
Akerdis yesɛa kraḍ n yidis, kraḍ n tqacucin d kraḍ n tiɣmar. Deg uɣawas n Aklid, timernit n tɣmar-is d 180°. Akerdis agdudisan yesɛa kraḍ n yidis igdazalen; akerdis akendis yesɛa ma drus sin n yidis igdazalen; akerdis amaɣud yesɛa yiwet n tiɣmert n 90°.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-20 11-55-53.png|centré|667x667px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 4. Tama taẓelmaḍt: anrar n umkuẓ ɣef yidis 5 d 25 = 9 + 16. Tama tayeffust: kuẓ n yikerdisen s yidis a d b, d umkuẓ alemmas s yidis c.&lt;/small&gt;

'''a² + b² = c², ma c d alubdis n ukerdis amaɣud''' 

Asfukel n tugna tayeffust: anrar n umkuẓ ameqqran d (a+b)². Kuẓ n yikerdisen sɛan anrar 4 × ab/2 = 2ab. Ayen i d-yeqqimen d c²; ihi c² = (a+b)² − 2ab = a²+b². Ayen-a d aseɣẓen s wanrar, mačči d asket n teɣzi ɣef tugna. Asekkud-a yesɛa daɣen talɣa tamsuɣalt: ma a²+b²=c² deg ukerdis, tiɣmert i d-yezzin i c d 90°. Deg tanzeggit taknudemt neɣ ɣef umaḍal, tanfalit-a ur tettwasemres ara akka war abeddel.

== 5. Tales(Thales) d tarwast ==
Sin n yikerdisen imarwasen sɛan tiɣmar igdazalen d yidis akniwen s yiwen wassaɣ. Ma tasɣent tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer akk imeccaqen s yiwen umuskir k &gt; 0, tḥerrez tiɣmar d talɣa. D tarwast.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-21 10-35-44.png|centré|676x676px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 5. DE d BC msadaɣen, ihi ikerdisen ADE d ABC d imarwasen. Deg tugna tayeffust, amuskir n teɣzi d 2; win n&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wanrar d 4.&lt;/small&gt;

'''AD/AB = AE/AC = DE/BC'''

Deg umedya, A d yiwet n tqacuct n sin yikerdisen; D yella ɣef [AB], E ɣef [AC], yerna DE ∥ BC. Ihi assaɣ n ''Thales'' yessegza ayɣer akk ibḍan-a d igdazalen. Ma nessen kra n teɣziwin, nezmer ad nsiḍen teɣziwin ur nessin ara s useqdec n wassaɣen-a.

'''Teɣzi: × k; anrar: × k²; ableɣ: × k³'''

Ma nsemɣer asrem s umuskir 3, tehri d teɣzi-nni ad nernunt kraḍ n tikal; anrar ad yili 9 n tikal. Ma nsemɣer agasas s 3, ableɣ ad yili 27 n tikal. Ihi amḍan n tsektiwin yesɛa azal deg wamek i yettbeddil usket.

Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen; d amedya uslig n tarwast s k = 1. Ur ilaq ara ad nsemmi snat n talɣiwin d igdazalen s wesket ma ttemcabint kan deg talɣa.

== 6. Igeddisen, tiwinas d yiḍebsiyen ==
Ageddis d talɣa n uɣawas iḥerzen yiwen rrif yettwabnan s yiɣallen. I ugeddis afraray, war amager n yidis gar-asen, timernit n tiɣmar n daxel d (n−2) × 180°, anda '''n''' d amḍan n yidis. Abḍu n ugeddis affensu s yiwet n tqacuct yessegza tanfalit-a: ad d-naf n−2 n yikerdisen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-22 10-56-58.png|centré|595x595px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 6. Tawinest d rrif; aḍebsi yesɛa daxel. Ageddis s semmus n yidisan yettwabḍa ɣef kraḍ n yikerdisen.&lt;/small&gt;

Tawinest s wammas '''O''' d waqqar '''r''' tesdukkel tineqqiḍin '''P''' i yesɛan '''d(O,P)=r'''. Aḍebsi yeɣleq yesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan d(O,P) ≤ r. Akdu d 2r. Taslayt i twinest deg P tebdd ɣef waqqar OP.

'''Azzikit n twinest: P = 2πr; anrar n uḍebsi: A = πr²'''

Ma '''r''' yettwaskat s yimitren, '''P''' ad yili s yimitren, '''A''' s yimitren imkuẓen. Pi d amḍan agraɣlan π ≈ 3.14159. Ur ilaq ara ad nsexleḍ amḍan n yisekkilen n tamawaẓt d wazal amatu n π.

== 7. Asektiɣmer d radyan ==
Asektiɣmer (trigonométrie) izerrew assaɣ gar tɣmar d teɣziwin. Deg ukerdis amaɣud, '''sin''' '''θ''' d assaɣ n yidis i d-yezzin i θ ɣer ulubdis; '''cos θ''' d assaɣ n yidis n tama-s ɣer ulubdis; '''tan θ''' '''= sin θ / cos θ mi cos θ ≠ 0.'''
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-23 12-24-09.png|centré|612x612px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 7. Tawinest s waqqar 1 tefk amur ilaw cos θ d amur yebdden sin θ. Udlifen n sin d cos sseknen abeddel-nsen d&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wallus-nsen.&lt;/small&gt;

'''sin² θ + cos² θ = 1; 180° = π rad'''

Radyan d asket n tɣmert s wassaɣ '''θ = s/r''', anda '''s''' d teɣzi n uḥric n twinest. Ma '''θ = 1''' rad, '''s''' '''= r'''. Tuzzya tummidt d 2π rad, neɣ 360°. Aseqdec n radyan yeshel tigawt n usiḍen aneẓlay d tarrayt n yizellumen.

'''c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos γ'''

Asaḍuf n cosine yessegza assaɣ gar kraḍ n yidis n ukerdis d tɣmert γ i d-yezzin i c. Ma '''γ =''' '''90°''', '''cos γ = 0''', ad d-naf asekkud n Pythagore. Assaɣen-a ttɛawanen deg usket n tiddi n wayen ur nezmir ara ad naweḍ srid d usiḍen n yiberdan.

==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit ==

* [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit tummit]]

* [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]]

* [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]]

* [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] 

* [[Aljiber imzireg]]

== Amezruy n tenzeggit ==


[[Taggayt:Tusnakt]]</text>
      <sha1>ljzmfsenmyt9myjbped6mz6kig35huz</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tazamugt (tasegda)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23180</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117735</id>
      <parentid>106870</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-22T12:59:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="967" sha1="dkpnii33tg20mulu4bufvfb5lcbdzrl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Tazamugt''', deg [[tasegda]], d lebni bnan-t n yiẓra neɣ tiyajurin, i yesɛa llsas aserman, amkuẓ neɣ akerdis ed wudmawen ikerdisen, wid ad yejmaɛen ɣer tqacuct&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} [https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/pyramide/84515 pyramide], deg ''larousse.fr''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/technology/pyramid-architecture pyramid], deg ''britannica.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tugniwin ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100&quot;&gt;
Tugna:Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe-114973.jpg|Tizumag n [[Sudan]].
Tugna:Louvre Pyramid (Unsplash).jpg|Tazamugt n ''Lluvr'' [[Paris (Fransa)]].
Tugna:All Gizah Pyramids - Cropped Version.jpg|Tizumag n [[Maṣer]].
Tugna:Pyramid of cestius.jpg|Tazamugt n ''Sestius'' deg [[Roma|Ṛuma]].
Tugna:Luxor Hotel.jpg|Tazamugt n asensu n Las Vegas ([[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt]]).
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Muqel daɣen ==

* [[Tizumag n Ǧiza]]
* [[Berǧ (tasegda)|Berǧ]] 

== Tizmilin ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dkpnii33tg20mulu4bufvfb5lcbdzrl</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117736</id>
      <parentid>117735</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-22T13:00:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gurzil90x yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Tzamugt (tasegda)]] ar [[Tazamugt (tasegda)]] : aseɣti n tira</comment>
      <origin>117735</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="967" sha1="dkpnii33tg20mulu4bufvfb5lcbdzrl" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}

'''Tazamugt''', deg [[tasegda]], d lebni bnan-t n yiẓra neɣ tiyajurin, i yesɛa llsas aserman, amkuẓ neɣ akerdis ed wudmawen ikerdisen, wid ad yejmaɛen ɣer tqacuct&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} [https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/divers/pyramide/84515 pyramide], deg ''larousse.fr''.&lt;/ref&gt;{{,}}&lt;ref&gt;{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/technology/pyramid-architecture pyramid], deg ''britannica.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tugniwin ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100&quot;&gt;
Tugna:Archaeological Sites of the Island of Meroe-114973.jpg|Tizumag n [[Sudan]].
Tugna:Louvre Pyramid (Unsplash).jpg|Tazamugt n ''Lluvr'' [[Paris (Fransa)]].
Tugna:All Gizah Pyramids - Cropped Version.jpg|Tizumag n [[Maṣer]].
Tugna:Pyramid of cestius.jpg|Tazamugt n ''Sestius'' deg [[Roma|Ṛuma]].
Tugna:Luxor Hotel.jpg|Tazamugt n asensu n Las Vegas ([[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt]]).
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Muqel daɣen ==

* [[Tizumag n Ǧiza]]
* [[Berǧ (tasegda)|Berǧ]] 

== Tizmilin ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>dkpnii33tg20mulu4bufvfb5lcbdzrl</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Maṣer taqburt</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25186</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117740</id>
      <parentid>114377</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-22T15:25:51Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117740</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="49766" sha1="47ausg7ebsgdu7hwjv6kl7oa4w9ght7" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:The Sphinx and Pyramid of Khafre (8838365561).jpg|vignette|484x484px|Ameẓdu n tzamugt n Xafri tama n usfinks Ameqran n Giza]]
'''Maṣer taqburt''' d yiwet n tɣerma  taqburt n Usamar n Tefriqt n Ugafa d Umalu n Usamar Alemmas, i d-yezgan ɣef teɣzi n wadda n wasif n Nnil, deg wayen yettwassnen s Maṣer n wass-a. Tilisa-s timezrayin bḍant d Kanɛan akk d Tama n Waɛraben ɣer Usamar, Libya ɣer Umalu, akk d Nubya ɣer Unẓul.

Taɣerma n Maṣer taqburt tewwi talɣa ɣer lewhi n 3150 send Talalit n Ɛisa&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-1&lt;/ref&gt;, s useddukkel adamsan n Maṣer Ufella ɣer Unẓul d Maṣer Wadda ɣer Ugafa seddaw leḥkem n ugellid amezwaru, u temhez  ugar n kraḍ(tlata) n yimilen n iseggasen. Amezruy-is yeččur d talliyin n talwit tadamsant d tasertant, i d-yettwabḍan s waṭas n talliyin yesɛan ugar n wuguren iweɛṛen. Maṣer taqburt tewweḍ ɣer tqacuct-is seddaw Tmenkda  Tamaynut, syin tekcem deg yiwet n tallit n uɣelluy imeẓli. Tamurt teɣli seddaw tiwtiwin n icenga n tnezmarin tiberraniyin deg tallit-a taneggarut, u leḥkem n yiferɛunen yekfa s wudem unṣib deg -30, assmi i teḥkem [[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tmenkda Tarumanit]] Maṣer iwakken ad tt-terr d yiwet n temnaṭ.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Clayton1994217-3&lt;/ref&gt;

Annerni n tɣerma  n Maṣer taqburt yekka-d s kra seg tezmert-is iwakken ad '''temyezg''' ɣer tewtilin n Nnil. Aḥemmal yettwaran n wasif d usefqed ɣef wussu n teɣzert fkan-d lɣellat s tuget i yesseččuren amhaz adelsan d imetti n tmurt. Tugta-a n tfellaḥt tefka i tedbelt ttawil n tedrimt n yinaɣzen(lminat) deg yiɣzer d temnaḍin n tenzruft i d-yezzin. Amhaz arurad n yinagraw n tira ilelli, tuddsa n lebni d yisenfaren ikerrazanen(ifellaḥen), assaɣen n tnezzut d tmura i d-yezzin, d yiserdasen iǧehden, fkan i Maṣer ad tḥettem aɣmar-is ɣef temnaṭ. Akk irmuden-a ttwagber-iten sɣur yiwet n ''tbiructatit'' n yimyura, imḍebbren n ddin, d yimseddayen i yellan seddaw leḥkem n uferɛun, i d-iḍemnen tadukli n uɣref amaṣri daxel n unagraw ameẓdu n teflest tasɣanant(ddin).&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Der_Manuelian19986-7-5&lt;/ref&gt;

Tigawin timeqqranin n Yimaṣriyen n zik, llan deg-sent tussfa n lminat, lqis n wakal, d tektikin n lebni i isehlen lebni n tzamugin timeqqranin, n yifakanen d yimesmektayen n yiẓra. Yella daɣen deg wayen xedmen amhaz n tusnakt, n tmejjit, n wussu d ufares afellaḥ, lebni n yiɣerruba imezwura yettwassnen, lfayaṛ n Maṣer, d telɣiwin  timaynutin n tsekla. Seg usejmiɛ n leɛrac imezwura i d-yesnulfan tagelda tamezwarut n yiferɛunen arma d asmi i teɣli deg lqern amezwaru send Talalit n Ɛisa, Maṣer taqburt tella d amnar n tedyanin timeqqranin i yesɛan tazrirt timeqqrant ɣef yidles d usugen  n yegduden i d-yernan deffir-s. Taẓuri-s d tsegda-s ttwaneɣlen s waṭas, u tiɣawsiwin-is tiqburin ttwazuzrent ɣer kuẓ n tɣemmar n umaḍal. Tuɣalin n lwelha ɣer tallit taqburt deg tazwara n wakud amaynut(atrar) tewwi-d ɣer waṭas n yisteqsiyen ussnanen ɣef tɣerma tamaṣrit, ladɣa s unadi deg wakal, d wazal ameqqran i d-yettunefken i tgemmi-ines tadelsant, i Maṣer d umaḍal.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-James200584-7&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amezruy ==
Kraḍ n yigiman n yiseggasen n umezruy n Maṣer taqburt ttbanen-d amzun d wid yettbeddilen dima. Talliyin n rrbeḥ d nnerni ttemdalawant s wudem imdewwem d talliyin n ussexleḍ iweɛṛen cwiṭ neɣ aṭas. Akkin ittedu wakud, tameddurt n Uwanak aferɛuni tettban-d amzun tuɣal d taxeṣṣart ugar. Semmus n leqrun n nnerni n Tmenkda Tamaynut, ddan-d deffir-sen sebɛa n leqrun n yir talliyin. Ibeddilen n yimḍebbren d yibeddilen n tlisa ttemḍafaṛen arma d tisin n Talwit Tarumanit(''Pax Romana'').

Maca, awadem ameqqran akk deg Maṣer taqburt, d aseḥbiber-is igerrzen deg wakud yessewhamen. Axaṭer, nnig n ubeddel agellusan d umbiwil asertan, taɣerma-ya teqqim ugar n tlata n tmikin, d tidet weḥd-s deg umezruy. Seg wasmi i d-bdan deg tazwara n umezruy yettwarun arma d asmi i ten-ssufɣen s nnerni n tmasiḥit, imenzayen igejdanen n yidles amaṣri ttwaḥerzen akken iwata. Deg tallit-a, anerni n tmeddurt ɣef yiri n wasif n Nnil ibeddel drus kan, yezga yettwaḥkem s uḥemmal, tiwsi d yilluten.

Akken i d-yenna umussnaw n umezruy agrigi Hirudut, « Maṣer d tikci n Nnil ». Yewwi-d awal s ṣṣwab belli asif-a ur yettwabḍa ara ɣef tmagit tamaṣrit taqburt, axaṭer lemmer mačči d netta, Maṣer ur telli ara. Daymi i d-iban d ayen igarzen ma yella imezdaɣ n « Tamurt Taberɣelt » rran-t d illu ameqqran deg yilluten-nsen. Yerna isɛa azal meqqren axaṭer illu-a yezmer ad yili d ameccahi: ma yella-d uḥemmal n waman n diri, lɣellat ad ɣlint, ayen ara d-yawin laẓ. Uqbel lebni n wuggug unnig n Aswan, ifellaḥen zgan ddren deg tugdi-a.

Iwakken ad affen tifrat i tegnit-a, yiwet n tedbelt iǧehden tbedd-ed seg tazwara. Tugta n lɣella izaden ugar ttwaṭṭafent-d s twisi u ttwaxeznent iwakken ad ilin-t deg iseggasen n diri anda ara tent-yeḥwiǧ wegdud. Yiwen n yiserdas n yimyura d yimseddayen llan ttḍafaṛen s ṣṣwab ajmaɛ n twisi-a. Tafesna-a n yimseddayen n uwanak tella d tigejdit tameqqrant n tezmert tageldant, d lsas n tmerniwt d tezmert n tmurt arma d tazwara n usemguri.

Deg yixef n tseddart, i d-iḍebbiren kullec, i d-yessemlalayen iqeddacen, yella yiwen kan n unebbad: Ferɛun. Agellid yekkes-d tazmert-is srid seg yilluten. Netta d mmi-s n yillu u d aqeddac-nsen amezwaru deg yiwen n wakud, daymi leḥkem-is ur yezmir ad yettwacukk deg-s. Tasudut taferɛunit d azamul n tdukli taɣelnawt u d yiwet n tɣawsa yessefk ad tili i talwit n tmurt (iwakken ad ttwaxdem). Icenga i d-ikecmen wa deffir wa ur ɣliḍen ara deg-s, u zgan ḥerzen ad qeddcen ɣef leɛwayed. S usbeddi n yiman-nsen d iferɛunen ɣef yiqerra-nsen, ḍemnen akemmel n uwanak, u s wakka ttrebbḥen-d amkan deg uzref d ulawen n wegdud.

Axaṭer ayen yettṛaǧun win yeṭṭfen amkan n ugellid, icud s waṭas ɣer wayen yettṛaǧun Maṣer s timmad-is. Yal tuffɣa n tezmert n leḥkem alemmas tezmer ad d-tawi tazɣent, ma d yal tikkelt ara yili urgaz iǧehden ɣef ukersi n leḥkem, talwit n tgelda tettwaḥrez. Ayagi yezmer ad d-yessefhem s wacu i qeblen Yimaṣriyen s ttawil igelliden iberraniyen, ma yella ḥerzen ɣef leɛwayed n lejdud.

Anagraw-a yessebgen-ed tazmert-is ugar n wakud iwulmen. Leqrun sakkin, ɣer taggara, beyynen-d tilisa-s d wuguren-is. Amhaz-is iḍeɛfen aṭas d tezmert-is ixuṣṣen iwakken ad d-yemyezg(ad iwulem) d tallit i yettbeddilen, wwint-t ad yeɣli seddaw uɣmar s lǧiran-is.

=== Tallit Send Tamnekda ===
Akken i d-nnant tirawin n uqessis amaṣri ''Manitun'', i d-yettwarun deg lqern wis tlata send talalit, lǧerra n yiferɛunen yebḍa ɣef tlatin n tgeldiyin timḍafaṛin, i d-yebdan s Ferɛun '''''Minis'''''.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Clayton19946-18&lt;/ref&gt; Agellid Mini (neɣ Minis s tegrigit) yettwaḥseb d netta i yesduklen snat n tgeldayin n Maṣer Ufella d Maṣer Wadda, lewhi n 3200 send talalit, deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt i deg yeffeɣ d anernan.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Shaw200378%E2%80%9380-19&lt;/ref&gt; Deg tidet, abeddel ɣer Uwanak yedducklen yeḍra mebla ccek s ttawil imeẓli u d afara, ugar n wayen bɣan ad aɣ-t-sfehmen yimyura imaṣriyen iqburen, ɣas akken ur d-yeqqim ula d yiwen n lateṛ seg tallit n Minis. Maca, kra n yimnuda tura ttamnen belli Minis amayan yezmer ad yili deg tidet d agellid ''Narmer''. Wagi yettwasken-d s llebsa n usfugel ɣef teblaḍt n ''Narmer'' deg yiwet n tigawt s uzamul n useddukkel.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Clayton199412%E2%80%9313-20&lt;/ref&gt; Yettwasken-d din s tesmert tamellalt n Maṣer Ufella (hedjet), yewwi yiwet n tɛekkazt deg ufus-is ayeffus, d agellid n Maṣer Wadda deg ufus-is wayeḍ. Asayes-a ad d-yawi axemmem ɣef tmenɣiwt neɣ ɣef usfel. Seg tama nniḍen n teblaḍt, nezmer ad t-nwali yesfugel ɣef unnerni-s akk d yiserdasen-is. Imiren yelsa tasmert n ugellid yernan, (tasmert tazeggwaɣt n Maṣer Wadda), d azamul n unnerni-s ɣef ugellid n Ugafa.

Deg tazwara n tallit tatinit(send tamnekda taqburt), lewhi n 3150 send talalit, yiferɛunen imezwura i d-yusan seg Unẓul (Maṣer Ufella) sseǧhaden aɣmar-nsen ɣef Maṣer Wadda. Sbedden tamanaɣt-nsen deg ''Memfis'', anda i zemren ad ḥekmen ifassen n uxeddim d tfellaḥt n temnaṭ n delta i d-yettaken lɣella, akk d iberdan n tnezzut ɣer ''Livan'', i yesɛan azal asnuddsan d win n tmerniwt. Tamerniwt d tezmert i d-yettnernin n yiferɛunen deg tallit tatinit ttbanen-d deg yimḍiqan-nsen n '''''mastaba''''' yettwaxedmen s tẓuri, d tilin n yideggan n temḍellin n ddin deg ''Abidus'', i yettwaxedmen iwakken ad yettwusfugel ɣef Ferɛun yettuɣalen d illu deffir lmut-is. Tasudut iǧehden n tgelda i d-snernan yiferɛunen tettawi-d i useḥbiber ɣef uzref n Uwanak deg wakal, ɣef uxeddim, d wayen i d-yettak wakal, i yellan d llsas i tmeddurt d umhaz n tɣerma tamaṣrit taqburt.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-23&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tamnekda taqburt ===
[[Tugna:All Gizah Pyramids.jpg|vignette|Tizumag akk n giza ɣef tikkelt. ]]
[[Tugna:Khafre statue.jpg|vignette|Afarɛun Xenfren, mmi-s n Xufu.]]
Deg Tmenkda Taqburt, ḍrant-d aṭas n tizwiren timeqqranin deg tsegda, deg tẓuri d tateknit, s lmendad n unnerni n ufares afellaḥ i tdebbeṛ yiwet n tedbelt talemmast iǧehden. Sseddaw n tmehla n unebaḍ(Vizir), imseddayen jemaɛen-d tabzert, ssemlalayen iɣawasen n wussu iwakken ad snernin lɣella n yimɣan, ttawin ifellaḥen ɣer yisenfaren n lebni, u sbedden-d anagraw n teɣdemt iwakken ad ḥerzen ɣef talwit d unnaḍ.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Shaw2003102-25&lt;/ref&gt; S tneflit n wallalen i d-yettak wayen i d-tefka tmeddurt n tedamsa i d-yettaken aṭas yerna tǧehed u tarkad, Awanak yezmer ad issuter lebni n yismektayen imeɣlalen u ad yefk tigawin n tẓuri yessewhamen i akk tamurt. Tizumag i bnan yigelliden Ǧuzir, [[Xufu]] d warraw-nsen, d izamulen i d-yettwasmektayen s waṭas n tɣerma tamaṣrit taqburt d tezmert n yiferɛunen.

S unnerni n tezmert n tedbelt talemmast, tban-ed yiwet n tserkemt tamaynut, deg-s imyura yelamden d yimseddayen iɣer yettak Ferɛun ayla d lexlaṣ n yiqeddac-nsen. Ifeṛɛunen ttawin daɣen akal i wusɣan(ddin) n wemḍal-nsen  d yifakanen iwakken ad ḍemnen belli tisuda-a tesεa ayen ara d-yekfun d tiɣbula akken ad ḍemnent aεbad n Ferεun deffir tmettant-is.

Ɣer taggara n Tmenkda Taqburt, semmus n leqrun n yirmuden-a ur nbeddel ara aṭas, sseɣlin tazmert tadamsant n Ferɛun, i yellan ur yezmir ara ad iεawen tadbelt talemmast tameqqrant.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Shaw2003116%E2%80%93117-26&lt;/ref&gt; Akken tenqes tezmert n Ferεun, ineɣlafen n temnaḍin, iwumi qqaṛen numark, bdan la kkaten mgal aɣmar n Ferɛun. Tagnit-a, mi yerna ɣur-s aɣurar iweɛṛen i d-yeḍran gar 2200 d 2150 send talalit (aneḍru n unezwi n 4200 AP),&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-27&lt;/ref&gt; ɣer taggara, tessaweḍ tamurt ad tekcem deg yiwet n tallit n laẓ d ussexleḍ, iwumi semman Tallit Talemmast Tamezwarut,&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Clayton199469-28&lt;/ref&gt; i yeddurin azal n 140 n iseggasen.

=== Tallit Talemmast Tamezwarut ===
S uɣelluy n tedbelt talemmast tamaṣrit ɣer taggara n Tmenkda Taqburt, Tadbelt ur tezmir ara ad tɛawen neɣ ad tesserked tadamsa n tmurt. Deg wakud n lexsas, ineɣlafen n temnaḍin ur zmiren ara ad tteklen ɣef tallelt n ugellid, ma d lexṣas n wučči i d-yeffɣen yuɣal d laẓ d ccwal adamsan yettuɣal d imenɣiyen imecṭaḥ n wegdud(ṭṭraḍ aɣarim). D acu kan, ɣas akken llan wuguren, imḍebbren idiganen ur nettalas ara acemma ɣer Ferɛun, bdan sseqdacen tilelli-nsen tamaynut iwakken ad sbedden idles yettnernin deg temnaḍin. Imi i ḥekment deg yiyellalen-nsent, timnaḍin-a uɣalent d timeṛkantiyin, akken i d-tettban deg yimḍiqan n tmeḍlin meqqren ugar u yelhan ugar deg merra tiserkam n tmetti. Deg yiwet n tafat n tmusni, inaẓuren n temnaḍin ddemen u sezgen teklutin n yidles i yellan zik d ayla kan n tgelda n Tmenkda Taqburt. Deg yiwen n wakud, imyura snernayen-d aɣanib n tsekla i d-yesskanen asirem d tgemmi n tallit-nni.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Shaw2003146-30&lt;/ref&gt;

Imi i ten-bran seg ufus n Ferɛun, imḍebbren idiganen bdan la ttemnaɣen ɣef uḥareb n wakal d tezmert. Deg 2160 send Talalit, imḍebbren n ''Hirakliyupulis'' ḥekmen Maṣer Wadda, ma d yiwen n weɣref amnaɣ, i yellan deg Tib, tawacult n Antef, ṭṭfen aɣmar ɣef Maṣer Ufella. Akken la tettimɣur tezmert n Wat Antef, aɣmar-nsen yettimɣur ɣer ugafa, arma d asmi i d-yuɣal imenɣi gar snat n tgeldiyin-a d ayen ur yezmir ad yettwakkes. lewhi n 2055 send talalit, iɣallen n Tib seddaw leḥkem n ''Nebhepetrê Montouhotep II'', ɣer taggara, ɣelben imḍebbren n ''Hirakliyupulis''. Sduklen-d daɣen snat n tgeldayin-nni u sbedden-d yiwet n tallit tamaynut n tedamsa d yidles iwumi semman Tamenkda Talemmast.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Clayton199429-31&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tamenkda Talemmast ===
Imḍebbren n Temnekda Talemmast rran-d talwit d urkad n tmurt, ayen i d-yewwin tuɣalin n tẓuri, n tsekla, d yiɣawasen n lebni imeɣlalen(yisenfaren n lebni n usmektay). Muntuḥutep II d yimḍebbren i d-yernan deffir-s n Tgelda Tis Mraw Yiwet (XI) ḥekmen Tib arma d asmi i yerra unebaḍ Amenemhat tamanaɣt ɣer Licht (Fayum) mi yekcem kan ɣef ukersi n leḥkem lewhi 1985 send talalit. Seg temdint n Licht, iferɛunen n Tgelda Tis Mraw Snat (XII) bdan yiwen n uɣawas ameqqran n uwenneɛ n wakal d wussu iwakken ad snernin afares afellaḥ deg temnaṭ-nni. Rnu ɣer waya, iserdasen ṭṭfen-d tikkelt nniḍen Nubya, tamnaṭ yeččuṛen d inaɣzen n uẓru d win n wureɣ, ma d ixeddamen bnan yiwet n tmṣuka n uḥuddu deg Usamar n delta, iwumi semman « Iɣraben n Ugellid », iwakken ad ḥudden iman-nsen seg yal anṭag aberrani.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Shaw2003158-35&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Tugna:Upper part of portrait statuette of Amenemhat III wearing the nemes 01.jpg|vignette|Tasreɣta n ṣṣenf alsan deg usalay n Staatliches Ägyptischer Kunst, Munich, '''Amenemhat III''']]
S usseǧhed n tezmert tadamsant d tserdast, d tmerniwt i d-yewwi usexdem n wakal afellaḥ d yinaɣzen, agdud n tmurt yennerni deg yiwen n wakud d tẓuriwin d ddin. Mgal tikli tanesmazrayt n Tmenkda Taqburt ɣer yilluten, Tamenkda Talemmast teẓra yiwet n tuɣalin ɣer ddin (i nezmer ad as-nsemmi ass-a « tugduda ») i laxert, i deg ruḥ n yal amdan yettwaqbal deffir lmut gar yilluten. Wweḍen tiqucac timaynutin n tẓuri deg Tmenkda Talemmast, s tsekla i d-yettawin ɣef yisental d yimyura iweɛṛen s uɣanib yeṣfan, d Tisreɣtin(tineqqictin) n yinaqqaṛen i d-yeṭṭfen ula d ttfaṣil timecṭuḥin n yal taɣawsa.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Robins200090-37&lt;/ref&gt;

Anebbaḍ ameqqran aneggaru n Tmenkda Talemmast, ''Amenemhat III'', yeǧǧa imezdaɣ n Asya ad zedɣen tamnaṭ n delta n Nnil iwakken ad fken afus n uxeddim i yirmuden-is iweɛṛen s waṭas. Imhilen-is n lminat d lebni, akk d uḥemmal n Nnil i d-yeḍran deffir-s deg leḥkem-is, sseɛben tadamsa u sseɣlin tamurt s ɣer Tallit Talemmast Tis Snat. Deg tallit n uɣelluy-a, i yellan deg Tgelda Tis Mraw Kraḍ (XIII) d Tis Mraw Kuẓ (XIV), Asyawiyen ṭṭfen aɣmar ɣef temnaṭ n delta, ɣer taggara ulin ɣef ukersi n leḥkem n Maṣer, seddaw yisem n ''Hiyksus''.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Shaw2003188-38&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tallit Talemmast Tis Snat ===
Ɣer lewhi n 1650 send talalit, akken la tenqes tezmert n yiferɛunen n Tmenkda Talemmast, iminigen n Asya i yettidiren deg temdint n ''Avaris'', deg delta n Usamar, ṭṭfen aɣmar ɣef temnaṭ-nni u ḥettmen anabaḍ alemmas ad yerwel ɣer ''Tib'', anda Ferɛun yettuɣal am uqeddac i yessefk ad yefk tabzert. ''Hiyksus'', s unamek unṣib, « inebbaḍen iberraniyen », qelden aɣanib n unabaḍ amaṣri u semman iman-nsen d iferɛunen, ssemlalen s wakka iferdisen imaṣriyen deg yidles-nsen i yemsadan d tallit talemmast n Ubṛunz.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Shaw2003189-40&lt;/ref&gt;

Deffir ma rewlen, igelliden n Tib ufan-d iman-nsen ḥeṣren gar Hiyksus ɣer Ugafa d lǧiran-nsen n Nubya ɣer Unẓul, Ikuciyen. Deffir azal n twinest(meyya) n yiseggasen n war tigawt, iɣallen n Tib nnejmaɛen-d lewhi n 1555 send talalit u kkren mgal tazmert n Hiyksus deg yiwen n umennuɣ i yeddurin ugar n kraḍ n tmerwin(tlatin) n yiseggasen. Ifeṛɛunen ''Seqenenrê Tâa'' d ''Kamosé'' ssawḍen ad ɣelben Inubiyen. Maca d win kan i d-yernan deffir ''Kamosé'', ''Ahmôsis I'', i d-yewwin s umzrar n tḥemliwin tarnawt i d-yeslellin s wudem unṣib Maṣer seg tilin n Hiyksus. Iserdasen uɣalen s wakka d tuzwirt i yiferɛunen n Tmenkda Tamaynut. Ad fken ttawil i usewseɛ n tlisa d uɣmar-is ummid ɣef Usamar Alemmas.&lt;ref&gt;https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89gypte_antique#cite_note-Shaw2003224-41&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Tamenkda Tamaynut ===
[[Tugna:Thutmose III and Hatshepsut.jpg|vignette|Tafelwit n Tmesgida tazeggaɣt i d-yeskanen Thutmose III deffir Hatshepsut.]]
Ifeṛɛunen n Tmenkda Tamaynut sbedden-d yiwet n tallit n tmerniwt ur nesɛi amedya. Ḥerzen ɣef tlisa-nsen u sseǧhden assaɣen imzukan d yiɣerman-nsen. Tiḥemliwin tiserdasiyen i d-yewwi ''Tutmusis I'' d mmi-s ''Tutmusis III'' sewsɛen tazrirt n yiferɛunen ɣer Surya d Nubya. Sseǧhaden daɣen amekdi yerna ldin anekcum ɣer teɣbula tigejdanin am webṛunz d wesɣar. Ifeṛɛunen n Tmenkda Tamaynut bdan yiwen n umhil ameqqran iwakken ad snernin illu ''Amun'', i yellan taɛbadant deg ''Karnak''. Bnan daɣen ismektayen i ccan n tmanegt-nsen, ama d tidet ama d isugnen. Tagellit-tferɛunt Ḥatcepsut tesseqdac anaw-a n tzniwt iwakken ad tesseḥbiber ɣef tazerfa-s ɣer ukersi n leḥkem. Tallit n leḥkem-is temyezwar s tnemzagin tinezzanin ɣer tmurt n '''''Ta Netjer''','' tebna yiwen n ufakan n tmeṭṭunt yesɛan azal, s sin n yimesmektayen n yiẓra imeɣlalen d yiwet n tmesgida tamecṭuḥt deg Karnak. Maca, ɣas akken tewwi-d igawuten-a, mmi-s n gma-s u mmi-s n gma-s d uḍeggal-is ''Tutmusis III'' iɛreḍ ad yemḥu ayen i d-yeǧǧa ɣer taggara n leḥkem-is, ahat akken ad d-yerr ttaṛ i ukersi n leḥkem yettwali d akken-ines seg tazwara.

Amenḥutep III yewwi Maṣer ɣer tqacuct n tezmert-is. Yebna u yessewjed aṭas n yifakanen imeɣlalen deg tallit n leḥkem-is i ɣezzifen u yellan d talwit.

Ɣer lewhi n 1355 send talalit, talwit d urkad n Tmenkda Tamaynut tettwet deg wugur asmi i d-yuli ''Amenḥutep IV'' ɣef ukersi n leḥkem u yebda-d asmeskel isɣanan d waṭas n tigawin tiradikaliyin u tixessarin. Yebeddel isem-is ɣer ''Axenatun'', yesnerna yillu n yiṭij, Atun, d illu ameqqran yersan nnig wiyaḍ, u yekkes taɛbada n yilluten nniḍen. Yerra tamanaɣt-is ɣer ''Axetatun'' (Tell el-Amarna n wass-a). Yeǧǧa tiɣawsiwin n beṛṛa, yettuɣal kan ɣer ddin-is amaynut d uɣanib-is n tẓuri. Deffir lmut-is, taɛbada n Atun tettwakkes s tɣawla, u yiferɛunen i d-yernan deffir-s ''Tutɛanxamun'', d Ḥuremḥeb mḥan yal aferdis i d-yettmeslayen ɣef tallit n Axenatun, i iwumi qqaren tura tallit tamarnit.
[[Tugna:Luxor Temple - panoramio (10).jpg|vignette|Asebdad amuqqran n Remesses II deg ufrag amezwaru n Luxur.]]
Deg useggas 1279 send talalit, [[Ramsses wis sin|Ramsses II]] yuli ɣef ukersi n leḥkem. Yekkemmel lebni n yifakanen ugar, yessebedd-ad timuɣliwin d yimesmektayen n yiẓra imaynuten, u yesɛa-d dderya ugar n yal aferɛun nniḍen deg umezruy. Imi yella d amḍebber n yiserdasen yesɛan tabɣest, Ramsis II yewwi iserdasen-is mgal ''Iḥittiyen'' deg Tmenɣiwt n Qadec. Ayen i d-yeffɣen seg umennuɣ-a ur iban ara. Maca Ramsses wis sin, ɣer taggara, yegzem-d amtawa amezwaru n talwit yettwassnen deg Umezruy, ɣer lewhi 1258 send talalit.

D acu kan, tabaɣurt n Maṣer tettarra tamurt-a d iswi i unakcum sɣur icenga, ladɣa i Yilibiyen d Yegduden n Yilel. Deg tazwara, iserdasen ssawḍen ad ssufɣen icenga-agi, maca Maṣer tesseɣli aɣmar-innes ɣef Surya d Falesṭin. Tawaɣit n tuggza n beṛṛa d tin ikemmlen ugar s wuguren igensanen, am usgufsu, asexreb n yimḍiqan n yiẓekwan, d ccwal aɣarim. Iqessisen imeqqranen n ufakan n Amun deg Tib jemɛen-d iḥricen n wakal meqqren d tbaɣurt i d-yettekkayen deg usnerni n tezrirt-nsen deg Tallit Talemmast Tis Kraḍ(Tlata).

=== Tallit Talemmast Tis Kraḍ ===
Deffir lmut n Ramsis XI, deg 1078 send talalit, ''Smendis'' yeṭṭef aɣmar ɣef tama n ugafa n Maṣer, seg temdint n Tanis. Tama n unẓul n tmurt tettwaḥkem imiren sɣur Iqessisen n Amun deg Tib, i yessnen Smendès ala s yisem. Deg wakud-nni, Ilibiyen zedɣen deg delta n umalu, anda imeqqranen-nsen bdan la ttgen timanit ay la yettimɣuren. Igelliden ilibiyen ṭṭfen aɣmar ɣef delta seddaw Cicanq I, deg 945 send talalit, sbedden s wakka tagelda n laṣel alibi neɣ tabubastit, i yeḥkmen azal n 200 n iseggasen. Cicanq yuɣal yeṭṭef aɣmar ɣef unẓul n Maṣer, yerra imdanen n twacult-is deg yimukan imeqqranen n tmesgida( Iqessisen). Maca tazmert n yibubastiyen teḍɛef asmi i d-tenker yiwet n tgelda tamnaɣt deg delta, deg ''Lyuntupulis'', d wasmi i d-wwten Ikuciyen ɣef unẓul n tmurt. Ɣer 727 send talalit, agellid Akucit Piɛanxi iḥmel ɣef unẓul n Maṣer u yeṭṭef aɣmar ɣef Tib, syin ɣer taggara ɣef delta.

Ccan n Maṣer yeɣli s waṭas ɣer taggara n Tallit Talemmast Tis Kraḍ. Imddukkal-is iberraniyen ɣlin, deg tidet, seddaw tezrirt n ''Asurya'', u seg 700 send talalit, imenɣi gar snat n tmura-a yuɣal d ayen ur yezmir ad yettwakkes. Gar 671 d 667 send talalit, Ibasuriyen bdan-d amennuɣ mgal Maṣer. Igelliden inubiyen ''Taharqa'' d win i t-id-ixelfen ''Tanutamon'' llan zgan deg umennuɣ d Yibasuriyen, maca imḍebbren inubiyen ssawḍen ad rebḥen aṭas n tikkal. Isuriyen, ɣer taggara, ssufɣen Ikuciyen ɣer Nubya, ṭṭfen tamdint n Memfis u sxeṛben ifakanen n Tib.

=== Tallit Taneggarut ===
Imi ur sɛin ara iɣawasen i lmend n ussehres imezgi, Isuriyen ǧǧan aɣmar ɣef Maṣer i kra n yimḍebbren i ten-iḍefṛen, yettwassnen s yisem n yigelliden n ''Sayit'' n Tgelda Tis Snat n Tmerwin d Seddis (XXVI). Seg 653 send talalit, agellid Psammetik I yessufeɣ-d Isuriyen s tallelt n yimnayen igrigiyen i d-yettwaɣen iwakken ad sbedden iserdasen n yilel imezwura n Maṣer. Tazrirt tagrigit tennerna s waṭas imi tuɣal temdint n Naukratis d amkan n Yigrigiyen deg delta. Igelliden ''Isayten'' i yellan deg tmanaɣt tamaynut n ''Sayit'' sɛeddan yiwet n tallit tamecṭuḥt maca teǧhed n tuɣalin n unnerni deg tedamsa d yidles. Maca deg 525 send talalit, Ifarsiyen i yeṭṭef ''Kambis II'' bdan anṭag-nsen ɣef Maṣer u ɣer taggara ṭṭfen Ferɛun Psammetik III deg Tmenɣiwt n ''Pilus''. Kambis II imiren yeddem azwel n Ferɛun, maca iḥkem seg temdint-is n tanaṣlit ''Sus'', yeǧǧa Maṣer seddaw uɣmar n yiwen n &quot;''usatrap&quot;''. Aṭas n tigrawliwin mgal Ifarsiyen i d-yewwin nnerni deg Lqern wis Ssmus (V), maca Maṣer ur tezmir ara ad ten-tessufeɣ s wudem unṣib.

Deffir useḍmen-ines ɣer Fars, Maṣer tettwasdukel d Qubrus d Finisya deg &quot;''tesatrapit&quot;'' tis sḍis n tmenka tafarsit taxamaniyt. Aɣmar-a amezwaru afarsi ɣef Maṣer, yettwassnen daɣen s Tgelda Tis Sbeɛ d Uɛecrin (XXVII), yekfa deg 402 send talalit. Seg 380 ɣer 343 send talalit, Tagelda Tis Kraḍ n tmerwin(Tlatin) (XXX) tella d axxam ageldan aneggaru n tmurt i yeḥkmen Maṣer, s Nektanebu II. Yiwet n tuɣalin tamecṭuḥt n uɣmar afarsi, i yettwasemman tikwal s Tgelda Tis 31 (XXXI), tebda-d deg 343 send talalit. Deffir mraw d yiwen n yiseggasen kan, deg 332 send talalit, anebbad afarsi Mazakes yefka akersi n leḥkem n Maṣer mebla ma yexṣem ɣef udabu n [[Aliksandr Ameqqran|Aleksandr Ameqqran]].

=== Tagelda ''Taptulimit'' neɣ ''Talagidt'' ===
Deg 332 send talalit, [[Aliksandr Ameqqran]] yeḥkem Maṣer mebla ma yufa-d aṭas n uzbu sɣur Ifarsiyen ixamaniyen. Sṭerḥben yis Yimaṣriyen am umsellek. Tadbelt i d-sbedden yimḍebbren i d-yernan deffir [[Aliksandr Ameqqran|Aliksandr]], ''Ilagidiyen'' neɣ ''Iptulimiyen'', ters ɣef uɣanib amaṣri i yesɛan tamanaɣet tamaynut d Aliksandriya. Tamdint-a tessaweḍ ad d-tessebgen tazmert d ccan n uɣmar agrigi u tuɣal d adeg n unelmad d yidles, i d-yezzin ɣef temkarḍit n Aliksandriya yettwassnen. Lfnar n Aleksandriya yesseflay-d imiren abrid i waṭas n yiɣerruba n tnezzut iɣef sbedden ''Iptulimiyen'' tadamsa n tmurt, ladɣa s tnezzut n ''upapirus''.

Lmut n Aliksandr, deg 323 send talalit, tesseɣli tamenkda-s deg yiwet n tezɣent n umyeḍfer. Ur yesɛi ara aneggaru i yezmren ad yeḥkem. Tagelda tettwabḍa imiren deg Umtawa n '''Babilun'''. Ajiniral ''Ptulimi'' yesdukel seddaw tmehla-s tasatrapit tamaṣrit merra. Tazɣent n umyeḍfer ad teddum arma d 306 send talalit, s tnekra n ''Dyaduksen'' d tmettant n tgelda n Aliksandr, d tagelda n ''Yirjiyaden''. Deg 306-305 send talalit, ijiniṛalen i d-yeqqimen i ssawḍen ad ṭṭfen adabu-nsen ɣef yirir n tmenkda n Aleksandr, ad rnun ad semmin iman-nsen « bazilus ». Ptulimi yuɣal imiren d Ferɛun deg 305 send talalit, yesbedd-ed tagelda n ''Yilagidiyen''. Tilelli-a tamaynut tefka ttawil i tuɣalin n Maṣer am tezmert n temnaṭ. Tagelda tuɣal ɣer tegnit-nni taqburt yettwassnen, asmi yella Uwanak amaṣri d ilelli, yeɛni yesɛa amkan ameqqran deg temnaṭ, d umennuɣ iǧehden, neɣ yettaggaden ɣer Usamar (ibasureyinen, ibabiluniyen, ifarsiyen).
[[Tugna:Ptolemy I Soter Louvre Ma849.jpg|vignette|Ptulimi Amezwaru, d netta ay d-yesbedden tagelda-a Taptulimit.]]
Iwakken ad ḍemnen takdit(imekdi) n wegdud, Iptulimiyen lemden ɣef leɛwayed, s wakka ḍemnen belli insayen imaṣriyin ur tent-ɣellbent ara tid n yidles agrigi. Maca, yessefk ad nerr tamawt ɣef wallem-a. ''Iptulimiyen'' kemmlen la d-ssbegginen laṣel-nsen agrigi. Akken i d-yenna Puzanyas, deg Udlis wis X, ixef wis 7, « igelliden n Maṣer ḥemmlen aṭas ma yella semman-asen Imasiduniyen ». Maca Igrigiyen ɛawden sseqdec anagraw n Maṣer yebnan s tseddarin, teddun s yiwet n tedbelt taqburt ay d-yesbegnen azal-nnes.

Adabu amaynut yebna daɣen ifakanen imaynuten s uɣanib amaṣri, s tallelt n wansayen n ddin iqburin. Kra n leɛwayed ttwasdukklent d yiwet, am useddukkel n yilluten, gar yilluten igrigiyen d yimaṣriyen (am ''Sarapis''), neɣ taklut ɣef yiẓra timaṣriyin i ɣef tesɛa tazrirt n tasreɣta tagrigit.
[[Tugna:Ptolemy II MAN Napoli Inv5600.jpg|vignette|Ptulimi Wis Sin.]]
Maca, asnerni n yifakanen imaṣriyen d yiwet kan n tḥerci tasertant n ''Yilagidiyen''. Sseddaw n tgeldayin tiqburin, ifakanen llan d tazmert mgal Ferɛun. Ilagidiyen kksen tilelli d timunent n yifakanen, s wakka beggsen-d u kksen tanmegla-nsen. Iwakken ad yexdem aya, ''Ptulimi I'' yerra-d tikciwin i yifakanen — d leɛwayda n tgeldayin « n tmurt » — i yettwakksen seddaw uɣmar afarsi. Tuɣalin-a n tikciwin teɛǧeb agdud amaṣri, d yifakanen, ḍemnen-d s wakka takdit-nsen deg tallit n Yimenɣiyen n Yidiyaduken. Deg 260 send talalit, ''Ptulimi II'' yesseḥkem s wudem unṣib aɣmar ageldan ɣef yifakanen, s uwenneɛ d uɛawed n ussuddes n yirgazen n ddin. Akk igrawen n usɣan(ddin) ad ttwasduklen u ad ilin seddaw tmehla n yiwen uqessis ameqqran n ''Ptah'' deg Memfis. Ptulimi II yesseɣreg anagraw n tikciwin. Tiwsitin ttwaṭṭafent-d srid sɣur Uwanak u ttwaqqalent i yifakanen, ayen i ten-yerran seddaw uɣmar n tezmert taptulimit.

Ɣas akken ɛerḍen ad ɛeǧben i yimaṣriyen, Iptulimiyen ufan-d iman-nsen zdat n tigrawliwin n wegdud n tmurt, tiwaculin d wegdud iǧehden n Aliksandriya i yuɣalen d imḍebber asertan seg tallit n leḥkem n Ptulimi IV.

Maṣer tettwabḍa ɣef sin, Maṣer Wadda tuɣal d tagrigit ugar n Maṣer Ufella. Gar 219 d 217 send talalit, amennuɣ wis kuẓ n Surya mgal tamenkda tasiliwsit yessaweḍ Maṣer ɣer yiri n uɣelluy. Tagelda tella deg wannar n umahi maca tesselk iman-is s unnerni n ugellid ''Rafya''. Amennuɣ-a yessexṣer tagelda, u Ilagidiyen ufan-d iman-nsen ttwaḥettmen ad sqedcen iserdasen imaṣriyen. I tikkelt tamezwarut seddaw Yiptulimiyen, iserdasen i yettnaɣen mačči d Igrigiyen i yellan s tuget, maca d Imaṣriyen. Amennuɣ yegdel daɣen tikciwin i yifakanen. Deg 215 send talalit, ''Tib'' d Maṣer Ufella kkren-d mgal adabu n Aliksandriya. Yessefk ad nṛaju -186 iwakken ad nwali adabu aptulimi yeṭṭef-ed iman-is tikkelt nniḍen deg unẓul n tmurt. Tagrawla-a tameqqrant tewwi Ilagidiyen ad ɛiwden awenneɛ n unẓul n Maṣer u ad sbedden deg-s anagraw n Maṣer Wadda. Adabu ageldan yewwi daɣen Igrigiyen ad rnun ad zedɣen deg unẓul iwakken ad rren Maṣer Ufella d tagrigit. Cwiṭ cwiṭ, tigrawliwin ur la d-ssuturent ara asbeddi n Ferɛun n Tib, tanmegla gar Yimaṣriyen d Yigrigiyen ad yeǧǧ amkan i yimenɣi gar Yigrigiyen. Deg 88, arma d 85 send talalit, anẓul yekker-d deg yiwet n tegrawla n tgelda.

Imi Ruma tettkel ugar ɣef ayen i d-tettaǧew d irden seg Maṣer, Iṛumaniyen ceɣlen-d d tegnit tasertant n tmurt. Akemmel n tegrawliwin timaṣriyin, ṭṭmeɛ ameqqran n yisertiyen d yimnaɣen isiliwsiyen iǧehden, rran tagnit-a ur teṭṭif ara arkad ijehden. Tewwi Rum ad d-tazen iɣallen iwakken ad tesseḥbiber ɣef tmurt u ad tt-terr d tamnaṭ n tmenkda-s.

=== Tallit tarumanit ===
Maṣer tuɣal d tamnaḍt n Tmenkda tarumanit deg useggas 30 send talalit n Ssidna Ɛisa, deffir laxṣaṛa n Mark untwan d [[Kliyubatra VII]] sɣur ''Uctav'' (i yellan ad yuɣal d amenkad Ugustus) deg umennuɣ n ''Aktyum''. Imir-nni, Iṛumaniyen llan tteklen mliḥ ɣef yiɣerruba n yirden seg Maṣer, yerna tanḍuft arumani, i yella ddaw leḥkem n yiwen n uneɣlaf i d-yesbedd Umenkad, yeqmaɛ tagrawliwin, arnu s leqseḥ i d-gren ammud n tewsiwin ẓẓayen, yerna ḥebbsen anṭagen n yixennaben i llan ttnernin s waṭas. Aliksandriya tuɣal d ammas axatar ugar deg ubrid n tnezzut ɣer Usammar, yettnerni usuter n Ruma ɣef yifarisen imidrusen Ugmuḍ (ccerq).

Ula ma Irumaniyen sɛan addud d aqesḥan ugar n Yigrigiyen ɣer Yimaṣriyen, kra n wansayen am umemmifyi d uɛbad n yilluten iqburen ttkemmilen. Taẓuri n tugna n yimemmifyen tennerna aṭas yerna kra seg yimenkaden irumaniyen la d-skanen iman-nsen s wudim n yiferɛunen, maca akken yebɣu yili lḥal ur tewwiḍ ara akken yella yakan ɣer Yiptulimiyen. Tadbelt tewwi aɣanib n tedbelt n Rrum yerna teqqim tettwagdel i Yimaṣriyen inaṣliyen.

Seg wammas n lqern amezwaru, Tamasiḥit teṭṭef aẓar deg Aliksandriya s talɣa n ddin yemgerraden yettwaqeblen. D acu kan, tamasiḥit d asɣan ur nesεi tilas yettnadin ad d-yawi kra n yimesmuttiyen seg yisɣan iqburen(tiddayanin n yimaṣriyen n zik), s wakka yeggez ansayen n ddin aqbur n wegdud. Ayagi yewwi ɣer uqehheṛ n wid i d-yemnen s Tamasiḥit i yewwḍen ɣer tqacuct-is s &quot;tizdeg timeqqranin&quot; i d-yefka ''Dyuklisyn'' s unnaḍ-is deg 303. Deg 391, amenkad amasrayi ''Tyuduz'' yefka-d lqanun i ggedlen imẓulliyen ibakniyen yerna yemdel ifakanen. Aliksandriya tuɣal d amkan n tegrawliwin timeqqranin mgal ibakniyen anda tugniwin n ddin tizayazin d tusligin ttwahuddent. Daymi, idles abakni n Maṣer yeɣli cwiṭ, cwiṭ. Deg wakud anda iɣerman n tmurt ttkemmilen sawalen s tutlayt-nsen, tazmert n tɣuri n yihiṛuṛlifiyen tnegger cwiṭ, cwiṭ s uɣelluy n tmelilt n yirgazen n ddin iqburen imaṣriyen d wid yellan ɣef uqerru n yifakanen imaṣriyen. Ifakanen-nni ttuɣalen tikwal d timezgidayin n tamasiḥit neɣ qimint tilmawin deg tnezruft.

== Anabaḍ d Tdamsa ==

=== Tuddsa tasertant: ===
[[Tugna:Pharaoh with double crown.svg|vignette|Ferεun yezga yettgensis-it-id s yizamulen n udabu ageldan.]]
Maṣer taqburt d tageldit tatukraṭit. Ugar n ugellid, '''Faraɛun''' d netta i d anedbal ameqqran, d d aqerru n tredsa, d anezzarfu amezwaru yerna d lkahin ameqqran n Maṣer. S tidet, Faraɛun yesɛa yiwet n tuɣḍaḍt ilaq ad tt-isselkem : ad issenṭeḍ alugen n ''Maât'' deg Wakal, anamek-is, ad iḍmen tamṣadant ger yemdanen d yigenni, ad yili d aḍman ɣef tikli yelhan n wegdud-is, s wakka ad yettikki deg uḍman n uɣlal-is.

Akken ad yesɛu aɣmar ɣef wakalen d wayen yellan, Faraɛun yettkal ɣef yiwet n tdabelt i deg llan yimdebbṛen i sefraken leḥwal-is yal ass. Tadabelt-agi, la yettḥekkem deg-s urgaz-is n laman, '''Vizir''', i yettilin d agensas n ugellid yerna yettseggid asenqed n wakalen, agerruj, isenfaren n lebni, anagraw azerfan d yikaraman(arcif).

Akal amaṣri yebḍa ɣef snat n tmerwin d snat n temnaḍin n tedbelt, iwumi qqaṛen «'''nums'''», yal yiwet deg-sent, yettḥekkem deg-s yiwen n «'''unumak'''», i yettilin d amasay zdat ''Lvizir'' . Ifakanen d nutni i d aɛrur n tdamsa tamaṣrit. S wakka, ifakanen mačči d imukan kan n usɣan(leεbada), maca d imasayen daɣen ɣef ujmaɛ d usekles n wayen yesɛa wegdud s yiwen n unagraw  yettwaḍemnen n tkerrazt d yigerrujen ay yettɛawaden ttferqen, ama d irden neɣ d tiɣawsiwin nniḍen.

=== Tuddsa tamettit ===
Tamettit tamaṣrit tella tebḍa aṭas ɣef tiserkam yerna aẓayeṛ  n tmetti n yal amdan yettwabeggen-d s telqay. Ifellaḥen d nutni i d tugett tameqqrant n yimezdaɣ, xas ma ur llin d '''imliten''' n yifuras-nsen, la n wakalen-nsen. S tidet, ifuras n tferka llan srid deg ufus n Wudabu n ufakan, neɣ n twacult tanesbaɣurt i yesɛan akal-nni. Ifellaḥen llan daɣen ddaw leḥkem n tebzart ɣef uxeddim yerna ttwaḥetmen ad xedmen deg yiswiyen n wussu neɣ n lebni s yiwen n unagraw n lḥeṛs.

Inaẓuren d yinḍen sɛan aẓayeṛ iɛlayan ugar n yifellaḥen, xas ma llan ula d nutni ddaw weɣmar  n Wudabu. Xeddmen deg teḥuna yudsen ɣer yifakanen yerna ttwaxellaṣen srid sɣur &quot;ugerruj azayez&quot;. Imyura d yimdebbṛen d nutni i d taserkemt taɛlayant deg Maṣer taqdimt, i yettwasemman s yisem n «taserkemt n uqačuč amellal» imi llessen llebsa n lelnan amellal i wakken ad beggnen idurra-nsen. Taserkemt-agi taɛlayant tesskanay-d aẓayeṛ-is amettan deg taẓuri d tsekla. War tid n tnesbaɣurt, llan lrgazzen n ddin, imejjayen, d yimusnawen n tmṣuka i yesɛan almad ameẓli(uzzig) deg wannar-nsen. Xas ulac tammunt i d-yemmalen belli llan yiklan deg lweqt-nni, ma yella yettwexdem, ableɣ-is d wuzuzer-is ur yetțwassen ara.

Imaṣriyen n zik ḥesben irgazen d tlawin msawan zdat walugen, ayen yebɣu yili d taserkemt-nsen  n tmetti i deg llan. Afellaḥ akk yesɛa azref ad yefk '''tuttra''' i Lvizir d tneɣlift-is i wakken ad as-d-rren lḥeqq-is. Irgazen d tlawin sɛan azref ad sɛun ayla, ad t-zzenzen, ad ggun iguta, ad zewǧen, ad beṭṭun, ad awin lweṛt, yerna ad ccetkin zdat n teɣdemt ma yella-d umennuɣ. Wid yezwǧen zemren ad sɛun ayla yebḍan gar-asen yerna ad ḥudden iman-nsen seg webeṭṭu s usezmel n yiwen n wagatu n zzwaǧ i d-yemmalen lɣan n yidrimen n wergaz ɣer tmeṭṭut-is d warraw-is ma yella yefra zzwaǧ-nni.

Ma nquren-itent ɣer timegdayin-nsent n Legrig taqdimt neɣ n Ruma, tilawin timaṣriyin sɛant tilelli tameqqrant d teẓbaẓ i wakken ad ssawḍent ɣer yiswi-nsent udmawan. Aṭas n tlawin, gar-asent ''Hatcepsut'' d ''Kliyupatra'', wwḍent almi d adabu ameqqran, ma d tiyaḍ sɛant adabu n ddin imi llant d tilawin n Amun. Xas sɛant tilelli-yagi, tilawin timaṣriyin ur zmirent ara ad ṭṭfent imukan unṣiben deg umeẓlu (tadbelt) yerna qqiment kan deg temlilin tis snawyin deg yifakanen, ayagi imi ur llint ara yemsawan d yirgazen zdat n welmad.

=== Anagraw n tɣdemt ===
Deg tqacuct n '''unagraw n tɣdemt''' amaṣri yella s wudem unṣib Faraɛun, i d amasay i wakken ad d-yessuffeɣ lqanunat, ad yerr taɣdemt , yerna ad yeṭṭef annaḍ azayez , yiwet n tmiḍrant i semman Yimaṣriyen n zik ''Maât''. Xas ma ulac tangalt tazerfant i d-yeqqimen, yikaramen n tɣdemt n lweqt-nni sseknen-d belli asaḍuf amaṣri yebna ɣef unamek icaεen gar lxir d cceṛ, i yebnan s wudem amezwer ɣef tefrant n umennuɣ d tegrayt n yimtawayen wala ɣef tegrumma tameẓdut n yisuḍaf.
[[Tugna:Louvre-antiquites-egyptiennes-p1020372 Cropped and bg reduced.png|vignette|Imyura d nitni ay d-yelhan s ussekles n tedrimt d wakk iḍrisen n tedbelt.]]
Imseqqamu n yimɣaṛen, yettwassnen s yisem n ''Kenbet'' deg Tmenkda Tamaynut, llan d imasayen i wakken ad ḥekmen deg yimukan ɣef temsal n tɣdemt i yesɛan deg-sent ddin imeẓyanen d yimenɣan imeẓyanen. Timsal iweɛṛen akk i deg llant tmenɣiwin, timhal timeqqranin n wakalen, d tukerḍa n yiẓekwan, ttuceggaɛent ɣer Kenbet Tameqqrant, i yessefra Vizir neɣ Faraɛun. Win yecctekan d win yettwaccetkan ttmettalen iman-nsen s yiman-nsen yerna ggalan belli nnan-d tidet.

Deg kra n temsal, Adabu yettili d netta i d aneflus yerna d anezzarfu. Dɣa, yezmer ad yili win yettwardan ad yetwet i wakken ad iqirr s wayen yexdem d yismawen n yimeddukal-is deg wanguz-nni. Maca, ama llant turdiwin weɛṛent neɣ uhu, imaruwen n tɣdemt ttarrun ɣef lkaɣeḍ ccekwa, inigan, d uzaraf n temsalt i wakken ad t-afen ɣer sdat.

Akken tewɛeṛ temsalt, leḥkem ɣef tmenɣiwin timeẓyanin yettili seg lexṭiya almi d asexreb n wudem, rnu ɣer-s tiyita neɣ lmenfi. Imenɣayen iweɛṛen akk am yimenɣan neɣ imakaren n yiẓekwan, ttwaḥekmen s lmut, ama s wegzam n yiri, s umeɣreq. Deg temsal iweɛṛen nezzeh, tafegwit tezmer ad tewweḍ almi ɣer twacult n yiniɣi.

Seg Tmenkda Tamaynut, &quot;''Iraklen''&quot; sɛan tamlilt tameqqrant deg unagraw n tɣdemt , imi d-rran taɣdemt deg temsal n medden d temsal n tmenɣiwin. Akala yettili d tuttra i Yillu &quot;ih&quot; neɣ &quot;ala&quot; ɣef yiwet n tuttra ma tella temsalt d tidet neɣ ala. S yisiti n kra n lkuhhan, Illu yettak-d azaraf-is s ufran n yiwet seg snat n tririyin, s usenḥani ɣer sdat neɣ ɣer deffir, neɣ s usken n yiwet seg tririyin yettwarun ɣef lkaɣeḍ n papyrus neɣ ɣef uceqquf n ufexxar (ostracon).

=== Tanezzut ===
Amur ameqqran n tdamsa d imeslemmes yerna yettwaḥkem s lqeswa. Xas ma Imaṣriyen ur xeddmen ara adrim almi d Tallit Taneggarut, seqdacen yiwen n unagraw n yedrimen yebnan ɣef utruku, s yikufa n yirden neɣ s ''deben'' n wureɣ neɣ n lfeṭṭa i iweznen azal n 91 n yigṛamen. Lxellaṣ n yixeddamen yettili-d s yirden: yiwen n uxeddam afellay kan yezmer ad yerbeḥ semmus yikufa d wezgen (azal n 200 kg) n yirden deg waggur, ma d yiwen n uqerru yezmer ad yerbeḥ ṣa(sebɛa) yikufa d wezgen (azal n 250 kg). Sswamat n sselɛa d lqut ttwaḥedden i wakal s lekmal-is yerna ttwarun deg yidlisen i wakken ad sehhlen atruku. Amedya, taqendurt teswa semmus ''deben'' n nḥas, ma d ssuma n tesfunast d 140 n ''deben''. Irdin zemren ad ttwasutrukrn s lḥaǧat nniḍen, akken yella deg wudlis n sswamat i yettwasbedden. Seg lqern wis semmus (send talalit), yekcem-d wedrim ɣer Maṣer seg uzɣaray. Di tazwara, iceqfan n wedrim ttwasqedcen tizeɣtanin n yimɣuzen ɣlayen, wala am adrim n tidet. Maca, deffir kra n lqurun, imzenza n '''uzɣaray''' bdan tteklen ɣef wedrim.

Imaṣriyen sbedden-d assaɣen n tnezzut d lǧiran-nsen i wakken ad awin ifuras ibeṛṛaniyen ur yettwafin ara ur llin ara di Maṣer. Deg tallit send tageldit, sbedden-d abrid n tnezzut d Nnubya i wakken ad awin ddheb d lebxuṛ yerna yella daɣen yiwen n uɣir deg unẓul n Kanaan. Sbedden-d daɣen assaɣen n tnezzut d Kanɛan, akken i d-tettbeggin tebbuqalin n zzit s uɣanib akanɛan i ufan deg yiẓekwan n Yiferɛunen n tgeldit tamezwarut. Narmer yesɛa daɣen afexxar amaṣri i yettwaxedmen di tmurt n Kanɛan yerna yettwazen (seg '''wasiǧǧew''') ɣer Maṣer.

Seg tgeldit tis snat, Maṣer texdem tanezzut d ''Bibus'' i wakken ad d-tawi asɣaṛ yelhan. Ddaw tgeldit tis semmus, tanezzut d tmurt n ''Punt'' tefka-d tibexsisin tiṛumatin, ureɣ, d yiɣersiwen n lexla am yibkan d yilfan. Maṣer tettkel daɣen ɣef tnezzut d ''Anatulya'' i wakken ad d-taɣ lqesdeṛ d wayen icudden ɣer nḥas, i ilaqen i uxeddim n brunz. Imaṣriyen ḥemmlen daɣen azṛu n &quot;''lapis-lazuli&quot;'' i d-yettwasen (seg taktert ) seg ''Badaxcan'' ibeɛden. Ger yimeddukal nniḍen n tnezzut n Maṣer deg '''Yilel'''  Agrakal, ad naf daɣen Legrig d Kr Crete i d-yettaken i tmurt zzit uzemmur. I wakken ad tessemsawi lemizan n tnezzut-is , Maṣer tessiǧǧew ladɣa irden, ddheb, lelnan, papyrus, d yifuras nniḍen yettwakemlen, gar-asen ṣṣaǧ d tɣawsiwin n wezṛu.

=== Takerrazt ===
[[Tugna:Tomb of Nakht (2).jpg|vignette|Tayerza n yigran, lɣella n tfelaḥat d userwet deg Maṣer taqburt.]]
Yella yiwen n umxellef ameqqran yessewhamen gar ṣṣura i sɛan Yimaṣriyen n zik ɣef tfellaḥt-nsen d ṣṣura i sɛan fell-as yimisafren iberraniyen. S wakka, deg wakud i deg imyura ttwalin taɣawsa n ufellaḥ d nettat i d taxessart iweɛṛen s waṭas gar yirmuden n ufus, imisafren igrigiyen am Hirudut d Diyudur n Siqilya wehmen zdat wakal-a anda imɣan ttemɣayen mebla maɛun ameqqran. D tidet belli tafellaḥt tamaṣrit tewwi-d rrbeḥ ameqqran deg tallit taqburt s sebba n tdukli n tigtawin n tregwa iwulmen, tamezwarut deg-sent d taɣara n wakal i d-yettilalen seg iḥemmalen iseggasen n Nnil. Daymi i zemren Yimaṣriyen ad d-farsen lqut s tuget, ayen i d-yeǧǧan agdud ad yefk ugar n wakud d allalen i yirmuden idelsanen, itiknulujiyen d taẓuri. Lɣella n wakal tella imiren d tagejdant ugar imi tiwsitin ttwaḥsabent ɣef tjumma n wakal i yesɛa umdan.

Tafellaḥt n Maṣer teqqen s waṭas ɣef wedday n Nnil. Ɣer Yimaṣriyen, aseggas yebḍa ɣef tlata n tsemhuyin: '''Axet''' (tasmhuyt n yiḥemmalen n waman), '''Peret''' (tasmhuyt n tmeɣrusin) d '''Cemu''' (tasmhuyt n timgra). Deg tsmhuyt n yiḥemmalen n waman n Nil, i yettaṭṭafen seg Yunyu ɣer Ctember, tettwaras ɣef yiri n wasif yiwet n tissi n waluḍ yeččuṛen d ''limun'', iwulmen i taɣara n yimɣan. Mi yettuɣal waman sakkin ɣer deffir, ifellaḥen kerrzen u ẓẓun iffṛen deg yigerran. Imɣan bddun imiren tallit n unerni, i yettaṭṭafen seg Tuber ɣer Febrayer. Imi drus n unẓar i d-yettilin deg Maṣer, igerran ttwasswan s tregwa d yizennaqen yettwaqnen ɣer Nnil. Seg Meɣres ɣer Mayu, ifellaḥen sseqdacen imegran iwakken ad megren lɣellat-nsen, i yettwawten syin s yimigden iwakken ad frun alim seg yirden. Deffir tigawt-a n useɣyeb, irden ttwanḍaɣen d awren, ttwaxedmen iwakken ad uɣalen d l''byiṛa'' neɣ ttwaxeznen i useqdec n sya d asawen.

Imaṣriyen llan tteẓẓun imendi, timẓin d waṭas n yimɣan n yirden nniḍen, i yettwasqedcen merra iwakken ad d-farsen sin n wučči igejdanen, aɣrum d ''lbiṛa''. Lkettan, yettwaqqes-d uqbel ad yejjeǧeg, yettwaẓẓa ɣef yiferrawen-is i yesɛan iɣilasen. Iɣilasen-a ttwabḍan ɣef teɣzi-nsen, syin ttwalmen iwakken ad ttwaseqdcen ad ẓḍen iceṭṭiḍen d tmerracin n lkettan. Papirus i d-yettemɣayen ɣef yiri n Nnil yettwaseqdec deg usnulfu n lkaɣeḍ. Zdat n tnezduɣin d yideggan iɛlayen, lfakiya d lxedṛa ttwateẓẓunt deg tibḥirin timecṭuḥin i yettwaswan s ufus. Gar lfakiya d lxedṛa i yettwaẓẓun, nezmer ad d-naf ladɣa tifirest, tiskert, lmellum, taxsayt, tiga iqquṛen, cleḍa, d tiẓurin iwakken ad xedmen ccṛab.

=== Iɣbaluyen n ugama ===
Tasegda tamaṣrit teččuṛ d iẓra n ucebbeḥ, iɣir, d ureɣ, d yiẓra izuranen yesɛan azal. Iɣbaluyen-a n ugama fkan i Yimaṣriyen ttawil ad bnun ismektayen, ad neqqcen timuɣliwin, ad snulfun ifecka d yisɣunen n lmuḍa. Wid yimeṭṭlen sseqdacen lmelḥ n '''wadi Natrun''' i uḥraz n tfekka, i d-yettaken daɣen '''lǧir''' (gypse) ilaqen i wakken ad xedmen lmeṣṣuṣ. Tineffagin n yiẓra yeččuṛen d imɣir llant deg '''yiɣezṛan''' iweɛṛen n '''Tenzruft n Waɛraben''' d '''Sinay''', ayen yeḥwaǧen tuddsa n tnemzagin timeqqranin sɣur awanak iwakken ad wwḍen ɣur-sen mebla ugur. Llant aṭas n tɣaltin n wureɣ deg '''Nubya''' yerna yiwet seg tkarḍiwin timezwura yettwassnen, d tinkert n tɣalt n wureɣ n temnaṭ-a. '''Wadi''' '''Ḥammamat''' yella imiren d aɣbalu ameqqran n '''lgranit''', n '''lgrawak''' d wureɣ. '''&quot;''Asileks''&quot;''' d amɣir amezwaru i d-yettwajemɛen u yettwaseqdmen i usnulfu n yifecka. Rnu ɣer waya, iɛeqqayen n usileks d inagan imezwura n tnezduɣt deg teɣzert n Nnil. 

Imaṣriyen sseqdacen iɣbula n '''lgalin''' (galène) deg Udrar n Rusas iwakken ad sseẓẓayen icebbaken-nsen, i umrar n nḥas neɣ iwakken ad d-snulfun udmawen. Maca, nḥas d amɣir i yettwasqedcen s waṭas deg usnulfu n yifecka deg Maṣer taqburt. Nḥas yettwasfay deg tmes s umɣir i d-yettwakksen seg '''tmalakit''' i d-yekkan seg Sinay. Ixeddamen jemɛen-d ureɣ s usired n tεeqqayin n wasif iwakken ad d-kkren seg-s tneqqiḍin n wureɣ neɣ s unḍaɣ n yimɣir n kwartzit yesɛan ureɣ. Tiɣbula n wuzzal i d-yufan deg '''Maṣer Ufella''' ttwaxedmen deg '''Tallit Taneggarut'''. Iẓra n lebni yesɛan taɣara llan s tuget deg Maṣer: '''adɣaɣ n lǧir''' yettwawi-d ɣef teɣzi n teɣzert n Nnil, lgranit yettwakkas-d seg Aswan, ma d '''lbazalt''' d '''uẓru n wezzal''' kkand seg yiɣezṛan n Tenzruft n Waɛraben. Iɣbula n yiẓra n ucebbeḥ am '''lpurfir''', grawak, '''alabastr''' neɣ '''takurnalin''' zerrɛen deg Tenzruft n Waɛraben u ttwajemɛen-d uqbel tisin n '''tgelda tamezwarut'''. Deg talliyin tipṭulimit d tirumanit, ixeddamen ttaxedmen deg yiɣbula n '''zumṛud''' n wadi Sikait d '''wamitist''' n wadi el-Hudi.

== Tutlayt ==

=== Amezruy ===
Tamaṣrit taqburt d yiwet n tutlayt tafer-asyawit i icudden s waṭas ɣer tutlayin timaziɣin d tsemmitiyin. D tutlayt i yesɛan tudert iɣezzifen akk, i yettwarun seg 3200 send talalit arma d Tallit Talemmast. Tutlayt-a tesɛedda aṭas n talliyin: tamaṣrit taqburt, tamaṣrit talemmast (neɣ tamaṣrit taklasikit), tamaṣrit tamaynut, tadimutit d tqupṭit. Inagrawen n tira timaṣriyin ur d-skanen ara amgarad gar-asen uqbel taqupṭit, maca tutlayt-a ahat tesɛa tantaliwin tiɣerfanin ɣef yiri n Memfis u syin ɣef yiri n Tib.

Tamaṣrit taqburt d tutlayt tasmemlalt maca tuɣal d tutlayt taɛezzult. Tamaṣrit tamaynut tesnulfa-d imyaggen imallalen d yir-imallalen i yeṭṭfen amkan n waddaden iqbuṛen. Yella ubeddel n talɣa taqburt n wawalen amyag-asentel-taɣawsa ɣer wasentel-amyag-taɣawsa. Tira tiyiruglifiyin, tiyiritiqin d tdimutiyin ttwabeddlen s ugemmay aqupṭi i yellan d imesli ugar. Taqupṭit mazal tettwaseqdec deg tmeẓri n Tmezgida taqupṭit turṭuduksit, u lateṛ-is mazal yettemlili-d ass-a deg taɛrabt tamaṣrit.

=== Tira ===
Tisin n tira tayiruglifit tamaṣrit tella-d deg lqern wis XXXII. D tira yebnan ɣef wazal n 500 n yizamulen i izemren ad d-mmitlen awal, imesli, neɣ amezzi, yiwen n uzamul yezmer ad yesɛu aṭas n yiseqdac deg isatalen yemgaraden. Iyiruglifen llan d tira tanṣibt, yettwaseqdacen ɣef yismektayen n uẓru d temḍellin. I useqdec amagnu, imyura llan sseqdacen talɣa n tira tazellayt, iwumi semman tayiratiqit, i yellan tesṛeɛ u tsehhel i tira. Ma yella iyiruglifen zmren ad ttwarun s yizirigen neɣ s tgejda deg sin n yimniden (seg uyeffus ɣer uzelmaḍ neɣ seg uzelmaḍ ɣer uyeffus), tiyiratiqin ttwarunt dima seg uyeffus ɣer uzelmaḍ, s wudem aglawan. Yiwet n talɣa tamaynut n tira, tadimutit, tban-d u teṭṭef amkan, dima akk d yiyiruglifen.

=== Tasekla ===
Tira tban-d akk d tgelda ɣef yiɣraren d tmitar n tɣawsiwin i d-yettwafen deg temḍellin tigeldanin. Tella ladɣa d ccɣel n yimyura, i yellan xeddmen deg ''Per Anx'' neɣ axxam n tudert. Wagi yesɛa tanariyin, tamkarḍit (axxam n yidlisen), inagrawen d yimnadiyen. Kra seg yigawuten yettwassnen aṭas n tsekla tamaṣrit taqburt, am iḍrisen n yifakanen neɣ iḍrisen n yitabuten, ttwarun s tmaṣrit taklasikit, i ikemmlen d tutlayt n tira arma d lqern wis XIV (wis mraw kuẓ). Tamaṣrit yettwameslayen seg Tmenkda Tamaynut tuɣal imiren d tutlayt n tira deg yikaramen n tedbelt taramsisit, tamedyazt n tayri d tmacahutin, akk d tdimutit d yiḍrisen iqupṭiyen. Deg tallit-a, ansay n tira yemhez deg tmeddurt-iman d yiẓekwan am wid n Hirxuf d Uni. Anaw n Yinḍiyen yennerna iwakken ad d-yefk iselmaden d Iwellihen n yimeqranen yettwassnen; papirus n Ipu-Ur, tamedyazt n umeǧǧed i d-igellmen tiwaɣiyin tiɣerfanin d yibeddilen imettiyen, d amedya yettwassnen ɣef waya.

Tamacahut n Sinuhi, yettwarun s tmaṣrit talemmast, tezmer ad tili d taṣekka yettwazuzren akk deg tsekla tamaṣrit. Papirus Westcar, d amazrar n tullisin i ḥkan warraw n Xufu ɣef yisewhimen i xedmen lkwahen, yettwaru deg yiwet n tallit. Aselmed n Amenemupet yettwaḥseb d yiwen seg imddyatin ifazen n tsekla n Usamar Alemmas. Ɣer taggara n Tmenkda Tamaynut, tutlayt taɣerfant tella tettwaseqdec s waṭas i tira n leqdicat n wegdud am Amezruy n Unamun neɣ Aselmed n Ani. Amezwaru yeḥkku-d tadyant n yiwen n umeqran i iṛuḥen ad d-yaɣ leṛẓ n Livan, yettwakkeṛ deg webrid-is u yenɛeṭṭab iwakken ad d-yuɣal ɣer Maṣer. Seg lqern wis XIII (wis mraw tlata), allusen n tullisin d yinḍiyen, am Yinḍiyen n Onchsheshonqy, d yikmaniyen n yiman neɣ n twuri ttwarun s tira tadimutit. Aṭas n tullisin yettwarun s tdimutit deg tallit tagrigut-tarumanit ttwarran ɣer talliyin timzrayin tiqburin, asmi Maṣer tella d taɣerma timziregt i ḥekmen yiferɛunen imeqqranen am Ramsis II.</text>
      <sha1>47ausg7ebsgdu7hwjv6kl7oa4w9ght7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Apartinun</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25202</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117742</id>
      <parentid>114420</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-22T15:34:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3147" sha1="svtapp6dz3vbvoz2bdhtgb2amriec18" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:The Parthenon in Athens.jpg|vignette|Barṭinun. Tawlaft tettwaṭṭef deg 1978.]]
'''Partinun''' d yiwen n ufakan yettwassnen deg umaḍal, yezga-d deg tqacuct n Akrupulis deg temdint n Atina. Asmektay-agi d azamul meqqren n teɣerma tagrikit taqburt d wamek i tella tsegda deg tallit-nni.

== Isem akked Anamek-is ==
Isem &quot;Apartinun&quot; yekka-d seg tefransist &quot;Parthénon&quot;, yettwasemman ɣef &quot;Parthenos&quot; s tegrikit taqburt, anamek-is &quot;tameṭṭut ur nḥerrem ara&quot;, d yisem i yettunekkaren i Atina, tillut tameqqrant n temdint. Ihi, Apartinun d &quot;Axxam n Tmeṭṭut ur Nḥerrem&quot;, afakan yettwasersen i lɛibada n Atina ''Parthenos''.

== Amzruy d Usali ==

=== Tallit Tamezwarut ===
Asali n Partinun yebda deg useggas n 447 S.T, deg tallit n unabaḍ n Periklis. Periklis yella d amasay asertan, iswi-ines yella d asebgan n tnezmart d tmanegt n Atina s deffir n llan yimengiyen mgal ifarsiyen.

* '''Imewwalen n usenfar:''' Iktinus d Kallikratis d nitni i d-isɣiwsen tasegda n usmektay-a. Ma d Fidias, yella d asreqqat ameqqran i iḍemmnen ssenɛa n tserɣatin.
* '''Tamhazt n usmektay:''' Deg umezruy, Partinun ibeddel tasreḍt-is. Deg tazwara yella d afakan uɣris n Atina. Sakkin, deg tallit n tmasiḥit, yuɣal d taglizt. Deg tallit n tineslemt, mi d-kecmen yiturkiyen ɣer Atina, yuɣal d tamezgida.
* '''Asehwu:''' Deg useggas n 1687, yella-d wanṭag sɣur ivinisiyen. Asmektay yettwawwet s lbarud, ayen i d-yeglan s uhuddu n waṭas n yiḥricen seg temṣukt ines.

Apartinun yettwabna s uẓru n umarber yettwaɣzan seg yiduraren n Pentelik, ɣer ugafa n Atina. Tiẓra-agi ɣur-sent ini amellal i d-yettakken tafat taberqaqt i ufakan. Imezrayen n Upartinun qqaren belli yettwasqedcen ugar n tnac n ugim n uẓru i ubani-ines.

=== Tasegda d Temṣukt ===
Tasegda n Partinun tban-d s uɣawas aneblal d tmeẓla iqwan.

* '''Aɣawas:''' Afakan yettwabna s wazal n 46 n tigejda deg ubeddi aglawan.
* '''Asemsawi n Tmuɣli:''' Imebanniyen sqedcen tamiḍrant n usemsawi n tmuɣli iwakken tiseɣratin ad banent d tiɣedwiyin i wallen n umdan, ɣas akken lant cwiṭ n uɛewwej deg tnzeggit.
* '''Tanga:''' Yettwabna s umarmu Pentelic, yellan d tanga i d-yettaken tafat d tahuski i weẓru.

=== 3. Tasnemyit d Wanamak ===
Partinun d afakan yettunefken i Atina Partinus. Deg tesnemyit, tella-d temsizzelet ger Atina d Pusaydun ɣef wanwa ara yeṭṭfen adabu n temdint.

* '''Tazrirt n Atina:''' Atina tettmettil tidmi, tamusni, d tnezmart tameɣẓant. Mačči am Ares i yellan d illu n tkriḍt, Atina tessexdam allaɣ deg umennuɣ.
* '''Tasreɣta n Chryselephantine:''' Deg agensan n ufakan, tella yiwet n tesreɣta tameqqrant n Atina i yemmugen s ddheb d ivoire. Tugna agi tella teṭṭef Nike deg ufus-is, i yellan d azamul n lrebḥ.

=== Taggrayt ===
Ass-a, Partinun d asalay i d-yettaken inigi ɣef tɣerma tagrikit. Ɣas akken yewwet-it uzɣan n wakud d yimengiyen, yeqqim d azamul n tsegda yemmugen s tmeẓla d usenqed. Iseɣraten n Elgin i yellan deg Usalay n Britanya mazal-iten d sebba n tezɣent tadiplumasisit ger Grik d Tgeldit Yedduklen, maca Apartinun s yiman-is yeqqim d aɣbalu n usugen i talsa meṛṛa.</text>
      <sha1>svtapp6dz3vbvoz2bdhtgb2amriec18</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117743</id>
      <parentid>117742</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-22T15:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gurzil90x yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Barṭinun]] ar [[Apartinun]] : aseɣti iwulman i teqbaylit tatrat</comment>
      <origin>117742</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3147" sha1="svtapp6dz3vbvoz2bdhtgb2amriec18" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:The Parthenon in Athens.jpg|vignette|Barṭinun. Tawlaft tettwaṭṭef deg 1978.]]
'''Partinun''' d yiwen n ufakan yettwassnen deg umaḍal, yezga-d deg tqacuct n Akrupulis deg temdint n Atina. Asmektay-agi d azamul meqqren n teɣerma tagrikit taqburt d wamek i tella tsegda deg tallit-nni.

== Isem akked Anamek-is ==
Isem &quot;Apartinun&quot; yekka-d seg tefransist &quot;Parthénon&quot;, yettwasemman ɣef &quot;Parthenos&quot; s tegrikit taqburt, anamek-is &quot;tameṭṭut ur nḥerrem ara&quot;, d yisem i yettunekkaren i Atina, tillut tameqqrant n temdint. Ihi, Apartinun d &quot;Axxam n Tmeṭṭut ur Nḥerrem&quot;, afakan yettwasersen i lɛibada n Atina ''Parthenos''.

== Amzruy d Usali ==

=== Tallit Tamezwarut ===
Asali n Partinun yebda deg useggas n 447 S.T, deg tallit n unabaḍ n Periklis. Periklis yella d amasay asertan, iswi-ines yella d asebgan n tnezmart d tmanegt n Atina s deffir n llan yimengiyen mgal ifarsiyen.

* '''Imewwalen n usenfar:''' Iktinus d Kallikratis d nitni i d-isɣiwsen tasegda n usmektay-a. Ma d Fidias, yella d asreqqat ameqqran i iḍemmnen ssenɛa n tserɣatin.
* '''Tamhazt n usmektay:''' Deg umezruy, Partinun ibeddel tasreḍt-is. Deg tazwara yella d afakan uɣris n Atina. Sakkin, deg tallit n tmasiḥit, yuɣal d taglizt. Deg tallit n tineslemt, mi d-kecmen yiturkiyen ɣer Atina, yuɣal d tamezgida.
* '''Asehwu:''' Deg useggas n 1687, yella-d wanṭag sɣur ivinisiyen. Asmektay yettwawwet s lbarud, ayen i d-yeglan s uhuddu n waṭas n yiḥricen seg temṣukt ines.

Apartinun yettwabna s uẓru n umarber yettwaɣzan seg yiduraren n Pentelik, ɣer ugafa n Atina. Tiẓra-agi ɣur-sent ini amellal i d-yettakken tafat taberqaqt i ufakan. Imezrayen n Upartinun qqaren belli yettwasqedcen ugar n tnac n ugim n uẓru i ubani-ines.

=== Tasegda d Temṣukt ===
Tasegda n Partinun tban-d s uɣawas aneblal d tmeẓla iqwan.

* '''Aɣawas:''' Afakan yettwabna s wazal n 46 n tigejda deg ubeddi aglawan.
* '''Asemsawi n Tmuɣli:''' Imebanniyen sqedcen tamiḍrant n usemsawi n tmuɣli iwakken tiseɣratin ad banent d tiɣedwiyin i wallen n umdan, ɣas akken lant cwiṭ n uɛewwej deg tnzeggit.
* '''Tanga:''' Yettwabna s umarmu Pentelic, yellan d tanga i d-yettaken tafat d tahuski i weẓru.

=== 3. Tasnemyit d Wanamak ===
Partinun d afakan yettunefken i Atina Partinus. Deg tesnemyit, tella-d temsizzelet ger Atina d Pusaydun ɣef wanwa ara yeṭṭfen adabu n temdint.

* '''Tazrirt n Atina:''' Atina tettmettil tidmi, tamusni, d tnezmart tameɣẓant. Mačči am Ares i yellan d illu n tkriḍt, Atina tessexdam allaɣ deg umennuɣ.
* '''Tasreɣta n Chryselephantine:''' Deg agensan n ufakan, tella yiwet n tesreɣta tameqqrant n Atina i yemmugen s ddheb d ivoire. Tugna agi tella teṭṭef Nike deg ufus-is, i yellan d azamul n lrebḥ.

=== Taggrayt ===
Ass-a, Partinun d asalay i d-yettaken inigi ɣef tɣerma tagrikit. Ɣas akken yewwet-it uzɣan n wakud d yimengiyen, yeqqim d azamul n tsegda yemmugen s tmeẓla d usenqed. Iseɣraten n Elgin i yellan deg Usalay n Britanya mazal-iten d sebba n tezɣent tadiplumasisit ger Grik d Tgeldit Yedduklen, maca Apartinun s yiman-is yeqqim d aɣbalu n usugen i talsa meṛṛa.</text>
      <sha1>svtapp6dz3vbvoz2bdhtgb2amriec18</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117745</id>
      <parentid>117743</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-22T15:36:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117745</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3166" sha1="lx2cmo4pcwrlwrkc7a9avok5dttxafw" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:The Parthenon in Athens.jpg|vignette|Partinun. Tawlaft tettwaṭṭef deg 1978.]]
'''Apartinun''' neɣ '''Partinun''' d yiwen n ufakan yettwassnen deg umaḍal, yezga-d deg tqacuct n Akrupulis deg temdint n Atina. Asmektay-agi d azamul meqqren n teɣerma tagrikit taqburt d wamek i tella tsegda deg tallit-nni.

== Isem akked Anamek-is ==
Isem &quot;Apartinun&quot; yekka-d seg tefransist &quot;Parthénon&quot;, yettwasemman ɣef &quot;Parthenos&quot; s tegrikit taqburt, anamek-is &quot;tameṭṭut ur nḥerrem ara&quot;, d yisem i yettunekkaren i Atina, tillut tameqqrant n temdint. Ihi, Apartinun d &quot;Axxam n Tmeṭṭut ur Nḥerrem&quot;, afakan yettwasersen i lɛibada n Atina ''Parthenos''.

== Amzruy d Usali ==

=== Tallit Tamezwarut ===
Asali n Partinun yebda deg useggas n 447 S.T, deg tallit n unabaḍ n Periklis. Periklis yella d amasay asertan, iswi-ines yella d asebgan n tnezmart d tmanegt n Atina s deffir n llan yimengiyen mgal ifarsiyen.

* '''Imewwalen n usenfar:''' Iktinus d Kallikratis d nitni i d-isɣiwsen tasegda n usmektay-a. Ma d Fidias, yella d asreqqat ameqqran i iḍemmnen ssenɛa n tserɣatin.
* '''Tamhazt n usmektay:''' Deg umezruy, Partinun ibeddel tasreḍt-is. Deg tazwara yella d afakan uɣris n Atina. Sakkin, deg tallit n tmasiḥit, yuɣal d taglizt. Deg tallit n tineslemt, mi d-kecmen yiturkiyen ɣer Atina, yuɣal d tamezgida.
* '''Asehwu:''' Deg useggas n 1687, yella-d wanṭag sɣur ivinisiyen. Asmektay yettwawwet s lbarud, ayen i d-yeglan s uhuddu n waṭas n yiḥricen seg temṣukt ines.

Apartinun yettwabna s uẓru n umarber yettwaɣzan seg yiduraren n Pentelik, ɣer ugafa n Atina. Tiẓra-agi ɣur-sent ini amellal i d-yettakken tafat taberqaqt i ufakan. Imezrayen n Upartinun qqaren belli yettwasqedcen ugar n tnac n ugim n uẓru i ubani-ines.

=== Tasegda d Temṣukt ===
Tasegda n Partinun tban-d s uɣawas aneblal d tmeẓla iqwan.

* '''Aɣawas:''' Afakan yettwabna s wazal n 46 n tigejda deg ubeddi aglawan.
* '''Asemsawi n Tmuɣli:''' Imebanniyen sqedcen tamiḍrant n usemsawi n tmuɣli iwakken tiseɣratin ad banent d tiɣedwiyin i wallen n umdan, ɣas akken lant cwiṭ n uɛewwej deg tnzeggit.
* '''Tanga:''' Yettwabna s umarmu Pentelic, yellan d tanga i d-yettaken tafat d tahuski i weẓru.

=== 3. Tasnemyit d Wanamak ===
Partinun d afakan yettunefken i Atina Partinus. Deg tesnemyit, tella-d temsizzelet ger Atina d Pusaydun ɣef wanwa ara yeṭṭfen adabu n temdint.

* '''Tazrirt n Atina:''' Atina tettmettil tidmi, tamusni, d tnezmart tameɣẓant. Mačči am Ares i yellan d illu n tkriḍt, Atina tessexdam allaɣ deg umennuɣ.
* '''Tasreɣta n Chryselephantine:''' Deg agensan n ufakan, tella yiwet n tesreɣta tameqqrant n Atina i yemmugen s ddheb d ivoire. Tugna agi tella teṭṭef Nike deg ufus-is, i yellan d azamul n lrebḥ.

=== Taggrayt ===
Ass-a, Partinun d asalay i d-yettaken inigi ɣef tɣerma tagrikit. Ɣas akken yewwet-it uzɣan n wakud d yimengiyen, yeqqim d azamul n tsegda yemmugen s tmeẓla d usenqed. Iseɣraten n Elgin i yellan deg Usalay n Britanya mazal-iten d sebba n tezɣent tadiplumasisit ger Grik d Tgeldit Yedduklen, maca Apartinun s yiman-is yeqqim d aɣbalu n usugen i talsa meṛṛa.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Uɣustus</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-22T15:26:37Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
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      <text bytes="5222" sha1="fuxtab4d4xe78n43k5h4vcizbfbbtrg" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1405|image=[[File:Statue of the Emperor Octavian Augustus as Jupiter (6).png|thumb|Asebdad n umenkad Uɣustus amzun d Jupiter (6)]]|caption=Amenkad Uɣustus.|date of birth=23 Ctembeṛ deg useggas 63 Send Tallalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit|date of death=19 Ɣuct deg useggas n 14 Seld Tallalit n Ɛisa.}}

'''Uɣustus''' (s tlaṭinit: Augustus, neɣ s yisem-is n tidet ''Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus'' ), i yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n Uktavyus (Octavius), d amezwaru n yimenkaden n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ilul-d ass n 23 Ctembeṛ n useggas 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, yemmut ass n 19 n Ɣuct n useggas 14 seld talalit n Ɛisa.

D netta i d-yesbedden '''[[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tamnekda Taṛumanit]]''' sdeffir n uɣelluy n '''[[Tagduda Taṛumanit|Tegduda]]'''. Yewweḍ ɣer udabu deg yiwet n tallit n tezɣent d ṭṭrad aɣarim, maca yessaweḍ ad d-yerr talwit, ad yesseggem awanek, dɣa yeldi-d yiwet n tsut iwumi qqaren &quot;Talwit Taṛumanit&quot; (''Pax Romana'').

D netta diɣen i yessbedden anagraw amaynut n udabu deg Ruma, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''Principatu''s, seld mi tfukk tagduda tarumanit (Res publica Romana).

Uɣustus ur d-yewwi ara adabu s yiwet n tikkelt. Iɛedda seg waṭas n ṭṭraden, tedyanin tisertanin, d usenqes n tzemmar n yixṣṣimen-is, almi yuɣal d bab n udabu ameqqran deg Ruma.

Ɣas akken yella d amenkad s tidet, ur yebɣi ara ad d-yesken iman-is am ugellid. Yeskanay-d adabu-is s wudem n uḥraz n tagduda taqburt, maca deg tilawt, akk tzemmar tigejdanin n udabu uɣalent ɣer ufus-is.

Tallit n Uɣustus teldi yiwet n tewwurt n tallit tazrayt s wudem amaynut deg umaḍal arumani, i d-yeglan s tɣellist, asnerni n tdamsa, abeddel n usuddes aserdasi, akked usnerni n tsekla d tẓuriwin.

== 1. Ruma send Uɣustus ==

=== 1.1. Tagduda Tarumanit ===
Send ad d-yas Uɣustus, Ruma tella d tagduda i yettwasuddsen s yiwet n tɣessa tasertant i deg llan:

- '''Asenat''' (Senatus): agraw n ymḍebbren d yimɣaren n twaculin timeqqranin.

- '''Imqerraben n udabu''' (magistratus): am yikunsulen, iprituren d wiyaḍ.

- '''Igrawen igdudanen''' (comitia): anda kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ sɛan azref n ufran n yimḍebbren d uqbal n yilugan.

'''- Ikunsulen''': sin n ymḍebbren i yettwafernen yal aseggas i uselḥu n udabu.

Maca anagraw-a ibeddel s waṭas deg yiseggasen ineggura n Tegduda Tarumanit.

Ruma tella tesɛa akal ameqqran seg Iberya armi d Asya tameẓẓyant, seg Yilel agrakal armi d tmura n ugafa n Tefriqt.

Akal-a ameqqran yessuter asuddes amaynut n udabu. S wakka, timsal n udabu, n tedrimt d tseddarin uɣalent d isental n tmesbaniyin gar yimeqqranen.

=== 1.2. Timsizzelt ɣef udabu d ṭṭraden igensanen ===
Deg tasut tamezwarut send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma teɛreḍ aṭas n ṭṭraden igensan.

Gar yimdanen i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant deg tallit-a ad naf:

- '''Marius''', d aɣella aserdasi.

- '''Sulla''', win i yeṭṭfen adabu s tezmert n yigen.

- '''Pumpyus Ameqqran''', amasay aserdasi d win yesɛan tazmert deg Asya.

- '''[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]]''', win i yernan ṭṭrad agensan ɣef Pumpyus.

- '''Mark Antonyus''', win i yuɣalen d axṣim ameqqran n Uɣustus.

Deg useggas 49 send talalit n Ɛisa, Yulyus Qaysar yeɛda iɣzer n Rubicon s igen-is(taserdast-is), ayen i d-yewwin ṭṭrad agensan.

Mi timerniwt tella ɣer tama n Qaysar, yuɣal yesɛa adabu ameqqran, maca aṭas n yisenaturren ugin anagraw-is, acku ttwalin dakken yezmer ad yuɣal d agellid.

== 2. Talalit d temẓi n Uɣustus ==

=== 2.1. Talalit-is ===
[[Tugna:Augustus Bevilacqua Glyptothek Munich 317.jpg|361x361px]]

'''Uɣustus''' ilul ass n 23 Meɣres 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, deg Ruma. Twacult n baba-s tesɛa iẓuran-is deg Velitrae, tamdint i yettwasnen ass-a s yisem n Velletri.

Isem-is amezwaru yella d '''Gaius Octavius'''.

Baba-s, Gaius Octavius, yella d amqerreb arumani i yesɛan azref ad yeṭṭef kra n yimukan deg udabu. Yella d ''praetor'', syin yuɣal d anedbal n Makedunya.

Yemma-s, Atia, tella d yelli-s n Julia, ultma-s n [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]].

S wakka, Uɣustus yella d ammi n yelli-s n ultma-s n Qaysar, d aya i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked twacult n Qaysar.

Ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yuɣal d amenkad ur yelli ara d talalit-is kan, maca d tamusni-s tasertant, d usdukkel n yimeddukal, d tzemmar-is deg useqdec n yiserdasen.

=== 2.2. Aselmed-is ===
Uɣustus yesɛa aselmed n yimdanen imeqqranen n Ruma. Yelmed taɣuri d tira s tlaṭinit, tagrigit, tutlayt n tussna d tfelsafit deg tallit-nni, amezruy n Ruma d tsertit-is, tasekla d tẓuri n umeslay, akked yilugan d usuddes n udabu.
Yella yettḥadar aṭas taɣara-s d wudem-is gar yimdanen. Ɣas akken ur yelli ara d amdan yesɛan tafekka taǧehdit am kra n yimqerranen iserdasen, yesɛa tamusni deg useqdec n yimdanen, deg usdukkel n tzemmar d usbeddi n tɣawsiwin ɣef leḥsab n yiseggasen.

=== 2.3. Assaɣ-is akked Yulyus Qaysar ===
[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yebda yettḥadar Uktavyus am win yezmer ad yili d amḍiq-is deg tsertit. Deg useggas 45 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus iruḥ ɣer Apollonia, deg Illiriya, i wakken ad ikemmel aselmed-is aserdasi. Dinna i yella mi as-d-tewweḍ lexbar n tmettant n Qaysar.</text>
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      <id>117746</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-22T18:21:46Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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'''Uɣustus''' (s tlaṭinit: Augustus, neɣ s yisem-is n tidet ''Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus'' ), i yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n Uktavyus (Octavius), d amezwaru n yimenkaden n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ilul-d ass n 23 Ctembeṛ n useggas 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, yemmut ass n 19 n Ɣuct n useggas 14 seld talalit n Ɛisa.

D netta i d-yesbedden '''[[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tamnekda Taṛumanit]]''' sdeffir n uɣelluy n '''[[Tagduda Taṛumanit|Tegduda]]'''. Yewweḍ ɣer udabu deg yiwet n tallit n tezɣent d ṭṭrad aɣarim, maca yessaweḍ ad d-yerr talwit, ad yesseggem awanek, dɣa yeldi-d yiwet n tsut iwumi qqaren &quot;Talwit Taṛumanit&quot; (''Pax Romana'').

D netta diɣen i yessbedden anagraw amaynut n udabu deg Ruma, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''Principatu''s, seld mi tfukk tagduda tarumanit (Res publica Romana).

Uɣustus ur d-yewwi ara adabu s yiwet n tikkelt. Iɛedda seg waṭas n ṭṭraden, tedyanin tisertanin, d usenqes n tzemmar n yixṣṣimen-is, almi yuɣal d bab n udabu ameqqran deg Ruma.

Ɣas akken yella d amenkad s tidet, ur yebɣi ara ad d-yesken iman-is am ugellid. Yeskanay-d adabu-is s wudem n uḥraz n tagduda taqburt, maca deg tilawt, akk tzemmar tigejdanin n udabu uɣalent ɣer ufus-is.

Tallit n Uɣustus teldi yiwet n tewwurt n tallit tazrayt s wudem amaynut deg umaḍal arumani, i d-yeglan s tɣellist, asnerni n tdamsa, abeddel n usuddes aserdasi, akked usnerni n tsekla d tẓuriwin.

== 1. Ruma send Uɣustus ==

=== 1.1. Tagduda Tarumanit ===
Send ad d-yas Uɣustus, Ruma tella d tagduda i yettwasuddsen s yiwet n tɣessa tasertant i deg llan:

- '''Asenat''' (Senatus): agraw n ymḍebbren d yimɣaren n twaculin timeqqranin.

- '''Imqerraben n udabu''' (magistratus): am yikunsulen, iprituren d wiyaḍ.

- '''Igrawen igdudanen''' (comitia): anda kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ sɛan azref n ufran n yimḍebbren d uqbal n yilugan.

'''- Ikunsulen''': sin n ymḍebbren i yettwafernen yal aseggas i uselḥu n udabu.

Maca anagraw-a ibeddel s waṭas deg yiseggasen ineggura n Tegduda Tarumanit.

Ruma tella tesɛa akal ameqqran seg Iberya armi d Asya tameẓẓyant, seg Yilel agrakal armi d tmura n ugafa n Tefriqt.

Akal-a ameqqran yessuter asuddes amaynut n udabu. S wakka, timsal n udabu, n tedrimt d tseddarin uɣalent d isental n tmesbaniyin gar yimeqqranen.

=== 1.2. Timsizzelt ɣef udabu d ṭṭraden igensanen ===
Deg tasut tamezwarut send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma teɛreḍ aṭas n ṭṭraden igensan.

Gar yimdanen i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant deg tallit-a ad naf:

- '''Marius''', d aɣella aserdasi.

- '''Sulla''', win i yeṭṭfen adabu s tezmert n yigen.

- '''Pumpyus Ameqqran''', amasay aserdasi d win yesɛan tazmert deg Asya.

- '''[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]]''', win i yernan ṭṭrad agensan ɣef Pumpyus.

- '''Mark Antonyus''', win i yuɣalen d axṣim ameqqran n Uɣustus.

Deg useggas 49 send talalit n Ɛisa, Yulyus Qaysar yeɛda iɣzer n Rubicon s igen-is(taserdast-is), ayen i d-yewwin ṭṭrad agensan.

Mi timerniwt tella ɣer tama n Qaysar, yuɣal yesɛa adabu ameqqran, maca aṭas n yisenaturren ugin anagraw-is, acku ttwalin dakken yezmer ad yuɣal d agellid.

== 2. Talalit d temẓi n Uɣustus ==

=== 2.1. Talalit-is ===
[[Tugna:Augustus Bevilacqua Glyptothek Munich 317.jpg|361x361px]]

'''Uɣustus''' ilul ass n 23 Meɣres 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, deg Ruma. Twacult n baba-s tesɛa iẓuran-is deg Velitrae, tamdint i yettwasnen ass-a s yisem n Velletri.

Isem-is amezwaru yella d '''Gaius Octavius'''.

Baba-s, Gaius Octavius, yella d amqerreb arumani i yesɛan azref ad yeṭṭef kra n yimukan deg udabu. Yella d ''praetor'', syin yuɣal d anedbal n Makedunya.

Yemma-s, Atia, tella d yelli-s n Julia, ultma-s n [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]].

S wakka, Uɣustus yella d ammi n yelli-s n ultma-s n Qaysar, d aya i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked twacult n Qaysar.

Ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yuɣal d amenkad ur yelli ara d talalit-is kan, maca d tamusni-s tasertant, d usdukkel n yimeddukal, d tzemmar-is deg useqdec n yiserdasen.

=== 2.2. Aselmed-is ===
Uɣustus yesɛa aselmed n yimdanen imeqqranen n Ruma. Yelmed taɣuri d tira s tlaṭinit, tagrigit, tutlayt n tussna d tfelsafit deg tallit-nni, amezruy n Ruma d tsertit-is, tasekla d tẓuri n umeslay, akked yilugan d usuddes n udabu.
Yella yettḥadar aṭas taɣara-s d wudem-is gar yimdanen. Ɣas akken ur yelli ara d amdan yesɛan tafekka taǧehdit am kra n yimqerranen iserdasen, yesɛa tamusni deg useqdec n yimdanen, deg usdukkel n tzemmar d usbeddi n tɣawsiwin ɣef leḥsab n yiseggasen.

=== 2.3. Assaɣ-is akked Yulyus Qaysar ===
[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yebda yettḥadar Uktavyus am win yezmer ad yili d amḍiq-is deg tsertit. Deg useggas 45 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus iruḥ ɣer Apollonia, deg Illiriya, i wakken ad ikemmel aselmed-is aserdasi. Dinna i yella mi as-d-tewweḍ lexbar n tmettant n Qaysar.

== 3. Tmettant n Yulyus Qaysar d tazwara n uḍfar n udabu ==
[[Tugna:Vincenzo Camuccini, The Death of Julius Caesar (detail).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Vincenzo Camuccini, Timenɣiwt n Yulyus Qaysar.]]

=== 3.1. Timenɣiwt n Qaysar ===
Ass n 15 Meɣres n useggas 44 send talalit n Ɛisa, [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yettwanɣa deg Ruma s ufus n ugraw n yisenaturren.

Gar wid i yesɛan amur deg tmenɣiwt-is llan '''Brutus''' d '''Cassius'''. Wid i t-yenɣan bɣan ad d-rren tagduda ɣer tɣessa-s taqburt, acku ttagaden ad yuɣal Qaysar d agellid. Maca timenɣiwt-is ur d-yewwi ara talwit. S tidet, yeldi abrid i ṭṭraden igensanen imaynuten.

=== 3.2. Uktavyus d amarraw n Qaysar ===
Mi yemmut Qaysar, yufa Uktavyus dakken Qaysar yefren-it deg lewṣaya-s d amarraw-is(s usmemmi) s uzref.

D ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yesɛu isem n ''Gaius Julius Caesar'', ɣas akken deg tira n yimazrayen yettwasemma s waṭas Octavianus i wakken ad yettwafrez ɣef Yulyus Qaysar.

S wakka, Uktavyus yebda yesɛa assaɣ s yisem ameqqran n Qaysar, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yawi aṭas n wid i t-yettɛawanen. Maca yella yiwen umdan zdat-s i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant: '''Mark''' '''Untounyus'''.

=== 3.3. Timsizzelt gar Uktavyus d Untunyus ===
Mark Untunyus yella d ameddukel n Qaysar, yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg tredsa. Yebɣa ad yeṭṭef adabu seld tmettant n Qaysar.

Uktavyus, ɣas akken mazal d ilemẓi, yebda yesdukkel imdanen d tredsa i wakken ad yili yesɛa amkan deg tsertit. Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus yeṭṭef amkan n ukunsul deg Ruma. Syin, yesdukkel tazmert-is akked Mark Untunyus d Lepidus.

== 4. Agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen — Triumvirat wis sin ==
Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus, Untunyus d Lepidus sbedden agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen, i yettwasnen s yisem n Triumvirat wis sin. Anagraw-a yella yesɛa azref asertan, mačči am ugdazel amezwaru n Qaysar, Pumpyus d Crassus.

Kraḍ-a bḍan tazmert n udabu gar-asen.

Maca agraw-a ur yelli ara d anagraw n tlelli. Yella d adabu n tzemmert, deg-s ttwaseḍfaren imxalafen isertanen.

=== 4.1. Aḍfar n tmuɣlin Qaysar ===
Kraḍ n yimqerraben-a sbedden umuɣen n yimdanen i ilaq ad ttwakksen seg udabu, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''proscriptions''.

Aṭas n yisenaturren d yimdanen yesɛan idrimen ttwaneɣen, ttwasfeḍen seg tudert tasertant neɣ ttwanejlan.

Gar wid yettwanɣan yella '''Sisiṛun''', afiluzuf, amenna  arumani ameqqran. D yiwet seg talliyin i deg yella unṭag asertan s waṭas deg Ruma.

=== 4.2. Ṭṭrad n Filippi ===
Deg useggas 42 send talalit n Ɛisa, taredsa n Uktavyus d Untunyus mmagrent akked tid n Brutus d Cassius deg Filippi, deg Masidunya. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d tmerna i Uktavyus d Untunyus.

Brutus d Cassius mmuten seld aɣelluy n tredsa-nsen.

S wakka, aṭas n wid i yebɣan ad d-rren tagduda taqburt ur sɛin ara tazmert i wakken ad kemmlen ṭṭrad.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ovid</title>
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      <text bytes="20823" sha1="8rraqkciou6zpmyup9p64ja1k41mxu9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q7198|image=[[File:Ovid by an anonymous sculptor.jpg|thumb|Ovid sɣur yiwen umserɣta udrig]]|caption=Ovid.}}


'''Ovid''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Ovidius Naso''', d yiwen seg yimedyazen irumanen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit. Yella d amedyaz, amaru n tmucuha timiṭulujiyin, d win i yerran tayri, tuttya, tafekka, tamagit, lḥif akked unejli d isental igejdanen n tsekla-s.

Yettwassen ladɣa s udlis-is Metamorphoses (tuttyiwin), yiwen seg yedlisen i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla, tasugna, tasertit n tfekka d tẓuriwin n Umaḍal n Utrim.

Tudert-is tbeddel s wudem ameqqran deg useggas 8 mbaɛd talalit n Ɛisa, mi t-yessufeɣ umenkad Uɣustus seg Ruma, yerra-t ɣer Tomis, ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan. Dinna i yemmut, war ma yuɣal ɣer temdint i iḥemmel.

Yettwaḥsab Ovid gar kraḍ n yimedyazen irumanen i d-yettwabedren s waṭas deg tsekla talaṭinit, akked '''Virgil''' (Vergilius) d '''Horace''' (Horatius). Maca yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa aɣanib d yisental yemgaraden. 

== 2. Talalit d twacult-is ==

=== 2.1. Sulmo, tamdint n Ovid ===
[[Tugna:PanoramaSulmona.JPG|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tamdint Sulmona deg ṭṭelyan.]]
Ovid ilul ass n 20 Meɣres, deg useggas 43 send Ɛisa, di Sulmo, i d-yettwasemman ass-a Sulmona, deg temnaḍt n Abruzzo, di [[ṭṭelyan]] n wass-a.

Sulmo tella d tamdint tarumanit di tmurt n Peligni, yiwen seg yiɣerfan n ṭṭelyan alqayan i yellan uqbel asnerni n Ruma. Tamnaḍt-a tettwassen s yidurar-is, izuɣar-is d wakal-is n tfellaḥt.

Ovid yesɛa tawacult taɣerfant, d tin yesɛan idrimen. Baba-s yebɣa ad yili mmi-s d amdan n uẓayer deg tedbelt tarumanit, ladɣa deg uɣerbaz n uzref d tsnukyest n wawal.

Deg yisefra-s, Ovid yessefk-d amek i ilul deg yiwen n useggas ara d-yeglun s ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy arumani: d aseggas n tmettant n ''Cicero'', '''amesnukyes''' d '''amsesten''' arumani ameqqran.

Deg tallit-a, Tagduda Trumanit tella tettɛeddi seg tazɣent tasertant ɣer tallit n usdukel n tezmert deg ufus n yiwen n umdan, ''Octavianus'', win ara yuɣalen d Uɣust.

=== 2.2. Tawacult-is d watmaten-is ===
Ovid yesɛa gma-s ameqqran fell-as s yiwen n useggas, i yemmuten d ameẓẓyan, mi yesɛa azal n 20 n yiseggasen. Tamettant n gma-s tella d lḥif ameqqran i twacult-is.

Yella d amezwaru? Ala, Ovid yella d amecṭuḥ deg sin n watmaten.

Yella diɣen d win i d-yettwabedren deg yisefra-s s tikkelt ɣer tayeḍ, imi yettmeslay ɣef tlalit-is, baba-s, yemma-s d tmurt-is.

Maca ilaq ad nefrez gar wayen i d-yenna Ovid s timmad-is d wayen i nezmer ad nesseɣti s yizirigen imezruyanen: aṭas n yisallen ɣef tudert-is d netta i ten-id-yefkan.

== 3. Tamẓi d uselmed-is ==

=== 3.1. Azraw deg Ruma ===
Mi yella d ameẓẓyan, Ovid iruḥ ɣer Ruma akked gma-s iwakken ad lemden tasnukyest, tira, timawit d uzref.

Ruma tella deg tallit-a d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n umaḍal agrakal.
[[Tugna:Forum romanum 6k (5760x2097).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Ayen i d-yeqqimen seg ufurum(anmager) n ruma taqburt.]]Deg Ruma, Ovid yella deg tneɣrit n yiselmaden yettwassnen n tsnukyest n wawal. Isallen imezruyanen bedren Arellius Fuscus akked Porcius Latro gar yiselmaden-is. Iselmad-agi llan ttselmaden amek ara d-yebnu umdan awal, amek ara yessefhem tikti-s, amek ara yessfukel tiririt-is, d wamek ara yesseqdec tafyirt s wudem yettqenɛen. Ayen akk i yelmed deg tneɣrit-a ad t-id-yaf umdan deg yisefra-s: tawsit n wawal, d ubeddel n tmuɣli, anegzum n tidet d usnulfu n yimdanen n timucuha.

=== 3.2. Tayri-s i tsekla ===
Baba-s yebɣa ad yili Ovid d amsesten n uzref neɣ d amdan n tedbelt, imi taɣulin-a ttaǧǧant amdan ad yili d ameqran deg tmetti tarumanit. Maca Ovid yella yettwajbed ɣer usefru. Deg ''Tristia'', yessefhem-d belli ula d mi yebɣa ad yaru s wudem amagnu, awalen-is ttuɣalen d isefra. D taɣawsa i d-yesskanen belli asefru yella deg tudert-is seg temẓi.

=== 3.3. Tirza-s ɣer Yunan ===
Ovid yessers imeṭṭawen-is deg kra n tmura n Yunan, anda i yella umezruy ameqqran n tfelsafit, tsekla d timiṭulujit.

Yettwabder belli yewweḍ ɣer Atina, Asia Tameẓẓyant akked Sicilia. Tirziwin-a ǧǧant-as ad yissin ugar tasekla tagrigit, ladɣa timucuha n yigelliden, irebbiten, yimeẓla d yimdanen i yettbeddilen talɣa-nsen. Timusniwin-a ad d-banent s wudem ameqqran deg Tuttya(''Metamorphoses)''.

== 4. Tudert-is deg Ruma ==

=== 4.1. Seg tedbelt ɣer tsekla ===
Mi yuɣal ɣer Ruma, Ovid yesseqdec kra n tegnatin n tedbelt tarumanit, maca ur yebɣi ara ad ikemmel deg ubrid n tsartit.

Deg umḍiq n waya, yefren tudert n umedyaz.

Tafrent-a tella d tameqrant: deg tmetti tarumanit n tallit-nni, amdan n twacult yesɛan idrimen yezmer ad yili d amasten, asenatuṛ neɣ amdan n tedbelt, maca tamedyazt ur yelli ara d abrid ameqqran ɣer tezmert tasertant.

Ovid, imi yesɛa idrimen n twacult-is, yezmer ad yefren '''asefru''' war ma yella d amezwaru deg usɛeddi n tmeddurt.

=== 4.2. Imedyazen n tallit-is ===
Deg Ruma, Ovid yessen amek i tettnerni tsekla n tallit n Uɣust.

Gar yimyura i iɛemmren tallit-is, ad d-nebder:

- '''Virgil''' (Vergilius), amaru n Aeneis, amedya n usefru abelkiman arumani.

- '''Horace''' (Horatius), amedyaz i yessawḍen s wudem afelsafi ɣef tudert.

- '''Propertius''', win i yessnernan isefra n tayri.

- '''Tibullus''', amedyaz n tayri, n tudert taḥerfit d wayen i d-yettawi lḥif.

Ovid yella gar yimeggura n yimesfrayen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit.

Maca yebna aɣanib-is s umgired: deg umḍiq n uwehhi ɣer umezruy asertan d tgemmi tarumanit, yessexdem tayri, timucuha d usnulfu n yimdanen akken ad yesselḥu tasekla.

=== 4.3. Tameṭṭut d twacult-is ===
Ovid yessefk-d deg yisefra-s belli yezweǧ kraḍ n tikkal.

Sin seg tsulya timezwura ur ǧǧin ara aṭas n yisallen deg umezruy. Tisulya tis kraḍ tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tudert-is, ladɣa deg tallit n unejli. Yella yesɛa yiwet n yelli-s, maca kra n yisallen ɣef twacult-is mazal ur frizen ara s wudem ummid. Tameṭṭut-is taneggarut teqqim di Ruma mi yella netta deg unejli, tettɛawan-it s wayen i tezmer, yettmeslay fell-as deg yisefra-s s waṭas n lḥif d tayri.

== 5. Iqeddicat imezwura n Ovid ==
Tasekla n Ovid tezmer ad tettwabḍu ɣef kraḍ n talliyin: tallit n tayri, tallit n tmucuha d umezruy, akked tallit n unejli.

Deg tallit tamezwarut, Ovid yella d amesfru i d-yettawin ɣef tayri, tikli n yimdanen, tameṭṭut d wassaɣen gar yimdanen.

=== 5.1. Amores — Tayriwin ===
Amores d yiwen seg yedlisen-is imezwura. Deg-s, Ovid yessawel ɣef tayri, acewwiq, tismin, asirem d lḥif i d-yettawin wassaɣen n tayri. Adlis-a yella di tazwara s semmus n yiḥricen, maca talɣa i d-yeqqimen ass-a tesɛa kraḍ n yiḥricen.

Deg yisefra-a, yella yisem n ''Corinna'', tameṭṭut iɣef yettmeslay amedyaz. Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini s tidet belli Corinna tella d tameṭṭut i yessen deg tudert-is: tezmer ad tili d asebded aseklan.

Ovid yesseqdec tayri am wakken d tamennawt gar sin n yimdanen, s yisental n uzray, leḥkem, tazmert d uḥulfu.

=== 5.2. Heroides — Tibratin n tlawin tiqerruyin ===
Heroides d ammud n yisefra i d-yettwasnulfan s talɣa n tebratin.

Tibratin-a ttwarunt am wakken d tilawin n timucuha timiṭulujiyin i d-yettmeslayen ɣer yirgazen i ḥemmlent, maca i ten-yeǧǧan neɣ i yellan beɛden fell-asent.

Gar tilawin-a:

- '''Penelope''', tameṭṭut n Odysseus.

- '''Dido''', tagellidt n Qerṭaj.

- '''Ariadne''', tin i yeǧǧa Theseus.

- '''Medea''', tin yesɛan assaɣ d Jason.

- '''Phaedra''', tin i yesɛan tayri tamuḥercit.

Ayen i d-yettawin Ovid d amaynut deg yisefra-a d tarrayt n uḥulfu: ur d-yettales ara kan timucuha n yirgazen iɣef ttmeslayen yimesfrayen iqburen, maca yessefk awal i tlawin i yellan, s waṭas n tikkal, deg yiri n timucuha-a.

Deg Heroides, amdan yezmer ad iwali tamiṭulujit s tmuɣli n tin i yettwaǧǧan, tin i yettṛaǧun, neɣ tin i yettḥasaben d tin i yuccḍen.

=== 5.3. Ars Amatoria — Taẓuri n tayri ===
Ars Amatoria d adlis i yessuffeɣ Ovid ɣef tarrayin n usnulfu n wassaɣen n tayri.

Yebḍa ɣef kraḍ n yedlisen. Sin imezwura ttmeslayen ladɣa i yirgazen, ma d wis kraḍ yettwanna i tlawin.

Ovid yeskan-d deg-s amek i zemren yimdanen ad myissinen, amek ara d-yesnulfu yiwen tayri, d wamek ara yeḥrez assaɣ-is.

Maca ilaq ad neɛqel belli adlis-a d aḍris aseklan, yesɛan tahuski, aceɛlal d usqerdec. Ur ilaq ara ad nerr meṛṛa ayen i d-yenna d ilugan i yesseqdecen Yirumanen akk deg tudert-nsen.

Adlis-a yesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ovid, imi yella gar sebba i d-yebder [[Ugustus|Uɣust]] mi yessufeɣ amedyaz-a seg Ruma.

=== 5.4. Remedia Amoris — Isɣalen n tayri ===
Deg Remedia Amoris, Ovid yessefhem amek ara yefsi umdan seg tayri i t-yesḥeznen, neɣ i t-yeǧǧan deg lḥif.

Deg umḍiq n uselmed amek ara yebnu umdan assaɣ n tayri, adlis-a yesseqdec tarrayt-nniḍen: amek ara t-yefru.

Gar tiktiwin i d-yettawi: tigawin, lxedma, iberdan n tmeslayt, d usenqes n wakud i yettɛeddi umdan di tmuɣli ɣer win i iḥemmel.

=== 5.5. Medea ===
Ovid yura diɣen yiwet n tmezgunt s uzwel Medea, i d-yettawin ɣef tameṭṭut tamiṭulujit n yisem-a.

Tamezgunt-a temmut deg umezruy: ur d-teqqim ara ɣer ass-a.

Ayen i nezmer ad nissin fell-as d wayen i d-bdan yimaru iqburen i tt-id-yebedren. Kra deg-sen ḥesben-tt d yiwet seg tmezgunin yelhan n tallit-nni.

== 6. Metamorphoses — Ibeddilen neɣ Tuttya ==
[[Tugna:Plate 11- Phaeton before Apollo (Funestas ad Phoebum fundit preces.), from Ovid's 'Metamorphoses' MET DP866545.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|'''Phaeton send Apollo, seg Tuttya n Ovid.''']]
Metamorphoses d adlis ameqqran n Ovid, d win i t-yesseǧǧan d amedyaz i yettwassnen deg umaḍal. Adlis-a yesɛa 15 n yiḥricen, azal n 12 000 n yifyar, d azal n 250 n timucuha timiṭulujiyin. Yebda s usnulfu n umaḍal, yekfa s umezruy n Ruma d usali n Julius Caesar ɣer waddad n uṛebbi deg timiṭulujit tasertant tarumanit. 

=== 6.1. Tikti tagejdant ===
Awal metamorphosis yekka-d seg tegrigit, anamek-is d abeddel n talɣa. Deg tmucuha n Ovid, amdan yezmer ad yuɣal d aseklu, d aɣersiw, d aẓru, d itri neɣ d taɣawsa-nniḍen. Maca abeddel-a ur d-yettawi ara kan ɣef talɣa tafekkanit. Yettawi daɣen ɣef tiktiwin n tayri, tissas, aɛzel, tanezzayt, lḥif d tazmert n irebbiten.

Ovid yessawḍ-d tikti tameqqrant: ula d ayen i nettwali d amezdag yezmer ad ibeddel.

=== 6.2. Timucuha timiṭulujiyin yettwassnen ===

==== Apollo d Daphne ====
Apollo iḥemmel Daphne, maca nettat ur tebɣi ara tayri-s. Mi yella yettḍafar-itt, tesseɛreḍ ad teslek iman-is, tettbeddil ɣer useklu. Tamacahut-a tettawi daɣen ɣef tazmert, tifrat d wakken i yezmer yiwen ad yesseqdec tayri am sebba n uɛeddi ɣef wayeḍ.

==== Narcisse d Echo ====
Narcisse d ilemẓi i d-yettwaḥesben d ahuski, i yuɣalen yettḥemmil tugna-s deg waman. Yettwali iman-is, maca ur yessin ara belli d nettat i d tugna-nni. Yekfa deg lḥif, yuɣal d ajeǧǧig. Tamacahut-a tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tfelsafit n tamagit d tmuɣli n umdan ɣer yiman-is.

==== Pygmalion ====
Pygmalion d anaẓur i yesnulfan tugna n tmeṭṭut deg uẓru. Yeḥmel aṭas taẓuri-s armi yettɛaraḍ ad tili d tameṭṭut yeddren. Di tmucuha, Venus tefk-as tudert i tugna-nni. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef assaɣ gar tẓuri, tasugna d tayri.

==== Daedalus d Icarus ====
Daedalus yesnulfa-d afriwen seg tinciwt d tarrayt n useqqen n waksum. Mmi-s Icarus yebɣa ad yali aṭas ɣer yigenni. Mi iqreb ɣer yiṭij, yefsi waksum, ɣellin afriwen-is, yetteɣli ɣer yilel. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef usirem, tazmert n umdan d tilisa n wayen yezmer ad yeg.

==== Orpheus d Eurydice ====
Orpheus yebɣa ad d-yerr tameṭṭut-is seg umaḍal n yimettanen. S ccna-s yezmer ad yesseḥbes ula d irebbiten n lḥif. Maca mi d-yuɣal ɣer deffir uqbel akud i as-yettwanefken, ixṣer tameṭṭut-is i tikkelt-nniḍen. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef tayri d tmettant.

=== 6.3. Assaɣ gar tmiṭulujit d tfelsafit ===
Deg uḥric aneggaru n Tuttya(Metamorphoses), Ovid yessuffeɣ-d isental n tfelsafit n ''Pythagoras''. Deg tmuɣli-a, ayen yellan deg umaḍal ittbeddil yal tikelt. Ulac aḥric n ugama i yeqqimen s yiwet n talɣa i lebda. Ayen i yemmuten deg yiwet n talɣa yezmer ad iban deg talɣa-nniḍen.

Yella daɣen usentel n tiruḥanin, n ubeddel n yimuddiren d wassaɣ gar yimdanen d yiɣersiwen. Maca ilaq ad neɛqel belli aya d tamuɣli tafelsafit d tmiṭulujit n tallit-nni, mačči d tarrayt tussnant tatrart i d-yesskan Ovid.

=== 6.4. Ayɣer Metamorphoses d adlis ameqqran? ===
Adlis-a yella d amaynut deg tsekla talaṭinit imi Ovid yesdukel timucuha yemgaraden deg yiwen n uḍris aɣezzfan.

Yella wassaɣ gar tmucuha: yiwet tettawi ɣer tayeḍ, d ubeddel i d-yettuɣalen d asental agejdan.

Deg-s, amdan yezmer ad yaf timucuha n irebbiten, tiqsiḍin n yimdanen imeẓẓyanen, isental n tfelsafit, d tmuɣli n Ruma ɣer umezruy-is.

== 7. Fasti — Inagrawen n tfaskiwin tirumaniyin ==
Fasti d adlis n Ovid i d-yettmeslayen ɣef uwitay arumani, tifaskiwin, assaɣen gar yirebbiten d yimdanen, akked umezruy n Ruma.
[[Tugna:Fasti Praenestini, détail (6-10 apr. J.-C.).jpg|centré|vignette|Ifatusen seg '''''{{lang|la|Fasti Antiates maiores}}''''']]


Deg tazwara, Ovid yebɣa ad yebnu adlis yesɛan 12 n yiḥricen, yal aḥric i yiwen n wayyur. Maca ur d-qqimen ara ala 6 n yiḥricen, seg Yennayer armi d Yunyu.

Yella uḥric i d-yettawin ɣef tafaskiwin n yirebbiten, wiyaḍ ɣef umezruy n Ruma, tasertit n [[Uɣustus|Uɣust]] d wamek i ttwafkan yismawen i wussan n uwitay. Fasti d aɣbalu i yesɛan azal ameqqran i yimnadiyen n tsertit n tɣerma, tasreḍt d tmetti tarumanit.

D adlis i d-yesskanen belli Ovid ur yelli ara kan d amedyaz n tayri; yella daɣen d amaru i yellan yesɛa tamusni ɣef tɣerma d umezruy n Ruma.

Imnadiyen n tallit tamirant ḥesben belli Ovid yezmer ad yili ikemmel asenqed n Fasti deg tallit n unejli-s.

== 8. Ovid d umenkad Uɣustus ==

=== 8.1. Tasertit n Uɣustus ===
[[Uɣustus]], win i yuɣalen d amenkad amezwaru n Ruma, yebɣa ad yerr aẓayer n twacult d wassaɣen n tsulya(zwaǧ) d aḥric ameqqran n tsertit-is.
[[Tugna:Statue-Augustus.jpg|vignette|Amenkas Uɣustus.]]
Yesseqdec ilugan iwakken ad yesseǧhed tisulya, ad yesseḥbes kra n wassaɣen i yettwaḥesben d wid iḍurren i twacult, d usnerni n wazalen iqburen n Ruma.

Maca Ovid yella yettawi deg yisefra-s ɣef tayri s wudem ur nettwaqbal ara s talɣa tummidt s tsertit-a.

''Ars Amatoria'' yeskan-d tameṭṭut d urgaz am yimdanen i yezmren ad fernen assaɣen-nsen, ad seqdcen tasugna d tḥerci iwakken ad afen tayri.

Deg tmetti n Ruma n tallit-nni, aya yezmer ad yettwaḥsab d azɣan i kra n wazalen i yebɣa Uɣustus ad yessers.

=== 8.2. Aseggas 8: abeddel n tudert-is ===
Deg useggas 8 mbaɛd Ɛisa, Ovid, i yellan yesɛa azal n 50 n yiseggasen, yettwakkes seg Ruma s lamer n August.

Ayen i d-yettbanen s wudem ifazen d akken ur t-yettwaḥaseb ara deg yiwet n tɣerma tazreft s ubrid amagnu.

Amenkad Uɣustus d netta i yefkan lamer n uneejli. Tamacahut-a d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin ur nefri ara s wudem ummid deg tudert n Ovid.

=== 8.3. Ayɣer yettwakkes Ovid seg Ruma? ===
Ovid yessefhem-d s tlaṭinit:

«Carmen et error».

Anamk-is s teqbaylit:

«Asefru d tuccḍa.»

Asefru i d-yebder, s waṭas n tiririt n yimnadiyen, d ''Ars Amatoria''.

Maca tuccḍa-nniḍen ur tt-id-yessfhem ara Ovid. Kra n yimnadiyen ḥesben belli yella kra i iwali Ovid neɣ yessen ɣef twacult n Uɣustus, maca ur nessin ara d acu i t-yettwaselḥun.

Yella diɣen wid i yeqqnen tuccḍa-a ɣer Julia Tameẓẓyant, tameẓẓyant n twacult n Uɣustus, i yettwanejlan daɣen seg Ruma deg tallit-nni. Maca ulac aɣbalu amezruyan i d-yesseknen s tidet belli Ovid yella deg yiwet n tkerrist tasertant neɣ deg wassaɣ n Julia. D turdiwin kan. Tagnit-a mazal d asental n unadi amezruyan. 

=== 8.4. Aseɣti n wawal «anejli» ===
Deg uzref arumani, Ovid ur yettwakkes ara s talɣa taserdasit neɣ s useɣli n waddad-is n umdan ilelli. Yettwaḥkem fell-as s talɣa n relegatio, anamek-is d asebɛed seg kra n tmura n tmenkda, maca s uḥraz n kra n yizerfan-is d wayla-s. D aya i d-yerran Ovid ad yili d amdan yesɛan kra n tɣawsiwin-is, maca war tilelli n tuɣalin ɣer Ruma.

== 9. Anejli ɣer Tomis ==
[[Tugna:Ruins of Tomis.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|inestimen n Tomis.]]
Tomis tella d tamdint ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan, deg temnaḍt i d-yettuɣalen ass-a d tamdint n Constanța, di Rumanya. Tella d tamdint n usnulfu agrigi, maca tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg temnaḍin ibeɛden ɣef Ruma.

I Ovid, win yellan yettidir deg tmetti n Ruma tameqqrant, anejli ɣer Tomis yella d taɣawsa i t-yesḥeznen.

=== 9.1. Tudert deg unejli ===
Ovid yessawel deg yisefra-s ɣef beṭṭu, aɛzel, tissas d wayen i t-yeǧǧan yebɛed ɣef yimdukal-is. Yessefhem-d amek i yella yiri n Yilel Aberkan d tamnaḍt ur nessin ara s wudem ummid i yimdanen n Ruma.

Deg yisefra-s, yesseqdec awal «ibarbaren» i kra n yiɣerfan i zedɣen dinna, maca d awal arumani i d-yettmeslayen ɣef imdanen i ur nelli ara n tɣerma talaṭinit. Ur ilaq ara ad t-neḥseb d aseɣti ameɣẓan n tɣerma-nsen.

Deg temnaḍt-a, Ovid yessen kra n tutlayin n yiɣerfan imiren, am tutlayt n Getes.

=== 9.2. Tazɣent n wawal ===
Ovid ur yezmir ara ad yesseqdec tasekla d isefra-s iwakken ad yuɣal ɣer Ruma. Yettaru s tarrayt n usuter, yettmeslay i yimdukal-is akken ad ɛiwnen, yettmeslay i Uɣustus, syin i Tiberius.

Maca ur d-yettwabder ara belli yiwen deg yimenkaden-a yefka-as tasiregt ad yuɣal.

== 10. Iqeddicen n uneɣru ==

=== 10.1. Tristia — Isefrayen n lḥif ===
''Tristia'' d ammud n yisefra i d-yettaru Ovid deg unejli-s.

Yebḍa ɣef semmus n yiḥricen.

Deg-s, yessawel ɣef tmurt i yeǧǧa, Ruma, imdukal-is, tameṭṭut-is, d umennuɣ-is akked wakud.

Yella diɣen yettmeslay ɣer yisefra-s am wakken d imdanen i yezmer ad yettmeslay.

Deg yiwen n yisefra n Tristia, yessawel ɣef uḍaris-is i iruḥen ɣer Ruma deg umḍiq-is. D asmekti belli asefru yezmer ad yili deg temdint anda ur yezmir ara ad yili umyaru.

=== 10.2. Epistulae ex Ponto — Tibratin seg Yilel Aberkan ===
''Epistulae ex Ponto'' d ammud n tebratin s usefru, i d-yettaru Ovid i yimdukal-is d yimdanen i yesɛan aẓayer deg Ruma.

Yebḍa ɣef kuẓ n yiḥricen.

Yessawel ɣef lḥif, tamattant n kra n yimdukal-is, asuter n tuɣalin, d wayen i t-yettḥezzinen di tudert-is.

Tibratin-a d aɣbalu ameqqran iwakken ad nissin amek i tella tmurt n Tomis deg tallit-nni, maca ilaq ad nɛeqqel belli d tira n yiwen n umedyaz i yellan deg lḥif, mačči d aḥric amezruyan amagnu.

=== 10.3. Ibis ===
''Ibis'' d asefru aɣezzfan i d-yettawin ɣef umdan i yellan d amenzaɣ(axṣim) n Ovid. Isem-is ur d-yettwabdar ara s wudem ifazen.

Ovid yesseqdec deg-s '''isefra n useɣli('''i d-yewwin ɣef unejli), tiqsiḍin timiṭulujiyin d yismawen n yimdanen i ttwabedren deg tmucuha tiqburin.

Aḍris-a yesɛa azal deg unadi n tarrayin n usefru arumani, ladɣa deg useqdec n usiḍen d wayen i d-yewwi umyaru seg tsekla tagrigit.

== 11. Tamettant n Ovid ==
Ovid yemmut deg Tomis, ɣer leḥsab waṭas n yisallen deg useggas 17 neɣ 18 mbaɛd Ɛisa. Ur d-yettwabdar ara s tidet acuɣer yemmut, neɣ anda i yettwanḍel. Ur nessin ara ma yella kra n yinagan i ḥeḍren ɣer tmettant-is.

Ayen i d-yettbanen d belli ur yuɣal ara ɣer Ruma, ɣas akken yesɛa aṭas n yisefra i d-yessawlen ɣer tuɣalin.

Deg yisefra-s, yebɣa ad t-id-smektin yimdanen am umedyaz n tayri.

Yettwabder deg ''Tristia'' dakken kra n tefyar kan i yezmer ad yettwarnun ɣef uẓekka-s. Deg-sen, yessefhem belli d tayri i yessawḍen i yisem-is ad yezger tilisa n wakud.

== 12. Aɣanib aseklan n Ovid ==
Ovid yura s uɣanib i yesɛan tiḥerci d usnulfu, yerna yesseqdac timucuha i d-yeǧǧan later deg tsekla, i deg uɣalent ur ttwattunt ara.

=== 12.1. Asnulfu n yimdanen ===
Deg yisefra-s, Ovid ur yettara ara irebbiten d yimdanen d tugniwin i iqerrben kan ɣer wayen yellan deg tmiṭulujit. Yessefk-asen iḥulfan: tayri, lḥif, tamanegt, tugdi d tissas.

D aya i d-yerran imdanen n tmucuha-s ttbanen am yimdanen n tidet.

=== 12.2. Tahuski d useqdec n tefyirt ===
Ovid yessen amek ara yebnu tafyirt i yellan d tawezzlant maca yesɛan anamek aɣezzfan. Yesseqdec aṭas n usqerdec, anamek uffir, d ubeddel n tmuɣli.

Deg '''''Ars Amatoria''''', yezmer ad yili d amselmad n tayri, maca tukwal, Ovid yesseqdac taseqlebt iwakken ad d-yefk tamuɣli-s ɣef yimdanen d tmetti.

=== 12.3. Tarrayt n usdukel n tmucuha ===
'''''Metamorphoses(Tuttya)''''' d amedya ameqqran n tarrayt-a. Yesseqdec timucuha yemgaraden, maca yessefk-asent yiwen n wassaɣ, s ubeddel n talɣa. D aya i d-yerran adlis-a d yiwen seg yiḍrisen i yessawḍen ad kecmen deg waṭas n tɣermiwin.</text>
      <sha1>8rraqkciou6zpmyup9p64ja1k41mxu9</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>ArXiv</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25624</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117738</id>
      <parentid>117729</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-22T13:33:36Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117738</origin>
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      <text bytes="5395" sha1="i1jt52yhpmainemal00wnm9wk9g7oiz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox grapheme|item=Q118398|name=arXiv|imatge=[[File:ArXiv-org screenshot 20140706.png|thumb|Tuṭṭfa n ugdil n ArXiv-org 20140706]]|imatge2=[[File:ArXiv logo 2022.svg|thumb|alugu n arXiv]]}}

'''arXiv''' neɣ '''arXiv.org''' d yiwen seg yismal n tussna imeqqranen deg umaḍal. D akufi umḍin anda imeskaren, imusnawen d yimnadiyen zemren ad serssen tizrawin-nsen tussnanin, ad tent-ǧǧen ad tent-ɣren medden s wudem ilelli(baṭel).

Iswi agejdan n arXiv d asnerni n ubeddel n tmusni tussnant, s usifses n unekcum ɣer tezrawin d yigemmaḍ n unadi ussnan. Deg unagraw aqbur n usuffeɣ ussnan, imnadiyen ilaq-asen ad ǧǧen tizrawin-nsen deg tesɣunin tussnanin, syin ad rǧun kra n wayyuren, tikwal ugar, uqbel ad d-ffɣent.

arXiv ibeddel tarrayt-a: imnadi yezmer ad yessufeɣ tazrawt-is uqbel ma tettwaqbel deg tesɣunt tussnant. S wakka, imusnawen n umaḍal zemren ad ɣren igemmaḍ imaynuten war ma rǧan asuffeɣ unṣib.

== 2. Amezruy n arXiv ==

=== 2.1. Talalit-is deg 1991 ===
arXiv yettwasnulfa-d deg useggas 1991 sɣur amesfiziki amarikan Paul Ginsparg.

Deg tazwara, isem-is yella '''hep-th''', imi yettwasnulfa-d i usuffeɣ n tezrawin n tfizikt taẓrayant n tiẓwar s wudem afellay (high-energy theoretical physics).

Deg tallit-nni, imusnawen ttmeslayen gar-asen s tezrawin i ttazen s yimaylen neɣ s yisemliyen yettwaẓergen.

Paul Ginsparg yebɣa ad yesseɣti ugur-a s usnulfu n unagraw anda yal amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt-is, yal yiwen ad tt-id-yawi.

=== 2.2. Amhaz n usmel ===
Seg 1991 armi d ass-a, arXiv yedda seg yiwet n taɣult n tfizikt ɣer waṭas n taɣulin tussnanin.

Deg 2001, arXiv yuɣal ɣer usmel arXiv.org.

Deg 2011, Cornell University teṭṭef-d tawuri tagejdant deg usefrek-is.

Deg yiseggasen i d-iḍefren, arXiv yernu tiɣulin timaynutin, yessnerna allalen n unadi, yerna yessifses aṭas anekcum ɣer tezrawin tussnanin.

Ass-a, arXiv d yiwen seg yidigan igejdanen i seqdacen yimnadiyen, ladɣa deg tfizikt, tusnakt d tesnenselkimt.

== 3. Amek iteddu arXiv? ==
'''arXiv''' ur yettili ara am tesɣunt tussnant tamensayt. Yella umgired agejdan gar-asen.

=== 3.1. Tazrawt uqbel asuffeɣ unṣib ===
Deg tesɣunin tussnanin, tazrawt tettɛeddi ɣef ukayad sɣur yimnadiyen-nniḍen uqbel ad tettwasuffeɣ.

Akayad-a qqaren-as s teglizit peer review, s tefransist évaluation par les pairs.

Deg arXiv, amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt-is uqbel akayad-a.

Tazrawt am tin qqaren-as preprint, d awal i d-yemmalen tazrawt i d-yeffɣen uqbel asuffeɣ-is unṣib deg tesɣunt.

=== 3.2. Asenqed n tezrawin ===
Ma yella arXiv ur yesseqdac ara akayad am win n tesɣunin tussnanin, aya ur d-yemmal ara belli yal tazrawt tettwaqbal war asenqed.

Yella deg-s unagraw n usenqed d usismel (moderation).

Imsenqaden ttwalin ma:

- Tazrawt teqqen ɣer yiwet n taɣult tussnant.

- Agbur-is yewulem i usmel.

- Tazrawt tettwasers deg taggayt iwulmen.

- Tella deg-s kra n tɣawsa i ixulfen ilugan n usmel.

Maca asenqed-a ur d-yemmal ara belli igemmaḍ n tezrawt ttwasentmen s wudem ussnan. D tamawt tagejdant i yal win ara yeɣren tizrawin deg arXiv.

=== 3.3. Tizrawin s waṭas n ileqman ===
Amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt, syin ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin neɣ ad yernu igemmaḍ imaynuten.

arXiv yeḥrez ileqman yemgaraden n tezrawt.

Ihi, yiwet n tezrawt tezmer ad tesɛu:

- v1: lqem amezwaru.

- v2: lqem wis sin, deffir n useɣti.

- v3: lqem wis kraḍ, s yigemmaḍ imaynuten.

== Tiɣula tussnanin yellan deg arXiv ==
arXiv yesɛa aṭas n tɣula tussnanin. Gar-asent:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Taɣult
!Isem s teglizit
!Tangalt
|-
|Tusnakt
|Mathematics
|math
|-
|Tafizikt
|Physics
|physics
|-
|Tasnenselkimt
|Computer Science
|cs
|-
|Tastrunumit
|Astronomy/Astrophysics
|astro-ph
|-
|Tidaddanin
|Statistics
|stat
|-
|Tafizikt n teẓwert tafellayt
|High Energy Physics
|hep
|-
|Tadamsa/Tussna n tenzzut
|Economics
|econ
|-
|Tussna tatiknikit
|Electrical Engineering and  Systems Science
|eess
|-
|tasnudert
|Quantitative Biology
|q-bio
|-
|Tussna n yidrimen s tnecta
|Quantitative Finance
|q-fin
|}
Aya yesɛa azal meqqren deg unadi, acku yezmer yiwen ad iẓer amek temhaz tezrawt seg lqem ɣer wayeḍ.

Yal taɣult tettwabḍa ɣer taggayin timeẓyanin.

=== 4.1. Tigzi taragmawant ===
Deg taɣult n tesnenselkimt, ad naf taggayin am:

=== cs.AI — Artificial Intelligence ===
Tigzi taragmawant s umata: tarrayin n usnulfu n yinagrawen izemren ad xedmen kra n twuriwin i yeḥwaǧen tigzi.

=== cs.LG — Machine Learning ===
Almad n tmacint: tarrayin i yesɛan iswi ad slemden inagrawen umḍinen seg yisefka.

=== cs.CL — Computation and Language ===
Tasnenselkimt n tutlayt: tasleḍt n tutlayin s tmacinin, tasuqilt tawurmant, asenqed n uḍris d yinagrawen n tutlayt.

Taggayt-a tesɛa azal meqqren i win yebɣan ad yissin amek ttwasnulfan tudmawin(imudilen) imeqqranen n tutlayt (LLMs).

=== cs.CV — Computer Vision ===
Tamuɣli tasenselkimant: aselmed n tmacinin akken ad ɛeqlent ɣef tugniwin d yiferdisen yellan deg-sent.

=== 4.2. Tusnakt ===
Deg tusnakt, ad naf taggayin am:

- '''math.AG''': tasnakt n talɣiwin tijebrayin.

- '''math.NT''': tiẓri n yimḍanen.

'''- math.PR''': tiẓri n tlisa n wurman.

- '''math.LO''': talɣa n usfukel asnaktan.

- '''math.DS''': inagrawen idinamikanen.

Taggayin-a zemrent ad sɛunt azal meqqren i yimnadiyen n tesnakt, ladɣa wid ixeddmen ɣef teẓriwin timaynutin.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tzamugt (tasegda)</title>
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      <comment>Gurzil90x yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Tzamugt (tasegda)]] ar [[Tazamugt (tasegda)]] : aseɣti n tira</comment>
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      <text bytes="35" sha1="ahvbn9m8bg1zlgz7x1ddsl0v37144f0" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECTION [[Tazamugt (tasegda)]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Anthropic</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
      <origin>117739</origin>
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      <text bytes="1151" sha1="kjwxxsvhq9xhbxyymlhikvos72dkva7" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name = ANTHROP\C
| type = Tatiknulujit
| founded = 26 Ynnayer 2021
| founder = Dario Amodei, Daniela Amodei, Jared Kaplan, Jack Clark, Chris Olah, Ben Mann, Sam McCandlish, Tom Brown
| headquarters = San Francisco
| country = Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan
| industry = Tigzi Taragmawant
| products = Claude Code
Claude Cowork
Bun
| website = www.anthropic.com
| logo = [[File:Anthropic logo.svg|thumb|Alugu n Anthropic]]
| image = [[File:Slack offices, Howard Street, San Francisco (viewed from the south-west, January 2020).jpg|thumb|Slack offices, Howard Street, San Francisco]]
}}

'''Anthropic''' d taṛmist tamirikanit i ixeddmen deg unadi d usnefli n tigzi taragmawant (tiɣist tagemdant — AI). Tettwassen s twacult n tmudmin-is n tutlayt timeqqranin (Large Language Models — LLM), i d-tessuffeɣ s yisem n '''Claude'''.

Anthropic tesɛa yiwen n yiswi agejdan: asnefli n tigzi taragmawant i izemren ad tili d tin iǧehden, d tin ara yilin d tanafeɛt i yimdanen, war ma tettawi-d uguren imeqqranen i tɣellist-nsen.

Taṛmist-a tettwasbedd deg 2021, deg tallit ideg tigzi taragmawant tebda tettnerni s tɣawla tameqqrant.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Barṭinun</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <redirect title="Apartinun" />
    <revision>
      <id>117744</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-22T15:35:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gurzil90x yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[Barṭinun]] ar [[Apartinun]] : aseɣti iwulman i teqbaylit tatrat</comment>
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      <text bytes="26" sha1="q4t10fxkxe9w9lx2ypemjx6qr6tep23" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECTION [[Apartinun]]</text>
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