Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 252 117756 117111 2026-10-23T19:58:33Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin 117756 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox programming language | name = C | logo = File:C1stEdition.svg | logo size = 140px | logo alt = Text in light blue serif capital letters on white background and very large light blue sans-serif letter C. | logo caption = ''[[Tutlay n usihel]]''<ref name="k&r1e" /> (often referred to as "K&R"), the seminal book on C | paradigm = [[Imperative programming|Imperative]] ([[Procedural programming|procedural]]), [[structured programming|structured]] | designer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] | developer = [[Dennis Ritchie]] & [[Bell Labs]] (creators); ANSI X3J11 ([[ANSI C]]); {{nobr|ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG14}} (ISO C) | latest release version = [[C18 (C standard revision)|C18]] | latest release date = {{start date and age|2018|06}} | typing = [[Type system|Static]], [[Weak typing|weak]], [[manifest typing|manifest]], [[Nominal type system|nominal]] | implementations = K&R, [[GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]], [[Clang]], {{nowrap|[[Intel C++ Compiler|Intel C]],}} [[Microsoft Visual C++]], {{nowrap|[[Watcom C/C++ compiler|Watcom C]]}} | dialects = [[Cyclone (programming language)|Cyclone]], [[Unified Parallel C]], [[Split-C]], [[Cilk]], [[C*]] | influenced = [[:Category:C programming language family|Numerous]]: [[AMPL]], [[AWK]], [[C shell|csh]], [[C++]], [[C--]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[Objective-C]], [[D (programming language)|D]], [[Go (programming language)|Go]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[JavaScript]], [[Julia (programming language)|Julia]], [[Limbo (programming language)|Limbo]], [[LPC (programming language)|LPC]], [[Perl]], [[PHP]], [[Pike (programming language)|Pike]], [[Processing (programming language)|Processing]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[Ring (programming language)|Ring]],<ref name="Ring language and other languages">{{cite web |url=http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |title=Ring language and other languages |author=Ring Team |date=5 December 2017 |work=ring-lang.net |publisher=[[ring-lang]] |access-date=20 April 2019 |archive-date=25 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225175312/http://ring-lang.sourceforge.net/doc1.6/introduction.html#ring-and-other-languages |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Rust (programming language)|Rust]], [[Seed7]], [[Vala (programming language)|Vala]], [[Verilog]] (HDL),<ref name="vinsp">{{cite web|title=Verilog HDL (and C)|url=http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|date=2010-06-03|accessdate=2013-08-19|publisher=The Research School of Computer Science at the Australian National University|quote=1980s: ; Verilog first introduced ; Verilog inspired by the C programming language|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106064022/http://cs.anu.edu.au/courses/ENGN3213/lectures/lecture6_VERILOG_2010.pdf|archivedate=2013-11-06|df=}}</ref> [[Nim (programming language)|Nim]] | operating system = [[Cross-platform]] | year = 1972<ref name="dottcl_2" /> | turing-complete = Yes | influenced_by = [[B (programming language)|B]] ([[BCPL]], [[CPL (programming language)|CPL]]), [[ALGOL 68]],<ref name="dottcl" /> [[Assembly language|Assembly]], [[PL/I]], [[FORTRAN]] | file ext = {{Mono|.c}}, {{Mono|.h}} | wikibooks = C Programming }} '''Tutlayt n usihel C''' d yiwet seg tutlayin n usihel i yesɛan azal ameqran deg umezruy n uselkim. Seg mi d-tlul deg useggas n 1972, teqqim d ttawil agejdan i usnulfu n inagrawen n wammud, isnasen, imikṛuselkimen, d waṭas n yisenfaren nniḍen. C d tutlayt i d-yettaken afus i umessihel ad yeḥkem mliḥ deg wayen i d-yettxelliṣ neɣ iselḥu uselkim: takatut, asekkar, d tiddin n wahil. Deg yiwet n tama, C tqrib ɣer usekkar; deg tama nniḍen, tesɛa taseddast fessusen i yettɛawanen amdan ad yaru tangalt yettwafhamen. == Amezruy n C == Tutlayt C yesnulfu-tt-id Dennis Ritchie deg Bell Labs gar useggas n 1969 d 1973. Yella yesra tutlayt i yesɛan tazmert n usnulfu n unagraw Unix s wudem fessusen, arurad, yettwasnen. Send C, llan tutlayin am B d BCPL, maca C tessaweḍ ad tili d ttawil ufrin, acku tella: '''fessuset i uselmed''', '''teqreb ɣer usekka'''r, '''tesɛa tiseddi deg usenker n wahil''', '''yettwasfsu s umsefsay''', '''tezmer ad tili ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen(tiɣeṛɣaṛt tanmidagt)'''. Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis d axatar: ''The C Programming Language''. Adlis-a yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen. Sin akin, C tettwaslugen s wuṭṭunen n ilugan: '''C89 / C90''': alugen ANSI d ISO amezwaru. '''C99''': yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin am //, for (int i = 0; ...), d tawsatin nniḍen. '''C11''': yerna-d ttawilat i uselḥu amaynut d tɣellist. '''C17''': d aṣeggem n C11. '''C23''': d alugen atrar i d-yernan ddeqs n temsal timaynutin. === Tazwara: acu i d-yeǧǧan C ad tlul? === Deg taggara n iseggasen n 1960, deg Bell Labs (Merraw n Bell) di Marikan, llan imussnawen n tsenselkimt ttnadin ad snulfun anagraw n wammud amaynut, fessusen, yerna yettazzalen s tɣawla. Deg tallit-nni, Ken Thompson yella yettekki deg usenfar n Multics, maca asenfar-nni yuɣal d azuran, yerna yettwaḥseb d aẓayan i uselkim n tallit-nni. Thompson yeǧǧa Multics, yebɣa ad yexdem anagraw amecṭuḥ, s unasiw amecṭuḥ, ɣef uselkim PDP-7. I wakken ad yessuffeɣ anagraw-a, yesnulfu-d tutlayt i wumi isemma B (seg 1969 ar 1970). B tella d tutlayt i d-yekkan seg BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language), maca tesɛa tilas meqqren: ur tesɛi ara tiwsatin n isefka, u txeddem kan s wawalen n tkatut n tiddi yiwet (mots), ur tezmir ara ad tessenker imuttiyen n tewsatin yemgaraden, arnu ur telli ara d tafessast i usenker n tkatut s wudem uslig. Imiren, yella-d uselkim amaynut PDP-11, i yesɛan tiddi n tkatut n 8 n ibiten (octets). Tutlayt B ur telli ara tezmer ad tessenker anagraw ɣef uselkim-a. Dɣa dagi i d-yekka wugur i yessefken ad yettwafru s tutlayt tamaynut. === Dennis Ritchie d tlalit n C (1972) === Deg useggas n 1971–1972, Dennis Ritchie (i yettwassnen daɣen s yisem dmr) yedda-d ɣer Ken Thompson. Ritchie yebda yettbeddil tutlayt B: yerna-d tiwsatin n isefka (int, char, float...), yerna-d timṣukin i wakken ad yessdukel isefka, yerra tutlayt tezmer ad tessenker tkatut s wudem i yiqerben ɣer usekkar, syin yefka-yas isem C, acku tella d tanernit n B (C d asekkil i d-iteddun deffir B). Ihi, deg useggas n 1972, tlul-d tutlayt C. Ritchie yura amsefsay amezwaru n C ɣef uselkim PDP-11. Deg tallit-nni, C tella tettwaseqdec kan deg Bell Labs, gar imussnawen i yettxeddimen ɣef unagraw amaynut. === Unix yuɣal yettwaru s C (1973) — tagrawla tameqqrant === Deg useggas n 1973, Ken Thompson d Dennis Ritchie gezmen-tt di ṛṛay ad arun anagraw Unix s tutlayt C. Aya yella d tagrawla tameqqrant deg umezruy n uselkim, acku: send 1973, inagrawen n wammud llan ttwarun s tutlayin n usuddes (assembly), i yiqerben mliḥ ɣer usekkar, maca ur zmiren ara ad ttwasnekren seg uselkim ɣer wayeḍ. s C, Unix yuɣal s wudem n uzgay: nezmer ad t-nesselkem ɣef waṭas n yiselkimen yemgaraden, s ubeddel amecṭuḥ kan. C tessken-d belli tutlayt n uswir ameqran tezmer ad tili d ttawil i usnulfu n unagraw n wammud s tɣawla, war ma nesṛuḥ asenker n tkatut. Seg imiren, Unix d C uɣalen d tayuga yettwaqqnen. Yal taneqqiṭ n umezruy n C tezda d umenzu n Unix. === Asuffeɣ seg Bell Labs d udlis n K&R (1978) === Deg iseggasen n 1970, C tebda ad tazzal beṛṛa n Bell Labs: imussnawen nniḍen bdan ttissinen-tt, snulfan-d imsefsayen nniḍen, C tebda tettwaseqdec deg isenfaren n iseɣẓanen d inagrawen. Deg useggas n 1978, Brian Kernighan d Dennis Ritchie ssuffɣen-d adlis i yettwassnen aṭas: "The C Programming Language". Adlis-a yettwasemma s umata "K&R" (seg yismawen n yimura-s). Yuɣal d tamselɣut tagejdant i yimsihlen n umaḍal meṛṛa, yerna yefka-d "alugen" amezwaru n C, i yettwassnen ass-a s yisem "K&R C". Deg tallit-a, llan aṭas n yimsefsayen n C i d-yeffɣen, maca yal yiwen yesɛa kra n umgired. Ayagi yessefk ad yettwafru s uslugen (tizeɣt). == Aslugen n C == === Alugen amezwaru: ANSI C / C89 (1983–1989) === Deg useggas n 1983, ANSI (American National Standards Institute) tesbedd-d tamagrawt i wumi isemma X3J11, i wakken ad tessenker alugen n C. Sdeffir n 6 n yiseggasen n leqdic, deg useggas n 1989, ssuffɣen-d alugen amezwaru unṣib: ANSI X3.159-1989, i yettwassnen s yisem "C89" neɣ "ANSI C". Deg useggas n 1990, ISO teqbel alugen-a s ubeddel amecṭuḥ, tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:1990, i yettwassnen s yisem "C90". C89 d C90 qrib d yiwen. C89/C90 rnan-d ddeqs n tɣawsiwin i yessersen C ɣef llsas iḥersen: * tinaḍin n tesɣanin (prototypes de fonctions) * tamkarḍit talugant am stdio.h, stdlib.h, string.h * aslugen n uzarsekkar (préprocesseur) * aslugen n tewsatin d tseddast Seg imiren, C tuɣal d tutlayt yettwassnen deg umaḍal meṛṛa, yettwasqedcen deg uselkim, deg usnas (deg uḥric temguri) d uselmed. === C99 (1999): anerni ameqqran === Sdeffir n mraw n yiseggasen, deg useggas n 1999, ISO tessuffeɣ-d alugen amaynut: ISO/IEC 9899:1999, i yettwassnen s yisem "C99". C99 yerna-d ddeqs n tmerniyin i yettɛawanen imessihlen: * iwenniten s // (am C++ d Java); * tawuriwin inline i arurad deg tidin n useɣwen; * isirawen(neɣ Tifelwiyin) n teɣzi yettbeddilen (tableaux à longueur variable, VLA); * tawsit _Bool (abulan) d stdbool.h; * tawsit long long i yemḍanen meqqren mliḥ; * stdint.h i tewsatin n tiddi yettwafren; * initialisation s yisem (designated initializers), am: struct point p = { .x = 1, .y = 2 }; * tanaṭ "for" s ubeddu amaynut: for (int i = 0; i < n; i++). C99 yettwaqbel s lemɣawla deg waṭas n yimsefsayen am GCC, maca kra n yimsefsayen nniḍen (am MSVC n Microsoft) ɣef llsas-nni ur t-ṭṭifen ara s timmad. === C11 (2011): C tuɣal ɣer tallit tatrant === Deg useggas n 2011, ISO tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:2011, i yettwassnen s yisem "C11" (neɣ C1X send ad d-yeffeɣ). C11 yerna-d ttawilat i yeqqnen ɣer uselkim atrar: aselkem s waṭas n yiskaren (ugut n ikalan ifessasen) s threads.h; timhalin tibelkamin s stdatomic.h, i yeqqnen ɣer uselkem yettwaqqnen; _Generic i tefranin s tewsit; timṣukin d tiddukliwin war isem (anonymous structs/unions); static_assert i uselken deg wakud n usefsu; yettwakkes gets() acku yella d aɣbalu n tuccḍiwin n tɣellist (tafuli n tkatut n weḥraz). C11 tessken-d belli C tezmer ad teddu d tallit n uselkem s waṭas n yiskaren (iskaren yesɛan uget n wulawen) d tɣellist. === C17 / C18 (2018): aseggem kan === Deg useggas n 2018, ISO tessuffeɣ-d ISO/IEC 9899:2018, i yettwassnen s yisem "C17" neɣ "C18". Alugen-a ur yerni ara tamahilt tamaynut; yeṣeggam kan tuccḍiwin yellan deg C11, yerna yessufeɣ-d kra n usegzi. Ihi C17 yella d lqem n "aṣeggem", ur yelli ara d lqem n "tmerniyin". === C23 (2024): lqem atrar === Deg useggas n 2024, ISO tessuffeɣ-d alugen amaynut: ISO/IEC 9899:2024, i yettwassnen s yisem "C23" (neɣ C2X send ad d-yeffeɣ). C23 yerna-d ddeqs n tɣawsiwin i yebɣan imessihlen seg zik: * awalen yettwaṭṭfen bool, true, false (ur yesra ara ad nsekcem stdbool.h) * nullptr i usewwaṛ ilem (pointeur nul), s wudem iḥersen * auto i ubuddu n tewsit s wudem awurman * imḍanen s talɣa tamisint: 0b1010 (binaire) * isekkilen n uɣawas (attributes) s talɣa... <nowiki>[[...]]</nowiki> * typeof i wakken ad d-nawi tawsit n tengalt * #embed i wakken ad nsekcem ifuyla imisinen * yettwakkes ukayad n tewsatin (variable-length arrays) d kra n tɣawsiwin tiqburin. C23 yesskan-d belli C mazal-itt tettbeddil, tettmerni, yerna tezmer ad teqqim d tutlayt tatrant. == Aseqdec n C ass-a == Ass-a, C mazal-itt d tutlayt yettwasqedcen aṭas, ladɣa deg yinagrawen ideg arurad d tkatut d lḥaǧa tagejdant: '''Inagrawen n wammud:''' anagraw Linux yettwaru s C (akked kra n C++ d assembly); iferdisen n Windows d macOS daɣen. '''Imikṛuselkimen d IoT:''' Arduino, STM32, ESP32, d yimikṛuselkimen n tkeṛṛusin, n tɣawsiwin, d tsenselkimt tadamsant. '''Taffiwin n isefka''': PostgreSQL, MySQL, SQLite ttwarun s C. '''Imsefsayen''': GCC, iferdisen n Clang/LLVM, d waṭas n yimsefsayen nniḍen. '''Taɣellist tasenselkamt''' (cybersécurité): aṭas n yifecka n tɣellist ttwarun s C, acku zemren ad kecmen ɣer tkatut s wudem uslig. '''Tigzi taragmawant''': aṭas n temkarḍiyin n AI am TensorFlow d PyTorch sɛant llsas n C/C++ ddaw n Python. == Ayɣer C teqqim armi d ass-a? == Aṭas n tutlayin i d-yeffɣen seg 1972, maca C teqqim. Ayagi yella s kra n ssebbat: '''Tussda d ururad''': tangalt C tettwasfsu ɣer tengalt n usekkar s wudem i yeffɣen, war aselkem n waṭas n yiferdisen nnig-s. '''Azgay''': C tezmer ad tettwaseqdec ɣef qrib yal aselkim. '''Asefrek n tkatut''': C yettak-d afus i umessihel ad yesenker takatut s wudem uslig, ayen ilaqen deg yinagrawen d imikṛuselkimen. '''Alugen iḥersen''': seg C89 armi d C23, C tesɛa alugen yettwassnen, yettwaḥerzen. '''Tamkarḍit d yimsefsayen''': llan aṭas n yimsefsayen (GCC, Clang, MSVC...) d temkarḍiyin i C. '''Taseddast fessusen''': C ur tesɛi ara aṭas n wawalen yettwaṭṭfen, dɣa fessus i uselmed d usnulfu. == Taseddast n C == Taseddast n C d taseddast yesɛan ilugan iḥersen. Kra n yiferdisen agejdanen: === 1. Tanaṭ === Yal tanaṭ deg C ttfaṛu s usekkil n unegzum: ; Amedya:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> int x = 5; x = x + 1; </syntaxhighlight> === 2. Iḥder n tinaḍin === Tinaḍin yettwagrunen deg yiwen n uḥder ttilint gar } d {. Amedya: <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> if (x > 0) { printf("x d ufrir\n"); } </syntaxhighlight> === 3. Iwenniten === Deg C, nezmer ad naru iwenniten i wakken ad nsegzi tangalt.<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> /* Aya d awennit aɣezfan. Yezmer ad yili ɣef deqs n izirigen. */ // Aya d awennit ɣef izirig amaynut (seg C99). </syntaxhighlight> === 4. Asekkil ameqran d umeẓyan === C yemgarrad gar isekkilen imeqqranen d imeẓyanen. Amedya:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> int azal = 3; int Azal = 5; // d amutti nniḍen </syntaxhighlight>Deg C, azal d Azal mačči d yiwen. == Ahil amezwaru s C == Amedya amezwaru i yettwaɛerḍen deg yal tutlayt n usihel d “Azul, i umaḍal meṛṛa!”.<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { printf("Azul, i umaḍal meṛṛa!\n"); return 0; } </syntaxhighlight>'''''Asegzi n wahil''''' ''#include <stdio.h>'': tanaṭ n uzarsekkar i d-yewwin tasenṭeḍ stdio.h, yesɛan tisɣanin n unekcum d tuffɣa am printf. ''int main(void)'': d tasɣent tagejdant. Deg C, ahil yettbeddu seg main. ''printf(...)'': tasɣent i d-yessuffuɣen aḍris ɣer tuffɣa talugant. ''\n'': azamul i izirig amaynut. ''return 0;'': yemmal i unagraw belli ahil yemmed bla tuccḍa. Ma nefsa-d tangalt-a s umsefsay, ad d-nawi afaylu yettwaselkemen. Mi ara neselkam-it, ad d-yeffeɣ: Azul, i umaḍal meṛṛa! == Imuttiyen d tawsatin n isefka == Deg C, amutti d amkan i yettḥerzen azal. Yal amutti yesɛa isem d tawsit. === 1. Tawsatin agejdanen === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tawsit C !Anamek |- |int |amḍan ummid |- |float |amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen |- |double |amḍan s ticcert yettifliwen s tneẓẓi meqqren |- |char |asekkil |- |void |ur yesɛi ara azal / ur d-yettara ara azal |- |_Bool |abulan, seg C99 |} Amedya:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> int amdan = 25; float azal = 3.14; double azal_d = 2.71828; char asekkil = 'A'; </syntaxhighlight> === 2. Isem n umutti === Isem n umutti yezmer ad yesɛu: isekkilen, izwilen, azamul _. Maca ur yezmir ara: ad yebdu s uzwil, neɣ ad yili d awal yettwaṭṭfen n C, neɣad yesɛu imeslayen ur nelli ara ASCII. Amedya yelhan:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> int age; int user_name; int total2; </syntaxhighlight> === 3. Timezgiyin === Timezgiyin d azalen ur yettbeddilen ara. Deg C, nezmer ad nseqdec const neɣ #define.<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> const int aseggas = 2026; #define PI 3.14159 </syntaxhighlight> == Tisɣanin deg C == Tasɣent d aḥric n tangalt yixeddmen ccɣel neɣ tawuri yettwafrnen. Deg C, tasɣent tesɛa: tawsit n tririt, isem, iɣewwaren ma llan, iḥder n tinaḍin. === 1. Tisɣanin timeẓliwin === Amedya n tasɣent i yesnernayen sin imḍanen:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> int smernu(int a, int b) { return a + b; } </syntaxhighlight>Deg "main":<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #include <stdio.h> int smernu(int a, int b) { return a + b; } int main(void) { int ugmi = smernu(4, 6); printf("Ugmi = %d\n", ugmi); return 0; } </syntaxhighlight>Tuffɣa:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> Ugmi = 10 </syntaxhighlight> === 2. Tasɣent ur d-yettaran ara azal === Ma yella tasɣent ur d-yettara ara azal, nseqdec "void".<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> void azul(void) { printf("Azul!\n"); } </syntaxhighlight> === 3. Tasɣent main === "main" d tasɣent tagejdant. Anagraw yettbeddu ahil seg-s. Yezmer ad tili s snat n talɣiwin:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> int main(void) </syntaxhighlight>neɣ:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> int main(int argc, char *argv[]) </syntaxhighlight>Talɣa tis snat tettwasqdec mi ara nesɛa iɣewwaren seg izirig n unezḍay. == Asenqed n usuddem == Deg C, llan ttawilat i usenqed n tiddin n wahil: tiwtilin, allus, d tefranin. === 1. if / else === <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> if (azal > 0) { printf("ufrir\n"); } else if (azal < 0) { printf("uzdir\n"); } else { printf("ilem\n"); } </syntaxhighlight> === 2. switch === <syntaxhighlight lang="c"> switch (ass) { case 1: printf("Aram\n"); break; case 2: printf("Aram s sin\n"); break; default: printf("Ass nniḍen\n"); break; } </syntaxhighlight> === 3. for === "for" yettwaseqdec aṭas i wallus yettwassnen.<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++) { printf("%d\n", i); } 8.4. while int i = 0; while (i < 5) { printf("%d\n", i); i++; } </syntaxhighlight> === 5. do while === "do while" yettwaxdem tikkelt tamezwaru send ad yessefqed tawtilt.<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> int i = 0; do { printf("%d\n", i); i++; } while (i < 5); </syntaxhighlight> === 6. break d continue === break: yessuffeɣ seg wallus neɣ seg switch. continue: yettazzal ɣer tallut n wallus. == Isirawen d isewwaṛen == === 1. Isirawen === Isirew d agraw n imuttiyen n yiwen n tewsit. Deg C, isirew yettbeddu seg umatar 0.<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> int u[3] = {10, 20, 30}; printf("%d\n", u[0]); // 10 printf("%d\n", u[1]); // 20 printf("%d\n", u[2]); // 30 </syntaxhighlight>Ma yella nebɣa ad naru ɣef isirew: u[1] = 55;<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> u[1] = 55; </syntaxhighlight> === 2. Azrar n isekkilen === C ur yesɛi ara tawsit tagejdant i uzrar n isekkilen am string deg tutlayin nniḍen. Azrar n isekkilen deg C d isirew n char yettfakku s usekkil '\0'.<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> char isem[] = "Kabylia"; printf("%s\n", isem); </syntaxhighlight> === 3. Iswwaṛen === Asewwaṛ d amutti i yettḥerzen tansa n umutti nniḍen. Deg C, asewwaṛ yettwammel s *.<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> int x = 7; int *p = &x; </syntaxhighlight>Deg-s: '''x''' d amutti yesɛan azal '''7'''. '''&x''' d tansa n '''x'''. '''p''' d asewwaṛ i yesɛan tansa n '''x'''. Ma nebɣa ad nbeddel azal s usewwaṛ:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> *p = 10; </syntaxhighlight>Tura '''x''' yuɣal '''10'''. Iswwaṛen d aferdis ameqran deg C. S ttawil-nsen nezmer ad nseqdec takatut s wudem afessas, maca daɣen zemren ad d-awin tuccḍiwin ma ur ttwaḥerzen ara mliḥ. == Timṣukin: struct, union, enum, typedef == === 1. struct === "struct" yettwaseqdec i usnulfu n tewsit yesɛan ddeqs n yiferdisen.<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> struct amdan { int leɛmeṛ; char isem[20]; }; </syntaxhighlight>Aseqdec:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> struct amdan a1; a1.leɛmeṛ = 30; a1.isem[0] = 'A'; </syntaxhighlight> === 2. typedef === "typedef" yettak isem amaynut i tewsit.<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> typedef struct amdan Amdan; Amdan a2; a2.leɛmeṛ = 25; </syntaxhighlight> === 3. enum === "enum" yettwaseqdec i wazalen yettwafernen.<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> enum ass { SED, ACER, ARIM, ARAM, AHAD, AMHAD, SEM }; </syntaxhighlight> === 4. union === "union" am "struct", maca iferdisen-is ttwaḥerzen deg yiwen n umkan n tkatut. Yernu mačči akk iferdisen zemren ad ḥerzen azal deg yiwen n wakud.<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> union azal { int i; float f; }; </syntaxhighlight> == Asefrek n tkatut == Deg C, amessihel yesɛa afus ɣef tkatut. Aya d tazmert meqqren, maca daɣen d tamasit meqqren. === 11.1. Aḥeṛṛi udmis === Ma nura:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> int x; int u[10]; </syntaxhighlight>takatut tettwaḥeṛṛi s wudem udmis, yerna teqqen ɣer umkan n wahil. === 2. Aḥeṛṛi asmussaw === Aḥeṛṛi asmussaw yettwaxdem s malloc, calloc, realloc, seg stdlib.h. Amedya:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #include <stdlib.h> int *p = malloc(5 * sizeof(int)); if (p != NULL) { p[0] = 1; p[1] = 2; } free(p); </syntaxhighlight> * '''malloc''': yettḥeṛṛi takatut. * '''calloc:''' yettḥeṛṛi takatut s uwennez ɣer 0. * '''realloc''': yettbeddel tiddi n tkatut yettwaḥerṛen. * '''free''': yesenser takatut. === 3. Tuccḍiwin n tkatut === Kra n tuccḍiwin yettwassnen: * ad yettwaseqdec usewwaṛ send ad yettwaḥeṛṛi, * ad yettwaseqdec usewwaṛ seld asenser-is, * ad yettwasenser umutti snat n tikkal, * ad yettwakes ɣer beṛṛa n isirew, * ad yettwattu "free". Tuccḍiwin-a zemrent ad d-awint: * aḥbas n wahil, * azal ur yelhin ara, * tifuli n tkatut n weḥraz, * uguren n tɣellist. == Asettengel, asefsu, d uselkem == Tangalt C ur tettwaselkam ara srid. Tettɛeddi ɣef deqs n yisurifen. === 1. Tangalt taɣbalut === Amessihel yettaru tangalt deg ufaylu s usiɣzef .c. Amedya: '''ahil.c''' === 2. Azarsekkar === Azarsekkar yettɛeddi qbel asefsu. Yettxeddem tinaḍin am:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #include <stdio.h> #define PI 3.14159 </syntaxhighlight> === 3. Asefsu === Asefsay yessefsu tangalt C ɣer tengalt n usekkar neɣ ɣer iferdisen yettwaselkemen. Amedya s GCC:<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> gcc ahil.c -o ahil </syntaxhighlight>Deg unezḍay-a: * gcc: asefsay. * ahil.c: afaylu n tangalt taɣbalut. * -o ahil: isem n ufaylu n tuffɣa yettwaselkmen. === 4. Amarraz === Amarraz yesdukel iferdisen yettwaselkemen d temkarḍiyin, i wakken ad d-yawi afaylu yettwaselkemen. === 5. Aselkem === Mi ara neselkam afaylu:<syntaxhighlight lang="bash"> ./ahil </syntaxhighlight>ahil iteddu. == Tamkarḍit talugant n C == C yesɛa tamkarḍit talugant i yettɛawanen imessihlen. Deg-s llan tisɣanin i tɣawsiwin yettwassnen. === 1. stdio.h === Yesɛa tisɣanin n unekcum d tuffɣa. * '''printf''': tuffɣa. * '''scanf''': anekcum. * '''fopen, fclose''': ifuyla. Amedya n "scanf":<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> int x; printf("Sekcem amḍan: "); scanf("%d", &x); printf("Teskecmeḍ: %d\n", x); </syntaxhighlight> === 2. stdlib.h === Yesɛa tisɣanin n tkatut d tnaḍin nniḍen. * malloc * free * calloc * realloc * exit * atoi === 3. string.h === Yesɛa tisɣanin i uzrar n isekkilen. * strlen * strcpy * strcat * strcmp === 4. math.h === Yesɛa tisɣanin n tusnakt. * sqrt * pow * sin * cos * fabs Amedya:<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #include <math.h> #include <stdio.h> int main(void) { double a = sqrt(16.0); printf("%f\n", a); return 0; } </syntaxhighlight> === 5. stdbool.h === Seg C99, yettak bool, true, false.<syntaxhighlight lang="c"> #include <stdbool.h> bool yelha = true; </syntaxhighlight> == Tamselyut == * [http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520191734/http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/142/Awal-ef-uselkim-su-Y-At-Yiil.aspx |date=2013-05-20 }} == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist|refs= <ref name="k&r1e">{{cite book |last1=Kernighan |first1=Brian W. |authorlink1=Brian Kernighan |last2=Ritchie |first2=Dennis M. |authorlink2=Dennis Ritchie | title=The C Programming Language | edition=1st |publisher=[[Prentice Hall]] |date=February 1978 |location=[[Englewood Cliffs, NJ]] |isbn=978-0-13-110163-0|title-link=The C Programming Language (book) }} </ref> <ref name="dottcl_2">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "Thompson had made a brief attempt to produce a system coded in an early version of C—before structures—in 1972, but gave up the effort."</ref> <ref name="dottcl">{{harvtxt|Ritchie|1993}}: "The scheme of type composition adopted by C owes considerable debt to Algol 68, although it did not, perhaps, emerge in a form that Algol's adherents would approve of."</ref> }} [[Taggayt:Tutlayt n usihel]] k5c5k3twq5m1bhlg5bckv4tflxwfgwy 0 2206 117759 117749 2026-10-24T10:41:06Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117759 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da. Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]] == 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit == Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tallit !Amhaz agenjdan |- |Taglest |Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ. |- |Tasut tis 3 uqbel tallit-nneɣ |Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg "Iferdisen". |- |Tallit talemmast |Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d tsenallunt. |- |Tasut tis 17 |Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin. |- |Tasut tis 19 |Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n tiknit d tallunin. |- |1872 d mbeɛd |Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan. |- |Tasut tis 20–21 |Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka. |} "'''Iferdisen'''" n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan. == 2. Isbaduten, igejdan d usfukel == Asbadu yessegza tamiḍrant s wawalen yettwasnen. Agejdi d tafyirt i neqqbel deg yiwen unagraw war asfukel deg unagraw-nni. Asekkud(tiẓri) d ayen ara d-nsuffeɣ seg yigejdan d yisekkuden yettwasfuklen yakan. Deg umedya n Aklid, yezmer ad yettwabnu yiɣil n teɣda gar snat n tneqqiḍin, ad yettwasɣezef yiɣil, ad tettwabnu twinest s wammas d waqqar yettwabedren. Yella daɣen agejdi ɣef tɣmar timaɣudin d wayen yeqqnen ɣer umṣadaɣ. === Amedya n useɣẓen === Deg uɣawas n Aklid, i teneqqiṭ '''P''' i ur nelli ara ɣef taɣda '''d''', tella yiwet kan n teɣda iɛeddan seg '''P''' ur nettmagar ara '''d'''. Talɣa-a n yigejdi n umṣadaɣ tettwassen s yisem n '''Playfair'''; d talɣa tagdazalt i yigejdi wis semmus n Aklid deg lsas n tanzeggit tamagnut. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-18 09-56-11.png|centré]] <small>Tugna 2. Tiɣmert d wassaɣ n umṣadaɣ. Tigniwin ttɛawanent deg tɣuri n yisekkuden; isfukal ilaq ad d-begnen ayɣer iiṣeḥḥa wassaɣ.</small> Deg tugna, tineqqiḍin ttbanent sɛant tehri, izirigen sɛan tuzert, imeccaqen zemren ur ttwaḥerzen ara s tiseddi. Deg tusnakt, taneqqiṭ ur tesɛi ara tehri. Ihi ma tugna teskan-d belli sin n yimeccaqen d igdazalen, ayen-a ur d-yettawi ara asfukel. == 3. Taneqqiṭ, taɣda d tallunt == Taneqqiṭ d amḍiq war tehri; taɣda tettwasɣezef deg sin yinumak war tilisa; iɣil n teɣda yesɛa sin n yixfawen; tazinaɣda tesɛa yiwen n yixef, tettwasɣezef deg yiwen unamek. Aɣawas d tajumma ilweɣ i deg yezmer ad yili wudlif s sin n yimsidag. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-19 12-18-47.png|centré|611x611px]] <small>Tugna 3. Tisektiwin 0, 1, 2 d 3. Aɣawas n tugna d amur ifuken kan; aɣawas n tusnakt ur yesɛi ara tilisa.</small> Tasekta n tallunt tettawi amḍan n yimsidag ilelliyen i ilaqen iwakken ad nesbadu amḍiq. Deg taɣda, yiwen x ikfa; deg uɣawas, nesra (x,y); deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, nesra (x,y,z). Tasekta ur tɛelliq ara ɣef wamek ara d-nsuneɣ talɣa: amaḍal s tajumma kan yesɛa snat n tsektiwin, ɣas ma yettwaseknen deg tallunt s kraḍ. ℝⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, …, xₙ) : xᵢ d imḍanen ilawen} Tallunin s n > 3 ttwasqedcent deg tusnakt d yisefka. Ma yal amedya n yisefka yesɛa 10 n yimuttiyen ilelliyen, yezmer ad yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg ℝ¹⁰. Ayen-a ur d-yemmal ara belli nezmer ad t-nwali s wallen; imsidag d yilugan fkan-d allalen n tazrawt. === Tajumma d wanrar === Tajumma d talɣa n snat n tsektiwin; anrar d asket-is. S yiwet n tɣawsa, takurt tesɛa daxel-is d ubleɣ, ma amaḍal d tajumma n rrif-is. Asbadu n wayen nzerrew yesɛa azal uqbel yal asiḍen. == 4. Ikerdisen d usekkud n Pythagore == Akerdis yesɛa kraḍ n yidis, kraḍ n tqacucin d kraḍ n tiɣmar. Deg uɣawas n Aklid, timernit n tɣmar-is d 180°. Akerdis agdudisan yesɛa kraḍ n yidis igdazalen; akerdis akendis yesɛa ma drus sin n yidis igdazalen; akerdis amaɣud yesɛa yiwet n tiɣmert n 90°. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-20 11-55-53.png|centré|667x667px]] <small>Tugna 4. Tama taẓelmaḍt: anrar n umkuẓ ɣef yidis 5 d 25 = 9 + 16. Tama tayeffust: kuẓ n yikerdisen s yidis a d b, d umkuẓ alemmas s yidis c.</small> '''a² + b² = c², ma c d alubdis n ukerdis amaɣud''' Asfukel n tugna tayeffust: anrar n umkuẓ ameqqran d (a+b)². Kuẓ n yikerdisen sɛan anrar 4 × ab/2 = 2ab. Ayen i d-yeqqimen d c²; ihi c² = (a+b)² − 2ab = a²+b². Ayen-a d aseɣẓen s wanrar, mačči d asket n teɣzi ɣef tugna. Asekkud-a yesɛa daɣen talɣa tamsuɣalt: ma a²+b²=c² deg ukerdis, tiɣmert i d-yezzin i c d 90°. Deg tanzeggit taknudemt neɣ ɣef umaḍal, tanfalit-a ur tettwasemres ara akka war abeddel. == 5. Tales(Thales) d tarwast == Sin n yikerdisen imarwasen sɛan tiɣmar igdazalen d yidis akniwen s yiwen wassaɣ. Ma tasɣent tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer akk imeccaqen s yiwen umuskir k > 0, tḥerrez tiɣmar d talɣa. D tarwast. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-21 10-35-44.png|centré|676x676px]] <small>Tugna 5. DE d BC msadaɣen, ihi ikerdisen ADE d ABC d imarwasen. Deg tugna tayeffust, amuskir n teɣzi d 2; win n</small> <small>wanrar d 4.</small> '''AD/AB = AE/AC = DE/BC''' Deg umedya, A d yiwet n tqacuct n sin yikerdisen; D yella ɣef [AB], E ɣef [AC], yerna DE ∥ BC. Ihi assaɣ n ''Thales'' yessegza ayɣer akk ibḍan-a d igdazalen. Ma nessen kra n teɣziwin, nezmer ad nsiḍen teɣziwin ur nessin ara s useqdec n wassaɣen-a. '''Teɣzi: × k; anrar: × k²; ableɣ: × k³''' Ma nsemɣer asrem s umuskir 3, tehri d teɣzi-nni ad nernunt kraḍ n tikal; anrar ad yili 9 n tikal. Ma nsemɣer agasas s 3, ableɣ ad yili 27 n tikal. Ihi amḍan n tsektiwin yesɛa azal deg wamek i yettbeddil usket. Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen; d amedya uslig n tarwast s k = 1. Ur ilaq ara ad nsemmi snat n talɣiwin d igdazalen s wesket ma ttemcabint kan deg talɣa. == 6. Igeddisen, tiwinas d yiḍebsiyen == Ageddis d talɣa n uɣawas iḥerzen yiwen rrif yettwabnan s yiɣallen. I ugeddis afraray, war amager n yidis gar-asen, timernit n tiɣmar n daxel d (n−2) × 180°, anda '''n''' d amḍan n yidis. Abḍu n ugeddis affensu s yiwet n tqacuct yessegza tanfalit-a: ad d-naf n−2 n yikerdisen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-22 10-56-58.png|centré|595x595px]] <small>Tugna 6. Tawinest d rrif; aḍebsi yesɛa daxel. Ageddis s semmus n yidisan yettwabḍa ɣef kraḍ n yikerdisen.</small> Tawinest s wammas '''O''' d waqqar '''r''' tesdukkel tineqqiḍin '''P''' i yesɛan '''d(O,P)=r'''. Aḍebsi yeɣleq yesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan d(O,P) ≤ r. Akdu d 2r. Taslayt i twinest deg P tebdd ɣef waqqar OP. '''Azzikit n twinest: P = 2πr; anrar n uḍebsi: A = πr²''' Ma '''r''' yettwaskat s yimitren, '''P''' ad yili s yimitren, '''A''' s yimitren imkuẓen. Pi d amḍan agraɣlan π ≈ 3.14159. Ur ilaq ara ad nsexleḍ amḍan n yisekkilen n tamawaẓt d wazal amatu n π. == 7. Asektiɣmer d radyan == Asektiɣmer (trigonométrie) izerrew assaɣ gar tɣmar d teɣziwin. Deg ukerdis amaɣud, '''sin''' '''θ''' d assaɣ n yidis i d-yezzin i θ ɣer ulubdis; '''cos θ''' d assaɣ n yidis n tama-s ɣer ulubdis; '''tan θ''' '''= sin θ / cos θ mi cos θ ≠ 0.''' [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-23 12-24-09.png|centré|612x612px]] <small>Tugna 7. Tawinest s waqqar 1 tefk amur ilaw cos θ d amur yebdden sin θ. Udlifen n sin d cos sseknen abeddel-nsen d</small> <small>wallus-nsen.</small> '''sin² θ + cos² θ = 1; 180° = π rad''' Radyan d asket n tɣmert s wassaɣ '''θ = s/r''', anda '''s''' d teɣzi n uḥric n twinest. Ma '''θ = 1''' rad, '''s''' '''= r'''. Tuzzya tummidt d 2π rad, neɣ 360°. Aseqdec n radyan yeshel tigawt n usiḍen aneẓlay d tarrayt n yizellumen. '''c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos γ''' Asaḍuf n cosine yessegza assaɣ gar kraḍ n yidis n ukerdis d tɣmert γ i d-yezzin i c. Ma '''γ =''' '''90°''', '''cos γ = 0''', ad d-naf asekkud n Pythagore. Assaɣen-a ttɛawanen deg usket n tiddi n wayen ur nezmir ara ad naweḍ srid d usiḍen n yiberdan. == 8. Teɣzi, anrar d ubleɣ == Teɣzi tettwaskat s tiget n teɣzi, anrar s tiget n teɣzi ɣer sin, ableɣ s tiget n teɣzi ɣer kraḍ. Azzikit d teɣzi n rrif. Tajumma tella d talɣa; anrar d azal n wesket-is. Deg tallunt, ilaq ad nessemgired anrar n rrif d ubleɣ n daxel. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-24 11-26-46.png|centré|716x716px]] <small>Tugna 8. Tiddi h tebdd ɣef uzadur b. Awlellu d takurt sɛan isketen n ubleɣ; amaḍal d rrif n takurt.</small> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Talɣa !Asket |- |Asrem s yidis a d b |A = ab; P = 2(a+b) |- |Akerdis s uzadur b d tiddi h |A = bh/2 |- |Agasas s yidis a |V = a³; anrar n rrif = 6a² |- |Awlellu s waqqar r d tiddi h |V = πr²h |- |Akaswar s waqqar r d tiddi h |V = πr²h/3 |- |Takurt / amaḍal s waqqar r |V = 4πr³/3; anrar n umaḍal = 4πr² |} I talɣiwin ur nesɛi ara tanfalit tafessast, nezmer ad nebḍu talɣa ɣef yiḥricen, ad nessemres aɣred neɣ asiḍen n temawaẓt. Ma yella kra n uḥric i neḥseb snat n tikal, ilaq ad t-nekkes yiwet n tikkelt iwakken ur t-nettḥasab ara snat n tikal.. ==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit == * [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit tummit]] * [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]] * [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]] * [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] * [[Aljiber imzireg]] == Amezruy n tenzeggit == [[Taggayt:Tusnakt]] mkdgkikjpawmvtdyv9rreneemsgh955 0 5273 117760 107960 2026-10-24T11:39:03Z Mastiman Anumidi 17235 Aḍris amaynut 117760 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city}} '''Washington, D.C''' d tamanaɣt n [[Iwunak Yedduklen|Yiwunak Yedduklen]]. Isem-ines ameqqran d '''Washington, District of Columbia'''. Deg Washington yella [[Axxam Amellal]], izdeɣ deg-s aselway n Yiwunak Yedduklen. Tamdint i qqaren-as Washington ansi aselway amezwaru n Yiwunal Yedduklen, [[George Washington]]. Ɣas akken New York d tamdint tameqqrant n tdamsa d tnezzut, Washington tettwassen ladɣa s wazal-is asertan, aserdasan d udiplumasi. Deg-s i ttwaɣtasen waṭas n tsertiyin i yeɛnan Marikan, yerna kra n tɣawsiwin i d-yettawin abeddel deg umaḍal. Tamdint-a d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettwasbedden s uɣawas usrid, i wakken ad tili d ul n udabu n tagduda tamaynut i d-yennulfan seld ṭṭrad n timunent n Marikan. Maca Washington ur telli ara d tamdint n tsertit kan. D tamdint yesɛan amezruy n yigduden inaṣliyen, n umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n umdan, n tẓuri d tusna. <br> {| border="1" style="float:right; margin: 1em;border-collapse:collapse;" |+ '''Imezdaɣ n Washington D.C''' | valign="top" | {| ! style="background:#efefef;" | Aseggas ! style="background:#efefef;" | Imezdaɣ |----- | 1800 || align="right" | 8 144 |----- | 1810 || align="right" | 15 471 |----- | 1820 || align="right" | 23 336 |----- | 1830 || align="right" | 30 261 |----- | 1840 || align="right" | 33 745 |----- | 1850 || align="right" | 51 687 |----- | 1860 || align="right" | 75 080 |----- | 1870 || align="right" | 131 700 |----- | 1880 || align="right" | 177 624 |----- | 1890 || align="right" | 230 392 |----- | 1900 || align="right" | 278 718 |} | valign="top" | {| ! style="background:#efefef;" | Aseggas ! style="background:#efefef;" | Imezdaɣ |----- | 1910 || align="right" | 331 069 |----- | 1920 || align="right" | 437 571 |----- | 1930 || align="right" | 486 869 |----- | 1940 || align="right" | 663 091 |----- | 1950 || align="right" | 802 178 |----- | 1960 || align="right" | 763 956 |----- | 1970 || align="right" | 756 510 |----- | 1980 || align="right" | 638 333 |----- | 1990 || align="right" | 606 900 |----- | 2000 || align="right" | 572 059 |----- | 2005 || align="right" | 582 049 |----- |2010 || align="right" | 601 723 |----- |} |----- |} </br> [[Category:Timdinin]][[Category:Tarakalt]][[Category:Iwunak Yeddukklen]] de16yp9t5ndjz5d6dmegv97ssue3scf 0 23155 117757 106771 2026-10-23T20:05:03Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 117757 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Muḥammed al-Idrissi''' qqaren-as '''Lidrisi''' (s [[Tutlayt taɛrabt|taɛrabt]] : ''الإدريسي''), illul deg ahat n 1100 deg [[Sebta]], yemmut gar 1165 ed 1186 deg [[Sičilya]]<ref>{{Fr}} [https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/Abu_Abd_Allah_Muhammad_al-_Idrisi/124711 Abu Abd Allah Muhammad al-Idrisi], deg ''larousse.fr''.</ref>, d [[Tasnamurt|tasnarkalt]], umusnaw n [[Tasnimɣan|yimɣan]], [[Tasnujjya|tamjayt]]<ref>{{Fr}} [http://bdl.ahp-numerique.fr/items/show/12173?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=102&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=citation+posthume {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221125164504/http://bdl.ahp-numerique.fr/items/show/12173?advanced%5B0%5D%5Belement_id%5D=102&advanced%5B0%5D%5Btype%5D=is+exactly&advanced%5B0%5D%5Bterms%5D=citation+posthume |date=2022-11-25 }} <nowiki>Al Idrissi [Edrisi] (ca. 1100 - ca. 1165)</nowiki>], deg ''bdl.ahp-numerique.fr''.</ref> ed umnir n ugellid {{Ill|Roger II n Sičilya|fr|Roger II de Sicile}}<ref name=":0">{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Muhammad-al-Idrisi Muḥammad al-Idrīsī], deg ''britannica.com''.</ref>. == Ayen yura == [[Tugna:TabulaRogeriana.jpg|gauche|vignette|200x200px|[[Tagertilt]] n umaḍal n El Idrissi]] Deg 1154, Lidrisi yura taṣekka i d ameqqran gar [[Tasnamurt]] n {{Ill|Tallit-Tanammast|fr|Moyen Âge}} ''Kitāb nuzhat al-mushtāq fī ikhtirāq al-āfāq<ref name=":0" /> (s [[Tutlayt taɛrabt|taɛrabt]] : كتاب نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق'' <small>(asusru {{Asusru|LL-Q13955 (ara)-Zoubab-نزهة المشتاق في اختراق الآفاق.wav}})</small>'', Adlis n tumert n tuffɣa win ḥareɣ ad zger tmennaḍin n umaḍal)'' neɣ (''adlis n Roger''). Lidrisi yura adlis-nni ɣur ''Roger II'' agellid n Sičilya, deg adlis-a tella [[Tagertilt]] tettwassen n umaḍal<ref>{{Fr}} Nedjma Benachour-Tebbouche, ''Constantine et ses écrivains-voyageurs'', Chihab, 2022, {{ISBN|9789947395127}}, ([https://books.google.dz/books?id=m86UEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT26&dq=idrissi+1154&hl=fr&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiOqoOY5cn7AhWQQ6QEHcyDBT8Q6AF6BAgCEAI#v=onepage&q=idrissi%201154&f=false taɣuṛi]).</ref>. == Tizmilin == <references /> k55jpqimkey3y3h2ppxayozssv1r0j8 0 25113 117752 115948 2026-10-23T19:32:07Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 117752 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''Bodur Bint Sultan Ben Muḥamad Al-Qasmi''' (tettwaled di 1978) d tasuffeɣt d taddayt n tazmert timmurit. Tella-d taddayt n ugmis n tedbelt d taddayt n [[Tasdawit Tamarikanit n Charjah|Tasdawit Tamarikanit n Charjah]] (AUS).<ref>https://www.albayan.ae/uae/news/2023-01-30-1.4606746</ref> Tella-d taddayt n [[Sharjah Research, Technology and Innovation Park]] (SRTIP), n [[Autorité d’investissement et de développement n Charjah|Tagnit n tfru d tneflit n Charjah]] (Shurooq) akked [[Sharjah Entrepreneurship Center]] (Sheraa).<ref>https://www.zawya.com/ar/البيانات-الصحفية/بيانات-حكومية/2023-rc1butqs</ref> D-tamensawt-tamsehriwt n [[Agraw Kalimat|Ugraw Kalimat]] u d-tamensawt n [[Tagnit Kalimat|Tagnit Kalimat]]. Seg 2023, tella-d daɣen taddayt n [[Autorité du livre de Charjah|Tagnit n Uktab n Charjah]].<ref>https://www.sharjah24.ae/ar/Articles/2023/05/15/aa9</ref> Tettwali-d [[Tiddukla Tamezwarut n Isuffeɣen|Union internationale des éditeurs]] (IPA) seg 2021 ar 2022, u tettwali-d d tameṭṭut tazwarut n lɛarab i tettɛeddaḍ deg umkan-agi.<ref>https://www.skynewsarabia.com/varieties/1395246</ref><ref>https://www.albayan.ae/five-senses/mirrors/2020-11-24-1.4021664</ref> == Taselkim == Bodour Al Qasimi tettwali-d s wezzin seg [[Tasdawit n Cambridge]] u tesɛa masṭer di tnemɣa n tussna n tnefsa (anthropologie médicale) seg [[University College London]] (UCL).<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/faculty-research/honorary/sheikha-bodour-al-qasimi/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2022-03-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220302044545/https://www.jbs.cam.ac.uk/faculty-research/honorary/sheikha-bodour-al-qasimi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abrid d tmaslayin == Di 2007, tesnulfa [[Agraw Kalimat|Ugraw Kalimat]] (i yimeẓẓyan, lquraya d imezdaɣen), i yesɛan assa izerfan n usuffeɣ d uzuzer di ugar n 15 n tmurt, u yessuffeɣ ugar n 500 n yidlis.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://kalimatgroup.ae/ar/about-us |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2023-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230402015654/https://kalimatgroup.ae/ar/about-us/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tagnit-is n tjmaɛt, [[Tagnit Kalimat|Tagnit Kalimat]], tettɛiwen ɣer uɛeddi n yidlis i ymeẓẓyan iɣebwaren d ymeẓẓyan igellun-d imeḍfiren.<ref>https://www.emaratalyoum.com/life/culture/2021-07-01-1.1508852</ref><ref>https://www.sharjah24.ae/ar/Articles/2021/08/22/ag2</ref> Di 2009, tesnulfa [[Tajmaɛt n isuffeɣen n Timmura|Tajmaɛt n isuffeɣen n Timmura]] (EPA), i ttuɣalen d imendayen n [[IPA]] di 2012. Tessarameɣ i timgiren tazulit i lqenun n usuffeɣ deg Timmura n Tigrawin Yedduklen (aswaɣ yettuwasem ɣer ~281 M USD).<ref>https://www.albayan.ae/uae/golden-jubilee/2021-01-28-1.4077148</ref> Tella-d taddayt n ugmis i iɛedmen i [[Charjah]] azwel n [[Tamdint n uktab n umaḍal|Tamdint n Uktab n Umaḍal]] 2019 sɣur [[UNESCO]].<ref>https://www.unesco.org/ar/articles/alsharqt-asmt-almywt-llktab-lam-2019</ref> Deg usenfar n tɛerḍa post-COVID n usɣar n isuffeɣen, tesnulfa di IPA tinit '''InSPIRe''' (tacarta tamatut), i tezger deg 2022 ɣer [[Tadelsa n IPA|Tadelsa n IPA]].<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/aa-content/inspire/IPA-Inspire-Charter-AR.pdf |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2022-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220707140247/https://www.internationalpublishers.org/images/aa-content/inspire/IPA-Inspire-Charter-AR.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://wam.ae/ar/details/1395303025961</ref> Tesnulfa daɣen '''PublisHer''', aẓeṭṭa amaḍlan i tilawin tesuffeɣin, u tessukkes yimgarraden (IPA × Dubai Cares) i tɣellist n ufru n tinnovasyon deg usuffeɣ deg Tafriqt (tixtiṛiyin, taseddrant n tira).<ref>https://aawsat.com/home/article/3835391/بدور-القاسمي-لا-بد-من-تعلم-المهارات-الحديثة-وتنشيط-ترجمة-الكتاب-العربي</ref><ref>https://www.internationalpublishers.org/copyright-news-blog/1079-african-publishing-innovation-fund-to-improve-access-to-education-books-and-literacy-skills-for-11-million-young-africans</ref><ref>https://publishingperspectives.com/2020/01/davos-2020-world-economic-forum-bodour-al-qasimi-philanthropy-forum/</ref> == Tudert tusligt == Tessɣa-d s [[Sultan ben Ahmed Al Qasimi]], adaren n Charjah seg Ɣuct 2021. Ssenṭa-k ed 4 n yxerṣen: Maryam, Ahmed, Aliya d Mira.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://hheo.ae/personal/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2022-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708180300/https://hheo.ae/personal/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.sharjah24.ae/ar/author?q=107ECF9543AC4551974CA620629C4939</ref> == Asnifel == * Tabelɣayt tazwart (Professor honoris causa), [[Tasdawit n Leicester]] (2025). {{Référence nécessaire}} == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist}} [[Taggayt:Tasuffeɣt]] [[Taggayt:Tlidt di 1978]] [[Taggayt:Amal n tsdawit n Cambridge]] owo1hsaivhzcgsjime2ec5j3fge9yea 0 25116 117753 116644 2026-10-23T19:37:32Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 117753 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''Caixa Ali Salem Al Maskari''' (tettwaled di 1939) d tgeofizisyenne d tameṭṭut n tneflit timmurit; tella-d taddayt (presidente) n ugraw Al Maskari Holding.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://almaskariholding.com/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2024-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240813190525/http://almaskariholding.com/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://enterpriseasia.org/apea/uae/awards/uae-2016/h-e-dr-shaikha-al-maskari/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002164312/https://enterpriseasia.org/apea/uae/awards/uae-2016/h-e-dr-shaikha-al-maskari/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ibezzuzen d teselkim == Tettwaled di [[Al Ɛayn]] (Tigrawin Yedduklen n Timmura). Tettwali-d s lauréa seg [[Tasdawit n Lundres]] u ddoctorat di tgeoloji seg [[Tasdawit n Indiana]].<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://enterpriseasia.org/apea/uae/awards/uae-2016/h-e-dr-shaikha-al-maskari/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002164312/https://enterpriseasia.org/apea/uae/awards/uae-2016/h-e-dr-shaikha-al-maskari/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Abrid n umahil == Al Maskari tebdu amahil-is di [[1974]] di tkebbwanit n wuzzal n tazmert n Abu Dhabi ([[ADNOC]]), anida tettqelleq-d ad tesselkem tiseqdacin d tleqyatin n yixeddamen n wuzzal d waggaz, u ad taru-d isallen fell-asen. Tesfeḍ-as di 1989, teqqim ɣer tkebbwanit n wuzzal n twacult Al Maskari Foundation yettwasnulfen sɣur yemma-s, tcheikha Asha Al Maskari. Di 2008, ugraw yettwabeddel s tafaska tamaynut deg ''Al Maskari Holding''.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://milkeninstitute.org/events/mena19/speakers/35779 |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002164348/https://milkeninstitute.org/events/mena19/speakers/35779 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tella-d daɣen d tameṭṭut tamezwarut di Abu Dhabi i yellan yewwet-as usireg n ''entrepreneur général'' s yimawlan-is i yiman-is (amkarḍ n tkebbwanit ɣef yiman-is).<ref>https://www.aletihad.ae/news/الاقتصادي/4185276/شيخة-المسكري---مسيرة-نجاح-من-الجيوفيزياء-إلى-عالم-الأعمال</ref> == Asnifel == Di 2016, teṭṭefka-d '''Ussan Agellidin nnig n Itri n Ussamer''' (1ʳᵉ tagenza) seg lεars aswidiyen i tsemḍen n tira gar Swid d Timmura, s umata n yiseɣda n uselkim i yimeddayen n tnefsit akked [[Tasdawit n Göteborg]] deg taggara n yimezgen 1980.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://emiratespressreleases.com/h-e-dr-shaikha-ali-salem-al-maskari-receives-swedish-royal-decoration/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2023-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002164414/https://emiratespressreleases.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Di 2018, tella di '''Top 100''' n tilawin ifazen n Wammuḍ n Tmura n Tissut (Middle East) sɣur ''Forbes Middle East'' (addeb 70).<ref>https://gulfnews.com/business/uae-expats-among-100-most-influential-women-in-middle-east-1.2279215</ref> == Tudert tusligt == Tettɣer am yerkaz-d [[Donald Henry Hoss]], ammelkem n tgeoloji di [[Tasdawit n Iowa]]; ɣur-sen kraḍ n yxerṣen.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.ozy.com/news-and-politics/shaikha-al-maskari-knows-the-drill/30390/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2022-06-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625170311/https://www.ozy.com/news-and-politics/shaikha-al-maskari-knows-the-drill/30390/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Argaz-is yemmuten di 1990.<ref>https://www.thenationalnews.com/UAE/portrait-of-a-nation-emirati-matriarch-steps-down-from-company-role-after-50-years-of-service-1.737841</ref> == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Al Maskari, Caixa Ali Salem}} [[Taggayt:Tgeofizisyenne]] [[Taggayt:Tameṭṭut n tneflit]] [[Taggayt:Tameṭṭut timmurit]] [[Taggayt:Tlidt di 1939]] nzmxdu8wtxc4peweur94f4vsofmyfwv 0 25505 117754 117746 2026-10-23T19:38:07Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117754 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q1405|image=[[File:Statue of the Emperor Octavian Augustus as Jupiter (6).png|thumb|Asebdad n umenkad Uɣustus amzun d Jupiter (6)]]|caption=Amenkad Uɣustus.|date of birth=23 Ctembeṛ deg useggas 63 Send Tallalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit|date of death=19 Ɣuct deg useggas n 14 Seld Tallalit n Ɛisa.}} '''Uɣustus''' (s tlaṭinit: Augustus, neɣ s yisem-is n tidet ''Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus'' ), i yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n Uktavyus (Octavius), d amezwaru n yimenkaden n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ilul-d ass n 23 Ctembeṛ n useggas 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, yemmut ass n 19 n Ɣuct n useggas 14 seld talalit n Ɛisa. D netta i d-yesbedden '''[[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tamnekda Taṛumanit]]''' sdeffir n uɣelluy n '''[[Tagduda Taṛumanit|Tegduda]]'''. Yewweḍ ɣer udabu deg yiwet n tallit n tezɣent d ṭṭrad aɣarim, maca yessaweḍ ad d-yerr talwit, ad yesseggem awanek, dɣa yeldi-d yiwet n tsut iwumi qqaren "Talwit Taṛumanit" (''Pax Romana''). D netta diɣen i yessbedden anagraw amaynut n udabu deg Ruma, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''Principatu''s, seld mi tfukk tagduda tarumanit (Res publica Romana). Uɣustus ur d-yewwi ara adabu s yiwet n tikkelt. Iɛedda seg waṭas n ṭṭraden, tedyanin tisertanin, d usenqes n tzemmar n yixṣṣimen-is, almi yuɣal d bab n udabu ameqqran deg Ruma. Ɣas akken yella d amenkad s tidet, ur yebɣi ara ad d-yesken iman-is am ugellid. Yeskanay-d adabu-is s wudem n uḥraz n tagduda taqburt, maca deg tilawt, akk tzemmar tigejdanin n udabu uɣalent ɣer ufus-is. Tallit n Uɣustus teldi yiwet n tewwurt n tallit tazrayt s wudem amaynut deg umaḍal arumani, i d-yeglan s tɣellist, asnerni n tdamsa, abeddel n usuddes aserdasi, akked usnerni n tsekla d tẓuriwin. == 1. Ruma send Uɣustus == === 1.1. Tagduda Tarumanit === Send ad d-yas Uɣustus, Ruma tella d tagduda i yettwasuddsen s yiwet n tɣessa tasertant i deg llan: - '''Asenat''' (Senatus): agraw n ymḍebbren d yimɣaren n twaculin timeqqranin. - '''Imqerraben n udabu''' (magistratus): am yikunsulen, iprituren d wiyaḍ. - '''Igrawen igdudanen''' (comitia): anda kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ sɛan azref n ufran n yimḍebbren d uqbal n yilugan. '''- Ikunsulen''': sin n ymḍebbren i yettwafernen yal aseggas i uselḥu n udabu. Maca anagraw-a ibeddel s waṭas deg yiseggasen ineggura n Tegduda Tarumanit. Ruma tella tesɛa akal ameqqran seg Iberya armi d Asya tameẓẓyant, seg Yilel agrakal armi d tmura n ugafa n Tefriqt. Akal-a ameqqran yessuter asuddes amaynut n udabu. S wakka, timsal n udabu, n tedrimt d tseddarin uɣalent d isental n tmesbaniyin gar yimeqqranen. === 1.2. Timsizzelt ɣef udabu d ṭṭraden igensanen === Deg tasut tamezwarut send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma teɛreḍ aṭas n ṭṭraden igensan. Gar yimdanen i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant deg tallit-a ad naf: - '''Marius''', d aɣella aserdasi. - '''Sulla''', win i yeṭṭfen adabu s tezmert n yigen. - '''Pumpyus Ameqqran''', amasay aserdasi d win yesɛan tazmert deg Asya. - '''[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]]''', win i yernan ṭṭrad agensan ɣef Pumpyus. - '''Mark Antonyus''', win i yuɣalen d axṣim ameqqran n Uɣustus. Deg useggas 49 send talalit n Ɛisa, Yulyus Qaysar yeɛda iɣzer n Rubicon s igen-is(taserdast-is), ayen i d-yewwin ṭṭrad agensan. Mi timerniwt tella ɣer tama n Qaysar, yuɣal yesɛa adabu ameqqran, maca aṭas n yisenaturren ugin anagraw-is, acku ttwalin dakken yezmer ad yuɣal d agellid. == 2. Talalit d temẓi n Uɣustus == === 2.1. Talalit-is === [[Tugna:Augustus Bevilacqua Glyptothek Munich 317.jpg|361x361px]] '''Uɣustus''' ilul ass n 23 Meɣres 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, deg Ruma. Twacult n baba-s tesɛa iẓuran-is deg Velitrae, tamdint i yettwasnen ass-a s yisem n Velletri. Isem-is amezwaru yella d '''Gaius Octavius'''. Baba-s, Gaius Octavius, yella d amqerreb arumani i yesɛan azref ad yeṭṭef kra n yimukan deg udabu. Yella d ''praetor'', syin yuɣal d anedbal n Makedunya. Yemma-s, Atia, tella d yelli-s n Julia, ultma-s n [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]]. S wakka, Uɣustus yella d ammi n yelli-s n ultma-s n Qaysar, d aya i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked twacult n Qaysar. Ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yuɣal d amenkad ur yelli ara d talalit-is kan, maca d tamusni-s tasertant, d usdukkel n yimeddukal, d tzemmar-is deg useqdec n yiserdasen. === 2.2. Aselmed-is === Uɣustus yesɛa aselmed n yimdanen imeqqranen n Ruma. Yelmed taɣuri d tira s tlaṭinit, tagrigit, tutlayt n tussna d tfelsafit deg tallit-nni, amezruy n Ruma d tsertit-is, tasekla d tẓuri n umeslay, akked yilugan d usuddes n udabu. Yella yettḥadar aṭas taɣara-s d wudem-is gar yimdanen. Ɣas akken ur yelli ara d amdan yesɛan tafekka taǧehdit am kra n yimqerranen iserdasen, yesɛa tamusni deg useqdec n yimdanen, deg usdukkel n tzemmar d usbeddi n tɣawsiwin ɣef leḥsab n yiseggasen. === 2.3. Assaɣ-is akked Yulyus Qaysar === [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yebda yettḥadar Uktavyus am win yezmer ad yili d amḍiq-is deg tsertit. Deg useggas 45 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus iruḥ ɣer Apollonia, deg Illiriya, i wakken ad ikemmel aselmed-is aserdasi. Dinna i yella mi as-d-tewweḍ lexbar n tmettant n Qaysar. == 3. Tmettant n Yulyus Qaysar d tazwara n uḍfar n udabu == [[Tugna:Vincenzo Camuccini, The Death of Julius Caesar (detail).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Vincenzo Camuccini, Timenɣiwt n Yulyus Qaysar.]] === 3.1. Timenɣiwt n Qaysar === Ass n 15 Meɣres n useggas 44 send talalit n Ɛisa, [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yettwanɣa deg Ruma s ufus n ugraw n yisenaturren. Gar wid i yesɛan amur deg tmenɣiwt-is llan '''Brutus''' d '''Cassius'''. Wid i t-yenɣan bɣan ad d-rren tagduda ɣer tɣessa-s taqburt, acku ttagaden ad yuɣal Qaysar d agellid. Maca timenɣiwt-is ur d-yewwi ara talwit. S tidet, yeldi abrid i ṭṭraden igensanen imaynuten. === 3.2. Uktavyus d amarraw n Qaysar === Mi yemmut Qaysar, yufa Uktavyus dakken Qaysar yefren-it deg lewṣaya-s d amarraw-is(s usmemmi) s uzref. D ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yesɛu isem n ''Gaius Julius Caesar'', ɣas akken deg tira n yimazrayen yettwasemma s waṭas Octavianus i wakken ad yettwafrez ɣef Yulyus Qaysar. S wakka, Uktavyus yebda yesɛa assaɣ s yisem ameqqran n Qaysar, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yawi aṭas n wid i t-yettɛawanen. Maca yella yiwen umdan zdat-s i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant: '''Mark''' '''Untounyus'''. === 3.3. Timsizzelt gar Uktavyus d Untunyus === Mark Untunyus yella d ameddukel n Qaysar, yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg tredsa. Yebɣa ad yeṭṭef adabu seld tmettant n Qaysar. Uktavyus, ɣas akken mazal d ilemẓi, yebda yesdukkel imdanen d tredsa i wakken ad yili yesɛa amkan deg tsertit. Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus yeṭṭef amkan n ukunsul deg Ruma. Syin, yesdukkel tazmert-is akked Mark Untunyus d Lepidus. == 4. Agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen — Triumvirat wis sin == Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus, Untunyus d Lepidus sbedden agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen, i yettwasnen s yisem n Triumvirat wis sin. Anagraw-a yella yesɛa azref asertan, mačči am ugdazel amezwaru n Qaysar, Pumpyus d Crassus. Kraḍ-a bḍan tazmert n udabu gar-asen. Maca agraw-a ur yelli ara d anagraw n tlelli. Yella d adabu n tzemmert, deg-s ttwaseḍfaren imxalafen isertanen. === 4.1. Aḍfar n tmuɣlin Qaysar === Kraḍ n yimqerraben-a sbedden umuɣen n yimdanen i ilaq ad ttwakksen seg udabu, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''proscriptions''. Aṭas n yisenaturren d yimdanen yesɛan idrimen ttwaneɣen, ttwasfeḍen seg tudert tasertant neɣ ttwanejlan. Gar wid yettwanɣan yella '''Sisiṛun''', afiluzuf, amenna arumani ameqqran. D yiwet seg talliyin i deg yella unṭag asertan s waṭas deg Ruma. === 4.2. Ṭṭrad n Filippi === Deg useggas 42 send talalit n Ɛisa, taredsa n Uktavyus d Untunyus mmagrent akked tid n Brutus d Cassius deg Filippi, deg Masidunya. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d tmerna i Uktavyus d Untunyus. Brutus d Cassius mmuten seld aɣelluy n tredsa-nsen. S wakka, aṭas n wid i yebɣan ad d-rren tagduda taqburt ur sɛin ara tazmert i wakken ad kemmlen ṭṭrad. == 5. Timsizzelt gar Uktavyus d Mark Untunyus == [[Tugna:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|centré|vignette|Mark Untunyus.]] === 5.1. Abḍu n tmura n Ruma === Seld Filippi, Uktavyus d Untunyus bḍan amkan n tzemmert-nsen. Uktavyus yebda yettḥadar aṭas akal n umalu n Ruma, ma Utunyus yettḥadar Asya d tmura n usammar. ''Lepidus'', s wakud, yebda yettḥaz amkan-is, almi yettekkes-as Uktavyus tazmert-is tasertant deg useggas 36 send talalit n Ɛisa. S wakka, Uktavyus d Untunyus uɣalen d sin n yimdanen imeqqranen i yesɛan adabu deg umaḍal arumani. === 5.2. Untunyus d Kliyupatra === Untunyus yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked [[Kliyubatra VII|Kliyupatra tis VII]], tagellidt n Maṣer. Kliyupatra tella d tagellidt yesɛan tamusni tasertant d tazmert tadiplumasit. Untunyus yebda yesɛa aṭas n wassaɣen akked Maṣer, ayen i yessersan Uktavyus deg umkan i wakken ad t-yerr d axṣim n Ruma. Uktavyus yesseqdec assaɣ-a i wakken ad yessers Untunyus am win i yettbeddilen timsal n Ruma s tid n Maṣer. D yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant deg usdukkel n uɣref arumani ɣer tama n Uktavyus. === 5.3. Ṭṭrad n Aktium === Ass n 2 Ctember n useggas 31 send talalit n Ɛisa, taredsa n yilel n Uktavyus mmagrent akked tid n Untunyus d Kliyupatra deg Aktium, ɣer tama n Yunan. Aqeṛṛu n tredsa n yilel n Uktavyus yella d Agrippa, ameddukel-is ameqqran. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d timerniwt i Uktavyus. Untunyus d Kliyupatra uɣalen ɣer Maṣer. Deg useggas 30 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus yeṭṭef Aleksandriya. Untunyus d Kliyupatra mmuten s ufus-nsen. Maṣer tuɣal d tamurt i yettwaselḥayen s yisem n Ruma, maca s tɣessa n udabu i d-yettakken amkan ameqqran i Uɣustus. Lɣelba n Aktium d yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant deg umezruy n Ruma, acku seg wass-nni Uktavyus ur yesɛi ara axṣim ameqqran deg udabu arumani. == 6. Asebded n Tamenkda Tarumanit == === 6.1. Seg Uktavyus ɣer Uɣustus === Deg useggas 27 send talalit n Ɛisa, ''Asenat'' yefka i Uktavyus isem n Uɣustus(Augustus), anamek-is yezmer ad yettwasegzi am « win yesɛan azal ameqqran d lḥerma ». Seg tallit-a, Uktavyus yuɣal yettwasnen s yisem n Uɣustus. Maca Uɣustus ur yebɣi ara ad yettwasemmi rex (agellid), acku irumanen n tallit-nni mazal ttagaden awal-a. Yefren ad yesɛu isem n '''Princeps''', anamek-is « amezwaru », neɣ « amezwaru gar yimdanen ». Seg waya i d-yekka yisem n Principatus. === 6.2. Amek i yessuddes adabu? === Uɣustus yeǧǧa kra n tɣessiwin tiqburin n tagduda. Asenat mazal yella, ikunsulen mazal ttwafranen, imḍebren mazal xeddmen. Maca tazmert tagejdant n udabu tella deg ufus n Uɣustus. Yesɛa adabu aserdasi ɣef yiswiren imeqqranen, azref n uselḥu n waṭas n tmura, tazmert tasertant i yellan s ufella n waṭas n yimḍebren tazmert n usuter d useḥbes n kra n yisumar isertanen, akked wazal ameqqran gar yisenaturren d uɣref. Deg useggas 23 send talalit n Ɛisa, yesɛa tazmert n ''tribunicia potestas'', i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa kra n yizerfan n umḍeber agdudan. S wakka, anagraw n tagduda yella mazal deg wudem, maca deg tilawt adabu yuɣal d adabu n yiwen n umdan. === 6.3. Ayɣer ur yessebded ara tagelda s wudem usrid? === Uɣust yefhem dakken Yulyus Qaysar yettwanɣa acku aṭas n yisenaturren ttagaden ad yuɣal d agellid. Ihi, ur yebɣi ara ad yerr iman-is deg umkan-nni. Yesseqdec tutlayt n tagduda d yizamulen-is i wakken ad yesken dakken ur yebɣi ara ad yekkes tilelli n Ruma. Maca yessers anagraw anda yiwen n umdan yezmer ad yeṭṭef adabu i yiseggasen ɣezzifen. 5jcrpthstzws04urh8nnirxpasy92mr 0 25616 117758 117748 2026-10-24T10:21:19Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117758 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q7198|image=[[File:Ovid by an anonymous sculptor.jpg|thumb|Ovid sɣur yiwen umserɣta udrig]]|caption=Ovid.}} '''Ovid''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Ovidius Naso''', d yiwen seg yimedyazen irumanen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit. Yella d amedyaz, amaru n tmucuha timiṭulujiyin, d win i yerran tayri, tuttya, tafekka, tamagit, lḥif akked unejli d isental igejdanen n tsekla-s. Yettwassen ladɣa s udlis-is Metamorphoses (tuttyiwin), yiwen seg yedlisen i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla, tasugna, tasertit n tfekka d tẓuriwin n Umaḍal n Utrim. Tudert-is tbeddel s wudem ameqqran deg useggas 8 mbaɛd talalit n Ɛisa, mi t-yessufeɣ umenkad Uɣustus seg Ruma, yerra-t ɣer Tomis, ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan. Dinna i yemmut, war ma yuɣal ɣer temdint i iḥemmel. Yettwaḥsab Ovid gar kraḍ n yimedyazen irumanen i d-yettwabedren s waṭas deg tsekla talaṭinit, akked '''Virgil''' (Vergilius) d '''Horace''' (Horatius). Maca yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa aɣanib d yisental yemgaraden. == 2. Talalit d twacult-is == === 2.1. Sulmo, tamdint n Ovid === [[Tugna:PanoramaSulmona.JPG|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tamdint Sulmona deg ṭṭelyan.]] Ovid ilul ass n 20 Meɣres, deg useggas 43 send Ɛisa, di Sulmo, i d-yettwasemman ass-a Sulmona, deg temnaḍt n Abruzzo, di [[ṭṭelyan]] n wass-a. Sulmo tella d tamdint tarumanit di tmurt n Peligni, yiwen seg yiɣerfan n ṭṭelyan alqayan i yellan uqbel asnerni n Ruma. Tamnaḍt-a tettwassen s yidurar-is, izuɣar-is d wakal-is n tfellaḥt. Ovid yesɛa tawacult taɣerfant, d tin yesɛan idrimen. Baba-s yebɣa ad yili mmi-s d amdan n uẓayer deg tedbelt tarumanit, ladɣa deg uɣerbaz n uzref d tsnukyest n wawal. Deg yisefra-s, Ovid yessefk-d amek i ilul deg yiwen n useggas ara d-yeglun s ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy arumani: d aseggas n tmettant n ''Cicero'', '''amesnukyes''' d '''amsesten''' arumani ameqqran. Deg tallit-a, Tagduda Trumanit tella tettɛeddi seg tazɣent tasertant ɣer tallit n usdukel n tezmert deg ufus n yiwen n umdan, ''Octavianus'', win ara yuɣalen d Uɣust. === 2.2. Tawacult-is d watmaten-is === Ovid yesɛa gma-s ameqqran fell-as s yiwen n useggas, i yemmuten d ameẓẓyan, mi yesɛa azal n 20 n yiseggasen. Tamettant n gma-s tella d lḥif ameqqran i twacult-is. Yella d amezwaru? Ala, Ovid yella d amecṭuḥ deg sin n watmaten. Yella diɣen d win i d-yettwabedren deg yisefra-s s tikkelt ɣer tayeḍ, imi yettmeslay ɣef tlalit-is, baba-s, yemma-s d tmurt-is. Maca ilaq ad nefrez gar wayen i d-yenna Ovid s timmad-is d wayen i nezmer ad nesseɣti s yizirigen imezruyanen: aṭas n yisallen ɣef tudert-is d netta i ten-id-yefkan. == 3. Tamẓi d uselmed-is == === 3.1. Azraw deg Ruma === Mi yella d ameẓẓyan, Ovid iruḥ ɣer Ruma akked gma-s iwakken ad lemden tasnukyest, tira, timawit d uzref. Ruma tella deg tallit-a d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n umaḍal agrakal. [[Tugna:Forum romanum 6k (5760x2097).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Ayen i d-yeqqimen seg ufurum(anmager) n ruma taqburt.]]Deg Ruma, Ovid yella deg tneɣrit n yiselmaden yettwassnen n tsnukyest n wawal. Isallen imezruyanen bedren Arellius Fuscus akked Porcius Latro gar yiselmaden-is. Iselmad-agi llan ttselmaden amek ara d-yebnu umdan awal, amek ara yessefhem tikti-s, amek ara yessfukel tiririt-is, d wamek ara yesseqdec tafyirt s wudem yettqenɛen. Ayen akk i yelmed deg tneɣrit-a ad t-id-yaf umdan deg yisefra-s: tawsit n wawal, d ubeddel n tmuɣli, anegzum n tidet d usnulfu n yimdanen n timucuha. === 3.2. Tayri-s i tsekla === Baba-s yebɣa ad yili Ovid d amsesten n uzref neɣ d amdan n tedbelt, imi taɣulin-a ttaǧǧant amdan ad yili d ameqran deg tmetti tarumanit. Maca Ovid yella yettwajbed ɣer usefru. Deg ''Tristia'', yessefhem-d belli ula d mi yebɣa ad yaru s wudem amagnu, awalen-is ttuɣalen d isefra. D taɣawsa i d-yesskanen belli asefru yella deg tudert-is seg temẓi. === 3.3. Tirza-s ɣer Yunan === Ovid yessers imeṭṭawen-is deg kra n tmura n Yunan, anda i yella umezruy ameqqran n tfelsafit, tsekla d timiṭulujit. Yettwabder belli yewweḍ ɣer Atina, Asia Tameẓẓyant akked Sicilia. Tirziwin-a ǧǧant-as ad yissin ugar tasekla tagrigit, ladɣa timucuha n yigelliden, irebbiten, yimeẓla d yimdanen i yettbeddilen talɣa-nsen. Timusniwin-a ad d-banent s wudem ameqqran deg Tuttya(''Metamorphoses)''. == 4. Tudert-is deg Ruma == === 4.1. Seg tedbelt ɣer tsekla === Mi yuɣal ɣer Ruma, Ovid yesseqdec kra n tegnatin n tedbelt tarumanit, maca ur yebɣi ara ad ikemmel deg ubrid n tsartit. Deg umḍiq n waya, yefren tudert n umedyaz. Tafrent-a tella d tameqrant: deg tmetti tarumanit n tallit-nni, amdan n twacult yesɛan idrimen yezmer ad yili d amasten, asenatuṛ neɣ amdan n tedbelt, maca tamedyazt ur yelli ara d abrid ameqqran ɣer tezmert tasertant. Ovid, imi yesɛa idrimen n twacult-is, yezmer ad yefren '''asefru''' war ma yella d amezwaru deg usɛeddi n tmeddurt. === 4.2. Imedyazen n tallit-is === Deg Ruma, Ovid yessen amek i tettnerni tsekla n tallit n Uɣust. Gar yimyura i iɛemmren tallit-is, ad d-nebder: - '''Virgil''' (Vergilius), amaru n Aeneis, amedya n usefru abelkiman arumani. - '''Horace''' (Horatius), amedyaz i yessawḍen s wudem afelsafi ɣef tudert. - '''Propertius''', win i yessnernan isefra n tayri. - '''Tibullus''', amedyaz n tayri, n tudert taḥerfit d wayen i d-yettawi lḥif. Ovid yella gar yimeggura n yimesfrayen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit. Maca yebna aɣanib-is s umgired: deg umḍiq n uwehhi ɣer umezruy asertan d tgemmi tarumanit, yessexdem tayri, timucuha d usnulfu n yimdanen akken ad yesselḥu tasekla. === 4.3. Tameṭṭut d twacult-is === Ovid yessefk-d deg yisefra-s belli yezweǧ kraḍ n tikkal. Sin seg tsulya timezwura ur ǧǧin ara aṭas n yisallen deg umezruy. Tisulya tis kraḍ tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tudert-is, ladɣa deg tallit n unejli. Yella yesɛa yiwet n yelli-s, maca kra n yisallen ɣef twacult-is mazal ur frizen ara s wudem ummid. Tameṭṭut-is taneggarut teqqim di Ruma mi yella netta deg unejli, tettɛawan-it s wayen i tezmer, yettmeslay fell-as deg yisefra-s s waṭas n lḥif d tayri. == 5. Iqeddicat imezwura n Ovid == Tasekla n Ovid tezmer ad tettwabḍu ɣef kraḍ n talliyin: tallit n tayri, tallit n tmucuha d umezruy, akked tallit n unejli. Deg tallit tamezwarut, Ovid yella d amesfru i d-yettawin ɣef tayri, tikli n yimdanen, tameṭṭut d wassaɣen gar yimdanen. === 5.1. Amores — Tayriwin === Amores d yiwen seg yedlisen-is imezwura. Deg-s, Ovid yessawel ɣef tayri, acewwiq, tismin, asirem d lḥif i d-yettawin wassaɣen n tayri. Adlis-a yella di tazwara s semmus n yiḥricen, maca talɣa i d-yeqqimen ass-a tesɛa kraḍ n yiḥricen. Deg yisefra-a, yella yisem n ''Corinna'', tameṭṭut iɣef yettmeslay amedyaz. Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini s tidet belli Corinna tella d tameṭṭut i yessen deg tudert-is: tezmer ad tili d asebded aseklan. Ovid yesseqdec tayri am wakken d tamennawt gar sin n yimdanen, s yisental n uzray, leḥkem, tazmert d uḥulfu. === 5.2. Heroides — Tibratin n tlawin tiqerruyin === Heroides d ammud n yisefra i d-yettwasnulfan s talɣa n tebratin. Tibratin-a ttwarunt am wakken d tilawin n timucuha timiṭulujiyin i d-yettmeslayen ɣer yirgazen i ḥemmlent, maca i ten-yeǧǧan neɣ i yellan beɛden fell-asent. Gar tilawin-a: - '''Penelope''', tameṭṭut n Odysseus. - '''Dido''', tagellidt n Qerṭaj. - '''Ariadne''', tin i yeǧǧa Theseus. - '''Medea''', tin yesɛan assaɣ d Jason. - '''Phaedra''', tin i yesɛan tayri tamuḥercit. Ayen i d-yettawin Ovid d amaynut deg yisefra-a d tarrayt n uḥulfu: ur d-yettales ara kan timucuha n yirgazen iɣef ttmeslayen yimesfrayen iqburen, maca yessefk awal i tlawin i yellan, s waṭas n tikkal, deg yiri n timucuha-a. Deg Heroides, amdan yezmer ad iwali tamiṭulujit s tmuɣli n tin i yettwaǧǧan, tin i yettṛaǧun, neɣ tin i yettḥasaben d tin i yuccḍen. === 5.3. Ars Amatoria — Taẓuri n tayri === Ars Amatoria d adlis i yessuffeɣ Ovid ɣef tarrayin n usnulfu n wassaɣen n tayri. Yebḍa ɣef kraḍ n yedlisen. Sin imezwura ttmeslayen ladɣa i yirgazen, ma d wis kraḍ yettwanna i tlawin. Ovid yeskan-d deg-s amek i zemren yimdanen ad myissinen, amek ara d-yesnulfu yiwen tayri, d wamek ara yeḥrez assaɣ-is. Maca ilaq ad neɛqel belli adlis-a d aḍris aseklan, yesɛan tahuski, aceɛlal d usqerdec. Ur ilaq ara ad nerr meṛṛa ayen i d-yenna d ilugan i yesseqdecen Yirumanen akk deg tudert-nsen. Adlis-a yesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ovid, imi yella gar sebba i d-yebder [[Ugustus|Uɣust]] mi yessufeɣ amedyaz-a seg Ruma. === 5.4. Remedia Amoris — Isɣalen n tayri === Deg Remedia Amoris, Ovid yessefhem amek ara yefsi umdan seg tayri i t-yesḥeznen, neɣ i t-yeǧǧan deg lḥif. Deg umḍiq n uselmed amek ara yebnu umdan assaɣ n tayri, adlis-a yesseqdec tarrayt-nniḍen: amek ara t-yefru. Gar tiktiwin i d-yettawi: tigawin, lxedma, iberdan n tmeslayt, d usenqes n wakud i yettɛeddi umdan di tmuɣli ɣer win i iḥemmel. === 5.5. Medea === Ovid yura diɣen yiwet n tmezgunt s uzwel Medea, i d-yettawin ɣef tameṭṭut tamiṭulujit n yisem-a. Tamezgunt-a temmut deg umezruy: ur d-teqqim ara ɣer ass-a. Ayen i nezmer ad nissin fell-as d wayen i d-bdan yimaru iqburen i tt-id-yebedren. Kra deg-sen ḥesben-tt d yiwet seg tmezgunin yelhan n tallit-nni. == 6. Metamorphoses — Ibeddilen neɣ Tuttya == [[Tugna:Plate 11- Phaeton before Apollo (Funestas ad Phoebum fundit preces.), from Ovid's 'Metamorphoses' MET DP866545.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|'''Phaeton send Apollo, seg Tuttya n Ovid.''']] Metamorphoses d adlis ameqqran n Ovid, d win i t-yesseǧǧan d amedyaz i yettwassnen deg umaḍal. Adlis-a yesɛa 15 n yiḥricen, azal n 12 000 n yifyar, d azal n 250 n timucuha timiṭulujiyin. Yebda s usnulfu n umaḍal, yekfa s umezruy n Ruma d usali n Julius Caesar ɣer waddad n uṛebbi deg timiṭulujit tasertant tarumanit. === 6.1. Tikti tagejdant === Awal metamorphosis yekka-d seg tegrigit, anamek-is d abeddel n talɣa. Deg tmucuha n Ovid, amdan yezmer ad yuɣal d aseklu, d aɣersiw, d aẓru, d itri neɣ d taɣawsa-nniḍen. Maca abeddel-a ur d-yettawi ara kan ɣef talɣa tafekkanit. Yettawi daɣen ɣef tiktiwin n tayri, tissas, aɛzel, tanezzayt, lḥif d tazmert n irebbiten. Ovid yessawḍ-d tikti tameqqrant: ula d ayen i nettwali d amezdag yezmer ad ibeddel. === 6.2. Timucuha timiṭulujiyin yettwassnen === ==== Apollo d Daphne ==== Apollo iḥemmel Daphne, maca nettat ur tebɣi ara tayri-s. Mi yella yettḍafar-itt, tesseɛreḍ ad teslek iman-is, tettbeddil ɣer useklu. Tamacahut-a tettawi daɣen ɣef tazmert, tifrat d wakken i yezmer yiwen ad yesseqdec tayri am sebba n uɛeddi ɣef wayeḍ. ==== Narcisse d Echo ==== Narcisse d ilemẓi i d-yettwaḥesben d ahuski, i yuɣalen yettḥemmil tugna-s deg waman. Yettwali iman-is, maca ur yessin ara belli d nettat i d tugna-nni. Yekfa deg lḥif, yuɣal d ajeǧǧig. Tamacahut-a tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tfelsafit n tamagit d tmuɣli n umdan ɣer yiman-is. ==== Pygmalion ==== Pygmalion d anaẓur i yesnulfan tugna n tmeṭṭut deg uẓru. Yeḥmel aṭas taẓuri-s armi yettɛaraḍ ad tili d tameṭṭut yeddren. Di tmucuha, Venus tefk-as tudert i tugna-nni. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef assaɣ gar tẓuri, tasugna d tayri. ==== Daedalus d Icarus ==== Daedalus yesnulfa-d afriwen seg tinciwt d tarrayt n useqqen n waksum. Mmi-s Icarus yebɣa ad yali aṭas ɣer yigenni. Mi iqreb ɣer yiṭij, yefsi waksum, ɣellin afriwen-is, yetteɣli ɣer yilel. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef usirem, tazmert n umdan d tilisa n wayen yezmer ad yeg. ==== Orpheus d Eurydice ==== Orpheus yebɣa ad d-yerr tameṭṭut-is seg umaḍal n yimettanen. S ccna-s yezmer ad yesseḥbes ula d irebbiten n lḥif. Maca mi d-yuɣal ɣer deffir uqbel akud i as-yettwanefken, ixṣer tameṭṭut-is i tikkelt-nniḍen. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef tayri d tmettant. === 6.3. Assaɣ gar tmiṭulujit d tfelsafit === Deg uḥric aneggaru n Tuttya(Metamorphoses), Ovid yessuffeɣ-d isental n tfelsafit n ''Pythagoras''. Deg tmuɣli-a, ayen yellan deg umaḍal ittbeddil yal tikelt. Ulac aḥric n ugama i yeqqimen s yiwet n talɣa i lebda. Ayen i yemmuten deg yiwet n talɣa yezmer ad iban deg talɣa-nniḍen. Yella daɣen usentel n tiruḥanin, n ubeddel n yimuddiren d wassaɣ gar yimdanen d yiɣersiwen. Maca ilaq ad neɛqel belli aya d tamuɣli tafelsafit d tmiṭulujit n tallit-nni, mačči d tarrayt tussnant tatrart i d-yesskan Ovid. === 6.4. Ayɣer Metamorphoses d adlis ameqqran? === Adlis-a yella d amaynut deg tsekla talaṭinit imi Ovid yesdukel timucuha yemgaraden deg yiwen n uḍris aɣezzfan. Yella wassaɣ gar tmucuha: yiwet tettawi ɣer tayeḍ, d ubeddel i d-yettuɣalen d asental agejdan. Deg-s, amdan yezmer ad yaf timucuha n irebbiten, tiqsiḍin n yimdanen imeẓẓyanen, isental n tfelsafit, d tmuɣli n Ruma ɣer umezruy-is. == 7. Fasti — Inagrawen n tfaskiwin tirumaniyin == Fasti d adlis n Ovid i d-yettmeslayen ɣef uwitay arumani, tifaskiwin, assaɣen gar yirebbiten d yimdanen, akked umezruy n Ruma. [[Tugna:Fasti Praenestini, détail (6-10 apr. J.-C.).jpg|centré|vignette|Ifatusen seg '''''{{lang|la|Fasti Antiates maiores}}''''']] Deg tazwara, Ovid yebɣa ad yebnu adlis yesɛan 12 n yiḥricen, yal aḥric i yiwen n wayyur. Maca ur d-qqimen ara ala 6 n yiḥricen, seg Yennayer armi d Yunyu. Yella uḥric i d-yettawin ɣef tafaskiwin n yirebbiten, wiyaḍ ɣef umezruy n Ruma, tasertit n [[Uɣustus|Uɣust]] d wamek i ttwafkan yismawen i wussan n uwitay. Fasti d aɣbalu i yesɛan azal ameqqran i yimnadiyen n tsertit n tɣerma, tasreḍt d tmetti tarumanit. D adlis i d-yesskanen belli Ovid ur yelli ara kan d amedyaz n tayri; yella daɣen d amaru i yellan yesɛa tamusni ɣef tɣerma d umezruy n Ruma. Imnadiyen n tallit tamirant ḥesben belli Ovid yezmer ad yili ikemmel asenqed n Fasti deg tallit n unejli-s. == 8. Ovid d umenkad Uɣustus == === 8.1. Tasertit n Uɣustus === [[Uɣustus]], win i yuɣalen d amenkad amezwaru n Ruma, yebɣa ad yerr aẓayer n twacult d wassaɣen n tsulya(zwaǧ) d aḥric ameqqran n tsertit-is. [[Tugna:Statue-Augustus.jpg|vignette|Amenkas Uɣustus.]] Yesseqdec ilugan iwakken ad yesseǧhed tisulya, ad yesseḥbes kra n wassaɣen i yettwaḥesben d wid iḍurren i twacult, d usnerni n wazalen iqburen n Ruma. Maca Ovid yella yettawi deg yisefra-s ɣef tayri s wudem ur nettwaqbal ara s talɣa tummidt s tsertit-a. ''Ars Amatoria'' yeskan-d tameṭṭut d urgaz am yimdanen i yezmren ad fernen assaɣen-nsen, ad seqdcen tasugna d tḥerci iwakken ad afen tayri. Deg tmetti n Ruma n tallit-nni, aya yezmer ad yettwaḥsab d azɣan i kra n wazalen i yebɣa Uɣustus ad yessers. === 8.2. Aseggas 8: abeddel n tudert-is === Deg useggas 8 mbaɛd Ɛisa, Ovid, i yellan yesɛa azal n 50 n yiseggasen, yettwakkes seg Ruma s lamer n August. Ayen i d-yettbanen s wudem ifazen d akken ur t-yettwaḥaseb ara deg yiwet n tɣerma tazreft s ubrid amagnu. Amenkad Uɣustus d netta i yefkan lamer n uneejli. Tamacahut-a d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin ur nefri ara s wudem ummid deg tudert n Ovid. === 8.3. Ayɣer yettwakkes Ovid seg Ruma? === Ovid yessefhem-d s tlaṭinit: «Carmen et error». Anamk-is s teqbaylit: «Asefru d tuccḍa.» Asefru i d-yebder, s waṭas n tiririt n yimnadiyen, d ''Ars Amatoria''. Maca tuccḍa-nniḍen ur tt-id-yessfhem ara Ovid. Kra n yimnadiyen ḥesben belli yella kra i iwali Ovid neɣ yessen ɣef twacult n Uɣustus, maca ur nessin ara d acu i t-yettwaselḥun. Yella diɣen wid i yeqqnen tuccḍa-a ɣer Julia Tameẓẓyant, tameẓẓyant n twacult n Uɣustus, i yettwanejlan daɣen seg Ruma deg tallit-nni. Maca ulac aɣbalu amezruyan i d-yesseknen s tidet belli Ovid yella deg yiwet n tkerrist tasertant neɣ deg wassaɣ n Julia. D turdiwin kan. Tagnit-a mazal d asental n unadi amezruyan. === 8.4. Aseɣti n wawal «anejli» === Deg uzref arumani, Ovid ur yettwakkes ara s talɣa taserdasit neɣ s useɣli n waddad-is n umdan ilelli. Yettwaḥkem fell-as s talɣa n relegatio, anamek-is d asebɛed seg kra n tmura n tmenkda, maca s uḥraz n kra n yizerfan-is d wayla-s. D aya i d-yerran Ovid ad yili d amdan yesɛan kra n tɣawsiwin-is, maca war tilelli n tuɣalin ɣer Ruma. == 9. Anejli ɣer Tomis == [[Tugna:Ruins of Tomis.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|inestimen n Tomis.]] Tomis tella d tamdint ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan, deg temnaḍt i d-yettuɣalen ass-a d tamdint n Constanța, di Rumanya. Tella d tamdint n usnulfu agrigi, maca tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg temnaḍin ibeɛden ɣef Ruma. I Ovid, win yellan yettidir deg tmetti n Ruma tameqqrant, anejli ɣer Tomis yella d taɣawsa i t-yesḥeznen. === 9.1. Tudert deg unejli === Ovid yessawel deg yisefra-s ɣef beṭṭu, aɛzel, tissas d wayen i t-yeǧǧan yebɛed ɣef yimdukal-is. Yessefhem-d amek i yella yiri n Yilel Aberkan d tamnaḍt ur nessin ara s wudem ummid i yimdanen n Ruma. Deg yisefra-s, yesseqdec awal «ibarbaren» i kra n yiɣerfan i zedɣen dinna, maca d awal arumani i d-yettmeslayen ɣef imdanen i ur nelli ara n tɣerma talaṭinit. Ur ilaq ara ad t-neḥseb d aseɣti ameɣẓan n tɣerma-nsen. Deg temnaḍt-a, Ovid yessen kra n tutlayin n yiɣerfan imiren, am tutlayt n Getes. === 9.2. Tazɣent n wawal === Ovid ur yezmir ara ad yesseqdec tasekla d isefra-s iwakken ad yuɣal ɣer Ruma. Yettaru s tarrayt n usuter, yettmeslay i yimdukal-is akken ad ɛiwnen, yettmeslay i Uɣustus, syin i Tiberius. Maca ur d-yettwabder ara belli yiwen deg yimenkaden-a yefka-as tasiregt ad yuɣal. == 10. Iqeddicen n uneɣru == === 10.1. Tristia — Isefrayen n lḥif === ''Tristia'' d ammud n yisefra i d-yettaru Ovid deg unejli-s. Yebḍa ɣef semmus n yiḥricen. Deg-s, yessawel ɣef tmurt i yeǧǧa, Ruma, imdukal-is, tameṭṭut-is, d umennuɣ-is akked wakud. Yella diɣen yettmeslay ɣer yisefra-s am wakken d imdanen i yezmer ad yettmeslay. Deg yiwen n yisefra n Tristia, yessawel ɣef uḍaris-is i iruḥen ɣer Ruma deg umḍiq-is. D asmekti belli asefru yezmer ad yili deg temdint anda ur yezmir ara ad yili umyaru. === 10.2. Epistulae ex Ponto — Tibratin seg Yilel Aberkan === ''Epistulae ex Ponto'' d ammud n tebratin s usefru, i d-yettaru Ovid i yimdukal-is d yimdanen i yesɛan aẓayer deg Ruma. Yebḍa ɣef kuẓ n yiḥricen. Yessawel ɣef lḥif, tamattant n kra n yimdukal-is, asuter n tuɣalin, d wayen i t-yettḥezzinen di tudert-is. Tibratin-a d aɣbalu ameqqran iwakken ad nissin amek i tella tmurt n Tomis deg tallit-nni, maca ilaq ad nɛeqqel belli d tira n yiwen n umedyaz i yellan deg lḥif, mačči d aḥric amezruyan amagnu. === 10.3. Ibis === ''Ibis'' d asefru aɣezzfan i d-yettawin ɣef umdan i yellan d amenzaɣ(axṣim) n Ovid. Isem-is ur d-yettwabdar ara s wudem ifazen. Ovid yesseqdec deg-s '''isefra n useɣli('''i d-yewwin ɣef unejli), tiqsiḍin timiṭulujiyin d yismawen n yimdanen i ttwabedren deg tmucuha tiqburin. Aḍris-a yesɛa azal deg unadi n tarrayin n usefru arumani, ladɣa deg useqdec n usiḍen d wayen i d-yewwi umyaru seg tsekla tagrigit. == 11. Tamettant n Ovid == Ovid yemmut deg Tomis, ɣer leḥsab waṭas n yisallen deg useggas 17 neɣ 18 mbaɛd Ɛisa. Ur d-yettwabdar ara s tidet acuɣer yemmut, neɣ anda i yettwanḍel. Ur nessin ara ma yella kra n yinagan i ḥeḍren ɣer tmettant-is. Ayen i d-yettbanen d belli ur yuɣal ara ɣer Ruma, ɣas akken yesɛa aṭas n yisefra i d-yessawlen ɣer tuɣalin. Deg yisefra-s, yebɣa ad t-id-smektin yimdanen am umedyaz n tayri. Yettwabder deg ''Tristia'' dakken kra n tefyar kan i yezmer ad yettwarnun ɣef uẓekka-s. Deg-sen, yessefhem belli d tayri i yessawḍen i yisem-is ad yezger tilisa n wakud. == 12. Aɣanib aseklan n Ovid == Ovid yura s uɣanib i yesɛan tiḥerci d usnulfu, yerna yesseqdac timucuha i d-yeǧǧan later deg tsekla, i deg uɣalent ur ttwattunt ara. === 12.1. Asnulfu n yimdanen === Deg yisefra-s, Ovid ur yettara ara irebbiten d yimdanen d tugniwin i iqerrben kan ɣer wayen yellan deg tmiṭulujit. Yessefk-asen iḥulfan: tayri, lḥif, tamanegt, tugdi d tissas. D aya i d-yerran imdanen n tmucuha-s ttbanen am yimdanen n tidet. === 12.2. Tahuski d useqdec n tefyirt === Ovid yessen amek ara yebnu tafyirt i yellan d tawezzlant maca yesɛan anamek aɣezzfan. Yesseqdec aṭas n usqerdec, anamek uffir, d ubeddel n tmuɣli. Deg '''''Ars Amatoria''''', yezmer ad yili d amselmad n tayri, maca tukwal, Ovid yesseqdac taseqlebt iwakken ad d-yefk tamuɣli-s ɣef yimdanen d tmetti. === 12.3. Tarrayt n usdukel n tmucuha === '''''Metamorphoses(Tuttya)''''' d amedya ameqqran n tarrayt-a. Yesseqdec timucuha yemgaraden, maca yessefk-asent yiwen n wassaɣ, s ubeddel n talɣa. D aya i d-yerran adlis-a d yiwen seg yiḍrisen i yessawḍen ad kecmen deg waṭas n tɣermiwin. == 13. Ovid d tfelsafit == Ur nezmir ara ad neḥseb Ovid d afelsafi s unamek n [[Flaṭun|Plato]], [[Aristot|Aristote]] neɣ Seneca, maca tasekla-s tettawi ɣef kra n yisental ifelsafiyen igejdanen. === 13.1. Abeddel d ugama === Deg Tuttya(Metamorphoses), abeddel yella d asental agejdan. Ayen i nettwali d amezdag yezmer ad ibeddel. Tamacahut-a yezmer ad tettwafhem d tamuɣli ɣer ubeddel n umaḍal, akked tikti n Heraclite d kra n yifelsafiyen iqburen. Maca Ovid ur d-yessnulfa ara taɣult tafelsafit tatrart s umata. === 13.2. Tayri d tazmert === Ovid yessefk-d aṭas n tmucuha i d-yettawin ɣef tayri gar yimdanen ur yesɛan ara yiwet n tezmert. Tella tayri n umdan ɣer wayeḍ, tella tin n uṛebbi ɣer umdan, tella diɣen tayri i yebnan ɣef tissas d unekmar. Deg waṭas n timucuha, irebbiten zemren ad xedmen ayen i ur nezmir ara ad xedmen yimdanen, d aya i d-yesskanen amek i tella tezmert-nsen. Deg tmuɣli tatrart, kra n tmucuha-a zemrent ad ttwafhament d azɣan i tazmert, ladɣa i kra n wassaɣen anda ur yelli ara uqbal gar sin n yimdanen. === 13.3. Tasekla d tilelli === Tudert n Ovid tesɛa asental-nniḍen: assaɣ gar tsekla d tsertit. Mi yella d amedyaz, Ovid yesɛa tilelli n tira s wudem i d-yettbanen deg yisefra-s. Maca mi t-yessuffeɣ [[Uɣustus]], yufa iman-is deg unejli, s ubrid i yessawḍen ɣer unqes n tilelli. Tagnit-a tezmer ad tettwafhem d amedya n umezruy n usqerdec n umaru deg tmetti anda i yella leḥkem deg ufus n yiwen n umdan. == 14. Tazrirt n Ovid ɣef tsekla d tẓuriwin == [[Tugna:Mercury Entering Herse's Room After Changing Agraulos to Stone, from Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book II MET DP841155.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tugna i usegzi n yiwet n tedyant seg udlis "Tuttya" n Ovid.]] Ovid yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla n Umaḍal n Utrim. === 14.1. Deg tallit talemmast === Deg tallit talemmast n Turuft, Tuttya(Metamorphoses) yettwaseqdec s waṭas deg yigrud n uselmed, ladɣa i wid i yessnen talaṭinit. Imayura d yimesfrayen n tallit-a seqdcen timucuha-s akken ad d-ssnulfun tiqsiḍin-nsen. Kra n yimaru yesɛan tazrirt n Ovid d ''Dante Alighieri'', ''Geoffrey Chaucer'' akked ''Jean de Meun''. === 14.2. Deg tallit n Taleslalit Tamaynut === Deg Taleslalit, imyura d yinaẓuren uɣalen ɣer tsekla tagrigit d tarumanit. Ovid yella gar yimyuran iɣef bnan timucuha n tẓuri. Iḍrisen-is ttwaseqdcen i usnulfu n tugniwin, tifaskiwin n tẓuri, amezgun d udlis. Deg tallit-a, timucuha n ''Daphne, Narcisse, Pygmalion d Orpheus'' uɣalent d isental yettwaseqdcen s waṭas. === 14.3. Deg tsekla n Shakespeare === [[William Shakespeare]] yesseqdec kra n timucuha n Ovid deg yimezgunen-is. Tamacahut n Pyramus d Thisbe, i d-yettwabedren deg Metamorphoses, tesɛa tazrirt ɣef Romeo and Juliet. Deg A ''Midsummer Night's Dream'', Shakespeare yesseqdec tamacahut-a s wudem n tmezgunt i d-ttawin yimdanen deg wayen i ttxeddmen. === 14.4. Deg tẓuri tasugnant === Timucuha n Ovid ttwaseqdcen deg tẓuri n yiẓra, tasreɣta, tiwlafin d tmezgunin. ''Gian Lorenzo Bernini'' yesnulfa-d aẓru ameqqran n Apollo d Daphne. Caravaggio yessuneɣ tugna n Narcisse. Aṭas n yinazuren n Turuft seqdcen Metamorphoses am aɣbalu n timucuha i zemren ad ttwasnulfunt s tugniwin. ogxq41g15qoqub38rdnmxufv3jtcfy1 0 25624 117751 117738 2026-10-23T14:20:24Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117751 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox grapheme|item=Q118398|name=arXiv|imatge=[[File:ArXiv-org screenshot 20140706.png|thumb|Tuṭṭfa n ugdil n ArXiv-org 20140706]]|imatge2=[[File:ArXiv logo 2022.svg|thumb|alugu n arXiv]]}} '''arXiv''' neɣ '''arXiv.org''' d yiwen seg yismal n tussna imeqqranen deg umaḍal. D akufi umḍin anda imeskaren, imusnawen d yimnadiyen zemren ad serssen tizrawin-nsen tussnanin, ad tent-ǧǧen ad tent-ɣren medden s wudem ilelli(baṭel). Iswi agejdan n arXiv d asnerni n ubeddel n tmusni tussnant, s usifses n unekcum ɣer tezrawin d yigemmaḍ n unadi ussnan. Deg unagraw aqbur n usuffeɣ ussnan, imnadiyen ilaq-asen ad ǧǧen tizrawin-nsen deg tesɣunin tussnanin, syin ad rǧun kra n wayyuren, tikwal ugar, uqbel ad d-ffɣent. arXiv ibeddel tarrayt-a: imnadi yezmer ad yessufeɣ tazrawt-is uqbel ma tettwaqbel deg tesɣunt tussnant. S wakka, imusnawen n umaḍal zemren ad ɣren igemmaḍ imaynuten war ma rǧan asuffeɣ unṣib. == 2. Amezruy n arXiv == === 2.1. Talalit-is deg 1991 === arXiv yettwasnulfa-d deg useggas 1991 sɣur amesfiziki amarikan Paul Ginsparg. Deg tazwara, isem-is yella '''hep-th''', imi yettwasnulfa-d i usuffeɣ n tezrawin n tfizikt taẓrayant n tiẓwar s wudem afellay (high-energy theoretical physics). Deg tallit-nni, imusnawen ttmeslayen gar-asen s tezrawin i ttazen s yimaylen neɣ s yisemliyen yettwaẓergen. Paul Ginsparg yebɣa ad yesseɣti ugur-a s usnulfu n unagraw anda yal amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt-is, yal yiwen ad tt-id-yawi. === 2.2. Amhaz n usmel === Seg 1991 armi d ass-a, arXiv yedda seg yiwet n taɣult n tfizikt ɣer waṭas n taɣulin tussnanin. Deg 2001, arXiv yuɣal ɣer usmel arXiv.org. Deg 2011, Cornell University teṭṭef-d tawuri tagejdant deg usefrek-is. Deg yiseggasen i d-iḍefren, arXiv yernu tiɣulin timaynutin, yessnerna allalen n unadi, yerna yessifses aṭas anekcum ɣer tezrawin tussnanin. Ass-a, arXiv d yiwen seg yidigan igejdanen i seqdacen yimnadiyen, ladɣa deg tfizikt, tusnakt d tesnenselkimt. == 3. Amek iteddu arXiv? == '''arXiv''' ur yettili ara am tesɣunt tussnant tamensayt. Yella umgired agejdan gar-asen. === 3.1. Tazrawt uqbel asuffeɣ unṣib === Deg tesɣunin tussnanin, tazrawt tettɛeddi ɣef ukayad sɣur yimnadiyen-nniḍen uqbel ad tettwasuffeɣ. Akayad-a qqaren-as s teglizit peer review, s tefransist évaluation par les pairs. Deg arXiv, amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt-is uqbel akayad-a. Tazrawt am tin qqaren-as preprint, d awal i d-yemmalen tazrawt i d-yeffɣen uqbel asuffeɣ-is unṣib deg tesɣunt. === 3.2. Asenqed n tezrawin === Ma yella arXiv ur yesseqdac ara akayad am win n tesɣunin tussnanin, aya ur d-yemmal ara belli yal tazrawt tettwaqbal war asenqed. Yella deg-s unagraw n usenqed d usismel (moderation). Imsenqaden ttwalin ma: - Tazrawt teqqen ɣer yiwet n taɣult tussnant. - Agbur-is yewulem i usmel. - Tazrawt tettwasers deg taggayt iwulmen. - Tella deg-s kra n tɣawsa i ixulfen ilugan n usmel. Maca asenqed-a ur d-yemmal ara belli igemmaḍ n tezrawt ttwasentmen s wudem ussnan. D tamawt tagejdant i yal win ara yeɣren tizrawin deg arXiv. === 3.3. Tizrawin s waṭas n ileqman === Amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt, syin ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin neɣ ad yernu igemmaḍ imaynuten. arXiv yeḥrez ileqman yemgaraden n tezrawt. Ihi, yiwet n tezrawt tezmer ad tesɛu: - v1: lqem amezwaru. - v2: lqem wis sin, deffir n useɣti. - v3: lqem wis kraḍ, s yigemmaḍ imaynuten. == Tiɣula tussnanin yellan deg arXiv == arXiv yesɛa aṭas n tɣula tussnanin. Gar-asent: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Taɣult !Isem s teglizit !Tangalt |- |Tusnakt |Mathematics |math |- |Tafizikt |Physics |physics |- |Tasnenselkimt |Computer Science |cs |- |Tastrunumit |Astronomy/Astrophysics |astro-ph |- |Tidaddanin |Statistics |stat |- |Tafizikt n teẓwert tafellayt |High Energy Physics |hep |- |Tadamsa/Tussna n tenzzut |Economics |econ |- |Tussna tatiknikit |Electrical Engineering and Systems Science |eess |- |tasnudert |Quantitative Biology |q-bio |- |Tussna n yidrimen s tnecta |Quantitative Finance |q-fin |} Aya yesɛa azal meqqren deg unadi, acku yezmer yiwen ad iẓer amek temhaz tezrawt seg lqem ɣer wayeḍ. Yal taɣult tettwabḍa ɣer taggayin timeẓyanin. === 4.1. Tigzi taragmawant === Deg taɣult n tesnenselkimt, ad naf taggayin am: === cs.AI — Artificial Intelligence === Tigzi taragmawant s umata: tarrayin n usnulfu n yinagrawen izemren ad xedmen kra n twuriwin i yeḥwaǧen tigzi. === cs.LG — Machine Learning === Almad n tmacint: tarrayin i yesɛan iswi ad slemden inagrawen umḍinen seg yisefka. === cs.CL — Computation and Language === Tasnenselkimt n tutlayt: tasleḍt n tutlayin s tmacinin, tasuqilt tawurmant, asenqed n uḍris d yinagrawen n tutlayt. Taggayt-a tesɛa azal meqqren i win yebɣan ad yissin amek ttwasnulfan tudmawin(imudilen) imeqqranen n tutlayt (LLMs). === cs.CV — Computer Vision === Tamuɣli tasenselkimant: aselmed n tmacinin akken ad ɛeqlent ɣef tugniwin d yiferdisen yellan deg-sent. === 4.2. Tusnakt === Deg tusnakt, ad naf taggayin am: - '''math.AG''': tasnakt n talɣiwin tijebrayin. - '''math.NT''': tiẓri n yimḍanen. '''- math.PR''': tiẓri n tlisa n wurman. - '''math.LO''': talɣa n usfukel asnaktan. - '''math.DS''': inagrawen idinamikanen. Taggayin-a zemrent ad sɛunt azal meqqren i yimnadiyen n tesnakt, ladɣa wid ixeddmen ɣef teẓriwin timaynutin. == 5. Azal n arXiv deg unadi ɣef tigzi taragmawant == Deg yiseggasen ineggura, arXiv yuɣal d yiwen seg yidigan igejdanen n usuffeɣ n tezrawin ɣef tigzi taragmawant. Aṭas n yimnadiyen n taɣult-a srusun igemmaḍ-nsen deg arXiv uqbel ad ten-suffɣen deg tesɣunin neɣ deg yimagaren tussnanen. === 5.1. Timudmin timeqqranin n tutlayt === Imnadiyen xeddmen ɣef: - Tazmert n tmudmin n tutlayt. - Aselmed n tmudmin s yisefka imeqqranen. - Asifses n useqdec n tnezmart d teẓwert n uselkim. - Aḥraz n tɣellist n yinagrawen n tigzi taragmawant. - Asnerni n tzemmar n usfukel d usiḍen. Deg arXiv, yezmer umnadi ad yaf tizrawin ɣef '''Transformers''', '''diffusion models''', '''reinforcement learning''' d waṭas n tarrayin-nniḍen. === 5.2. Amek arXiv yettɛawan tutlayin timeẓyanin? === arXiv yezmer ad yesɛu azal meqqren i tutlayin am teqbaylit. Amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt ɣef: Aselmed n tmudemt n tutlayt taqbaylit Tazrawt tezmer ad d-tessegzi: * - Amek yettwagmer ummud n yisefka. * - Amek yettwaseɣti ummud-nni. * - Anta tarrayt n uselmed i yettwasqedcen. * - Amek tettwakayad tmudemt. * - D acu n yigemmaḍ i d-yewwi. '''Aɛqal awurman n tira taqbaylit (OCR)''' Amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt ɣef umudil izemren ad iɛqel ɣef yisekkilen n teqbaylit deg tugniwin. Deg tezrawt-a, yezmer ad yessegzi amek tamudemt yettɛemmil akked yisekkilen am: ɛ, ɣ, ḥ, ṛ, ṣ, ṭ, ẓ, č, ǧ. Aya yezmer ad yili d asurif ameqqran i usnerni n teqbaylit deg umaḍal umḍin. si0ztmdxebs5cxk35jk2msbwkxluss7 0 25627 117750 117739 2026-10-23T14:13:28Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117750 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = ANTHROP\C | type = Tatiknulujit | founded = 26 Ynnayer 2021 | founder = Dario Amodei, Daniela Amodei, Jared Kaplan, Jack Clark, Chris Olah, Ben Mann, Sam McCandlish, Tom Brown | headquarters = San Francisco | country = Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan | industry = Tigzi Taragmawant | products = Claude Code Claude Cowork Bun | website = www.anthropic.com | logo = [[File:Anthropic logo.svg|thumb|Alugu n Anthropic]] | image = [[File:Slack offices, Howard Street, San Francisco (viewed from the south-west, January 2020).jpg|thumb|Slack offices, Howard Street, San Francisco]] | wikidata_revenue = yes | wikidata_operating_income = yes | wikidata_net_income = yes }} '''Anthropic''' d taṛmist tamirikanit i ixeddmen deg unadi d usnefli n tigzi taragmawant (tiɣist tagemdant — AI). Tettwassen s twacult n tmudmin-is n tutlayt timeqqranin (Large Language Models — LLM), i d-tessuffeɣ s yisem n '''Claude'''. Anthropic tesɛa yiwen n yiswi agejdan: asnefli n tigzi taragmawant i izemren ad tili d tin iǧehden, d tin ara yilin d tanafeɛt i yimdanen, war ma tettawi-d uguren imeqqranen i tɣellist-nsen. Taṛmist-a tettwasbedd deg 2021, deg tallit ideg tigzi taragmawant tebda tettnerni s tɣawla tameqqrant. == 2. Amezruy n usbeddi n Anthropic == === 2.1. Tallit send 2021 === Amezruy n Anthropic yeqqen srid ɣer umhaz n OpenAI. '''Dario Amodei''' d '''Daniela Amodei''' llan gar wid ixeddmen deg OpenAI, maca deg 2020–2021 bdan ttemxalafen ɣef kra n tarrayin n usnefli n tigzi taragmawant, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tɣellist, tadbelt d wamek ara tettwaseqdac tmacint-a. Deg 2021, d nitni akked kra n yimezzayen nniḍen i d-isbedden Anthropic. === 2.2. Imseddayen-is === '''Dario Amodei''' D amsedday agejdan (CEO) n Anthropic. Yella d anemhal n unadi deg OpenAI, yerna yesɛa tamusni deg tusna n iṛunen d ulmad n tmacint. '''Daniela Amodei''' D yiwet seg tid i d-isbedden taṛmist, d tamseddayt-is (taselwayt). Tettiki deg usuddes n umahil, tadbelt d tɣellist n tṛmist. Gar yimsbeddayen nniḍen llan Jack Clark, Jared Kaplan, Tom Brown, Sam McCandlish, Christopher Olah akked wid nniḍen. === 2.3. Tiferkiwin tigejdanin deg umezruy-is === 1. 2021 — '''Asbeddi n Anthropic'''. Taṛmist tebda anadi ɣef tɣellist n tmudmin timeqqranin. 2. 2022 — '''Anadi ɣef''' '''Tmendawt n AI(Constitutional AI)'''. Tarrayt tamaynut i uselmed n tmudmin s yilugan d wazalen yettwarun. 3. 2023 — '''Asuffeɣ n Claude'''. Anthropic tessuffeɣ-d tamudemt-is i useqdec n yimdanen, yerna tesbedd "''Responsible Scaling Policy"''. 4. 2024 — '''Claude 3 d Claude 3.5'''. Asnerni ameqqran deg tigzi n yiḍrisen, tugniwin d tira n tengalt. 5. 2025 — '''Claude 3.7 d Claude 4'''. Asnerni deg useɣẓen, tira n yiseɣzanen d umahil s yimeggayen iragmanen (AI agents). 6. 2026 — '''Claude 5 d twaculin timaynutin'''. Anthropic tessuffeɣ-d Opus 5.5, Sonnet 5.5 d Haiku 5.5, akked Mythos d Fable 5.1. tu3q7ofhiwnee2dkx9eawapsay53vkp 10 25629 117755 2026-10-23T19:50:00Z Gurzil90x 14292 Création de la feuille de style du modéle Hlist 117755 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ /* * hlist styles are defined in core and Minerva and differ in Minerva. The * current definitions here (2023-01-01) are sufficient to override Minerva * without use of the hlist-separated class. The most problematic styles were * related to margin, padding, and the bullet. Check files listed at * [[MediaWiki talk:Common.css/to do#hlist-separated]] */ /* * TODO: When the majority of readership supports it (or some beautiful world * in which grade C support is above the minimum threshold), use :is() */ .hlist dl, .hlist ol, .hlist ul { margin: 0; padding: 0; } /* Display list items inline */ .hlist dd, .hlist dt, .hlist li { /* * don't trust the note that says margin doesn't work with inline * removing margin: 0 makes dds have margins again * We also want to reset margin-right in Minerva */ margin: 0; display: inline; } /* Display requested top-level lists inline */ .hlist.inline, .hlist.inline dl, .hlist.inline ol, .hlist.inline ul, /* Display nested lists inline */ .hlist dl dl, .hlist dl ol, .hlist dl ul, .hlist ol dl, .hlist ol ol, .hlist ol ul, .hlist ul dl, .hlist ul ol, .hlist ul ul { display: inline; } /* Hide empty list items */ .hlist .mw-empty-li { display: none; } /* TODO: :not() can maybe be used here to remove the later rule. naive test * seems to work. more testing needed. like so: *.hlist dt:not(:last-child)::after { * content: ": "; *} *.hlist dd:not(:last-child)::after, *.hlist li:not(:last-child)::after { * content: " · "; * font-weight: bold; *} */ /* Generate interpuncts */ .hlist dt::after { content: ": "; } .hlist dd::after, .hlist li::after { content: "\a0· "; font-weight: bold; } .hlist dd:last-child::after, .hlist dt:last-child::after, .hlist li:last-child::after { content: none; } /* Add parentheses around nested lists */ .hlist dd dd:first-child::before, .hlist dd dt:first-child::before, .hlist dd li:first-child::before, .hlist dt dd:first-child::before, .hlist dt dt:first-child::before, .hlist dt li:first-child::before, .hlist li dd:first-child::before, .hlist li dt:first-child::before, .hlist li li:first-child::before { content: " ("; font-weight: normal; } .hlist dd dd:last-child::after, .hlist dd dt:last-child::after, .hlist dd li:last-child::after, .hlist dt dd:last-child::after, .hlist dt dt:last-child::after, .hlist dt li:last-child::after, .hlist li dd:last-child::after, .hlist li dt:last-child::after, .hlist li li:last-child::after { content: ")"; font-weight: normal; } /* Put ordinals in front of ordered list items */ .hlist ol { counter-reset: listitem; } .hlist ol > li { counter-increment: listitem; } .hlist ol > li::before { content: " " counter(listitem) "\a0"; } .hlist dd ol > li:first-child::before, .hlist dt ol > li:first-child::before, .hlist li ol > li:first-child::before { content: " (" counter(listitem) "\a0"; } c4a9gdxc068l0us4sz11634bne7iv2z