Tanzeggit

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    <title>Tanzeggit</title>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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'''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da.

Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]]

== 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit ==
Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Tallit
!Amhaz agenjdan
|-
|Taglest
|Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ.
|-
|Tasut tis 3 uqbel
tallit-nneɣ
|Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg &quot;Iferdisen&quot;.
|-
|Tallit talemmast
|Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d
tsenallunt.
|-
|Tasut tis 17
|Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin.
|-
|Tasut tis 19
|Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n
tiknit d tallunin.
|-
|1872 d mbeɛd
|Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan.
|-
|Tasut tis 20–21
|Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka.
|}
&quot;'''Iferdisen'''&quot; n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan.

== 2. Isbaduten, igejdan d usfukel ==
Asbadu yessegza tamiḍrant s wawalen yettwasnen. Agejdi d tafyirt i neqqbel deg yiwen unagraw war asfukel deg unagraw-nni. Asekkud(tiẓri) d ayen ara d-nsuffeɣ seg yigejdan d yisekkuden yettwasfuklen yakan.

Deg umedya n Aklid, yezmer ad yettwabnu yiɣil n teɣda gar snat n tneqqiḍin, ad yettwasɣezef yiɣil, ad tettwabnu twinest s wammas d waqqar yettwabedren. Yella daɣen agejdi ɣef tɣmar timaɣudin d wayen yeqqnen ɣer umṣadaɣ.

=== Amedya n useɣẓen ===
Deg uɣawas n Aklid, i teneqqiṭ '''P''' i ur nelli ara ɣef taɣda '''d''', tella yiwet kan n teɣda iɛeddan seg '''P''' ur nettmagar ara '''d'''. Talɣa-a n yigejdi n umṣadaɣ tettwassen s yisem n '''Playfair'''; d talɣa tagdazalt i yigejdi wis semmus n Aklid deg lsas n tanzeggit tamagnut.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-18 09-56-11.png|centré]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 2. Tiɣmert d wassaɣ n umṣadaɣ. Tigniwin ttɛawanent deg tɣuri n yisekkuden; isfukal ilaq ad d-begnen ayɣer iiṣeḥḥa wassaɣ.&lt;/small&gt;

Deg tugna, tineqqiḍin ttbanent sɛant tehri, izirigen sɛan tuzert, imeccaqen zemren ur ttwaḥerzen ara s tiseddi. Deg tusnakt, taneqqiṭ ur tesɛi ara tehri. Ihi ma tugna teskan-d belli sin n yimeccaqen d igdazalen, ayen-a ur d-yettawi ara asfukel.

== 3. Taneqqiṭ, taɣda d tallunt ==
Taneqqiṭ d amḍiq war tehri; taɣda tettwasɣezef deg sin yinumak war tilisa; iɣil n teɣda yesɛa sin n yixfawen; tazinaɣda tesɛa yiwen n yixef, tettwasɣezef deg yiwen unamek. Aɣawas d tajumma ilweɣ i deg yezmer ad yili wudlif s sin n yimsidag.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-19 12-18-47.png|centré|611x611px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 3. Tisektiwin 0, 1, 2 d 3. Aɣawas n tugna d amur ifuken kan; aɣawas n tusnakt ur yesɛi ara tilisa.&lt;/small&gt;

Tasekta n tallunt tettawi amḍan n yimsidag ilelliyen i ilaqen iwakken ad nesbadu amḍiq. Deg taɣda, yiwen x ikfa; deg uɣawas, nesra (x,y); deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, nesra (x,y,z). Tasekta ur tɛelliq ara ɣef wamek ara d-nsuneɣ talɣa: amaḍal s tajumma kan yesɛa snat n tsektiwin, ɣas ma yettwaseknen deg tallunt s kraḍ.

ℝⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, …, xₙ) : xᵢ d imḍanen ilawen}

Tallunin s n &gt; 3 ttwasqedcent deg tusnakt d yisefka. Ma yal amedya n yisefka yesɛa 10 n yimuttiyen ilelliyen, yezmer ad yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg ℝ¹⁰. Ayen-a ur d-yemmal ara belli nezmer ad t-nwali s wallen; imsidag d yilugan fkan-d allalen n tazrawt.

=== Tajumma d wanrar ===
Tajumma d talɣa n snat n tsektiwin; anrar d asket-is. S yiwet n tɣawsa, takurt tesɛa daxel-is d ubleɣ, ma amaḍal d tajumma n rrif-is. Asbadu n wayen nzerrew yesɛa azal uqbel yal asiḍen.

== 4. Ikerdisen d usekkud n Pythagore ==
Akerdis yesɛa kraḍ n yidis, kraḍ n tqacucin d kraḍ n tiɣmar. Deg uɣawas n Aklid, timernit n tɣmar-is d 180°. Akerdis agdudisan yesɛa kraḍ n yidis igdazalen; akerdis akendis yesɛa ma drus sin n yidis igdazalen; akerdis amaɣud yesɛa yiwet n tiɣmert n 90°.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-20 11-55-53.png|centré|667x667px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 4. Tama taẓelmaḍt: anrar n umkuẓ ɣef yidis 5 d 25 = 9 + 16. Tama tayeffust: kuẓ n yikerdisen s yidis a d b, d umkuẓ alemmas s yidis c.&lt;/small&gt;

'''a² + b² = c², ma c d alubdis n ukerdis amaɣud''' 

Asfukel n tugna tayeffust: anrar n umkuẓ ameqqran d (a+b)². Kuẓ n yikerdisen sɛan anrar 4 × ab/2 = 2ab. Ayen i d-yeqqimen d c²; ihi c² = (a+b)² − 2ab = a²+b². Ayen-a d aseɣẓen s wanrar, mačči d asket n teɣzi ɣef tugna. Asekkud-a yesɛa daɣen talɣa tamsuɣalt: ma a²+b²=c² deg ukerdis, tiɣmert i d-yezzin i c d 90°. Deg tanzeggit taknudemt neɣ ɣef umaḍal, tanfalit-a ur tettwasemres ara akka war abeddel.

== 5. Tales(Thales) d tarwast ==
Sin n yikerdisen imarwasen sɛan tiɣmar igdazalen d yidis akniwen s yiwen wassaɣ. Ma tasɣent tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer akk imeccaqen s yiwen umuskir k &gt; 0, tḥerrez tiɣmar d talɣa. D tarwast.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-21 10-35-44.png|centré|676x676px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 5. DE d BC msadaɣen, ihi ikerdisen ADE d ABC d imarwasen. Deg tugna tayeffust, amuskir n teɣzi d 2; win n&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wanrar d 4.&lt;/small&gt;

'''AD/AB = AE/AC = DE/BC'''

Deg umedya, A d yiwet n tqacuct n sin yikerdisen; D yella ɣef [AB], E ɣef [AC], yerna DE ∥ BC. Ihi assaɣ n ''Thales'' yessegza ayɣer akk ibḍan-a d igdazalen. Ma nessen kra n teɣziwin, nezmer ad nsiḍen teɣziwin ur nessin ara s useqdec n wassaɣen-a.

'''Teɣzi: × k; anrar: × k²; ableɣ: × k³'''

Ma nsemɣer asrem s umuskir 3, tehri d teɣzi-nni ad nernunt kraḍ n tikal; anrar ad yili 9 n tikal. Ma nsemɣer agasas s 3, ableɣ ad yili 27 n tikal. Ihi amḍan n tsektiwin yesɛa azal deg wamek i yettbeddil usket.

Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen; d amedya uslig n tarwast s k = 1. Ur ilaq ara ad nsemmi snat n talɣiwin d igdazalen s wesket ma ttemcabint kan deg talɣa.

== 6. Igeddisen, tiwinas d yiḍebsiyen ==
Ageddis d talɣa n uɣawas iḥerzen yiwen rrif yettwabnan s yiɣallen. I ugeddis afraray, war amager n yidis gar-asen, timernit n tiɣmar n daxel d (n−2) × 180°, anda '''n''' d amḍan n yidis. Abḍu n ugeddis affensu s yiwet n tqacuct yessegza tanfalit-a: ad d-naf n−2 n yikerdisen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-22 10-56-58.png|centré|595x595px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 6. Tawinest d rrif; aḍebsi yesɛa daxel. Ageddis s semmus n yidisan yettwabḍa ɣef kraḍ n yikerdisen.&lt;/small&gt;

Tawinest s wammas '''O''' d waqqar '''r''' tesdukkel tineqqiḍin '''P''' i yesɛan '''d(O,P)=r'''. Aḍebsi yeɣleq yesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan d(O,P) ≤ r. Akdu d 2r. Taslayt i twinest deg P tebdd ɣef waqqar OP.

'''Azzikit n twinest: P = 2πr; anrar n uḍebsi: A = πr²'''

Ma '''r''' yettwaskat s yimitren, '''P''' ad yili s yimitren, '''A''' s yimitren imkuẓen. Pi d amḍan agraɣlan π ≈ 3.14159. Ur ilaq ara ad nsexleḍ amḍan n yisekkilen n tamawaẓt d wazal amatu n π.

== 7. Asektiɣmer d radyan ==
Asektiɣmer (trigonométrie) izerrew assaɣ gar tɣmar d teɣziwin. Deg ukerdis amaɣud, '''sin''' '''θ''' d assaɣ n yidis i d-yezzin i θ ɣer ulubdis; '''cos θ''' d assaɣ n yidis n tama-s ɣer ulubdis; '''tan θ''' '''= sin θ / cos θ mi cos θ ≠ 0.'''
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-23 12-24-09.png|centré|612x612px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 7. Tawinest s waqqar 1 tefk amur ilaw cos θ d amur yebdden sin θ. Udlifen n sin d cos sseknen abeddel-nsen d&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wallus-nsen.&lt;/small&gt;

'''sin² θ + cos² θ = 1; 180° = π rad'''

Radyan d asket n tɣmert s wassaɣ '''θ = s/r''', anda '''s''' d teɣzi n uḥric n twinest. Ma '''θ = 1''' rad, '''s''' '''= r'''. Tuzzya tummidt d 2π rad, neɣ 360°. Aseqdec n radyan yeshel tigawt n usiḍen aneẓlay d tarrayt n yizellumen.

'''c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos γ'''

Asaḍuf n cosine yessegza assaɣ gar kraḍ n yidis n ukerdis d tɣmert γ i d-yezzin i c. Ma '''γ =''' '''90°''', '''cos γ = 0''', ad d-naf asekkud n Pythagore. Assaɣen-a ttɛawanen deg usket n tiddi n wayen ur nezmir ara ad naweḍ srid d usiḍen n yiberdan.

== 8. Teɣzi, anrar d ubleɣ ==
Teɣzi tettwaskat s tiget n teɣzi, anrar s tiget n teɣzi ɣer sin, ableɣ s tiget n teɣzi ɣer kraḍ. Azzikit d teɣzi n rrif. Tajumma tella d talɣa; anrar d azal n wesket-is. Deg tallunt, ilaq ad nessemgired anrar n rrif d ubleɣ n daxel.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-24 11-26-46.png|centré|716x716px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 8. Tiddi h tebdd ɣef uzadur b. Awlellu d takurt sɛan isketen n ubleɣ; amaḍal d rrif n takurt.&lt;/small&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Talɣa
!Asket
|-
|Asrem s yidis a d b
|A = ab; P = 2(a+b)
|-
|Akerdis s uzadur b d tiddi h
|A = bh/2
|-
|Agasas s yidis a
|V = a³; anrar n rrif = 6a²
|-
|Awlellu s waqqar r d tiddi h
|V = πr²h
|-
|Akaswar s waqqar r d tiddi h
|V = πr²h/3
|-
|Takurt / amaḍal s waqqar r
|V = 4πr³/3; anrar n umaḍal = 4πr²
|}
I talɣiwin ur nesɛi ara tanfalit tafessast, nezmer ad nebḍu talɣa ɣef yiḥricen, ad nessemres aɣred neɣ asiḍen n temawaẓt. Ma yella kra n uḥric i neḥseb snat n tikal, ilaq ad t-nekkes yiwet n tikkelt iwakken ur t-nettḥasab ara snat n tikal.

== 9. Asali s tesɣunt d ukumpas ==
Deg tanzeggit tamensayt, tesɣunt war yizamulen n wesket tettawi-d taɣda iɛeddan seg snat n tneqqiḍin. Akumpas yettawi-d tawinest s wammas d waqqar. Asali d asartu n tigawin s yilugan, mačči d asefru n talɣa s tseddi n tugna kan.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-25 11-13-00.png|centré|645x645px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 9. Sin n yisugnen n twinest sɛan yiwen waqqar, i yugar AB/2. Amager-nsen d P d Q. Taɣda PQ tebdd ɣef AB&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;deg tlemmast M&lt;/small&gt;

I usali n tabeddayt i yiɣil [AB] deg tlemmast-is, nbennu tawinest s wammas A d tayeḍ s wammas B, s yiwen waqqar i yugar AB/2. Ad mlilent deg P d Q. Acku PA=PB d QA=QB, P d Q bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg A d B; taɣda-nsen d tabeddayt n tlemmast n [AB].

Nezmer ad nebnu akerdis agdudisan, talemmast n yiɣil neɣ abḍu n tiɣmert ɣef sin. Maca mačči yal asali yezmer ad yettwaxdem s sin n wallalen-a: amedya, abḍu n yal tiɣmert ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen igdazalen ur yezmir ara s wudem amatu. Abḍu n kra n tiɣmar usligen yezmer. 

Tanzeggit tagellamt tessemres tigriyin iwakken ad d-tessekna talɣiwin n kraḍ n tsektiwin deg uɣawas. D lsas i tesneḍrit n lebni d kra n terrayin n usunneɣ aṭekniki.

==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit ==

* [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit tummit]]

* [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]]

* [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]]

* [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] 

* [[Aljiber imzireg]]

== Amezruy n tenzeggit ==


[[Taggayt:Tusnakt]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Washington</title>
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        <username>Mastiman Anumidi</username>
        <id>17235</id>
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      <comment>Aḍris amaynut</comment>
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      <text bytes="3998" sha1="j9bh7kgzf2mzwfh22ivzzrtnctyc4ok" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox city}}
'''Washington, D.C''' d tamanaɣt n [[Iwunak Yedduklen|Yiwunak Yedduklen]]. Isem-ines ameqqran d '''Washington, District of Columbia'''. 
Deg Washington yella [[Axxam Amellal]], izdeɣ deg-s aselway n Yiwunak Yedduklen.

Tamdint i qqaren-as Washington ansi aselway amezwaru n Yiwunal Yedduklen, [[George Washington]].

Ɣas akken New York d tamdint tameqqrant n tdamsa d tnezzut, Washington tettwassen ladɣa s wazal-is asertan, aserdasan d udiplumasi.

Deg-s i ttwaɣtasen waṭas n tsertiyin i yeɛnan Marikan, yerna kra n tɣawsiwin i d-yettawin abeddel deg umaḍal.

Tamdint-a d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettwasbedden s uɣawas usrid, i wakken ad tili d ul n udabu n tagduda tamaynut i d-yennulfan seld ṭṭrad n timunent n Marikan.

Maca Washington ur telli ara d tamdint n tsertit kan. D tamdint yesɛan amezruy n yigduden inaṣliyen, n umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n umdan, n tẓuri d tusna.

== 1. Tarakalt d ugama ==
[[Tugna:WashMonument WhiteHouse.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Wasgington D.C]]
&lt;br&gt;

Washington tezga deg usamar n Marikan, gar Maryland d Virginia, ɣef yiri n wasif Potomac.

Amkan-a yettwafren acku yezga gar temnaḍin n ugafa d tid n unẓul n Marikan, deg tallit ideg llan imennuɣen ɣef wanda ara tili temdint tagejdant n uwanek afidirali.

Deg trakalt n Washington llan sin yisaffen igejdanen: Potomac d Anacostia. Isaffen-a sɛan azal deg tudert n yigduden inaṣliyen, deg tnezzut, deg usiweḍ d usnerni n temdint.

Tamdint tesɛa agaman n temnaḍt yettwasemman s unezwu n amennuḍan anaddaw ubzig(climat subtropical humide). Anebdu yezmer ad yili d aḥemmu s waṭas n tizegzewt d waḍu, ma deg tegrest, llan wussan isemmaḍen, tikwal ula d adfel.

Tamdint tettwassen daɣen s yisekla-is, igran izegzawen d tefsut ideg d-ttfeǧǧiǧent tjeǧǧigin n &quot;''cherry blossoms''&quot;.

== 3. Igduden inasliyen uqbel tallit n Yirupiyen ==
Uqbel ad d-awḍen Yirupiyen, temnaḍt n Washington tella d akal n yigduden inaṣliyen n Marikan.

Gar yigduden-a llan '''Nacotchtank''', i yezdɣen deg temnaḍin n wasif Anacostia, akked yigduden nniḍen yeqqnen ɣer tutlayin n twacult '''Algonquian'''.

Igduden-a ttidiren s tfellaḥt, aṣeyyed n yiselman, ugmar d tnezzut. Isaffen sɛan azal ameqqran deg tudert-nsen, acku d iberdan n usiweḍ, d iɣbula n waman d tmurt n uselḥu n tnezzut.

Asiweḍ n Yirupiyen deg lqern wis 17 yewwi-d ibeddilen imeqqranen: lehlakat timaynutin, imennuɣen, aɣelluy n yimezdaɣ inaṣliyen d ubeddel n udabu ɣef wakal.

Amezruy n Washington ur yebdi ara deg 1790. Yella yakan ugdud d yidlis deg temnaḍt-a s waṭas n yiseggasen uqbel asbeddi n temdint tafederalit.
{| border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;float:right; margin: 1em;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|+ '''Imezdaɣ n Washington D.C'''
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
{|
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Aseggas
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Imezdaɣ
|-----
| 1800 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 144
|-----
| 1810 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 15 471
|-----
| 1820 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 23 336
|-----
| 1830 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 30 261
|-----
| 1840 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 33 745
|-----
| 1850 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 51 687
|-----
| 1860 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 75 080
|-----
| 1870 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 131 700
|-----
| 1880 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 177 624
|-----
| 1890 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 230 392
|-----
| 1900 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 278 718
|}
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
{|
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Aseggas
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Imezdaɣ
|-----
| 1910 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 331 069
|-----
| 1920 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 437 571
|-----
| 1930 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 486 869
|-----
| 1940 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 663 091
|-----
| 1950 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 802 178
|-----
| 1960 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 763 956
|-----
| 1970 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 756 510
|-----
| 1980 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 638 333
|-----
| 1990 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 606 900
|-----
| 2000 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 572 059
|-----
| 2005  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 582 049
|-----
|2010  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 601 723
|----- 
|}
|-----
|}
&lt;/br&gt;

[[Category:Timdinin]][[Category:Tarakalt]][[Category:Iwunak Yeddukklen]]</text>
      <sha1>j9bh7kgzf2mzwfh22ivzzrtnctyc4ok</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Sel-iyi-d</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>22980</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117764</id>
      <parentid>106069</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-25T08:55:47Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>PERLA.NEGRA</username>
        <id>17288</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Aɛeddi */</comment>
      <origin>117764</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1548" sha1="4q9dah2dw8cftay0zt7b1wkb130ks8w" xml:space="preserve">'''Sel-iy-id''' d tanfust [[Tturk|taterkit]] id-yessuffeɣ Ɛli Balǧi d usnulfu n Meqbula Kusef, iɛedda-d uḥric-is amezzwaru deg wass n 7 di yulyu 2022. Deg-s iwudam igejdanen tturaren-ten yimruraren-agi:  Berk Hakman, Eǧa Kunkeli (Ege Kökenli), Rabiɛa Suyturk (Rabia Soytürk) d Ǧaner Topču (Caner Topçu).

== Aɛeddi ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Tisemhay
!Azemz n tuffɣa (tazzwara)
!Azemz n taggara 
!Targa 
|-
|1
|07 di yulyu 2022
|17 di nuwamber 2022
|star Tv 
|}

== Iḥricen ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Aḥric
!Imsuffeɣ
!Amyaru
!Azemz n tuffɣa
!Aqeyyem amatut
|-
|aḥric 01
|Ɛli Balǧi
|Meqbula Kusef
|7 di Yuylyu 2022
|1.36
|-
|aḥric 02
|Ɛli Balǧi
|Meqbula Kusef
|14 di Yulyu 2022
|2.79
|-
|aḥric 03
|Ɛli Balǧi
|Meqbula Kusef
|21 di Yuyu 2022
|3,30
|-
|aḥric 04
|Ɛli Balǧi
|Meqbula Kusef
|28 di Yuyu 2022 
|3,30
|-
|aḥric 05
|Ɛli Balǧi
|Meqbula Kusef
|4 deg Ɣuct 2022
|3,29
|}

== Agzul ==
Tbeddu teqsiḍt deg yiwet n lḥuma deg Isṭanbul, tameddakelt n uwudem agejdan unti &quot;ikim&quot; iwumi qqaren &quot;Lila/Leyla&quot; tḥuza-tt tsunayt, win i tt-inehren yella yeffer aqadum-is, LIla tuɣ-itent deg yiḍarren-is tuɣal ur tezmir ara ad telḥu, mi tella deg usegnaf yella yiwen seg warraw n lḥuma iwumi qqaren Xalil yeṭṭafar tasunayt-nni yufa-tt tekcrm ɣer daxel n tsennawit n yinelmaden inesbaɣuren (d tinna dɣa i d-rbeḥ Lila azref n unekcum-is ɣur-s; ella theyya iman-is uqbel ad s-teḍru twaɣit-agi&quot;, imiren ara tebdu teqsiḍt n tenfust-agi yeččuren d isastanen ɣef akk wayen i yeḍran yakan.</text>
      <sha1>4q9dah2dw8cftay0zt7b1wkb130ks8w</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Uɣustus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25505</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117763</id>
      <parentid>117754</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-24T18:16:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117763</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14155" sha1="8o9v4pp5g3jwrq2fty3qpqj3r5xnl9q" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1405|image=[[File:Statue of the Emperor Octavian Augustus as Jupiter (6).png|thumb|Asebdad n umenkad Uɣustus amzun d Jupiter (6)]]|caption=Amenkad Uɣustus.|date of birth=23 Ctembeṛ deg useggas 63 Send Tallalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit|date of death=19 Ɣuct deg useggas n 14 Seld Tallalit n Ɛisa.}}

'''Uɣustus''' (s tlaṭinit: Augustus, neɣ s yisem-is n tidet ''Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus'' ), i yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n Uktavyus (Octavius), d amezwaru n yimenkaden n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ilul-d ass n 23 Ctembeṛ n useggas 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, yemmut ass n 19 n Ɣuct n useggas 14 seld talalit n Ɛisa.

D netta i d-yesbedden '''[[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tamnekda Taṛumanit]]''' sdeffir n uɣelluy n '''[[Tagduda Taṛumanit|Tegduda]]'''. Yewweḍ ɣer udabu deg yiwet n tallit n tezɣent d ṭṭrad aɣarim, maca yessaweḍ ad d-yerr talwit, ad yesseggem awanek, dɣa yeldi-d yiwet n tsut iwumi qqaren &quot;Talwit Taṛumanit&quot; (''Pax Romana'').

D netta diɣen i yessbedden anagraw amaynut n udabu deg Ruma, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''Principatu''s, seld mi tfukk tagduda tarumanit (Res publica Romana).

Uɣustus ur d-yewwi ara adabu s yiwet n tikkelt. Iɛedda seg waṭas n ṭṭraden, tedyanin tisertanin, d usenqes n tzemmar n yixṣṣimen-is, almi yuɣal d bab n udabu ameqqran deg Ruma.

Ɣas akken yella d amenkad s tidet, ur yebɣi ara ad d-yesken iman-is am ugellid. Yeskanay-d adabu-is s wudem n uḥraz n tagduda taqburt, maca deg tilawt, akk tzemmar tigejdanin n udabu uɣalent ɣer ufus-is.

Tallit n Uɣustus teldi yiwet n tewwurt n tallit tazrayt s wudem amaynut deg umaḍal arumani, i d-yeglan s tɣellist, asnerni n tdamsa, abeddel n usuddes aserdasi, akked usnerni n tsekla d tẓuriwin.

== 1. Ruma send Uɣustus ==

=== 1.1. Tagduda Tarumanit ===
Send ad d-yas Uɣustus, Ruma tella d tagduda i yettwasuddsen s yiwet n tɣessa tasertant i deg llan:

- '''Asenat''' (Senatus): agraw n ymḍebbren d yimɣaren n twaculin timeqqranin.

- '''Imqerraben n udabu''' (magistratus): am yikunsulen, iprituren d wiyaḍ.

- '''Igrawen igdudanen''' (comitia): anda kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ sɛan azref n ufran n yimḍebbren d uqbal n yilugan.

'''- Ikunsulen''': sin n ymḍebbren i yettwafernen yal aseggas i uselḥu n udabu.

Maca anagraw-a ibeddel s waṭas deg yiseggasen ineggura n Tegduda Tarumanit.

Ruma tella tesɛa akal ameqqran seg Iberya armi d Asya tameẓẓyant, seg Yilel agrakal armi d tmura n ugafa n Tefriqt.

Akal-a ameqqran yessuter asuddes amaynut n udabu. S wakka, timsal n udabu, n tedrimt d tseddarin uɣalent d isental n tmesbaniyin gar yimeqqranen.

=== 1.2. Timsizzelt ɣef udabu d ṭṭraden igensanen ===
Deg tasut tamezwarut send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma teɛreḍ aṭas n ṭṭraden igensan.

Gar yimdanen i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant deg tallit-a ad naf:

- '''Marius''', d aɣella aserdasi.

- '''Sulla''', win i yeṭṭfen adabu s tezmert n yigen.

- '''Pumpyus Ameqqran''', amasay aserdasi d win yesɛan tazmert deg Asya.

- '''[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]]''', win i yernan ṭṭrad agensan ɣef Pumpyus.

- '''Mark Antonyus''', win i yuɣalen d axṣim ameqqran n Uɣustus.

Deg useggas 49 send talalit n Ɛisa, Yulyus Qaysar yeɛda iɣzer n Rubicon s igen-is(taserdast-is), ayen i d-yewwin ṭṭrad agensan.

Mi timerniwt tella ɣer tama n Qaysar, yuɣal yesɛa adabu ameqqran, maca aṭas n yisenaturren ugin anagraw-is, acku ttwalin dakken yezmer ad yuɣal d agellid.

== 2. Talalit d temẓi n Uɣustus ==

=== 2.1. Talalit-is ===
[[Tugna:Augustus Bevilacqua Glyptothek Munich 317.jpg|361x361px]]

'''Uɣustus''' ilul ass n 23 Meɣres 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, deg Ruma. Twacult n baba-s tesɛa iẓuran-is deg Velitrae, tamdint i yettwasnen ass-a s yisem n Velletri.

Isem-is amezwaru yella d '''Gaius Octavius'''.

Baba-s, Gaius Octavius, yella d amqerreb arumani i yesɛan azref ad yeṭṭef kra n yimukan deg udabu. Yella d ''praetor'', syin yuɣal d anedbal n Makedunya.

Yemma-s, Atia, tella d yelli-s n Julia, ultma-s n [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]].

S wakka, Uɣustus yella d ammi n yelli-s n ultma-s n Qaysar, d aya i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked twacult n Qaysar.

Ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yuɣal d amenkad ur yelli ara d talalit-is kan, maca d tamusni-s tasertant, d usdukkel n yimeddukal, d tzemmar-is deg useqdec n yiserdasen.

=== 2.2. Aselmed-is ===
Uɣustus yesɛa aselmed n yimdanen imeqqranen n Ruma. Yelmed taɣuri d tira s tlaṭinit, tagrigit, tutlayt n tussna d tfelsafit deg tallit-nni, amezruy n Ruma d tsertit-is, tasekla d tẓuri n umeslay, akked yilugan d usuddes n udabu.
Yella yettḥadar aṭas taɣara-s d wudem-is gar yimdanen. Ɣas akken ur yelli ara d amdan yesɛan tafekka taǧehdit am kra n yimqerranen iserdasen, yesɛa tamusni deg useqdec n yimdanen, deg usdukkel n tzemmar d usbeddi n tɣawsiwin ɣef leḥsab n yiseggasen.

=== 2.3. Assaɣ-is akked Yulyus Qaysar ===
[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yebda yettḥadar Uktavyus am win yezmer ad yili d amḍiq-is deg tsertit. Deg useggas 45 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus iruḥ ɣer Apollonia, deg Illiriya, i wakken ad ikemmel aselmed-is aserdasi. Dinna i yella mi as-d-tewweḍ lexbar n tmettant n Qaysar.

== 3. Tmettant n Yulyus Qaysar d tazwara n uḍfar n udabu ==
[[Tugna:Vincenzo Camuccini, The Death of Julius Caesar (detail).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Vincenzo Camuccini, Timenɣiwt n Yulyus Qaysar.]]

=== 3.1. Timenɣiwt n Qaysar ===
Ass n 15 Meɣres n useggas 44 send talalit n Ɛisa, [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yettwanɣa deg Ruma s ufus n ugraw n yisenaturren.

Gar wid i yesɛan amur deg tmenɣiwt-is llan '''Brutus''' d '''Cassius'''. Wid i t-yenɣan bɣan ad d-rren tagduda ɣer tɣessa-s taqburt, acku ttagaden ad yuɣal Qaysar d agellid. Maca timenɣiwt-is ur d-yewwi ara talwit. S tidet, yeldi abrid i ṭṭraden igensanen imaynuten.

=== 3.2. Uktavyus d amarraw n Qaysar ===
Mi yemmut Qaysar, yufa Uktavyus dakken Qaysar yefren-it deg lewṣaya-s d amarraw-is(s usmemmi) s uzref.

D ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yesɛu isem n ''Gaius Julius Caesar'', ɣas akken deg tira n yimazrayen yettwasemma s waṭas Octavianus i wakken ad yettwafrez ɣef Yulyus Qaysar.

S wakka, Uktavyus yebda yesɛa assaɣ s yisem ameqqran n Qaysar, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yawi aṭas n wid i t-yettɛawanen. Maca yella yiwen umdan zdat-s i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant: '''Mark''' '''Untounyus'''.

=== 3.3. Timsizzelt gar Uktavyus d Untunyus ===
Mark Untunyus yella d ameddukel n Qaysar, yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg tredsa. Yebɣa ad yeṭṭef adabu seld tmettant n Qaysar.

Uktavyus, ɣas akken mazal d ilemẓi, yebda yesdukkel imdanen d tredsa i wakken ad yili yesɛa amkan deg tsertit. Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus yeṭṭef amkan n ukunsul deg Ruma. Syin, yesdukkel tazmert-is akked Mark Untunyus d Lepidus.

== 4. Agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen — Triumvirat wis sin ==
Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus, Untunyus d Lepidus sbedden agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen, i yettwasnen s yisem n Triumvirat wis sin. Anagraw-a yella yesɛa azref asertan, mačči am ugdazel amezwaru n Qaysar, Pumpyus d Crassus.

Kraḍ-a bḍan tazmert n udabu gar-asen.

Maca agraw-a ur yelli ara d anagraw n tlelli. Yella d adabu n tzemmert, deg-s ttwaseḍfaren imxalafen isertanen.

=== 4.1. Aḍfar n tmuɣlin Qaysar ===
Kraḍ n yimqerraben-a sbedden umuɣen n yimdanen i ilaq ad ttwakksen seg udabu, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''proscriptions''.

Aṭas n yisenaturren d yimdanen yesɛan idrimen ttwaneɣen, ttwasfeḍen seg tudert tasertant neɣ ttwanejlan.

Gar wid yettwanɣan yella '''Sisiṛun''', afiluzuf, amenna  arumani ameqqran. D yiwet seg talliyin i deg yella unṭag asertan s waṭas deg Ruma.

=== 4.2. Ṭṭrad n Filippi ===
Deg useggas 42 send talalit n Ɛisa, taredsa n Uktavyus d Untunyus mmagrent akked tid n Brutus d Cassius deg Filippi, deg Masidunya. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d tmerna i Uktavyus d Untunyus.

Brutus d Cassius mmuten seld aɣelluy n tredsa-nsen.

S wakka, aṭas n wid i yebɣan ad d-rren tagduda taqburt ur sɛin ara tazmert i wakken ad kemmlen ṭṭrad.

== 5. Timsizzelt gar Uktavyus d Mark Untunyus ==
[[Tugna:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|centré|vignette|Mark Untunyus.]]

=== 5.1. Abḍu n tmura n Ruma ===
Seld Filippi, Uktavyus d Untunyus bḍan amkan n tzemmert-nsen. Uktavyus yebda yettḥadar aṭas akal n umalu n Ruma, ma Utunyus yettḥadar Asya d tmura n usammar. ''Lepidus'', s wakud, yebda yettḥaz amkan-is, almi yettekkes-as Uktavyus tazmert-is tasertant deg useggas 36 send talalit n Ɛisa.

S wakka, Uktavyus d Untunyus uɣalen d sin n yimdanen imeqqranen i yesɛan adabu deg umaḍal arumani.

=== 5.2. Untunyus d Kliyupatra ===
Untunyus yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked [[Kliyubatra VII|Kliyupatra tis VII]], tagellidt n Maṣer. Kliyupatra tella d tagellidt yesɛan tamusni tasertant d tazmert tadiplumasit.

Untunyus yebda yesɛa aṭas n wassaɣen akked Maṣer, ayen i yessersan Uktavyus deg umkan i wakken ad t-yerr d axṣim n Ruma.

Uktavyus yesseqdec assaɣ-a i wakken ad yessers Untunyus am win i yettbeddilen timsal n Ruma s tid n Maṣer. D yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant deg usdukkel n uɣref arumani ɣer tama n Uktavyus.

=== 5.3. Ṭṭrad n Aktium ===
Ass n 2 Ctember n useggas 31 send talalit n Ɛisa, taredsa n yilel n Uktavyus mmagrent akked tid n Untunyus d Kliyupatra deg Aktium, ɣer tama n Yunan. Aqeṛṛu n tredsa n yilel n Uktavyus yella d Agrippa, ameddukel-is ameqqran. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d timerniwt i Uktavyus.

Untunyus d Kliyupatra uɣalen ɣer Maṣer. Deg useggas 30 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus yeṭṭef Aleksandriya. Untunyus d Kliyupatra mmuten s ufus-nsen. Maṣer tuɣal d tamurt i yettwaselḥayen s yisem n Ruma, maca s tɣessa n udabu i d-yettakken amkan ameqqran i Uɣustus.

Lɣelba n Aktium d yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant deg umezruy n Ruma, acku seg wass-nni Uktavyus ur yesɛi ara axṣim ameqqran deg udabu arumani.

== 6. Asebded n Tamenkda Tarumanit ==

=== 6.1. Seg Uktavyus ɣer Uɣustus ===
Deg useggas 27 send talalit n Ɛisa, ''Asenat'' yefka i Uktavyus isem n Uɣustus(Augustus), anamek-is yezmer ad yettwasegzi am « win yesɛan azal ameqqran d lḥerma ».

Seg tallit-a, Uktavyus yuɣal yettwasnen s yisem n Uɣustus. Maca Uɣustus ur yebɣi ara ad yettwasemmi rex (agellid), acku irumanen n tallit-nni mazal ttagaden awal-a.

Yefren ad yesɛu isem n '''Princeps''', anamek-is « amezwaru », neɣ « amezwaru gar yimdanen ». Seg waya i d-yekka yisem n Principatus.

=== 6.2. Amek i yessuddes adabu? ===
Uɣustus yeǧǧa kra n tɣessiwin tiqburin n tagduda. Asenat mazal yella, ikunsulen mazal ttwafranen, imḍebren mazal xeddmen.

Maca tazmert tagejdant n udabu tella deg ufus n Uɣustus. Yesɛa adabu aserdasi ɣef yiswiren imeqqranen, azref n uselḥu n waṭas n tmura, tazmert tasertant i yellan s ufella n waṭas n yimḍebren tazmert n usuter d useḥbes n kra n yisumar isertanen, akked wazal ameqqran gar yisenaturren d uɣref.

Deg useggas 23 send talalit n Ɛisa, yesɛa tazmert n ''tribunicia potestas'', i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa kra n yizerfan n umḍeber agdudan.

S wakka, anagraw n tagduda yella mazal deg wudem, maca deg tilawt adabu yuɣal d adabu n yiwen n umdan.

=== 6.3. Ayɣer ur yessebded ara tagelda s wudem usrid? ===
Uɣust yefhem dakken Yulyus Qaysar yettwanɣa acku aṭas n yisenaturren ttagaden ad yuɣal d agellid.

Ihi, ur yebɣi ara ad yerr iman-is deg umkan-nni. Yesseqdec tutlayt n tagduda d yizamulen-is i wakken ad yesken dakken ur yebɣi ara ad yekkes tilelli n Ruma. Maca yessers anagraw anda yiwen n umdan yezmer ad yeṭṭef adabu i yiseggasen ɣezzifen.

== 7. Asuddes n yigen(taredsa) ==
[[Tugna:Roman Army &amp; Chariot Experience, Hippodrome, Jerash, Jordan (5072088459).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tugna i usegzi n wamek tella tredsa tarumanit.]]

=== 7.1. Tiseddarin timaynutin deg tredsa ===
Uɣust yessuddes taredsa tarumanin s wudem amaynut. Send-is, iserdasen ttilint aṭas n tikkal ddaw n ufus n yimḍebren n Senats i tent-yesɛan d imeddukal.

Uɣust yebɣa ad yerr iserdasen ddaw n udabu agejdan. Yessebded anagraw n yiserdasen i ixeddmen s lɛaqd ɣezzifen, d wid i yettwaxellaṣen s tedrimt n Tamenkda.

Deg tallit-is, amḍan n yinagrawen n yiserdasen yella qrib 28, syin yuɣal 25 seld tawaɣit n Teutoburg deg useggas 9 seld talalit n Ɛisa.

=== 7.2. Aḥraz n tlisa ===
Uɣust yeǧǧa iserdasen deg tmura n tilisa.

Iserdasen-a ttwaseqdacent i uḥraz n tlisa seg iɣerfan ibarbaren, aḥraz n yiberdan n tenzzut(ttjara), aḥraz n tɣellist deg tmura i yettwaṭṭfen, akked uḍfar n yimxalafen i d-yettbanen deg kra n tmura.

Yessebded daɣen ''Praetorian Guard'', d agraw aserdasi i yettḥarazen amenkad. Maca agraw-a, deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, yuɣal yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg tsertit n Ruma.

== 8. Ṭṭraden d usnerni n tilisa n Tamenkda ==
[[Tugna:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tilisa n tmenkda tarumant yewwḍen ɣer teɣzi-s tamuqqrant akk.]]

=== 8.1. Ṭṭraden deg Iberya ===
Uɣust yessers tazmert n Ruma deg ugafa n Iberya. Gar yisental imeqqranen n ṭṭraden-a yella uḥraz n tmura n Cantabri d Astures.

Ṭṭraden-a, gar 29 d 19 send talalit n Ɛisa, fkan-d timerniwt i Ruma, ɣas akken llan d ṭṭraden iɛewqen.

=== 8.2. Asnerni deg Alpan d Balkan ===
Deg tallit n Uɣust, Ruma tesnerna adabu-is deg kra n tmura n Alpan d Balkan. Akal n Raetia d Noricum yuɣal ddaw n tzemmert n Ruma.

Deg Balkan, iserdasen irumaniyen mmagren akked kra n yiɣerfan i yebɣan ad ḥerzen tilelli-nsen.

=== 8.3. Tawaɣit n Teutoburg ===
Deg useggas 9 seld talalit n Ɛisa, kraḍ n yigrawen n, tredsa tarumanin ttwarnant deg Teutoburg, deg Jermanya.

Arminius, aqeṛṛu n yiɣerfan ijermanen, yesdukkel kra n yiɣerfan i wakken ad mgalen Ruma.

Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d timerniwt tameqqrant i Yijermanen. Kraḍ n yigrawen, XVII, XVIII d XIX, ttwaseɣlin.

Uɣust yeḥzen aṭas ɣef tawaɣit-a. Ayen i d-yellan deg Teutoburg yessers tilisa i usnerni n Ruma ɣer usammar n Rhine, ɣas akken ṭṭradat d yiserdasen irumaninyen kemmlen deg yiɣzer-a deg talliyin i d-iteddun.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ovid</title>
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      <text bytes="24815" sha1="4ofdu15bwhaixh9kh0h4mm9hxdw3qfm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q7198|image=[[File:Ovid by an anonymous sculptor.jpg|thumb|Ovid sɣur yiwen umserɣta udrig]]|caption=Ovid.}}


'''Ovid''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Ovidius Naso''', d yiwen seg yimedyazen irumanen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit. Yella d amedyaz, amaru n tmucuha timiṭulujiyin, d win i yerran tayri, tuttya, tafekka, tamagit, lḥif akked unejli d isental igejdanen n tsekla-s.

Yettwassen ladɣa s udlis-is Metamorphoses (tuttyiwin), yiwen seg yedlisen i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla, tasugna, tasertit n tfekka d tẓuriwin n Umaḍal n Utrim.

Tudert-is tbeddel s wudem ameqqran deg useggas 8 mbaɛd talalit n Ɛisa, mi t-yessufeɣ umenkad Uɣustus seg Ruma, yerra-t ɣer Tomis, ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan. Dinna i yemmut, war ma yuɣal ɣer temdint i iḥemmel.

Yettwaḥsab Ovid gar kraḍ n yimedyazen irumanen i d-yettwabedren s waṭas deg tsekla talaṭinit, akked '''Virgil''' (Vergilius) d '''Horace''' (Horatius). Maca yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa aɣanib d yisental yemgaraden. 

== 2. Talalit d twacult-is ==

=== 2.1. Sulmo, tamdint n Ovid ===
[[Tugna:PanoramaSulmona.JPG|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tamdint Sulmona deg ṭṭelyan.]]
Ovid ilul ass n 20 Meɣres, deg useggas 43 send Ɛisa, di Sulmo, i d-yettwasemman ass-a Sulmona, deg temnaḍt n Abruzzo, di [[ṭṭelyan]] n wass-a.

Sulmo tella d tamdint tarumanit di tmurt n Peligni, yiwen seg yiɣerfan n ṭṭelyan alqayan i yellan uqbel asnerni n Ruma. Tamnaḍt-a tettwassen s yidurar-is, izuɣar-is d wakal-is n tfellaḥt.

Ovid yesɛa tawacult taɣerfant, d tin yesɛan idrimen. Baba-s yebɣa ad yili mmi-s d amdan n uẓayer deg tedbelt tarumanit, ladɣa deg uɣerbaz n uzref d tsnukyest n wawal.

Deg yisefra-s, Ovid yessefk-d amek i ilul deg yiwen n useggas ara d-yeglun s ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy arumani: d aseggas n tmettant n ''Cicero'', '''amesnukyes''' d '''amsesten''' arumani ameqqran.

Deg tallit-a, Tagduda Trumanit tella tettɛeddi seg tazɣent tasertant ɣer tallit n usdukel n tezmert deg ufus n yiwen n umdan, ''Octavianus'', win ara yuɣalen d Uɣust.

=== 2.2. Tawacult-is d watmaten-is ===
Ovid yesɛa gma-s ameqqran fell-as s yiwen n useggas, i yemmuten d ameẓẓyan, mi yesɛa azal n 20 n yiseggasen. Tamettant n gma-s tella d lḥif ameqqran i twacult-is.

Yella d amezwaru? Ala, Ovid yella d amecṭuḥ deg sin n watmaten.

Yella diɣen d win i d-yettwabedren deg yisefra-s s tikkelt ɣer tayeḍ, imi yettmeslay ɣef tlalit-is, baba-s, yemma-s d tmurt-is.

Maca ilaq ad nefrez gar wayen i d-yenna Ovid s timmad-is d wayen i nezmer ad nesseɣti s yizirigen imezruyanen: aṭas n yisallen ɣef tudert-is d netta i ten-id-yefkan.

== 3. Tamẓi d uselmed-is ==

=== 3.1. Azraw deg Ruma ===
Mi yella d ameẓẓyan, Ovid iruḥ ɣer Ruma akked gma-s iwakken ad lemden tasnukyest, tira, timawit d uzref.

Ruma tella deg tallit-a d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n umaḍal agrakal.
[[Tugna:Forum romanum 6k (5760x2097).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Ayen i d-yeqqimen seg ufurum(anmager) n ruma taqburt.]]Deg Ruma, Ovid yella deg tneɣrit n yiselmaden yettwassnen n tsnukyest n wawal. Isallen imezruyanen bedren Arellius Fuscus akked Porcius Latro gar yiselmaden-is. Iselmad-agi llan ttselmaden amek ara d-yebnu umdan awal, amek ara yessefhem tikti-s, amek ara yessfukel tiririt-is, d wamek ara yesseqdec tafyirt s wudem yettqenɛen. Ayen akk i yelmed deg tneɣrit-a ad t-id-yaf umdan deg yisefra-s: tawsit n wawal, d ubeddel n tmuɣli, anegzum n tidet d usnulfu n yimdanen n timucuha.

=== 3.2. Tayri-s i tsekla ===
Baba-s yebɣa ad yili Ovid d amsesten n uzref neɣ d amdan n tedbelt, imi taɣulin-a ttaǧǧant amdan ad yili d ameqran deg tmetti tarumanit. Maca Ovid yella yettwajbed ɣer usefru. Deg ''Tristia'', yessefhem-d belli ula d mi yebɣa ad yaru s wudem amagnu, awalen-is ttuɣalen d isefra. D taɣawsa i d-yesskanen belli asefru yella deg tudert-is seg temẓi.

=== 3.3. Tirza-s ɣer Yunan ===
Ovid yessers imeṭṭawen-is deg kra n tmura n Yunan, anda i yella umezruy ameqqran n tfelsafit, tsekla d timiṭulujit.

Yettwabder belli yewweḍ ɣer Atina, Asia Tameẓẓyant akked Sicilia. Tirziwin-a ǧǧant-as ad yissin ugar tasekla tagrigit, ladɣa timucuha n yigelliden, irebbiten, yimeẓla d yimdanen i yettbeddilen talɣa-nsen. Timusniwin-a ad d-banent s wudem ameqqran deg Tuttya(''Metamorphoses)''.

== 4. Tudert-is deg Ruma ==

=== 4.1. Seg tedbelt ɣer tsekla ===
Mi yuɣal ɣer Ruma, Ovid yesseqdec kra n tegnatin n tedbelt tarumanit, maca ur yebɣi ara ad ikemmel deg ubrid n tsartit.

Deg umḍiq n waya, yefren tudert n umedyaz.

Tafrent-a tella d tameqrant: deg tmetti tarumanit n tallit-nni, amdan n twacult yesɛan idrimen yezmer ad yili d amasten, asenatuṛ neɣ amdan n tedbelt, maca tamedyazt ur yelli ara d abrid ameqqran ɣer tezmert tasertant.

Ovid, imi yesɛa idrimen n twacult-is, yezmer ad yefren '''asefru''' war ma yella d amezwaru deg usɛeddi n tmeddurt.

=== 4.2. Imedyazen n tallit-is ===
Deg Ruma, Ovid yessen amek i tettnerni tsekla n tallit n Uɣust.

Gar yimyura i iɛemmren tallit-is, ad d-nebder:

- '''Virgil''' (Vergilius), amaru n Aeneis, amedya n usefru abelkiman arumani.

- '''Horace''' (Horatius), amedyaz i yessawḍen s wudem afelsafi ɣef tudert.

- '''Propertius''', win i yessnernan isefra n tayri.

- '''Tibullus''', amedyaz n tayri, n tudert taḥerfit d wayen i d-yettawi lḥif.

Ovid yella gar yimeggura n yimesfrayen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit.

Maca yebna aɣanib-is s umgired: deg umḍiq n uwehhi ɣer umezruy asertan d tgemmi tarumanit, yessexdem tayri, timucuha d usnulfu n yimdanen akken ad yesselḥu tasekla.

=== 4.3. Tameṭṭut d twacult-is ===
Ovid yessefk-d deg yisefra-s belli yezweǧ kraḍ n tikkal.

Sin seg tsulya timezwura ur ǧǧin ara aṭas n yisallen deg umezruy. Tisulya tis kraḍ tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tudert-is, ladɣa deg tallit n unejli. Yella yesɛa yiwet n yelli-s, maca kra n yisallen ɣef twacult-is mazal ur frizen ara s wudem ummid. Tameṭṭut-is taneggarut teqqim di Ruma mi yella netta deg unejli, tettɛawan-it s wayen i tezmer, yettmeslay fell-as deg yisefra-s s waṭas n lḥif d tayri.

== 5. Iqeddicat imezwura n Ovid ==
Tasekla n Ovid tezmer ad tettwabḍu ɣef kraḍ n talliyin: tallit n tayri, tallit n tmucuha d umezruy, akked tallit n unejli.

Deg tallit tamezwarut, Ovid yella d amesfru i d-yettawin ɣef tayri, tikli n yimdanen, tameṭṭut d wassaɣen gar yimdanen.

=== 5.1. Amores — Tayriwin ===
Amores d yiwen seg yedlisen-is imezwura. Deg-s, Ovid yessawel ɣef tayri, acewwiq, tismin, asirem d lḥif i d-yettawin wassaɣen n tayri. Adlis-a yella di tazwara s semmus n yiḥricen, maca talɣa i d-yeqqimen ass-a tesɛa kraḍ n yiḥricen.

Deg yisefra-a, yella yisem n ''Corinna'', tameṭṭut iɣef yettmeslay amedyaz. Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini s tidet belli Corinna tella d tameṭṭut i yessen deg tudert-is: tezmer ad tili d asebded aseklan.

Ovid yesseqdec tayri am wakken d tamennawt gar sin n yimdanen, s yisental n uzray, leḥkem, tazmert d uḥulfu.

=== 5.2. Heroides — Tibratin n tlawin tiqerruyin ===
Heroides d ammud n yisefra i d-yettwasnulfan s talɣa n tebratin.

Tibratin-a ttwarunt am wakken d tilawin n timucuha timiṭulujiyin i d-yettmeslayen ɣer yirgazen i ḥemmlent, maca i ten-yeǧǧan neɣ i yellan beɛden fell-asent.

Gar tilawin-a:

- '''Penelope''', tameṭṭut n Odysseus.

- '''Dido''', tagellidt n Qerṭaj.

- '''Ariadne''', tin i yeǧǧa Theseus.

- '''Medea''', tin yesɛan assaɣ d Jason.

- '''Phaedra''', tin i yesɛan tayri tamuḥercit.

Ayen i d-yettawin Ovid d amaynut deg yisefra-a d tarrayt n uḥulfu: ur d-yettales ara kan timucuha n yirgazen iɣef ttmeslayen yimesfrayen iqburen, maca yessefk awal i tlawin i yellan, s waṭas n tikkal, deg yiri n timucuha-a.

Deg Heroides, amdan yezmer ad iwali tamiṭulujit s tmuɣli n tin i yettwaǧǧan, tin i yettṛaǧun, neɣ tin i yettḥasaben d tin i yuccḍen.

=== 5.3. Ars Amatoria — Taẓuri n tayri ===
Ars Amatoria d adlis i yessuffeɣ Ovid ɣef tarrayin n usnulfu n wassaɣen n tayri.

Yebḍa ɣef kraḍ n yedlisen. Sin imezwura ttmeslayen ladɣa i yirgazen, ma d wis kraḍ yettwanna i tlawin.

Ovid yeskan-d deg-s amek i zemren yimdanen ad myissinen, amek ara d-yesnulfu yiwen tayri, d wamek ara yeḥrez assaɣ-is.

Maca ilaq ad neɛqel belli adlis-a d aḍris aseklan, yesɛan tahuski, aceɛlal d usqerdec. Ur ilaq ara ad nerr meṛṛa ayen i d-yenna d ilugan i yesseqdecen Yirumanen akk deg tudert-nsen.

Adlis-a yesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ovid, imi yella gar sebba i d-yebder [[Ugustus|Uɣust]] mi yessufeɣ amedyaz-a seg Ruma.

=== 5.4. Remedia Amoris — Isɣalen n tayri ===
Deg Remedia Amoris, Ovid yessefhem amek ara yefsi umdan seg tayri i t-yesḥeznen, neɣ i t-yeǧǧan deg lḥif.

Deg umḍiq n uselmed amek ara yebnu umdan assaɣ n tayri, adlis-a yesseqdec tarrayt-nniḍen: amek ara t-yefru.

Gar tiktiwin i d-yettawi: tigawin, lxedma, iberdan n tmeslayt, d usenqes n wakud i yettɛeddi umdan di tmuɣli ɣer win i iḥemmel.

=== 5.5. Medea ===
Ovid yura diɣen yiwet n tmezgunt s uzwel Medea, i d-yettawin ɣef tameṭṭut tamiṭulujit n yisem-a.

Tamezgunt-a temmut deg umezruy: ur d-teqqim ara ɣer ass-a.

Ayen i nezmer ad nissin fell-as d wayen i d-bdan yimaru iqburen i tt-id-yebedren. Kra deg-sen ḥesben-tt d yiwet seg tmezgunin yelhan n tallit-nni.

== 6. Metamorphoses — Ibeddilen neɣ Tuttya ==
[[Tugna:Plate 11- Phaeton before Apollo (Funestas ad Phoebum fundit preces.), from Ovid's 'Metamorphoses' MET DP866545.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|'''Phaeton send Apollo, seg Tuttya n Ovid.''']]
Metamorphoses d adlis ameqqran n Ovid, d win i t-yesseǧǧan d amedyaz i yettwassnen deg umaḍal. Adlis-a yesɛa 15 n yiḥricen, azal n 12 000 n yifyar, d azal n 250 n timucuha timiṭulujiyin. Yebda s usnulfu n umaḍal, yekfa s umezruy n Ruma d usali n Julius Caesar ɣer waddad n uṛebbi deg timiṭulujit tasertant tarumanit. 

=== 6.1. Tikti tagejdant ===
Awal metamorphosis yekka-d seg tegrigit, anamek-is d abeddel n talɣa. Deg tmucuha n Ovid, amdan yezmer ad yuɣal d aseklu, d aɣersiw, d aẓru, d itri neɣ d taɣawsa-nniḍen. Maca abeddel-a ur d-yettawi ara kan ɣef talɣa tafekkanit. Yettawi daɣen ɣef tiktiwin n tayri, tissas, aɛzel, tanezzayt, lḥif d tazmert n irebbiten.

Ovid yessawḍ-d tikti tameqqrant: ula d ayen i nettwali d amezdag yezmer ad ibeddel.

=== 6.2. Timucuha timiṭulujiyin yettwassnen ===

==== Apollo d Daphne ====
Apollo iḥemmel Daphne, maca nettat ur tebɣi ara tayri-s. Mi yella yettḍafar-itt, tesseɛreḍ ad teslek iman-is, tettbeddil ɣer useklu. Tamacahut-a tettawi daɣen ɣef tazmert, tifrat d wakken i yezmer yiwen ad yesseqdec tayri am sebba n uɛeddi ɣef wayeḍ.

==== Narcisse d Echo ====
Narcisse d ilemẓi i d-yettwaḥesben d ahuski, i yuɣalen yettḥemmil tugna-s deg waman. Yettwali iman-is, maca ur yessin ara belli d nettat i d tugna-nni. Yekfa deg lḥif, yuɣal d ajeǧǧig. Tamacahut-a tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tfelsafit n tamagit d tmuɣli n umdan ɣer yiman-is.

==== Pygmalion ====
Pygmalion d anaẓur i yesnulfan tugna n tmeṭṭut deg uẓru. Yeḥmel aṭas taẓuri-s armi yettɛaraḍ ad tili d tameṭṭut yeddren. Di tmucuha, Venus tefk-as tudert i tugna-nni. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef assaɣ gar tẓuri, tasugna d tayri.

==== Daedalus d Icarus ====
Daedalus yesnulfa-d afriwen seg tinciwt d tarrayt n useqqen n waksum. Mmi-s Icarus yebɣa ad yali aṭas ɣer yigenni. Mi iqreb ɣer yiṭij, yefsi waksum, ɣellin afriwen-is, yetteɣli ɣer yilel. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef usirem, tazmert n umdan d tilisa n wayen yezmer ad yeg.

==== Orpheus d Eurydice ====
Orpheus yebɣa ad d-yerr tameṭṭut-is seg umaḍal n yimettanen. S ccna-s yezmer ad yesseḥbes ula d irebbiten n lḥif. Maca mi d-yuɣal ɣer deffir uqbel akud i as-yettwanefken, ixṣer tameṭṭut-is i tikkelt-nniḍen. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef tayri d tmettant.

=== 6.3. Assaɣ gar tmiṭulujit d tfelsafit ===
Deg uḥric aneggaru n Tuttya(Metamorphoses), Ovid yessuffeɣ-d isental n tfelsafit n ''Pythagoras''. Deg tmuɣli-a, ayen yellan deg umaḍal ittbeddil yal tikelt. Ulac aḥric n ugama i yeqqimen s yiwet n talɣa i lebda. Ayen i yemmuten deg yiwet n talɣa yezmer ad iban deg talɣa-nniḍen.

Yella daɣen usentel n tiruḥanin, n ubeddel n yimuddiren d wassaɣ gar yimdanen d yiɣersiwen. Maca ilaq ad neɛqel belli aya d tamuɣli tafelsafit d tmiṭulujit n tallit-nni, mačči d tarrayt tussnant tatrart i d-yesskan Ovid.

=== 6.4. Ayɣer Metamorphoses d adlis ameqqran? ===
Adlis-a yella d amaynut deg tsekla talaṭinit imi Ovid yesdukel timucuha yemgaraden deg yiwen n uḍris aɣezzfan.

Yella wassaɣ gar tmucuha: yiwet tettawi ɣer tayeḍ, d ubeddel i d-yettuɣalen d asental agejdan.

Deg-s, amdan yezmer ad yaf timucuha n irebbiten, tiqsiḍin n yimdanen imeẓẓyanen, isental n tfelsafit, d tmuɣli n Ruma ɣer umezruy-is.

== 7. Fasti — Inagrawen n tfaskiwin tirumaniyin ==
Fasti d adlis n Ovid i d-yettmeslayen ɣef uwitay arumani, tifaskiwin, assaɣen gar yirebbiten d yimdanen, akked umezruy n Ruma.
[[Tugna:Fasti Praenestini, détail (6-10 apr. J.-C.).jpg|centré|vignette|Ifatusen seg '''''{{lang|la|Fasti Antiates maiores}}''''']]


Deg tazwara, Ovid yebɣa ad yebnu adlis yesɛan 12 n yiḥricen, yal aḥric i yiwen n wayyur. Maca ur d-qqimen ara ala 6 n yiḥricen, seg Yennayer armi d Yunyu.

Yella uḥric i d-yettawin ɣef tafaskiwin n yirebbiten, wiyaḍ ɣef umezruy n Ruma, tasertit n [[Uɣustus|Uɣust]] d wamek i ttwafkan yismawen i wussan n uwitay. Fasti d aɣbalu i yesɛan azal ameqqran i yimnadiyen n tsertit n tɣerma, tasreḍt d tmetti tarumanit.

D adlis i d-yesskanen belli Ovid ur yelli ara kan d amedyaz n tayri; yella daɣen d amaru i yellan yesɛa tamusni ɣef tɣerma d umezruy n Ruma.

Imnadiyen n tallit tamirant ḥesben belli Ovid yezmer ad yili ikemmel asenqed n Fasti deg tallit n unejli-s.

== 8. Ovid d umenkad Uɣustus ==

=== 8.1. Tasertit n Uɣustus ===
[[Uɣustus]], win i yuɣalen d amenkad amezwaru n Ruma, yebɣa ad yerr aẓayer n twacult d wassaɣen n tsulya(zwaǧ) d aḥric ameqqran n tsertit-is.
[[Tugna:Statue-Augustus.jpg|vignette|Amenkas Uɣustus.]]
Yesseqdec ilugan iwakken ad yesseǧhed tisulya, ad yesseḥbes kra n wassaɣen i yettwaḥesben d wid iḍurren i twacult, d usnerni n wazalen iqburen n Ruma.

Maca Ovid yella yettawi deg yisefra-s ɣef tayri s wudem ur nettwaqbal ara s talɣa tummidt s tsertit-a.

''Ars Amatoria'' yeskan-d tameṭṭut d urgaz am yimdanen i yezmren ad fernen assaɣen-nsen, ad seqdcen tasugna d tḥerci iwakken ad afen tayri.

Deg tmetti n Ruma n tallit-nni, aya yezmer ad yettwaḥsab d azɣan i kra n wazalen i yebɣa Uɣustus ad yessers.

=== 8.2. Aseggas 8: abeddel n tudert-is ===
Deg useggas 8 mbaɛd Ɛisa, Ovid, i yellan yesɛa azal n 50 n yiseggasen, yettwakkes seg Ruma s lamer n August.

Ayen i d-yettbanen s wudem ifazen d akken ur t-yettwaḥaseb ara deg yiwet n tɣerma tazreft s ubrid amagnu.

Amenkad Uɣustus d netta i yefkan lamer n uneejli. Tamacahut-a d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin ur nefri ara s wudem ummid deg tudert n Ovid.

=== 8.3. Ayɣer yettwakkes Ovid seg Ruma? ===
Ovid yessefhem-d s tlaṭinit:

«Carmen et error».

Anamk-is s teqbaylit:

«Asefru d tuccḍa.»

Asefru i d-yebder, s waṭas n tiririt n yimnadiyen, d ''Ars Amatoria''.

Maca tuccḍa-nniḍen ur tt-id-yessfhem ara Ovid. Kra n yimnadiyen ḥesben belli yella kra i iwali Ovid neɣ yessen ɣef twacult n Uɣustus, maca ur nessin ara d acu i t-yettwaselḥun.

Yella diɣen wid i yeqqnen tuccḍa-a ɣer Julia Tameẓẓyant, tameẓẓyant n twacult n Uɣustus, i yettwanejlan daɣen seg Ruma deg tallit-nni. Maca ulac aɣbalu amezruyan i d-yesseknen s tidet belli Ovid yella deg yiwet n tkerrist tasertant neɣ deg wassaɣ n Julia. D turdiwin kan. Tagnit-a mazal d asental n unadi amezruyan. 

=== 8.4. Aseɣti n wawal «anejli» ===
Deg uzref arumani, Ovid ur yettwakkes ara s talɣa taserdasit neɣ s useɣli n waddad-is n umdan ilelli. Yettwaḥkem fell-as s talɣa n relegatio, anamek-is d asebɛed seg kra n tmura n tmenkda, maca s uḥraz n kra n yizerfan-is d wayla-s. D aya i d-yerran Ovid ad yili d amdan yesɛan kra n tɣawsiwin-is, maca war tilelli n tuɣalin ɣer Ruma.

== 9. Anejli ɣer Tomis ==
[[Tugna:Ruins of Tomis.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|inestimen n Tomis.]]
Tomis tella d tamdint ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan, deg temnaḍt i d-yettuɣalen ass-a d tamdint n Constanța, di Rumanya. Tella d tamdint n usnulfu agrigi, maca tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg temnaḍin ibeɛden ɣef Ruma.

I Ovid, win yellan yettidir deg tmetti n Ruma tameqqrant, anejli ɣer Tomis yella d taɣawsa i t-yesḥeznen.

=== 9.1. Tudert deg unejli ===
Ovid yessawel deg yisefra-s ɣef beṭṭu, aɛzel, tissas d wayen i t-yeǧǧan yebɛed ɣef yimdukal-is. Yessefhem-d amek i yella yiri n Yilel Aberkan d tamnaḍt ur nessin ara s wudem ummid i yimdanen n Ruma.

Deg yisefra-s, yesseqdec awal «ibarbaren» i kra n yiɣerfan i zedɣen dinna, maca d awal arumani i d-yettmeslayen ɣef imdanen i ur nelli ara n tɣerma talaṭinit. Ur ilaq ara ad t-neḥseb d aseɣti ameɣẓan n tɣerma-nsen.

Deg temnaḍt-a, Ovid yessen kra n tutlayin n yiɣerfan imiren, am tutlayt n Getes.

=== 9.2. Tazɣent n wawal ===
Ovid ur yezmir ara ad yesseqdec tasekla d isefra-s iwakken ad yuɣal ɣer Ruma. Yettaru s tarrayt n usuter, yettmeslay i yimdukal-is akken ad ɛiwnen, yettmeslay i Uɣustus, syin i Tiberius.

Maca ur d-yettwabder ara belli yiwen deg yimenkaden-a yefka-as tasiregt ad yuɣal.

== 10. Iqeddicen n uneɣru ==

=== 10.1. Tristia — Isefrayen n lḥif ===
''Tristia'' d ammud n yisefra i d-yettaru Ovid deg unejli-s.

Yebḍa ɣef semmus n yiḥricen.

Deg-s, yessawel ɣef tmurt i yeǧǧa, Ruma, imdukal-is, tameṭṭut-is, d umennuɣ-is akked wakud.

Yella diɣen yettmeslay ɣer yisefra-s am wakken d imdanen i yezmer ad yettmeslay.

Deg yiwen n yisefra n Tristia, yessawel ɣef uḍaris-is i iruḥen ɣer Ruma deg umḍiq-is. D asmekti belli asefru yezmer ad yili deg temdint anda ur yezmir ara ad yili umyaru.

=== 10.2. Epistulae ex Ponto — Tibratin seg Yilel Aberkan ===
''Epistulae ex Ponto'' d ammud n tebratin s usefru, i d-yettaru Ovid i yimdukal-is d yimdanen i yesɛan aẓayer deg Ruma.

Yebḍa ɣef kuẓ n yiḥricen.

Yessawel ɣef lḥif, tamattant n kra n yimdukal-is, asuter n tuɣalin, d wayen i t-yettḥezzinen di tudert-is.

Tibratin-a d aɣbalu ameqqran iwakken ad nissin amek i tella tmurt n Tomis deg tallit-nni, maca ilaq ad nɛeqqel belli d tira n yiwen n umedyaz i yellan deg lḥif, mačči d aḥric amezruyan amagnu.

=== 10.3. Ibis ===
''Ibis'' d asefru aɣezzfan i d-yettawin ɣef umdan i yellan d amenzaɣ(axṣim) n Ovid. Isem-is ur d-yettwabdar ara s wudem ifazen.

Ovid yesseqdec deg-s '''isefra n useɣli('''i d-yewwin ɣef unejli), tiqsiḍin timiṭulujiyin d yismawen n yimdanen i ttwabedren deg tmucuha tiqburin.

Aḍris-a yesɛa azal deg unadi n tarrayin n usefru arumani, ladɣa deg useqdec n usiḍen d wayen i d-yewwi umyaru seg tsekla tagrigit.

== 11. Tamettant n Ovid ==
Ovid yemmut deg Tomis, ɣer leḥsab waṭas n yisallen deg useggas 17 neɣ 18 mbaɛd Ɛisa. Ur d-yettwabdar ara s tidet acuɣer yemmut, neɣ anda i yettwanḍel. Ur nessin ara ma yella kra n yinagan i ḥeḍren ɣer tmettant-is.

Ayen i d-yettbanen d belli ur yuɣal ara ɣer Ruma, ɣas akken yesɛa aṭas n yisefra i d-yessawlen ɣer tuɣalin.

Deg yisefra-s, yebɣa ad t-id-smektin yimdanen am umedyaz n tayri.

Yettwabder deg ''Tristia'' dakken kra n tefyar kan i yezmer ad yettwarnun ɣef uẓekka-s. Deg-sen, yessefhem belli d tayri i yessawḍen i yisem-is ad yezger tilisa n wakud.

== 12. Aɣanib aseklan n Ovid ==
Ovid yura s uɣanib i yesɛan tiḥerci d usnulfu, yerna yesseqdac timucuha i d-yeǧǧan later deg tsekla, i deg uɣalent ur ttwattunt ara.

=== 12.1. Asnulfu n yimdanen ===
Deg yisefra-s, Ovid ur yettara ara irebbiten d yimdanen d tugniwin i iqerrben kan ɣer wayen yellan deg tmiṭulujit. Yessefk-asen iḥulfan: tayri, lḥif, tamanegt, tugdi d tissas.

D aya i d-yerran imdanen n tmucuha-s ttbanen am yimdanen n tidet.

=== 12.2. Tahuski d useqdec n tefyirt ===
Ovid yessen amek ara yebnu tafyirt i yellan d tawezzlant maca yesɛan anamek aɣezzfan. Yesseqdec aṭas n usqerdec, anamek uffir, d ubeddel n tmuɣli.

Deg '''''Ars Amatoria''''', yezmer ad yili d amselmad n tayri, maca tukwal, Ovid yesseqdac taseqlebt iwakken ad d-yefk tamuɣli-s ɣef yimdanen d tmetti.

=== 12.3. Tarrayt n usdukel n tmucuha ===
'''''Metamorphoses(Tuttya)''''' d amedya ameqqran n tarrayt-a. Yesseqdec timucuha yemgaraden, maca yessefk-asent yiwen n wassaɣ, s ubeddel n talɣa. D aya i d-yerran adlis-a d yiwen seg yiḍrisen i yessawḍen ad kecmen deg waṭas n tɣermiwin.

== 13. Ovid d tfelsafit ==
Ur nezmir ara ad neḥseb Ovid d afelsafi s unamek n [[Flaṭun|Plato]], [[Aristot|Aristote]] neɣ Seneca, maca tasekla-s tettawi ɣef kra n yisental ifelsafiyen igejdanen.

=== 13.1. Abeddel d ugama ===
Deg Tuttya(Metamorphoses), abeddel yella d asental agejdan. Ayen i nettwali d amezdag yezmer ad ibeddel.

Tamacahut-a yezmer ad tettwafhem d tamuɣli ɣer ubeddel n umaḍal, akked tikti n Heraclite d kra n yifelsafiyen iqburen.

Maca Ovid ur d-yessnulfa ara taɣult tafelsafit tatrart s umata.

=== 13.2. Tayri d tazmert ===
Ovid yessefk-d aṭas n tmucuha i d-yettawin ɣef tayri gar yimdanen ur yesɛan ara yiwet n tezmert.

Tella tayri n umdan ɣer wayeḍ, tella tin n uṛebbi ɣer umdan, tella diɣen tayri i yebnan ɣef tissas d unekmar.

Deg waṭas n timucuha, irebbiten zemren ad xedmen ayen i ur nezmir ara ad xedmen yimdanen, d aya i d-yesskanen amek i tella tezmert-nsen.

Deg tmuɣli tatrart, kra n tmucuha-a zemrent ad ttwafhament d azɣan i tazmert, ladɣa i kra n wassaɣen anda ur yelli ara uqbal gar sin n yimdanen.

=== 13.3. Tasekla d tilelli ===
Tudert n Ovid tesɛa asental-nniḍen: assaɣ gar tsekla d tsertit. Mi yella d amedyaz, Ovid yesɛa tilelli n tira s wudem i d-yettbanen deg yisefra-s.

Maca mi t-yessuffeɣ [[Uɣustus]], yufa iman-is deg unejli, s ubrid i yessawḍen ɣer unqes n tilelli.

Tagnit-a tezmer ad tettwafhem d amedya n umezruy n usqerdec n umaru deg tmetti anda i yella leḥkem deg ufus n yiwen n umdan.

== 14. Tazrirt n Ovid ɣef tsekla d tẓuriwin ==
[[Tugna:Mercury Entering Herse's Room After Changing Agraulos to Stone, from Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book II MET DP841155.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tugna i usegzi n yiwet n tedyant seg udlis &quot;Tuttya&quot; n Ovid.]]


Ovid yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla n Umaḍal n Utrim.

=== 14.1. Deg tallit talemmast ===
Deg tallit talemmast n Turuft, Tuttya(Metamorphoses) yettwaseqdec s waṭas deg yigrud n uselmed, ladɣa i wid i yessnen talaṭinit.

Imayura d yimesfrayen n tallit-a seqdcen timucuha-s akken ad d-ssnulfun tiqsiḍin-nsen. Kra n yimaru yesɛan tazrirt n Ovid d ''Dante Alighieri'', ''Geoffrey Chaucer'' akked ''Jean de Meun''.

=== 14.2. Deg tallit n Taleslalit Tamaynut ===
Deg Taleslalit, imyura d yinaẓuren uɣalen ɣer tsekla tagrigit d tarumanit. Ovid yella gar yimyuran iɣef bnan timucuha n tẓuri.

Iḍrisen-is ttwaseqdcen i usnulfu n tugniwin, tifaskiwin n tẓuri, amezgun d udlis.

Deg tallit-a, timucuha n ''Daphne, Narcisse, Pygmalion d Orpheus'' uɣalent d isental yettwaseqdcen s waṭas.

=== 14.3. Deg tsekla n Shakespeare ===
[[William Shakespeare]] yesseqdec kra n timucuha n Ovid deg yimezgunen-is.

Tamacahut n Pyramus d Thisbe, i d-yettwabedren deg Metamorphoses, tesɛa tazrirt ɣef Romeo and Juliet.

Deg A ''Midsummer Night's Dream'', Shakespeare yesseqdec tamacahut-a s wudem n tmezgunt i d-ttawin yimdanen deg wayen i ttxeddmen.

=== 14.4. Deg tẓuri tasugnant ===
Timucuha n Ovid ttwaseqdcen deg tẓuri n yiẓra, tasreɣta, tiwlafin d tmezgunin.

''Gian Lorenzo Bernini'' yesnulfa-d aẓru ameqqran n Apollo d Daphne.

Caravaggio yessuneɣ tugna n Narcisse.

Aṭas n yinazuren n Turuft seqdcen Metamorphoses am aɣbalu n timucuha i zemren ad ttwasnulfunt s tugniwin.

== 15. Ovid d tɣerma tarumanit ==
Ovid yesɛa azal ameqqran deg unadi ɣef usatal n tmetti n Ruma.

Ayen i d-yura yezmer ad aɣ-yefk kra n tɣawsiwin ɣef tikli n yimdanen, tameṭṭut deg tmetti, tawacult, tayri d uselmed.

Maca ur ilaq ara ad nesseqdec isefra-s am wakken d aɣbalu amezruyan amagnu. Ovid yella d amedyaz, yezmer ad yesseqdec tasugna d thuski iwakken ad yessewzel neɣ ad yesnerni kra n tɣawsiwin.

Deg ''Ars Amatoria'', amedya, yessefhem amek i zemren yimdanen ad mmeslayen deg tmeɣriwin, imezgunen d yimukan n tmetti. Maca ur d-yettales ara s wudem ussnan ɣef tmetti tarumanit meṛṛa.

''Fasti'' diɣen yessefk-d kra n yisallen ɣef tfaskiwin, tasreḍt d umezruy n Ruma, maca yettawi-ten s tarrayt n usefru.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ArXiv</title>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="9383" sha1="t2qsrznlpjbgk9m8h7jtwrewulxzubq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox grapheme|item=Q118398|name=arXiv|imatge=[[File:ArXiv-org screenshot 20140706.png|thumb|Tuṭṭfa n ugdil n ArXiv-org 20140706]]|imatge2=[[File:ArXiv logo 2022.svg|thumb|alugu n arXiv]]}}

'''arXiv''' neɣ '''arXiv.org''' d yiwen seg yismal n tussna imeqqranen deg umaḍal. D akufi umḍin anda imeskaren, imusnawen d yimnadiyen zemren ad serssen tizrawin-nsen tussnanin, ad tent-ǧǧen ad tent-ɣren medden s wudem ilelli(baṭel).

Iswi agejdan n arXiv d asnerni n ubeddel n tmusni tussnant, s usifses n unekcum ɣer tezrawin d yigemmaḍ n unadi ussnan. Deg unagraw aqbur n usuffeɣ ussnan, imnadiyen ilaq-asen ad ǧǧen tizrawin-nsen deg tesɣunin tussnanin, syin ad rǧun kra n wayyuren, tikwal ugar, uqbel ad d-ffɣent.

arXiv ibeddel tarrayt-a: imnadi yezmer ad yessufeɣ tazrawt-is uqbel ma tettwaqbel deg tesɣunt tussnant. S wakka, imusnawen n umaḍal zemren ad ɣren igemmaḍ imaynuten war ma rǧan asuffeɣ unṣib.

== 2. Amezruy n arXiv ==

=== 2.1. Talalit-is deg 1991 ===
arXiv yettwasnulfa-d deg useggas 1991 sɣur amesfiziki amarikan Paul Ginsparg.

Deg tazwara, isem-is yella '''hep-th''', imi yettwasnulfa-d i usuffeɣ n tezrawin n tfizikt taẓrayant n tiẓwar s wudem afellay (high-energy theoretical physics).

Deg tallit-nni, imusnawen ttmeslayen gar-asen s tezrawin i ttazen s yimaylen neɣ s yisemliyen yettwaẓergen.

Paul Ginsparg yebɣa ad yesseɣti ugur-a s usnulfu n unagraw anda yal amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt-is, yal yiwen ad tt-id-yawi.

=== 2.2. Amhaz n usmel ===
Seg 1991 armi d ass-a, arXiv yedda seg yiwet n taɣult n tfizikt ɣer waṭas n taɣulin tussnanin.

Deg 2001, arXiv yuɣal ɣer usmel arXiv.org.

Deg 2011, Cornell University teṭṭef-d tawuri tagejdant deg usefrek-is.

Deg yiseggasen i d-iḍefren, arXiv yernu tiɣulin timaynutin, yessnerna allalen n unadi, yerna yessifses aṭas anekcum ɣer tezrawin tussnanin.

Ass-a, arXiv d yiwen seg yidigan igejdanen i seqdacen yimnadiyen, ladɣa deg tfizikt, tusnakt d tesnenselkimt.

== 3. Amek iteddu arXiv? ==
'''arXiv''' ur yettili ara am tesɣunt tussnant tamensayt. Yella umgired agejdan gar-asen.

=== 3.1. Tazrawt uqbel asuffeɣ unṣib ===
Deg tesɣunin tussnanin, tazrawt tettɛeddi ɣef ukayad sɣur yimnadiyen-nniḍen uqbel ad tettwasuffeɣ.

Akayad-a qqaren-as s teglizit peer review, s tefransist évaluation par les pairs.

Deg arXiv, amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt-is uqbel akayad-a.

Tazrawt am tin qqaren-as preprint, d awal i d-yemmalen tazrawt i d-yeffɣen uqbel asuffeɣ-is unṣib deg tesɣunt.

=== 3.2. Asenqed n tezrawin ===
Ma yella arXiv ur yesseqdac ara akayad am win n tesɣunin tussnanin, aya ur d-yemmal ara belli yal tazrawt tettwaqbal war asenqed.

Yella deg-s unagraw n usenqed d usismel (moderation).

Imsenqaden ttwalin ma:

- Tazrawt teqqen ɣer yiwet n taɣult tussnant.

- Agbur-is yewulem i usmel.

- Tazrawt tettwasers deg taggayt iwulmen.

- Tella deg-s kra n tɣawsa i ixulfen ilugan n usmel.

Maca asenqed-a ur d-yemmal ara belli igemmaḍ n tezrawt ttwasentmen s wudem ussnan. D tamawt tagejdant i yal win ara yeɣren tizrawin deg arXiv.

=== 3.3. Tizrawin s waṭas n ileqman ===
Amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt, syin ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin neɣ ad yernu igemmaḍ imaynuten.

arXiv yeḥrez ileqman yemgaraden n tezrawt.

Ihi, yiwet n tezrawt tezmer ad tesɛu:

- v1: lqem amezwaru.

- v2: lqem wis sin, deffir n useɣti.

- v3: lqem wis kraḍ, s yigemmaḍ imaynuten.

== Tiɣula tussnanin yellan deg arXiv ==
arXiv yesɛa aṭas n tɣula tussnanin. Gar-asent:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Taɣult
!Isem s teglizit
!Tangalt
|-
|Tusnakt
|Mathematics
|math
|-
|Tafizikt
|Physics
|physics
|-
|Tasnenselkimt
|Computer Science
|cs
|-
|Tastrunumit
|Astronomy/Astrophysics
|astro-ph
|-
|Tidaddanin
|Statistics
|stat
|-
|Tafizikt n teẓwert tafellayt
|High Energy Physics
|hep
|-
|Tadamsa/Tussna n tenzzut
|Economics
|econ
|-
|Tussna tatiknikit
|Electrical Engineering and  Systems Science
|eess
|-
|tasnudert
|Quantitative Biology
|q-bio
|-
|Tussna n yidrimen s tnecta
|Quantitative Finance
|q-fin
|}
Aya yesɛa azal meqqren deg unadi, acku yezmer yiwen ad iẓer amek temhaz tezrawt seg lqem ɣer wayeḍ.

Yal taɣult tettwabḍa ɣer taggayin timeẓyanin.

=== 4.1. Tigzi taragmawant ===
Deg taɣult n tesnenselkimt, ad naf taggayin am:

=== cs.AI — Artificial Intelligence ===
Tigzi taragmawant s umata: tarrayin n usnulfu n yinagrawen izemren ad xedmen kra n twuriwin i yeḥwaǧen tigzi.

=== cs.LG — Machine Learning ===
Almad n tmacint: tarrayin i yesɛan iswi ad slemden inagrawen umḍinen seg yisefka.

=== cs.CL — Computation and Language ===
Tasnenselkimt n tutlayt: tasleḍt n tutlayin s tmacinin, tasuqilt tawurmant, asenqed n uḍris d yinagrawen n tutlayt.

Taggayt-a tesɛa azal meqqren i win yebɣan ad yissin amek ttwasnulfan tudmawin(imudilen) imeqqranen n tutlayt (LLMs).

=== cs.CV — Computer Vision ===
Tamuɣli tasenselkimant: aselmed n tmacinin akken ad ɛeqlent ɣef tugniwin d yiferdisen yellan deg-sent.

=== 4.2. Tusnakt ===
Deg tusnakt, ad naf taggayin am:

- '''math.AG''': tasnakt n talɣiwin tijebrayin.

- '''math.NT''': tiẓri n yimḍanen.

'''- math.PR''': tiẓri n tlisa n wurman.

- '''math.LO''': talɣa n usfukel asnaktan.

- '''math.DS''': inagrawen idinamikanen.

Taggayin-a zemrent ad sɛunt azal meqqren i yimnadiyen n tesnakt, ladɣa wid ixeddmen ɣef teẓriwin timaynutin.

== 5. Azal n arXiv deg unadi ɣef tigzi taragmawant ==
Deg yiseggasen ineggura, arXiv yuɣal d yiwen seg yidigan igejdanen n usuffeɣ n tezrawin ɣef tigzi taragmawant.

Aṭas n yimnadiyen n taɣult-a srusun igemmaḍ-nsen deg arXiv uqbel ad ten-suffɣen deg tesɣunin neɣ deg yimagaren tussnanen.

=== 5.1. Timudmin timeqqranin n tutlayt ===
Imnadiyen xeddmen ɣef:

- Tazmert n tmudmin n tutlayt.

- Aselmed n tmudmin s yisefka imeqqranen.

- Asifses n useqdec n tnezmart d teẓwert n uselkim.

- Aḥraz n tɣellist n yinagrawen n tigzi taragmawant.

- Asnerni n tzemmar n usfukel d usiḍen.

Deg arXiv, yezmer umnadi ad yaf tizrawin ɣef '''Transformers''', '''diffusion models''', '''reinforcement learning''' d waṭas n tarrayin-nniḍen.

=== 5.2. Amek arXiv yettɛawan tutlayin timeẓyanin? ===
arXiv yezmer ad yesɛu azal meqqren i tutlayin am teqbaylit.

Amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt ɣef:

Aselmed n tmudemt n tutlayt taqbaylit

Tazrawt tezmer ad d-tessegzi:

* - Amek yettwagmer ummud n yisefka.
* - Amek yettwaseɣti ummud-nni.
* - Anta tarrayt n uselmed i yettwasqedcen.
* - Amek tettwakayad tmudemt.
* - D acu n yigemmaḍ i d-yewwi.

'''Aɛqal awurman n tira taqbaylit (OCR)'''

Amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt ɣef umudil izemren ad iɛqel ɣef yisekkilen n teqbaylit deg tugniwin.

Deg tezrawt-a, yezmer ad yessegzi amek tamudemt yettɛemmil akked yisekkilen am:

ɛ, ɣ, ḥ, ṛ, ṣ, ṭ, ẓ, č, ǧ.

Aya yezmer ad yili d asurif ameqqran i usnerni n teqbaylit deg umaḍal umḍin.

== 6. Amek ara nadi ɣef tezrawin deg arXiv? ==
Aseqdec n arXiv ur yeḥwaǧ ara tasiregt neɣ amiḍan i tɣuri n tezrawin.

=== 6.1. Anekcum ɣer usmel ===
Anekcum ɣer usmel agejdan:

arXiv.org — Aseɣzef n tezrawin tussnanin

Deg usmel, ad tafeḍ allal n unadi.

Tzemreḍ ad tnadiḍ s:

'''- Azwel n tezrawt.'''

'''- Isem n umnadi.'''

'''- Awalen igejdanen.'''

'''- Taɣult tussnant.'''

'''- Tangalt n tezrawt.'''

=== 6.2. Amedya n unadi ===
Ma tebɣiḍ ad tafeḍ tizrawin ɣef tmudmawin n tutlayt, tzemreḍ ad tnadiḍ:

large language models

Neɣ:

low resource language models

Neɣ:

Amazigh natural language processing

Ma tebɣiḍ tizrawin ɣef teqbaylit, tzemreḍ ad tnadiḍ:

Kabyle language

Neɣ:

Berber language processing

=== 6.3. Aɣuri n tezrawt ===
Yal tazrawt deg arXiv tesɛa asebtar-ines.

Deg-s, ad tafeḍ:

Title: azwel n tezrawt.

Authors: imnadiyen i tt-yuran.

Abstract: agzul n tezrawt.

Subjects: tiɣulin tussnanin i ɣer teqqen.

PDF: isemli n tezrawt s umasal n PDF.

Submission history: amezruy n yileqman-is.

Tzemreḍ ad teɣreḍ agzul, syin ad tessidreḍ isemli PDF ma tebɣiḍ ad tkemmleḍ taɣuri.

== 7. Amek ara tessuffɣeḍ tazrawt-ik deg arXiv? ==
Asuffeɣ n tezrawt deg arXiv yeḥwaǧ kra n yisurifen. '''Asurif amezwaru''': Asnulfu n umiḍan, Ilaq ad tesɛuḍ amiḍan deg arXiv.

'''Asurif wis sin''': Asewjed n tezrawt, Tazrawt ilaq ad tesɛu talɣa tussnant iwulmen. S umata, ilaq ad tili deg-s:

1. Azwel.

2. Isem n umnadi neɣ imnadiyen.

3. Agzul.

4. Tazwart.

5. Tarrayt n unadi.

6. Igemmaḍ.

7. Tasleḍt n yigemmaḍ.

8. Taggrayt.

9. Iɣbula tussnanen.

Talɣa-a tezmer ad temgired ilmend n taɣult d wanaw n tezrawt.

'''Asurif wis kraḍ''': Afran n taɣult

Ilaq ad tferneḍ taggayt iwulmen i tezrawt-ik.

Amedya: ma txedmeḍ tazrawt ɣef OCR n teqbaylit, taggayt cs.CL tezmer ad tili d yiwet seg taggayin iwulmen, ilmend n uḍris n tezrawt.

'''Asurif wis ukkuẓ''': Asers n tezrawt

Ad tesserseḍ ifuyla n tezrawt-ik. arXiv yesseqdac aṭas LaTeX, ladɣa deg tusnakt d tfizikt. Yettqebbil daɣen kra n yimassalen-nniḍen, ilmend n yilugan-is. '''Asurif wis semmus''': Asenqed n Tezrawt tettɛeddi ɣef usenqed n usmel.

Kra n yimnadiyen imaynuten zemren ad ḥwaǧen &quot;''endorsement&quot;'', d aseddu neɣ asezmel sɣur umseqdac yettwaqeblen deg taɣult-nni.

Ma tettwaqbel, tazrawt ad d-tban deg usmel. Iwakken ad tissineḍ ilugan unṣiben, wali ''arXiv Submission Help''.</text>
      <sha1>t2qsrznlpjbgk9m8h7jtwrewulxzubq</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anthropic</title>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="4499" sha1="i8b4dl1qbqobh9rb1nck29vqizan9tv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name = ANTHROP\C
| type = Tatiknulujit
| founded = 26 Ynnayer 2021
| founder = Dario Amodei, Daniela Amodei, Jared Kaplan, Jack Clark, Chris Olah, Ben Mann, Sam McCandlish, Tom Brown
| headquarters = San Francisco
| country = Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan
| industry = Tigzi Taragmawant
| products = Claude Code
Claude Cowork
Bun
| website = www.anthropic.com
| logo = [[File:Anthropic logo.svg|thumb|Alugu n Anthropic]]
| image = [[File:Slack offices, Howard Street, San Francisco (viewed from the south-west, January 2020).jpg|thumb|Slack offices, Howard Street, San Francisco]]
| wikidata_revenue = yes
| wikidata_operating_income = yes
| wikidata_net_income = yes
}}

'''Anthropic''' d taṛmist tamirikanit i ixeddmen deg unadi d usnefli n tigzi taragmawant (tiɣist tagemdant — AI). Tettwassen s twacult n tmudmin-is n tutlayt timeqqranin (Large Language Models — LLM), i d-tessuffeɣ s yisem n '''Claude'''.

Anthropic tesɛa yiwen n yiswi agejdan: asnefli n tigzi taragmawant i izemren ad tili d tin iǧehden, d tin ara yilin d tanafeɛt i yimdanen, war ma tettawi-d uguren imeqqranen i tɣellist-nsen.

Taṛmist-a tettwasbedd deg 2021, deg tallit ideg tigzi taragmawant tebda tettnerni s tɣawla tameqqrant.

== 2. Amezruy n usbeddi n Anthropic ==

=== 2.1. Tallit send 2021 ===
Amezruy n Anthropic yeqqen srid ɣer umhaz n OpenAI.

'''Dario Amodei''' d '''Daniela Amodei''' llan gar wid ixeddmen deg OpenAI, maca deg 2020–2021 bdan ttemxalafen ɣef kra n tarrayin n usnefli n tigzi taragmawant, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tɣellist, tadbelt d wamek ara tettwaseqdac tmacint-a.

Deg 2021, d nitni akked kra n yimezzayen nniḍen i d-isbedden Anthropic.

=== 2.2. Imseddayen-is ===
'''Dario Amodei'''

D amsedday agejdan (CEO) n Anthropic. Yella d anemhal n unadi deg OpenAI, yerna yesɛa tamusni deg tusna n iṛunen d ulmad n tmacint.

'''Daniela Amodei'''

D yiwet seg tid i d-isbedden taṛmist, d tamseddayt-is (taselwayt). Tettiki deg usuddes n umahil, tadbelt d tɣellist n tṛmist.

Gar yimsbeddayen nniḍen llan Jack Clark, Jared Kaplan, Tom Brown, Sam McCandlish, Christopher Olah akked wid nniḍen.

=== 2.3. Tiferkiwin tigejdanin deg umezruy-is ===
1. 2021 — '''Asbeddi n Anthropic'''. Taṛmist tebda anadi ɣef tɣellist n tmudmin timeqqranin.

2. 2022 — '''Anadi ɣef''' '''Tmendawt n AI(Constitutional AI)'''. Tarrayt tamaynut i uselmed n tmudmin s yilugan d wazalen yettwarun.

3. 2023 — '''Asuffeɣ n Claude'''. Anthropic tessuffeɣ-d tamudemt-is i useqdec n yimdanen, yerna tesbedd &quot;''Responsible Scaling Policy&quot;''.

4. 2024 — '''Claude 3 d Claude 3.5'''. Asnerni ameqqran deg tigzi n yiḍrisen, tugniwin d tira n tengalt.

5. 2025 — '''Claude 3.7 d Claude 4'''. Asnerni deg useɣẓen, tira n yiseɣzanen d umahil s yimeggayen iragmanen (AI agents).

6. 2026 — '''Claude 5 d twaculin timaynutin'''. Anthropic tessuffeɣ-d Opus 5.5, Sonnet 5.5 d Haiku 5.5, akked Mythos d Fable 5.1.

== 3. Claude: aferdis agejdan n Anthropic ==
[[Tugna:Claude AI website screenshot.webp|bordure|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tuṭṭfa n wegdil n usmel web Calude.]]


Claude d tamudemt n tigzi taragmawant i izemren ad yegzu tutlayt n yimdanen, ad d-yerr ɣef yisteqsiyen, ad yaru tangalt, ad yesleḍ isefka, ad yessegzi timiḍranin yuɛran, yerna ad yexdem kra n yimahilen s wallalen nniḍen.

=== 3.1. Amek i iteddu Claude? ===
Claude yettwabna ɣef tetiknulujit n &quot;'''Uselkat&quot;(Transformer)''', i d-ibanen deg 2017. Deg ulmad-is, tamudemt tettawi-d tamusni seg yiḍrisen imeqqranen, seg tengalt d yisefka nniḍen. Ittɛedday ɣef uselmed amezwaru, syin ɣef uselmed n usneɣti n tikli-is.

[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-24 14-48-35.png|825x825px]]

Aselmed-a ur d-yemmal ara belli tamudemt tesɛa tigzi neɣ tafekka n umdan. D anagraw n usiḍen(uḥsab) i yesseqdacen imḍanen d yilugan i yettwalemden.

=== 3.2. Tawacult n tudmawin Claude ===
Anthropic tesɛa kraḍ n yismawen igejdanen deg twacult n Claude:

'''Claude Opus'''

D tawacult n tmudmawin i yimahilen iweɛren: aseɣẓen lqayen, tira n tengalt taḥerfit, tasleḍt d yimahilen ɣezzifen.

'''Claude Sonnet'''

D tawacult i yesdukklen tazmert tameqqrant, tɣawla d wazal n useqdec. Tewulem i umahil n yal ass d usnefli n yiseɣzanen.

'''Claude Haiku'''

D tawacult i d-yettunefken i tririyin tiruradin, tasuqilt, agzul d yimahilen i yettɛawaden aṭas.

Deg 2026, Anthropic tesnerna daɣen tawacult n '''Mythos''' d '''Fable''' i yimahilen n unadi d tengalt iweɛren.</text>
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