Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.24 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 2206 117784 117776 2026-10-27T11:08:18Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117784 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da. Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]] == 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit == Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tallit !Amhaz agenjdan |- |Taglest |Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ. |- |Tasut tis 3 uqbel tallit-nneɣ |Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg "Iferdisen". |- |Tallit talemmast |Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d tsenallunt. |- |Tasut tis 17 |Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin. |- |Tasut tis 19 |Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n tiknit d tallunin. |- |1872 d mbeɛd |Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan. |- |Tasut tis 20–21 |Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka. |} "'''Iferdisen'''" n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan. == 2. Isbaduten, igejdan d usfukel == Asbadu yessegza tamiḍrant s wawalen yettwasnen. Agejdi d tafyirt i neqqbel deg yiwen unagraw war asfukel deg unagraw-nni. Asekkud(tiẓri) d ayen ara d-nsuffeɣ seg yigejdan d yisekkuden yettwasfuklen yakan. Deg umedya n Aklid, yezmer ad yettwabnu yiɣil n teɣda gar snat n tneqqiḍin, ad yettwasɣezef yiɣil, ad tettwabnu twinest s wammas d waqqar yettwabedren. Yella daɣen agejdi ɣef tɣmar timaɣudin d wayen yeqqnen ɣer umṣadaɣ. === Amedya n useɣẓen === Deg uɣawas n Aklid, i teneqqiṭ '''P''' i ur nelli ara ɣef taɣda '''d''', tella yiwet kan n teɣda iɛeddan seg '''P''' ur nettmagar ara '''d'''. Talɣa-a n yigejdi n umṣadaɣ tettwassen s yisem n '''Playfair'''; d talɣa tagdazalt i yigejdi wis semmus n Aklid deg lsas n tanzeggit tamagnut. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-18 09-56-11.png|centré]] <small>Tugna 2. Tiɣmert d wassaɣ n umṣadaɣ. Tigniwin ttɛawanent deg tɣuri n yisekkuden; isfukal ilaq ad d-begnen ayɣer iiṣeḥḥa wassaɣ.</small> Deg tugna, tineqqiḍin ttbanent sɛant tehri, izirigen sɛan tuzert, imeccaqen zemren ur ttwaḥerzen ara s tiseddi. Deg tusnakt, taneqqiṭ ur tesɛi ara tehri. Ihi ma tugna teskan-d belli sin n yimeccaqen d igdazalen, ayen-a ur d-yettawi ara asfukel. == 3. Taneqqiṭ, taɣda d tallunt == Taneqqiṭ d amḍiq war tehri; taɣda tettwasɣezef deg sin yinumak war tilisa; iɣil n teɣda yesɛa sin n yixfawen; tazinaɣda tesɛa yiwen n yixef, tettwasɣezef deg yiwen unamek. Aɣawas d tajumma ilweɣ i deg yezmer ad yili wudlif s sin n yimsidag. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-19 12-18-47.png|centré|611x611px]] <small>Tugna 3. Tisektiwin 0, 1, 2 d 3. Aɣawas n tugna d amur ifuken kan; aɣawas n tusnakt ur yesɛi ara tilisa.</small> Tasekta n tallunt tettawi amḍan n yimsidag ilelliyen i ilaqen iwakken ad nesbadu amḍiq. Deg taɣda, yiwen x ikfa; deg uɣawas, nesra (x,y); deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, nesra (x,y,z). Tasekta ur tɛelliq ara ɣef wamek ara d-nsuneɣ talɣa: amaḍal s tajumma kan yesɛa snat n tsektiwin, ɣas ma yettwaseknen deg tallunt s kraḍ. ℝⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, …, xₙ) : xᵢ d imḍanen ilawen} Tallunin s n > 3 ttwasqedcent deg tusnakt d yisefka. Ma yal amedya n yisefka yesɛa 10 n yimuttiyen ilelliyen, yezmer ad yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg ℝ¹⁰. Ayen-a ur d-yemmal ara belli nezmer ad t-nwali s wallen; imsidag d yilugan fkan-d allalen n tazrawt. === Tajumma d wanrar === Tajumma d talɣa n snat n tsektiwin; anrar d asket-is. S yiwet n tɣawsa, takurt tesɛa daxel-is d ubleɣ, ma amaḍal d tajumma n rrif-is. Asbadu n wayen nzerrew yesɛa azal uqbel yal asiḍen. == 4. Ikerdisen d usekkud n Pythagore == Akerdis yesɛa kraḍ n yidis, kraḍ n tqacucin d kraḍ n tiɣmar. Deg uɣawas n Aklid, timernit n tɣmar-is d 180°. Akerdis agdudisan yesɛa kraḍ n yidis igdazalen; akerdis akendis yesɛa ma drus sin n yidis igdazalen; akerdis amaɣud yesɛa yiwet n tiɣmert n 90°. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-20 11-55-53.png|centré|667x667px]] <small>Tugna 4. Tama taẓelmaḍt: anrar n umkuẓ ɣef yidis 5 d 25 = 9 + 16. Tama tayeffust: kuẓ n yikerdisen s yidis a d b, d umkuẓ alemmas s yidis c.</small> '''a² + b² = c², ma c d alubdis n ukerdis amaɣud''' Asfukel n tugna tayeffust: anrar n umkuẓ ameqqran d (a+b)². Kuẓ n yikerdisen sɛan anrar 4 × ab/2 = 2ab. Ayen i d-yeqqimen d c²; ihi c² = (a+b)² − 2ab = a²+b². Ayen-a d aseɣẓen s wanrar, mačči d asket n teɣzi ɣef tugna. Asekkud-a yesɛa daɣen talɣa tamsuɣalt: ma a²+b²=c² deg ukerdis, tiɣmert i d-yezzin i c d 90°. Deg tanzeggit taknudemt neɣ ɣef umaḍal, tanfalit-a ur tettwasemres ara akka war abeddel. == 5. Tales(Thales) d tarwast == Sin n yikerdisen imarwasen sɛan tiɣmar igdazalen d yidis akniwen s yiwen wassaɣ. Ma tasɣent tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer akk imeccaqen s yiwen umuskir k > 0, tḥerrez tiɣmar d talɣa. D tarwast. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-21 10-35-44.png|centré|676x676px]] <small>Tugna 5. DE d BC msadaɣen, ihi ikerdisen ADE d ABC d imarwasen. Deg tugna tayeffust, amuskir n teɣzi d 2; win n</small> <small>wanrar d 4.</small> '''AD/AB = AE/AC = DE/BC''' Deg umedya, A d yiwet n tqacuct n sin yikerdisen; D yella ɣef [AB], E ɣef [AC], yerna DE ∥ BC. Ihi assaɣ n ''Thales'' yessegza ayɣer akk ibḍan-a d igdazalen. Ma nessen kra n teɣziwin, nezmer ad nsiḍen teɣziwin ur nessin ara s useqdec n wassaɣen-a. '''Teɣzi: × k; anrar: × k²; ableɣ: × k³''' Ma nsemɣer asrem s umuskir 3, tehri d teɣzi-nni ad nernunt kraḍ n tikal; anrar ad yili 9 n tikal. Ma nsemɣer agasas s 3, ableɣ ad yili 27 n tikal. Ihi amḍan n tsektiwin yesɛa azal deg wamek i yettbeddil usket. Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen; d amedya uslig n tarwast s k = 1. Ur ilaq ara ad nsemmi snat n talɣiwin d igdazalen s wesket ma ttemcabint kan deg talɣa. == 6. Igeddisen, tiwinas d yiḍebsiyen == Ageddis d talɣa n uɣawas iḥerzen yiwen rrif yettwabnan s yiɣallen. I ugeddis afraray, war amager n yidis gar-asen, timernit n tiɣmar n daxel d (n−2) × 180°, anda '''n''' d amḍan n yidis. Abḍu n ugeddis affensu s yiwet n tqacuct yessegza tanfalit-a: ad d-naf n−2 n yikerdisen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-22 10-56-58.png|centré|595x595px]] <small>Tugna 6. Tawinest d rrif; aḍebsi yesɛa daxel. Ageddis s semmus n yidisan yettwabḍa ɣef kraḍ n yikerdisen.</small> Tawinest s wammas '''O''' d waqqar '''r''' tesdukkel tineqqiḍin '''P''' i yesɛan '''d(O,P)=r'''. Aḍebsi yeɣleq yesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan d(O,P) ≤ r. Akdu d 2r. Taslayt i twinest deg P tebdd ɣef waqqar OP. '''Azzikit n twinest: P = 2πr; anrar n uḍebsi: A = πr²''' Ma '''r''' yettwaskat s yimitren, '''P''' ad yili s yimitren, '''A''' s yimitren imkuẓen. Pi d amḍan agraɣlan π ≈ 3.14159. Ur ilaq ara ad nsexleḍ amḍan n yisekkilen n tamawaẓt d wazal amatu n π. == 7. Asektiɣmer d radyan == Asektiɣmer (trigonométrie) izerrew assaɣ gar tɣmar d teɣziwin. Deg ukerdis amaɣud, '''sin''' '''θ''' d assaɣ n yidis i d-yezzin i θ ɣer ulubdis; '''cos θ''' d assaɣ n yidis n tama-s ɣer ulubdis; '''tan θ''' '''= sin θ / cos θ mi cos θ ≠ 0.''' [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-23 12-24-09.png|centré|612x612px]] <small>Tugna 7. Tawinest s waqqar 1 tefk amur ilaw cos θ d amur yebdden sin θ. Udlifen n sin d cos sseknen abeddel-nsen d</small> <small>wallus-nsen.</small> '''sin² θ + cos² θ = 1; 180° = π rad''' Radyan d asket n tɣmert s wassaɣ '''θ = s/r''', anda '''s''' d teɣzi n uḥric n twinest. Ma '''θ = 1''' rad, '''s''' '''= r'''. Tuzzya tummidt d 2π rad, neɣ 360°. Aseqdec n radyan yeshel tigawt n usiḍen aneẓlay d tarrayt n yizellumen. '''c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos γ''' Asaḍuf n cosine yessegza assaɣ gar kraḍ n yidis n ukerdis d tɣmert γ i d-yezzin i c. Ma '''γ =''' '''90°''', '''cos γ = 0''', ad d-naf asekkud n Pythagore. Assaɣen-a ttɛawanen deg usket n tiddi n wayen ur nezmir ara ad naweḍ srid d usiḍen n yiberdan. == 8. Teɣzi, anrar d ubleɣ == Teɣzi tettwaskat s tiget n teɣzi, anrar s tiget n teɣzi ɣer sin, ableɣ s tiget n teɣzi ɣer kraḍ. Azzikit d teɣzi n rrif. Tajumma tella d talɣa; anrar d azal n wesket-is. Deg tallunt, ilaq ad nessemgired anrar n rrif d ubleɣ n daxel. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-24 11-26-46.png|centré|716x716px]] <small>Tugna 8. Tiddi h tebdd ɣef uzadur b. Awlellu d takurt sɛan isketen n ubleɣ; amaḍal d rrif n takurt.</small> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Talɣa !Asket |- |Asrem s yidis a d b |A = ab; P = 2(a+b) |- |Akerdis s uzadur b d tiddi h |A = bh/2 |- |Agasas s yidis a |V = a³; anrar n rrif = 6a² |- |Awlellu s waqqar r d tiddi h |V = πr²h |- |Akaswar s waqqar r d tiddi h |V = πr²h/3 |- |Takurt / amaḍal s waqqar r |V = 4πr³/3; anrar n umaḍal = 4πr² |} I talɣiwin ur nesɛi ara tanfalit tafessast, nezmer ad nebḍu talɣa ɣef yiḥricen, ad nessemres aɣred neɣ asiḍen n temawaẓt. Ma yella kra n uḥric i neḥseb snat n tikal, ilaq ad t-nekkes yiwet n tikkelt iwakken ur t-nettḥasab ara snat n tikal. == 9. Asali s tesɣunt d ukumpas == Deg tanzeggit tamensayt, tesɣunt war yizamulen n wesket tettawi-d taɣda iɛeddan seg snat n tneqqiḍin. Akumpas yettawi-d tawinest s wammas d waqqar. Asali d asartu n tigawin s yilugan, mačči d asefru n talɣa s tseddi n tugna kan. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-25 11-13-00.png|centré|645x645px]] <small>Tugna 9. Sin n yisugnen n twinest sɛan yiwen waqqar, i yugar AB/2. Amager-nsen d P d Q. Taɣda PQ tebdd ɣef AB</small> <small>deg tlemmast M</small> I usali n tabeddayt i yiɣil [AB] deg tlemmast-is, nbennu tawinest s wammas A d tayeḍ s wammas B, s yiwen waqqar i yugar AB/2. Ad mlilent deg P d Q. Acku PA=PB d QA=QB, P d Q bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg A d B; taɣda-nsen d tabeddayt n tlemmast n [AB]. Nezmer ad nebnu akerdis agdudisan, talemmast n yiɣil neɣ abḍu n tiɣmert ɣef sin. Maca mačči yal asali yezmer ad yettwaxdem s sin n wallalen-a: amedya, abḍu n yal tiɣmert ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen igdazalen ur yezmir ara s wudem amatu. Abḍu n kra n tiɣmar usligen yezmer. Tanzeggit tagellamt tessemres tigriyin iwakken ad d-tessekna talɣiwin n kraḍ n tsektiwin deg uɣawas. D lsas i tesneḍrit n lebni d kra n terrayin n usunneɣ aṭekniki. == 10. Imsidag d yimawayen == Tanzeggit tusliṭ teqqen talɣa ɣer tegda. S yimsidag n Descartes, taneqqiṭ '''A''' tettwasbadu s '''(x,y)'''; taɣda s '''ax+by+c=0''', anda '''a''' d '''b''' ur llin ara i sin d '''0'''. Tarrayt-a tettawi talɣiwin ɣer yisiḍen(leḥsab) n uljibṛ. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-26 11-34-29.png|centré|608x608px]] <small>Tugna 10. Imeccaqen Δx = 4 d Δy = 3 fkan d = 5. Amaway u+v yettwabna s unadi n v seg yixef n u; amḍiq n tazwara</small> <small>n umaway ur ibeddel ara talɣa-s.</small> '''d(A,B) = √[(x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²]''' Talemmast n [AB] tesɛa imsidag ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2). Deg umedya A(1,1), B(5,4), talemmast d (3,2.5). Tanfalit n umeccaq tekka-d seg Pythagore; tanfalit n tlemmast tekka-d seg wassaɣ n yimawayen. '''u · v = u₁v₁ + u₂v₂ = ‖u‖ ‖v‖ cos θ''' Amaway yesɛa teɣzi d tanila. Afaris afesnan n sin yimawayen yezmer ad yessegza tiɣmert gar-asent. Ma u·v = 0 d sin yimawayen ur nelli ara d 0, imawayen-a bedden gar-asen. Tanzeggit tamawayt teshel anerni n yisiḍen-a ar tallunin s waṭas n tsektiwin. == 11. Ibeddilen d tujjuṛt == Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen. Tasikelt, tuzzya d tujjuṛt s ugellus d imedyaten deg uɣawas n Aklid. Abeddel yezmer ad yerr talɣa deg umḍiq nniḍen, maca teɣzi, tiɣmar d wanrar ad qqimen d yiwen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-27 11-43-08.png|centré|661x661px]] <small>Tugna 11. Talɣa tazegzawt d tin n tazwara. Tasikelt d tuzzya ḥerzent aniri; tujjuṛt s ugellus tbeddel aniri.</small> '''Tasikelt: x′ = x + a; y′ = y + b''' '''Tuzzya: x′ = x cos θ − y sin θ; y′ = x sin θ + y cos θ''' Tujjuṛt s ugellus y tettawi (x,y) ɣer (−x,y). Tasikelt s umaway v tettawi P ɣer P+v. Taludegt s wammas O d umuskir k tettawi OP ɣer kOP; tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer imeccaqen s |k|. Ma |k| ≠ 1, mačči d tagdukta. Timhelt n uḍfar n yibeddilen tesɛa azal: tuzzya deffir tasikelt ur tefk ara dima ayen i d-tefk tasikelt deffir tuzzya. Ibeddilen i yeṭṭafen talɣa meṛṛa ur tettbeddil ara sdukklen agraw n tujjuṛt-is. D allal i tazrawt n yizeṭṭa, lebni d talɣiwin n ugama. ==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit == * [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit tummit]] * [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]] * [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]] * [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] * [[Aljiber imzireg]] == Amezruy n tenzeggit == [[Taggayt:Tusnakt]] phbt1ip5om90xni4toqtzwof66ha69y 0 5273 117783 117777 2026-10-27T10:39:08Z Mastiman Anumidi 17235 Aḍris amaynut 117783 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox city}} '''Washington, D.C''' d tamanaɣt n [[Iwunak Yedduklen|Yiwunak Yedduklen]]. Isem-ines ameqqran d '''Washington, District of Columbia'''. Deg Washington yella [[Axxam Amellal]], izdeɣ deg-s aselway n Yiwunak Yedduklen. Tamdint i qqaren-as Washington ansi aselway amezwaru n Yiwunal Yedduklen, [[George Washington]]. Ɣas akken New York d tamdint tameqqrant n tdamsa d tnezzut, Washington tettwassen ladɣa s wazal-is asertan, aserdasan d udiplumasi. Deg-s i ttwaɣtasen waṭas n tsertiyin i yeɛnan Marikan, yerna kra n tɣawsiwin i d-yettawin abeddel deg umaḍal. Tamdint-a d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettwasbedden s uɣawas usrid, i wakken ad tili d ul n udabu n tagduda tamaynut i d-yennulfan seld ṭṭrad n timunent n Marikan. Maca Washington ur telli ara d tamdint n tsertit kan. D tamdint yesɛan amezruy n yigduden inaṣliyen, n umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n umdan, n tẓuri d tusna. == 1. Tarakalt d ugama == [[Tugna:WashMonument WhiteHouse.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Wasgington D.C]] <br> Washington tezga deg usamar n Marikan, gar Maryland d Virginia, ɣef yiri n wasif Potomac. Amkan-a yettwafren acku yezga gar temnaḍin n ugafa d tid n unẓul n Marikan, deg tallit ideg llan imennuɣen ɣef wanda ara tili temdint tagejdant n uwanek afidirali. Deg trakalt n Washington llan sin yisaffen igejdanen: Potomac d Anacostia. Isaffen-a sɛan azal deg tudert n yigduden inaṣliyen, deg tnezzut, deg usiweḍ d usnerni n temdint. Tamdint tesɛa agaman n temnaḍt yettwasemman s unezwu n amennuḍan anaddaw ubzig(climat subtropical humide). Anebdu yezmer ad yili d aḥemmu s waṭas n tizegzewt d waḍu, ma deg tegrest, llan wussan isemmaḍen, tikwal ula d adfel. Tamdint tettwassen daɣen s yisekla-is, igran izegzawen d tefsut ideg d-ttfeǧǧiǧent tjeǧǧigin n "''cherry blossoms''". == 3. Igduden inasliyen uqbel tallit n Yirupiyen == Uqbel ad d-awḍen Yirupiyen, temnaḍt n Washington tella d akal n yigduden inaṣliyen n Marikan. Gar yigduden-a llan '''Nacotchtank''', i yezdɣen deg temnaḍin n wasif Anacostia, akked yigduden nniḍen yeqqnen ɣer tutlayin n twacult '''Algonquian'''. Igduden-a ttidiren s tfellaḥt, aṣeyyed n yiselman, ugmar d tnezzut. Isaffen sɛan azal ameqqran deg tudert-nsen, acku d iberdan n usiweḍ, d iɣbula n waman d tmurt n uselḥu n tnezzut. Asiweḍ n Yirupiyen deg lqern wis 17 yewwi-d ibeddilen imeqqranen: lehlakat timaynutin, imennuɣen, aɣelluy n yimezdaɣ inaṣliyen d ubeddel n udabu ɣef wakal. Amezruy n Washington ur yebdi ara deg 1790. Yella yakan ugdud d yidlis deg temnaḍt-a s waṭas n yiseggasen uqbel asbeddi n temdint tafederalit. == 4. Asnulfu n Washington (1790–1800) == [[Tugna:L'Enfant plan.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Aɣawas n Washington D.C sɣur "l'Enfant".]] Seld timunent n Marikan deg 1776, awanek amaynut yella yeḥwaǧ tamdint tagejdant ara yezdin meṛṛa iwunak. Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimasayen n ugafa d unẓul mgaraden ɣef umkan ara yettwafren. Deg 16 Yulyu 1790, ''Congress'' yefka-d azaraf i usbeddi n temnaḍt tafederalit tafrart, d tin ara yesɛun tawuri n temdint tagejdant n Marikan. Asefran-a yella d tifrat tasertant gar yimasayen n ugafa d wid n unẓul, i yemgaraden deg tsertit tadamsant d uklan. Amezwaru n Marikan, '''George Washington''', yefren amkan n temdint tamaynut ɣef yiri n Potomac. Deg 1791, yefka tawuri n usɣawas n temdint i umsenfar afransis '''''Pierre Charles L'Enfant'''''. === Aɣawas n L'Enfant === L'Enfant yebɣa ad yesnulfu tamdint i yettbanen d azamul n tagduda. Yessumer-d iberdan iwesɛanen, izenqan yettemlilin, urtiyen izegzawen d yimukan imeqqranen i yixxamen n udabu. Aɣawas-is yessemlal gar: * Izenqan yetteddun s talɣa tusridt. * Ibardayen iwesɛanen i yettemlilin s talɣa tanamurt. * Imukan imeqqranen n tsertit d udabu. * Idigan n ugdud d wurtiyen n tẓuri. Deg 1792, Andrew Ellicott yessegzem yerna yesseɣti kra n yiḥricen n uɣawas-a. Washington tebda ad tettwabna s uɣawas ara tt-yerren d tamdint yemgaraden ɣef temdinin n tnezzut i yellan yakan deg Marikan. == 5. Washington deg lqern wis 19 == [[Tugna:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. - c. 1902.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Washington D.C deg lqern 19.]] Deg 1800, adabu afederal amarikani yeǧǧa Philadelphia, yerra Washington d amḍiq agejdan n tsertit n Marikan. Deg tazwara, tamdint tella d tameẓẓyant. Ixxamen n udabu mazal-iten deg lebni, izenqan ur ttwasbeddlen ara meṛṛa, yerna aṭas n yimḍiqen llan d igran d ugama. Deg 1814, deg ṭṭrad gar Marikan d Teglizit, iserdasen n Teglizit kecmen ɣer Washington, sserɣen kra n yixxamen n udabu, gar-asen Capitol d White House. Seld aneḍru-a, tamdint tettwabna tikkelt nniḍen. === Washington d taluft n waklan === D yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i ilaq ad d-nemmeslay deg umezruy n Washington. Deg lqern wis 19, taluft iccuden ɣer waklan tella d aḥric seg tmetti n temdint. Llan yiklan yettwasemɣaren i ixeddmen deg yixxamen, deg yigran d waṭas n umahil n lebni. Deg 16 Yebrir 1862, yettwaseḥbes unagraw n taklit deg District of Columbia, s uzref i yezmel umenzu Abraham Lincoln, uqbel alɣu n usufeɣ n waklan seg taklit i d-yessufeɣ deg 1 Yennayer 1863. Tamdint teqqim d amḍiq ameqqran n umennuɣ ɣef tilelli d yizerfan n yimezdaɣ iberkanen. == 6. Ṭṭrad agensan n Marikan (1861–1865) == [[Tugna:US Civil War railway gun and crew.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Yiwen seg wallalen n ṭṭṛad agensan amarikani n 1865.]] Deg 1861, mi yebda ṭṭrad agensan n Marikan, Washington tuɣal d amḍiq aserdasi ameqqran. Tamdint tezga qrib ɣer temnaḍin n ṭṭrad. Iserdasen n ugafa bnan tɣessa taserdasit i umesten n temdint, Iserdasen n Ugafa bnan igudar, sbedden tiɣessiwin n usiweḍ n yiferdisen iserdasen, yerna sɣawsen imukan n uḥraz n temdint. Washington tesɛa daɣen tawuri tameqqrant deg uselḥu n yimeḥbas, yimejjayen d yimejruḥen n ṭṭrad. Deg 14 Yebrir 1865, Abraham Lincoln yettwanɣa deg Ford's Theatre. Yemmut ass i d-yeḍfaren, deg 15 Yebrir. Tamettant-is tesseḥzen aṭas n yimdanen deg Marikan, yerna Washington tuɣal d amkan n tkatut(n usmekti) tameqqrant n tallit-a. == 7. Washington deg lqern wis 20 == [[Tugna:1961 Washington DC, color slide showing an aerial view of Lincoln Memorial and Reflecting Pool.jpg|centré|vignette|665x665px|Washington D.C deg 1961.]] Deg lqern wis 20, Washington tettnerni s waṭas. Tamdint tettbeddil seg yiwen n umḍiq n udabu ɣer tamdint tameqqrant n yimezdaɣ, uselmed, tẓuri d tdiplumasit. Deg 1902, aɣawas McMillan yewwi-d ibeddilen imeqqranen deg usɣawas n temdint. Yebɣa ad d-yerr azal n uɣawas amezwaru n L'Enfant, ladɣa s lebni n urtiyen izegzawen d tmeẓra tameqqrant gar Capitol d yimukan n tmekti. Deg sin ṭṭradat imaḍlanen, tawuri n udabu afederal tettnerni s waṭas. Aṭas n yimezdaɣ i d-yusan ɣer Washington i wakken ad xedmen deg tesdawiyin, tadbelt, tiɣessiwin tiserdasin d tɣawsiwin n uselḥu. {| border="1" style="float:right; margin: 1em;border-collapse:collapse;" |+ '''Imezdaɣ n Washington D.C''' | valign="top" | {| ! style="background:#efefef;" | Aseggas ! style="background:#efefef;" | Imezdaɣ |----- | 1800 || align="right" | 8 144 |----- | 1810 || align="right" | 15 471 |----- | 1820 || align="right" | 23 336 |----- | 1830 || align="right" | 30 261 |----- | 1840 || align="right" | 33 745 |----- | 1850 || align="right" | 51 687 |----- | 1860 || align="right" | 75 080 |----- | 1870 || align="right" | 131 700 |----- | 1880 || align="right" | 177 624 |----- | 1890 || align="right" | 230 392 |----- | 1900 || align="right" | 278 718 |} | valign="top" | {| ! style="background:#efefef;" | Aseggas ! style="background:#efefef;" | Imezdaɣ |----- | 1910 || align="right" | 331 069 |----- | 1920 || align="right" | 437 571 |----- | 1930 || align="right" | 486 869 |----- | 1940 || align="right" | 663 091 |----- | 1950 || align="right" | 802 178 |----- | 1960 || align="right" | 763 956 |----- | 1970 || align="right" | 756 510 |----- | 1980 || align="right" | 638 333 |----- | 1990 || align="right" | 606 900 |----- | 2000 || align="right" | 572 059 |----- | 2005 || align="right" | 582 049 |----- |2010 || align="right" | 601 723 |----- |} |----- |} </br> [[Category:Timdinin]][[Category:Tarakalt]][[Category:Iwunak Yeddukklen]] 0vekx6qvbsvkvyqg19w17rb8i6uta8l 0 25505 117781 117773 2026-10-26T18:53:18Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117781 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q1405|image=[[File:Statue of the Emperor Octavian Augustus as Jupiter (6).png|thumb|Asebdad n umenkad Uɣustus amzun d Jupiter (6)]]|caption=Amenkad Uɣustus.|date of birth=23 Ctembeṛ deg useggas 63 Send Tallalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit|date of death=19 Ɣuct deg useggas n 14 Seld Tallalit n Ɛisa.}} '''Uɣustus''' (s tlaṭinit: Augustus, neɣ s yisem-is n tidet ''Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus'' ), i yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n Uktavyus (Octavius), d amezwaru n yimenkaden n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ilul-d ass n 23 Ctembeṛ n useggas 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, yemmut ass n 19 n Ɣuct n useggas 14 seld talalit n Ɛisa. D netta i d-yesbedden '''[[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tamnekda Taṛumanit]]''' sdeffir n uɣelluy n '''[[Tagduda Taṛumanit|Tegduda]]'''. Yewweḍ ɣer udabu deg yiwet n tallit n tezɣent d ṭṭrad aɣarim, maca yessaweḍ ad d-yerr talwit, ad yesseggem awanek, dɣa yeldi-d yiwet n tsut iwumi qqaren "Talwit Taṛumanit" (''Pax Romana''). D netta diɣen i yessbedden anagraw amaynut n udabu deg Ruma, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''Principatu''s, seld mi tfukk tagduda tarumanit (Res publica Romana). Uɣustus ur d-yewwi ara adabu s yiwet n tikkelt. Iɛedda seg waṭas n ṭṭraden, tedyanin tisertanin, d usenqes n tzemmar n yixṣṣimen-is, almi yuɣal d bab n udabu ameqqran deg Ruma. Ɣas akken yella d amenkad s tidet, ur yebɣi ara ad d-yesken iman-is am ugellid. Yeskanay-d adabu-is s wudem n uḥraz n tagduda taqburt, maca deg tilawt, akk tzemmar tigejdanin n udabu uɣalent ɣer ufus-is. Tallit n Uɣustus teldi yiwet n tewwurt n tallit tazrayt s wudem amaynut deg umaḍal arumani, i d-yeglan s tɣellist, asnerni n tdamsa, abeddel n usuddes aserdasi, akked usnerni n tsekla d tẓuriwin. == 1. Ruma send Uɣustus == === 1.1. Tagduda Tarumanit === Send ad d-yas Uɣustus, Ruma tella d tagduda i yettwasuddsen s yiwet n tɣessa tasertant i deg llan: - '''Asenat''' (Senatus): agraw n ymḍebbren d yimɣaren n twaculin timeqqranin. - '''Imqerraben n udabu''' (magistratus): am yikunsulen, iprituren d wiyaḍ. - '''Igrawen igdudanen''' (comitia): anda kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ sɛan azref n ufran n yimḍebbren d uqbal n yilugan. '''- Ikunsulen''': sin n ymḍebbren i yettwafernen yal aseggas i uselḥu n udabu. Maca anagraw-a ibeddel s waṭas deg yiseggasen ineggura n Tegduda Tarumanit. Ruma tella tesɛa akal ameqqran seg Iberya armi d Asya tameẓẓyant, seg Yilel agrakal armi d tmura n ugafa n Tefriqt. Akal-a ameqqran yessuter asuddes amaynut n udabu. S wakka, timsal n udabu, n tedrimt d tseddarin uɣalent d isental n tmesbaniyin gar yimeqqranen. === 1.2. Timsizzelt ɣef udabu d ṭṭraden igensanen === Deg tasut tamezwarut send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma teɛreḍ aṭas n ṭṭraden igensan. Gar yimdanen i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant deg tallit-a ad naf: - '''Marius''', d aɣella aserdasi. - '''Sulla''', win i yeṭṭfen adabu s tezmert n yigen. - '''Pumpyus Ameqqran''', amasay aserdasi d win yesɛan tazmert deg Asya. - '''[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]]''', win i yernan ṭṭrad agensan ɣef Pumpyus. - '''Mark Antonyus''', win i yuɣalen d axṣim ameqqran n Uɣustus. Deg useggas 49 send talalit n Ɛisa, Yulyus Qaysar yeɛda iɣzer n Rubicon s igen-is(taserdast-is), ayen i d-yewwin ṭṭrad agensan. Mi timerniwt tella ɣer tama n Qaysar, yuɣal yesɛa adabu ameqqran, maca aṭas n yisenaturren ugin anagraw-is, acku ttwalin dakken yezmer ad yuɣal d agellid. == 2. Talalit d temẓi n Uɣustus == === 2.1. Talalit-is === [[Tugna:Augustus Bevilacqua Glyptothek Munich 317.jpg|361x361px]] '''Uɣustus''' ilul ass n 23 Meɣres 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, deg Ruma. Twacult n baba-s tesɛa iẓuran-is deg Velitrae, tamdint i yettwasnen ass-a s yisem n Velletri. Isem-is amezwaru yella d '''Gaius Octavius'''. Baba-s, Gaius Octavius, yella d amqerreb arumani i yesɛan azref ad yeṭṭef kra n yimukan deg udabu. Yella d ''praetor'', syin yuɣal d anedbal n Makedunya. Yemma-s, Atia, tella d yelli-s n Julia, ultma-s n [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]]. S wakka, Uɣustus yella d ammi n yelli-s n ultma-s n Qaysar, d aya i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked twacult n Qaysar. Ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yuɣal d amenkad ur yelli ara d talalit-is kan, maca d tamusni-s tasertant, d usdukkel n yimeddukal, d tzemmar-is deg useqdec n yiserdasen. === 2.2. Aselmed-is === Uɣustus yesɛa aselmed n yimdanen imeqqranen n Ruma. Yelmed taɣuri d tira s tlaṭinit, tagrigit, tutlayt n tussna d tfelsafit deg tallit-nni, amezruy n Ruma d tsertit-is, tasekla d tẓuri n umeslay, akked yilugan d usuddes n udabu. Yella yettḥadar aṭas taɣara-s d wudem-is gar yimdanen. Ɣas akken ur yelli ara d amdan yesɛan tafekka taǧehdit am kra n yimqerranen iserdasen, yesɛa tamusni deg useqdec n yimdanen, deg usdukkel n tzemmar d usbeddi n tɣawsiwin ɣef leḥsab n yiseggasen. === 2.3. Assaɣ-is akked Yulyus Qaysar === [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yebda yettḥadar Uktavyus am win yezmer ad yili d amḍiq-is deg tsertit. Deg useggas 45 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus iruḥ ɣer Apollonia, deg Illiriya, i wakken ad ikemmel aselmed-is aserdasi. Dinna i yella mi as-d-tewweḍ lexbar n tmettant n Qaysar. == 3. Tmettant n Yulyus Qaysar d tazwara n uḍfar n udabu == [[Tugna:Vincenzo Camuccini, The Death of Julius Caesar (detail).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Vincenzo Camuccini, Timenɣiwt n Yulyus Qaysar.]] === 3.1. Timenɣiwt n Qaysar === Ass n 15 Meɣres n useggas 44 send talalit n Ɛisa, [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yettwanɣa deg Ruma s ufus n ugraw n yisenaturren. Gar wid i yesɛan amur deg tmenɣiwt-is llan '''Brutus''' d '''Cassius'''. Wid i t-yenɣan bɣan ad d-rren tagduda ɣer tɣessa-s taqburt, acku ttagaden ad yuɣal Qaysar d agellid. Maca timenɣiwt-is ur d-yewwi ara talwit. S tidet, yeldi abrid i ṭṭraden igensanen imaynuten. === 3.2. Uktavyus d amarraw n Qaysar === Mi yemmut Qaysar, yufa Uktavyus dakken Qaysar yefren-it deg lewṣaya-s d amarraw-is(s usmemmi) s uzref. D ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yesɛu isem n ''Gaius Julius Caesar'', ɣas akken deg tira n yimazrayen yettwasemma s waṭas Octavianus i wakken ad yettwafrez ɣef Yulyus Qaysar. S wakka, Uktavyus yebda yesɛa assaɣ s yisem ameqqran n Qaysar, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yawi aṭas n wid i t-yettɛawanen. Maca yella yiwen umdan zdat-s i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant: '''Mark''' '''Untounyus'''. === 3.3. Timsizzelt gar Uktavyus d Untunyus === Mark Untunyus yella d ameddukel n Qaysar, yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg tredsa. Yebɣa ad yeṭṭef adabu seld tmettant n Qaysar. Uktavyus, ɣas akken mazal d ilemẓi, yebda yesdukkel imdanen d tredsa i wakken ad yili yesɛa amkan deg tsertit. Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus yeṭṭef amkan n ukunsul deg Ruma. Syin, yesdukkel tazmert-is akked Mark Untunyus d Lepidus. == 4. Agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen — Triumvirat wis sin == Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus, Untunyus d Lepidus sbedden agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen, i yettwasnen s yisem n Triumvirat wis sin. Anagraw-a yella yesɛa azref asertan, mačči am ugdazel amezwaru n Qaysar, Pumpyus d Crassus. Kraḍ-a bḍan tazmert n udabu gar-asen. Maca agraw-a ur yelli ara d anagraw n tlelli. Yella d adabu n tzemmert, deg-s ttwaseḍfaren imxalafen isertanen. === 4.1. Aḍfar n tmuɣlin Qaysar === Kraḍ n yimqerraben-a sbedden umuɣen n yimdanen i ilaq ad ttwakksen seg udabu, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''proscriptions''. Aṭas n yisenaturren d yimdanen yesɛan idrimen ttwaneɣen, ttwasfeḍen seg tudert tasertant neɣ ttwanejlan. Gar wid yettwanɣan yella '''Sisiṛun''', afiluzuf, amenna arumani ameqqran. D yiwet seg talliyin i deg yella unṭag asertan s waṭas deg Ruma. === 4.2. Ṭṭrad n Filippi === Deg useggas 42 send talalit n Ɛisa, taredsa n Uktavyus d Untunyus mmagrent akked tid n Brutus d Cassius deg Filippi, deg Masidunya. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d tmerna i Uktavyus d Untunyus. Brutus d Cassius mmuten seld aɣelluy n tredsa-nsen. S wakka, aṭas n wid i yebɣan ad d-rren tagduda taqburt ur sɛin ara tazmert i wakken ad kemmlen ṭṭrad. == 5. Timsizzelt gar Uktavyus d Mark Untunyus == [[Tugna:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|centré|vignette|Mark Untunyus.]] === 5.1. Abḍu n tmura n Ruma === Seld Filippi, Uktavyus d Untunyus bḍan amkan n tzemmert-nsen. Uktavyus yebda yettḥadar aṭas akal n umalu n Ruma, ma Utunyus yettḥadar Asya d tmura n usammar. ''Lepidus'', s wakud, yebda yettḥaz amkan-is, almi yettekkes-as Uktavyus tazmert-is tasertant deg useggas 36 send talalit n Ɛisa. S wakka, Uktavyus d Untunyus uɣalen d sin n yimdanen imeqqranen i yesɛan adabu deg umaḍal arumani. === 5.2. Untunyus d Kliyupatra === Untunyus yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked [[Kliyubatra VII|Kliyupatra tis VII]], tagellidt n Maṣer. Kliyupatra tella d tagellidt yesɛan tamusni tasertant d tazmert tadiplumasit. Untunyus yebda yesɛa aṭas n wassaɣen akked Maṣer, ayen i yessersan Uktavyus deg umkan i wakken ad t-yerr d axṣim n Ruma. Uktavyus yesseqdec assaɣ-a i wakken ad yessers Untunyus am win i yettbeddilen timsal n Ruma s tid n Maṣer. D yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant deg usdukkel n uɣref arumani ɣer tama n Uktavyus. === 5.3. Ṭṭrad n Aktium === Ass n 2 Ctember n useggas 31 send talalit n Ɛisa, taredsa n yilel n Uktavyus mmagrent akked tid n Untunyus d Kliyupatra deg Aktium, ɣer tama n Yunan. Aqeṛṛu n tredsa n yilel n Uktavyus yella d Agrippa, ameddukel-is ameqqran. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d timerniwt i Uktavyus. Untunyus d Kliyupatra uɣalen ɣer Maṣer. Deg useggas 30 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus yeṭṭef Aleksandriya. Untunyus d Kliyupatra mmuten s ufus-nsen. Maṣer tuɣal d tamurt i yettwaselḥayen s yisem n Ruma, maca s tɣessa n udabu i d-yettakken amkan ameqqran i Uɣustus. Lɣelba n Aktium d yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant deg umezruy n Ruma, acku seg wass-nni Uktavyus ur yesɛi ara axṣim ameqqran deg udabu arumani. == 6. Asebded n Tamenkda Tarumanit == === 6.1. Seg Uktavyus ɣer Uɣustus === Deg useggas 27 send talalit n Ɛisa, ''Asenat'' yefka i Uktavyus isem n Uɣustus(Augustus), anamek-is yezmer ad yettwasegzi am « win yesɛan azal ameqqran d lḥerma ». Seg tallit-a, Uktavyus yuɣal yettwasnen s yisem n Uɣustus. Maca Uɣustus ur yebɣi ara ad yettwasemmi rex (agellid), acku irumanen n tallit-nni mazal ttagaden awal-a. Yefren ad yesɛu isem n '''Princeps''', anamek-is « amezwaru », neɣ « amezwaru gar yimdanen ». Seg waya i d-yekka yisem n Principatus. === 6.2. Amek i yessuddes adabu? === Uɣustus yeǧǧa kra n tɣessiwin tiqburin n tagduda. Asenat mazal yella, ikunsulen mazal ttwafranen, imḍebren mazal xeddmen. Maca tazmert tagejdant n udabu tella deg ufus n Uɣustus. Yesɛa adabu aserdasi ɣef yiswiren imeqqranen, azref n uselḥu n waṭas n tmura, tazmert tasertant i yellan s ufella n waṭas n yimḍebren tazmert n usuter d useḥbes n kra n yisumar isertanen, akked wazal ameqqran gar yisenaturren d uɣref. Deg useggas 23 send talalit n Ɛisa, yesɛa tazmert n ''tribunicia potestas'', i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa kra n yizerfan n umḍeber agdudan. S wakka, anagraw n tagduda yella mazal deg wudem, maca deg tilawt adabu yuɣal d adabu n yiwen n umdan. === 6.3. Ayɣer ur yessebded ara tagelda s wudem usrid? === Uɣust yefhem dakken Yulyus Qaysar yettwanɣa acku aṭas n yisenaturren ttagaden ad yuɣal d agellid. Ihi, ur yebɣi ara ad yerr iman-is deg umkan-nni. Yesseqdec tutlayt n tagduda d yizamulen-is i wakken ad yesken dakken ur yebɣi ara ad yekkes tilelli n Ruma. Maca yessers anagraw anda yiwen n umdan yezmer ad yeṭṭef adabu i yiseggasen ɣezzifen. == 7. Asuddes n yigen(taredsa) == [[Tugna:Roman Army & Chariot Experience, Hippodrome, Jerash, Jordan (5072088459).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tugna i usegzi n wamek tella tredsa tarumanit.]] === 7.1. Tiseddarin timaynutin deg tredsa === Uɣust yessuddes taredsa tarumanin s wudem amaynut. Send-is, iserdasen ttilint aṭas n tikkal ddaw n ufus n yimḍebren n Senats i tent-yesɛan d imeddukal. Uɣust yebɣa ad yerr iserdasen ddaw n udabu agejdan. Yessebded anagraw n yiserdasen i ixeddmen s lɛaqd ɣezzifen, d wid i yettwaxellaṣen s tedrimt n Tamenkda. Deg tallit-is, amḍan n yinagrawen n yiserdasen yella qrib 28, syin yuɣal 25 seld tawaɣit n Teutoburg deg useggas 9 seld talalit n Ɛisa. === 7.2. Aḥraz n tlisa === Uɣust yeǧǧa iserdasen deg tmura n tilisa. Iserdasen-a ttwaseqdacent i uḥraz n tlisa seg iɣerfan ibarbaren, aḥraz n yiberdan n tenzzut(ttjara), aḥraz n tɣellist deg tmura i yettwaṭṭfen, akked uḍfar n yimxalafen i d-yettbanen deg kra n tmura. Yessebded daɣen ''Praetorian Guard'', d agraw aserdasi i yettḥarazen amenkad. Maca agraw-a, deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, yuɣal yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg tsertit n Ruma. == 8. Ṭṭraden d usnerni n tilisa n Tamenkda == [[Tugna:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tilisa n tmenkda tarumant yewwḍen ɣer teɣzi-s tamuqqrant akk.]] === 8.1. Ṭṭraden deg Iberya === Uɣust yessers tazmert n Ruma deg ugafa n Iberya. Gar yisental imeqqranen n ṭṭraden-a yella uḥraz n tmura n Cantabri d Astures. Ṭṭraden-a, gar 29 d 19 send talalit n Ɛisa, fkan-d timerniwt i Ruma, ɣas akken llan d ṭṭraden iɛewqen. === 8.2. Asnerni deg Alpan d Balkan === Deg tallit n Uɣust, Ruma tesnerna adabu-is deg kra n tmura n Alpan d Balkan. Akal n Raetia d Noricum yuɣal ddaw n tzemmert n Ruma. Deg Balkan, iserdasen irumaniyen mmagren akked kra n yiɣerfan i yebɣan ad ḥerzen tilelli-nsen. === 8.3. Tawaɣit n Teutoburg === Deg useggas 9 seld talalit n Ɛisa, kraḍ n yigrawen n, tredsa tarumanin ttwarnant deg Teutoburg, deg Jermanya. Arminius, aqeṛṛu n yiɣerfan ijermanen, yesdukkel kra n yiɣerfan i wakken ad mgalen Ruma. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d timerniwt tameqqrant i Yijermanen. Kraḍ n yigrawen, XVII, XVIII d XIX, ttwaseɣlin. Uɣust yeḥzen aṭas ɣef tawaɣit-a. Ayen i d-yellan deg Teutoburg yessers tilisa i usnerni n Ruma ɣer usammar n Rhine, ɣas akken ṭṭradat d yiserdasen irumaninyen kemmlen deg yiɣzer-a deg talliyin i d-iteddun. == 9. Tadbelt d tdamsa deg tallit n Uɣustus == === 9.1. Asuddes n tmura === Uɣustus yebḍa kra n tmura n Tamenkda gar sin n wanawen igejdanen. '''Timura n Asenat''': ttwaseḍfarent s yisem n Asenat, s yimḍbren i yettwafernen ilmend n yilugan n tmenkda. '''Timura n Uɣustus''': ttwaseḍfarent s yisem n umenkad, ladɣa tid i deg llan iserdasen imeqqranen. Abḍu-agi yeǧǧa Uɣustus ad yesɛu adabu ameqqran ɣef iserdasen. === 9.2. Aseggem n tebzar === Uɣust yesseǧǧa anagraw n tebzar ad yili yesɛa asuddes iwulmen ugar. Yesseqdec imḍbren d ixeddamen i usismel n yidrimen i d-yettawin seg tmura. Maṣer tella d yiwet n tmura i d-yettawin aṭas n yirden ɣer Ruma. Yessebded daɣen ''aerarium militare'' deg useggas 6 seld talalit n Ɛisa, d axxam n tedrimt i uxellaṣ n kra n yizerfan n yiserdasen. === 9.3. Asnerni n yiberdan === Deg tallit n Uɣustus, Ruma tesnerna iberdan i yesdukkulen timura n Tamenkda. Iberdan-a ttwaseqdacen i usmutti n yiserdasen, ttjara gar temdinin, asiweḍ n lexbar d yiznan, akked usmutti n yirden d yisufar. Uɣustus yessebded anagraw n usiweḍ n yiznan n udabu, i yettwasnen s yisem n '''cursus publicus'''. == 10. Ruma deg tallit n Uɣustus == [[Tugna:Remains of the Temple of Rome and Augustus (Athens) on 16 April 2018.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Ayen i d-yeqqimen seg ufakan n Uɣustus deg Ruma.]] === 10.1. Aseggem n temdint === Uɣustus yebɣa ad yerr Ruma d tamdint tameqqrant i d-yettbanen s tẓuri, lebni d usuddes. Yessebded neɣ yesseggem aṭas n yiberdan, tiɣerɣert n waman, iɣerbazen n udabu d yiberdan igdudanen. Gar yiberdan n lebni imeqqranen: - Afuṛum n Uɣustus (Forum Augustum). - Axxam n Mars Ultor, deg Ufuṛum n Uɣustus. - Ara Pacis Augustae, amkan n usefru n talwit n Uɣustus. - Amezgun n Marcellus, i yekfa deg tallit-is. - Mausoleum n Uɣustus, anda ttwamḍalen yimdanen n twacult-is. === 10.2. Ara Pacis — Afraya n talwit === [[Tugna:Ara Pacis (SW).jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Ara Pacis/Afraya n talwit.]] Ara Pacis d amkan n ufraya i d-yettwasbedden deg Ruma deg useggas 9 send talalit n Ɛisa, i usmekti n talwit n Uɣustus. Yella d amkan n yiɣallen n usɣan arumani, anda ttwaxeddmen kra n tmezliwin n yiɣersiwin, aladɣa izgaren i yimeẓla n Ruma. Asebdad-a yesɛa unuɣen n yimdanen n twacult n Uɣustus, n yisenaturren d yizamulen n tɣellist. D yiwen seg yizamulen imeqqranen n tsertit n Uɣustus, acku yebɣa ad yesken dakken adabu-is d adabu n talwit. === 10.3. Ruma d tẓuri === Deg tallit n Uɣustus, taẓuri tarumanit tesnerna aṭas. Yella useqdec ameqqran n umruḍ d wuzru n lebni, yisebdaden n yimḍbren, izamulen n tɣellist d tzemmert, yizliyen d yifrayen n tẓuri, akked tira d yiznan ɣef yisebdaden. Uɣustus yettwasekna deg waṭas n yisebdaden am umdan iǧehden, ɣas akken deg tilawt yella yesɛa kra n uguren n tfekka. == 11. Tasekla d tfelsafit deg tallit n Uɣustus == Tallit n Uɣustus tettwaḥsab d yiwet n talliyin timeqqranin n tsekla tarumanit. Aṭas n yimedyazen d yimyura imeqqranen llan deg tallit-is. === 11.1. Virgil === [[Virgil]] (Publius Vergilius Maro) yella d amedyaz arumani ameqqran. Yura ''Aeneis'', d adlis i d-yettmeslayen ɣef '''''Aeneas''''', amdan n Tṛuwa i d-yuɣalen d yiwen seg yizamulen n umezruy n Ruma. Adlis-a yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked tsertit n Uɣustus, acku yesdukkel amezruy n Ruma akked uẓar n twacult n Yulyus Qaysar. === 11.2. Huratyus === '''Horace''' (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) yella d amedyaz i d-yuran aṭas n yisefra ɣef tudert, tafelsafit, talwit d tsertit. Yura daɣen ''Carmen Saeculare'' i tfaska n useggas 17 send talalit n Ɛisa. === 11.3. Ovid === [[Ovid]] (Publius Ovidius Naso) yella d amedyaz arumani i d-yuran Metamorphoses (Tuttyiwin), d adlis i d-yettmeslayen ɣef waṭas n tmucuha n yigelliden d yilluten n Yigrigiyen d Yirumanen. Deg useggas 8 seld talalit n Ɛisa, Uɣustus yefka-d lḥekm n unejli i Ovid ɣer Tomis, deg tama n Yilel Aberkan. Sebba n unejli-is ur tettwassen ara s tidet, ɣas akken Ovid yessawel ɣef « asefru d tuccḍa » (carmen et error). == 12. Asɣan d tsertit n Uɣustus == === 12.1. Aḥraz n yilluten iqburen === Uɣustus yebɣa ad d-yerr azal i usɣan arumani aqbur. Yesseggem aṭas n yixxamen n yilluten, yesnerna tifaskiwin tisɣanin, yerna yesɛa amkan ameqqran deg usɣan n Ruma. Deg useggas 12 send talalit n Ɛisa, yuɣal d '''Pontifex Maximus''', d amqerreb ameqqran n usɣan arumani. === 12.2. Asɣan n umenkad === Deg tmura n usammar n Tamenkda, aṭas n yimdanen bdan tɛebden Uɣustus neɣ ttqadaren-t s wudem n yilluten. Deg Ruma, Uɣustus yella yettḥadar ad ur yettwasemmi d rebbi s wudem usrid. Maca deg kra n tmura, ladɣa deg usammar, uasɣan n umenkad yebda yettnerni. Anagraw-a yuɣal d yiwetn n tɣawsa tagejdant deg tsertit n yimenkaden i d-iteddun. == 13. Tameṭṭut d twacult deg tallit n Uɣustus == === 13.1. Livia Drusilla === '''Livia''' tella d tameṭṭut n Uɣustus seg useggas 38 send talalit n Ɛisa. Tella tesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg twacult n umenkad, yerna tesɛa amkan ameqqran deg tsertit. Livia tella d yemma-s n '''Tiberyus''', win i yuɣalen d amenkad wis sin n Ruma. === 13.2. Julia === Julia tella d yelli-s n Uɣustus. Uɣustus yesseqdec izerfan n zwaǧ d twacult i wakken ad yesdukkel imdanen imeqqranen deg tsertit. Julia tezweǧ akked Agrippa, syin akked Tiberyus. Maca deg useggas 2 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uɣustus yefka-as lḥekm n unejli, seld tmesbaniyin ɣef tudert-is tusligt d yizerfan n twacult. Ayen-a yeskan-d dakken Uɣustus yella yettḥadar aṭas taɣara n twacult-is d yizamulen n tsertit-is. fymt2sx6rfhgfm9gx1fdt9mxb8y07ex 4 25612 117780 117592 2026-10-26T14:01:12Z MediaWiki message delivery 4167 /* Bascule de serveur : votre wiki sera bientôt en lecture seule durant un court instant */ tigezmi tamaynut 117780 wikitext text/x-wiki == Wikidata Sitelink changes in Recent Changes and Watchlist == ''(Apologies for cross-posting in English, translating it will help spread the message)'' Earlier last month, all Wikis were contacted for feedback on our proposal to remove language link changes, this change has already been deployed to Wikisource, Wikibooks, Wikivoyage, Wikiquote, Wikiversity and Wiktionary. The same change is now being rolled out globally to all Wikipedias on '''October 13, 07:00 UTC'''. 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Please reach out if you have any questions, or if your wiki would like to opt-out, thank you! -- [[User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|Danny Benjafield (WMDE)]] ([[User_talk:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)|talk]]) sent via [[Amseqdac:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Amyannan umsqedac:MediaWiki message delivery|asqerdec]]) 9 Tuber 2026 à 09:28 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Danny Benjafield (WMDE)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Danny_Benjafield_(WMDE)/MassMessage_Test_List&oldid=31142775 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr">Bascule de serveur : votre wiki sera bientôt en lecture seule durant un court instant</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr"> <section begin="server-switch"/><div class="plainlinks"> [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Tech/Server switch|Lire ce message dans une autre langue]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-Tech%2FServer+switch&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}] La [[foundation:|Fondation Wikimédia]] va basculer le trafic entre ses centres de données. 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'''Merci de partager ces informations avec votre communauté.'''</div><section end="server-switch"/> </div> [[user:Trizek_(WMF)|Trizek_(WMF)]] 26 Tuber 2026 à 14:01 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:Trizek (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=30513874 --> s04bn8j574sw4a1zwiuuv6rghldjq46 0 25624 117778 117769 2026-10-26T13:21:14Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117778 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox grapheme|item=Q118398|name=arXiv|imatge=[[File:ArXiv-org screenshot 20140706.png|thumb|Tuṭṭfa n ugdil n ArXiv-org 20140706]]|imatge2=[[File:ArXiv logo 2022.svg|thumb|alugu n arXiv]]}} '''arXiv''' neɣ '''arXiv.org''' d yiwen seg yismal n tussna imeqqranen deg umaḍal. D akufi umḍin anda imeskaren, imusnawen d yimnadiyen zemren ad serssen tizrawin-nsen tussnanin, ad tent-ǧǧen ad tent-ɣren medden s wudem ilelli(baṭel). Iswi agejdan n arXiv d asnerni n ubeddel n tmusni tussnant, s usifses n unekcum ɣer tezrawin d yigemmaḍ n unadi ussnan. Deg unagraw aqbur n usuffeɣ ussnan, imnadiyen ilaq-asen ad ǧǧen tizrawin-nsen deg tesɣunin tussnanin, syin ad rǧun kra n wayyuren, tikwal ugar, uqbel ad d-ffɣent. arXiv ibeddel tarrayt-a: imnadi yezmer ad yessufeɣ tazrawt-is uqbel ma tettwaqbel deg tesɣunt tussnant. S wakka, imusnawen n umaḍal zemren ad ɣren igemmaḍ imaynuten war ma rǧan asuffeɣ unṣib. == 2. Amezruy n arXiv == === 2.1. Talalit-is deg 1991 === arXiv yettwasnulfa-d deg useggas 1991 sɣur amesfiziki amarikan Paul Ginsparg. Deg tazwara, isem-is yella '''hep-th''', imi yettwasnulfa-d i usuffeɣ n tezrawin n tfizikt taẓrayant n tiẓwar s wudem afellay (high-energy theoretical physics). Deg tallit-nni, imusnawen ttmeslayen gar-asen s tezrawin i ttazen s yimaylen neɣ s yisemliyen yettwaẓergen. Paul Ginsparg yebɣa ad yesseɣti ugur-a s usnulfu n unagraw anda yal amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt-is, yal yiwen ad tt-id-yawi. === 2.2. Amhaz n usmel === Seg 1991 armi d ass-a, arXiv yedda seg yiwet n taɣult n tfizikt ɣer waṭas n taɣulin tussnanin. Deg 2001, arXiv yuɣal ɣer usmel arXiv.org. Deg 2011, Cornell University teṭṭef-d tawuri tagejdant deg usefrek-is. Deg yiseggasen i d-iḍefren, arXiv yernu tiɣulin timaynutin, yessnerna allalen n unadi, yerna yessifses aṭas anekcum ɣer tezrawin tussnanin. Ass-a, arXiv d yiwen seg yidigan igejdanen i seqdacen yimnadiyen, ladɣa deg tfizikt, tusnakt d tesnenselkimt. == 3. Amek iteddu arXiv? == '''arXiv''' ur yettili ara am tesɣunt tussnant tamensayt. Yella umgired agejdan gar-asen. === 3.1. Tazrawt uqbel asuffeɣ unṣib === Deg tesɣunin tussnanin, tazrawt tettɛeddi ɣef ukayad sɣur yimnadiyen-nniḍen uqbel ad tettwasuffeɣ. Akayad-a qqaren-as s teglizit peer review, s tefransist évaluation par les pairs. Deg arXiv, amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt-is uqbel akayad-a. Tazrawt am tin qqaren-as preprint, d awal i d-yemmalen tazrawt i d-yeffɣen uqbel asuffeɣ-is unṣib deg tesɣunt. === 3.2. Asenqed n tezrawin === Ma yella arXiv ur yesseqdac ara akayad am win n tesɣunin tussnanin, aya ur d-yemmal ara belli yal tazrawt tettwaqbal war asenqed. Yella deg-s unagraw n usenqed d usismel (moderation). Imsenqaden ttwalin ma: - Tazrawt teqqen ɣer yiwet n taɣult tussnant. - Agbur-is yewulem i usmel. - Tazrawt tettwasers deg taggayt iwulmen. - Tella deg-s kra n tɣawsa i ixulfen ilugan n usmel. Maca asenqed-a ur d-yemmal ara belli igemmaḍ n tezrawt ttwasentmen s wudem ussnan. D tamawt tagejdant i yal win ara yeɣren tizrawin deg arXiv. === 3.3. Tizrawin s waṭas n ileqman === Amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt, syin ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin neɣ ad yernu igemmaḍ imaynuten. arXiv yeḥrez ileqman yemgaraden n tezrawt. Ihi, yiwet n tezrawt tezmer ad tesɛu: - v1: lqem amezwaru. - v2: lqem wis sin, deffir n useɣti. - v3: lqem wis kraḍ, s yigemmaḍ imaynuten. == Tiɣula tussnanin yellan deg arXiv == arXiv yesɛa aṭas n tɣula tussnanin. Gar-asent: {| class="wikitable" |+ !Taɣult !Isem s teglizit !Tangalt |- |Tusnakt |Mathematics |math |- |Tafizikt |Physics |physics |- |Tasnenselkimt |Computer Science |cs |- |Tastrunumit |Astronomy/Astrophysics |astro-ph |- |Tidaddanin |Statistics |stat |- |Tafizikt n teẓwert tafellayt |High Energy Physics |hep |- |Tadamsa/Tussna n tenzzut |Economics |econ |- |Tussna tatiknikit |Electrical Engineering and Systems Science |eess |- |tasnudert |Quantitative Biology |q-bio |- |Tussna n yidrimen s tnecta |Quantitative Finance |q-fin |} Aya yesɛa azal meqqren deg unadi, acku yezmer yiwen ad iẓer amek temhaz tezrawt seg lqem ɣer wayeḍ. Yal taɣult tettwabḍa ɣer taggayin timeẓyanin. === 4.1. Tigzi taragmawant === Deg taɣult n tesnenselkimt, ad naf taggayin am: === cs.AI — Artificial Intelligence === Tigzi taragmawant s umata: tarrayin n usnulfu n yinagrawen izemren ad xedmen kra n twuriwin i yeḥwaǧen tigzi. === cs.LG — Machine Learning === Almad n tmacint: tarrayin i yesɛan iswi ad slemden inagrawen umḍinen seg yisefka. === cs.CL — Computation and Language === Tasnenselkimt n tutlayt: tasleḍt n tutlayin s tmacinin, tasuqilt tawurmant, asenqed n uḍris d yinagrawen n tutlayt. Taggayt-a tesɛa azal meqqren i win yebɣan ad yissin amek ttwasnulfan tudmawin(imudilen) imeqqranen n tutlayt (LLMs). === cs.CV — Computer Vision === Tamuɣli tasenselkimant: aselmed n tmacinin akken ad ɛeqlent ɣef tugniwin d yiferdisen yellan deg-sent. === 4.2. Tusnakt === Deg tusnakt, ad naf taggayin am: - '''math.AG''': tasnakt n talɣiwin tijebrayin. - '''math.NT''': tiẓri n yimḍanen. '''- math.PR''': tiẓri n tlisa n wurman. - '''math.LO''': talɣa n usfukel asnaktan. - '''math.DS''': inagrawen idinamikanen. Taggayin-a zemrent ad sɛunt azal meqqren i yimnadiyen n tesnakt, ladɣa wid ixeddmen ɣef teẓriwin timaynutin. == 5. Azal n arXiv deg unadi ɣef tigzi taragmawant == Deg yiseggasen ineggura, arXiv yuɣal d yiwen seg yidigan igejdanen n usuffeɣ n tezrawin ɣef tigzi taragmawant. Aṭas n yimnadiyen n taɣult-a srusun igemmaḍ-nsen deg arXiv uqbel ad ten-suffɣen deg tesɣunin neɣ deg yimagaren tussnanen. === 5.1. Timudmin timeqqranin n tutlayt === Imnadiyen xeddmen ɣef: - Tazmert n tmudmin n tutlayt. - Aselmed n tmudmin s yisefka imeqqranen. - Asifses n useqdec n tnezmart d teẓwert n uselkim. - Aḥraz n tɣellist n yinagrawen n tigzi taragmawant. - Asnerni n tzemmar n usfukel d usiḍen. Deg arXiv, yezmer umnadi ad yaf tizrawin ɣef '''Transformers''', '''diffusion models''', '''reinforcement learning''' d waṭas n tarrayin-nniḍen. === 5.2. Amek arXiv yettɛawan tutlayin timeẓyanin? === arXiv yezmer ad yesɛu azal meqqren i tutlayin am teqbaylit. Amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt ɣef: Aselmed n tmudemt n tutlayt taqbaylit Tazrawt tezmer ad d-tessegzi: * - Amek yettwagmer ummud n yisefka. * - Amek yettwaseɣti ummud-nni. * - Anta tarrayt n uselmed i yettwasqedcen. * - Amek tettwakayad tmudemt. * - D acu n yigemmaḍ i d-yewwi. '''Aɛqal awurman n tira taqbaylit (OCR)''' Amnadi yezmer ad yessers tazrawt ɣef umudil izemren ad iɛqel ɣef yisekkilen n teqbaylit deg tugniwin. Deg tezrawt-a, yezmer ad yessegzi amek tamudemt yettɛemmil akked yisekkilen am: ɛ, ɣ, ḥ, ṛ, ṣ, ṭ, ẓ, č, ǧ. Aya yezmer ad yili d asurif ameqqran i usnerni n teqbaylit deg umaḍal umḍin. == 6. Amek ara nadi ɣef tezrawin deg arXiv? == Aseqdec n arXiv ur yeḥwaǧ ara tasiregt neɣ amiḍan i tɣuri n tezrawin. === 6.1. Anekcum ɣer usmel === Anekcum ɣer usmel agejdan: arXiv.org — Aseɣzef n tezrawin tussnanin Deg usmel, ad tafeḍ allal n unadi. Tzemreḍ ad tnadiḍ s: '''- Azwel n tezrawt.''' '''- Isem n umnadi.''' '''- Awalen igejdanen.''' '''- Taɣult tussnant.''' '''- Tangalt n tezrawt.''' === 6.2. Amedya n unadi === Ma tebɣiḍ ad tafeḍ tizrawin ɣef tmudmawin n tutlayt, tzemreḍ ad tnadiḍ: large language models Neɣ: low resource language models Neɣ: Amazigh natural language processing Ma tebɣiḍ tizrawin ɣef teqbaylit, tzemreḍ ad tnadiḍ: Kabyle language Neɣ: Berber language processing === 6.3. Aɣuri n tezrawt === Yal tazrawt deg arXiv tesɛa asebtar-ines. Deg-s, ad tafeḍ: Title: azwel n tezrawt. Authors: imnadiyen i tt-yuran. Abstract: agzul n tezrawt. Subjects: tiɣulin tussnanin i ɣer teqqen. PDF: isemli n tezrawt s umasal n PDF. Submission history: amezruy n yileqman-is. Tzemreḍ ad teɣreḍ agzul, syin ad tessidreḍ isemli PDF ma tebɣiḍ ad tkemmleḍ taɣuri. == 7. Amek ara tessuffɣeḍ tazrawt-ik deg arXiv? == Asuffeɣ n tezrawt deg arXiv yeḥwaǧ kra n yisurifen. '''Asurif amezwaru''': Asnulfu n umiḍan, Ilaq ad tesɛuḍ amiḍan deg arXiv. '''Asurif wis sin''': Asewjed n tezrawt, Tazrawt ilaq ad tesɛu talɣa tussnant iwulmen. S umata, ilaq ad tili deg-s: 1. Azwel. 2. Isem n umnadi neɣ imnadiyen. 3. Agzul. 4. Tazwart. 5. Tarrayt n unadi. 6. Igemmaḍ. 7. Tasleḍt n yigemmaḍ. 8. Taggrayt. 9. Iɣbula tussnanen. Talɣa-a tezmer ad temgired ilmend n taɣult d wanaw n tezrawt. '''Asurif wis kraḍ''': Afran n taɣult Ilaq ad tferneḍ taggayt iwulmen i tezrawt-ik. Amedya: ma txedmeḍ tazrawt ɣef OCR n teqbaylit, taggayt cs.CL tezmer ad tili d yiwet seg taggayin iwulmen, ilmend n uḍris n tezrawt. '''Asurif wis ukkuẓ''': Asers n tezrawt Ad tesserseḍ ifuyla n tezrawt-ik. arXiv yesseqdac aṭas LaTeX, ladɣa deg tusnakt d tfizikt. Yettqebbil daɣen kra n yimassalen-nniḍen, ilmend n yilugan-is. '''Asurif wis semmus''': Asenqed n Tezrawt tettɛeddi ɣef usenqed n usmel. Kra n yimnadiyen imaynuten zemren ad ḥwaǧen "''endorsement"'', d aseddu neɣ asezmel sɣur umseqdac yettwaqeblen deg taɣult-nni. Ma tettwaqbel, tazrawt ad d-tban deg usmel. Iwakken ad tissineḍ ilugan unṣiben, wali ''arXiv Submission Help''. == 8. Tazrawt deg arXiv d tidet tussnant? == Ala, mačči yal tazrawt yellan deg arXiv d tidet tussnant yettwasentmen. D yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant i ilaq ad nefhem. Tazrawt tezmer ad tesɛu: - Tuccḍiwin deg yisiḍanen. - Igemmaḍ ur nettwasekyaden ara. - Tarrayt n unadi ur nelhi ara. - Tarrayt n usfukel ur newwiḍ ara. - Igemmaḍ i zemren ad ttwabeddlen s tezrawin i d-iteddun. arXiv d allal n usuffeɣ d ubeddel n tmusni, mačči d aselkin aneggaru n tidet tussnant. Amek ara nessenqed azal n tezrawt? Ilaq ad nẓer: === 1. Anwa i tt-yuran? === D imnadiyen n tesdawit? D agraw n unadi? Neɣ d wid ur nesɛi ara amezruy ussnan yettwassnen? === 2. Tella tarrayt tussnant? === Ilaq ad nẓer ma igemmaḍ ttwasfuklen s tarrayt yettwasegzan. === 3. Tella tarrayt n usekyed? === Ma tazrawt d tin n tesnenselkimt, yelha ma yella tangalt neɣ isefka i zemren wiyaḍ ad sqedcen i usɛiwed n ukayad. === 4. Tettwasuffeɣ deg tesɣunt tussnant? === Ma tazrawt tettɛedda ɣef ukayad n yimnadiyen-nniḍen, aya yezmer ad yernu azal i tɣuri-s, maca ur d-yettak ara tamentilt taɣrudt n tidet n yigemmaḍ-is. == 9. Azal n arXiv deg umaḍal ussnan == arXiv yessekcem-d abeddel ameqqran deg tarrayt n usuffeɣ n tmusni tussnant. === 9.1. Asifses n unekcum ɣer tmusni === Deg waṭas n tesɣunin tussnanin, aɣuri n tezrawin tezmer ad teḥwaǧ lexlaṣ. arXiv, s umata, yessifses anekcum ɣer tezrawin war lexlaṣ. Aya yesɛa azal ladɣa i yimnadiyen n tmura anda tiẓrigin tussnanin d allalen n unadi ur ttwaṭṭafen ara s sshala. === 9.2. Arured n usuffeɣ n yigemmaḍ === Deg unagraw amensay, asuffeɣ n tezrawt yezmer ad yeṭṭef aṭas n wakud. Deg arXiv, tizrawin yettwaqeblen zemrent ad d-ffɣent s zreb ugar. Aya yessifses beṭṭu n tmusni gar yimnadiyen. === 9.3. Aḥraz n azray n unadi === arXiv yeḥraz azray n usuffeɣ n tezrawin. Ilaq ad nefhem belli azemz n usuffeɣ yezmer ad yesɛu azal deg unadi, acku yezmer ad d-yemmel melmi i d-yettwasekcem ugemmuḍ ussnan ɣer uẓeṭṭa n tezrawin. Maca azemz n usuffeɣ iman-is ur yettsebtay ara anwa i d-yesnulfan tikti tamezwarut. === 9.4. Aɛiwen n yimnadiyen imaynuten === arXiv yessifses i yinelmaden n tesdawit d yimnadiyen imaynuten ad ɣren tizrawin timaynutin. Aya yezmer ad yernu deg usnerni n tmusni d uselmed n tarrayin n unadi. == 10. Tilisa d wuguren n arXiv == Ɣas akken arXiv yesɛa aṭas n tzemmar, yella kra n wuguren. Amezwaru: Ulac akayad ussnan amensay uqbel asuffeɣ. Aya yezmer ad yeǧǧ kra n tezrawin i yesɛan tuccḍiwin ad d-ffɣent. Wis sin: Tizrawin ur d-ttemlilent ara akk deg tɣara. Kra seg-sent d tizrawin igerzen aṭas, kra-nniḍen ur sɛint ara tazmert tussnant tameqqrant. Wis kraḍ: Aṭas n tezrawin. I win i yettnadin deg yiwet n taɣult, yezmer ad yili d ugur ad yaf tizrawin i yesɛan azal ameqqran gar waṭas n yisemliyen. Wis ukkuẓ: Asenqed n tezrawin ur d-yemmal ara aseddu n yigemmaḍ. Yal win i yeɣren tazrawt ilaq ad yesɛu tamuɣli tusnant tameqqant, ad isenqed isfukal d yigemmaḍ. == 11. arXiv d usnerni n tmusni deg Tefriqt Ugafa == arXiv yezmer ad yesɛu azal meqqren i yimnadiyen n Tefriqt Ugafa, ladɣa deg tmura anda anekcum ɣer kra n tesɣunin tussnanin yezmer ad yili d ugur. I yinelmaden n tesdawiyin n Lezzayer, arXiv yezmer ad yili d aɣbalu ameqqran i: - Tɣuri n tezrawin timaynutin. - Asnerni n tmusni deg tusnakt d tfizikt. - Almad n tarrayin n unadi. - Asnulfu n yimudilen n tigzi taragmawant. - Asnerni n yisnasen umḍinen s tutlayin timaziɣin. Deg taɣult n tutlayin timaziɣin, arXiv yezmer ad yili d adeg anda imnadiyen ara ssersen tizrawin ɣef teqbaylit, tacelḥit, tarifit d tutlayin-nniḍen. Maca ilaq ad nebḍu gar sin n yiswan: asuffeɣ n tezrawt deg arXiv d usnulfu n yisefka neɣ n yimudilen yeldin. arXiv iman-is ur d-yettak ara anagraw n uselmed n yimudilen. c1gnvf02z5djv2gsbgr921zgpwyye0a 0 25627 117779 117770 2026-10-26T13:37:53Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117779 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = ANTHROP\C | type = Tatiknulujit | founded = 26 Ynnayer 2021 | founder = Dario Amodei, Daniela Amodei, Jared Kaplan, Jack Clark, Chris Olah, Ben Mann, Sam McCandlish, Tom Brown | headquarters = San Francisco | country = Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan | industry = Tigzi Taragmawant | products = Claude Code Claude Cowork Bun | website = www.anthropic.com | logo = [[File:Anthropic logo.svg|thumb|Alugu n Anthropic]] | image = [[File:Slack offices, Howard Street, San Francisco (viewed from the south-west, January 2020).jpg|thumb|Slack offices, Howard Street, San Francisco]] | wikidata_revenue = yes | wikidata_operating_income = yes | wikidata_net_income = yes }} '''Anthropic''' d taṛmist tamirikanit i ixeddmen deg unadi d usnefli n tigzi taragmawant (tiɣist tagemdant — AI). Tettwassen s twacult n tmudmin-is n tutlayt timeqqranin (Large Language Models — LLM), i d-tessuffeɣ s yisem n '''Claude'''. Anthropic tesɛa yiwen n yiswi agejdan: asnefli n tigzi taragmawant i izemren ad tili d tin iǧehden, d tin ara yilin d tanafeɛt i yimdanen, war ma tettawi-d uguren imeqqranen i tɣellist-nsen. Taṛmist-a tettwasbedd deg 2021, deg tallit ideg tigzi taragmawant tebda tettnerni s tɣawla tameqqrant. == 2. Amezruy n usbeddi n Anthropic == === 2.1. Tallit send 2021 === Amezruy n Anthropic yeqqen srid ɣer umhaz n OpenAI. '''Dario Amodei''' d '''Daniela Amodei''' llan gar wid ixeddmen deg OpenAI, maca deg 2020–2021 bdan ttemxalafen ɣef kra n tarrayin n usnefli n tigzi taragmawant, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tɣellist, tadbelt d wamek ara tettwaseqdac tmacint-a. Deg 2021, d nitni akked kra n yimezzayen nniḍen i d-isbedden Anthropic. === 2.2. Imseddayen-is === '''Dario Amodei''' D amsedday agejdan (CEO) n Anthropic. Yella d anemhal n unadi deg OpenAI, yerna yesɛa tamusni deg tusna n iṛunen d ulmad n tmacint. '''Daniela Amodei''' D yiwet seg tid i d-isbedden taṛmist, d tamseddayt-is (taselwayt). Tettiki deg usuddes n umahil, tadbelt d tɣellist n tṛmist. Gar yimsbeddayen nniḍen llan Jack Clark, Jared Kaplan, Tom Brown, Sam McCandlish, Christopher Olah akked wid nniḍen. === 2.3. Tiferkiwin tigejdanin deg umezruy-is === 1. 2021 — '''Asbeddi n Anthropic'''. Taṛmist tebda anadi ɣef tɣellist n tmudmin timeqqranin. 2. 2022 — '''Anadi ɣef''' '''Tmendawt n AI(Constitutional AI)'''. Tarrayt tamaynut i uselmed n tmudmin s yilugan d wazalen yettwarun. 3. 2023 — '''Asuffeɣ n Claude'''. Anthropic tessuffeɣ-d tamudemt-is i useqdec n yimdanen, yerna tesbedd "''Responsible Scaling Policy"''. 4. 2024 — '''Claude 3 d Claude 3.5'''. Asnerni ameqqran deg tigzi n yiḍrisen, tugniwin d tira n tengalt. 5. 2025 — '''Claude 3.7 d Claude 4'''. Asnerni deg useɣẓen, tira n yiseɣzanen d umahil s yimeggayen iragmanen (AI agents). 6. 2026 — '''Claude 5 d twaculin timaynutin'''. Anthropic tessuffeɣ-d Opus 5.5, Sonnet 5.5 d Haiku 5.5, akked Mythos d Fable 5.1. == 3. Claude: aferdis agejdan n Anthropic == [[Tugna:Claude AI website screenshot.webp|bordure|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tuṭṭfa n wegdil n usmel web Calude.]] Claude d tamudemt n tigzi taragmawant i izemren ad yegzu tutlayt n yimdanen, ad d-yerr ɣef yisteqsiyen, ad yaru tangalt, ad yesleḍ isefka, ad yessegzi timiḍranin yuɛran, yerna ad yexdem kra n yimahilen s wallalen nniḍen. === 3.1. Amek i iteddu Claude? === Claude yettwabna ɣef tetiknulujit n "'''Uselkat"(Transformer)''', i d-ibanen deg 2017. Deg ulmad-is, tamudemt tettawi-d tamusni seg yiḍrisen imeqqranen, seg tengalt d yisefka nniḍen. Ittɛedday ɣef uselmed amezwaru, syin ɣef uselmed n usneɣti n tikli-is. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-24 14-48-35.png|825x825px]] Aselmed-a ur d-yemmal ara belli tamudemt tesɛa tigzi neɣ tafekka n umdan. D anagraw n usiḍen(uḥsab) i yesseqdacen imḍanen d yilugan i yettwalemden. === 3.2. Tawacult n tudmawin Claude === Anthropic tesɛa kraḍ n yismawen igejdanen deg twacult n Claude: '''Claude Opus''' D tawacult n tmudmawin i yimahilen iweɛren: aseɣẓen lqayen, tira n tengalt taḥerfit, tasleḍt d yimahilen ɣezzifen. '''Claude Sonnet''' D tawacult i yesdukklen tazmert tameqqrant, tɣawla d wazal n useqdec. Tewulem i umahil n yal ass d usnefli n yiseɣzanen. '''Claude Haiku''' D tawacult i d-yettunefken i tririyin tiruradin, tasuqilt, agzul d yimahilen i yettɛawaden aṭas. Deg 2026, Anthropic tesnerna daɣen tawacult n '''Mythos''' d '''Fable''' i yimahilen n unadi d tengalt iweɛren. == 4. Constitutional AI — tarrayt n uselmed s yilugan == D yiwen seg yiferdisen i s-yefkan i Anthropic udem-is deg unadi ɣef tigzi taragmawant. Constitutional AI(Tamendawt n tegzi taragmawant) d tarrayt n uselmed n tmudemt(umudil) s useqdec n ugraw n yilugan d wazalen i izemren ad t-ɛiwnen ad yefren tiririyin iwulmen. Deg tarrayt-a, tamudemt neɣ amudil izmer ad yesleḍ tiririt-is, ad d-yaf ayen ur nelhi ara deg-s, syin ad tt-iseɣti ilmend n yilugan. '''Amedya''' [[Tugna:Tugna.png|681x681px]] Deg tazwara, ''Constitutional AI'' tesseqdac ilugan i usneɣti n tririyin d uselmed s yisefka n tmuɣliwin n tmudemt. Maca tarrayt-a ur tḍemmin ara belli yal tiririt ad tili d taɣellsant. Deg 2026, Anthropic tessuffeɣ-d taɣessa tamaynut n yilugan-is, i d-yessagzayen azalen n Claude, am tidet, aḥraz n yimdanen d useqdec iwulmen. == 5. Anadi ussnan deg Anthropic == Anthropic ur telli ara kan d taṛmist i d-yessuffuɣen iseɣzanen. D taṛmist n unadi ussnan deg wamek i teddun yimudilen n tigzi taragmawant. === 5.1. Tasleṭ n wamek iteddu unagraw seg daxel(Mechanistic Interpretability) === D taɣult n unadi i yettnadin ad tegzu amek i xeddmen yiferdisen igensanen n tmudemt neɣ umudil. Deg umudil ameqqran, tella tegnit anda nezmer ad nẓer tiririt-is, maca ur nezmir ara ad negzu s telqayt acuɣer i d-yefren tiririt-nni. Imnadiyen n Anthropic ttnadin ad d-afen tizegrar n ulmad deg yiferdisen n uẓeṭṭa n yinuṛunen iragmanen. Amedya: Ma amudil(tamudemt) yefhem belli « Paris » d tamdint, imnadiyen bɣan ad ẓren anwa aferdis agensan i yeqqnen Paris ɣer tmiḍrant n temdint, tamurt n Fransa d tmusniwin nniḍen. Anadi-a yezmer ad yili d lsas i usefhem n tuccḍiwin, tiɣawsiwin ur nettwafham ara d tɣellist n yimudilen. === 5.2. Areyyec n tigzi taragmawant akked wazalen d yiswiwen n yimdanen(AI Alignment) === ''AI Alignment'' s teglizit d anadi ɣef wamek ara nḍemmen belli iswiyen d tikli n tigzi taragmawant ad mṣadan d wayen bɣan yimdanen. Akken ad nefhem ugur-a, nezmer ad nefren gar snat n tegnatin: - Amudil ixeddmen ayen i as-yettunefken s wudem ameqqran n usiḍen(leḥsab), maca yezmer ad yeglu s uḍurru. - Amudil ixeddmen iswi n useqdac, yerna yesɛa tazmert n usenqed n wayen izemren ad d-yawi uḍurru. Anthropic tettnadi ad tesnerni tazmert tis snat, maca ur tezmir ara ad tḍemmen belli ugur-a yettwafra akk. === 5.3. Tasertit n usnerni amasay n tezmar n tigzi taragmawant(Responsible Scaling Policy) === Seg 2023, Anthropic tesɛa tasertit n usnerni s leḥder (Responsible Scaling Policy — RSP). Tasertit-a tesseqdac asenqed n wuguren i izemren ad d-banen mi ara nnernin yimudilen, ladɣa deg taɣulin am tɣellist n yiseɣzanen, tabiyulujit d tazmert n yimudilen ad xedmen iman-nsen. Deg 2026, tasertit-a tettwasnifel i wakken ad d-tessuffeɣ isallen ugar ɣef wuguren d tarrayin n uḥraz. == 6. Ifarisen d wallalen n Anthropic == Anthropic tesnerna aṭas n wallalen i useqdec n Claude, ama i yimdanen, ama i tṛmisin, ama i yimsneflayen. === Claude Code === D allal i yimsneflayen n yiseɣẓanen. Izmer ad yeɣer tangalt n usenfaṛ, ad yesneɣti tuccḍiwin, ad yaru tangalt tamaynut, ad iseqdec ikufan n unagraw, yerna ad isenqed leqdic-is. '''Claude Artifacts''' D allal i usnulfu n yiferdisen am yiseɣẓanen iwezzilen, tifelwiyin, unuɣen d yisnasen n web, s tazmert n uẓray n wayen yettwaxedmen. '''Claude API''' D tawwurt i yimsneflayen i bɣan ad sdukklen tazmert n Claude deg yiseɣzanen-nsen. Tesseqdac tiddas (tokens) i uḥsab n useqdec. '''Claude Duet''' Deg 21 Tubber 2026, Anthropic teldi afecku n unadi n Claude Duet i yiseqdacen n Pro d Max. D asnas n umeggay aragman i izemren ad ixdem kra n yimahilen s tazmert n uselḥu n leqdic ɣezzifen. == 7. Tadamsa, asuddes d yimendaden n Anthropic == === 7.1. Taṛmist i ubaɣur n ugdud(Public Benefit Corporation) === Anthropic d taṛmist n wanaw Public Benefit Corporation (PBC). Deg unagraw-a n tṛmisin, anerni n '''tgenfit''' ur yettili ara d iswi awḥid: taṛmist tesɛa daɣen iswiyen n ufares n tnafut tamatut. Aya ur d-yemmal ara belli Anthropic ur tettnadi ara tagenfit. Tesseqdac amudil adamsan i d-yettawin idrimen seg useqdec n Claude, seg API d yixeddimen i tṛmisin. === 7.2. Amudil adamsan === Anthropic tesɛa kra n yiberdan n usekcem n yidrimen: 1. Tineflayin n useqdec: iseqdacen zemren ad xellṣen i kra n tazmert d wallalen n Claude. 2. API: imsenflayen xellṣen ilmend n useqdec n yimudilen. 3. Iɣawsiwen i tṛmisin: allalen n Claude i yixeddamen d tedbelt n tṛmisin. 4. Iseɣzanen n tengalt: am Claude Code, i yimsneflayen d terbaɛin n tiknulujit. === 7.3. Imendaden d yimdukkal === Gar yimendaden d yimdukkal imeqqranen n Anthropic llan Amazon akked Google. Tisdukal-a snernant tazmert n Anthropic ad tesɛu taɣessa n usiḍen tameqqrant i uselmed n yimudilen-is. Maca imendaden imeqqranen zemren daɣen ad d-awin uguren n uɛqal n tɣawsa: anwa i yesɛan tazmert n ufran, anwa i yettekkin deg tadbelt, d wamek ara tettwaḥrez tilelli n unadi? hga5i4equk83subzaqaw0gnc3klor2v 0 25630 117782 117775 2026-10-27T10:16:38Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117782 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q1398|image=[[File:Parco della Grotta di Posillipo5 (crop).jpg|thumb|Virgil]]|date of birth=15 Ktuber 70 send talalit n Ɛisa|nationality=Arumani|date of death=21 Ctember 19 send talalit n Ɛisa}} '''Virgil''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Vergilius Maro''', d amedyaz arumani i ilulen ass n 15 Ktuber 70 send talalit n Ɛisa, i yemmuten ass n 21 Ctember 19 send talalit n Ɛisa. Yettwaḥsab gar yimedyazen imeqqranen n tsekla talaṭinit, ladɣa s udlis-is ''Aeneis'' (Aneid), i d-yettalesen inig n ''Aeneas'' seg Ṭrwa ɣer [[Ṭṭelyan]]. Virgil yedder deg yiwet n tallit i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ruma: taggara n Tagduda Trumanit, ṭṭrad n daxel, asali n [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]] ɣer tezmert, akked tazwara n tmenkda n [[Uɣustus]]. Tasekla-s tettawi ɣef tudert n yimdanen, agama, takerrazt(tafellaḥt), ṭṭrad, tilelli, lḥif, d wassaɣ gar umdan d tmurt-is. Deg yedlisen-is, Virgil yesdukel tamiṭulujit tagrigit d trumanit akked umezruy n Ruma, s uɣanib aseklan i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla n Turuft. == 2. Talalit d twacult-is == === 2.1. Tamurt n Mantua === Virgil ilul deg temnaḍt n Mantua, deg ugafa n [[ṭṭelyan]], qrib ɣer yidurar n Alpes d urtiyen iɣezzfan n Po. [[Tugna:Dsc 1150 Mantua.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tamdint n Mantua n wass-a.]] Tamnaḍt-a tella tettwassen s tfellaḥt, igran, aman d tmeddurt n yimeksawen. Deg tallit n Virgil, kra n yiɣerfan n ugafa n ṭṭelyan llan mazal ḥerzen kra n yidles-nsen, ɣas akken Ruma tesɛa tazmert tameqqrant fell-asen. Tawacult n Virgil tettwabder deg kra n yiɣbula iqburen am tin i yesɛan assaɣ d tfellaḥt. Maca isallen ɣef baba-s d yemma-s ur frizen ara meṛṛa, imi kra n wayen i d-yettwabedren deg tudert-is yekka-d seg tmucuha i d-ttawin yimyura n talliyin i d-iḍefren. Ayen i nezmer ad nini s tidet d akken Virgil yella d amdan n ṭṭelyan talqayt, i yesɛan assaɣ ameqqran d wakal d tfellaḥt, ayen ara d-yettbanen deg yedlisen-is. === 2.2. Tamẓi-s === Virgil yella d ilemẓi deg tallit anda Tagduda Trumanit tettɛeddi seg kra n tezɣanin tisertanin. Deg useggas 49 send Ɛisa, [[Julius Caesar]] yezger asif Rubicon, d aya i d-yeglan s ṭṭrad n daxel. Virgil yella yesɛa azal n 21 n yiseggasen. Deg useggas 44 send Ɛisa, mi yettwanɣa Julius Caesar, Virgil yella yesɛa 26 n yiseggasen. Tallit-a tella d tin n ṭṭrad, tazɣent, d ubeddel n leḥkem. Tidyanin-a ttwabedren s wudem uffir neɣ usrid deg yedlisen-is. 2hq6ccyipoyfhyzmi1fcz2t19nnryck