Ɛisa

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  <page>
    <title>Ɛisa</title>
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        <username>Zineddin Kenai</username>
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'''Ɛisa''' ([[Taɛebrit]]: ישו‎, ''yecu'' neɣ ישוע, ''yecuɛ'') neɣ '''Ɛisa n Nazarit''' neɣ '''Ɛisa Amasiḥ''', d amdan amenzu n [[ajjed|wajjed]] n [[tamasiḥit]]. Ilul ger 8 d sin iseggʷasen send tazwara n tafada tameɣradant , yemmut ger 30 d 33 iseggʷasen umbeɛd. Isem-is daɣen 'Jesus Christ' neɣ s wudem aḥerfi 'Christ'. S [[tayunanit|tyunanit]] taqburt isem-is Ιησούς Χριστός (''Iesous Christos''). 

Aẓaṛ n wawal Ɛisa yusa-d si [[Taɛebrit|tutlayt taɛebrit]] : ישו ‎/ ישוע neɣ - ''yecu'' / ''yecuɛ'', anamek ines d &quot;Yehweh (Rebbi) isellek&quot;. Ma d Aẓaṛ n wawal L&quot;masiḥ&quot; d wawal n taɛebrit משיח - ''macyaḥ'', neɣ win ɣef d-ters tanebaṭ n '''''[[Rebbi]].''''' 

Imasiḥiyen ḥesben-t d afessi akk d mmi-s n Rebbi. Wid yellan d 'Ikatulikiyen', d 'urtuduksiyen', akk d 'ipṛutistaniyen' ttadren-t-id am wergaz n tidet, u daɣen d Rebbi s tidet. Ɣur yinselmen Ɛisa d aneggaru deg nnbi beɛd [[Muḥemmed]]. Ma d udayen, ur t-ḥsiben ara d rrasul, wala d Afessi neɣ mmis n Rebbi.

== Tamselyut, Iseddagen &amp; Izdayen Iberraniyen ==
* Wikipedia s tefransist d teglizit

[[Taggayt:Amezruy]][[Category:Ajjed]]

==Izdayen==
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'''Ɛisa''', neɣ '''Yessu''' ([[Taɛebrit]]: ישו‎ - ''yecu,'' neɣ ישוע - ''yecuɛ'') neɣ '''Ɛisa n Nazarit''' neɣ '''Ɛisa Amasiḥ''', d amdan amenzu n [[ajjed|wajjed]] n [[tamasiḥit]]. Ilul ger 8 d sin iseggʷasen send tazwara n tafada tameɣradant , yemmut ger 30 d 33 iseggʷasen umbeɛd. Isem-is daɣen 'Jesus Christ' neɣ s wudem aḥerfi 'Christ'. S [[tayunanit|tyunanit]] taqburt isem-is Ιησούς Χριστός (''Iesous Christos''). 

Aẓaṛ n wawal Ɛisa yusa-d si [[Taɛebrit|tutlayt taɛebrit]] : ישו ‎/ ישוע neɣ - ''yecu'' / ''yecuɛ'', anamek ines d &quot;Yehweh (Rebbi) isellek&quot;. Ma d Aẓaṛ n wawal L&quot;masiḥ&quot; d wawal n taɛebrit משיח - ''macyaḥ'', neɣ win ɣef d-ters tanebaṭ n '''''[[Rebbi]].''''' 

Imasiḥiyen ḥesben-t d afessi akk d mmi-s n Rebbi. Wid yellan d 'Ikatulikiyen', d 'urtuduksiyen', akk d 'ipṛutistaniyen' ttadren-t-id am wergaz n tidet, u daɣen d Rebbi s tidet. Ɣur yinselmen Ɛisa d aneggaru deg nnbi beɛd [[Muḥemmed]]. Ma d udayen, ur t-ḥsiben ara d rrasul, wala d Afessi neɣ mmis n Rebbi.

== Tamselyut, Iseddagen &amp; Izdayen Iberraniyen ==
* Wikipedia s tefransist d teglizit

[[Taggayt:Amezruy]][[Category:Ajjed]]

==Izdayen==
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  <page>
    <title>Tanzeggit</title>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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'''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da.

Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]]

== 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit ==
Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Tallit
!Amhaz agenjdan
|-
|Taglest
|Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ.
|-
|Tasut tis 3 uqbel
tallit-nneɣ
|Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg &quot;Iferdisen&quot;.
|-
|Tallit talemmast
|Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d
tsenallunt.
|-
|Tasut tis 17
|Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin.
|-
|Tasut tis 19
|Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n
tiknit d tallunin.
|-
|1872 d mbeɛd
|Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan.
|-
|Tasut tis 20–21
|Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka.
|}
&quot;'''Iferdisen'''&quot; n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan.

== 2. Isbaduten, igejdan d usfukel ==
Asbadu yessegza tamiḍrant s wawalen yettwasnen. Agejdi d tafyirt i neqqbel deg yiwen unagraw war asfukel deg unagraw-nni. Asekkud(tiẓri) d ayen ara d-nsuffeɣ seg yigejdan d yisekkuden yettwasfuklen yakan.

Deg umedya n Aklid, yezmer ad yettwabnu yiɣil n teɣda gar snat n tneqqiḍin, ad yettwasɣezef yiɣil, ad tettwabnu twinest s wammas d waqqar yettwabedren. Yella daɣen agejdi ɣef tɣmar timaɣudin d wayen yeqqnen ɣer umṣadaɣ.

=== Amedya n useɣẓen ===
Deg uɣawas n Aklid, i teneqqiṭ '''P''' i ur nelli ara ɣef taɣda '''d''', tella yiwet kan n teɣda iɛeddan seg '''P''' ur nettmagar ara '''d'''. Talɣa-a n yigejdi n umṣadaɣ tettwassen s yisem n '''Playfair'''; d talɣa tagdazalt i yigejdi wis semmus n Aklid deg lsas n tanzeggit tamagnut.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-18 09-56-11.png|centré]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 2. Tiɣmert d wassaɣ n umṣadaɣ. Tigniwin ttɛawanent deg tɣuri n yisekkuden; isfukal ilaq ad d-begnen ayɣer iiṣeḥḥa wassaɣ.&lt;/small&gt;

Deg tugna, tineqqiḍin ttbanent sɛant tehri, izirigen sɛan tuzert, imeccaqen zemren ur ttwaḥerzen ara s tiseddi. Deg tusnakt, taneqqiṭ ur tesɛi ara tehri. Ihi ma tugna teskan-d belli sin n yimeccaqen d igdazalen, ayen-a ur d-yettawi ara asfukel.

== 3. Taneqqiṭ, taɣda d tallunt ==
Taneqqiṭ d amḍiq war tehri; taɣda tettwasɣezef deg sin yinumak war tilisa; iɣil n teɣda yesɛa sin n yixfawen; tazinaɣda tesɛa yiwen n yixef, tettwasɣezef deg yiwen unamek. Aɣawas d tajumma ilweɣ i deg yezmer ad yili wudlif s sin n yimsidag.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-19 12-18-47.png|centré|611x611px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 3. Tisektiwin 0, 1, 2 d 3. Aɣawas n tugna d amur ifuken kan; aɣawas n tusnakt ur yesɛi ara tilisa.&lt;/small&gt;

Tasekta n tallunt tettawi amḍan n yimsidag ilelliyen i ilaqen iwakken ad nesbadu amḍiq. Deg taɣda, yiwen x ikfa; deg uɣawas, nesra (x,y); deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, nesra (x,y,z). Tasekta ur tɛelliq ara ɣef wamek ara d-nsuneɣ talɣa: amaḍal s tajumma kan yesɛa snat n tsektiwin, ɣas ma yettwaseknen deg tallunt s kraḍ.

ℝⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, …, xₙ) : xᵢ d imḍanen ilawen}

Tallunin s n &gt; 3 ttwasqedcent deg tusnakt d yisefka. Ma yal amedya n yisefka yesɛa 10 n yimuttiyen ilelliyen, yezmer ad yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg ℝ¹⁰. Ayen-a ur d-yemmal ara belli nezmer ad t-nwali s wallen; imsidag d yilugan fkan-d allalen n tazrawt.

=== Tajumma d wanrar ===
Tajumma d talɣa n snat n tsektiwin; anrar d asket-is. S yiwet n tɣawsa, takurt tesɛa daxel-is d ubleɣ, ma amaḍal d tajumma n rrif-is. Asbadu n wayen nzerrew yesɛa azal uqbel yal asiḍen.

== 4. Ikerdisen d usekkud n Pythagore ==
Akerdis yesɛa kraḍ n yidis, kraḍ n tqacucin d kraḍ n tiɣmar. Deg uɣawas n Aklid, timernit n tɣmar-is d 180°. Akerdis agdudisan yesɛa kraḍ n yidis igdazalen; akerdis akendis yesɛa ma drus sin n yidis igdazalen; akerdis amaɣud yesɛa yiwet n tiɣmert n 90°.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-20 11-55-53.png|centré|667x667px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 4. Tama taẓelmaḍt: anrar n umkuẓ ɣef yidis 5 d 25 = 9 + 16. Tama tayeffust: kuẓ n yikerdisen s yidis a d b, d umkuẓ alemmas s yidis c.&lt;/small&gt;

'''a² + b² = c², ma c d alubdis n ukerdis amaɣud''' 

Asfukel n tugna tayeffust: anrar n umkuẓ ameqqran d (a+b)². Kuẓ n yikerdisen sɛan anrar 4 × ab/2 = 2ab. Ayen i d-yeqqimen d c²; ihi c² = (a+b)² − 2ab = a²+b². Ayen-a d aseɣẓen s wanrar, mačči d asket n teɣzi ɣef tugna. Asekkud-a yesɛa daɣen talɣa tamsuɣalt: ma a²+b²=c² deg ukerdis, tiɣmert i d-yezzin i c d 90°. Deg tanzeggit taknudemt neɣ ɣef umaḍal, tanfalit-a ur tettwasemres ara akka war abeddel.

== 5. Tales(Thales) d tarwast ==
Sin n yikerdisen imarwasen sɛan tiɣmar igdazalen d yidis akniwen s yiwen wassaɣ. Ma tasɣent tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer akk imeccaqen s yiwen umuskir k &gt; 0, tḥerrez tiɣmar d talɣa. D tarwast.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-21 10-35-44.png|centré|676x676px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 5. DE d BC msadaɣen, ihi ikerdisen ADE d ABC d imarwasen. Deg tugna tayeffust, amuskir n teɣzi d 2; win n&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wanrar d 4.&lt;/small&gt;

'''AD/AB = AE/AC = DE/BC'''

Deg umedya, A d yiwet n tqacuct n sin yikerdisen; D yella ɣef [AB], E ɣef [AC], yerna DE ∥ BC. Ihi assaɣ n ''Thales'' yessegza ayɣer akk ibḍan-a d igdazalen. Ma nessen kra n teɣziwin, nezmer ad nsiḍen teɣziwin ur nessin ara s useqdec n wassaɣen-a.

'''Teɣzi: × k; anrar: × k²; ableɣ: × k³'''

Ma nsemɣer asrem s umuskir 3, tehri d teɣzi-nni ad nernunt kraḍ n tikal; anrar ad yili 9 n tikal. Ma nsemɣer agasas s 3, ableɣ ad yili 27 n tikal. Ihi amḍan n tsektiwin yesɛa azal deg wamek i yettbeddil usket.

Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen; d amedya uslig n tarwast s k = 1. Ur ilaq ara ad nsemmi snat n talɣiwin d igdazalen s wesket ma ttemcabint kan deg talɣa.

== 6. Igeddisen, tiwinas d yiḍebsiyen ==
Ageddis d talɣa n uɣawas iḥerzen yiwen rrif yettwabnan s yiɣallen. I ugeddis afraray, war amager n yidis gar-asen, timernit n tiɣmar n daxel d (n−2) × 180°, anda '''n''' d amḍan n yidis. Abḍu n ugeddis affensu s yiwet n tqacuct yessegza tanfalit-a: ad d-naf n−2 n yikerdisen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-22 10-56-58.png|centré|595x595px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 6. Tawinest d rrif; aḍebsi yesɛa daxel. Ageddis s semmus n yidisan yettwabḍa ɣef kraḍ n yikerdisen.&lt;/small&gt;

Tawinest s wammas '''O''' d waqqar '''r''' tesdukkel tineqqiḍin '''P''' i yesɛan '''d(O,P)=r'''. Aḍebsi yeɣleq yesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan d(O,P) ≤ r. Akdu d 2r. Taslayt i twinest deg P tebdd ɣef waqqar OP.

'''Azzikit n twinest: P = 2πr; anrar n uḍebsi: A = πr²'''

Ma '''r''' yettwaskat s yimitren, '''P''' ad yili s yimitren, '''A''' s yimitren imkuẓen. Pi d amḍan agraɣlan π ≈ 3.14159. Ur ilaq ara ad nsexleḍ amḍan n yisekkilen n tamawaẓt d wazal amatu n π.

== 7. Asektiɣmer d radyan ==
Asektiɣmer (trigonométrie) izerrew assaɣ gar tɣmar d teɣziwin. Deg ukerdis amaɣud, '''sin''' '''θ''' d assaɣ n yidis i d-yezzin i θ ɣer ulubdis; '''cos θ''' d assaɣ n yidis n tama-s ɣer ulubdis; '''tan θ''' '''= sin θ / cos θ mi cos θ ≠ 0.'''
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-23 12-24-09.png|centré|612x612px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 7. Tawinest s waqqar 1 tefk amur ilaw cos θ d amur yebdden sin θ. Udlifen n sin d cos sseknen abeddel-nsen d&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wallus-nsen.&lt;/small&gt;

'''sin² θ + cos² θ = 1; 180° = π rad'''

Radyan d asket n tɣmert s wassaɣ '''θ = s/r''', anda '''s''' d teɣzi n uḥric n twinest. Ma '''θ = 1''' rad, '''s''' '''= r'''. Tuzzya tummidt d 2π rad, neɣ 360°. Aseqdec n radyan yeshel tigawt n usiḍen aneẓlay d tarrayt n yizellumen.

'''c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos γ'''

Asaḍuf n cosine yessegza assaɣ gar kraḍ n yidis n ukerdis d tɣmert γ i d-yezzin i c. Ma '''γ =''' '''90°''', '''cos γ = 0''', ad d-naf asekkud n Pythagore. Assaɣen-a ttɛawanen deg usket n tiddi n wayen ur nezmir ara ad naweḍ srid d usiḍen n yiberdan.

== 8. Teɣzi, anrar d ubleɣ ==
Teɣzi tettwaskat s tiget n teɣzi, anrar s tiget n teɣzi ɣer sin, ableɣ s tiget n teɣzi ɣer kraḍ. Azzikit d teɣzi n rrif. Tajumma tella d talɣa; anrar d azal n wesket-is. Deg tallunt, ilaq ad nessemgired anrar n rrif d ubleɣ n daxel.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-24 11-26-46.png|centré|716x716px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 8. Tiddi h tebdd ɣef uzadur b. Awlellu d takurt sɛan isketen n ubleɣ; amaḍal d rrif n takurt.&lt;/small&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Talɣa
!Asket
|-
|Asrem s yidis a d b
|A = ab; P = 2(a+b)
|-
|Akerdis s uzadur b d tiddi h
|A = bh/2
|-
|Agasas s yidis a
|V = a³; anrar n rrif = 6a²
|-
|Awlellu s waqqar r d tiddi h
|V = πr²h
|-
|Akaswar s waqqar r d tiddi h
|V = πr²h/3
|-
|Takurt / amaḍal s waqqar r
|V = 4πr³/3; anrar n umaḍal = 4πr²
|}
I talɣiwin ur nesɛi ara tanfalit tafessast, nezmer ad nebḍu talɣa ɣef yiḥricen, ad nessemres aɣred neɣ asiḍen n temawaẓt. Ma yella kra n uḥric i neḥseb snat n tikal, ilaq ad t-nekkes yiwet n tikkelt iwakken ur t-nettḥasab ara snat n tikal.

== 9. Asali s tesɣunt d ukumpas ==
Deg tanzeggit tamensayt, tesɣunt war yizamulen n wesket tettawi-d taɣda iɛeddan seg snat n tneqqiḍin. Akumpas yettawi-d tawinest s wammas d waqqar. Asali d asartu n tigawin s yilugan, mačči d asefru n talɣa s tseddi n tugna kan.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-25 11-13-00.png|centré|645x645px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 9. Sin n yisugnen n twinest sɛan yiwen waqqar, i yugar AB/2. Amager-nsen d P d Q. Taɣda PQ tebdd ɣef AB&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;deg tlemmast M&lt;/small&gt;

I usali n tabeddayt i yiɣil [AB] deg tlemmast-is, nbennu tawinest s wammas A d tayeḍ s wammas B, s yiwen waqqar i yugar AB/2. Ad mlilent deg P d Q. Acku PA=PB d QA=QB, P d Q bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg A d B; taɣda-nsen d tabeddayt n tlemmast n [AB].

Nezmer ad nebnu akerdis agdudisan, talemmast n yiɣil neɣ abḍu n tiɣmert ɣef sin. Maca mačči yal asali yezmer ad yettwaxdem s sin n wallalen-a: amedya, abḍu n yal tiɣmert ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen igdazalen ur yezmir ara s wudem amatu. Abḍu n kra n tiɣmar usligen yezmer. 

Tanzeggit tagellamt tessemres tigriyin iwakken ad d-tessekna talɣiwin n kraḍ n tsektiwin deg uɣawas. D lsas i tesneḍrit n lebni d kra n terrayin n usunneɣ aṭekniki.

== 10. Imsidag d yimawayen ==
Tanzeggit tusliṭ teqqen talɣa ɣer tegda. S yimsidag n Descartes, taneqqiṭ '''A''' tettwasbadu s '''(x,y)'''; taɣda s '''ax+by+c=0''', anda '''a''' d '''b''' ur llin ara i sin d '''0'''. Tarrayt-a tettawi talɣiwin ɣer yisiḍen(leḥsab) n uljibṛ.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-26 11-34-29.png|centré|608x608px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 10. Imeccaqen Δx = 4 d Δy = 3 fkan d = 5. Amaway u+v yettwabna s unadi n v seg yixef n u; amḍiq n tazwara&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;n umaway ur ibeddel ara talɣa-s.&lt;/small&gt;

'''d(A,B) = √[(x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²]'''

Talemmast n [AB] tesɛa imsidag ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2). Deg umedya A(1,1), B(5,4), talemmast d (3,2.5). Tanfalit n umeccaq tekka-d seg Pythagore; tanfalit n tlemmast tekka-d seg wassaɣ n yimawayen.

'''u · v = u₁v₁ + u₂v₂ = ‖u‖ ‖v‖ cos θ'''

Amaway yesɛa teɣzi d tanila. Afaris afesnan n sin yimawayen yezmer ad yessegza tiɣmert gar-asent. Ma u·v = 0 d sin yimawayen ur nelli ara d 0, imawayen-a bedden gar-asen. Tanzeggit tamawayt teshel anerni n yisiḍen-a ar tallunin s waṭas n tsektiwin.

== 11. Ibeddilen d tujjuṛt ==
Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen. Tasikelt, tuzzya d tujjuṛt s ugellus d imedyaten deg uɣawas n Aklid. Abeddel yezmer ad yerr talɣa deg umḍiq nniḍen, maca teɣzi, tiɣmar d wanrar ad qqimen d yiwen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-27 11-43-08.png|centré|661x661px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 11. Talɣa tazegzawt d tin n tazwara. Tasikelt d tuzzya ḥerzent aniri; tujjuṛt s ugellus tbeddel aniri.&lt;/small&gt;

'''Tasikelt: x′ = x + a; y′ = y + b'''

'''Tuzzya: x′ = x cos θ − y sin θ; y′ = x sin θ + y cos θ'''

Tujjuṛt s ugellus y tettawi (x,y) ɣer (−x,y). Tasikelt s umaway v tettawi P ɣer P+v. Taludegt s wammas O d umuskir k tettawi OP ɣer kOP; tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer imeccaqen s |k|. Ma |k| ≠ 1, mačči d tagdukta.

Timhelt n uḍfar n yibeddilen tesɛa azal: tuzzya deffir tasikelt ur tefk ara dima ayen i d-tefk tasikelt deffir tuzzya. Ibeddilen i yeṭṭafen talɣa meṛṛa ur tettbeddil ara sdukklen agraw n tujjuṛt-is. D allal i tazrawt n yizeṭṭa, lebni d talɣiwin n ugama.

== 12. Igezzumen n ukaswar ==
Igezzumen n ukaswar (coniques) d tiwinas, tiglayin, tikenzirarin d yiknudem. Zemren ad d-ilin s umager n uɣawas d ukaswar asinan; tili n ugzam tettawi talɣa yemgaraden. Deg taenzeggit tusliṭ, d imedyaten n tegdiwin s tfesna 2.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-28 12-03-59.png|centré|636x636px]]
&lt;small&gt;Taglayt tesɛa sin n yidiken. Takenzirart tesɛa adik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa sin n yifurkan. Ilugan n tigniwin llan deg yizwal-nsent.&lt;/small&gt;

Taglayt tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan timernit n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal. Takenzirart tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg udik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa tameẓla tamagdazt n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal.

'''Ax² + Bxy + Cy² + Dx + Ey + F = 0'''

I tegda n tfesna 2 war talɣiwin yettwasenɣasen, B²−4AC &lt; 0 yettawi talɣa n teglayt; = 0 talɣa n tkenzirart; &gt; 0 talɣa n uknudem, s tawtilin n tili n talɣa tilawt. Kra n tegdiwin zemrent ad fkent taɣda, snat teɣdiwin, taneqqiṭ neɣ tagrumma tilemt. Ihi ur ilaq ara ad nsemmu talɣa s yiwen umḍan kan.

Talɣiwin-a sɛant aseqdec deg tsenallunt, imeskaren n tafat d usali n kra n yimeslaḍen.

==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit ==

* [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit tummit]]

* [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]]

* [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]]

* [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] 

* [[Aljiber imzireg]]

== Amezruy n tenzeggit ==


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  <page>
    <title>Uɣustus</title>
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      <text bytes="22484" sha1="5gjd7efxq93pden4tbsbfcta1m1og5u" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1405|image=[[File:Statue of the Emperor Octavian Augustus as Jupiter (6).png|thumb|Asebdad n umenkad Uɣustus amzun d Jupiter (6)]]|caption=Amenkad Uɣustus.|date of birth=23 Ctembeṛ deg useggas 63 Send Tallalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit|date of death=19 Ɣuct deg useggas n 14 Seld Tallalit n Ɛisa.}}

'''Uɣustus''' (s tlaṭinit: Augustus, neɣ s yisem-is n tidet ''Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus'' ), i yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n Uktavyus (Octavius), d amezwaru n yimenkaden n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ilul-d ass n 23 Ctembeṛ n useggas 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, yemmut ass n 19 n Ɣuct n useggas 14 seld talalit n Ɛisa.

D netta i d-yesbedden '''[[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tamnekda Taṛumanit]]''' sdeffir n uɣelluy n '''[[Tagduda Taṛumanit|Tegduda]]'''. Yewweḍ ɣer udabu deg yiwet n tallit n tezɣent d ṭṭrad aɣarim, maca yessaweḍ ad d-yerr talwit, ad yesseggem awanek, dɣa yeldi-d yiwet n tsut iwumi qqaren &quot;Talwit Taṛumanit&quot; (''Pax Romana'').

D netta diɣen i yessbedden anagraw amaynut n udabu deg Ruma, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''Principatu''s, seld mi tfukk tagduda tarumanit (Res publica Romana).

Uɣustus ur d-yewwi ara adabu s yiwet n tikkelt. Iɛedda seg waṭas n ṭṭraden, tedyanin tisertanin, d usenqes n tzemmar n yixṣṣimen-is, almi yuɣal d bab n udabu ameqqran deg Ruma.

Ɣas akken yella d amenkad s tidet, ur yebɣi ara ad d-yesken iman-is am ugellid. Yeskanay-d adabu-is s wudem n uḥraz n tagduda taqburt, maca deg tilawt, akk tzemmar tigejdanin n udabu uɣalent ɣer ufus-is.

Tallit n Uɣustus teldi yiwet n tewwurt n tallit tazrayt s wudem amaynut deg umaḍal arumani, i d-yeglan s tɣellist, asnerni n tdamsa, abeddel n usuddes aserdasi, akked usnerni n tsekla d tẓuriwin.

== 1. Ruma send Uɣustus ==

=== 1.1. Tagduda Tarumanit ===
Send ad d-yas Uɣustus, Ruma tella d tagduda i yettwasuddsen s yiwet n tɣessa tasertant i deg llan:

- '''Asenat''' (Senatus): agraw n ymḍebbren d yimɣaren n twaculin timeqqranin.

- '''Imqerraben n udabu''' (magistratus): am yikunsulen, iprituren d wiyaḍ.

- '''Igrawen igdudanen''' (comitia): anda kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ sɛan azref n ufran n yimḍebbren d uqbal n yilugan.

'''- Ikunsulen''': sin n ymḍebbren i yettwafernen yal aseggas i uselḥu n udabu.

Maca anagraw-a ibeddel s waṭas deg yiseggasen ineggura n Tegduda Tarumanit.

Ruma tella tesɛa akal ameqqran seg Iberya armi d Asya tameẓẓyant, seg Yilel agrakal armi d tmura n ugafa n Tefriqt.

Akal-a ameqqran yessuter asuddes amaynut n udabu. S wakka, timsal n udabu, n tedrimt d tseddarin uɣalent d isental n tmesbaniyin gar yimeqqranen.

=== 1.2. Timsizzelt ɣef udabu d ṭṭraden igensanen ===
Deg tasut tamezwarut send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma teɛreḍ aṭas n ṭṭraden igensan.

Gar yimdanen i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant deg tallit-a ad naf:

- '''Marius''', d aɣella aserdasi.

- '''Sulla''', win i yeṭṭfen adabu s tezmert n yigen.

- '''Pumpyus Ameqqran''', amasay aserdasi d win yesɛan tazmert deg Asya.

- '''[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]]''', win i yernan ṭṭrad agensan ɣef Pumpyus.

- '''Mark Antonyus''', win i yuɣalen d axṣim ameqqran n Uɣustus.

Deg useggas 49 send talalit n Ɛisa, Yulyus Qaysar yeɛda iɣzer n Rubicon s igen-is(taserdast-is), ayen i d-yewwin ṭṭrad agensan.

Mi timerniwt tella ɣer tama n Qaysar, yuɣal yesɛa adabu ameqqran, maca aṭas n yisenaturren ugin anagraw-is, acku ttwalin dakken yezmer ad yuɣal d agellid.

== 2. Talalit d temẓi n Uɣustus ==

=== 2.1. Talalit-is ===
[[Tugna:Augustus Bevilacqua Glyptothek Munich 317.jpg|361x361px]]

'''Uɣustus''' ilul ass n 23 Meɣres 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, deg Ruma. Twacult n baba-s tesɛa iẓuran-is deg Velitrae, tamdint i yettwasnen ass-a s yisem n Velletri.

Isem-is amezwaru yella d '''Gaius Octavius'''.

Baba-s, Gaius Octavius, yella d amqerreb arumani i yesɛan azref ad yeṭṭef kra n yimukan deg udabu. Yella d ''praetor'', syin yuɣal d anedbal n Makedunya.

Yemma-s, Atia, tella d yelli-s n Julia, ultma-s n [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]].

S wakka, Uɣustus yella d ammi n yelli-s n ultma-s n Qaysar, d aya i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked twacult n Qaysar.

Ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yuɣal d amenkad ur yelli ara d talalit-is kan, maca d tamusni-s tasertant, d usdukkel n yimeddukal, d tzemmar-is deg useqdec n yiserdasen.

=== 2.2. Aselmed-is ===
Uɣustus yesɛa aselmed n yimdanen imeqqranen n Ruma. Yelmed taɣuri d tira s tlaṭinit, tagrigit, tutlayt n tussna d tfelsafit deg tallit-nni, amezruy n Ruma d tsertit-is, tasekla d tẓuri n umeslay, akked yilugan d usuddes n udabu.
Yella yettḥadar aṭas taɣara-s d wudem-is gar yimdanen. Ɣas akken ur yelli ara d amdan yesɛan tafekka taǧehdit am kra n yimqerranen iserdasen, yesɛa tamusni deg useqdec n yimdanen, deg usdukkel n tzemmar d usbeddi n tɣawsiwin ɣef leḥsab n yiseggasen.

=== 2.3. Assaɣ-is akked Yulyus Qaysar ===
[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yebda yettḥadar Uktavyus am win yezmer ad yili d amḍiq-is deg tsertit. Deg useggas 45 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus iruḥ ɣer Apollonia, deg Illiriya, i wakken ad ikemmel aselmed-is aserdasi. Dinna i yella mi as-d-tewweḍ lexbar n tmettant n Qaysar.

== 3. Tmettant n Yulyus Qaysar d tazwara n uḍfar n udabu ==
[[Tugna:Vincenzo Camuccini, The Death of Julius Caesar (detail).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Vincenzo Camuccini, Timenɣiwt n Yulyus Qaysar.]]

=== 3.1. Timenɣiwt n Qaysar ===
Ass n 15 Meɣres n useggas 44 send talalit n Ɛisa, [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yettwanɣa deg Ruma s ufus n ugraw n yisenaturren.

Gar wid i yesɛan amur deg tmenɣiwt-is llan '''Brutus''' d '''Cassius'''. Wid i t-yenɣan bɣan ad d-rren tagduda ɣer tɣessa-s taqburt, acku ttagaden ad yuɣal Qaysar d agellid. Maca timenɣiwt-is ur d-yewwi ara talwit. S tidet, yeldi abrid i ṭṭraden igensanen imaynuten.

=== 3.2. Uktavyus d amarraw n Qaysar ===
Mi yemmut Qaysar, yufa Uktavyus dakken Qaysar yefren-it deg lewṣaya-s d amarraw-is(s usmemmi) s uzref.

D ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yesɛu isem n ''Gaius Julius Caesar'', ɣas akken deg tira n yimazrayen yettwasemma s waṭas Octavianus i wakken ad yettwafrez ɣef Yulyus Qaysar.

S wakka, Uktavyus yebda yesɛa assaɣ s yisem ameqqran n Qaysar, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yawi aṭas n wid i t-yettɛawanen. Maca yella yiwen umdan zdat-s i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant: '''Mark''' '''Untounyus'''.

=== 3.3. Timsizzelt gar Uktavyus d Untunyus ===
Mark Untunyus yella d ameddukel n Qaysar, yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg tredsa. Yebɣa ad yeṭṭef adabu seld tmettant n Qaysar.

Uktavyus, ɣas akken mazal d ilemẓi, yebda yesdukkel imdanen d tredsa i wakken ad yili yesɛa amkan deg tsertit. Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus yeṭṭef amkan n ukunsul deg Ruma. Syin, yesdukkel tazmert-is akked Mark Untunyus d Lepidus.

== 4. Agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen — Triumvirat wis sin ==
Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus, Untunyus d Lepidus sbedden agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen, i yettwasnen s yisem n Triumvirat wis sin. Anagraw-a yella yesɛa azref asertan, mačči am ugdazel amezwaru n Qaysar, Pumpyus d Crassus.

Kraḍ-a bḍan tazmert n udabu gar-asen.

Maca agraw-a ur yelli ara d anagraw n tlelli. Yella d adabu n tzemmert, deg-s ttwaseḍfaren imxalafen isertanen.

=== 4.1. Aḍfar n tmuɣlin Qaysar ===
Kraḍ n yimqerraben-a sbedden umuɣen n yimdanen i ilaq ad ttwakksen seg udabu, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''proscriptions''.

Aṭas n yisenaturren d yimdanen yesɛan idrimen ttwaneɣen, ttwasfeḍen seg tudert tasertant neɣ ttwanejlan.

Gar wid yettwanɣan yella '''Sisiṛun''', afiluzuf, amenna  arumani ameqqran. D yiwet seg talliyin i deg yella unṭag asertan s waṭas deg Ruma.

=== 4.2. Ṭṭrad n Filippi ===
Deg useggas 42 send talalit n Ɛisa, taredsa n Uktavyus d Untunyus mmagrent akked tid n Brutus d Cassius deg Filippi, deg Masidunya. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d tmerna i Uktavyus d Untunyus.

Brutus d Cassius mmuten seld aɣelluy n tredsa-nsen.

S wakka, aṭas n wid i yebɣan ad d-rren tagduda taqburt ur sɛin ara tazmert i wakken ad kemmlen ṭṭrad.

== 5. Timsizzelt gar Uktavyus d Mark Untunyus ==
[[Tugna:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|centré|vignette|Mark Untunyus.]]

=== 5.1. Abḍu n tmura n Ruma ===
Seld Filippi, Uktavyus d Untunyus bḍan amkan n tzemmert-nsen. Uktavyus yebda yettḥadar aṭas akal n umalu n Ruma, ma Utunyus yettḥadar Asya d tmura n usammar. ''Lepidus'', s wakud, yebda yettḥaz amkan-is, almi yettekkes-as Uktavyus tazmert-is tasertant deg useggas 36 send talalit n Ɛisa.

S wakka, Uktavyus d Untunyus uɣalen d sin n yimdanen imeqqranen i yesɛan adabu deg umaḍal arumani.

=== 5.2. Untunyus d Kliyupatra ===
Untunyus yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked [[Kliyubatra VII|Kliyupatra tis VII]], tagellidt n Maṣer. Kliyupatra tella d tagellidt yesɛan tamusni tasertant d tazmert tadiplumasit.

Untunyus yebda yesɛa aṭas n wassaɣen akked Maṣer, ayen i yessersan Uktavyus deg umkan i wakken ad t-yerr d axṣim n Ruma.

Uktavyus yesseqdec assaɣ-a i wakken ad yessers Untunyus am win i yettbeddilen timsal n Ruma s tid n Maṣer. D yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant deg usdukkel n uɣref arumani ɣer tama n Uktavyus.

=== 5.3. Ṭṭrad n Aktium ===
Ass n 2 Ctember n useggas 31 send talalit n Ɛisa, taredsa n yilel n Uktavyus mmagrent akked tid n Untunyus d Kliyupatra deg Aktium, ɣer tama n Yunan. Aqeṛṛu n tredsa n yilel n Uktavyus yella d Agrippa, ameddukel-is ameqqran. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d timerniwt i Uktavyus.

Untunyus d Kliyupatra uɣalen ɣer Maṣer. Deg useggas 30 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus yeṭṭef Aleksandriya. Untunyus d Kliyupatra mmuten s ufus-nsen. Maṣer tuɣal d tamurt i yettwaselḥayen s yisem n Ruma, maca s tɣessa n udabu i d-yettakken amkan ameqqran i Uɣustus.

Lɣelba n Aktium d yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant deg umezruy n Ruma, acku seg wass-nni Uktavyus ur yesɛi ara axṣim ameqqran deg udabu arumani.

== 6. Asebded n Tamenkda Tarumanit ==

=== 6.1. Seg Uktavyus ɣer Uɣustus ===
Deg useggas 27 send talalit n Ɛisa, ''Asenat'' yefka i Uktavyus isem n Uɣustus(Augustus), anamek-is yezmer ad yettwasegzi am « win yesɛan azal ameqqran d lḥerma ».

Seg tallit-a, Uktavyus yuɣal yettwasnen s yisem n Uɣustus. Maca Uɣustus ur yebɣi ara ad yettwasemmi rex (agellid), acku irumanen n tallit-nni mazal ttagaden awal-a.

Yefren ad yesɛu isem n '''Princeps''', anamek-is « amezwaru », neɣ « amezwaru gar yimdanen ». Seg waya i d-yekka yisem n Principatus.

=== 6.2. Amek i yessuddes adabu? ===
Uɣustus yeǧǧa kra n tɣessiwin tiqburin n tagduda. Asenat mazal yella, ikunsulen mazal ttwafranen, imḍebren mazal xeddmen.

Maca tazmert tagejdant n udabu tella deg ufus n Uɣustus. Yesɛa adabu aserdasi ɣef yiswiren imeqqranen, azref n uselḥu n waṭas n tmura, tazmert tasertant i yellan s ufella n waṭas n yimḍebren tazmert n usuter d useḥbes n kra n yisumar isertanen, akked wazal ameqqran gar yisenaturren d uɣref.

Deg useggas 23 send talalit n Ɛisa, yesɛa tazmert n ''tribunicia potestas'', i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa kra n yizerfan n umḍeber agdudan.

S wakka, anagraw n tagduda yella mazal deg wudem, maca deg tilawt adabu yuɣal d adabu n yiwen n umdan.

=== 6.3. Ayɣer ur yessebded ara tagelda s wudem usrid? ===
Uɣust yefhem dakken Yulyus Qaysar yettwanɣa acku aṭas n yisenaturren ttagaden ad yuɣal d agellid.

Ihi, ur yebɣi ara ad yerr iman-is deg umkan-nni. Yesseqdec tutlayt n tagduda d yizamulen-is i wakken ad yesken dakken ur yebɣi ara ad yekkes tilelli n Ruma. Maca yessers anagraw anda yiwen n umdan yezmer ad yeṭṭef adabu i yiseggasen ɣezzifen.

== 7. Asuddes n yigen(taredsa) ==
[[Tugna:Roman Army &amp; Chariot Experience, Hippodrome, Jerash, Jordan (5072088459).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tugna i usegzi n wamek tella tredsa tarumanit.]]

=== 7.1. Tiseddarin timaynutin deg tredsa ===
Uɣust yessuddes taredsa tarumanin s wudem amaynut. Send-is, iserdasen ttilint aṭas n tikkal ddaw n ufus n yimḍebren n Senats i tent-yesɛan d imeddukal.

Uɣust yebɣa ad yerr iserdasen ddaw n udabu agejdan. Yessebded anagraw n yiserdasen i ixeddmen s lɛaqd ɣezzifen, d wid i yettwaxellaṣen s tedrimt n Tamenkda.

Deg tallit-is, amḍan n yinagrawen n yiserdasen yella qrib 28, syin yuɣal 25 seld tawaɣit n Teutoburg deg useggas 9 seld talalit n Ɛisa.

=== 7.2. Aḥraz n tlisa ===
Uɣust yeǧǧa iserdasen deg tmura n tilisa.

Iserdasen-a ttwaseqdacent i uḥraz n tlisa seg iɣerfan ibarbaren, aḥraz n yiberdan n tenzzut(ttjara), aḥraz n tɣellist deg tmura i yettwaṭṭfen, akked uḍfar n yimxalafen i d-yettbanen deg kra n tmura.

Yessebded daɣen ''Praetorian Guard'', d agraw aserdasi i yettḥarazen amenkad. Maca agraw-a, deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, yuɣal yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg tsertit n Ruma.

== 8. Ṭṭraden d usnerni n tilisa n Tamenkda ==
[[Tugna:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tilisa n tmenkda tarumant yewwḍen ɣer teɣzi-s tamuqqrant akk.]]

=== 8.1. Ṭṭraden deg Iberya ===
Uɣust yessers tazmert n Ruma deg ugafa n Iberya. Gar yisental imeqqranen n ṭṭraden-a yella uḥraz n tmura n Cantabri d Astures.

Ṭṭraden-a, gar 29 d 19 send talalit n Ɛisa, fkan-d timerniwt i Ruma, ɣas akken llan d ṭṭraden iɛewqen.

=== 8.2. Asnerni deg Alpan d Balkan ===
Deg tallit n Uɣust, Ruma tesnerna adabu-is deg kra n tmura n Alpan d Balkan. Akal n Raetia d Noricum yuɣal ddaw n tzemmert n Ruma.

Deg Balkan, iserdasen irumaniyen mmagren akked kra n yiɣerfan i yebɣan ad ḥerzen tilelli-nsen.

=== 8.3. Tawaɣit n Teutoburg ===
Deg useggas 9 seld talalit n Ɛisa, kraḍ n yigrawen n, tredsa tarumanin ttwarnant deg Teutoburg, deg Jermanya.

Arminius, aqeṛṛu n yiɣerfan ijermanen, yesdukkel kra n yiɣerfan i wakken ad mgalen Ruma.

Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d timerniwt tameqqrant i Yijermanen. Kraḍ n yigrawen, XVII, XVIII d XIX, ttwaseɣlin.

Uɣust yeḥzen aṭas ɣef tawaɣit-a. Ayen i d-yellan deg Teutoburg yessers tilisa i usnerni n Ruma ɣer usammar n Rhine, ɣas akken ṭṭradat d yiserdasen irumaninyen kemmlen deg yiɣzer-a deg talliyin i d-iteddun.

== 9. Tadbelt d tdamsa deg tallit n Uɣustus ==

=== 9.1. Asuddes n tmura ===
Uɣustus yebḍa kra n tmura n Tamenkda gar sin n wanawen igejdanen.

'''Timura n Asenat''': ttwaseḍfarent s yisem n Asenat, s yimḍbren i yettwafernen ilmend n yilugan n tmenkda.

'''Timura n Uɣustus''': ttwaseḍfarent s yisem n umenkad, ladɣa tid i deg llan iserdasen imeqqranen.

Abḍu-agi yeǧǧa Uɣustus ad yesɛu adabu ameqqran ɣef iserdasen.

=== 9.2. Aseggem n tebzar ===
Uɣust yesseǧǧa anagraw n tebzar ad yili yesɛa asuddes iwulmen ugar. Yesseqdec imḍbren d ixeddamen i usismel n yidrimen i d-yettawin seg tmura. Maṣer tella d yiwet n tmura i d-yettawin aṭas n yirden ɣer Ruma.

Yessebded daɣen ''aerarium militare'' deg useggas 6 seld talalit n Ɛisa, d axxam n tedrimt i uxellaṣ n kra n yizerfan n yiserdasen.

=== 9.3. Asnerni n yiberdan ===
Deg tallit n Uɣustus, Ruma tesnerna iberdan i yesdukkulen timura n Tamenkda. Iberdan-a ttwaseqdacen i usmutti n yiserdasen, ttjara gar temdinin, asiweḍ n lexbar d yiznan, akked usmutti n yirden d yisufar.

Uɣustus yessebded anagraw n usiweḍ n yiznan n udabu, i yettwasnen s yisem n '''cursus publicus'''.

== 10. Ruma deg tallit n Uɣustus ==
[[Tugna:Remains of the Temple of Rome and Augustus (Athens) on 16 April 2018.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Ayen i d-yeqqimen seg ufakan n Uɣustus deg Ruma.]]

=== 10.1. Aseggem n temdint ===
Uɣustus yebɣa ad yerr Ruma d tamdint tameqqrant i d-yettbanen s tẓuri, lebni d usuddes. Yessebded neɣ yesseggem aṭas n yiberdan, tiɣerɣert n waman, iɣerbazen n udabu d yiberdan igdudanen.

Gar yiberdan n lebni imeqqranen:

- Afuṛum n Uɣustus (Forum Augustum).

- Axxam n Mars Ultor, deg Ufuṛum n Uɣustus.

- Ara Pacis Augustae, amkan n usefru n talwit n Uɣustus.

- Amezgun n Marcellus, i yekfa deg tallit-is.

- Mausoleum n Uɣustus, anda ttwamḍalen yimdanen n twacult-is.

=== 10.2. Ara Pacis — Afraya n talwit ===
[[Tugna:Ara Pacis (SW).jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Ara Pacis/Afraya n talwit.]]


Ara Pacis d amkan n ufraya i d-yettwasbedden deg Ruma deg useggas 9 send talalit n Ɛisa, i usmekti n talwit n Uɣustus.

Yella d amkan n yiɣallen n usɣan arumani, anda ttwaxeddmen kra n tmezliwin n yiɣersiwin, aladɣa izgaren i yimeẓla n Ruma. Asebdad-a yesɛa unuɣen n yimdanen n twacult n Uɣustus, n yisenaturren d yizamulen n tɣellist.

D yiwen seg yizamulen imeqqranen n tsertit n Uɣustus, acku yebɣa ad yesken dakken adabu-is d adabu n talwit.

=== 10.3. Ruma d tẓuri ===
Deg tallit n Uɣustus, taẓuri tarumanit tesnerna aṭas. Yella useqdec ameqqran n umruḍ d wuzru n lebni, yisebdaden n yimḍbren, izamulen n tɣellist d tzemmert, yizliyen d yifrayen n tẓuri, akked tira d yiznan ɣef yisebdaden.

Uɣustus yettwasekna deg waṭas n yisebdaden am umdan iǧehden, ɣas akken deg tilawt yella yesɛa kra n uguren n tfekka.

== 11. Tasekla d tfelsafit deg tallit n Uɣustus ==
Tallit n Uɣustus tettwaḥsab d yiwet n talliyin timeqqranin n tsekla tarumanit. Aṭas n yimedyazen d yimyura imeqqranen llan deg tallit-is.

=== 11.1. Virgil ===
[[Virgil]] (Publius Vergilius Maro) yella d amedyaz arumani ameqqran. Yura ''Aeneis'', d adlis i d-yettmeslayen ɣef '''''Aeneas''''', amdan n Tṛuwa i d-yuɣalen d yiwen seg yizamulen n umezruy n Ruma.

Adlis-a yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked tsertit n Uɣustus, acku yesdukkel amezruy n Ruma akked uẓar n twacult n Yulyus Qaysar.

=== 11.2. Huratyus ===
'''Horace''' (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) yella d amedyaz i d-yuran aṭas n yisefra ɣef tudert, tafelsafit, talwit d tsertit. Yura daɣen ''Carmen Saeculare'' i tfaska n useggas 17 send talalit n Ɛisa.

=== 11.3. Ovid ===
[[Ovid]] (Publius Ovidius Naso) yella d amedyaz arumani i d-yuran Metamorphoses (Tuttyiwin), d adlis i d-yettmeslayen ɣef waṭas n tmucuha n yigelliden d yilluten n Yigrigiyen d Yirumanen.

Deg useggas 8 seld talalit n Ɛisa, Uɣustus yefka-d lḥekm n unejli i Ovid ɣer Tomis, deg tama n Yilel Aberkan.

Sebba n unejli-is ur tettwassen ara s tidet, ɣas akken Ovid yessawel ɣef « asefru d tuccḍa » (carmen et error).

== 12. Asɣan d tsertit n Uɣustus ==

=== 12.1. Aḥraz n yilluten iqburen ===
Uɣustus yebɣa ad d-yerr azal i usɣan arumani aqbur. Yesseggem aṭas n yixxamen n yilluten, yesnerna tifaskiwin tisɣanin, yerna yesɛa amkan ameqqran deg usɣan n Ruma.

Deg useggas 12 send talalit n Ɛisa, yuɣal d '''Pontifex Maximus''', d amqerreb ameqqran n usɣan arumani.

=== 12.2. Asɣan n umenkad ===
Deg tmura n usammar n Tamenkda, aṭas n yimdanen bdan tɛebden Uɣustus neɣ ttqadaren-t s wudem n yilluten. Deg Ruma, Uɣustus yella yettḥadar ad ur yettwasemmi d rebbi s wudem usrid. Maca deg kra n tmura, ladɣa deg usammar, uasɣan n umenkad yebda yettnerni. Anagraw-a yuɣal d yiwetn n tɣawsa tagejdant deg tsertit n yimenkaden i d-iteddun.

== 13. Tameṭṭut d twacult deg tallit n Uɣustus ==

=== 13.1. Livia Drusilla ===
'''Livia''' tella d tameṭṭut n Uɣustus seg useggas 38 send talalit n Ɛisa. Tella tesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg twacult n umenkad, yerna tesɛa amkan ameqqran deg tsertit.

Livia tella d yemma-s n '''Tiberyus''', win i yuɣalen d amenkad wis sin n Ruma.

=== 13.2. Julia ===
Julia tella d yelli-s n Uɣustus.

Uɣustus yesseqdec izerfan n zwaǧ d twacult i wakken ad yesdukkel imdanen imeqqranen deg tsertit.

Julia tezweǧ akked Agrippa, syin akked Tiberyus. Maca deg useggas 2 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uɣustus yefka-as lḥekm n unejli, seld tmesbaniyin ɣef tudert-is tusligt d yizerfan n twacult.

Ayen-a yeskan-d dakken Uɣustus yella yettḥadar aṭas taɣara n twacult-is d yizamulen n tsertit-is.

== 14. Talwit d tɣellist deg tallit n Uɣustus ==
Uɣustus yettwassen s yisem n Pax Augusta, anamek-is talwit n Uɣustus. Maca ilaq ad nefhem dakken talwit-a ur tella ara d talwit i yal amdan. Deg Ruma d kra n tmura, ṭṭradat igensan bdan ttnaqasen, maca deg tlisa d tmura i yettwaṭṭfen, ṭṭradat kemmlen.

=== 14.1. Timetti tarumanit ===
Deg tallit n Uɣustus, timetti tella tebḍa gar waṭas n yigran:

- Imdanen ilelliyen i yesɛan izerfan n Ruma.

- Imdanen ilelliyen war izerfan n ugdud arumani.

- Iklanen, i yettwaseqdacen deg yixxamen, tafellaḥt d yixeddimen.

- Imdanen i yettwafekken tlelli seld mi llan d iklan.

Tamsalt n waklan tella d yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant deg tdamsa tarumanit.

=== 14.2. Tanezzut d tdamsa ===
Ttjara tesnerna s waṭas deg tallit n Uɣustus. Ilel agrakal yuɣal d abrid ameqqran n ttjara gar tmura n Tamenkda.

Ttwasewwḍen irden seg Maṣer d Tefriqt, azemmur d zzit seg Iberya d Tefriqt, aẓru n lebni seg tmura yemgaraden, iseɣwan n tẓuri d yisufar seg Asya, akked waklan seg tmura i yettwaṭṭfen d ttjara n yimdanen.

Ttjara-a tesnerna tazmert n Ruma, maca tettwasbedden daɣen ɣef uxeddim n waklan d tebzar i ttwaxellaṣen s tzemmert.

== 15. Uɣustus d Tefriqt Tamazɣit ==
[[Tugna:El monarca Juba II.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Yuba Wis Sin]]

=== 15.1. Tafriqt deg tallit n Uɣustus ===
Deg tallit n Uɣustus, Ruma tesɛa adabu deg kra n tmura n Tefriqt ugafa. Mačči akk Teafriqt Tamazɣit i yellan ddaw n udabu usrid n Ruma.

Tamurt n Ifriqiya (Africa Proconsularis) tella d tamurt tarumanit, maca deg umalu llan kra n yigeldan imaziɣen i yesɛan adabu-nsen s umṣada akked Ruma.

=== 15.2. Yuba wis sin ===
Juba II (Yuba wis sin) yella d agellid amaziɣ i yettwaselmeden deg Ruma. Yella d ammi-s n Yuba Amezwaru, agellid n Numidya i yemmuten deg ṭṭrad mgal Yulyus Qaysar.

Uɣustus yefka i Yuba wis sin adabu ɣef kra n tmura n Numidya deg useggas 30 send talalit n Ɛisa, syin ɣef tagelda n Muritanya deg useggas 25 send talalit n Ɛisa. Yuba yezweǧ akked Klyupatra Selene, yelli-s n [[Kliyubatra VII|Klyupatra tis VII]] d Mark Antonyus.

D aya i d-yesskanen amek Uɣustus yesseqdec tisulya d yissaɣen n twaculin i wakken ad yesdukkel tazmert n Ruma akked yigelliden n tmura-nni.

=== 15.3. Iɣerman n Muritanya ===
Deg tallit n Yuba wis sin, Muritanya tesnerna aṭas n temdinin d tẓuri.

'''Iul Qaysariya''' (Caesarea), i d-yuɣalen d tamdint n Cherchell, tella d tasɣimt tagejdant n Yuba. Yuba yesnerna tasekla, tussna d tẓuri deg tagelda-s.

Yella d agellid i yuran aṭas n yidlisen ɣef umezruy, agama, timura d yisɣanen, ɣas akken aṭas seg yidlisen-is ur d-wwiḍen ara ɣer tallit tamirant.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Anthropic</title>
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      <parentid>117779</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T14:02:00Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="12665" sha1="tm71p4vab3jefp8wnajfcc4xnga4i7s" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name = ANTHROP\C
| type = Tatiknulujit
| founded = 26 Ynnayer 2021
| founder = Dario Amodei, Daniela Amodei, Jared Kaplan, Jack Clark, Chris Olah, Ben Mann, Sam McCandlish, Tom Brown
| headquarters = San Francisco
| country = Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan
| industry = Tigzi Taragmawant
| products = Claude Code
Claude Cowork
Bun
| website = www.anthropic.com
| logo = [[File:Anthropic logo.svg|thumb|Alugu n Anthropic]]
| image = [[File:Slack offices, Howard Street, San Francisco (viewed from the south-west, January 2020).jpg|thumb|Slack offices, Howard Street, San Francisco]]
| wikidata_revenue = yes
| wikidata_operating_income = yes
| wikidata_net_income = yes
}}

'''Anthropic''' d taṛmist tamirikanit i ixeddmen deg unadi d usnefli n tigzi taragmawant (tiɣist tagemdant — AI). Tettwassen s twacult n tmudmin-is n tutlayt timeqqranin (Large Language Models — LLM), i d-tessuffeɣ s yisem n '''Claude'''.

Anthropic tesɛa yiwen n yiswi agejdan: asnefli n tigzi taragmawant i izemren ad tili d tin iǧehden, d tin ara yilin d tanafeɛt i yimdanen, war ma tettawi-d uguren imeqqranen i tɣellist-nsen.

Taṛmist-a tettwasbedd deg 2021, deg tallit ideg tigzi taragmawant tebda tettnerni s tɣawla tameqqrant.

== 2. Amezruy n usbeddi n Anthropic ==

=== 2.1. Tallit send 2021 ===
Amezruy n Anthropic yeqqen srid ɣer umhaz n OpenAI.

'''Dario Amodei''' d '''Daniela Amodei''' llan gar wid ixeddmen deg OpenAI, maca deg 2020–2021 bdan ttemxalafen ɣef kra n tarrayin n usnefli n tigzi taragmawant, ladɣa deg wayen yerzan tɣellist, tadbelt d wamek ara tettwaseqdac tmacint-a.

Deg 2021, d nitni akked kra n yimezzayen nniḍen i d-isbedden Anthropic.

=== 2.2. Imseddayen-is ===
'''Dario Amodei'''

D amsedday agejdan (CEO) n Anthropic. Yella d anemhal n unadi deg OpenAI, yerna yesɛa tamusni deg tusna n iṛunen d ulmad n tmacint.

'''Daniela Amodei'''

D yiwet seg tid i d-isbedden taṛmist, d tamseddayt-is (taselwayt). Tettiki deg usuddes n umahil, tadbelt d tɣellist n tṛmist.

Gar yimsbeddayen nniḍen llan Jack Clark, Jared Kaplan, Tom Brown, Sam McCandlish, Christopher Olah akked wid nniḍen.

=== 2.3. Tiferkiwin tigejdanin deg umezruy-is ===
1. 2021 — '''Asbeddi n Anthropic'''. Taṛmist tebda anadi ɣef tɣellist n tmudmin timeqqranin.

2. 2022 — '''Anadi ɣef''' '''Tmendawt n AI(Constitutional AI)'''. Tarrayt tamaynut i uselmed n tmudmin s yilugan d wazalen yettwarun.

3. 2023 — '''Asuffeɣ n Claude'''. Anthropic tessuffeɣ-d tamudemt-is i useqdec n yimdanen, yerna tesbedd &quot;''Responsible Scaling Policy&quot;''.

4. 2024 — '''Claude 3 d Claude 3.5'''. Asnerni ameqqran deg tigzi n yiḍrisen, tugniwin d tira n tengalt.

5. 2025 — '''Claude 3.7 d Claude 4'''. Asnerni deg useɣẓen, tira n yiseɣzanen d umahil s yimeggayen iragmanen (AI agents).

6. 2026 — '''Claude 5 d twaculin timaynutin'''. Anthropic tessuffeɣ-d Opus 5.5, Sonnet 5.5 d Haiku 5.5, akked Mythos d Fable 5.1.

== 3. Claude: aferdis agejdan n Anthropic ==
[[Tugna:Claude AI website screenshot.webp|bordure|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tuṭṭfa n wegdil n usmel web Calude.]]


Claude d tamudemt n tigzi taragmawant i izemren ad yegzu tutlayt n yimdanen, ad d-yerr ɣef yisteqsiyen, ad yaru tangalt, ad yesleḍ isefka, ad yessegzi timiḍranin yuɛran, yerna ad yexdem kra n yimahilen s wallalen nniḍen.

=== 3.1. Amek i iteddu Claude? ===
Claude yettwabna ɣef tetiknulujit n &quot;'''Uselkat&quot;(Transformer)''', i d-ibanen deg 2017. Deg ulmad-is, tamudemt tettawi-d tamusni seg yiḍrisen imeqqranen, seg tengalt d yisefka nniḍen. Ittɛedday ɣef uselmed amezwaru, syin ɣef uselmed n usneɣti n tikli-is.

[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-24 14-48-35.png|825x825px]]

Aselmed-a ur d-yemmal ara belli tamudemt tesɛa tigzi neɣ tafekka n umdan. D anagraw n usiḍen(uḥsab) i yesseqdacen imḍanen d yilugan i yettwalemden.

=== 3.2. Tawacult n tudmawin Claude ===
Anthropic tesɛa kraḍ n yismawen igejdanen deg twacult n Claude:

'''Claude Opus'''

D tawacult n tmudmawin i yimahilen iweɛren: aseɣẓen lqayen, tira n tengalt taḥerfit, tasleḍt d yimahilen ɣezzifen.

'''Claude Sonnet'''

D tawacult i yesdukklen tazmert tameqqrant, tɣawla d wazal n useqdec. Tewulem i umahil n yal ass d usnefli n yiseɣzanen.

'''Claude Haiku'''

D tawacult i d-yettunefken i tririyin tiruradin, tasuqilt, agzul d yimahilen i yettɛawaden aṭas.

Deg 2026, Anthropic tesnerna daɣen tawacult n '''Mythos''' d '''Fable''' i yimahilen n unadi d tengalt iweɛren.

== 4. Constitutional AI — tarrayt n uselmed s yilugan ==
D yiwen seg yiferdisen i s-yefkan i Anthropic udem-is deg unadi ɣef tigzi taragmawant.

Constitutional AI(Tamendawt n tegzi taragmawant) d tarrayt n uselmed n tmudemt(umudil) s useqdec n ugraw n yilugan d wazalen i izemren ad t-ɛiwnen ad yefren tiririyin iwulmen. Deg tarrayt-a, tamudemt neɣ amudil izmer ad yesleḍ tiririt-is, ad d-yaf ayen ur nelhi ara deg-s, syin ad tt-iseɣti ilmend n yilugan.

'''Amedya'''

[[Tugna:Tugna.png|681x681px]]

Deg tazwara, ''Constitutional AI'' tesseqdac ilugan i usneɣti n tririyin d uselmed s yisefka n tmuɣliwin n tmudemt. Maca tarrayt-a ur tḍemmin ara belli yal tiririt ad tili d taɣellsant.

Deg 2026, Anthropic tessuffeɣ-d taɣessa tamaynut n yilugan-is, i d-yessagzayen azalen n Claude, am tidet, aḥraz n yimdanen d useqdec iwulmen. 

== 5. Anadi ussnan deg Anthropic ==
Anthropic ur telli ara kan d taṛmist i d-yessuffuɣen iseɣzanen. D taṛmist n unadi ussnan deg wamek i teddun yimudilen n tigzi taragmawant.

=== 5.1. Tasleṭ n wamek iteddu unagraw seg daxel(Mechanistic Interpretability) ===
D taɣult n unadi i yettnadin ad tegzu amek i xeddmen yiferdisen igensanen n tmudemt neɣ umudil. Deg umudil ameqqran, tella tegnit anda nezmer ad nẓer tiririt-is, maca ur nezmir ara ad negzu s telqayt acuɣer i d-yefren tiririt-nni.

Imnadiyen n Anthropic ttnadin ad d-afen tizegrar n ulmad deg yiferdisen n uẓeṭṭa n yinuṛunen iragmanen.

Amedya: Ma amudil(tamudemt) yefhem belli « Paris » d tamdint, imnadiyen bɣan ad ẓren anwa aferdis agensan i yeqqnen Paris ɣer tmiḍrant n temdint, tamurt n Fransa d tmusniwin nniḍen.

Anadi-a yezmer ad yili d lsas i usefhem n tuccḍiwin, tiɣawsiwin ur nettwafham ara d tɣellist n yimudilen.

=== 5.2. Areyyec n tigzi taragmawant akked wazalen d yiswiwen n yimdanen(AI Alignment) ===
''AI Alignment'' s teglizit d anadi ɣef wamek ara nḍemmen belli iswiyen d tikli n tigzi taragmawant ad mṣadan d wayen bɣan yimdanen.

Akken ad nefhem ugur-a, nezmer ad nefren gar snat n tegnatin:

- Amudil ixeddmen ayen i as-yettunefken s wudem ameqqran n usiḍen(leḥsab), maca yezmer ad yeglu s uḍurru.

- Amudil ixeddmen iswi n useqdac, yerna yesɛa tazmert n usenqed n wayen izemren ad d-yawi uḍurru.

Anthropic tettnadi ad tesnerni tazmert tis snat, maca ur tezmir ara ad tḍemmen belli ugur-a yettwafra akk.

=== 5.3. Tasertit n usnerni amasay n tezmar n tigzi taragmawant(Responsible Scaling Policy) ===
Seg 2023, Anthropic tesɛa tasertit n usnerni s leḥder (Responsible Scaling Policy — RSP).

Tasertit-a tesseqdac asenqed n wuguren i izemren ad d-banen mi ara nnernin yimudilen, ladɣa deg taɣulin am tɣellist n yiseɣzanen, tabiyulujit d tazmert n yimudilen ad xedmen iman-nsen.

Deg 2026, tasertit-a tettwasnifel i wakken ad d-tessuffeɣ isallen ugar ɣef wuguren d tarrayin n uḥraz. 

== 6. Ifarisen d wallalen n Anthropic ==
Anthropic tesnerna aṭas n wallalen i useqdec n Claude, ama i yimdanen, ama i tṛmisin, ama i yimsneflayen.

=== Claude Code ===
D allal i yimsneflayen n yiseɣẓanen. Izmer ad yeɣer tangalt n usenfaṛ, ad yesneɣti tuccḍiwin, ad yaru tangalt tamaynut, ad iseqdec ikufan n unagraw, yerna ad isenqed leqdic-is.

'''Claude Artifacts'''

D allal i usnulfu n yiferdisen am yiseɣẓanen iwezzilen, tifelwiyin, unuɣen d yisnasen n web, s tazmert n uẓray n wayen yettwaxedmen.

'''Claude API'''

D tawwurt i yimsneflayen i bɣan ad sdukklen tazmert n Claude deg yiseɣzanen-nsen. Tesseqdac tiddas (tokens) i uḥsab n useqdec.

'''Claude Duet'''

Deg 21 Tubber 2026, Anthropic teldi afecku n unadi n Claude Duet i yiseqdacen n Pro d Max. D asnas n umeggay aragman i izemren ad ixdem kra n yimahilen s tazmert n uselḥu n leqdic ɣezzifen. 

== 7. Tadamsa, asuddes d yimendaden n Anthropic ==

=== 7.1. Taṛmist i ubaɣur n ugdud(Public Benefit Corporation) ===
Anthropic d taṛmist n wanaw Public Benefit Corporation (PBC). Deg unagraw-a n tṛmisin, anerni n '''tgenfit''' ur yettili ara d iswi awḥid: taṛmist tesɛa daɣen iswiyen n ufares n tnafut tamatut.

Aya ur d-yemmal ara belli Anthropic ur tettnadi ara tagenfit. Tesseqdac amudil adamsan i d-yettawin idrimen seg useqdec n Claude, seg API d yixeddimen i tṛmisin.

=== 7.2. Amudil adamsan ===
Anthropic tesɛa kra n yiberdan n usekcem n yidrimen:

1. Tineflayin n useqdec: iseqdacen zemren ad xellṣen i kra n tazmert d wallalen n Claude.

2. API: imsenflayen xellṣen ilmend n useqdec n yimudilen.

3. Iɣawsiwen i tṛmisin: allalen n Claude i yixeddamen d tedbelt n tṛmisin.

4. Iseɣzanen n tengalt: am Claude Code, i yimsneflayen d terbaɛin n tiknulujit.

=== 7.3. Imendaden d yimdukkal ===
Gar yimendaden d yimdukkal imeqqranen n Anthropic llan Amazon akked Google.

Tisdukal-a snernant tazmert n Anthropic ad tesɛu taɣessa n usiḍen tameqqrant i uselmed n yimudilen-is.

Maca imendaden imeqqranen zemren daɣen ad d-awin uguren n uɛqal n tɣawsa: anwa i yesɛan tazmert n ufran, anwa i yettekkin deg tadbelt, d wamek ara tettwaḥrez tilelli n unadi?

== 8. Uguren d tɣawsiwin i ɣef tettwaseqsay Anthropic ==

=== 8.1. Taɣellist n tigzi taragmawant ===
Anthropic tettak azal ameqqran i tɣellist, maca am wakken i yella deg tṛmisin nniḍen, ulac aḍman belli imudilen-is(timudmin-is) ur d-ttawin ara tuccḍiwin neɣ tiririyin i izemren ad ḍurren.

Asenqed n yimudilen, aḥraz n yisefka d tezmert n yimdanen ad senqden tikli-nsen qqimen d uguren igejdanen.

=== 8.2. Aselmed n yimudilen d yisefka ===
Imudilen imeqqranen ḥwaǧen aṭas n yisefka. Aya yeslalay-d isteqsiyen ɣef:

- Izerfan n yimeskar n yiḍrisen d tugniwin.

- Aḥraz n tudert tusligt n yimdanen.

- Asenqed n yisefka i yettwaseqdacen deg ulmad.

- Tarrayin n uselmed i ur nettawi ara ɣer tmuɣliwin ur nesɛi ara tawtilt.

=== 8.3. Aseqdec n tazmert n uḥsab ===
Aselmed n yimudilen imeqqranen yesra tazmert tameqqrant n usiḍen(laḥsab), aṭas n tnezduɣin n yisefka (data centers) d tazmert n teẓwert.

Aya yesɛa tazrirt ɣef tdamsa d ugama, ladɣa deg useqdec n teẓwert, d waman.

=== 8.4. Tazmert n tṛmisin timeqqranin ===
Ma kra n taṛmisin kan i izemren ad bnun imudilen iǧehden, tella tegnit anda tazmert n tigzi taragmawant ad tettwaseggem deg yifassen n kra n yimendaden imeqqranen.

Aya yezmer ad yili d ugur i teṛmisin timeẓyanin, i yimsenflayen ilelliyen d tutlayin i yesɛan drus n yisefka.

== 9. Anthropic d tutlayin ur nettwasnerna ara aṭas ==
D aḥric yesɛan azal ameqqran, ladɣa i tutlayin am teqbaylit.

Imudilen n Claude zemren ad d-rren s waṭas n tutlayin, maca tazmert-nsen ur tettwasnerna ara s yiwen n wazal deg yal tutlayt.

Tutlayin i yesɛan aṭas n yiḍrisen d yisefka deg ulmad sɛant, s umata, tagnit yelhan ugar deg yimudilen n tutlayt.

I teqbaylit, uguren igejdanen d wigi:

- Drus n yisefka n ulmad s teqbaylit.

- Amgired gar tira tatrart d tira taqburt.

- Aṭas n wawalen ussnanen d itiknulujiyen ur nesɛi ara yiwet n tsuqilt yettwamṣadan.

- Drus n yisefka n usenqed n tɣara n yimudilen s teqbaylit.

Maca anerni n yikufan umḍinen, imawalen, tisuqilin n yiseɣzanen d yisefka n unadi yezmer ad yessnerni tazmert n Claude d yimudilen nniḍen deg teqbaylit.

== 10. Amhaz n Anthropic deg 2026 ==
Isallen ar 22 Tubber 2026

Deg useggas 2026, Anthropic teṭṭef abrid n usnerni n yimudilen-is, akked usnerni n wallalen i yimsneflayen d teṛmisin.

Gar yiferdisen i d-yettbanen:

Asnerni n yimudilen: Opus 5.5, Sonnet 5.5 d Haiku 5.5 ttwassuffɣen deg Ctember d Tubber 2026. Anthropic tessawel ɣef usnerni n tɣawla, tazmert d useqdec adamsan n yimudilen-a. 

Iseɣzanen i yimeggayen iragmanen: Anthropic tesseḍfar abrid anda Claude ur d-yettarra ara kan ɣef yisteqsiyen, maca izmer ad ixdem imahilen s wallalen nniḍen, s usenqed n yimdanen.

Anadi ɣef tɣellist: Responsible Scaling Policy tettwasnifel deg 2026, s usnerni n tarrayin n usenqed n wuguren d tifrat n uselmed n yimudilen. 

Aselmed n yimsneflayen: Deg Tubber 2026, Anthropic tessuffeɣ-d asenfaṛ n uselmed n 10,000 n yinjinuren s wazal n 100 n yimelyan n yidularen, s yiswi n usnerni n useqdec n tigzi taragmawant deg teṛmisin.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Virgil</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-28T10:57:59Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="4494" sha1="asat5s4g4ovlso6jj79feqvgl4qdmp6" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1398|image=[[File:Parco della Grotta di Posillipo5 (crop).jpg|thumb|Virgil]]|date of birth=15 Ktuber 70 send talalit n Ɛisa|nationality=Arumani|date of death=21 Ctember 19 send talalit n Ɛisa}}

'''Virgil''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Vergilius Maro''', d amedyaz arumani i ilulen ass n 15 Ktuber 70 send talalit n Ɛisa, i yemmuten ass n 21 Ctember 19 send talalit n Ɛisa. Yettwaḥsab gar yimedyazen imeqqranen n tsekla talaṭinit, ladɣa s udlis-is ''Aeneis'' (Aneid), i d-yettalesen inig n ''Aeneas'' seg Ṭrwa ɣer [[Ṭṭelyan]].

Virgil yedder deg yiwet n tallit i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ruma: taggara n Tagduda Trumanit, ṭṭrad n daxel, asali n [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]] ɣer tezmert, akked tazwara n tmenkda n [[Uɣustus]].

Tasekla-s tettawi ɣef tudert n yimdanen, agama, takerrazt(tafellaḥt), ṭṭrad, tilelli, lḥif, d wassaɣ gar umdan d tmurt-is. Deg yedlisen-is, Virgil yesdukel tamiṭulujit tagrigit d trumanit akked umezruy n Ruma, s uɣanib aseklan i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla n Turuft.

== 2. Talalit d twacult-is ==

=== 2.1. Tamurt n Mantua ===
Virgil ilul deg temnaḍt n Mantua, deg ugafa n [[ṭṭelyan]], qrib ɣer yidurar n Alpes d urtiyen iɣezzfan n Po.
[[Tugna:Dsc 1150 Mantua.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tamdint n Mantua n wass-a.]]


Tamnaḍt-a tella tettwassen s tfellaḥt, igran, aman d tmeddurt n yimeksawen. Deg tallit n Virgil, kra n yiɣerfan n ugafa n ṭṭelyan llan mazal ḥerzen kra n yidles-nsen, ɣas akken Ruma tesɛa tazmert tameqqrant fell-asen.

Tawacult n Virgil tettwabder deg kra n yiɣbula iqburen am tin i yesɛan assaɣ d tfellaḥt. Maca isallen ɣef baba-s d yemma-s ur frizen ara meṛṛa, imi kra n wayen i d-yettwabedren deg tudert-is yekka-d seg tmucuha i d-ttawin yimyura n talliyin i d-iḍefren.

Ayen i nezmer ad nini s tidet d akken Virgil yella d amdan n ṭṭelyan talqayt, i yesɛan assaɣ ameqqran d wakal d tfellaḥt, ayen ara d-yettbanen deg yedlisen-is.

=== 2.2. Tamẓi-s ===
Virgil yella d ilemẓi deg tallit anda Tagduda Trumanit tettɛeddi seg kra n tezɣanin tisertanin. Deg useggas 49 send Ɛisa, [[Julius Caesar]] yezger asif Rubicon, d aya i d-yeglan s ṭṭrad n daxel. Virgil yella yesɛa azal n 21 n yiseggasen.

Deg useggas 44 send Ɛisa, mi yettwanɣa Julius Caesar, Virgil yella yesɛa 26 n yiseggasen.

Tallit-a tella d tin n ṭṭrad, tazɣent, d ubeddel n leḥkem. Tidyanin-a ttwabedren s wudem uffir neɣ usrid deg yedlisen-is.

== 3. Aselmed d temẓi n Virgil ==
Virgil yelmed deg kra n temdinin n ṭṭelyan, gar-asent Cremona, Mediolanum (Milan) d Ruma. Yelmed talaṭinit, tasnukyest, asefru, d kra n tɣuriwin tifelsafiyin.

Deg kra n yiɣbula, yettwabder belli yella yesɛa assaɣ d tfelsafit n [[Epikur|Epicurus]], ladɣa deg temdint n Napoli, anda i yella uɣerbaz n ufelsafi Siro.

=== 3.1. Tazrirt n Epicurus ===
[[Epikur|Epicurus]] yella d afelsafi agrigi i yesselmaden belli tudert yelhan ur tebni ara ɣef usɛeddi n yidrimen neɣ tazmert tasertant, maca ɣef talwit n wul, tamusni, d usenqes n tugdi d lḥif.

Virgil ur yelli ara d afelsafi Epicurien s wudem usrid deg yal adlis-is, maca kra n tiktiwin n tfelsafit-a zemrent ad ttwafhament deg yisefra-s, ladɣa deg tmuɣli-s ɣer tudert n tfellaḥt d talwit n ugama.

=== 3.2. Tazrirt n tsekla tagrigit ===
Virgil yella yessen tasekla tagrigit s wudem alqayan.

Gar yimaru i yesɛan tazrirt fell-as:

- [[Humer|Homer,]] amaru n Iliad d Odyssey.

- Hesiod, amaru n ''Works and Days'' d ''Theogony''.

- Theocritus, amesfru n tudert n yimeksawen.

- Apollonius n Rhodes, amaru n ''Argonautica''.

Tasekla tagrigit tefk-as tarrayin n tira, maca Virgil yesseqdec-itent iwakken ad yesnulfu tasekla tarumanit s wudem-is.

=== 4. Tallit n ṭṭrad d tazɣent n Ruma ===
Deg useggasen i d-iḍefren tamettant n [[Julius Caesar]], Ruma tella deg ṭṭrad n daxel. [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]], Mark Untunyus d Lepidus sɛan tazmert tasertant deg tazwara, maca assaɣen-nsen beddlen, d aya i d-yeglan s ṭṭrad gar Octavianus d Mark Untunyus.

Deg useggas 31 send Ɛisa, Octavianus yerbeḥ deg ṭṭrad n Actium.

Deg useggas 27 send Ɛisa, Octavianus yettwafk-as uzwel n Uɣustus, d tazwara n tgelda tarumanit.

Virgil yella d anagi n yibeddilen-a. Tazɣent tasertant d ṭṭrad n daxel sɛan tazrirt ɣef tsekla-s, ladɣa deg ''Aeneis'', anda i yesseqdec timucuha n Ṭrwa d usnulfu n Ruma iwakken ad yessefhem assaɣ gar ṭṭrad, lḥif d usirem n talwit.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Idriss Aberkane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117785</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T13:43:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
      <origin>117785</origin>
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      <text bytes="1322" sha1="dvdbwfue0nkcw7h0syikkni65jojzgc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q18350948|image=[[File:Idriss Aberkane 1.jpg|thumb|Idriss Aberkane]]|date of birth=23 Maggu 1986|nationality=Tafṛansist
Tazzdayrit}}

'''Idriss Aberkane''' d ameskar, d amyaru n yimagraden, amsarag, d win i d-yettawwin daɣen ameslay deg tedwilin d tmeslayin tizuyaz, d win yettwassnen s usiweḍ n tmusni tussnant ɣer ugdud. Yettwassen ladɣa s tiktiwin-is ɣef wallaɣ n umdan, tizemmar n ulmad, tigzi taragmawant, tasertit n tmusni akked tdamsa n ugama.

Yettwasnen deg [[Fransa]] akked tmura nniḍen s tmeslayin-is ɣef wamek yezmer umdan ad yesnerni tizemmar-is n ulmad, ad yesseqdec tamusni akken iwata, ad yefhem assaɣ gar tussna, tadamsa d ugama.

Gar yisental i d-yettawi s waṭas, ad naf:

- Tasnefsit n ulmad: amek ilemmed umdan, amek i tetteddu tmusni deg wallaɣ.

- Tussna n wallaɣ (neurosciences): assaɣ gar ubeddel n wallaɣ, tiktiwin d ulmad.

- Tadamsa n ugama: amek ara tili tdamsa i yettɛawanen aḥraz n ugama.

- Tigzi taragmawant: tizemmar n yinagrawen n tigzi taragmawant d tezrirt-nsen ɣef tmetti.

- Tafelsafit n tmusni: azal n tmusni, n usugen d usnulfu deg tudert n umdan.

Maca, Idris Aberkan d yiwen seg yimdanen i d-yewwin amgired deg ugdud, ladɣa ɣef kra n yisallen i d-yefka ɣef leqraya-s, ɣef kra n tezrawin-is, akked wamek i d-yessawal ɣef tussna.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117786</id>
      <parentid>117785</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T13:44:11Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117786</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1344" sha1="p48mq3u8wnscaq0prwxg383ftz00tfl" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q18350948|image=[[File:Idriss Aberkane 1.jpg|thumb|Idriss Aberkane]]|date of birth=23 Maggu 1986|nationality=Tafṛansist
Tazzdayrit}}

'''Idriss Aberkane''' d ameskar, d amyaru n yimagraden, amsarag, d win i d-yettawwin daɣen ameslay deg tedwilin d tmeslayin tizuyaz, d win yettwassnen s usiweḍ n tmusni tussnant ɣer ugdud. Yettwassen ladɣa s tiktiwin-is ɣef wallaɣ n umdan, tizemmar n ulmad, [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]], tasertit n tmusni akked tdamsa n ugama.

Yettwasnen deg [[Fransa]] akked tmura nniḍen s tmeslayin-is ɣef wamek yezmer umdan ad yesnerni tizemmar-is n ulmad, ad yesseqdec tamusni akken iwata, ad yefhem assaɣ gar tussna, tadamsa d ugama.

Gar yisental i d-yettawi s waṭas, ad naf:

- Tasnefsit n ulmad: amek ilemmed umdan, amek i tetteddu tmusni deg wallaɣ.

- Tussna n wallaɣ (neurosciences): assaɣ gar ubeddel n wallaɣ, tiktiwin d ulmad.

- Tadamsa n ugama: amek ara tili tdamsa i yettɛawanen aḥraz n ugama.

- Tigzi taragmawant: tizemmar n yinagrawen n tigzi taragmawant d tezrirt-nsen ɣef tmetti.

- Tafelsafit n tmusni: azal n tmusni, n usugen d usnulfu deg tudert n umdan.

Maca, Idris Aberkan d yiwen seg yimdanen i d-yewwin amgired deg ugdud, ladɣa ɣef kra n yisallen i d-yefka ɣef leqraya-s, ɣef kra n tezrawin-is, akked wamek i d-yessawal ɣef tussna.</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117787</id>
      <parentid>117786</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T13:46:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117787</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1346" sha1="smtk94dh2r2k3dzl70uia4uc6vwxnk2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q18350948|image=[[File:Idriss Aberkane 1.jpg|thumb|Idriss Aberkane]]|date of birth=23 Maggu 1986|nationality=Tafṛansist /
Tazzdayrit}}

'''Idriss Aberkane''' d ameskar, d amyaru n yimagraden, amsarag, d win i d-yettawwin daɣen ameslay deg tedwilin d tmeslayin tizuyaz, d win yettwassnen s usiweḍ n tmusni tussnant ɣer ugdud. Yettwassen ladɣa s tiktiwin-is ɣef wallaɣ n umdan, tizemmar n ulmad, [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]], tasertit n tmusni akked tdamsa n ugama.

Yettwasnen deg [[Fransa]] akked tmura nniḍen s tmeslayin-is ɣef wamek yezmer umdan ad yesnerni tizemmar-is n ulmad, ad yesseqdec tamusni akken iwata, ad yefhem assaɣ gar tussna, tadamsa d ugama.

Gar yisental i d-yettawi s waṭas, ad naf:

- Tasnefsit n ulmad: amek ilemmed umdan, amek i tetteddu tmusni deg wallaɣ.

- Tussna n wallaɣ (neurosciences): assaɣ gar ubeddel n wallaɣ, tiktiwin d ulmad.

- Tadamsa n ugama: amek ara tili tdamsa i yettɛawanen aḥraz n ugama.

- Tigzi taragmawant: tizemmar n yinagrawen n tigzi taragmawant d tezrirt-nsen ɣef tmetti.

- Tafelsafit n tmusni: azal n tmusni, n usugen d usnulfu deg tudert n umdan.

Maca, Idris Aberkan d yiwen seg yimdanen i d-yewwin amgired deg ugdud, ladɣa ɣef kra n yisallen i d-yefka ɣef leqraya-s, ɣef kra n tezrawin-is, akked wamek i d-yessawal ɣef tussna.</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nvidia</title>
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    <id>25632</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-27T22:25:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
      <origin>117790</origin>
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      <text bytes="1654" sha1="jtr5qemjkuh72e9m6tawed80k54xwwd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name = Nvidia
| official_name = Nvidia Corp.
| image = [[File:NVIDIA Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Tasɣimt n NVIDIA]]
| type = Titiknulujit
| founded = 5 yebrir, 1993
| founder = Jensen Huang
Chris Malachowsky
Curtis Priem
| headquarters = Santa Klara, Kalifurnya, Marikan
| country = Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan
| industry = GPU
| products = Tikarḍiwin n GPU(GeForce  • RTX / Quadro)
CUDA
CPUs (Grace)
DPUs (BlueField)
SoCs (Tegra  • Drive)
DGX
| website = https://www.nvidia.com/
| wikidata_revenue = yes
| wikidata_operating_income = yes
| wikidata_net_income = yes
| logo = [[File:NVIDIA logo.svg|thumb|Alugu n NVIDIA]]
}}

'''NVIDIA''' d tarmiṣt tamirikanit n titiknulujit, tettnadi, tessalay yerna tessuffuɣ-d tiɣeṛɣaṛ n yisekkaren udlifen (GPU), inagrawen n usiḍen arurad, iseɣẓanen d wallalen n tigzi taragmawant.

Tettwasbedd deg 5 yebrir 1993 deg [[Kalifurnya]], deg [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Marikan]]. Deg tazwara, iswi-is yella deg usnerni n wudlifen s kraḍ n tsekkiwin (3D), ladɣa i wuraren n yiselkimen. Maca, seg useggas n 2006, tebda tarmiṣt ad tesnerni tiknulujit i yessawaḍen GPU ad yexdem asiḍen ur cudden ara kan ɣer tugniwin.

Ass-a, NVIDIA ur teqqim ara d tarmiṣt n tikarḍiwin tudlifin kan. Tuɣal d yiwet seg tiṛmisin tigejdanin deg usali n inagrawen n [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]], aselmed n tmudmiwin n tutlayt, tusna, arrubutik, timacinin tifulmanin d yisekkaren imeqqranen.

Deg 2026, afaris-is ur yettwasres ara kan deg yiselkimen n yimdanen, maca daɣen deg yimmasen n yisefka, i deg xeddmen yiwalen n GPU s umata akken ad siḍnen isefka iṭṭuqqten s zreb.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>117791</id>
      <parentid>117790</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T22:26:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Gurzil90x yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[NVIDIA]] ar [[Nvidia]]</comment>
      <origin>117790</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1654" sha1="jtr5qemjkuh72e9m6tawed80k54xwwd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name = Nvidia
| official_name = Nvidia Corp.
| image = [[File:NVIDIA Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Tasɣimt n NVIDIA]]
| type = Titiknulujit
| founded = 5 yebrir, 1993
| founder = Jensen Huang
Chris Malachowsky
Curtis Priem
| headquarters = Santa Klara, Kalifurnya, Marikan
| country = Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan
| industry = GPU
| products = Tikarḍiwin n GPU(GeForce  • RTX / Quadro)
CUDA
CPUs (Grace)
DPUs (BlueField)
SoCs (Tegra  • Drive)
DGX
| website = https://www.nvidia.com/
| wikidata_revenue = yes
| wikidata_operating_income = yes
| wikidata_net_income = yes
| logo = [[File:NVIDIA logo.svg|thumb|Alugu n NVIDIA]]
}}

'''NVIDIA''' d tarmiṣt tamirikanit n titiknulujit, tettnadi, tessalay yerna tessuffuɣ-d tiɣeṛɣaṛ n yisekkaren udlifen (GPU), inagrawen n usiḍen arurad, iseɣẓanen d wallalen n tigzi taragmawant.

Tettwasbedd deg 5 yebrir 1993 deg [[Kalifurnya]], deg [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Marikan]]. Deg tazwara, iswi-is yella deg usnerni n wudlifen s kraḍ n tsekkiwin (3D), ladɣa i wuraren n yiselkimen. Maca, seg useggas n 2006, tebda tarmiṣt ad tesnerni tiknulujit i yessawaḍen GPU ad yexdem asiḍen ur cudden ara kan ɣer tugniwin.

Ass-a, NVIDIA ur teqqim ara d tarmiṣt n tikarḍiwin tudlifin kan. Tuɣal d yiwet seg tiṛmisin tigejdanin deg usali n inagrawen n [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]], aselmed n tmudmiwin n tutlayt, tusna, arrubutik, timacinin tifulmanin d yisekkaren imeqqranen.

Deg 2026, afaris-is ur yettwasres ara kan deg yiselkimen n yimdanen, maca daɣen deg yimmasen n yisefka, i deg xeddmen yiwalen n GPU s umata akken ad siḍnen isefka iṭṭuqqten s zreb.</text>
      <sha1>jtr5qemjkuh72e9m6tawed80k54xwwd</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117793</id>
      <parentid>117791</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T22:27:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117793</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1654" sha1="ewlqqjsa0cze6mz306tapyyrunm3r01" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name = Nvidia
| official_name = Nvidia Corp.
| image = [[File:NVIDIA Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Tasɣimt n NVIDIA]]
| type = Titiknulujit
| founded = 5 yebrir, 1993
| founder = Jensen Huang
Chris Malachowsky
Curtis Priem
| headquarters = Santa Klara, Kalifurnya, Marikan
| country = Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan
| industry = GPU
| products = Tikarḍiwin n GPU(GeForce  • RTX / Quadro)
CUDA
CPUs (Grace)
DPUs (BlueField)
SoCs (Tegra  • Drive)
DGX
| website = https://www.nvidia.com/
| wikidata_revenue = yes
| wikidata_operating_income = yes
| wikidata_net_income = yes
| logo = [[File:NVIDIA logo.svg|thumb|Alugu n NVIDIA]]
}}

'''Nvidia''' d tarmiṣt tamirikanit n titiknulujit, tettnadi, tessalay yerna tessuffuɣ-d tiɣeṛɣaṛ n yisekkaren udlifen (GPU), inagrawen n usiḍen arurad, iseɣẓanen d wallalen n tigzi taragmawant.

Tettwasbedd deg 5 yebrir 1993 deg [[Kalifurnya]], deg [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Marikan]]. Deg tazwara, iswi-is yella deg usnerni n wudlifen s kraḍ n tsekkiwin (3D), ladɣa i wuraren n yiselkimen. Maca, seg useggas n 2006, tebda tarmiṣt ad tesnerni tiknulujit i yessawaḍen GPU ad yexdem asiḍen ur cudden ara kan ɣer tugniwin.

Ass-a, NVIDIA ur teqqim ara d tarmiṣt n tikarḍiwin tudlifin kan. Tuɣal d yiwet seg tiṛmisin tigejdanin deg usali n inagrawen n [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]], aselmed n tmudmiwin n tutlayt, tusna, arrubutik, timacinin tifulmanin d yisekkaren imeqqranen.

Deg 2026, afaris-is ur yettwasres ara kan deg yiselkimen n yimdanen, maca daɣen deg yimmasen n yisefka, i deg xeddmen yiwalen n GPU s umata akken ad siḍnen isefka iṭṭuqqten s zreb.</text>
      <sha1>ewlqqjsa0cze6mz306tapyyrunm3r01</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>NVIDIA</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <redirect title="Nvidia" />
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      <id>117792</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-27T22:26:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Gurzil90x yebeddel isem n usebtar seg [[NVIDIA]] ar [[Nvidia]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="23" sha1="6uuiz40awuugg2f8xux8jgr78oyfy5r" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECTION [[Nvidia]]</text>
      <sha1>6uuiz40awuugg2f8xux8jgr78oyfy5r</sha1>
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