Tanzeggit

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    <title>Tanzeggit</title>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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'''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da.

Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]]

== 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit ==
Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Tallit
!Amhaz agenjdan
|-
|Taglest
|Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ.
|-
|Tasut tis 3 uqbel
tallit-nneɣ
|Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg &quot;Iferdisen&quot;.
|-
|Tallit talemmast
|Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d
tsenallunt.
|-
|Tasut tis 17
|Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin.
|-
|Tasut tis 19
|Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n
tiknit d tallunin.
|-
|1872 d mbeɛd
|Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan.
|-
|Tasut tis 20–21
|Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka.
|}
&quot;'''Iferdisen'''&quot; n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan.

== 2. Isbaduten, igejdan d usfukel ==
Asbadu yessegza tamiḍrant s wawalen yettwasnen. Agejdi d tafyirt i neqqbel deg yiwen unagraw war asfukel deg unagraw-nni. Asekkud(tiẓri) d ayen ara d-nsuffeɣ seg yigejdan d yisekkuden yettwasfuklen yakan.

Deg umedya n Aklid, yezmer ad yettwabnu yiɣil n teɣda gar snat n tneqqiḍin, ad yettwasɣezef yiɣil, ad tettwabnu twinest s wammas d waqqar yettwabedren. Yella daɣen agejdi ɣef tɣmar timaɣudin d wayen yeqqnen ɣer umṣadaɣ.

=== Amedya n useɣẓen ===
Deg uɣawas n Aklid, i teneqqiṭ '''P''' i ur nelli ara ɣef taɣda '''d''', tella yiwet kan n teɣda iɛeddan seg '''P''' ur nettmagar ara '''d'''. Talɣa-a n yigejdi n umṣadaɣ tettwassen s yisem n '''Playfair'''; d talɣa tagdazalt i yigejdi wis semmus n Aklid deg lsas n tanzeggit tamagnut.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-18 09-56-11.png|centré]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 2. Tiɣmert d wassaɣ n umṣadaɣ. Tigniwin ttɛawanent deg tɣuri n yisekkuden; isfukal ilaq ad d-begnen ayɣer iiṣeḥḥa wassaɣ.&lt;/small&gt;

Deg tugna, tineqqiḍin ttbanent sɛant tehri, izirigen sɛan tuzert, imeccaqen zemren ur ttwaḥerzen ara s tiseddi. Deg tusnakt, taneqqiṭ ur tesɛi ara tehri. Ihi ma tugna teskan-d belli sin n yimeccaqen d igdazalen, ayen-a ur d-yettawi ara asfukel.

== 3. Taneqqiṭ, taɣda d tallunt ==
Taneqqiṭ d amḍiq war tehri; taɣda tettwasɣezef deg sin yinumak war tilisa; iɣil n teɣda yesɛa sin n yixfawen; tazinaɣda tesɛa yiwen n yixef, tettwasɣezef deg yiwen unamek. Aɣawas d tajumma ilweɣ i deg yezmer ad yili wudlif s sin n yimsidag.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-19 12-18-47.png|centré|611x611px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 3. Tisektiwin 0, 1, 2 d 3. Aɣawas n tugna d amur ifuken kan; aɣawas n tusnakt ur yesɛi ara tilisa.&lt;/small&gt;

Tasekta n tallunt tettawi amḍan n yimsidag ilelliyen i ilaqen iwakken ad nesbadu amḍiq. Deg taɣda, yiwen x ikfa; deg uɣawas, nesra (x,y); deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, nesra (x,y,z). Tasekta ur tɛelliq ara ɣef wamek ara d-nsuneɣ talɣa: amaḍal s tajumma kan yesɛa snat n tsektiwin, ɣas ma yettwaseknen deg tallunt s kraḍ.

ℝⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, …, xₙ) : xᵢ d imḍanen ilawen}

Tallunin s n &gt; 3 ttwasqedcent deg tusnakt d yisefka. Ma yal amedya n yisefka yesɛa 10 n yimuttiyen ilelliyen, yezmer ad yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg ℝ¹⁰. Ayen-a ur d-yemmal ara belli nezmer ad t-nwali s wallen; imsidag d yilugan fkan-d allalen n tazrawt.

=== Tajumma d wanrar ===
Tajumma d talɣa n snat n tsektiwin; anrar d asket-is. S yiwet n tɣawsa, takurt tesɛa daxel-is d ubleɣ, ma amaḍal d tajumma n rrif-is. Asbadu n wayen nzerrew yesɛa azal uqbel yal asiḍen.

== 4. Ikerdisen d usekkud n Pythagore ==
Akerdis yesɛa kraḍ n yidis, kraḍ n tqacucin d kraḍ n tiɣmar. Deg uɣawas n Aklid, timernit n tɣmar-is d 180°. Akerdis agdudisan yesɛa kraḍ n yidis igdazalen; akerdis akendis yesɛa ma drus sin n yidis igdazalen; akerdis amaɣud yesɛa yiwet n tiɣmert n 90°.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-20 11-55-53.png|centré|667x667px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 4. Tama taẓelmaḍt: anrar n umkuẓ ɣef yidis 5 d 25 = 9 + 16. Tama tayeffust: kuẓ n yikerdisen s yidis a d b, d umkuẓ alemmas s yidis c.&lt;/small&gt;

'''a² + b² = c², ma c d alubdis n ukerdis amaɣud''' 

Asfukel n tugna tayeffust: anrar n umkuẓ ameqqran d (a+b)². Kuẓ n yikerdisen sɛan anrar 4 × ab/2 = 2ab. Ayen i d-yeqqimen d c²; ihi c² = (a+b)² − 2ab = a²+b². Ayen-a d aseɣẓen s wanrar, mačči d asket n teɣzi ɣef tugna. Asekkud-a yesɛa daɣen talɣa tamsuɣalt: ma a²+b²=c² deg ukerdis, tiɣmert i d-yezzin i c d 90°. Deg tanzeggit taknudemt neɣ ɣef umaḍal, tanfalit-a ur tettwasemres ara akka war abeddel.

== 5. Tales(Thales) d tarwast ==
Sin n yikerdisen imarwasen sɛan tiɣmar igdazalen d yidis akniwen s yiwen wassaɣ. Ma tasɣent tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer akk imeccaqen s yiwen umuskir k &gt; 0, tḥerrez tiɣmar d talɣa. D tarwast.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-21 10-35-44.png|centré|676x676px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 5. DE d BC msadaɣen, ihi ikerdisen ADE d ABC d imarwasen. Deg tugna tayeffust, amuskir n teɣzi d 2; win n&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wanrar d 4.&lt;/small&gt;

'''AD/AB = AE/AC = DE/BC'''

Deg umedya, A d yiwet n tqacuct n sin yikerdisen; D yella ɣef [AB], E ɣef [AC], yerna DE ∥ BC. Ihi assaɣ n ''Thales'' yessegza ayɣer akk ibḍan-a d igdazalen. Ma nessen kra n teɣziwin, nezmer ad nsiḍen teɣziwin ur nessin ara s useqdec n wassaɣen-a.

'''Teɣzi: × k; anrar: × k²; ableɣ: × k³'''

Ma nsemɣer asrem s umuskir 3, tehri d teɣzi-nni ad nernunt kraḍ n tikal; anrar ad yili 9 n tikal. Ma nsemɣer agasas s 3, ableɣ ad yili 27 n tikal. Ihi amḍan n tsektiwin yesɛa azal deg wamek i yettbeddil usket.

Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen; d amedya uslig n tarwast s k = 1. Ur ilaq ara ad nsemmi snat n talɣiwin d igdazalen s wesket ma ttemcabint kan deg talɣa.

== 6. Igeddisen, tiwinas d yiḍebsiyen ==
Ageddis d talɣa n uɣawas iḥerzen yiwen rrif yettwabnan s yiɣallen. I ugeddis afraray, war amager n yidis gar-asen, timernit n tiɣmar n daxel d (n−2) × 180°, anda '''n''' d amḍan n yidis. Abḍu n ugeddis affensu s yiwet n tqacuct yessegza tanfalit-a: ad d-naf n−2 n yikerdisen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-22 10-56-58.png|centré|595x595px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 6. Tawinest d rrif; aḍebsi yesɛa daxel. Ageddis s semmus n yidisan yettwabḍa ɣef kraḍ n yikerdisen.&lt;/small&gt;

Tawinest s wammas '''O''' d waqqar '''r''' tesdukkel tineqqiḍin '''P''' i yesɛan '''d(O,P)=r'''. Aḍebsi yeɣleq yesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan d(O,P) ≤ r. Akdu d 2r. Taslayt i twinest deg P tebdd ɣef waqqar OP.

'''Azzikit n twinest: P = 2πr; anrar n uḍebsi: A = πr²'''

Ma '''r''' yettwaskat s yimitren, '''P''' ad yili s yimitren, '''A''' s yimitren imkuẓen. Pi d amḍan agraɣlan π ≈ 3.14159. Ur ilaq ara ad nsexleḍ amḍan n yisekkilen n tamawaẓt d wazal amatu n π.

== 7. Asektiɣmer d radyan ==
Asektiɣmer (trigonométrie) izerrew assaɣ gar tɣmar d teɣziwin. Deg ukerdis amaɣud, '''sin''' '''θ''' d assaɣ n yidis i d-yezzin i θ ɣer ulubdis; '''cos θ''' d assaɣ n yidis n tama-s ɣer ulubdis; '''tan θ''' '''= sin θ / cos θ mi cos θ ≠ 0.'''
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-23 12-24-09.png|centré|612x612px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 7. Tawinest s waqqar 1 tefk amur ilaw cos θ d amur yebdden sin θ. Udlifen n sin d cos sseknen abeddel-nsen d&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wallus-nsen.&lt;/small&gt;

'''sin² θ + cos² θ = 1; 180° = π rad'''

Radyan d asket n tɣmert s wassaɣ '''θ = s/r''', anda '''s''' d teɣzi n uḥric n twinest. Ma '''θ = 1''' rad, '''s''' '''= r'''. Tuzzya tummidt d 2π rad, neɣ 360°. Aseqdec n radyan yeshel tigawt n usiḍen aneẓlay d tarrayt n yizellumen.

'''c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos γ'''

Asaḍuf n cosine yessegza assaɣ gar kraḍ n yidis n ukerdis d tɣmert γ i d-yezzin i c. Ma '''γ =''' '''90°''', '''cos γ = 0''', ad d-naf asekkud n Pythagore. Assaɣen-a ttɛawanen deg usket n tiddi n wayen ur nezmir ara ad naweḍ srid d usiḍen n yiberdan.

== 8. Teɣzi, anrar d ubleɣ ==
Teɣzi tettwaskat s tiget n teɣzi, anrar s tiget n teɣzi ɣer sin, ableɣ s tiget n teɣzi ɣer kraḍ. Azzikit d teɣzi n rrif. Tajumma tella d talɣa; anrar d azal n wesket-is. Deg tallunt, ilaq ad nessemgired anrar n rrif d ubleɣ n daxel.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-24 11-26-46.png|centré|716x716px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 8. Tiddi h tebdd ɣef uzadur b. Awlellu d takurt sɛan isketen n ubleɣ; amaḍal d rrif n takurt.&lt;/small&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Talɣa
!Asket
|-
|Asrem s yidis a d b
|A = ab; P = 2(a+b)
|-
|Akerdis s uzadur b d tiddi h
|A = bh/2
|-
|Agasas s yidis a
|V = a³; anrar n rrif = 6a²
|-
|Awlellu s waqqar r d tiddi h
|V = πr²h
|-
|Akaswar s waqqar r d tiddi h
|V = πr²h/3
|-
|Takurt / amaḍal s waqqar r
|V = 4πr³/3; anrar n umaḍal = 4πr²
|}
I talɣiwin ur nesɛi ara tanfalit tafessast, nezmer ad nebḍu talɣa ɣef yiḥricen, ad nessemres aɣred neɣ asiḍen n temawaẓt. Ma yella kra n uḥric i neḥseb snat n tikal, ilaq ad t-nekkes yiwet n tikkelt iwakken ur t-nettḥasab ara snat n tikal.

== 9. Asali s tesɣunt d ukumpas ==
Deg tanzeggit tamensayt, tesɣunt war yizamulen n wesket tettawi-d taɣda iɛeddan seg snat n tneqqiḍin. Akumpas yettawi-d tawinest s wammas d waqqar. Asali d asartu n tigawin s yilugan, mačči d asefru n talɣa s tseddi n tugna kan.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-25 11-13-00.png|centré|645x645px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 9. Sin n yisugnen n twinest sɛan yiwen waqqar, i yugar AB/2. Amager-nsen d P d Q. Taɣda PQ tebdd ɣef AB&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;deg tlemmast M&lt;/small&gt;

I usali n tabeddayt i yiɣil [AB] deg tlemmast-is, nbennu tawinest s wammas A d tayeḍ s wammas B, s yiwen waqqar i yugar AB/2. Ad mlilent deg P d Q. Acku PA=PB d QA=QB, P d Q bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg A d B; taɣda-nsen d tabeddayt n tlemmast n [AB].

Nezmer ad nebnu akerdis agdudisan, talemmast n yiɣil neɣ abḍu n tiɣmert ɣef sin. Maca mačči yal asali yezmer ad yettwaxdem s sin n wallalen-a: amedya, abḍu n yal tiɣmert ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen igdazalen ur yezmir ara s wudem amatu. Abḍu n kra n tiɣmar usligen yezmer. 

Tanzeggit tagellamt tessemres tigriyin iwakken ad d-tessekna talɣiwin n kraḍ n tsektiwin deg uɣawas. D lsas i tesneḍrit n lebni d kra n terrayin n usunneɣ aṭekniki.

== 10. Imsidag d yimawayen ==
Tanzeggit tusliṭ teqqen talɣa ɣer tegda. S yimsidag n Descartes, taneqqiṭ '''A''' tettwasbadu s '''(x,y)'''; taɣda s '''ax+by+c=0''', anda '''a''' d '''b''' ur llin ara i sin d '''0'''. Tarrayt-a tettawi talɣiwin ɣer yisiḍen(leḥsab) n uljibṛ.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-26 11-34-29.png|centré|608x608px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 10. Imeccaqen Δx = 4 d Δy = 3 fkan d = 5. Amaway u+v yettwabna s unadi n v seg yixef n u; amḍiq n tazwara&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;n umaway ur ibeddel ara talɣa-s.&lt;/small&gt;

'''d(A,B) = √[(x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²]'''

Talemmast n [AB] tesɛa imsidag ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2). Deg umedya A(1,1), B(5,4), talemmast d (3,2.5). Tanfalit n umeccaq tekka-d seg Pythagore; tanfalit n tlemmast tekka-d seg wassaɣ n yimawayen.

'''u · v = u₁v₁ + u₂v₂ = ‖u‖ ‖v‖ cos θ'''

Amaway yesɛa teɣzi d tanila. Afaris afesnan n sin yimawayen yezmer ad yessegza tiɣmert gar-asent. Ma u·v = 0 d sin yimawayen ur nelli ara d 0, imawayen-a bedden gar-asen. Tanzeggit tamawayt teshel anerni n yisiḍen-a ar tallunin s waṭas n tsektiwin.

== 11. Ibeddilen d tujjuṛt ==
Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen. Tasikelt, tuzzya d tujjuṛt s ugellus d imedyaten deg uɣawas n Aklid. Abeddel yezmer ad yerr talɣa deg umḍiq nniḍen, maca teɣzi, tiɣmar d wanrar ad qqimen d yiwen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-27 11-43-08.png|centré|661x661px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 11. Talɣa tazegzawt d tin n tazwara. Tasikelt d tuzzya ḥerzent aniri; tujjuṛt s ugellus tbeddel aniri.&lt;/small&gt;

'''Tasikelt: x′ = x + a; y′ = y + b'''

'''Tuzzya: x′ = x cos θ − y sin θ; y′ = x sin θ + y cos θ'''

Tujjuṛt s ugellus y tettawi (x,y) ɣer (−x,y). Tasikelt s umaway v tettawi P ɣer P+v. Taludegt s wammas O d umuskir k tettawi OP ɣer kOP; tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer imeccaqen s |k|. Ma |k| ≠ 1, mačči d tagdukta.

Timhelt n uḍfar n yibeddilen tesɛa azal: tuzzya deffir tasikelt ur tefk ara dima ayen i d-tefk tasikelt deffir tuzzya. Ibeddilen i yeṭṭafen talɣa meṛṛa ur tettbeddil ara sdukklen agraw n tujjuṛt-is. D allal i tazrawt n yizeṭṭa, lebni d talɣiwin n ugama.

== 12. Igezzumen n ukaswar ==
Igezzumen n ukaswar (coniques) d tiwinas, tiglayin, tikenzirarin d yiknudem. Zemren ad d-ilin s umager n uɣawas d ukaswar asinan; tili n ugzam tettawi talɣa yemgaraden. Deg taenzeggit tusliṭ, d imedyaten n tegdiwin s tfesna 2.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-28 12-03-59.png|centré|636x636px]]
&lt;small&gt;Taglayt tesɛa sin n yidiken. Takenzirart tesɛa adik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa sin n yifurkan. Ilugan n tigniwin llan deg yizwal-nsent.&lt;/small&gt;

Taglayt tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan timernit n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal. Takenzirart tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg udik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa tameẓla tamagdazt n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal.

'''Ax² + Bxy + Cy² + Dx + Ey + F = 0'''

I tegda n tfesna 2 war talɣiwin yettwasenɣasen, B²−4AC &lt; 0 yettawi talɣa n teglayt; = 0 talɣa n tkenzirart; &gt; 0 talɣa n uknudem, s tawtilin n tili n talɣa tilawt. Kra n tegdiwin zemrent ad fkent taɣda, snat teɣdiwin, taneqqiṭ neɣ tagrumma tilemt. Ihi ur ilaq ara ad nsemmu talɣa s yiwen umḍan kan.

Talɣiwin-a sɛant aseqdec deg tsenallunt, imeskaren n tafat d usali n kra n yimeslaḍen.

== 13. Tanzeggit talawsant d tseggart ==
Tanzeggit talawsant tḥerrez imeẓla n umsadaɣ d wassaɣen n tneqqiḍin ɣef yiwet n teɣda. Abeddel alawsan yesɛa talɣa x′=Ax+b, anda A d isirew imutti. Yezmer ad yessenɣes yiwen yidis ugar n wayeḍ, ihi tiɣmar d teɣziwin ur ilaq ara ad qqiment d yiwen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-29 12-34-08.png|centré|526x526px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 13. Tama taẓelmaḍt: amkuẓ yuɣal d talɣa s yidis imsadaɣen. Tama tayeffust: tigri n snat teɣdiwin timsadaɣin tettban tettawi-ten ɣer yiwet n tneqqiṭ.&lt;/small&gt;

Tanzeggit taseggart tzerrew ayen i yeqqimen d yiwen s tigri. Deg uɣawas aseggar, snat teɣdiwin yemgaraden mlilent dima deg yiwet n tneqqiṭ. I taɣdiwin timsadaɣin n uɣawas alawsan, amager-a yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg war taggara. 

'''[x : y : z] = [λx : λy : λz], ma λ ≠ 0'''

Deg yimsidag imsariyen, '''z ≠ 0''' yezmer ad yettwarr ɣer z = 1 s ubḍu. Tineqqiḍin s '''z = 0''' d taɣda n war taggara. Snat teɣdiwin timsadaɣin sɛant taneqqiṭ n tanila i ten-yesdukklen. «War taggara» dagi d amur n unagraw n yimsidag, mačči d amḍiq i nettawi s useɣzef n ugdil.

Assaɣ n umager d talɣa n teɣda ttwaḥerzen s tigri, maca umsadaɣ neɣ talemmast ur ilaq ara ad qqimen. Tanzeggit-a tettawi-d allalen i tigniwin n ukamera d tmuɣli n lebni.

==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit ==

* [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit tummit]]

* [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]]

* [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]]

* [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] 

* [[Aljiber imzireg]]

== Amezruy n tenzeggit ==


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  <page>
    <title>Uɣustus</title>
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      <text bytes="25001" sha1="qolfxyg1uvyf8oxmptftijg21kx12uu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1405|image=[[File:Statue of the Emperor Octavian Augustus as Jupiter (6).png|thumb|Asebdad n umenkad Uɣustus amzun d Jupiter (6)]]|caption=Amenkad Uɣustus.|date of birth=23 Ctembeṛ deg useggas 63 Send Tallalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit|date of death=19 Ɣuct deg useggas n 14 Seld Tallalit n Ɛisa.}}

'''Uɣustus''' (s tlaṭinit: Augustus, neɣ s yisem-is n tidet ''Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus'' ), i yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n Uktavyus (Octavius), d amezwaru n yimenkaden n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ilul-d ass n 23 Ctembeṛ n useggas 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, yemmut ass n 19 n Ɣuct n useggas 14 seld talalit n Ɛisa.

D netta i d-yesbedden '''[[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tamnekda Taṛumanit]]''' sdeffir n uɣelluy n '''[[Tagduda Taṛumanit|Tegduda]]'''. Yewweḍ ɣer udabu deg yiwet n tallit n tezɣent d ṭṭrad aɣarim, maca yessaweḍ ad d-yerr talwit, ad yesseggem awanek, dɣa yeldi-d yiwet n tsut iwumi qqaren &quot;Talwit Taṛumanit&quot; (''Pax Romana'').

D netta diɣen i yessbedden anagraw amaynut n udabu deg Ruma, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''Principatu''s, seld mi tfukk tagduda tarumanit (Res publica Romana).

Uɣustus ur d-yewwi ara adabu s yiwet n tikkelt. Iɛedda seg waṭas n ṭṭraden, tedyanin tisertanin, d usenqes n tzemmar n yixṣṣimen-is, almi yuɣal d bab n udabu ameqqran deg Ruma.

Ɣas akken yella d amenkad s tidet, ur yebɣi ara ad d-yesken iman-is am ugellid. Yeskanay-d adabu-is s wudem n uḥraz n tagduda taqburt, maca deg tilawt, akk tzemmar tigejdanin n udabu uɣalent ɣer ufus-is.

Tallit n Uɣustus teldi yiwet n tewwurt n tallit tazrayt s wudem amaynut deg umaḍal arumani, i d-yeglan s tɣellist, asnerni n tdamsa, abeddel n usuddes aserdasi, akked usnerni n tsekla d tẓuriwin.

== 1. Ruma send Uɣustus ==

=== 1.1. Tagduda Tarumanit ===
Send ad d-yas Uɣustus, Ruma tella d tagduda i yettwasuddsen s yiwet n tɣessa tasertant i deg llan:

- '''Asenat''' (Senatus): agraw n ymḍebbren d yimɣaren n twaculin timeqqranin.

- '''Imqerraben n udabu''' (magistratus): am yikunsulen, iprituren d wiyaḍ.

- '''Igrawen igdudanen''' (comitia): anda kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ sɛan azref n ufran n yimḍebbren d uqbal n yilugan.

'''- Ikunsulen''': sin n ymḍebbren i yettwafernen yal aseggas i uselḥu n udabu.

Maca anagraw-a ibeddel s waṭas deg yiseggasen ineggura n Tegduda Tarumanit.

Ruma tella tesɛa akal ameqqran seg Iberya armi d Asya tameẓẓyant, seg Yilel agrakal armi d tmura n ugafa n Tefriqt.

Akal-a ameqqran yessuter asuddes amaynut n udabu. S wakka, timsal n udabu, n tedrimt d tseddarin uɣalent d isental n tmesbaniyin gar yimeqqranen.

=== 1.2. Timsizzelt ɣef udabu d ṭṭraden igensanen ===
Deg tasut tamezwarut send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma teɛreḍ aṭas n ṭṭraden igensan.

Gar yimdanen i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant deg tallit-a ad naf:

- '''Marius''', d aɣella aserdasi.

- '''Sulla''', win i yeṭṭfen adabu s tezmert n yigen.

- '''Pumpyus Ameqqran''', amasay aserdasi d win yesɛan tazmert deg Asya.

- '''[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]]''', win i yernan ṭṭrad agensan ɣef Pumpyus.

- '''Mark Antonyus''', win i yuɣalen d axṣim ameqqran n Uɣustus.

Deg useggas 49 send talalit n Ɛisa, Yulyus Qaysar yeɛda iɣzer n Rubicon s igen-is(taserdast-is), ayen i d-yewwin ṭṭrad agensan.

Mi timerniwt tella ɣer tama n Qaysar, yuɣal yesɛa adabu ameqqran, maca aṭas n yisenaturren ugin anagraw-is, acku ttwalin dakken yezmer ad yuɣal d agellid.

== 2. Talalit d temẓi n Uɣustus ==

=== 2.1. Talalit-is ===
[[Tugna:Augustus Bevilacqua Glyptothek Munich 317.jpg|361x361px]]

'''Uɣustus''' ilul ass n 23 Meɣres 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, deg Ruma. Twacult n baba-s tesɛa iẓuran-is deg Velitrae, tamdint i yettwasnen ass-a s yisem n Velletri.

Isem-is amezwaru yella d '''Gaius Octavius'''.

Baba-s, Gaius Octavius, yella d amqerreb arumani i yesɛan azref ad yeṭṭef kra n yimukan deg udabu. Yella d ''praetor'', syin yuɣal d anedbal n Makedunya.

Yemma-s, Atia, tella d yelli-s n Julia, ultma-s n [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]].

S wakka, Uɣustus yella d ammi n yelli-s n ultma-s n Qaysar, d aya i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked twacult n Qaysar.

Ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yuɣal d amenkad ur yelli ara d talalit-is kan, maca d tamusni-s tasertant, d usdukkel n yimeddukal, d tzemmar-is deg useqdec n yiserdasen.

=== 2.2. Aselmed-is ===
Uɣustus yesɛa aselmed n yimdanen imeqqranen n Ruma. Yelmed taɣuri d tira s tlaṭinit, tagrigit, tutlayt n tussna d tfelsafit deg tallit-nni, amezruy n Ruma d tsertit-is, tasekla d tẓuri n umeslay, akked yilugan d usuddes n udabu.
Yella yettḥadar aṭas taɣara-s d wudem-is gar yimdanen. Ɣas akken ur yelli ara d amdan yesɛan tafekka taǧehdit am kra n yimqerranen iserdasen, yesɛa tamusni deg useqdec n yimdanen, deg usdukkel n tzemmar d usbeddi n tɣawsiwin ɣef leḥsab n yiseggasen.

=== 2.3. Assaɣ-is akked Yulyus Qaysar ===
[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yebda yettḥadar Uktavyus am win yezmer ad yili d amḍiq-is deg tsertit. Deg useggas 45 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus iruḥ ɣer Apollonia, deg Illiriya, i wakken ad ikemmel aselmed-is aserdasi. Dinna i yella mi as-d-tewweḍ lexbar n tmettant n Qaysar.

== 3. Tmettant n Yulyus Qaysar d tazwara n uḍfar n udabu ==
[[Tugna:Vincenzo Camuccini, The Death of Julius Caesar (detail).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Vincenzo Camuccini, Timenɣiwt n Yulyus Qaysar.]]

=== 3.1. Timenɣiwt n Qaysar ===
Ass n 15 Meɣres n useggas 44 send talalit n Ɛisa, [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yettwanɣa deg Ruma s ufus n ugraw n yisenaturren.

Gar wid i yesɛan amur deg tmenɣiwt-is llan '''Brutus''' d '''Cassius'''. Wid i t-yenɣan bɣan ad d-rren tagduda ɣer tɣessa-s taqburt, acku ttagaden ad yuɣal Qaysar d agellid. Maca timenɣiwt-is ur d-yewwi ara talwit. S tidet, yeldi abrid i ṭṭraden igensanen imaynuten.

=== 3.2. Uktavyus d amarraw n Qaysar ===
Mi yemmut Qaysar, yufa Uktavyus dakken Qaysar yefren-it deg lewṣaya-s d amarraw-is(s usmemmi) s uzref.

D ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yesɛu isem n ''Gaius Julius Caesar'', ɣas akken deg tira n yimazrayen yettwasemma s waṭas Octavianus i wakken ad yettwafrez ɣef Yulyus Qaysar.

S wakka, Uktavyus yebda yesɛa assaɣ s yisem ameqqran n Qaysar, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yawi aṭas n wid i t-yettɛawanen. Maca yella yiwen umdan zdat-s i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant: '''Mark''' '''Untounyus'''.

=== 3.3. Timsizzelt gar Uktavyus d Untunyus ===
Mark Untunyus yella d ameddukel n Qaysar, yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg tredsa. Yebɣa ad yeṭṭef adabu seld tmettant n Qaysar.

Uktavyus, ɣas akken mazal d ilemẓi, yebda yesdukkel imdanen d tredsa i wakken ad yili yesɛa amkan deg tsertit. Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus yeṭṭef amkan n ukunsul deg Ruma. Syin, yesdukkel tazmert-is akked Mark Untunyus d Lepidus.

== 4. Agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen — Triumvirat wis sin ==
Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus, Untunyus d Lepidus sbedden agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen, i yettwasnen s yisem n Triumvirat wis sin. Anagraw-a yella yesɛa azref asertan, mačči am ugdazel amezwaru n Qaysar, Pumpyus d Crassus.

Kraḍ-a bḍan tazmert n udabu gar-asen.

Maca agraw-a ur yelli ara d anagraw n tlelli. Yella d adabu n tzemmert, deg-s ttwaseḍfaren imxalafen isertanen.

=== 4.1. Aḍfar n tmuɣlin Qaysar ===
Kraḍ n yimqerraben-a sbedden umuɣen n yimdanen i ilaq ad ttwakksen seg udabu, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''proscriptions''.

Aṭas n yisenaturren d yimdanen yesɛan idrimen ttwaneɣen, ttwasfeḍen seg tudert tasertant neɣ ttwanejlan.

Gar wid yettwanɣan yella '''Sisiṛun''', afiluzuf, amenna  arumani ameqqran. D yiwet seg talliyin i deg yella unṭag asertan s waṭas deg Ruma.

=== 4.2. Ṭṭrad n Filippi ===
Deg useggas 42 send talalit n Ɛisa, taredsa n Uktavyus d Untunyus mmagrent akked tid n Brutus d Cassius deg Filippi, deg Masidunya. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d tmerna i Uktavyus d Untunyus.

Brutus d Cassius mmuten seld aɣelluy n tredsa-nsen.

S wakka, aṭas n wid i yebɣan ad d-rren tagduda taqburt ur sɛin ara tazmert i wakken ad kemmlen ṭṭrad.

== 5. Timsizzelt gar Uktavyus d Mark Untunyus ==
[[Tugna:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|centré|vignette|Mark Untunyus.]]

=== 5.1. Abḍu n tmura n Ruma ===
Seld Filippi, Uktavyus d Untunyus bḍan amkan n tzemmert-nsen. Uktavyus yebda yettḥadar aṭas akal n umalu n Ruma, ma Utunyus yettḥadar Asya d tmura n usammar. ''Lepidus'', s wakud, yebda yettḥaz amkan-is, almi yettekkes-as Uktavyus tazmert-is tasertant deg useggas 36 send talalit n Ɛisa.

S wakka, Uktavyus d Untunyus uɣalen d sin n yimdanen imeqqranen i yesɛan adabu deg umaḍal arumani.

=== 5.2. Untunyus d Kliyupatra ===
Untunyus yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked [[Kliyubatra VII|Kliyupatra tis VII]], tagellidt n Maṣer. Kliyupatra tella d tagellidt yesɛan tamusni tasertant d tazmert tadiplumasit.

Untunyus yebda yesɛa aṭas n wassaɣen akked Maṣer, ayen i yessersan Uktavyus deg umkan i wakken ad t-yerr d axṣim n Ruma.

Uktavyus yesseqdec assaɣ-a i wakken ad yessers Untunyus am win i yettbeddilen timsal n Ruma s tid n Maṣer. D yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant deg usdukkel n uɣref arumani ɣer tama n Uktavyus.

=== 5.3. Ṭṭrad n Aktium ===
Ass n 2 Ctember n useggas 31 send talalit n Ɛisa, taredsa n yilel n Uktavyus mmagrent akked tid n Untunyus d Kliyupatra deg Aktium, ɣer tama n Yunan. Aqeṛṛu n tredsa n yilel n Uktavyus yella d Agrippa, ameddukel-is ameqqran. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d timerniwt i Uktavyus.

Untunyus d Kliyupatra uɣalen ɣer Maṣer. Deg useggas 30 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus yeṭṭef Aleksandriya. Untunyus d Kliyupatra mmuten s ufus-nsen. Maṣer tuɣal d tamurt i yettwaselḥayen s yisem n Ruma, maca s tɣessa n udabu i d-yettakken amkan ameqqran i Uɣustus.

Lɣelba n Aktium d yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant deg umezruy n Ruma, acku seg wass-nni Uktavyus ur yesɛi ara axṣim ameqqran deg udabu arumani.

== 6. Asebded n Tamenkda Tarumanit ==

=== 6.1. Seg Uktavyus ɣer Uɣustus ===
Deg useggas 27 send talalit n Ɛisa, ''Asenat'' yefka i Uktavyus isem n Uɣustus(Augustus), anamek-is yezmer ad yettwasegzi am « win yesɛan azal ameqqran d lḥerma ».

Seg tallit-a, Uktavyus yuɣal yettwasnen s yisem n Uɣustus. Maca Uɣustus ur yebɣi ara ad yettwasemmi rex (agellid), acku irumanen n tallit-nni mazal ttagaden awal-a.

Yefren ad yesɛu isem n '''Princeps''', anamek-is « amezwaru », neɣ « amezwaru gar yimdanen ». Seg waya i d-yekka yisem n Principatus.

=== 6.2. Amek i yessuddes adabu? ===
Uɣustus yeǧǧa kra n tɣessiwin tiqburin n tagduda. Asenat mazal yella, ikunsulen mazal ttwafranen, imḍebren mazal xeddmen.

Maca tazmert tagejdant n udabu tella deg ufus n Uɣustus. Yesɛa adabu aserdasi ɣef yiswiren imeqqranen, azref n uselḥu n waṭas n tmura, tazmert tasertant i yellan s ufella n waṭas n yimḍebren tazmert n usuter d useḥbes n kra n yisumar isertanen, akked wazal ameqqran gar yisenaturren d uɣref.

Deg useggas 23 send talalit n Ɛisa, yesɛa tazmert n ''tribunicia potestas'', i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa kra n yizerfan n umḍeber agdudan.

S wakka, anagraw n tagduda yella mazal deg wudem, maca deg tilawt adabu yuɣal d adabu n yiwen n umdan.

=== 6.3. Ayɣer ur yessebded ara tagelda s wudem usrid? ===
Uɣust yefhem dakken Yulyus Qaysar yettwanɣa acku aṭas n yisenaturren ttagaden ad yuɣal d agellid.

Ihi, ur yebɣi ara ad yerr iman-is deg umkan-nni. Yesseqdec tutlayt n tagduda d yizamulen-is i wakken ad yesken dakken ur yebɣi ara ad yekkes tilelli n Ruma. Maca yessers anagraw anda yiwen n umdan yezmer ad yeṭṭef adabu i yiseggasen ɣezzifen.

== 7. Asuddes n yigen(taredsa) ==
[[Tugna:Roman Army &amp; Chariot Experience, Hippodrome, Jerash, Jordan (5072088459).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tugna i usegzi n wamek tella tredsa tarumanit.]]

=== 7.1. Tiseddarin timaynutin deg tredsa ===
Uɣust yessuddes taredsa tarumanin s wudem amaynut. Send-is, iserdasen ttilint aṭas n tikkal ddaw n ufus n yimḍebren n Senats i tent-yesɛan d imeddukal.

Uɣust yebɣa ad yerr iserdasen ddaw n udabu agejdan. Yessebded anagraw n yiserdasen i ixeddmen s lɛaqd ɣezzifen, d wid i yettwaxellaṣen s tedrimt n Tamenkda.

Deg tallit-is, amḍan n yinagrawen n yiserdasen yella qrib 28, syin yuɣal 25 seld tawaɣit n Teutoburg deg useggas 9 seld talalit n Ɛisa.

=== 7.2. Aḥraz n tlisa ===
Uɣust yeǧǧa iserdasen deg tmura n tilisa.

Iserdasen-a ttwaseqdacent i uḥraz n tlisa seg iɣerfan ibarbaren, aḥraz n yiberdan n tenzzut(ttjara), aḥraz n tɣellist deg tmura i yettwaṭṭfen, akked uḍfar n yimxalafen i d-yettbanen deg kra n tmura.

Yessebded daɣen ''Praetorian Guard'', d agraw aserdasi i yettḥarazen amenkad. Maca agraw-a, deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, yuɣal yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg tsertit n Ruma.

== 8. Ṭṭraden d usnerni n tilisa n Tamenkda ==
[[Tugna:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tilisa n tmenkda tarumant yewwḍen ɣer teɣzi-s tamuqqrant akk.]]

=== 8.1. Ṭṭraden deg Iberya ===
Uɣust yessers tazmert n Ruma deg ugafa n Iberya. Gar yisental imeqqranen n ṭṭraden-a yella uḥraz n tmura n Cantabri d Astures.

Ṭṭraden-a, gar 29 d 19 send talalit n Ɛisa, fkan-d timerniwt i Ruma, ɣas akken llan d ṭṭraden iɛewqen.

=== 8.2. Asnerni deg Alpan d Balkan ===
Deg tallit n Uɣust, Ruma tesnerna adabu-is deg kra n tmura n Alpan d Balkan. Akal n Raetia d Noricum yuɣal ddaw n tzemmert n Ruma.

Deg Balkan, iserdasen irumaniyen mmagren akked kra n yiɣerfan i yebɣan ad ḥerzen tilelli-nsen.

=== 8.3. Tawaɣit n Teutoburg ===
Deg useggas 9 seld talalit n Ɛisa, kraḍ n yigrawen n, tredsa tarumanin ttwarnant deg Teutoburg, deg Jermanya.

Arminius, aqeṛṛu n yiɣerfan ijermanen, yesdukkel kra n yiɣerfan i wakken ad mgalen Ruma.

Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d timerniwt tameqqrant i Yijermanen. Kraḍ n yigrawen, XVII, XVIII d XIX, ttwaseɣlin.

Uɣust yeḥzen aṭas ɣef tawaɣit-a. Ayen i d-yellan deg Teutoburg yessers tilisa i usnerni n Ruma ɣer usammar n Rhine, ɣas akken ṭṭradat d yiserdasen irumaninyen kemmlen deg yiɣzer-a deg talliyin i d-iteddun.

== 9. Tadbelt d tdamsa deg tallit n Uɣustus ==

=== 9.1. Asuddes n tmura ===
Uɣustus yebḍa kra n tmura n Tamenkda gar sin n wanawen igejdanen.

'''Timura n Asenat''': ttwaseḍfarent s yisem n Asenat, s yimḍbren i yettwafernen ilmend n yilugan n tmenkda.

'''Timura n Uɣustus''': ttwaseḍfarent s yisem n umenkad, ladɣa tid i deg llan iserdasen imeqqranen.

Abḍu-agi yeǧǧa Uɣustus ad yesɛu adabu ameqqran ɣef iserdasen.

=== 9.2. Aseggem n tebzar ===
Uɣust yesseǧǧa anagraw n tebzar ad yili yesɛa asuddes iwulmen ugar. Yesseqdec imḍbren d ixeddamen i usismel n yidrimen i d-yettawin seg tmura. Maṣer tella d yiwet n tmura i d-yettawin aṭas n yirden ɣer Ruma.

Yessebded daɣen ''aerarium militare'' deg useggas 6 seld talalit n Ɛisa, d axxam n tedrimt i uxellaṣ n kra n yizerfan n yiserdasen.

=== 9.3. Asnerni n yiberdan ===
Deg tallit n Uɣustus, Ruma tesnerna iberdan i yesdukkulen timura n Tamenkda. Iberdan-a ttwaseqdacen i usmutti n yiserdasen, ttjara gar temdinin, asiweḍ n lexbar d yiznan, akked usmutti n yirden d yisufar.

Uɣustus yessebded anagraw n usiweḍ n yiznan n udabu, i yettwasnen s yisem n '''cursus publicus'''.

== 10. Ruma deg tallit n Uɣustus ==
[[Tugna:Remains of the Temple of Rome and Augustus (Athens) on 16 April 2018.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Ayen i d-yeqqimen seg ufakan n Uɣustus deg Ruma.]]

=== 10.1. Aseggem n temdint ===
Uɣustus yebɣa ad yerr Ruma d tamdint tameqqrant i d-yettbanen s tẓuri, lebni d usuddes. Yessebded neɣ yesseggem aṭas n yiberdan, tiɣerɣert n waman, iɣerbazen n udabu d yiberdan igdudanen.

Gar yiberdan n lebni imeqqranen:

- Afuṛum n Uɣustus (Forum Augustum).

- Axxam n Mars Ultor, deg Ufuṛum n Uɣustus.

- Ara Pacis Augustae, amkan n usefru n talwit n Uɣustus.

- Amezgun n Marcellus, i yekfa deg tallit-is.

- Mausoleum n Uɣustus, anda ttwamḍalen yimdanen n twacult-is.

=== 10.2. Ara Pacis — Afraya n talwit ===
[[Tugna:Ara Pacis (SW).jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Ara Pacis/Afraya n talwit.]]


Ara Pacis d amkan n ufraya i d-yettwasbedden deg Ruma deg useggas 9 send talalit n Ɛisa, i usmekti n talwit n Uɣustus.

Yella d amkan n yiɣallen n usɣan arumani, anda ttwaxeddmen kra n tmezliwin n yiɣersiwin, aladɣa izgaren i yimeẓla n Ruma. Asebdad-a yesɛa unuɣen n yimdanen n twacult n Uɣustus, n yisenaturren d yizamulen n tɣellist.

D yiwen seg yizamulen imeqqranen n tsertit n Uɣustus, acku yebɣa ad yesken dakken adabu-is d adabu n talwit.

=== 10.3. Ruma d tẓuri ===
Deg tallit n Uɣustus, taẓuri tarumanit tesnerna aṭas. Yella useqdec ameqqran n umruḍ d wuzru n lebni, yisebdaden n yimḍbren, izamulen n tɣellist d tzemmert, yizliyen d yifrayen n tẓuri, akked tira d yiznan ɣef yisebdaden.

Uɣustus yettwasekna deg waṭas n yisebdaden am umdan iǧehden, ɣas akken deg tilawt yella yesɛa kra n uguren n tfekka.

== 11. Tasekla d tfelsafit deg tallit n Uɣustus ==
Tallit n Uɣustus tettwaḥsab d yiwet n talliyin timeqqranin n tsekla tarumanit. Aṭas n yimedyazen d yimyura imeqqranen llan deg tallit-is.

=== 11.1. Virgil ===
[[Virgil]] (Publius Vergilius Maro) yella d amedyaz arumani ameqqran. Yura ''Aeneis'', d adlis i d-yettmeslayen ɣef '''''Aeneas''''', amdan n Tṛuwa i d-yuɣalen d yiwen seg yizamulen n umezruy n Ruma.

Adlis-a yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked tsertit n Uɣustus, acku yesdukkel amezruy n Ruma akked uẓar n twacult n Yulyus Qaysar.

=== 11.2. Huratyus ===
'''Horace''' (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) yella d amedyaz i d-yuran aṭas n yisefra ɣef tudert, tafelsafit, talwit d tsertit. Yura daɣen ''Carmen Saeculare'' i tfaska n useggas 17 send talalit n Ɛisa.

=== 11.3. Ovid ===
[[Ovid]] (Publius Ovidius Naso) yella d amedyaz arumani i d-yuran Metamorphoses (Tuttyiwin), d adlis i d-yettmeslayen ɣef waṭas n tmucuha n yigelliden d yilluten n Yigrigiyen d Yirumanen.

Deg useggas 8 seld talalit n Ɛisa, Uɣustus yefka-d lḥekm n unejli i Ovid ɣer Tomis, deg tama n Yilel Aberkan.

Sebba n unejli-is ur tettwassen ara s tidet, ɣas akken Ovid yessawel ɣef « asefru d tuccḍa » (carmen et error).

== 12. Asɣan d tsertit n Uɣustus ==

=== 12.1. Aḥraz n yilluten iqburen ===
Uɣustus yebɣa ad d-yerr azal i usɣan arumani aqbur. Yesseggem aṭas n yixxamen n yilluten, yesnerna tifaskiwin tisɣanin, yerna yesɛa amkan ameqqran deg usɣan n Ruma.

Deg useggas 12 send talalit n Ɛisa, yuɣal d '''Pontifex Maximus''', d amqerreb ameqqran n usɣan arumani.

=== 12.2. Asɣan n umenkad ===
Deg tmura n usammar n Tamenkda, aṭas n yimdanen bdan tɛebden Uɣustus neɣ ttqadaren-t s wudem n yilluten. Deg Ruma, Uɣustus yella yettḥadar ad ur yettwasemmi d rebbi s wudem usrid. Maca deg kra n tmura, ladɣa deg usammar, uasɣan n umenkad yebda yettnerni. Anagraw-a yuɣal d yiwetn n tɣawsa tagejdant deg tsertit n yimenkaden i d-iteddun.

== 13. Tameṭṭut d twacult deg tallit n Uɣustus ==

=== 13.1. Livia Drusilla ===
'''Livia''' tella d tameṭṭut n Uɣustus seg useggas 38 send talalit n Ɛisa. Tella tesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg twacult n umenkad, yerna tesɛa amkan ameqqran deg tsertit.

Livia tella d yemma-s n '''Tiberyus''', win i yuɣalen d amenkad wis sin n Ruma.

=== 13.2. Julia ===
Julia tella d yelli-s n Uɣustus.

Uɣustus yesseqdec izerfan n zwaǧ d twacult i wakken ad yesdukkel imdanen imeqqranen deg tsertit.

Julia tezweǧ akked Agrippa, syin akked Tiberyus. Maca deg useggas 2 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uɣustus yefka-as lḥekm n unejli, seld tmesbaniyin ɣef tudert-is tusligt d yizerfan n twacult.

Ayen-a yeskan-d dakken Uɣustus yella yettḥadar aṭas taɣara n twacult-is d yizamulen n tsertit-is.

== 14. Talwit d tɣellist deg tallit n Uɣustus ==
Uɣustus yettwassen s yisem n Pax Augusta, anamek-is talwit n Uɣustus. Maca ilaq ad nefhem dakken talwit-a ur tella ara d talwit i yal amdan. Deg Ruma d kra n tmura, ṭṭradat igensan bdan ttnaqasen, maca deg tlisa d tmura i yettwaṭṭfen, ṭṭradat kemmlen.

=== 14.1. Timetti tarumanit ===
Deg tallit n Uɣustus, timetti tella tebḍa gar waṭas n yigran:

- Imdanen ilelliyen i yesɛan izerfan n Ruma.

- Imdanen ilelliyen war izerfan n ugdud arumani.

- Iklanen, i yettwaseqdacen deg yixxamen, tafellaḥt d yixeddimen.

- Imdanen i yettwafekken tlelli seld mi llan d iklan.

Tamsalt n waklan tella d yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant deg tdamsa tarumanit.

=== 14.2. Tanezzut d tdamsa ===
Ttjara tesnerna s waṭas deg tallit n Uɣustus. Ilel agrakal yuɣal d abrid ameqqran n ttjara gar tmura n Tamenkda.

Ttwasewwḍen irden seg Maṣer d Tefriqt, azemmur d zzit seg Iberya d Tefriqt, aẓru n lebni seg tmura yemgaraden, iseɣwan n tẓuri d yisufar seg Asya, akked waklan seg tmura i yettwaṭṭfen d ttjara n yimdanen.

Ttjara-a tesnerna tazmert n Ruma, maca tettwasbedden daɣen ɣef uxeddim n waklan d tebzar i ttwaxellaṣen s tzemmert.

== 15. Uɣustus d Tefriqt Tamazɣit ==
[[Tugna:El monarca Juba II.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Yuba Wis Sin]]

=== 15.1. Tafriqt deg tallit n Uɣustus ===
Deg tallit n Uɣustus, Ruma tesɛa adabu deg kra n tmura n Tefriqt ugafa. Mačči akk Teafriqt Tamazɣit i yellan ddaw n udabu usrid n Ruma.

Tamurt n Ifriqiya (Africa Proconsularis) tella d tamurt tarumanit, maca deg umalu llan kra n yigeldan imaziɣen i yesɛan adabu-nsen s umṣada akked Ruma.

=== 15.2. Yuba wis sin ===
Juba II (Yuba wis sin) yella d agellid amaziɣ i yettwaselmeden deg Ruma. Yella d ammi-s n Yuba Amezwaru, agellid n Numidya i yemmuten deg ṭṭrad mgal Yulyus Qaysar.

Uɣustus yefka i Yuba wis sin adabu ɣef kra n tmura n Numidya deg useggas 30 send talalit n Ɛisa, syin ɣef tagelda n Muritanya deg useggas 25 send talalit n Ɛisa. Yuba yezweǧ akked Klyupatra Selene, yelli-s n [[Kliyubatra VII|Klyupatra tis VII]] d Mark Antonyus.

D aya i d-yesskanen amek Uɣustus yesseqdec tisulya d yissaɣen n twaculin i wakken ad yesdukkel tazmert n Ruma akked yigelliden n tmura-nni.

=== 15.3. Iɣerman n Muritanya ===
Deg tallit n Yuba wis sin, Muritanya tesnerna aṭas n temdinin d tẓuri.

'''Iul Qaysariya''' (Caesarea), i d-yuɣalen d tamdint n Cherchell, tella d tasɣimt tagejdant n Yuba. Yuba yesnerna tasekla, tussna d tẓuri deg tagelda-s.

Yella d agellid i yuran aṭas n yidlisen ɣef umezruy, agama, timura d yisɣanen, ɣas akken aṭas seg yidlisen-is ur d-wwiḍen ara ɣer tallit tamirant.

== 16. Tallit taneggarut n tudert n Uɣustus ==

=== 16.1. Tamsalt n win ara yeṭṭfen adabu ===
Uɣustus yesɛa ugur ameqqran deg ufran n win ara yeṭṭfen adabu seld tmettant-is. Ur yesɛi ara mmi-s ilelli i yezmer ad yeṭṭef amkan-is. Kra n yimdanen i yebɣa ad yerr deg umḍiqen-is mmuten send-is, gar-asen Marcellus, Agrippa, Gaius Caesar d Lucius Caesar.

Deg taggara, Uɣustus yefren Tiberyus, mmi-s n Livia seg zwaǧ-is amezwaru. Deg useggas 4 seld talalit n Ɛisa, Uɣust yeqbel Tiberyus d amarraw-is s uzref(neɣ d mmi-s s usmmemi).

=== 16.2. Tmettant-is ===
Uɣustus yemmut ass n 19 Ɣuct n useggas 14 seld talalit n Ɛisa, deg Nola, ɣer tama n Napoli. Yesɛa 75 n yiseggasen.

Tafekka-s tettwaserɣa ilmend n wansayen n Ruma, syin ttwaseḥerzen yiɣsan-is deg Mausoleum-is deg Ruma.

'''Asenat''' yefka-as azal n yillu seld tmettant-is, yuɣal yettwasemmi Divus Augustus. Tiberiyus yuɣal d amenkad wis sin n [[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tmenkda Tarumanit]].

=== 17. Tazrirt n Uɣustus ɣef umezruy ===
Uɣust yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg umezruy n Ruma d umaḍal agrakal.

=== 17.1. Deg tsertit ===
Yessebded anagraw n udabu i yekemmlen s waṭas n yiseggasen.

Anagraw n Principatus yeǧǧa imenkaden i d-iteddun ad sɛun adabu ameqqran, ɣas akken Asenat mazal yella.

=== 17.2. Deg iserdasen ===
Yessebded iserdasenn i xeddmen s ugatu(lɛaqd), s uxellaṣ d usuddes agejdan. Asuddes-a yuɣal d yiwen n yisental n tzemmert n Ruma.

=== 17.3. Deg tdamsa ===
Yesseggem kra n tebzar, yesnerna iberdan d ttjara, yerna yessebded anagraw n usiweḍ n yiznan.

=== 17.4. Deg tẓuri d tsekla ===
Tallit-is tella d tallit n [[Virgil]], Huratyus d [[Ovid]].

Yeǧǧa daɣen aṭas n yisebdaden d yiberdan n lebni i mazal ttwawalint ar ass-a.

=== 17.5. Deg tɣellist ===
Uɣustus yeǧǧa Ruma ad teɛreḍ tallit ɣezzifen n tɣellist tagensant, maca talwit-a tettwaseḥrez s tzemmert n yiserdasen.

== 18. Tamuɣli tamezrayt ɣef Uɣustus ==
Imusnawen n umezruy ur ttwalin ara Uɣustus s yiwet n tmuɣli. Kra ttwalin-t d amdan i yessbedden talwit seld waṭas n ṭṭraden igensan, yesnernan tadbelt, tazmert n yiserdasen, ttjara d tẓuri.

Wiyaḍ ttwalin dakken yessekcem Ruma deg anagraw n udabu n yiwen n umdan, yesseqdec anṭag asertan d usfeḍ n yimxalafen-is, yerna yeǧǧa tagduda ad teqqim deg wudem n sufella kan.

Snat n tmuɣliwin-a zemrent ad ilint s tidet deg yiwet n tallit: Uɣustus yessebded talwit i waṭas n yirumanen, maca yessekcem daɣen adabu n umenkad deg umkan n tagduda.</text>
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      <text bytes="24996" sha1="3ngvuw7i2kr0nyimkn5f1qqs7wg7nu2" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1405|image=[[File:Statue of the Emperor Octavian Augustus as Jupiter (6).png|thumb|Asebdad n umenkad Uɣustus amzun d Jupiter (6)]]|caption=Amenkad Uɣustus.|date of birth=23 Ctembeṛ deg useggas 63 Send Tallalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit|date of death=19 Ɣuct deg useggas n 14 Seld Tallalit n Ɛisa.}}

'''Uɣustus''' (s tlaṭinit: Augustus, neɣ s yisem-is n tidet ''Gaius Julius Caesar Octavianus'' ), i yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n Uktavyus (Octavius), d amezwaru n yimenkaden n Tmenkda Tarumanit. Ilul-d ass n 23 Ctembeṛ n useggas 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, yemmut ass n 19 n Ɣuct n useggas 14 seld talalit n Ɛisa.

D netta i d-yesbedden '''[[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tamnekda Taṛumanit]]''' sdeffir n uɣelluy n '''[[Tagduda Taṛumanit|Tegduda]]'''. Yewweḍ ɣer udabu deg yiwet n tallit n tezɣent d ṭṭrad aɣarim, maca yessaweḍ ad d-yerr talwit, ad yesseggem awanek, dɣa yeldi-d yiwet n tsut iwumi qqaren &quot;Talwit Taṛumanit&quot; (''Pax Romana'').

D netta diɣen i yessbedden anagraw amaynut n udabu deg Ruma, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''Principatu''s, seld mi tfukk tagduda tarumanit (Res publica Romana).

Uɣustus ur d-yewwi ara adabu s yiwet n tikkelt. Iɛedda seg waṭas n ṭṭraden, tedyanin tisertanin, d usenqes n tzemmar n yixṣṣimen-is, almi yuɣal d bab n udabu ameqqran deg Ruma.

Ɣas akken yella d amenkad s tidet, ur yebɣi ara ad d-yesken iman-is am ugellid. Yeskanay-d adabu-is s wudem n uḥraz n tagduda taqburt, maca deg tilawt, akk tzemmar tigejdanin n udabu uɣalent ɣer ufus-is.

Tallit n Uɣustus teldi yiwet n tewwurt n tallit tazrayt s wudem amaynut deg umaḍal arumani, i d-yeglan s tɣellist, asnerni n tdamsa, abeddel n usuddes aserdasi, akked usnerni n tsekla d tẓuriwin.

== 1. Ruma send Uɣustus ==

=== 1.1. Tagduda Tarumanit ===
Send ad d-yas Uɣustus, Ruma tella d tagduda i yettwasuddsen s yiwet n tɣessa tasertant i deg llan:

- '''Asenat''' (Senatus): agraw n ymḍebbren d yimɣaren n twaculin timeqqranin.

- '''Imqerraben n udabu''' (magistratus): am yikunsulen, iprituren d wiyaḍ.

- '''Igrawen igdudanen''' (comitia): anda kra n yigrawen n yimezdaɣ sɛan azref n ufran n yimḍebbren d uqbal n yilugan.

'''- Ikunsulen''': sin n ymḍebbren i yettwafernen yal aseggas i uselḥu n udabu.

Maca anagraw-a ibeddel s waṭas deg yiseggasen ineggura n Tegduda Tarumanit.

Ruma tella tesɛa akal ameqqran seg Iberya armi d Asya tameẓẓyant, seg Yilel agrakal armi d tmura n ugafa n Tefriqt.

Akal-a ameqqran yessuter asuddes amaynut n udabu. S wakka, timsal n udabu, n tedrimt d tseddarin uɣalent d isental n tmesbaniyin gar yimeqqranen.

=== 1.2. Timsizzelt ɣef udabu d ṭṭraden igensanen ===
Deg tasut tamezwarut send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma teɛreḍ aṭas n ṭṭraden igensan.

Gar yimdanen i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant deg tallit-a ad naf:

- '''Marius''', d aɣella aserdasi.

- '''Sulla''', win i yeṭṭfen adabu s tezmert n yigen.

- '''Pumpyus Ameqqran''', amasay aserdasi d win yesɛan tazmert deg Asya.

- '''[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]]''', win i yernan ṭṭrad agensan ɣef Pumpyus.

- '''Mark Antonyus''', win i yuɣalen d axṣim ameqqran n Uɣustus.

Deg useggas 49 send talalit n Ɛisa, Yulyus Qaysar yeɛda iɣzer n Rubicon s igen-is(taserdast-is), ayen i d-yewwin ṭṭrad agensan.

Mi timerniwt tella ɣer tama n Qaysar, yuɣal yesɛa adabu ameqqran, maca aṭas n yisenaturren ugin anagraw-is, acku ttwalin dakken yezmer ad yuɣal d agellid.

== 2. Talalit d temẓi n Uɣustus ==

=== 2.1. Talalit-is ===
[[Tugna:Augustus Bevilacqua Glyptothek Munich 317.jpg|361x361px]]

'''Uɣustus''' ilul ass n 23 Meɣres 63 send talalit n Ɛisa, deg Ruma. Twacult n baba-s tesɛa iẓuran-is deg Velitrae, tamdint i yettwasnen ass-a s yisem n Velletri.

Isem-is amezwaru yella d '''Gaius Octavius'''.

Baba-s, Gaius Octavius, yella d amqerreb arumani i yesɛan azref ad yeṭṭef kra n yimukan deg udabu. Yella d ''praetor'', syin yuɣal d anedbal n Makedunya.

Yemma-s, Atia, tella d yelli-s n Julia, ultma-s n [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]].

S wakka, Uɣustus yella d ammi n yelli-s n ultma-s n Qaysar, d aya i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked twacult n Qaysar.

Ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yuɣal d amenkad ur yelli ara d talalit-is kan, maca d tamusni-s tasertant, d usdukkel n yimeddukal, d tzemmar-is deg useqdec n yiserdasen.

=== 2.2. Aselmed-is ===
Uɣustus yesɛa aselmed n yimdanen imeqqranen n Ruma. Yelmed taɣuri d tira s tlaṭinit, tagrigit, tutlayt n tussna d tfelsafit deg tallit-nni, amezruy n Ruma d tsertit-is, tasekla d tẓuri n umeslay, akked yilugan d usuddes n udabu.
Yella yettḥadar aṭas taɣara-s d wudem-is gar yimdanen. Ɣas akken ur yelli ara d amdan yesɛan tafekka taǧehdit am kra n yimqerranen iserdasen, yesɛa tamusni deg useqdec n yimdanen, deg usdukkel n tzemmar d usbeddi n tɣawsiwin ɣef leḥsab n yiseggasen.

=== 2.3. Assaɣ-is akked Yulyus Qaysar ===
[[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yebda yettḥadar Uktavyus am win yezmer ad yili d amḍiq-is deg tsertit. Deg useggas 45 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus iruḥ ɣer Apollonia, deg Illiriya, i wakken ad ikemmel aselmed-is aserdasi. Dinna i yella mi as-d-tewweḍ lexbar n tmettant n Qaysar.

== 3. Tmettant n Yulyus Qaysar d tazwara n uḍfar n udabu ==
[[Tugna:Vincenzo Camuccini, The Death of Julius Caesar (detail).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Vincenzo Camuccini, Timenɣiwt n Yulyus Qaysar.]]

=== 3.1. Timenɣiwt n Qaysar ===
Ass n 15 Meɣres n useggas 44 send talalit n Ɛisa, [[Julius Caesar|Yulyus Qaysar]] yettwanɣa deg Ruma s ufus n ugraw n yisenaturren.

Gar wid i yesɛan amur deg tmenɣiwt-is llan '''Brutus''' d '''Cassius'''. Wid i t-yenɣan bɣan ad d-rren tagduda ɣer tɣessa-s taqburt, acku ttagaden ad yuɣal Qaysar d agellid. Maca timenɣiwt-is ur d-yewwi ara talwit. S tidet, yeldi abrid i ṭṭraden igensanen imaynuten.

=== 3.2. Uktavyus d amarraw n Qaysar ===
Mi yemmut Qaysar, yufa Uktavyus dakken Qaysar yefren-it deg lewṣaya-s d amarraw-is(asmemmi) s uzref.

D ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yesɛu isem n ''Gaius Julius Caesar'', ɣas akken deg tira n yimazrayen yettwasemma s waṭas Octavianus i wakken ad yettwafrez ɣef Yulyus Qaysar.

S wakka, Uktavyus yebda yesɛa assaɣ s yisem ameqqran n Qaysar, ayen i t-yeǧǧan ad yawi aṭas n wid i t-yettɛawanen. Maca yella yiwen umdan zdat-s i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant: '''Mark''' '''Untounyus'''.

=== 3.3. Timsizzelt gar Uktavyus d Untunyus ===
Mark Untunyus yella d ameddukel n Qaysar, yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg tredsa. Yebɣa ad yeṭṭef adabu seld tmettant n Qaysar.

Uktavyus, ɣas akken mazal d ilemẓi, yebda yesdukkel imdanen d tredsa i wakken ad yili yesɛa amkan deg tsertit. Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus yeṭṭef amkan n ukunsul deg Ruma. Syin, yesdukkel tazmert-is akked Mark Untunyus d Lepidus.

== 4. Agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen — Triumvirat wis sin ==
Deg useggas 43 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus, Untunyus d Lepidus sbedden agraw n kraḍ n yimeqqranen, i yettwasnen s yisem n Triumvirat wis sin. Anagraw-a yella yesɛa azref asertan, mačči am ugdazel amezwaru n Qaysar, Pumpyus d Crassus.

Kraḍ-a bḍan tazmert n udabu gar-asen.

Maca agraw-a ur yelli ara d anagraw n tlelli. Yella d adabu n tzemmert, deg-s ttwaseḍfaren imxalafen isertanen.

=== 4.1. Aḍfar n tmuɣlin Qaysar ===
Kraḍ n yimqerraben-a sbedden umuɣen n yimdanen i ilaq ad ttwakksen seg udabu, i yettwasnen s yisem n ''proscriptions''.

Aṭas n yisenaturren d yimdanen yesɛan idrimen ttwaneɣen, ttwasfeḍen seg tudert tasertant neɣ ttwanejlan.

Gar wid yettwanɣan yella '''Sisiṛun''', afiluzuf, amenna  arumani ameqqran. D yiwet seg talliyin i deg yella unṭag asertan s waṭas deg Ruma.

=== 4.2. Ṭṭrad n Filippi ===
Deg useggas 42 send talalit n Ɛisa, taredsa n Uktavyus d Untunyus mmagrent akked tid n Brutus d Cassius deg Filippi, deg Masidunya. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d tmerna i Uktavyus d Untunyus.

Brutus d Cassius mmuten seld aɣelluy n tredsa-nsen.

S wakka, aṭas n wid i yebɣan ad d-rren tagduda taqburt ur sɛin ara tazmert i wakken ad kemmlen ṭṭrad.

== 5. Timsizzelt gar Uktavyus d Mark Untunyus ==
[[Tugna:Marcus Antonius marble bust in the Vatican Museums.jpg|centré|vignette|Mark Untunyus.]]

=== 5.1. Abḍu n tmura n Ruma ===
Seld Filippi, Uktavyus d Untunyus bḍan amkan n tzemmert-nsen. Uktavyus yebda yettḥadar aṭas akal n umalu n Ruma, ma Utunyus yettḥadar Asya d tmura n usammar. ''Lepidus'', s wakud, yebda yettḥaz amkan-is, almi yettekkes-as Uktavyus tazmert-is tasertant deg useggas 36 send talalit n Ɛisa.

S wakka, Uktavyus d Untunyus uɣalen d sin n yimdanen imeqqranen i yesɛan adabu deg umaḍal arumani.

=== 5.2. Untunyus d Kliyupatra ===
Untunyus yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked [[Kliyubatra VII|Kliyupatra tis VII]], tagellidt n Maṣer. Kliyupatra tella d tagellidt yesɛan tamusni tasertant d tazmert tadiplumasit.

Untunyus yebda yesɛa aṭas n wassaɣen akked Maṣer, ayen i yessersan Uktavyus deg umkan i wakken ad t-yerr d axṣim n Ruma.

Uktavyus yesseqdec assaɣ-a i wakken ad yessers Untunyus am win i yettbeddilen timsal n Ruma s tid n Maṣer. D yiwet n tɣawsa tameqqrant deg usdukkel n uɣref arumani ɣer tama n Uktavyus.

=== 5.3. Ṭṭrad n Aktium ===
Ass n 2 Ctember n useggas 31 send talalit n Ɛisa, taredsa n yilel n Uktavyus mmagrent akked tid n Untunyus d Kliyupatra deg Aktium, ɣer tama n Yunan. Aqeṛṛu n tredsa n yilel n Uktavyus yella d Agrippa, ameddukel-is ameqqran. Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d timerniwt i Uktavyus.

Untunyus d Kliyupatra uɣalen ɣer Maṣer. Deg useggas 30 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uktavyus yeṭṭef Aleksandriya. Untunyus d Kliyupatra mmuten s ufus-nsen. Maṣer tuɣal d tamurt i yettwaselḥayen s yisem n Ruma, maca s tɣessa n udabu i d-yettakken amkan ameqqran i Uɣustus.

Lɣelba n Aktium d yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant deg umezruy n Ruma, acku seg wass-nni Uktavyus ur yesɛi ara axṣim ameqqran deg udabu arumani.

== 6. Asebded n Tmenkda Tarumanit ==

=== 6.1. Seg Uktavyus ɣer Uɣustus ===
Deg useggas 27 send talalit n Ɛisa, ''Asenat'' yefka i Uktavyus isem n Uɣustus(Augustus), anamek-is yezmer ad yettwasegzi am « win yesɛan azal ameqqran d lḥerma ».

Seg tallit-a, Uktavyus yuɣal yettwasnen s yisem n Uɣustus. Maca Uɣustus ur yebɣi ara ad yettwasemmi rex (agellid), acku irumanen n tallit-nni mazal ttagaden awal-a.

Yefren ad yesɛu isem n '''Princeps''', anamek-is « amezwaru », neɣ « amezwaru gar yimdanen ». Seg waya i d-yekka yisem n Principatus.

=== 6.2. Amek i yessuddes adabu? ===
Uɣustus yeǧǧa kra n tɣessiwin tiqburin n tagduda. Asenat mazal yella, ikunsulen mazal ttwafranen, imḍebren mazal xeddmen.

Maca tazmert tagejdant n udabu tella deg ufus n Uɣustus. Yesɛa adabu aserdasi ɣef yiswiren imeqqranen, azref n uselḥu n waṭas n tmura, tazmert tasertant i yellan s ufella n waṭas n yimḍebren tazmert n usuter d useḥbes n kra n yisumar isertanen, akked wazal ameqqran gar yisenaturren d uɣref.

Deg useggas 23 send talalit n Ɛisa, yesɛa tazmert n ''tribunicia potestas'', i t-yeǧǧan ad yili yesɛa kra n yizerfan n umḍeber agdudan.

S wakka, anagraw n tagduda yella mazal deg wudem, maca deg tilawt adabu yuɣal d adabu n yiwen n umdan.

=== 6.3. Ayɣer ur yessebded ara tagelda s wudem usrid? ===
Uɣust yefhem dakken Yulyus Qaysar yettwanɣa acku aṭas n yisenaturren ttagaden ad yuɣal d agellid.

Ihi, ur yebɣi ara ad yerr iman-is deg umkan-nni. Yesseqdec tutlayt n tagduda d yizamulen-is i wakken ad yesken dakken ur yebɣi ara ad yekkes tilelli n Ruma. Maca yessers anagraw anda yiwen n umdan yezmer ad yeṭṭef adabu i yiseggasen ɣezzifen.

== 7. Asuddes n yigen(taredsa) ==
[[Tugna:Roman Army &amp; Chariot Experience, Hippodrome, Jerash, Jordan (5072088459).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tugna i usegzi n wamek tella tredsa tarumanit.]]

=== 7.1. Tiseddarin timaynutin deg tredsa ===
Uɣust yessuddes taredsa tarumanin s wudem amaynut. Send-is, iserdasen ttilint aṭas n tikkal ddaw n ufus n yimḍebren n Senats i tent-yesɛan d imeddukal.

Uɣust yebɣa ad yerr iserdasen ddaw n udabu agejdan. Yessebded anagraw n yiserdasen i ixeddmen s lɛaqd ɣezzifen, d wid i yettwaxellaṣen s tedrimt n Tamenkda.

Deg tallit-is, amḍan n yinagrawen n yiserdasen yella qrib 28, syin yuɣal 25 seld tawaɣit n Teutoburg deg useggas 9 seld talalit n Ɛisa.

=== 7.2. Aḥraz n tlisa ===
Uɣust yeǧǧa iserdasen deg tmura n tilisa.

Iserdasen-a ttwaseqdacent i uḥraz n tlisa seg iɣerfan ibarbaren, aḥraz n yiberdan n tenzzut(ttjara), aḥraz n tɣellist deg tmura i yettwaṭṭfen, akked uḍfar n yimxalafen i d-yettbanen deg kra n tmura.

Yessebded daɣen ''Praetorian Guard'', d agraw aserdasi i yettḥarazen amenkad. Maca agraw-a, deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, yuɣal yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg tsertit n Ruma.

== 8. Ṭṭraden d usnerni n tlisa n Tmenkda ==
[[Tugna:Roman Empire Trajan 117AD.png|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tilisa n tmenkda tarumant yewwḍen ɣer teɣzi-s tamuqqrant akk.]]

=== 8.1. Ṭṭraden deg Iberya ===
Uɣust yessers tazmert n Ruma deg ugafa n Iberya. Gar yisental imeqqranen n ṭṭraden-a yella uḥraz n tmura n Cantabri d Astures.

Ṭṭraden-a, gar 29 d 19 send talalit n Ɛisa, fkan-d timerniwt i Ruma, ɣas akken llan d ṭṭraden iɛewqen.

=== 8.2. Asnerni deg Alpan d Balkan ===
Deg tallit n Uɣust, Ruma tesnerna adabu-is deg kra n tmura n Alpan d Balkan. Akal n Raetia d Noricum yuɣal ddaw n tzemmert n Ruma.

Deg Balkan, iserdasen irumaniyen mmagren akked kra n yiɣerfan i yebɣan ad ḥerzen tilelli-nsen.

=== 8.3. Tawaɣit n Teutoburg ===
Deg useggas 9 seld talalit n Ɛisa, kraḍ n yigrawen n, tredsa tarumanin ttwarnant deg Teutoburg, deg Jermanya.

Arminius, aqeṛṛu n yiɣerfan ijermanen, yesdukkel kra n yiɣerfan i wakken ad mgalen Ruma.

Ṭṭrad-a yefka-d timerniwt tameqqrant i Yijermanen. Kraḍ n yigrawen, XVII, XVIII d XIX, ttwaseɣlin.

Uɣust yeḥzen aṭas ɣef tawaɣit-a. Ayen i d-yellan deg Teutoburg yessers tilisa i usnerni n Ruma ɣer usammar n Rhine, ɣas akken ṭṭradat d yiserdasen irumaninyen kemmlen deg yiɣzer-a deg talliyin i d-iteddun.

== 9. Tadbelt d tdamsa deg tallit n Uɣustus ==

=== 9.1. Asuddes n tmura ===
Uɣustus yebḍa kra n tmura n Tamenkda gar sin n wanawen igejdanen.

'''Timura n Asenat''': ttwaseḍfarent s yisem n Asenat, s yimḍbren i yettwafernen ilmend n yilugan n tmenkda.

'''Timura n Uɣustus''': ttwaseḍfarent s yisem n umenkad, ladɣa tid i deg llan iserdasen imeqqranen.

Abḍu-agi yeǧǧa Uɣustus ad yesɛu adabu ameqqran ɣef iserdasen.

=== 9.2. Aseggem n tebzar ===
Uɣust yesseǧǧa anagraw n tebzar ad yili yesɛa asuddes iwulmen ugar. Yesseqdec imḍbren d ixeddamen i usismel n yidrimen i d-yettawin seg tmura. Maṣer tella d yiwet n tmura i d-yettawin aṭas n yirden ɣer Ruma.

Yessebded daɣen ''aerarium militare'' deg useggas 6 seld talalit n Ɛisa, d axxam n tedrimt i uxellaṣ n kra n yizerfan n yiserdasen.

=== 9.3. Asnerni n yiberdan ===
Deg tallit n Uɣustus, Ruma tesnerna iberdan i yesdukkulen timura n Tamenkda. Iberdan-a ttwaseqdacen i usmutti n yiserdasen, ttjara gar temdinin, asiweḍ n lexbar d yiznan, akked usmutti n yirden d yisufar.

Uɣustus yessebded anagraw n usiweḍ n yiznan n udabu, i yettwasnen s yisem n '''cursus publicus'''.

== 10. Ruma deg tallit n Uɣustus ==
[[Tugna:Remains of the Temple of Rome and Augustus (Athens) on 16 April 2018.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Ayen i d-yeqqimen seg ufakan n Uɣustus deg Ruma.]]

=== 10.1. Aseggem n temdint ===
Uɣustus yebɣa ad yerr Ruma d tamdint tameqqrant i d-yettbanen s tẓuri, lebni d usuddes. Yessebded neɣ yesseggem aṭas n yiberdan, tiɣerɣert n waman, iɣerbazen n udabu d yiberdan igdudanen.

Gar yiberdan n lebni imeqqranen:

- Afuṛum n Uɣustus (Forum Augustum).

- Axxam n Mars Ultor, deg Ufuṛum n Uɣustus.

- Ara Pacis Augustae, amkan n usefru n talwit n Uɣustus.

- Amezgun n Marcellus, i yekfa deg tallit-is.

- Mausoleum n Uɣustus, anda ttwamḍalen yimdanen n twacult-is.

=== 10.2. Ara Pacis — Afraya n talwit ===
[[Tugna:Ara Pacis (SW).jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Ara Pacis/Afraya n talwit.]]


Ara Pacis d amkan n ufraya i d-yettwasbedden deg Ruma deg useggas 9 send talalit n Ɛisa, i usmekti n talwit n Uɣustus.

Yella d amkan n yiɣallen n usɣan arumani, anda ttwaxeddmen kra n tmezliwin n yiɣersiwin, aladɣa izgaren i yimeẓla n Ruma. Asebdad-a yesɛa unuɣen n yimdanen n twacult n Uɣustus, n yisenaturren d yizamulen n tɣellist.

D yiwen seg yizamulen imeqqranen n tsertit n Uɣustus, acku yebɣa ad yesken dakken adabu-is d adabu n talwit.

=== 10.3. Ruma d tẓuri ===
Deg tallit n Uɣustus, taẓuri tarumanit tesnerna aṭas. Yella useqdec ameqqran n umruḍ d wuzru n lebni, yisebdaden n yimḍbren, izamulen n tɣellist d tzemmert, yizliyen d yifrayen n tẓuri, akked tira d yiznan ɣef yisebdaden.

Uɣustus yettwasekna deg waṭas n yisebdaden am umdan iǧehden, ɣas akken deg tilawt yella yesɛa kra n uguren n tfekka.

== 11. Tasekla d tfelsafit deg tallit n Uɣustus ==
Tallit n Uɣustus tettwaḥsab d yiwet n talliyin timeqqranin n tsekla tarumanit. Aṭas n yimedyazen d yimyura imeqqranen llan deg tallit-is.

=== 11.1. Virgil ===
[[Virgil]] (Publius Vergilius Maro) yella d amedyaz arumani ameqqran. Yura ''Aeneis'', d adlis i d-yettmeslayen ɣef '''''Aeneas''''', amdan n Tṛuwa i d-yuɣalen d yiwen seg yizamulen n umezruy n Ruma.

Adlis-a yesɛa assaɣ ameqqran akked tsertit n Uɣustus, acku yesdukkel amezruy n Ruma akked uẓar n twacult n Yulyus Qaysar.

=== 11.2. Huratyus ===
'''Horace''' (Quintus Horatius Flaccus) yella d amedyaz i d-yuran aṭas n yisefra ɣef tudert, tafelsafit, talwit d tsertit. Yura daɣen ''Carmen Saeculare'' i tfaska n useggas 17 send talalit n Ɛisa.

=== 11.3. Ovid ===
[[Ovid]] (Publius Ovidius Naso) yella d amedyaz arumani i d-yuran Metamorphoses (Tuttyiwin), d adlis i d-yettmeslayen ɣef waṭas n tmucuha n yigelliden d yilluten n Yigrigiyen d Yirumanen.

Deg useggas 8 seld talalit n Ɛisa, Uɣustus yefka-d lḥekm n unejli i Ovid ɣer Tomis, deg tama n Yilel Aberkan.

Sebba n unejli-is ur tettwassen ara s tidet, ɣas akken Ovid yessawel ɣef « asefru d tuccḍa » (carmen et error).

== 12. Asɣan d tsertit n Uɣustus ==

=== 12.1. Aḥraz n yilluten iqburen ===
Uɣustus yebɣa ad d-yerr azal i usɣan arumani aqbur. Yesseggem aṭas n yixxamen n yilluten, yesnerna tifaskiwin tisɣanin, yerna yesɛa amkan ameqqran deg usɣan n Ruma.

Deg useggas 12 send talalit n Ɛisa, yuɣal d '''Pontifex Maximus''', d amqerreb ameqqran n usɣan arumani.

=== 12.2. Asɣan n umenkad ===
Deg tmura n usammar n Tamenkda, aṭas n yimdanen bdan tɛebden Uɣustus neɣ ttqadaren-t s wudem n yilluten. Deg Ruma, Uɣustus yella yettḥadar ad ur yettwasemmi d rebbi s wudem usrid. Maca deg kra n tmura, ladɣa deg usammar, uasɣan n umenkad yebda yettnerni. Anagraw-a yuɣal d yiwetn n tɣawsa tagejdant deg tsertit n yimenkaden i d-iteddun.

== 13. Tameṭṭut d twacult deg tallit n Uɣustus ==

=== 13.1. Livia Drusilla ===
'''Livia''' tella d tameṭṭut n Uɣustus seg useggas 38 send talalit n Ɛisa. Tella tesɛa tazmert tameqqrant deg twacult n umenkad, yerna tesɛa amkan ameqqran deg tsertit.

Livia tella d yemma-s n '''Tiberyus''', win i yuɣalen d amenkad wis sin n Ruma.

=== 13.2. Julia ===
Julia tella d yelli-s n Uɣustus.

Uɣustus yesseqdec izerfan n zwaǧ d twacult i wakken ad yesdukkel imdanen imeqqranen deg tsertit.

Julia tezweǧ akked Agrippa, syin akked Tiberyus. Maca deg useggas 2 send talalit n Ɛisa, Uɣustus yefka-as lḥekm n unejli, seld tmesbaniyin ɣef tudert-is tusligt d yizerfan n twacult.

Ayen-a yeskan-d dakken Uɣustus yella yettḥadar aṭas taɣara n twacult-is d yizamulen n tsertit-is.

== 14. Talwit d tɣellist deg tallit n Uɣustus ==
Uɣustus yettwassen s yisem n Pax Augusta, anamek-is talwit n Uɣustus. Maca ilaq ad nefhem dakken talwit-a ur tella ara d talwit i yal amdan. Deg Ruma d kra n tmura, ṭṭradat igensan bdan ttnaqasen, maca deg tlisa d tmura i yettwaṭṭfen, ṭṭradat kemmlen.

=== 14.1. Timetti tarumanit ===
Deg tallit n Uɣustus, timetti tella tebḍa gar waṭas n yigran:

- Imdanen ilelliyen i yesɛan izerfan n Ruma.

- Imdanen ilelliyen war izerfan n ugdud arumani.

- Iklanen, i yettwaseqdacen deg yixxamen, tafellaḥt d yixeddimen.

- Imdanen i yettwafekken tlelli seld mi llan d iklan.

Tamsalt n waklan tella d yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant deg tdamsa tarumanit.

=== 14.2. Tanezzut d tdamsa ===
Ttjara tesnerna s waṭas deg tallit n Uɣustus. Ilel agrakal yuɣal d abrid ameqqran n ttjara gar tmura n Tamenkda.

Ttwasewwḍen irden seg Maṣer d Tefriqt, azemmur d zzit seg Iberya d Tefriqt, aẓru n lebni seg tmura yemgaraden, iseɣwan n tẓuri d yisufar seg Asya, akked waklan seg tmura i yettwaṭṭfen d ttjara n yimdanen.

Ttjara-a tesnerna tazmert n Ruma, maca tettwasbedden daɣen ɣef uxeddim n waklan d tebzar i ttwaxellaṣen s tzemmert.

== 15. Uɣustus d Tefriqt Tamazɣit ==
[[Tugna:El monarca Juba II.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Yuba Wis Sin]]

=== 15.1. Tafriqt deg tallit n Uɣustus ===
Deg tallit n Uɣustus, Ruma tesɛa adabu deg kra n tmura n Tefriqt ugafa. Mačči akk Teafriqt Tamazɣit i yellan ddaw n udabu usrid n Ruma.

Tamurt n Ifriqiya (Africa Proconsularis) tella d tamurt tarumanit, maca deg umalu llan kra n yigeldan imaziɣen i yesɛan adabu-nsen s umṣada akked Ruma.

=== 15.2. Yuba wis sin ===
Juba II (Yuba wis sin) yella d agellid amaziɣ i yettwaselmeden deg Ruma. Yella d ammi-s n Yuba Amezwaru, agellid n Numidya i yemmuten deg ṭṭrad mgal Yulyus Qaysar.

Uɣustus yefka i Yuba wis sin adabu ɣef kra n tmura n Numidya deg useggas 30 send talalit n Ɛisa, syin ɣef tagelda n Muritanya deg useggas 25 send talalit n Ɛisa. Yuba yezweǧ akked Klyupatra Selene, yelli-s n [[Kliyubatra VII|Klyupatra tis VII]] d Mark Antonyus.

D aya i d-yesskanen amek Uɣustus yesseqdec tisulya d yissaɣen n twaculin i wakken ad yesdukkel tazmert n Ruma akked yigelliden n tmura-nni.

=== 15.3. Iɣerman n Muritanya ===
Deg tallit n Yuba wis sin, Muritanya tesnerna aṭas n temdinin d tẓuri.

'''Iul Qaysariya''' (Caesarea), i d-yuɣalen d tamdint n Cherchell, tella d tasɣimt tagejdant n Yuba. Yuba yesnerna tasekla, tussna d tẓuri deg tagelda-s.

Yella d agellid i yuran aṭas n yidlisen ɣef umezruy, agama, timura d yisɣanen, ɣas akken aṭas seg yidlisen-is ur d-wwiḍen ara ɣer tallit tamirant.

== 16. Tallit taneggarut n tudert n Uɣustus ==

=== 16.1. Tamsalt n win ara yeṭṭfen adabu ===
Uɣustus yesɛa ugur ameqqran deg ufran n win ara yeṭṭfen adabu seld tmettant-is. Ur yesɛi ara mmi-s ilelli i yezmer ad yeṭṭef amkan-is. Kra n yimdanen i yebɣa ad yerr deg umḍiqen-is mmuten send-is, gar-asen Marcellus, Agrippa, Gaius Caesar d Lucius Caesar.

Deg taggara, Uɣustus yefren Tiberyus, mmi-s n Livia seg zwaǧ-is amezwaru. Deg useggas 4 seld talalit n Ɛisa, Uɣust yeqbel Tiberyus d amarraw-is s uzref(neɣ d mmi-s s usmmemi).

=== 16.2. Tmettant-is ===
Uɣustus yemmut ass n 19 Ɣuct n useggas 14 seld talalit n Ɛisa, deg Nola, ɣer tama n Napoli. Yesɛa 75 n yiseggasen.

Tafekka-s tettwaserɣa ilmend n wansayen n Ruma, syin ttwaseḥerzen yiɣsan-is deg Mausoleum-is deg Ruma.

'''Asenat''' yefka-as azal n yillu seld tmettant-is, yuɣal yettwasemmi Divus Augustus. Tiberiyus yuɣal d amenkad wis sin n [[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tmenkda Tarumanit]].

=== 17. Tazrirt n Uɣustus ɣef umezruy ===
Uɣust yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg umezruy n Ruma d umaḍal agrakal.

=== 17.1. Deg tsertit ===
Yessebded anagraw n udabu i yekemmlen s waṭas n yiseggasen.

Anagraw n Principatus yeǧǧa imenkaden i d-iteddun ad sɛun adabu ameqqran, ɣas akken Asenat mazal yella.

=== 17.2. Deg iserdasen ===
Yessebded iserdasenn i xeddmen s ugatu(lɛaqd), s uxellaṣ d usuddes agejdan. Asuddes-a yuɣal d yiwen n yisental n tzemmert n Ruma.

=== 17.3. Deg tdamsa ===
Yesseggem kra n tebzar, yesnerna iberdan d ttjara, yerna yessebded anagraw n usiweḍ n yiznan.

=== 17.4. Deg tẓuri d tsekla ===
Tallit-is tella d tallit n [[Virgil]], Huratyus d [[Ovid]].

Yeǧǧa daɣen aṭas n yisebdaden d yiberdan n lebni i mazal ttwawalint ar ass-a.

=== 17.5. Deg tɣellist ===
Uɣustus yeǧǧa Ruma ad teɛreḍ tallit ɣezzifen n tɣellist tagensant, maca talwit-a tettwaseḥrez s tzemmert n yiserdasen.

== 18. Tamuɣli tamezrayt ɣef Uɣustus ==
Imusnawen n umezruy ur ttwalin ara Uɣustus s yiwet n tmuɣli. Kra ttwalin-t d amdan i yessbedden talwit seld waṭas n ṭṭraden igensan, yesnernan tadbelt, tazmert n yiserdasen, ttjara d tẓuri.

Wiyaḍ ttwalin dakken yessekcem Ruma deg anagraw n udabu n yiwen n umdan, yesseqdec anṭag asertan d usfeḍ n yimxalafen-is, yerna yeǧǧa tagduda ad teqqim deg wudem n sufella kan.

Snat n tmuɣliwin-a zemrent ad ilint s tidet deg yiwet n tallit: Uɣustus yessebded talwit i waṭas n yirumanen, maca yessekcem daɣen adabu n umenkad deg umkan n tagduda.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Virgil</title>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="6177" sha1="b3xu4p9hj5qknrd9hr8y8u73ejziuab" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1398|image=[[File:Parco della Grotta di Posillipo5 (crop).jpg|thumb|Virgil]]|date of birth=15 Ktuber 70 send talalit n Ɛisa|nationality=Arumani|date of death=21 Ctember 19 send talalit n Ɛisa}}

'''Virgil''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Vergilius Maro''', d amedyaz arumani i ilulen ass n 15 Ktuber 70 send talalit n Ɛisa, i yemmuten ass n 21 Ctember 19 send talalit n Ɛisa. Yettwaḥsab gar yimedyazen imeqqranen n tsekla talaṭinit, ladɣa s udlis-is ''Aeneis'' (Aneid), i d-yettalesen inig n ''Aeneas'' seg Ṭrwa ɣer [[Ṭṭelyan]].

Virgil yedder deg yiwet n tallit i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ruma: taggara n Tagduda Trumanit, ṭṭrad n daxel, asali n [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]] ɣer tezmert, akked tazwara n tmenkda n [[Uɣustus]].

Tasekla-s tettawi ɣef tudert n yimdanen, agama, takerrazt(tafellaḥt), ṭṭrad, tilelli, lḥif, d wassaɣ gar umdan d tmurt-is. Deg yedlisen-is, Virgil yesdukel tamiṭulujit tagrigit d trumanit akked umezruy n Ruma, s uɣanib aseklan i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla n Turuft.

== 2. Talalit d twacult-is ==

=== 2.1. Tamurt n Mantua ===
Virgil ilul deg temnaḍt n Mantua, deg ugafa n [[ṭṭelyan]], qrib ɣer yidurar n Alpes d urtiyen iɣezzfan n Po.
[[Tugna:Dsc 1150 Mantua.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tamdint n Mantua n wass-a.]]


Tamnaḍt-a tella tettwassen s tfellaḥt, igran, aman d tmeddurt n yimeksawen. Deg tallit n Virgil, kra n yiɣerfan n ugafa n ṭṭelyan llan mazal ḥerzen kra n yidles-nsen, ɣas akken Ruma tesɛa tazmert tameqqrant fell-asen.

Tawacult n Virgil tettwabder deg kra n yiɣbula iqburen am tin i yesɛan assaɣ d tfellaḥt. Maca isallen ɣef baba-s d yemma-s ur frizen ara meṛṛa, imi kra n wayen i d-yettwabedren deg tudert-is yekka-d seg tmucuha i d-ttawin yimyura n talliyin i d-iḍefren.

Ayen i nezmer ad nini s tidet d akken Virgil yella d amdan n ṭṭelyan talqayt, i yesɛan assaɣ ameqqran d wakal d tfellaḥt, ayen ara d-yettbanen deg yedlisen-is.

=== 2.2. Tamẓi-s ===
Virgil yella d ilemẓi deg tallit anda Tagduda Trumanit tettɛeddi seg kra n tezɣanin tisertanin. Deg useggas 49 send Ɛisa, [[Julius Caesar]] yezger asif Rubicon, d aya i d-yeglan s ṭṭrad n daxel. Virgil yella yesɛa azal n 21 n yiseggasen.

Deg useggas 44 send Ɛisa, mi yettwanɣa Julius Caesar, Virgil yella yesɛa 26 n yiseggasen.

Tallit-a tella d tin n ṭṭrad, tazɣent, d ubeddel n leḥkem. Tidyanin-a ttwabedren s wudem uffir neɣ usrid deg yedlisen-is.

== 3. Aselmed d temẓi n Virgil ==
Virgil yelmed deg kra n temdinin n ṭṭelyan, gar-asent Cremona, Mediolanum (Milan) d Ruma. Yelmed talaṭinit, tasnukyest, asefru, d kra n tɣuriwin tifelsafiyin.

Deg kra n yiɣbula, yettwabder belli yella yesɛa assaɣ d tfelsafit n [[Epikur|Epicurus]], ladɣa deg temdint n Napoli, anda i yella uɣerbaz n ufelsafi Siro.

=== 3.1. Tazrirt n Epicurus ===
[[Epikur|Epicurus]] yella d afelsafi agrigi i yesselmaden belli tudert yelhan ur tebni ara ɣef usɛeddi n yidrimen neɣ tazmert tasertant, maca ɣef talwit n wul, tamusni, d usenqes n tugdi d lḥif.

Virgil ur yelli ara d afelsafi Epicurien s wudem usrid deg yal adlis-is, maca kra n tiktiwin n tfelsafit-a zemrent ad ttwafhament deg yisefra-s, ladɣa deg tmuɣli-s ɣer tudert n tfellaḥt d talwit n ugama.

=== 3.2. Tazrirt n tsekla tagrigit ===
Virgil yella yessen tasekla tagrigit s wudem alqayan.

Gar yimaru i yesɛan tazrirt fell-as:

- [[Humer|Homer,]] amaru n Iliad d Odyssey.

- Hesiod, amaru n ''Works and Days'' d ''Theogony''.

- Theocritus, amesfru n tudert n yimeksawen.

- Apollonius n Rhodes, amaru n ''Argonautica''.

Tasekla tagrigit tefk-as tarrayin n tira, maca Virgil yesseqdec-itent iwakken ad yesnulfu tasekla tarumanit s wudem-is.

=== 4. Tallit n ṭṭrad d tazɣent n Ruma ===
Deg useggasen i d-iḍefren tamettant n [[Julius Caesar]], Ruma tella deg ṭṭrad n daxel. [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]], Mark Untunyus d Lepidus sɛan tazmert tasertant deg tazwara, maca assaɣen-nsen beddlen, d aya i d-yeglan s ṭṭrad gar Octavianus d Mark Untunyus.

Deg useggas 31 send Ɛisa, Octavianus yerbeḥ deg ṭṭrad n Actium.

Deg useggas 27 send Ɛisa, Octavianus yettwafk-as uzwel n Uɣustus, d tazwara n tgelda tarumanit.

Virgil yella d anagi n yibeddilen-a. Tazɣent tasertant d ṭṭrad n daxel sɛan tazrirt ɣef tsekla-s, ladɣa deg ''Aeneis'', anda i yesseqdec timucuha n Ṭrwa d usnulfu n Ruma iwakken ad yessefhem assaɣ gar ṭṭrad, lḥif d usirem n talwit.

== 5. Eclogae — Isefra n yimeksawen ==
[[Tugna:RomanVirgilFolio001rEclogues.jpg|centré|vignette|475x475px|Eclogae n Virgil.]]


'''Eclogae''', i yettwasemman daɣen '''Bucolica''', d ammud n 10 n yisefra i yura Virgil azal n yiseggasen 42–39 send Ɛisa. Deg yisefra-a, yettmeslay ɣef tudert n yimeksawen, izugar, tayri, agama d talwit n tmurt. Maca deg deffir n tugniwin-a, yella umezruy n Ruma d ṭṭrad n daxel.

=== 5.1. Asefru amezwaru ===
Deg usefru amezwaru, Virgil yessefk-d sin n yimeksawen: ''Tityrus'' d ''Meliboeus''.

Tityrus yezmer ad yeqqim deg wakal-is, maca Meliboeus ilaq ad yeǧǧ tamurt-is.

Asefru-a yettwafham s waṭas n tikkal d amedya n yibeddilen n wayla n wakal deg Italya mi ttwabḍan yigran i yiserdasen i d-yuɣalen seg ṭṭrad. Deg tallit-nni, aṭas n yifellaḥen ttwakksen seg wakal-nsen. Virgil yesseqdec timucuha n yimeksawen iwakken ad yessefhem lḥif n yimdanen i yettwakkesen seg tmurt-nsen.

=== 5.2. Asefru wis kuẓ ===
Asefru wis kuẓ d yiwen seg yisefra yettwassnen n Virgil.

Deg-s, yessefk-d tikti n tlalit n uqcic i d-yeglan s tallit tamaynut n talwit d usirem.

Deg tallit talemmast, kra n yimsiḥiyen fkan-as anamek asɣanan, ḥesben belli d asefru i d-yettmeslayen ɣef talalit n Ɛisa.

Maca aya d tarrayt n usefhem i d-yellan deffir, mačči d tidet tamezruyant ɣef wayen i yebɣa Virgil ad yini. Virgil yura asefru-a uqbel talalit n Ɛisa.

=== 5.3. Azal n Eclogae ===
Eclogae yesɛa azal ameqqran deg tsekla, imi yesseqdec tudert n ugama iwakken ad yessefhem isental imeqqranen n tmetti.

Deg-s, agama ur yelli ara kan d amkan n thuski. Yella d amkan n talwit, n tayri, d lḥif mi yettwakkes umdan seg tmurt-is.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Idriss Aberkane</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="2601" sha1="9im3sbet5e7wiqv0x41t335j0fgagoq" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q18350948|image=[[File:Idriss Aberkane 1.jpg|thumb|Idriss Aberkane]]|date of birth=23 Maggu 1986|nationality=Tafṛansist /
Tazzdayrit}}

'''Idriss Aberkane''' d ameskar, d amyaru n yimagraden, amsarag, d win i d-yettawwin daɣen ameslay deg tedwilin d tmeslayin tizuyaz, d win yettwassnen s usiweḍ n tmusni tussnant ɣer ugdud. Yettwassen ladɣa s tiktiwin-is ɣef wallaɣ n umdan, tizemmar n ulmad, [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]], tasertit n tmusni akked tdamsa n ugama.

Yettwasnen deg [[Fransa]] akked tmura nniḍen s tmeslayin-is ɣef wamek yezmer umdan ad yesnerni tizemmar-is n ulmad, ad yesseqdec tamusni akken iwata, ad yefhem assaɣ gar tussna, tadamsa d ugama.

Gar yisental i d-yettawi s waṭas, ad naf:

- Tasnefsit n ulmad: amek ilemmed umdan, amek i tetteddu tmusni deg wallaɣ.

- Tussna n wallaɣ (neurosciences): assaɣ gar ubeddel n wallaɣ, tiktiwin d ulmad.

- Tadamsa n ugama: amek ara tili tdamsa i yettɛawanen aḥraz n ugama.

- Tigzi taragmawant: tizemmar n yinagrawen n tigzi taragmawant d tezrirt-nsen ɣef tmetti.

- Tafelsafit n tmusni: azal n tmusni, n usugen d usnulfu deg tudert n umdan.

Maca, Idris Aberkan d yiwen seg yimdanen i d-yewwin amgired deg ugdud, ladɣa ɣef kra n yisallen i d-yefka ɣef leqraya-s, ɣef kra n tezrawin-is, akked wamek i d-yessawal ɣef tussna.

== 1. Temẓi d twacult-is ==
Idris Aberkan ilul deg Pithiviers, deg Fransa, deg twacult yesɛan iẓuran iqbayliyen.

Imawlan-is xeddmen deg uselmed n tusnakt. Aya yezmer ad yessegzi kra n wayen i t-yerran ad yili d win iḥemmlen tussna, tusnakt d ulmad seg temẓi-s.

Deg temẓi-s, yekcem daɣen ɣer umussu n yimeẓyanen &quot;''Scouts musulmans de France&quot;''. Deg kra n tmeslayin-is, yessegza-d amek i t-ɛawnen yirmad-nni i usnerni n tiktiwin-is ɣef uselmed d umɛawan gar yimdanen. 

== 2. Leqraya-s d yiger n tussna ==
Idris Aberkan yegga leqraya deg waṭas n taɣulin, maca ilaq ad nefrez gar yiseɣwan n leqraya-s, iselmaden-is, d yizwiren n tussna i deg yettwassen.

Deg 2014, yewwi-d agardis n duktura deg tsekla tamserwest deg Tesdawit n Strasbourg.

Deg 2016, yewwi-d agardis n duktura deg tussniwin n usefrek deg Tesdawit Paris-Saclay. Tazrawt-is tettwasewjed deg usatal n École polytechnique.

Yella daɣen uselkin i d-yewwi seg &quot;''Centre d'études diplomatiques et stratégiques&quot;'', maca aselkin-a ur yettwaɛqal ara am duktura n tesdawit s yilugan unṣiben n Fransa.

Aferdis agejdan: agardis n duktura n 2016 ur d-yemmal ara dakken yesɛa duktura tunṣibt deg tussna n wallaɣ (neurosciences). Daktura-s d win n tussniwin n usefrek.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nvidia</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="4993" sha1="g19scdjyoly85vmnw7aqcnq2z1o3izd" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name = Nvidia
| official_name = Nvidia Corp.
| image = [[File:NVIDIA Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Tasɣimt n NVIDIA]]
| type = Titiknulujit
| founded = 5 yebrir, 1993
| founder = Jensen Huang
Chris Malachowsky
Curtis Priem
| headquarters = Santa Klara, Kalifurnya, Marikan
| country = Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan
| industry = GPU
| products = Tikarḍiwin n GPU(GeForce  • RTX / Quadro)
CUDA
CPUs (Grace)
DPUs (BlueField)
SoCs (Tegra  • Drive)
DGX
| website = https://www.nvidia.com/
| wikidata_revenue = yes
| wikidata_operating_income = yes
| wikidata_net_income = yes
| logo = [[File:NVIDIA logo.svg|thumb|Alugu n NVIDIA]]
}}

'''Nvidia''' d tarmiṣt tamirikanit n titiknulujit, tettnadi, tessalay yerna tessuffuɣ-d tiɣeṛɣaṛ n yisekkaren udlifen (GPU), inagrawen n usiḍen arurad, iseɣẓanen d wallalen n tigzi taragmawant.

Tettwasbedd deg 5 yebrir 1993 deg [[Kalifurnya]], deg [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Marikan]]. Deg tazwara, iswi-is yella deg usnerni n wudlifen s kraḍ n tsekkiwin (3D), ladɣa i wuraren n yiselkimen. Maca, seg useggas n 2006, tebda tarmiṣt ad tesnerni tiknulujit i yessawaḍen GPU ad yexdem asiḍen ur cudden ara kan ɣer tugniwin.

Ass-a, NVIDIA ur teqqim ara d tarmiṣt n tikarḍiwin tudlifin kan. Tuɣal d yiwet seg tiṛmisin tigejdanin deg usali n inagrawen n [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]], aselmed n tmudmiwin n tutlayt, tusna, arrubutik, timacinin tifulmanin d yisekkaren imeqqranen.

Deg 2026, afaris-is ur yettwasres ara kan deg yiselkimen n yimdanen, maca daɣen deg yimmasen n yisefka, i deg xeddmen yiwalen n GPU s umata akken ad siḍnen isefka iṭṭuqqten s zreb.

== 3. Amezruy n NVIDIA ==

=== 3.1. Tallit n tlalit: 1993–1997 ===
Deg yebrir 1993, kraḍ n yijenyuṛen, Jensen Huang, Chris Malachowsky d Curtis Priem, sbeddan NVIDIA. Ɣur-sen, tikti tagejdant tella d asnerni n tiknulujit n tugniwin i yiselkimen.

Deg tallit-nni, uranen n yiselkimen bdant ad sɛun azal ameqran. Maca isekkaren n wakud-nni ur zmiren ara ad siḍnen s lemɣawla akk isefka ilaqen i usken n wudlifen 3D.

Deg 1995, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d NV1, yiwen seg yifarisen-is imezwura. Ur yewwi ara lebɣi n tnezzut acku tasegda-s temgarad ɣef kra n yilugan i yettwasqedcen deg tallit-nni.

Deg 1997, tarmiṣt tessufeɣ-d RIVA 128, asekkar udlif i yesɛan amhaz meqqren deg usefrak n tugniwin 3D. Afaris-a yefka-as i NVIDIA tagnit ad tebnu azadur n tnezzut-is.

=== 3.2. GeForce d tlalit n GPU: 1999 ===
Deg 1999, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d GeForce 256, i tessekna am uGPU amezwaru.

GPU d agzul n Graphics Processing Unit, d asekkar yettwaselɣen i usiḍen n tugniwin d wudlifen. GeForce 256 yesdukkel deg yiwen n uceṛṛun kra n yimahilen udlifen i yellan uqbel xeddmen-ten yiferdisen yemgaraden.

Ilaq ad nefhem dakken NVIDIA d nettat i d-yessumren GPU s wudem-a n tnezzut deg 1999, maca isekkaren n tugniwin llan yakan uqbel-as.

S GeForce 256, NVIDIA tebda ad tettwasnen ugar deg tnezzut n uraren d yiselkimen n yimeẓla.

=== 3.3. Tallit n CUDA: 2006 ===
Deg 2006, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture).

D yiwet seg tneqqiḍin tigejdanin deg umezruy-is.

Uqbel CUDA, GPU yettwasqedc s waṭas i tugniwin. S CUDA, imsihelen zemren ad arun ahilen i yessawaḍen GPU ad yexdem isḍanen n tusna, tusnakt, tusnengama d tasleṭ n yisefka.

S waya, GPU yuɣal d allal n usiḍen arurad, ur yeqqim ara kan d allal n uraren.

=== 3.4. NVIDIA d tigzi taragmawant: 2012 ===
Deg 2012, tamudemt AlexNet, i d-yessuffɣen Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever d Geoffrey Hinton, tewwi-d agmuḍ yelhan deg timsizzelt ImageNet.

Imnadiyen-a sqedcen GPU n NVIDIA i uselmed n uzeṭṭa n yiṛununen.

Agmuḍ-a yessekna dakken almad alqay (deep learning) yezmer ad yili d tarrayt tafessast ugar deg waṭas n tɣawsiwin n ussugen d tasleṭ n tugniwin.

Seg tallit-a, aseqdec n GPU deg tigzi taragmawant ibeddel amek xeddmen imnadiyen d yimsihelen.

=== 3.5. Tallit n RTX: 2018 ===
Deg 2018, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d tasegda RTX, i yessawaḍen ad yettwaxdem uskan n yizirigen n tafat (ray tracing) deg wakud ilaw.

Tatiknulujit-a tezmer ad tesɛeddi aselɣu n tafat, tilisa n tili d yimeclalen n tugniwin akken ad d-banent s wudem iqerrben ugar ɣer tilawt.

RTX tessnerna daɣen aseqdec n tigzi taragmawant i usnerni n tbadut d tɣara n tugniwin.

=== 3.6. Seg 2022 ar 2026: tallit n inagrawen imeqqranen n AI ===
Deg yiseggasen-a, NVIDIA teffeɣ seg wudem n tarmiṣt i yeznuzun GPU ɣer tarmiṣt i yessalayn anagraw ummid: isekkaren, takatut, azeṭṭa, iseɣẓanen, allalen n usihel d yimmasen n yisefka.

Tiɣeṛɣaṛ Hopper, Blackwell d Rubin ttwasnernant iwakken ad siḍnent timudmiwin timeqqranin n tigzi taragmawant.

Deg 2026, NVIDIA tebda asnerni n tɣessa Vera Rubin, i yesdukklen GPU Rubin, CPU Vera d yiferdisen n uzeṭṭa, akken ad yili usiḍen s waṭas n yisekkaren i d-yettmeslayen gar-asen.

Amezruy-a yeskan-d abeddel agejdan: seg usken n tugniwin 3D, ɣer tɣessa n tigzi taragmawant n umaḍal.</text>
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