William Shakespeare

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'''William Shakespeare''' d amedyaz yettwasnen ugar, d argaz umezgun, d amyaru n yedles aglizi. Ilul ass n 23 ibrir (kuzyur) 1564. Immut ass n 23 ibrir (kuzyur) 1616. 

'''Ticequfin n Shakespeare'''

* ''[[Romeo and Juliet]]
* ''[[Macbeth (pièce)|Macbeth]]''
* ''[[King Lear]]
* ''[[Hamlet, Prince of Denmark]]
* ''[[Othello, the Moor of Venice]]
* ''[[Titus Andronicus]]''
* ''[[Julius Caesar]]
* ''[[Antony and Cleopatra]]
* ''[[Coriolanus]]
* ''[[Troilus and Cressida]]
* ''[[Timon of Athens]]
* ''[[All's Well that Ends Well]]
* ''[[As You Like It]]
* ''[[Le Songe d'une nuit d'été]]'' (''A Midsummer Night's Dream'')
* ''[[Beaucoup de bruit pour rien]]'' (''Much Ado About Nothing'')
* ''[[Mesure pour Mesure]]'' (''Measure for Measure'') **
* ''[[La Mégère apprivoisée]]'' (''The Taming of the Shrew'')
* ''[[La Nuit des rois (théâtre)|La Nuit des Rois]]'' (''Twelfth Night'')
* ''[[Le Marchand de Venise]]'' (''The Merchant of Venice'') **
* ''[[Les Joyeuses Commères de Windsor]]'' (''The Merry Wives of Windsor'')
* ''[[Peines d'amour perdues]]'' (''Love's Labour's Lost'')
* ''[[Les Deux Gentilshommes de Vérone]]'' (''The Two Gentlemen of Verona'')
* ''[[La Comédie des erreurs]]'' (''The Comedy of Errors'')

'''Ticequfin umezruy n Shakespeare'''

* ''[[Richard III (Shakespeare)|Richard III]]''
* ''[[Richard II (Shakespeare)|Richard II]]''
* ''[[Henri VI (Shakespeare)|Henri VI]], 1ère partie, 2e partie, 3e partie'' (''Henry VI, Part 1, Part 2, Part 3'')
* ''[[Henry V (tragédie historique)|Henri V]]'' (''Henry V'')
* ''[[Henri IV (Shakespeare)|Henri IV]], 1ère partie, 2e partie'' (''Henry IV, Part 1, Part 2'')
* ''[[Henri VIII (Shakespeare)|Henri VIII]]'' (''Henry VIII'')
* ''[[Le Roi Jean]]'' (''King John'')
* ''[[Édouard III (Shakespeare)|Édouard III]]'' (''Edward III'')

'''Ticequfin n tayri n Shakespeare'''
* ''[[Péricles, prince de Tyr]]'' (''Pericles, Prince of Tyre'') *
* ''[[Cymbeline]]'' *
* ''[[Le Conte d'hiver]]'' (''The Winter's Tale'') *
* ''[[La Tempête]]'' (''The Tempest'') *
* ''[[Les Deux Nobles Cousins]]'' (''The Two Noble Kinsmen'') *

'''Tasekla nniḍen n Shakespeare'''

* les ''Sonnets'' (voir [[Sonnet]])
* les ''Longs Poèmes''

== Tamselyut ==
* Wikipedia s tefransist
'''Af tuddert n Shakespeare'''
* [http://adlitteram.free.fr/index.php/content/view/79/31/ Biographie détaillée de Shakespeare]
* [http://www.onlineshakespeare.com/frenchindex.htm Online Shakespeare] tameddurt-ines s tefransist.
* [https://www.onelittleangel.com/sagesse/citations/william-shakespeare.asp Sa vie, ses portraits et ses poèmes mystiques].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071213000634/http://www.littanam.ulg.ac.be/ Shakespeare et Hamlet sur la toile].
* [http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Study_Guide:Shakespeare Study Guide:Shakespeare sur Wikibooks] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070330012934/http://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Study_Guide:Shakespeare |date=2007-03-30 }}
* [https://www.opensourceshakespeare.org/ Open Source Shakespeare] possède l’édition de 1866 des œuvres complètes de Shakespeare, avec concordance complète et moteur de recherche avancé. Pas de publicité, mais ne donne le texte que scène par scène.
* [http://www.bl.uk/treasures/shakespeare/homepage.html British Library] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110611141145/http://www.bl.uk/treasures/shakespeare/homepage.html |date=2011-06-11 }}; original 93 copies in quarto
* [http://www.ericdigests.org ericdigests.org] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416165920/http://www.ericdigests.org/ |date=2021-04-16 }} propose des pistes pédagogiques, sous forme de liste de liens. Pas de mention des sources, cependant. 
* [http://suchshakespearestuff.blogspot.com/ Such Shakespeare Stuff] est un blog quotidien couvrant l’actualité autour du dramaturge: télévision, films, livres, etc. On y trouve aussi des quizzes, des anecdotes, des forums et d’autres informations dans ce genre. 
* [http://william-shakespeare.classic-literature.co.uk/ classic-literature.co.uk] donne une version électronique d’un texte anonyme. Présente le texte page par page.
* Works by William Shakespeare sur le [http://www.gutenberg.org/author/William_Shakespeare Projet Gutenberg], dans des langues variées (y compris les œuvres illégitimes...) et avec les graphies d’origine.
* [http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/search?author=Shakespeare%2C+William upenn.edu online books page for Shakespeare] donne un texte de base, et redirige vers d’autres sites de référence.
* [http://www.shakespeare-literature.com/ Shakespeare Literature] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200428062047/http://www.shakespeare-literature.com/ |date=2020-04-28 }} propose une version organisée par chapitre pour une recherche facilitée dans les œuvres du poète. 
* [http://shakespeare.palomar.edu/ Mr. William Shakespeare and the Internet]
* [http://www.methuen.co.uk/williamshakespearepoems.html Selected Sonnets par William Shakespeare]
* Shakespeare et le théâtre du Globe tirée de l’[http://search.eb.com/shakespeare/index2.html Encyclopædia Britannica]
* [http://www.touchstone.bham.ac.uk/index.html Touchstone - UK Shakespeare collections] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200722230042/http://www.touchstone.bham.ac.uk/index.html |date=2020-07-22 }} 
* [http://www.elook.org/literature/shakespeare/ elook.org Shakespeare]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601205223/http://www.elook.org/literature/shakespeare/ |date=2007-06-01 }} présente quatre œuvres en version électronique avec une base de données permettant les recherches. 
* [https://shakespeare-1.com/doubtful/ Doubtful Works of William Shakespeare] Texte complet des œuvres dramaturgiques attribuées par erreur à William Shakespeare.
* [http://shakespeare.nowheres.com/ The original shakespeare.com] L’édition Moby dans une version lisible en ligne. 
* [http://wiredforbooks.org/shakespeare/ William Shakespeare's plays and poems in audio and video]
* [http://digicoll.library.wisc.edu/Arts/subcollections/IllusShakeAbout.shtml The Illustrated Shakespeare] Un projet du Centre de Documentation Digitale de l’Université de Wisconsin, qui présente des images et des documents en relation avec Shakespeare et son œuvre.
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20070825143929/http://www.kennedy-center.org/explorer/shakespeare/ Explore Shakespeare] Un site du Kennedy Center (&quot;The John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts&quot; - Washington DC) ayant la particularité de présenter Shakespeare et son oeuvre en relation avec les événements de...1330 à 2008. Accompagné d'une carte du monde positionnant les éléments cités.
* [http://www.aufildemeslectures.net/?P=s&amp;au=325 Citations]

[[Taggayt:Tameddurt|Shakespeare]]
[[Taggayt:Amaru|Shakespeare]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tanzeggit</title>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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'''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da.

Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]]

== 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit ==
Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Tallit
!Amhaz agenjdan
|-
|Taglest
|Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ.
|-
|Tasut tis 3 uqbel
tallit-nneɣ
|Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg &quot;Iferdisen&quot;.
|-
|Tallit talemmast
|Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d
tsenallunt.
|-
|Tasut tis 17
|Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin.
|-
|Tasut tis 19
|Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n
tiknit d tallunin.
|-
|1872 d mbeɛd
|Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan.
|-
|Tasut tis 20–21
|Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka.
|}
&quot;'''Iferdisen'''&quot; n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan.

== 2. Isbaduten, igejdan d usfukel ==
Asbadu yessegza tamiḍrant s wawalen yettwasnen. Agejdi d tafyirt i neqqbel deg yiwen unagraw war asfukel deg unagraw-nni. Asekkud(tiẓri) d ayen ara d-nsuffeɣ seg yigejdan d yisekkuden yettwasfuklen yakan.

Deg umedya n Aklid, yezmer ad yettwabnu yiɣil n teɣda gar snat n tneqqiḍin, ad yettwasɣezef yiɣil, ad tettwabnu twinest s wammas d waqqar yettwabedren. Yella daɣen agejdi ɣef tɣmar timaɣudin d wayen yeqqnen ɣer umṣadaɣ.

=== Amedya n useɣẓen ===
Deg uɣawas n Aklid, i teneqqiṭ '''P''' i ur nelli ara ɣef taɣda '''d''', tella yiwet kan n teɣda iɛeddan seg '''P''' ur nettmagar ara '''d'''. Talɣa-a n yigejdi n umṣadaɣ tettwassen s yisem n '''Playfair'''; d talɣa tagdazalt i yigejdi wis semmus n Aklid deg lsas n tanzeggit tamagnut.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-18 09-56-11.png|centré]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 2. Tiɣmert d wassaɣ n umṣadaɣ. Tigniwin ttɛawanent deg tɣuri n yisekkuden; isfukal ilaq ad d-begnen ayɣer iiṣeḥḥa wassaɣ.&lt;/small&gt;

Deg tugna, tineqqiḍin ttbanent sɛant tehri, izirigen sɛan tuzert, imeccaqen zemren ur ttwaḥerzen ara s tiseddi. Deg tusnakt, taneqqiṭ ur tesɛi ara tehri. Ihi ma tugna teskan-d belli sin n yimeccaqen d igdazalen, ayen-a ur d-yettawi ara asfukel.

== 3. Taneqqiṭ, taɣda d tallunt ==
Taneqqiṭ d amḍiq war tehri; taɣda tettwasɣezef deg sin yinumak war tilisa; iɣil n teɣda yesɛa sin n yixfawen; tazinaɣda tesɛa yiwen n yixef, tettwasɣezef deg yiwen unamek. Aɣawas d tajumma ilweɣ i deg yezmer ad yili wudlif s sin n yimsidag.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-19 12-18-47.png|centré|611x611px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 3. Tisektiwin 0, 1, 2 d 3. Aɣawas n tugna d amur ifuken kan; aɣawas n tusnakt ur yesɛi ara tilisa.&lt;/small&gt;

Tasekta n tallunt tettawi amḍan n yimsidag ilelliyen i ilaqen iwakken ad nesbadu amḍiq. Deg taɣda, yiwen x ikfa; deg uɣawas, nesra (x,y); deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, nesra (x,y,z). Tasekta ur tɛelliq ara ɣef wamek ara d-nsuneɣ talɣa: amaḍal s tajumma kan yesɛa snat n tsektiwin, ɣas ma yettwaseknen deg tallunt s kraḍ.

ℝⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, …, xₙ) : xᵢ d imḍanen ilawen}

Tallunin s n &gt; 3 ttwasqedcent deg tusnakt d yisefka. Ma yal amedya n yisefka yesɛa 10 n yimuttiyen ilelliyen, yezmer ad yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg ℝ¹⁰. Ayen-a ur d-yemmal ara belli nezmer ad t-nwali s wallen; imsidag d yilugan fkan-d allalen n tazrawt.

=== Tajumma d wanrar ===
Tajumma d talɣa n snat n tsektiwin; anrar d asket-is. S yiwet n tɣawsa, takurt tesɛa daxel-is d ubleɣ, ma amaḍal d tajumma n rrif-is. Asbadu n wayen nzerrew yesɛa azal uqbel yal asiḍen.

== 4. Ikerdisen d usekkud n Pythagore ==
Akerdis yesɛa kraḍ n yidis, kraḍ n tqacucin d kraḍ n tiɣmar. Deg uɣawas n Aklid, timernit n tɣmar-is d 180°. Akerdis agdudisan yesɛa kraḍ n yidis igdazalen; akerdis akendis yesɛa ma drus sin n yidis igdazalen; akerdis amaɣud yesɛa yiwet n tiɣmert n 90°.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-20 11-55-53.png|centré|667x667px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 4. Tama taẓelmaḍt: anrar n umkuẓ ɣef yidis 5 d 25 = 9 + 16. Tama tayeffust: kuẓ n yikerdisen s yidis a d b, d umkuẓ alemmas s yidis c.&lt;/small&gt;

'''a² + b² = c², ma c d alubdis n ukerdis amaɣud''' 

Asfukel n tugna tayeffust: anrar n umkuẓ ameqqran d (a+b)². Kuẓ n yikerdisen sɛan anrar 4 × ab/2 = 2ab. Ayen i d-yeqqimen d c²; ihi c² = (a+b)² − 2ab = a²+b². Ayen-a d aseɣẓen s wanrar, mačči d asket n teɣzi ɣef tugna. Asekkud-a yesɛa daɣen talɣa tamsuɣalt: ma a²+b²=c² deg ukerdis, tiɣmert i d-yezzin i c d 90°. Deg tanzeggit taknudemt neɣ ɣef umaḍal, tanfalit-a ur tettwasemres ara akka war abeddel.

== 5. Tales(Thales) d tarwast ==
Sin n yikerdisen imarwasen sɛan tiɣmar igdazalen d yidis akniwen s yiwen wassaɣ. Ma tasɣent tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer akk imeccaqen s yiwen umuskir k &gt; 0, tḥerrez tiɣmar d talɣa. D tarwast.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-21 10-35-44.png|centré|676x676px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 5. DE d BC msadaɣen, ihi ikerdisen ADE d ABC d imarwasen. Deg tugna tayeffust, amuskir n teɣzi d 2; win n&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wanrar d 4.&lt;/small&gt;

'''AD/AB = AE/AC = DE/BC'''

Deg umedya, A d yiwet n tqacuct n sin yikerdisen; D yella ɣef [AB], E ɣef [AC], yerna DE ∥ BC. Ihi assaɣ n ''Thales'' yessegza ayɣer akk ibḍan-a d igdazalen. Ma nessen kra n teɣziwin, nezmer ad nsiḍen teɣziwin ur nessin ara s useqdec n wassaɣen-a.

'''Teɣzi: × k; anrar: × k²; ableɣ: × k³'''

Ma nsemɣer asrem s umuskir 3, tehri d teɣzi-nni ad nernunt kraḍ n tikal; anrar ad yili 9 n tikal. Ma nsemɣer agasas s 3, ableɣ ad yili 27 n tikal. Ihi amḍan n tsektiwin yesɛa azal deg wamek i yettbeddil usket.

Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen; d amedya uslig n tarwast s k = 1. Ur ilaq ara ad nsemmi snat n talɣiwin d igdazalen s wesket ma ttemcabint kan deg talɣa.

== 6. Igeddisen, tiwinas d yiḍebsiyen ==
Ageddis d talɣa n uɣawas iḥerzen yiwen rrif yettwabnan s yiɣallen. I ugeddis afraray, war amager n yidis gar-asen, timernit n tiɣmar n daxel d (n−2) × 180°, anda '''n''' d amḍan n yidis. Abḍu n ugeddis affensu s yiwet n tqacuct yessegza tanfalit-a: ad d-naf n−2 n yikerdisen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-22 10-56-58.png|centré|595x595px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 6. Tawinest d rrif; aḍebsi yesɛa daxel. Ageddis s semmus n yidisan yettwabḍa ɣef kraḍ n yikerdisen.&lt;/small&gt;

Tawinest s wammas '''O''' d waqqar '''r''' tesdukkel tineqqiḍin '''P''' i yesɛan '''d(O,P)=r'''. Aḍebsi yeɣleq yesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan d(O,P) ≤ r. Akdu d 2r. Taslayt i twinest deg P tebdd ɣef waqqar OP.

'''Azzikit n twinest: P = 2πr; anrar n uḍebsi: A = πr²'''

Ma '''r''' yettwaskat s yimitren, '''P''' ad yili s yimitren, '''A''' s yimitren imkuẓen. Pi d amḍan agraɣlan π ≈ 3.14159. Ur ilaq ara ad nsexleḍ amḍan n yisekkilen n tamawaẓt d wazal amatu n π.

== 7. Asektiɣmer d radyan ==
Asektiɣmer (trigonométrie) izerrew assaɣ gar tɣmar d teɣziwin. Deg ukerdis amaɣud, '''sin''' '''θ''' d assaɣ n yidis i d-yezzin i θ ɣer ulubdis; '''cos θ''' d assaɣ n yidis n tama-s ɣer ulubdis; '''tan θ''' '''= sin θ / cos θ mi cos θ ≠ 0.'''
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-23 12-24-09.png|centré|612x612px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 7. Tawinest s waqqar 1 tefk amur ilaw cos θ d amur yebdden sin θ. Udlifen n sin d cos sseknen abeddel-nsen d&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wallus-nsen.&lt;/small&gt;

'''sin² θ + cos² θ = 1; 180° = π rad'''

Radyan d asket n tɣmert s wassaɣ '''θ = s/r''', anda '''s''' d teɣzi n uḥric n twinest. Ma '''θ = 1''' rad, '''s''' '''= r'''. Tuzzya tummidt d 2π rad, neɣ 360°. Aseqdec n radyan yeshel tigawt n usiḍen aneẓlay d tarrayt n yizellumen.

'''c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos γ'''

Asaḍuf n cosine yessegza assaɣ gar kraḍ n yidis n ukerdis d tɣmert γ i d-yezzin i c. Ma '''γ =''' '''90°''', '''cos γ = 0''', ad d-naf asekkud n Pythagore. Assaɣen-a ttɛawanen deg usket n tiddi n wayen ur nezmir ara ad naweḍ srid d usiḍen n yiberdan.

== 8. Teɣzi, anrar d ubleɣ ==
Teɣzi tettwaskat s tiget n teɣzi, anrar s tiget n teɣzi ɣer sin, ableɣ s tiget n teɣzi ɣer kraḍ. Azzikit d teɣzi n rrif. Tajumma tella d talɣa; anrar d azal n wesket-is. Deg tallunt, ilaq ad nessemgired anrar n rrif d ubleɣ n daxel.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-24 11-26-46.png|centré|716x716px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 8. Tiddi h tebdd ɣef uzadur b. Awlellu d takurt sɛan isketen n ubleɣ; amaḍal d rrif n takurt.&lt;/small&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Talɣa
!Asket
|-
|Asrem s yidis a d b
|A = ab; P = 2(a+b)
|-
|Akerdis s uzadur b d tiddi h
|A = bh/2
|-
|Agasas s yidis a
|V = a³; anrar n rrif = 6a²
|-
|Awlellu s waqqar r d tiddi h
|V = πr²h
|-
|Akaswar s waqqar r d tiddi h
|V = πr²h/3
|-
|Takurt / amaḍal s waqqar r
|V = 4πr³/3; anrar n umaḍal = 4πr²
|}
I talɣiwin ur nesɛi ara tanfalit tafessast, nezmer ad nebḍu talɣa ɣef yiḥricen, ad nessemres aɣred neɣ asiḍen n temawaẓt. Ma yella kra n uḥric i neḥseb snat n tikal, ilaq ad t-nekkes yiwet n tikkelt iwakken ur t-nettḥasab ara snat n tikal.

== 9. Asali s tesɣunt d ukumpas ==
Deg tanzeggit tamensayt, tesɣunt war yizamulen n wesket tettawi-d taɣda iɛeddan seg snat n tneqqiḍin. Akumpas yettawi-d tawinest s wammas d waqqar. Asali d asartu n tigawin s yilugan, mačči d asefru n talɣa s tseddi n tugna kan.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-25 11-13-00.png|centré|645x645px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 9. Sin n yisugnen n twinest sɛan yiwen waqqar, i yugar AB/2. Amager-nsen d P d Q. Taɣda PQ tebdd ɣef AB&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;deg tlemmast M&lt;/small&gt;

I usali n tabeddayt i yiɣil [AB] deg tlemmast-is, nbennu tawinest s wammas A d tayeḍ s wammas B, s yiwen waqqar i yugar AB/2. Ad mlilent deg P d Q. Acku PA=PB d QA=QB, P d Q bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg A d B; taɣda-nsen d tabeddayt n tlemmast n [AB].

Nezmer ad nebnu akerdis agdudisan, talemmast n yiɣil neɣ abḍu n tiɣmert ɣef sin. Maca mačči yal asali yezmer ad yettwaxdem s sin n wallalen-a: amedya, abḍu n yal tiɣmert ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen igdazalen ur yezmir ara s wudem amatu. Abḍu n kra n tiɣmar usligen yezmer. 

Tanzeggit tagellamt tessemres tigriyin iwakken ad d-tessekna talɣiwin n kraḍ n tsektiwin deg uɣawas. D lsas i tesneḍrit n lebni d kra n terrayin n usunneɣ aṭekniki.

== 10. Imsidag d yimawayen ==
Tanzeggit tusliṭ teqqen talɣa ɣer tegda. S yimsidag n Descartes, taneqqiṭ '''A''' tettwasbadu s '''(x,y)'''; taɣda s '''ax+by+c=0''', anda '''a''' d '''b''' ur llin ara i sin d '''0'''. Tarrayt-a tettawi talɣiwin ɣer yisiḍen(leḥsab) n uljibṛ.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-26 11-34-29.png|centré|608x608px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 10. Imeccaqen Δx = 4 d Δy = 3 fkan d = 5. Amaway u+v yettwabna s unadi n v seg yixef n u; amḍiq n tazwara&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;n umaway ur ibeddel ara talɣa-s.&lt;/small&gt;

'''d(A,B) = √[(x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²]'''

Talemmast n [AB] tesɛa imsidag ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2). Deg umedya A(1,1), B(5,4), talemmast d (3,2.5). Tanfalit n umeccaq tekka-d seg Pythagore; tanfalit n tlemmast tekka-d seg wassaɣ n yimawayen.

'''u · v = u₁v₁ + u₂v₂ = ‖u‖ ‖v‖ cos θ'''

Amaway yesɛa teɣzi d tanila. Afaris afesnan n sin yimawayen yezmer ad yessegza tiɣmert gar-asent. Ma u·v = 0 d sin yimawayen ur nelli ara d 0, imawayen-a bedden gar-asen. Tanzeggit tamawayt teshel anerni n yisiḍen-a ar tallunin s waṭas n tsektiwin.

== 11. Ibeddilen d tujjuṛt ==
Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen. Tasikelt, tuzzya d tujjuṛt s ugellus d imedyaten deg uɣawas n Aklid. Abeddel yezmer ad yerr talɣa deg umḍiq nniḍen, maca teɣzi, tiɣmar d wanrar ad qqimen d yiwen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-27 11-43-08.png|centré|661x661px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 11. Talɣa tazegzawt d tin n tazwara. Tasikelt d tuzzya ḥerzent aniri; tujjuṛt s ugellus tbeddel aniri.&lt;/small&gt;

'''Tasikelt: x′ = x + a; y′ = y + b'''

'''Tuzzya: x′ = x cos θ − y sin θ; y′ = x sin θ + y cos θ'''

Tujjuṛt s ugellus y tettawi (x,y) ɣer (−x,y). Tasikelt s umaway v tettawi P ɣer P+v. Taludegt s wammas O d umuskir k tettawi OP ɣer kOP; tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer imeccaqen s |k|. Ma |k| ≠ 1, mačči d tagdukta.

Timhelt n uḍfar n yibeddilen tesɛa azal: tuzzya deffir tasikelt ur tefk ara dima ayen i d-tefk tasikelt deffir tuzzya. Ibeddilen i yeṭṭafen talɣa meṛṛa ur tettbeddil ara sdukklen agraw n tujjuṛt-is. D allal i tazrawt n yizeṭṭa, lebni d talɣiwin n ugama.

== 12. Igezzumen n ukaswar ==
Igezzumen n ukaswar (coniques) d tiwinas, tiglayin, tikenzirarin d yiknudem. Zemren ad d-ilin s umager n uɣawas d ukaswar asinan; tili n ugzam tettawi talɣa yemgaraden. Deg taenzeggit tusliṭ, d imedyaten n tegdiwin s tfesna 2.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-28 12-03-59.png|centré|636x636px]]
&lt;small&gt;Taglayt tesɛa sin n yidiken. Takenzirart tesɛa adik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa sin n yifurkan. Ilugan n tigniwin llan deg yizwal-nsent.&lt;/small&gt;

Taglayt tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan timernit n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal. Takenzirart tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg udik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa tameẓla tamagdazt n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal.

'''Ax² + Bxy + Cy² + Dx + Ey + F = 0'''

I tegda n tfesna 2 war talɣiwin yettwasenɣasen, B²−4AC &lt; 0 yettawi talɣa n teglayt; = 0 talɣa n tkenzirart; &gt; 0 talɣa n uknudem, s tawtilin n tili n talɣa tilawt. Kra n tegdiwin zemrent ad fkent taɣda, snat teɣdiwin, taneqqiṭ neɣ tagrumma tilemt. Ihi ur ilaq ara ad nsemmu talɣa s yiwen umḍan kan.

Talɣiwin-a sɛant aseqdec deg tsenallunt, imeskaren n tafat d usali n kra n yimeslaḍen.

== 13. Tanzeggit talawsant d tseggart ==
Tanzeggit talawsant tḥerrez imeẓla n umsadaɣ d wassaɣen n tneqqiḍin ɣef yiwet n teɣda. Abeddel alawsan yesɛa talɣa x′=Ax+b, anda A d isirew imutti. Yezmer ad yessenɣes yiwen yidis ugar n wayeḍ, ihi tiɣmar d teɣziwin ur ilaq ara ad qqiment d yiwen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-29 12-34-08.png|centré|526x526px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 13. Tama taẓelmaḍt: amkuẓ yuɣal d talɣa s yidis imsadaɣen. Tama tayeffust: tigri n snat teɣdiwin timsadaɣin tettban tettawi-ten ɣer yiwet n tneqqiṭ.&lt;/small&gt;

Tanzeggit taseggart tzerrew ayen i yeqqimen d yiwen s tigri. Deg uɣawas aseggar, snat teɣdiwin yemgaraden mlilent dima deg yiwet n tneqqiṭ. I taɣdiwin timsadaɣin n uɣawas alawsan, amager-a yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg war taggara. 

'''[x : y : z] = [λx : λy : λz], ma λ ≠ 0'''

Deg yimsidag imsariyen, '''z ≠ 0''' yezmer ad yettwarr ɣer z = 1 s ubḍu. Tineqqiḍin s '''z = 0''' d taɣda n war taggara. Snat teɣdiwin timsadaɣin sɛant taneqqiṭ n tanila i ten-yesdukklen. «War taggara» dagi d amur n unagraw n yimsidag, mačči d amḍiq i nettawi s useɣzef n ugdil.

Assaɣ n umager d talɣa n teɣda ttwaḥerzen s tigri, maca umsadaɣ neɣ talemmast ur ilaq ara ad qqimen. Tanzeggit-a tettawi-d allalen i tigniwin n ukamera d tmuɣli n lebni.

== 14. Tanzeggit ur nelli ara n Aklid ==
Tanzeggit taknudemt d tanzeggit n umaḍal sseknayent belli agejdi n umṣsadaɣ ur yelli ara d ayen iwatan i yal tallunt. Deg uɣawas aknudeman, seg P i ur nelli ara ɣef d, llant aṭas n teɣdiwin i ur nettmagar ara d. Ɣef umaḍal, iberdan i yettaken adeg n teɣdiwin d tiwinas timeqqranin.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-30 11-45-25.png|centré|640x640px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 14. Akerdis ɣef umaḍal: seg Ugafa ɣer sin n tneqqiḍin deg usebges i yemgaraden s 90°, timernit d 270°. Deg uḍebsi n Poincaré, yidis n ukerdis d iḥricen n twinas i yebdden ɣef rrif.&lt;/small&gt;

Deg tanzeggit n umaḍal s waqqar '''R''', akerdis s yidis n twinas timeqqranin, deg yiwen umur iwatan, yesɛa timernit n tɣmar tugar '''π'''. Anrar-is d '''R²(α+β+γ−π)''', anda tiɣmar ttwasqedcent s radyan. Deg uɣawas aknudeman s tiknit −1, anrar n ukerdis d '''π−(α+β+γ)'''.

Deg umedya n Poincaré, rrif n uḍebsi ur yelli ara deg tallunt taknudemt: tineqqiḍin ttwaliɣent qqrebent ɣer rrif, maca ameccaq aknudeman yezmer ad yettnerni war tilisa. Ur ilaq ara ad nsket imeccaqen n tallunt-a s tesɣunt ɣef tugna amagnut.

==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit ==

* [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit tummit]]

* [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]]

* [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]]

* [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] 

* [[Aljiber imzireg]]

== Amezruy n tenzeggit ==


[[Taggayt:Tusnakt]]</text>
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'''Concepción''' d tamdint deg wanẓul n [[Cili]]. Concepción tesɛa azal n 216.061 n imezdaɣ (leḥṣab n [[2002]]) s tajumma n 221,6 km².

== Iseddagen &amp; Izdayen Iberraniyen ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100211124604/http://www.concepcion.cl/ Web Concepción]
* [http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Concepcion,_Chile Commons:Concepción]

[[Taggayt:Timdinin]]
[[Taggayt:Cili]]</text>
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  <page>
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'''Washington, D.C''' d tamanaɣt n [[Iwunak Yedduklen|Yiwunak Yedduklen]]. Isem-ines ameqqran d '''Washington, District of Columbia'''. 
Deg Washington yella [[Axxam Amellal]], izdeɣ deg-s aselway n Yiwunak Yedduklen.

Tamdint i qqaren-as Washington ansi aselway amezwaru n Yiwunal Yedduklen, [[George Washington]].

Ɣas akken New York d tamdint tameqqrant n tdamsa d tnezzut, Washington tettwassen ladɣa s wazal-is asertan, aserdasan d udiplumasi.

Deg-s i ttwaɣtasen waṭas n tsertiyin i yeɛnan Marikan, yerna kra n tɣawsiwin i d-yettawin abeddel deg umaḍal.

Tamdint-a d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettwasbedden s uɣawas usrid, i wakken ad tili d ul n udabu n tagduda tamaynut i d-yennulfan seld ṭṭrad n timunent n Marikan.

Maca Washington ur telli ara d tamdint n tsertit kan. D tamdint yesɛan amezruy n yigduden inaṣliyen, n umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n umdan, n tẓuri d tusna.

== 1. Tarakalt d ugama ==
[[Tugna:WashMonument WhiteHouse.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Wasgington D.C]]
&lt;br&gt;

Washington tezga deg usamar n Marikan, gar Maryland d Virginia, ɣef yiri n wasif Potomac.

Amkan-a yettwafren acku yezga gar temnaḍin n ugafa d tid n unẓul n Marikan, deg tallit ideg llan imennuɣen ɣef wanda ara tili temdint tagejdant n uwanek afidirali.

Deg trakalt n Washington llan sin yisaffen igejdanen: Potomac d Anacostia. Isaffen-a sɛan azal deg tudert n yigduden inaṣliyen, deg tnezzut, deg usiweḍ d usnerni n temdint.

Tamdint tesɛa agaman n temnaḍt yettwasemman s unezwu n amennuḍan anaddaw ubzig(climat subtropical humide). Anebdu yezmer ad yili d aḥemmu s waṭas n tizegzewt d waḍu, ma deg tegrest, llan wussan isemmaḍen, tikwal ula d adfel.

Tamdint tettwassen daɣen s yisekla-is, igran izegzawen d tefsut ideg d-ttfeǧǧiǧent tjeǧǧigin n &quot;''cherry blossoms''&quot;.

== 3. Igduden inasliyen uqbel tallit n Yirupiyen ==
Uqbel ad d-awḍen Yirupiyen, temnaḍt n Washington tella d akal n yigduden inaṣliyen n Marikan.

Gar yigduden-a llan '''Nacotchtank''', i yezdɣen deg temnaḍin n wasif Anacostia, akked yigduden nniḍen yeqqnen ɣer tutlayin n twacult '''Algonquian'''.

Igduden-a ttidiren s tfellaḥt, aṣeyyed n yiselman, ugmar d tnezzut. Isaffen sɛan azal ameqqran deg tudert-nsen, acku d iberdan n usiweḍ, d iɣbula n waman d tmurt n uselḥu n tnezzut.

Asiweḍ n Yirupiyen deg lqern wis 17 yewwi-d ibeddilen imeqqranen: lehlakat timaynutin, imennuɣen, aɣelluy n yimezdaɣ inaṣliyen d ubeddel n udabu ɣef wakal.

Amezruy n Washington ur yebdi ara deg 1790. Yella yakan ugdud d yidlis deg temnaḍt-a s waṭas n yiseggasen uqbel asbeddi n temdint tafederalit.

== 4. Asnulfu n Washington (1790–1800) ==
[[Tugna:L'Enfant plan.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Aɣawas n Washington D.C sɣur &quot;l'Enfant&quot;.]]


Seld timunent n Marikan deg 1776, awanek amaynut yella yeḥwaǧ tamdint tagejdant ara yezdin meṛṛa iwunak.

Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimasayen n ugafa d unẓul mgaraden ɣef umkan ara yettwafren.

Deg 16 Yulyu 1790, ''Congress'' yefka-d azaraf i usbeddi n temnaḍt tafederalit tafrart, d tin ara yesɛun tawuri n temdint tagejdant n Marikan.

Asefran-a yella d tifrat tasertant gar yimasayen n ugafa d wid n unẓul, i yemgaraden deg tsertit tadamsant d uklan.

Amezwaru n Marikan, '''George Washington''', yefren amkan n temdint tamaynut ɣef yiri n Potomac.

Deg 1791, yefka tawuri n usɣawas n temdint i umsenfar afransis '''''Pierre Charles L'Enfant'''''.

=== Aɣawas n L'Enfant ===
L'Enfant yebɣa ad yesnulfu tamdint i yettbanen d azamul n tagduda.

Yessumer-d iberdan iwesɛanen, izenqan yettemlilin, urtiyen izegzawen d yimukan imeqqranen i yixxamen n udabu.

Aɣawas-is yessemlal gar:

* Izenqan yetteddun s talɣa tusridt.
* Ibardayen iwesɛanen i yettemlilin s talɣa tanamurt.
* Imukan imeqqranen n tsertit d udabu.
* Idigan n ugdud d wurtiyen n tẓuri.

Deg 1792, Andrew Ellicott yessegzem yerna yesseɣti kra n yiḥricen n uɣawas-a.

Washington tebda ad tettwabna s uɣawas ara tt-yerren d tamdint yemgaraden ɣef temdinin n tnezzut i yellan yakan deg Marikan.

== 5. Washington deg lqern wis 19 ==
[[Tugna:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. - c. 1902.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Washington D.C deg lqern 19.]]


Deg 1800, adabu afederal amarikani yeǧǧa Philadelphia, yerra Washington d amḍiq agejdan n tsertit n Marikan.

Deg tazwara, tamdint tella d tameẓẓyant. Ixxamen n udabu mazal-iten deg lebni, izenqan ur ttwasbeddlen ara meṛṛa, yerna aṭas n yimḍiqen llan d igran d ugama.

Deg 1814, deg ṭṭrad gar Marikan d Teglizit, iserdasen n Teglizit kecmen ɣer Washington, sserɣen kra n yixxamen n udabu, gar-asen Capitol d White House.

Seld aneḍru-a, tamdint tettwabna tikkelt nniḍen.

=== Washington d taluft n waklan ===
D yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i ilaq ad d-nemmeslay deg umezruy n Washington.

Deg lqern wis 19, taluft iccuden ɣer waklan tella d aḥric seg tmetti n temdint. Llan yiklan yettwasemɣaren i ixeddmen deg yixxamen, deg yigran d waṭas n umahil n lebni.

Deg 16 Yebrir 1862,  yettwaseḥbes unagraw n taklit deg District of Columbia, s uzref i yezmel umenzu Abraham Lincoln, uqbel alɣu n usufeɣ n waklan seg taklit i d-yessufeɣ deg 1 Yennayer 1863.

Tamdint teqqim d amḍiq ameqqran n umennuɣ ɣef tilelli d yizerfan n yimezdaɣ iberkanen.

== 6. Ṭṭrad agensan n Marikan (1861–1865) ==
[[Tugna:US Civil War railway gun and crew.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Yiwen seg wallalen n ṭṭṛad agensan amarikani n 1865.]]


Deg 1861, mi yebda ṭṭrad agensan n Marikan, Washington tuɣal d amḍiq aserdasi ameqqran.

Tamdint tezga qrib ɣer temnaḍin n ṭṭrad. Iserdasen n ugafa bnan tɣessa taserdasit i umesten n temdint, Iserdasen n Ugafa bnan igudar, sbedden tiɣessiwin n usiweḍ n yiferdisen iserdasen, yerna sɣawsen imukan n uḥraz n temdint.

Washington tesɛa daɣen tawuri tameqqrant deg uselḥu n yimeḥbas, yimejjayen d yimejruḥen n ṭṭrad.

Deg 14 Yebrir 1865, Abraham Lincoln yettwanɣa deg Ford's Theatre. Yemmut ass i d-yeḍfaren, deg 15 Yebrir.

Tamettant-is tesseḥzen aṭas n yimdanen deg Marikan, yerna Washington tuɣal d amkan n tkatut(n usmekti) tameqqrant n tallit-a.

== 7. Washington deg lqern wis 20 ==
[[Tugna:1961 Washington DC, color slide showing an aerial view of Lincoln Memorial and Reflecting Pool.jpg|centré|vignette|665x665px|Washington D.C deg 1961.]]


Deg lqern wis 20, Washington tettnerni s waṭas.

Tamdint tettbeddil seg yiwen n umḍiq n udabu ɣer tamdint tameqqrant n yimezdaɣ, uselmed, tẓuri d tdiplumasit.

Deg 1902, aɣawas McMillan yewwi-d ibeddilen imeqqranen deg usɣawas n temdint. Yebɣa ad d-yerr azal n uɣawas amezwaru n L'Enfant, ladɣa s lebni n urtiyen izegzawen d tmeẓra tameqqrant gar Capitol d yimukan n tmekti.

Deg sin ṭṭradat imaḍlanen, tawuri n udabu afederal tettnerni s waṭas. Aṭas n yimezdaɣ i d-yusan ɣer Washington i wakken ad xedmen deg tesdawiyin, tadbelt, tiɣessiwin tiserdasin d tɣawsiwin n uselḥu.

=== Washington d umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n umdan ===
[[Tugna:March on Washington edit.jpg|centré|vignette|673x673px|Tikli ɣef izerfan n yiberkanen deg Washington D.C]]


Deg 28 Ɣuct 1963, aṭas n yimdanen mlalen-d deg Washington deg ''&quot;March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom&quot;'', i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n yimezdaɣ iberkanen.

Deg uneḍru-a, ''Martin Luther King Jr.'' yefka-d tinawt-is yettwassnen ''I Have a Dream(Sɛiɣ Targit)''.

Taneḍruyt-a tuɣal d yiwet seg tneḍruyin tigejdanin n umezruy n yizerfan inmettiyen deg Marikan.

Washington tella d tamdint n tsertit, maca daɣen d tamdint anda i d-ttemlilin yimdanen i wakken ad sutren abeddel, tilelli, taɛdalt d yizerfan.

== 8. Tadbelt d tsertit n Washington ==
Washington, D.C. mačči d awanak am wiyaḍ n Marikan. D distrikta tafederalit i d-yettwasbedden s wudem ameẓlay i wakken ad tili d tamdint tagejdant n Marikan.

Tamsalt-a tesɛa anamek: Washington ur teṭṭafar ara Maryland neɣ Virginia, maca tesɛa anagraw n tdabert ɣef wudem i d-yettwasbedden deg tsertit tafederalit.

Deg 1973, Home Rule Act yefka i yimezdaɣ n Washington tazmert ad fernen amḍebber n temdint n temdint d tseqqamut tadigant.

Maca Congress afederal mazal yesɛa kra n tezmert ɣef tɣawsiwin n distrikta.

Tamsalt-a tettawi-d amennuɣ asertan: imezdaɣ n Washington sɛan yiwen n umeslay deg tsertit tamarikanit, maca ur sɛin ara sin yimsenqaden deg Senate, yerna ur sɛin ara amḍebber s uzref n usuffeɣ n ṣṣut deg House of Representatives.
{| border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;float:right; margin: 1em;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|+ '''Imezdaɣ n Washington D.C'''
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
{|
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Aseggas
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Imezdaɣ
|-----
| 1800 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 144
|-----
| 1810 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 15 471
|-----
| 1820 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 23 336
|-----
| 1830 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 30 261
|-----
| 1840 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 33 745
|-----
| 1850 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 51 687
|-----
| 1860 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 75 080
|-----
| 1870 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 131 700
|-----
| 1880 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 177 624
|-----
| 1890 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 230 392
|-----
| 1900 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 278 718
|}
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
{|
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Aseggas
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Imezdaɣ
|-----
| 1910 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 331 069
|-----
| 1920 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 437 571
|-----
| 1930 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 486 869
|-----
| 1940 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 663 091
|-----
| 1950 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 802 178
|-----
| 1960 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 763 956
|-----
| 1970 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 756 510
|-----
| 1980 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 638 333
|-----
| 1990 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 606 900
|-----
| 2000 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 572 059
|-----
| 2005  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 582 049
|-----
|2010  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 601 723
|----- 
|}
|-----
|}
&lt;/br&gt;

[[Category:Timdinin]][[Category:Tarakalt]][[Category:Iwunak Yeddukklen]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tutlayt taspenyult</title>
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      <text bytes="7363" sha1="tdckr0rli4sm132m6rqfiu553sqi2my" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox language
| altname = Takastalant
| Isem = Taspenyult
| [[Azdar]] = [[Spaniards]], [[Hispanic]]s, and [[Latino]]s
| nativename = {{lang|es|español}} &lt;br /&gt; {{lang|es|castellano}}
| pronunciation = espaˈɲol, kasteˈʎano
| region = [[Spanya]], [[Tamrikt Taspenyult]], [[Ginya Tasebgast|Ginya Tasbegsant]] &lt;small&gt;(ẓeṛ [[#Geographical distribution|iksar]])&lt;/small&gt;
| speakers = 480 n yimelyan n at tutlayt tayemmat
| date = 2018
| ref = &lt;ref name=viva18&gt;{{cite report |title=El español: una lengua viva – Informe 2018 |url=https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2018.pdf |publisher=[[Instituto Cervantes]] |date=2018 |access-date=2019-04-23 |archive-date=2019-04-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404070156/https://cvc.cervantes.es/lengua/espanol_lengua_viva/pdf/espanol_lengua_viva_2018.pdf |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| speakers2 = 75 n imelyan [[Tutlayt tis snat|L2 imsawalen]] d yimsawalen s ukettar amuttu (2018) + 22 n imelyan n inelmaden &lt;ref name=viva18/&gt;
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3 = [[Tutlayin tiṛumanseyyin|Taṛumansit]]
| fam4 = [[Tutlayin tiṛumanseyyin tiɣerbiyin|Taṛumansit taɣerbit]]
| fam5 = [[Iberian Romance languages|Ibero-Romance]]
| fam6 = [[West Iberian languages|West-Iberian]]
| fam7 = [[Castilian languages]]
| ancestor = [[Old Spanish language|Old Spanish]]
| script = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Spanish orthography|Spanish alphabet]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Spanish Braille]]
| nation = {{Collapsible list | titlestyle = font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left; | title = [[Umuɣ n tmura yeggunin ɣef Tespanyult d tutlayt tamaddudt|21 n tmura]]|
|{{flagcountry|Argentina}}
|{{flagcountry|Bolivia}}
|{{flagcountry|Chile}}
|{{flagcountry|Colombia}}
|{{flagcountry|Costa Rica}}
|{{flagcountry|Cuba}}
|{{flagcountry|Dominican Republic}}
|{{flagcountry|Ecuador}}
|{{flagcountry|El Salvador}}
|{{flagcountry|Equatorial Guinea}}
|{{flagcountry|Guatemala}}
|{{flagcountry|Honduras}}
|{{flagcountry|Mexico}}
|{{flagcountry|Nicaragua}}
|{{flagcountry|Panama}}
|{{flagcountry|Paraguay}}
|{{flagcountry|Peru}}
|{{flagcountry|Spain}}
|{{flagcountry|Uruguay}}
|{{flagcountry|Venezuela}}
|{{flagcountry|Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic}} (partly recognized state).
}}
&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[List of countries where Spanish is an official language|Dependent entity]]|
|{{flagcountry|Puerto Rico}}
}}
&lt;!-- This list is intended for dependent territories that do not form an integral part of a country (such as Puerto Rico), as well as integral parts of nations that are not traditionally considered Spanish-speaking. Adding Ceuta and Melilla will result in deletion as they are integral parts of Spain. This also applies to Chile and the case of Easter Island. --&gt;
&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;|title=[[Umuɣ n tmura anda Taspenyult d yiwet gar tutlayin timaddudin|Significant minority]]|
|{{flagcountry|Andorra}}
|{{flagcountry|Belize}}
|{{flagcountry|United States}}
|{{flagcountry|Philippines}} (optional auxiliary language)
}}
&lt;br /&gt;{{Collapsible list |titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;| title = [[List of countries where Spanish is an official language#International organizations where Spanish is official|International&lt;br /&gt;organizations]]|
| {{flagcountry|African Union}}
|{{flagcountry|CARICOM}}
|[[File:Bandera CELAC.png|25px]] [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States|CELAC]]
|{{flagcountry|European Union}}
|[[File:ALADI.jpg|25px]] [[Latin American Integration Association|ALADI]]
|[[File:Bandera Parlamento Latinoamericano.jpg|25px]] [[Latin American Parliament]]
|{{flagcountry|Mercosur}}
|[[File:OSCE logo.svg|30px]] [[Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe|OSCE]]
|{{flagcountry|Organization of American States}}
|{{flagcountry|United Nations}}
|{{flagcountry|Union of South American Nations}}
|[[Organization of Ibero-American States]]
}}
| agency = [[Association of Spanish Language Academies]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;({{lang|es|[[Real Academia Española]]}} and 22 other national Spanish language academies)&lt;/small&gt;
| iso1 = es
| iso2 = spa
| iso3 = spa
| lingua = 51-AAA-b
| notice = IPA
| sign = [[Signed Spanish]] (Spain, Mexico and presumably elsewhere)
| glotto = stan1288
| glottorefname = Spanish
| map = Map-Hispanophone World.svg
| mapcaption = {{legend|#045a8d|Taspenyult d tutlayt tamaddudt.}}
{{legend|#9bbae1|Mači d tamaddudt, Maca ttmeslayen-t ugar n 20% n imezdaɣ.}}
}}

'''Tutlayt taspenyult''' (s tespanyult: ''español'') neɣ '''Takastilant''' 
&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=http://www.arab-ency.com/index.php?module=pnEncyclopedia&amp;func=display_term&amp;id=14627&amp;m=1 |access-date=2021-05-05 |archive-date=2016-08-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160809153258/http://www.arab-ency.com/index.php?module=pnEncyclopedia&amp;func=display_term&amp;id=14627&amp;m=1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; (s tespanyult: ''castellano'') d tutlayt tamaddudt n [[Spanya|tgelda n Spanya]] yakk d tuget n tmura n [[Tamrikt n Wenẓul|Temrikt n Wenẓul]] d [[Tamrikt Talemmast|Temrikt Talemmast]], akken i tga d yiwet seg snat tutlayin timaddudin n [[Puerto Rico]]. Ttmeslayen-tt gar n 477 alamma d 572 n yimdanen am [[tutlayt tayemmat]]&lt;ref &gt;{{Cite Web|akala= https://web.archive.org/web/20210513000611/https://www.cervantes.es/sobre_instituto_cervantes/prensa/2017/noticias/Presentaci%C3%B3n-Anuario-2017.htm&lt;/ref&gt; deg umaḍal, akken i tga [[Tutlayin tilatinin|tutlayt taṛumanseyt]] timenziwt yakk.&lt;ref &gt;{{Cite Web|Akala= http://archive.is/20121209175150/http://www.lllf.uam.es/~fmarcos/coloquio/Ponencias/MMelgar.doc|Azwel=La UNAM y la Enseñanza del español a no hispanoparlantes|Azemz n tuwwṭa=|Akala n ufaylu= https://web.archive.org/web/20160928184726/http://archive.is:80/20121209175150/http://www.lllf.uam.es/~fmarcos/coloquio/Ponencias/MMelgar.doc|Azemz n unulfu=2016-09-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Taspenyult sgi ttmeslayen di tgelda n Spanya ɣɣaren-as [[taspenyult takastilant]] i wassaɣ ɣer tama tamazrayt n [[Kastiya]], anda i tella d tutlayt taɣelnawt n Ikestalen. Imesnilsanen ttɣilen d akken tutlayt-a tekker-d di tama n '''Cordillera''' i d-yezgan deg ugafa n [[Spanya]], sin akin tenfufed deg yakk tamiwin-is deg [[tasut tis 8]] d [[tasut tis 9|tis 9]]. Ma d tespanyult sgi ttmeslayen di [[Tamrikt Talatint|Temrikt Talatint]] ɣɣaren-as [[taspenyult tamrikant]].

Dɣa taspenyult takastilant d tespanyult tamrikant ttemcabint s waṭas, maca llan kra n imgaraden deg ususru d yirmawen. Ismawen deg tespenyult - am waṭas n tutlayin niḍen - bḍan ɣer wunti d umalay, akken illan daɣen kra n yismawen irwasanen ur nelli la d untiyen la d imalayen, amedya deg yismawen ibeddun s umagrad «''Lo ''»; (''Lo mejor'', ''Lo bueno'', ''Lo fácil''...), ma d abaraz amagnan n wawalen iga d; ''isem n umeskar'', ''amyag'', ''asentel''.

== Tiwelhiwin ==
[[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Uṛuppa]]
[[Taggayt:Tutlayin tiwenduṛupiyin]]
[[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Temrikt n Ugafa]]
[[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Temrikt n Wenẓul]]
[[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Temrikt talemmast]]
[[Taggayt:Tutlayin tiṛumansiyin]]
[[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Spanya]]
[[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Yiwunak Yeddukklen]]
[[Taggayt:Tutlayin n Miksik]]
{{refs}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tutlayt Talmant</title>
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      <text bytes="10570" sha1="qlp0cq27dm0psgbcgp0i6p7qc17540d" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox language
| name = Talmant
| nativename = Deutsch
| pronunciation = dɔʏtʃ
| states = [[Asegder arakal i yemsawalen n Telmant]]
| region = [[Lalman]] d [[umuɣ n tmura anda Talmant d tutlayt tamaddudt|tmura n iden]] 
| speakers = &lt;!-- PLEASE, DO NOT EDIT THIS SECTION BEFORE CONSULTING THE TALK PAGE! --&gt;&lt;!--to nearest 5M--&gt;{{sigfig|89|1}} million (2010)&lt;ref&gt;Mikael Parkvall, &quot;Världens 100 största språk 2010&quot; (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2010), in ''[[Nationalencyklopedin]]''&lt;/ref&gt; to 95 million
| date = 2014
| ethnicity = Imsawalen s Telmant
*[[Ilmanen]]
*[[Ustiriyen]]
*[[Iswisiyen]]
*[[Ilextenctaniyen]]
*[[Iluksemburgiyen]]
| ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;Ammon, 2014&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vPvmBQAAQBAJ |last = Ammon |first = Ulrich |title=Die Stellung der deutschen Sprache in der Welt |language = de |edition=1st |year=2014 |publisher=de Gruyter |location=Berlin |isbn = 978-3-11-019298-8 |access-date=24 July 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| speakers2 = [[Second language|L2 speakers]]: 10–15 million (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;Ammon, 2014&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=eurobarometer /&gt;
| familycolor = Indo-European
| fam2 = [[Tutlayin tiǧermanin|Taǧermant]]
| fam3 = [[Tutlayin tiǧermanin n umalu|Taǧermant n umalu]]
| fam4 = [[Taǧermant ufella]]
| ancestor = [[Taǧermant ufella tamzikt]]
| ancestor2 = [[Taǧermant ufella talemmast]]
| ancestor3 = [[Taǧermant tafellayt tamzikant]]
| stand1 = [[Taǧermant tameslugent talmant]]
| stand2 = [[Taǧermant tameslugent taswist]]
| stand3 = [[AUSTRIAN STANDARD GERMAN]]
| script = [[Agemmay alatini|Agemmay Alatin]] ([[German alphabet]])&lt;br /&gt;[[German Braille]]
| sign = [[Signed German]], LBG&lt;br /&gt;''({{lang|de|Lautsprachbegleitende}} / {{lang|de|Lautbegleitende Gebärden}})''
| nation = {{Collapsible list
                  | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
                  | title=[[List of territorial entities where German is an official language|6 countries]]
                  |{{flagcountry|Austria}}
                  |{{flagcountry|Belgium}}
                  |{{flagcountry|Germany}}
                  |{{flagcountry|Liechtenstein}}
                  |{{flagcountry|Luxembourg}}
                  |{{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
                 }}&lt;br /&gt;&lt;!--SOURCES FOR EACH COUNTRY ARE REFERENCED IN THE LINKED SUB-ARTICLE--&gt;
                 {{Collapsible list
                  | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
                  | title=[[List of territorial entities where German is an official language|3 dependencies]]
                  |[[File:Flag of South Tyrol.svg|24px]] [[South Tyrol]] ([[Italy]])
                  |{{flagcountry|Poland}} [[Bilingual communes in Poland#Polish/German|31 gminas]] in [[Poland]] &lt;small&gt;([[Opole Voivodeship]] and [[Silesia Voivodeship]])&lt;/small&gt;
                  |{{flagcountry|Brazil}} [[Brazilian German|9 municipalities]] in [[Brazil]]
                 }}
&lt;br /&gt;[[List of territorial entities where German is an official language#International institutions|Several international institutions]]
| minority = &lt;!--DO NOT ADD COUNTRIES/DEPENDENCIES BEFORE CONSULTING THE TALK PAGE AND CITING DEFINITE SOURCES!--&gt;{{Collapsible list
                  | titlestyle=font-weight:normal; background:transparent; text-align:left;
                  | title=[[List of territorial entities where German is an official language#Other legal statuses|11 countries&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(minority/national language)&lt;/small&gt;]]
                  |{{flagcountry|Czech Republic}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagcountry|Denmark}} &lt;small&gt;([[Region of Southern Denmark|Syddanmark]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagcountry|Hungary}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagcountry|Italy}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Flag|Kazakhstan}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagcountry|Namibia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagcountry|Poland}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagcountry|Romania}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagcountry|Russia}} &lt;small&gt;([[Azovo German National District]])&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{flagcountry|Slovakia}}&lt;br /&gt;{{flagcountry|Ukraine}}
                 }}
| agency = ''No official regulation'' &lt;br /&gt;
(German orthography regulated by the [[Council for German Orthography]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de/rat/ |title=Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung – Über den Rat |publisher=Rechtschreibrat.ids-mannheim.de |date= |accessdate=11 October 2010 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226064918/http://www.rechtschreibrat.com/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;).
| iso1 = de
| iso2b = ger
| iso2t = deu
| lc1 = deu
| ld1 = [[Standard German|German]]
| lc2 = gmh
| ld2 = [[Middle High German]]
| lc3 = goh
| ld3 = [[Old High German]]
| lc4 = gct
| ld4 = [[Colonia Tovar dialect|Colonia Tovar German]]
| lc5 = bar
| ld5 = [[Bavarian language|Bavarian]]
| lc6 = cim
| ld6 = [[Cimbrian language|Cimbrian]]
| lc7 = geh
| ld7 = [[Hutterite German]]
| lc8 = ksh
| ld8 = [[Colognian dialect|Kölsch]]
| lc9 = nds
| ld9 = [[Low German]]{{NoteTag|The status of Low German as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goossens2000&quot; /&gt;}}
| lc10 = sli
| ld10 = [[Silesian German|Lower Silesian]]
| lc11 = ltz
| ld11 = [[Luxembourgish language|Luxembourgish]]{{NoteTag|The status of Luxembourgish as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Ammon, 2014&quot; /&gt;}}
| lc12 = vmf
| ld12 = [[Main-Franconian dialects|Mainfränkisch]]
| lc13 = mhn
| ld13 = [[Mòcheno language|Mòcheno]]
| lc14 = pfl
| ld14 = [[Palatine German language|Palatinate German]]
| lc15 = pdc
| ld15 = [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania German]]
| lc16 = pdt
| ld16 = [[Plautdietsch language|Plautdietsch]]{{NoteTag|The status of Plautdietsch as a German variety or separate language is subject to discussion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Goossens2000&quot; /&gt;}}
| lc17 = swg
| ld17 = [[Swabian German]]
| lc18 = gsw
| ld18 = [[Swiss German]]
| lc19 = uln
| ld19 = [[Unserdeutsch language|Unserdeutsch]]
| lc20 = sxu
| ld20 = [[Upper Saxon German|Upper Saxon]]
| lc21 = wae
| ld21 = [[Walser German]]
| lc22 = wep
| ld22 = [[Westphalian language|Westphalian]]
| lc23 = hrx
| ld23 = [[Riograndenser Hunsrückisch German|Riograndenser Hunsrückisch]]
| lc24 = yec
| ld24 = [[Yenish language|Yenish]]
| glotto = high1287
| glottoname = High Franconian
| glotto2 = uppe1397
| glottoname2 = Upper German
| glottorefname2 = Alpine Germanic
| lingua = {{hidden begin|toggle=left|title=further information}}52-AC (Continental West Germanic)&lt;br /&gt;&amp;gt; 52-ACB (Deutsch &amp; Dutch)&lt;br /&gt;&amp;gt; 52-ACB-d ([[Central German]] incl. 52-ACB–dl &amp; -dm [[Standard German|Standard/Generalised High German]])&lt;br /&gt;+ 52-ACB-e &amp; -f ([[Upper German]] &amp; [[Swiss German]])&lt;br /&gt;+ 52-ACB-h ([[German diaspora|émigré German]] varieties incl. 52-ACB-hc [[Hutterite German]] &amp; 52-ACB-he [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania German]] etc.)&lt;br /&gt;+ 52-ACB-i ([[Yeniche language|Yenish]]);&lt;br /&gt;Totalling 285 varieties: 52-ACB-daa to 52-ACB-i
{{hidden end}}
| map = Legal status of German in the world.svg
| mapcaption = [[File:Legal status of German in Europe.svg|frameless|center]]&lt;br&gt;{{legend|#ffcc00|(Co-)D tamaddudt, d tutlayt n tigti}}
{{legend|#d98575|D tamaddudt Maca mači d tutlayt n tigti}}
{{legend|#7373d9|D tutlayt tadelsant n tdersi}}
{{legend|#30efe3|Non-statutory minority language}}
| notice = IPA
}}

'''Talmant''' (assaɣ ayman: '''Deutsch''') d yiwet n [[tutlayt]] [[Taǧermant n umalu|Taǧermant tutrimt]] igan d yiwen n ufurk seg [[tawacult n tutlayin|twacult n tutlayin]] [[tutlayin tihendurupyin|tihendurupyin]], Talmant tettumeslay s talɣa tagejdant deg [[Uruppa talemmast]] anda i tga d tutlayt tamaddudt n [[Lalman|Tegduda n Lalman tadukklant]]  d [[Tutrict|tegduda Tutrict]] d [[amazan|umazan]] n [[Liechtenstein]] akken daɣen i tga d yiwet seg kuẓ (4) n [[tutlayt tanamurt|tutlayin tinamurin]] n [[taswist|Teswist]] d yiwet daɣen seg 3 n [[tutlayt tamaddudt|tutlayin timaddudin]] n [[Tadukt|tdukt]] n [[Luxembourg]] yakk d yiwet seg tutlayin timaddudin n [[Biljik|Tgelda n Biljik]] ([[Tamɣiwent yessawalen Talmant n Biljik]]) yakk d tutlayt tamaddudt deg tama n [[Agezdu n Bolzanu|unẓul n Tyrol]] id yezgan deg ugafa n [[Ṭelyan|tegduda n Italy]], yakk d [[tutlayt n tadersi]] [[Jutland n unẓul]] yeṭṭafaren tamurt n [[Danmaṛk]] &lt;br/&gt;
[[Taǧermant n umalu|Tutlayin tiǧermanin n umalu]] n iden am [[Tutlayt Tafrikanist|Tefrikanist]] d [[Tutlayt Tahullandit|Tehullandit]] d [[Taglizit|Tegnizt]] d [[Tutlayt Tafrist|Tefrist]] d [[Talmant taddayt|Telmant taddayt]] d [[Yidic|Tyidict]] d gid-ak yakk yettemcabin s waṭas ar Telmant akken daɣen yella kra wemcabi s tfesniwin yemgaraden yakk d [[Tadanict|Tdanict]] d [[Tutlayt Tanerwijt|Tnerwijt]] d [[tutlayt Taswist|Teswidt]] yeṭṭafaren [[Tutlayin tiǧermanin tigafayin|afurk agafay n tutlayin tiǧermanin]] &lt;br/&gt;
Talmant d tutlayt Taǧermant tis snat deg wemdan n imsawalen seld n [[Taglizit|Teglizt]]

Talmant d yiwet gar [[tutlayt tamadlant|tutlayin timadlanin timeqranin]] acku tga d [[tutlayt tayemmat]] i wugar n 100 n imelyan n yemdanen deg umadal, akken i tga d tutlayt tamezwart deg [[tiddukla n Turuft]] akken daɣen i tga d tutlayt tis snat (s tezfi yakk d [[tafrensist|Tefrensist]]) seld n [[Taglizit|Teglizt]] ayen ara ad tt-yeǧǧen d tutlayt tis snat deg tiddukla n Uruppa seld Taglizit

== Asegder arakal ==
'''Uruppa'''

Talmant tettusexdem deg ansa amezwar deg [[Lalman]] anda tga d tutlayt tayemmat n 95% n imezdaɣ-is, 89% deg [[Tutrict]], 65% di [[Taswist|Teswist]] akken i tga d tutlayt n tigti deg [[Liechtenstein]], akken daɣen i tella Telmant d tutlayt n tdersi deg kra n tamiwin d igezduyen n [[Ṭelyan]] d [[Danmaṛk]], Akken daɣen i llant kra n [[Tamɣiwent|timɣiwanin]] yettmeslayen s Telmant deg kra n imuren n tmurt n [[Čik|Ččik]] d [[Hungaria]] d [[Bulunda|Puḷunya]] d [[Rumanya]] yakk d kra n tmura n iden ur nli (ur nesɛi) tilisa s [[Lalman]] am [[Kazaxistan]] d [[Qubrus (tamurt)|Qubrus]] d [[Serbya|Sirbya]]

[[Tugna:Knowledge German EU map.png|thumb|left|Tamusni n [[Turuft|Uruppa]] s tutlayt Talmant]]

'''Deg uzaɣar n Uruppa'''

Amzegraw ameqran yakk n imsawalen s Telmant deg uzaɣar n Uruppa d win yellan deg [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Iwunak Yeddukklen n Marikan]] d [[Kanada]] d [[Brazil]] d [[Tarjentint]] anda imelyan n [[Ilmanen]] gguǧǧen ar tmura ayyi seg 200 n iseggasen-a yezrin maca tura azgen ameqran n warraw-nsen ur ttmeslayen ara Talment

== Imeslayen imezdayen yakk d Teglizt ==
Aẓaṛ n tutlayt [[Taglizit]] yettuɣal ar Telmant anda iminigen Ilmanen ddmen tutlayt-a ar [[Bṛitanya]] 

== Asuffeɣ n Telmant ar umadal ==

== Tiwelhiwin ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qlp0cq27dm0psgbcgp0i6p7qc17540d</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>George Bernard Shaw</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <id>117809</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-30T00:13:18Z</timestamp>
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        <id>10734</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.6)</comment>
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'''Ǧurǧ Bernard Cu''' (s [[taglizit]] : George Bernard Shaw), ilul ass n [[26 yulyu]] [[1856]] deg [[Dublin]], yemut deg [[2 wamber]] [[1950]] deg [[Lengliz]], d amaru, d {{Ill|Sinarist|fr|Scénariste}} i d umezgun ({{Ill|Tmezgunin|fr|Dramaturge}}) d [[Irland (Tegzirt)|irlandi]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} [https://www.larousse.fr/encyclopedie/personnage/George_Bernard_Shaw/144116 George Bernard Shaw] deg ''larousse.fr''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yettawi-d [[Arraz Nobel|Arraz n Nobel]] di [[tasekla]] deg [[1925]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{En}} [https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1925/shaw/biographical/ The Nobel Prize in Literature 1925 - George Bernard Shaw] deg ''nobelprize.org''.&lt;/ref&gt;, yettawi-d daɣen d {{Ill|Uskar|en|Academy Awards}} n {{Ill|Asinaryu ifazen|en|Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay}} (ɣef [[asinaryu]] n {{Ill|Pigmalyun|en|Pygmalion (1938 film)}}) deg [[1938]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{En}} [https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0789737/awards George Bernard Shaw - Awards], deg ''imdb.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tameddurt ==
Ǧurǧ Bernard Cu ilul deg [[Dublin]] (tamurt n [[Irland (Tegzirt)|Irland]]) deg 26 yulyu 1856, twacult-is [[tamasiḥit]] yekka-d seg [[Legliz|teglizt]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} Paul Brennan, ''L’Irlande de Shaw'', Presses universitaires de Caen. ([https://books.openedition.org/puc/999?lang=fr taɣuri])&lt;/ref&gt;, yemma-s d [[Aẓawan|tameẓẓawant]], baba-s yeǧǧa d twacult, ɣef tinuba-s ({{Ill|Tinuba|en|Adolescence}})&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Fr}} [https://www.guide-irlande.com/culture/george-bernard-shaw/ George Bernard Shaw], deg ''guide-irlande.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ɣer 20 n yiseggasen ([[1876]]) yettruḥu ɣer [[London]] akked yemma-s, yerra lwelha-s ɣer [[tadamsa]] n [[tasertit]] ({{Ill|Tadamsa n tasertit|en|Political economy}}), ɣer {{Ill|Tnemla|en|Socialism}} i ɣer tɣuṛi n [[Karl Marks]]. Nnig axeddim-is n [[tasertit]], Bernard Cu ad yuɣal d argaz n {{Ill|Anaqqa|en|Criticism}} n [[amezgun]] i n [[aẓawan]], Bernard yura daɣen aṭas n {{Ill|Tmezgunt|en|Play (theatre)}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} [https://www.toupie.org/Biographies/Shaw.htm Biographie de George Bernard Shaw], ''deg toupie.org''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deg [[1912]], Ǧurǧ yessiẓreg ''{{Ill|Pigmalyun|en|Pygmalion (1938 film)}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;'' ayen yettawi-d deg {{Ill|Uskar|en|Academy Awards}} n {{Ill|Asinaryu ifazen|en|Academy Award for Best Adapted Screenplay}} deg [[1938]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;.

Deg [[1925]], Bernard yettawi-d [[Arraz Nobel|Arraz n Nobel]] di [[tasekla]], deffir aṭas n {{Ill|Tmezgunt|en|Play (theatre)}} deg-sen : ''{{Ill|Tuɣalin ɣer Matusalem|en|Back to Methuselah}}'' (1921), ''Saint Joan'' (1923)&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;. 

Deg iseggasen ineggura n tudert-is, Ǧurǧ Bernard iḥemmel ad d-yelhu d tebḥirin ɣer ''Shaw's Corner''&lt;ref&gt;{{En}} [https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/features/george-bernard-shaws-garden The garden at Shaw's Corner], deg ''nationaltrust.org.uk''.&lt;/ref&gt;, yemmut deg [[2 wamber]] [[1950]], ɣer 94 n yiseggasen&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;. 

== Ayen yura ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Ɣef leḥsab n ''Shaw Society''&lt;ref&gt;{{En}} [https://shawsociety.org/Chronology-of-Works.htm CHRONOLOGY OF SHAW'S WORKS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221105182831/https://shawsociety.org/Chronology-of-Works.htm |date=2022-11-05 }}, deg ''shawsociety.org''.&lt;/ref&gt;
![[Ungal|Ungalen]], {{Ill|Tmezgunt|fr|Pièce de théâtre}} d {{Ill|Iwenniten|fr|Commentaires}}
!Aseggas 
!Nnqada ({{Ill|Anaqqa|en|Criticism}})
!Aseggas 
|-
|''My Dear Dorothea''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1878
|Book reviews in ''The Pall Mall Gazette''
|1885-88
|-
|''Passion Play''
|{{Ill|Anaqqa|en|Criticism}} n [[taẓuri]] deg ''The World''
|1886-89
|-
|''Immaturity'' ([[ungal]])
|1879
|{{Ill|Anaqqa|en|Criticism}} n [[aẓawan]] deg ''The Star''
|1888-89
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |''The Irrational Knot ([[ungal]])''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1880
|{{Ill|Anaqqa|en|Criticism}} n [[aẓawan]] deg ''The World''
|1890-94
|-
|{{Ill|Anaqqa|en|Criticism}} n [[amezgun]] deg ''The Saturday Review''
|1895-98
|-
|''Love Among the Artists'' ([[ungal]])
|1881
| rowspan=&quot;90&quot; |
| rowspan=&quot;90&quot; |
|-
|''Cashel Byron’s Profession'' ([[ungal]])
|1882
|-
|''An Unsocial Socialist'' ([[ungal]])
|1883
|-
|''Un Petit Drame'' 
|1884
|-
|''{{Ill|Widowers' Houses|en|Widowers' Houses}}''
|1884-1892
|-
|''Fabian Essays on Socialism''
|1889
|-
|''Ibsen Lecture'' before the Fabian Society
|1890
|-
|''The Quintessence of Ibsenism''
|1891
|-
|''The Philanderer''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1893
|-
|''{{Ill|Ixeddem n Massa Warin|en|Mrs. Warren's Profession}}''
|-
|''{{Ill|Imrigen d argaz|en|Arms and the Man}}''
|1893-1894
|-
|''{{Ill|Kandida|en|Candida (play)}}''
|1894
|-
|''The Man of Destiny''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1895
|-
|''The Sanity of Art''
|-
|''You Never Can Tell''        
|1895-1896
|-
|''{{Ill|Abalmud n Cciṭan!|en|The Devil's Disciple (play)}}''
|1896
|-
|''The Perfect Wagnerite''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1898
|-
|''{{Ill|Kaesar d Kliopatra|en|Caesar and Cleopatra (play)}}''
|-
|''Captain Brassbound’s Conversion'' 
|1899
|-
|''Fabianism and The Empire: A Manifesto''
|1900
|-
|''The Admirable Bashville'' 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1901
|-
|''Man and Superman'' 
|-
|''{{Ill|Tegzirt nniḍen n Ǧun Bul|en|John Bull's Other Island}}''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1904
|-
|''How He Lied to Her Husband'' 
|-
|''The Common Sense of Municipal Trading'' 
|-
|''Major Barbara'' 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1905
|-
|''Passion, Poison, and Petrifaction''  
|-
|''Dramatic Opinions and Essays''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1906
|-
|''The Doctor’s Dilemma''   
|-
|''The Interlude at the Playhouse''
|1907
|-
|''Getting Married''  
|1907-1908
|-
|''The Shewing-up of Blanco Posnet''
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |1909
|-
|''Press Cuttings'' 
|-
|''The Glimpse of Reality''
|-
|''The Fascinating Foundling'' 
|-
|''Misalliance''   
|-
|''Brieux: A Preface''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1910
|-
|''The Dark Lady of the Sonnets''
|-
|''Fanny’s First Play''
|1910-1911
|-
|''{{Ill|Andrukles akked Izem|en|Androcles and the Lion (1952 film)}}''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1912
|-
|''Overruled''     
|-
|''{{Ill|Pigmalyun|en|Pygmalion (1938 film)}}''
|-
|''Beauty’s Duty''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1913
|-
|''Great Catherine''
|-
|''The Music-Cure''   
|1913-1914
|-
|''Common Sense About The War''
|1914
|-
|''The Inca of Perusalem''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1915
|-
|''O’Flaherty, V.C.''
|-
|''Augustus Does His Bit'' 
|1916
|-
|''{{Ill|Axxam n leḥzen|en|Heartbreak House}}''
|1916-1917
|-
|''Doctors’ Delusions; Crude Criminology; Sham Education''
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1917
|-
|''Annajanska, the Bolshevik Empress'' 
|-
|''How To Settle The Irish Question''
|-
|''What I Really Wrote About The War''
|-
|''Back to Methuselah''
|1918-1920
|-
|''Peace Conference Hints''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1919
|-
|''Ruskin’s Politics''
|-
|''Jitta’s Atonement''
|1920-1921
|-
|''Saint Joan''
|1923
|-
|''The Intelligent Woman’s Guide to Socialism and Capitalism'' 
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1928
|-
|''The Apple Cart'' 
|-
|''The League of Nations''
|1929
|-
|''Ellen Terry and Shaw: A Correspondence''  
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |1931
|-
|''Too True to Be Good'' 
|-
|''How These Doctors Love One Another''
|-
|''Pen Portraits and Reviews''
|-
|''Complete Plays''
|-
|''The Millionairess'' 
|1931-1934
|-
|''Our Theatres in the Nineties''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1932
|-
|''The Adventures of the Black Girl In Her Search for God''
|-
|''Essays in Fabian Socialism''
|-
|''The Future of Political Science in America''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1933
|-
|''Village Wooing''
|-
|''On The Rocks'' 
|-
|''The Simpleton of the Unexpected Isles'' 
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1934
|-
|''The Six of Calais''
|-
|''Short Stories, Scraps, and Shavings''
|-
|''Arthur and the Acetone''
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1936
|-
|''Cymbeline Refinished''
|-
|''Geneva'' 
|-
|''Buoyant Billions'' 
|1936-1947
|-
|''Music In London''
|1937
|-
|''“In Good King Charles’s Golden Days”'' 
|1938-1939
|-
|''Shaw Gives Himself Away: An Autobiographical Miscellany''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1939
|-
|''Sixteen Self Sketches''
|-
|''Everybody’s Political What’s What''
|1944
|-
|''Farfetched Fables'' 
|1948
|-
|''Shakes Versus Shav''
|1949
|-
|''Why She Would Not''
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |1950
|-
|''Rhyming Picture Guide to Ayot Saint Lawrence''
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Bernard akked ''Takebbanit n Fabyan&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{En}} [https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/collections/fabiansociety/tracts1884-1901 Fabian Society and Young Fabians] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221102200531/https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/collections/fabiansociety/tracts1884-1901 |date=2022-11-02 }}, deg ''digital.library.lse.ac.uk.''&lt;/ref&gt;'' (takebbanit [[Legliz|taglizit]] telha-d d {{Ill|Tnemla|en|Socialism}})
!Azwel
!Aseggas 
|-
|''A manifesto''
|1884
|-
|''To provident landlords and capitalists'' 
|1885
|-
|''The true radical programme''
|1887
|-
|''What socialism is'' 
|1890
|-
|''The Impossibilities of Anarchism''
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1892
|-
|''The Fabian election manifesto'' 
|-
|The Fabian Society : what it has done : and how it has done it
|-
|''Vote! Vote!! Vote!!!''
|-
|''The Fabian Society : its early history (2nd ed.)''
|1899
|-
|''Women as councillors''
|1900
|-
|''Socialism for millionaires''
|1901
|}

== Film ==

=== Sinarist ===

* 1917 : {{Ill|Yiɣenbar i udmawen|en|Masks and Faces}}.

*1938 : Andrukles akked Izem (TV).

=== Asegbar ===
*1914 : ''Rosy Rapture ([[Asegbar]]).''

== Ttṣawer ==
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot;&gt;
George Bernard Shaw - 1889.jpg|Bernard Cu deg 1889
Bernard-Shaw-1894.jpg|Bernard Cu deg 1894
George Bernard Shaw, his life and works; a critical biography (authorized) (1911) (14758955196).jpg|Bernard Cu deg 1911
George Bernard Shaw 1925.jpg|Bernard Cu deg 1925
Charlotte and George Bernard Shaw, Beatrice and Sidney Webb, 1932.jpg|Bernard Cu akked {{Ill|Carlut Payn|en|Charlotte Payne-Townshend}} i {{Ill|Sidni Web|en|Sidney Webb, 1st Baron Passfield}} deg 1932
George Bernard Shaw 1934-12-06.jpg|Bernard Cu deg 1934
George Bernard Shaw 1936.jpg|Bernard Cu deg 1936
Medaglia del premio nobel per la letteratura assegnata a george bernard shaw nel 1926, in oro.jpg|Cciεa n wureɣ n [[Arraz Nobel]] di [[tasekla]] n Bernard Cu
Dublin Portobello 33 Synge Street George Bernard Shaw Birthplace 2.JPG|Axxam n tlalit n Bernard Cu deg [[Dublin]]
Shaw's writing hut.jpg|Tabaṛṛakt anda Bernard Cu ayen yura ''{{Ill|Pigmalyun|en|Pygmalion (1938 film)}}''.
Shaw's Corner at Ayot St Lawrence.jpg|Tebḥirt n ''Shaw Corner''.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Tazmilt ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Taggayt:Amaru]]</text>
      <sha1>lwxkld486w6kfdz7vzmogu4zbiw963c</sha1>
    </revision>
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  <page>
    <title>Bayern Myunix (ddabex uḍar)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>23658</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117813</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-30T10:20:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nordat</username>
        <id>17299</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>FC Bayern München logo (2024).svg</comment>
      <origin>117813</origin>
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      <text bytes="1021" sha1="34taccewo80e7rzk6mei0b1gyuycp9o" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox football club|clubname=Bayern Myunix|image=[[File:FC Bayern München logo (2024).svg|200px]]|fullname=Fußball-Club Bayern München e.V.|nickname=die Bayern|founded=1900|ground=[[Allianz Arena]]|capacity=75 000|chairman=|mgrtitle=|manager=
|league=[[Talɣuɣa n Lalman n ddabex uḍar|Bundesliga]]
|season= 2025/26
|position= 1.
|current=
|website=http://www.fcbayern.de/
|pattern_la1=|pattern_b1=|pattern_ra1=|pattern_sh1=|pattern_so1=|leftarm1=|body1=|rightarm1=|shorts1=|socks1=|pattern_la2=|pattern_b2=|pattern_ra2=|leftarm2=|body2=|rightarm2=|shorts2=|socks2=}}

'''Bayern Myunix''' (s [[Tutlayt Talmant|talmant]] : ''Fußball-Club Bayern, München''), d tarbaɛt n [[ddabex uḍar]] n [[Lalman]], d tin yettwasbedden deg [[1900]] deg tamdint n [[Myunix]], ad tuɣal d tarbaɛt n ddabex mucaεen akk di [[Lalman]], d nettat i tesɛan ugar n arazen deg [[Lalman|tamurt]]&lt;ref&gt;{{En}} [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Bayern-Munich Bayern Munich], deg ''britannica.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== Tizmilin ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
      <sha1>34taccewo80e7rzk6mei0b1gyuycp9o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Virgil</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-30T10:43:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117814</origin>
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      <text bytes="9839" sha1="jjwfp2xobwe04gqsxqzlikeoz4co8vu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1398|image=[[File:Parco della Grotta di Posillipo5 (crop).jpg|thumb|Virgil]]|date of birth=15 Ktuber 70 send talalit n Ɛisa|nationality=Arumani|date of death=21 Ctember 19 send talalit n Ɛisa}}

'''Virgil''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Vergilius Maro''', d amedyaz arumani i ilulen ass n 15 Ktuber 70 send talalit n Ɛisa, i yemmuten ass n 21 Ctember 19 send talalit n Ɛisa. Yettwaḥsab gar yimedyazen imeqqranen n tsekla talaṭinit, ladɣa s udlis-is ''Aeneis'' (Aneid), i d-yettalesen inig n ''Aeneas'' seg Ṭrwa ɣer [[Ṭṭelyan]].

Virgil yedder deg yiwet n tallit i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ruma: taggara n Tagduda Trumanit, ṭṭrad n daxel, asali n [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]] ɣer tezmert, akked tazwara n tmenkda n [[Uɣustus]].

Tasekla-s tettawi ɣef tudert n yimdanen, agama, takerrazt(tafellaḥt), ṭṭrad, tilelli, lḥif, d wassaɣ gar umdan d tmurt-is. Deg yedlisen-is, Virgil yesdukel tamiṭulujit tagrigit d trumanit akked umezruy n Ruma, s uɣanib aseklan i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla n Turuft.

== 2. Talalit d twacult-is ==

=== 2.1. Tamurt n Mantua ===
Virgil ilul deg temnaḍt n Mantua, deg ugafa n [[ṭṭelyan]], qrib ɣer yidurar n Alpes d urtiyen iɣezzfan n Po.
[[Tugna:Dsc 1150 Mantua.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tamdint n Mantua n wass-a.]]


Tamnaḍt-a tella tettwassen s tfellaḥt, igran, aman d tmeddurt n yimeksawen. Deg tallit n Virgil, kra n yiɣerfan n ugafa n ṭṭelyan llan mazal ḥerzen kra n yidles-nsen, ɣas akken Ruma tesɛa tazmert tameqqrant fell-asen.

Tawacult n Virgil tettwabder deg kra n yiɣbula iqburen am tin i yesɛan assaɣ d tfellaḥt. Maca isallen ɣef baba-s d yemma-s ur frizen ara meṛṛa, imi kra n wayen i d-yettwabedren deg tudert-is yekka-d seg tmucuha i d-ttawin yimyura n talliyin i d-iḍefren.

Ayen i nezmer ad nini s tidet d akken Virgil yella d amdan n ṭṭelyan talqayt, i yesɛan assaɣ ameqqran d wakal d tfellaḥt, ayen ara d-yettbanen deg yedlisen-is.

=== 2.2. Tamẓi-s ===
Virgil yella d ilemẓi deg tallit anda Tagduda Trumanit tettɛeddi seg kra n tezɣanin tisertanin. Deg useggas 49 send Ɛisa, [[Julius Caesar]] yezger asif Rubicon, d aya i d-yeglan s ṭṭrad n daxel. Virgil yella yesɛa azal n 21 n yiseggasen.

Deg useggas 44 send Ɛisa, mi yettwanɣa Julius Caesar, Virgil yella yesɛa 26 n yiseggasen.

Tallit-a tella d tin n ṭṭrad, tazɣent, d ubeddel n leḥkem. Tidyanin-a ttwabedren s wudem uffir neɣ usrid deg yedlisen-is.

== 3. Aselmed d temẓi n Virgil ==
Virgil yelmed deg kra n temdinin n ṭṭelyan, gar-asent Cremona, Mediolanum (Milan) d Ruma. Yelmed talaṭinit, tasnukyest, asefru, d kra n tɣuriwin tifelsafiyin.

Deg kra n yiɣbula, yettwabder belli yella yesɛa assaɣ d tfelsafit n [[Epikur|Epicurus]], ladɣa deg temdint n Napoli, anda i yella uɣerbaz n ufelsafi Siro.

=== 3.1. Tazrirt n Epicurus ===
[[Epikur|Epicurus]] yella d afelsafi agrigi i yesselmaden belli tudert yelhan ur tebni ara ɣef usɛeddi n yidrimen neɣ tazmert tasertant, maca ɣef talwit n wul, tamusni, d usenqes n tugdi d lḥif.

Virgil ur yelli ara d afelsafi Epicurien s wudem usrid deg yal adlis-is, maca kra n tiktiwin n tfelsafit-a zemrent ad ttwafhament deg yisefra-s, ladɣa deg tmuɣli-s ɣer tudert n tfellaḥt d talwit n ugama.

=== 3.2. Tazrirt n tsekla tagrigit ===
Virgil yella yessen tasekla tagrigit s wudem alqayan.

Gar yimaru i yesɛan tazrirt fell-as:

- [[Humer|Homer,]] amaru n Iliad d Odyssey.

- Hesiod, amaru n ''Works and Days'' d ''Theogony''.

- Theocritus, amesfru n tudert n yimeksawen.

- Apollonius n Rhodes, amaru n ''Argonautica''.

Tasekla tagrigit tefk-as tarrayin n tira, maca Virgil yesseqdec-itent iwakken ad yesnulfu tasekla tarumanit s wudem-is.

=== 4. Tallit n ṭṭrad d tazɣent n Ruma ===
Deg useggasen i d-iḍefren tamettant n [[Julius Caesar]], Ruma tella deg ṭṭrad n daxel. [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]], Mark Untunyus d Lepidus sɛan tazmert tasertant deg tazwara, maca assaɣen-nsen beddlen, d aya i d-yeglan s ṭṭrad gar Octavianus d Mark Untunyus.

Deg useggas 31 send Ɛisa, Octavianus yerbeḥ deg ṭṭrad n Actium.

Deg useggas 27 send Ɛisa, Octavianus yettwafk-as uzwel n Uɣustus, d tazwara n tgelda tarumanit.

Virgil yella d anagi n yibeddilen-a. Tazɣent tasertant d ṭṭrad n daxel sɛan tazrirt ɣef tsekla-s, ladɣa deg ''Aeneis'', anda i yesseqdec timucuha n Ṭrwa d usnulfu n Ruma iwakken ad yessefhem assaɣ gar ṭṭrad, lḥif d usirem n talwit.

== 5. Eclogae — Isefra n yimeksawen ==
[[Tugna:RomanVirgilFolio001rEclogues.jpg|centré|vignette|475x475px|Eclogae n Virgil.]]


'''Eclogae''', i yettwasemman daɣen '''Bucolica''', d ammud n 10 n yisefra i yura Virgil azal n yiseggasen 42–39 send Ɛisa. Deg yisefra-a, yettmeslay ɣef tudert n yimeksawen, izugar, tayri, agama d talwit n tmurt. Maca deg deffir n tugniwin-a, yella umezruy n Ruma d ṭṭrad n daxel.

=== 5.1. Asefru amezwaru ===
Deg usefru amezwaru, Virgil yessefk-d sin n yimeksawen: ''Tityrus'' d ''Meliboeus''.

Tityrus yezmer ad yeqqim deg wakal-is, maca Meliboeus ilaq ad yeǧǧ tamurt-is.

Asefru-a yettwafham s waṭas n tikkal d amedya n yibeddilen n wayla n wakal deg Italya mi ttwabḍan yigran i yiserdasen i d-yuɣalen seg ṭṭrad. Deg tallit-nni, aṭas n yifellaḥen ttwakksen seg wakal-nsen. Virgil yesseqdec timucuha n yimeksawen iwakken ad yessefhem lḥif n yimdanen i yettwakkesen seg tmurt-nsen.

=== 5.2. Asefru wis kuẓ ===
Asefru wis kuẓ d yiwen seg yisefra yettwassnen n Virgil.

Deg-s, yessefk-d tikti n tlalit n uqcic i d-yeglan s tallit tamaynut n talwit d usirem.

Deg tallit talemmast, kra n yimsiḥiyen fkan-as anamek asɣanan, ḥesben belli d asefru i d-yettmeslayen ɣef talalit n Ɛisa.

Maca aya d tarrayt n usefhem i d-yellan deffir, mačči d tidet tamezruyant ɣef wayen i yebɣa Virgil ad yini. Virgil yura asefru-a uqbel talalit n Ɛisa.

=== 5.3. Azal n Eclogae ===
Eclogae yesɛa azal ameqqran deg tsekla, imi yesseqdec tudert n ugama iwakken ad yessefhem isental imeqqranen n tmetti.

Deg-s, agama ur yelli ara kan d amkan n thuski. Yella d amkan n talwit, n tayri, d lḥif mi yettwakkes umdan seg tmurt-is.

== 6. Georgica — Tafellaḥt d ugama ==
[[Tugna:Meister des Vergilius Romanus 001.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Georgica n Virgil.]]


Georgica d adlis n Virgil i d-yettawin ɣef tfellaḥt, akal, isekla, iɣersiwen d tmeddurt n yimdanen deg ugama.

Yettwasuffeɣ azal n useggas 29 send Ɛisa, yebḍa ɣef kuẓ n yiḥricen.

Adlis-a yella d amaynut deg tsekla tarumanit imi Virgil yesseqdec aselmed n tfellaḥt am asentel n usefru ameqqran.

=== 6.1. Aḥric amezwaru: akal d yigran ===
Deg uḥric amezwaru, Virgil yessefhem amek i yettwaxdem wakal, amek i ttwasenqaden yigran, d wamek i yesseqdec ufellaḥ akud d tɣawsiwin n ugama.

Yettmeslay ɣef yiṭij, igenni, aman, agris d wayen i d-yettawin lɣella.

Maca ur yelli ara d adlis ussnan n tfellaḥt. D asefru i d-yettawin ɣef umennuɣ n umdan akked ugama.

=== 6.2. Aḥric wis sin: isekla d tẓurin ===
Deg uḥric wis sin, Virgil yessawel ɣef isekla, tiẓurin d uzemmur.

Yessefhem amek i ttwasnernayen, amek i ttwaseḥrazen d wamek i ttwaseknen yigran.

Deg-s, yella usefru i d-yettmeslayen ɣef thuski n ṭṭelyan, d wayen i t-yeǧǧan d tamurt iḥemmel.

=== 6.3. Aḥric wis kraḍ: iɣersiwen ===
Deg uḥric wis kraḍ, Virgil yessefhem tudert n yiɣersiwen n tfellaḥt, ladɣa izgaren, iɛudiwen d wulli.

Yettmeslay ɣef tazmert n yiɣersiwen, lehlak d tmettant.

Deg taggara n uḥric-a, yessefk-d tugna n lehlak ameqqran i d-yettawin tamettant i waṭas n yiɣersiwen.

Ayen-a yeskan-d belli agama yezmer ad yili d aɣbalu n tudert, maca daɣen d aɣbalu n lḥif.

=== 6.4. Aḥric wis kuẓ: tizizwit ===
Deg uḥric wis kuẓ, Virgil yessawel ɣef tizizwit, tudert-is deg tgemma, d wamek i tetteddu tmetti-s.

Yesseqdec tizizwit am amedya n tuddsa, leqdic d usdukel n tmetti.

Deg taggara n uḥric-a, yessefk-d tamacahut n Aristaeus d Orpheus, i d-yettawin ɣef tayri, tamettant d tuɣalin ɣer tudert.

== 6.5. Tikti tagejdant n Georgica ==
Georgica ur yelli ara kan d adlis ɣef tfellaḥt. D adlis i d-yettmeslayen ɣef wassaɣ gar umdan d ugama.

Virgil yessefk-d belli tudert ur tettnerni ara war leqdic. Akal yezmer ad yefk lɣella, maca ilaq ad yettwaxdem.

Deg waya, tafellaḥt tettwaḥsab d amedya n umennuɣ n umdan akked ugama, d usirem n talwit deg tmetti.

== 7. Aeneis — Aneid ==
[[Tugna:Vergils Aeneis 1910 06.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Aeneis n Virgil.]]


Aeneis d adlis ameqqran n Virgil, d win i t-yesseǧǧan gar yimedyazen imeqqranen n umaḍal. Yebḍa ɣef 12 n yiḥricen, yesɛa azal n 9 900 n yifyar.

Virgil yebda tira-s azal n useggas 29 send Ɛisa, yekkemmel armi d tamettant-is deg useggas 19 send Ɛisa.

Adlis-a d asefru aɣezzfan i d-yettalesen inig n Aeneas, yiwen seg yimeqqranen n Ṭrwa, seg tmettant n temdint-is armi d tuɣalin ɣer ṭṭelyan, anda ara yebnu azar n Ruma n deffir.

=== 7.1. Aeneas d Ṭrwa ===
Aeneas d yiwen seg yimeqqranen n Ṭrwa, mmi-s n Anchises d Venus.

Mi teɣli Ṭrwa deg ṭṭrad i d-yettwabedren deg Iliad n [[Humer|Homer]], Aeneas yezmer ad irewel seg temdint i yettwaserɣen.

Yettawi baba-s Anchises ɣef tuyat-is, mmi-s Ascanius, d kra n yimdanen i d-yeslek seg Ṭrwa.

Tugna-a d yiwet seg tugniwin yettwassnen n tmiṭulujit tarumanit: Aeneas yettawi baba-s ɣef tuyat-is, d amedya n wassaɣ gar yizri, tmetti d yimal.

=== 7.2. Inig ɣer ṭṭelyan ===
Aeneas d yimdanen-is ttɛeddin seg yilel ɣer yilel, ttwalin temnaḍin yemgaraden n umaḍal agrakal.

Juno, tarebbit i ur nḥemmel ara Aeneas, tettɛaraḍ ad tesseḥbes inig-is. Venus, yemma-s, tettɛawan-it.

Deg tmucuha-a, irebbiten sɛan tazmert ɣef tudert n yimdanen, maca imdanen ilaq ad fernent daɣen iberdan-nsen.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Idriss Aberkane</title>
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      <text bytes="4652" sha1="g5awki5bogi3h84ifxt4ykbthtgeyzu" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q18350948|image=[[File:Idriss Aberkane 1.jpg|thumb|Idriss Aberkane]]|date of birth=23 Maggu 1986|nationality=Tafṛansist /
Tazzdayrit}}

'''Idriss Aberkane''' d ameskar, d amyaru n yimagraden, amsarag, d win i d-yettawwin daɣen ameslay deg tedwilin d tmeslayin tizuyaz, d win yettwassnen s usiweḍ n tmusni tussnant ɣer ugdud. Yettwassen ladɣa s tiktiwin-is ɣef wallaɣ n umdan, tizemmar n ulmad, [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]], tasertit n tmusni akked tdamsa n ugama.

Yettwasnen deg [[Fransa]] akked tmura nniḍen s tmeslayin-is ɣef wamek yezmer umdan ad yesnerni tizemmar-is n ulmad, ad yesseqdec tamusni akken iwata, ad yefhem assaɣ gar tussna, tadamsa d ugama.

Gar yisental i d-yettawi s waṭas, ad naf:

- Tasnefsit n ulmad: amek ilemmed umdan, amek i tetteddu tmusni deg wallaɣ.

- Tussna n wallaɣ (neurosciences): assaɣ gar ubeddel n wallaɣ, tiktiwin d ulmad.

- Tadamsa n ugama: amek ara tili tdamsa i yettɛawanen aḥraz n ugama.

- Tigzi taragmawant: tizemmar n yinagrawen n tigzi taragmawant d tezrirt-nsen ɣef tmetti.

- Tafelsafit n tmusni: azal n tmusni, n usugen d usnulfu deg tudert n umdan.

Maca, Idris Aberkan d yiwen seg yimdanen i d-yewwin amgired deg ugdud, ladɣa ɣef kra n yisallen i d-yefka ɣef leqraya-s, ɣef kra n tezrawin-is, akked wamek i d-yessawal ɣef tussna.

== 1. Temẓi d twacult-is ==
Idris Aberkan ilul deg Pithiviers, deg Fransa, deg twacult yesɛan iẓuran iqbayliyen.

Imawlan-is xeddmen deg uselmed n tusnakt. Aya yezmer ad yessegzi kra n wayen i t-yerran ad yili d win iḥemmlen tussna, tusnakt d ulmad seg temẓi-s.

Deg temẓi-s, yekcem daɣen ɣer umussu n yimeẓyanen &quot;''Scouts musulmans de France&quot;''. Deg kra n tmeslayin-is, yessegza-d amek i t-ɛawnen yirmad-nni i usnerni n tiktiwin-is ɣef uselmed d umɛawan gar yimdanen. 

== 2. Leqraya-s d yiger n tussna ==
Idris Aberkan yegga leqraya deg waṭas n taɣulin, maca ilaq ad nefrez gar yiseɣwan n leqraya-s, iselmaden-is, d yizwiren n tussna i deg yettwassen.

Deg 2014, yewwi-d agardis n duktura deg tsekla tamserwest deg Tesdawit n Strasbourg.

Deg 2016, yewwi-d agardis n duktura deg tussniwin n usefrek deg Tesdawit Paris-Saclay. Tazrawt-is tettwasewjed deg usatal n École polytechnique.

Yella daɣen uselkin i d-yewwi seg &quot;''Centre d'études diplomatiques et stratégiques&quot;'', maca aselkin-a ur yettwaɛqal ara am duktura n tesdawit s yilugan unṣiben n Fransa.

Aferdis agejdan: agardis n duktura n 2016 ur d-yemmal ara dakken yesɛa duktura tunṣibt deg tussna n wallaɣ (neurosciences). Daktura-s d win n tussniwin n usefrek.

== 3. Tiktiwin-is ɣef ulmad d wallaɣ ==
Idris Aberkan yesseqdac aṭas tamiḍrant n ''neuroergonomie'', i d-yettawin ɣef wamek ara nseɣti imukan n uxeddim d ulmad akken ad ilin wulmen i wallaɣ n umdan.

Deg tiktiwin-is, yesɛa kra n yisental igejdanen.

=== 3.1. Almad s lebɣi ===
Yettwali dakken umdan ilemmed ugar mi ara yili yesɛa lebɣi, afud d tɣara n ulmad i t-yeǧǧan ad yili d amur deg wayen ilemmed.

Tikti-a tesɛa assaɣ d kra n tezrawin n tesnefsit n ulmad, maca ur ilaq ara ad nettwali akk ayen i d-yenna Aberkan am tidet tussnant i d-yettwasbeggnen s yisefka d tezrawin.

=== 3.2. Asnulfu d usugen ===
Yettwali dakken asnulfu ur d-yettas ara kan seg tmusni yellan yakan, maca daɣen seg umyagar n tiktiwin yemgaraden.

Amedya: amdan yezmer ad yesdukkel tussna n ugama akked tsenselkimt i usnulfu n wallalen imaynuten.

=== 3.3. Tizemmar n wallaɣ ===
Yettmeslay s waṭas ɣef ''neuroplasticité'', d tazmert n wallaɣ ad ibeddel kra n tɣessa-s d yassaɣen gar yiberdan-is n usiweḍ n yisallen gar inuṛunen, ilmend n ulmad d tirmit.

Tamiḍrant-a tettttwasbeggen deg tussna n wallaɣ, maca ur d-temmal ara dakken yal amdan yezmer ad yesseɣli tilisa n tizemmar-is war tilas.

== 4. Tadamsa n tmusni ==
Deg tiktiwin-is ɣef &quot;''économie de la connaissance&quot;'', Aberkan yessegza-d dakken tamusni tesɛa tulmisin yemgaraden ɣef tid n tɣawsiwin tangawin.

Amedya, mi ara bḍuɣ tamusni-inu akked umdan nniḍen, ur tt-sruḥuyeɣ ara. Zemreɣ ad tt-ḥerzeɣ, netta daɣen ad tt-yesseqdec.

Seg waya, yettwali dakken asdukkel n tmusni, aselmed d usnulfu zemren ad ilin d lsas n tdamsa tamaynut.

== 5. Tadamsa n ugama ==
Aberkan yettmeslay daɣen ɣef &quot;''économie bleue&quot;'', d tamiḍrant n tdamsa i d-yessumren ad nesnulfu azal s useqdec n yiferdisen n ugama war assexreb n yinagrawen igamanen.

Yettwali dakken tussna tezmer ad telmed seg wamek tteddun yiferdisen n ugama.

Amedya, kra n tɣessiwin n yisekla, n yiɣersiwen neɣ n yisefka n ugama zemrent ad d-fkent tiktiwin i usnulfu n wallalen d tɣawsiwin timaynutin.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nvidia</title>
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      <text bytes="6893" sha1="micyuby5jr43rgk60s52fti9a3mgmrp" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name = Nvidia
| official_name = Nvidia Corp.
| image = [[File:NVIDIA Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Tasɣimt n NVIDIA]]
| type = Titiknulujit
| founded = 5 yebrir, 1993
| founder = Jensen Huang
Chris Malachowsky
Curtis Priem
| headquarters = Santa Klara, Kalifurnya, Marikan
| country = Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan
| industry = GPU
| products = Tikarḍiwin n GPU(GeForce  • RTX / Quadro)
CUDA
CPUs (Grace)
DPUs (BlueField)
SoCs (Tegra  • Drive)
DGX
| website = https://www.nvidia.com/
| wikidata_revenue = yes
| wikidata_operating_income = yes
| wikidata_net_income = yes
| logo = [[File:NVIDIA logo.svg|thumb|Alugu n NVIDIA]]
}}

'''Nvidia''' d tarmiṣt tamirikanit n titiknulujit, tettnadi, tessalay yerna tessuffuɣ-d tiɣeṛɣaṛ n yisekkaren udlifen (GPU), inagrawen n usiḍen arurad, iseɣẓanen d wallalen n tigzi taragmawant.

Tettwasbedd deg 5 yebrir 1993 deg [[Kalifurnya]], deg [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Marikan]]. Deg tazwara, iswi-is yella deg usnerni n wudlifen s kraḍ n tsekkiwin (3D), ladɣa i wuraren n yiselkimen. Maca, seg useggas n 2006, tebda tarmiṣt ad tesnerni tiknulujit i yessawaḍen GPU ad yexdem asiḍen ur cudden ara kan ɣer tugniwin.

Ass-a, NVIDIA ur teqqim ara d tarmiṣt n tikarḍiwin tudlifin kan. Tuɣal d yiwet seg tiṛmisin tigejdanin deg usali n inagrawen n [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]], aselmed n tmudmiwin n tutlayt, tusna, arrubutik, timacinin tifulmanin d yisekkaren imeqqranen.

Deg 2026, afaris-is ur yettwasres ara kan deg yiselkimen n yimdanen, maca daɣen deg yimmasen n yisefka, i deg xeddmen yiwalen n GPU s umata akken ad siḍnen isefka iṭṭuqqten s zreb.

== 3. Amezruy n NVIDIA ==

=== 3.1. Tallit n tlalit: 1993–1997 ===
Deg yebrir 1993, kraḍ n yijenyuṛen, Jensen Huang, Chris Malachowsky d Curtis Priem, sbeddan NVIDIA. Ɣur-sen, tikti tagejdant tella d asnerni n tiknulujit n tugniwin i yiselkimen.

Deg tallit-nni, uranen n yiselkimen bdant ad sɛun azal ameqran. Maca isekkaren n wakud-nni ur zmiren ara ad siḍnen s lemɣawla akk isefka ilaqen i usken n wudlifen 3D.

Deg 1995, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d NV1, yiwen seg yifarisen-is imezwura. Ur yewwi ara lebɣi n tnezzut acku tasegda-s temgarad ɣef kra n yilugan i yettwasqedcen deg tallit-nni.

Deg 1997, tarmiṣt tessufeɣ-d RIVA 128, asekkar udlif i yesɛan amhaz meqqren deg usefrak n tugniwin 3D. Afaris-a yefka-as i NVIDIA tagnit ad tebnu azadur n tnezzut-is.

=== 3.2. GeForce d tlalit n GPU: 1999 ===
Deg 1999, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d GeForce 256, i tessekna am uGPU amezwaru.

GPU d agzul n Graphics Processing Unit, d asekkar yettwaselɣen i usiḍen n tugniwin d wudlifen. GeForce 256 yesdukkel deg yiwen n uceṛṛun kra n yimahilen udlifen i yellan uqbel xeddmen-ten yiferdisen yemgaraden.

Ilaq ad nefhem dakken NVIDIA d nettat i d-yessumren GPU s wudem-a n tnezzut deg 1999, maca isekkaren n tugniwin llan yakan uqbel-as.

S GeForce 256, NVIDIA tebda ad tettwasnen ugar deg tnezzut n uraren d yiselkimen n yimeẓla.

=== 3.3. Tallit n CUDA: 2006 ===
Deg 2006, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture).

D yiwet seg tneqqiḍin tigejdanin deg umezruy-is.

Uqbel CUDA, GPU yettwasqedc s waṭas i tugniwin. S CUDA, imsihelen zemren ad arun ahilen i yessawaḍen GPU ad yexdem isḍanen n tusna, tusnakt, tusnengama d tasleṭ n yisefka.

S waya, GPU yuɣal d allal n usiḍen arurad, ur yeqqim ara kan d allal n uraren.

=== 3.4. NVIDIA d tigzi taragmawant: 2012 ===
Deg 2012, tamudemt AlexNet, i d-yessuffɣen Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever d Geoffrey Hinton, tewwi-d agmuḍ yelhan deg timsizzelt ImageNet.

Imnadiyen-a sqedcen GPU n NVIDIA i uselmed n uzeṭṭa n yiṛununen.

Agmuḍ-a yessekna dakken almad alqay (deep learning) yezmer ad yili d tarrayt tafessast ugar deg waṭas n tɣawsiwin n ussugen d tasleṭ n tugniwin.

Seg tallit-a, aseqdec n GPU deg tigzi taragmawant ibeddel amek xeddmen imnadiyen d yimsihelen.

=== 3.5. Tallit n RTX: 2018 ===
Deg 2018, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d tasegda RTX, i yessawaḍen ad yettwaxdem uskan n yizirigen n tafat (ray tracing) deg wakud ilaw.

Tatiknulujit-a tezmer ad tesɛeddi aselɣu n tafat, tilisa n tili d yimeclalen n tugniwin akken ad d-banent s wudem iqerrben ugar ɣer tilawt.

RTX tessnerna daɣen aseqdec n tigzi taragmawant i usnerni n tbadut d tɣara n tugniwin.

=== 3.6. Seg 2022 ar 2026: tallit n inagrawen imeqqranen n AI ===
Deg yiseggasen-a, NVIDIA teffeɣ seg wudem n tarmiṣt i yeznuzun GPU ɣer tarmiṣt i yessalayn anagraw ummid: isekkaren, takatut, azeṭṭa, iseɣẓanen, allalen n usihel d yimmasen n yisefka.

Tiɣeṛɣaṛ Hopper, Blackwell d Rubin ttwasnernant iwakken ad siḍnent timudmiwin timeqqranin n tigzi taragmawant.

Deg 2026, NVIDIA tebda asnerni n tɣessa Vera Rubin, i yesdukklen GPU Rubin, CPU Vera d yiferdisen n uzeṭṭa, akken ad yili usiḍen s waṭas n yisekkaren i d-yettmeslayen gar-asen.

Amezruy-a yeskan-d abeddel agejdan: seg usken n tugniwin 3D, ɣer tɣessa n tigzi taragmawant n umaḍal.

== 4. D acu i d GPU? Amek i iteddu? ==
GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) d asekkar udlif, yettwaselɣen iwakken ad yexdem aṭas n usiḍen s yiwet n tikelt, s tarrayt n umahil amsadaɣ (parallel processing).

Tifrat-a temgarad ɣef CPU (Central Processing Unit), i yellan d asekkar agejdan n uselkim.

=== 4.1. Amgired gar CPU d GPU ===
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-29 14-53-10.png|centré|575x575px]]                                                      


&lt;small&gt;'''Unuɣ n usegzi, ur d-yettmeslay ara ɣef umḍan n yiferdisen n CPU neɣ GPU n tidet.'''&lt;/small&gt;

CPU yelha i yimahilen yemgaraden, i usendeh n unagraw, i usefrek n yisefka d tigawin i yesran ad myezwarent.

GPU, s tama-nniḍen, yelha ladɣa i yimahilen i nezmer ad nebḍu ɣef waṭas n yiferdisen ad ten-nsiḍen s wudem amsadaɣ.

Amedya: ad neḥseb timernit n sin yisurta, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa 1 000 000 n yimḍanen.

&lt;math&gt;
C_i = A_i + B_i, \qquad 0 \leq i &lt; 1\,000\,000
&lt;/math&gt;

Imi yal timernit ur teḥwaǧ ara agmuḍ n tin nniḍen, GPU yezmer ad yebḍu amahil-a ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen. D tamiḍrant-a i d azadur n usiḍen amsadaɣ.

=== 4.2. Iferdisen igejdanen n GPU ===
GPU amiran yesɛa aṭas n yiferdisen, gar-asen:

- '''CUDA Cores''': iferdisen n usiḍen i yimahilen n tusnakt d usiḍen amatu.

- '''Tensor Cores''': iferdisen yettwaselɣen i yimahilen n yisiraw (matrices), i yesɛan azal meqqren deg almad alqay.

- '''RT Cores''': iferdisen n uskan n yizirigen n tafat deg tugniwin 3D.

- '''VRAM''': takatut n GPU, i deg ttwaḥrazen yisefka i yettwasiḍnen.

- '''Takatut L2''': takatut taruradt i yellan qrib ɣer yigrawen n usiḍen.

- '''NVLink''': tarrayt n tuqqna taruradt gar GPU d GPU, neɣ gar yiferdisen n unagraw, ilmend n tasegda.

Amedya, RTX 5090 yesɛa 32 GB n tkatut GDDR7, ma d isekkaren n yimmasen n yisefka zemren ad sɛun takatut HBM s wazal d tɣara yemgaraden.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tiberyus</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25634</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117806</id>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T19:03:02Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
      <origin>117806</origin>
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      <text bytes="1496" sha1="cbknd3ndxaklasv29upxauhvs80lk8f" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1407|image=[[File:(Venice) Tiberius Portrait of the 'Imperium Maius' type in Museo Archeologico Nazionale.jpg|thumb|(Venice) Tarudemt n Tiberyus s wanaw n 'Imperium Maius' deg usalay n &quot;Archeologico Nazionale&quot;]]|caption=Amenkad Tiberyus.|date of birth=16 Wambeṛ 42|nationality=Tarumanit|date of death=16 Meɣres 37}}

'''Tiberyus''' (s tlaṭinit: Tiberius Caesar Augustus), i d-ilulen ass n 16 Wamber 42 send talalit n Ɛisa (S.T.Ɛ.), i yemmut ass n 16 Meɣres 37 seld talalit n Ɛisa (S.L.Ɛ.), yella d amenkad wis sin n Tmenkda tarumanit. Yeḥkem seg 18 Ɣuct 14 ar 16 Meɣres 37 S.L.Ɛ., deffir n [[Uɣustus]], amenkad amezwaru n Ruma.

Tiberyus yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy arumani. Ɣas akken ur yesɛi ara tamanegt n Uɣustus, yella d amseddas n ṭṭrad iǧehden, d anedbal i yessnen amek ara yettwaḥrez wayla n Tmenkda, d win i yesnernan tarrayin n useḥkem i d-yegǧa Uɣustus.

Tallit-is tettwasen s waṭas n tneqqiḍin i yemgaraden: talwit deg waṭas n tmura n Tmenkda, asnerni n wayla n ddula, uguren gar umenkad d Senat, tirugza n yimesɣanen, asnerni n tazmert n yiɛessasen n Pretorya, akked uselḥu n tedbelt seg ugafa n tegzirt n Capri deg yiseggasen-is ineggura.

Tiberyus yella daɣen d amenkad n tallit i deg yedder Ɛisa n Nazaret(ma neḥsab dakken s tidet Ɛisa yella s wudem amazray, mačči kan s wudem asɣanen). Ɣef waya, isem-is yettwabder deg yidlisen n tsertit, n umezruy d yidles amasiḥi.</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>117807</id>
      <parentid>117806</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-10-29T19:07:06Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117807</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="1544" sha1="dt6nmw9hemzwdgs4yidm9ojqsims1nj" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1407|image=[[File:(Venice) Tiberius Portrait of the 'Imperium Maius' type in Museo Archeologico Nazionale.jpg|thumb|(Venice) Tarudemt n Tiberyus s wanaw n 'Imperium Maius' deg usalay n &quot;Archeologico Nazionale&quot;]]|caption=Amenkad Tiberyus.|date of birth=16 Wambeṛ 42|nationality=Tarumanit|date of death=16 Meɣres 37}}

'''Tiberyus''' (s tlaṭinit: Tiberius Caesar Augustus), i d-ilulen ass n 16 Wamber 42 send talalit n Ɛisa (S.T.Ɛ.), i yemmut ass n 16 Meɣres 37 seld talalit n Ɛisa (S.L.Ɛ.), yella d amenkad wis sin n Tmenkda tarumanit. Yeḥkem seg 18 Ɣuct 14 ar 16 Meɣres 37 S.L.Ɛ., deffir n [[Uɣustus]], amenkad amezwaru n Ruma.

Tiberyus yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy arumani. Ɣas akken ur yesɛi ara tamanegt n Uɣustus, yella d amseddas n ṭṭrad iǧehden, d anedbal i yessnen amek ara yettwaḥrez wayla n Tmenkda, d win i yesnernan tarrayin n useḥkem i d-yegǧa Uɣustus.

Tallit-is tettwasen s waṭas n tneqqiḍin i yemgaraden: talwit deg waṭas n tmura n Tmenkda, asnerni n wayla n ddula, uguren gar umenkad d Senat, tixidas tisertanin gar yimdanen i iqerrben ɣer umenkad, asnerni n tazmert n yiɛessasen n Pretorya, akked uselḥu n tedbelt seg ugafa n tegzirt n Capri deg yiseggasen-is ineggura.

Tiberyus yella daɣen d amenkad n tallit i deg yedder [[Ɛisa|Ɛisa n Nazaret]](ma neḥsab dakken s tidet [[Ɛisa]] yella s wudem amazray, mačči kan s wudem asɣanen). Ɣef waya, isem-is yettwabder deg yidlisen n tsertit, n umezruy d yidles amasiḥi.</text>
      <sha1>dt6nmw9hemzwdgs4yidm9ojqsims1nj</sha1>
    </revision>
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