Tanzeggit

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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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'''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da.

Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]]

== 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit ==
Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Tallit
!Amhaz agenjdan
|-
|Taglest
|Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ.
|-
|Tasut tis 3 uqbel
tallit-nneɣ
|Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg &quot;Iferdisen&quot;.
|-
|Tallit talemmast
|Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d
tsenallunt.
|-
|Tasut tis 17
|Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin.
|-
|Tasut tis 19
|Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n
tiknit d tallunin.
|-
|1872 d mbeɛd
|Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan.
|-
|Tasut tis 20–21
|Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka.
|}
&quot;'''Iferdisen'''&quot; n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan.

== 2. Isbaduten, igejdan d usfukel ==
Asbadu yessegza tamiḍrant s wawalen yettwasnen. Agejdi d tafyirt i neqqbel deg yiwen unagraw war asfukel deg unagraw-nni. Asekkud(tiẓri) d ayen ara d-nsuffeɣ seg yigejdan d yisekkuden yettwasfuklen yakan.

Deg umedya n Aklid, yezmer ad yettwabnu yiɣil n teɣda gar snat n tneqqiḍin, ad yettwasɣezef yiɣil, ad tettwabnu twinest s wammas d waqqar yettwabedren. Yella daɣen agejdi ɣef tɣmar timaɣudin d wayen yeqqnen ɣer umṣadaɣ.

=== Amedya n useɣẓen ===
Deg uɣawas n Aklid, i teneqqiṭ '''P''' i ur nelli ara ɣef taɣda '''d''', tella yiwet kan n teɣda iɛeddan seg '''P''' ur nettmagar ara '''d'''. Talɣa-a n yigejdi n umṣadaɣ tettwassen s yisem n '''Playfair'''; d talɣa tagdazalt i yigejdi wis semmus n Aklid deg lsas n tanzeggit tamagnut.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-18 09-56-11.png|centré]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 2. Tiɣmert d wassaɣ n umṣadaɣ. Tigniwin ttɛawanent deg tɣuri n yisekkuden; isfukal ilaq ad d-begnen ayɣer iiṣeḥḥa wassaɣ.&lt;/small&gt;

Deg tugna, tineqqiḍin ttbanent sɛant tehri, izirigen sɛan tuzert, imeccaqen zemren ur ttwaḥerzen ara s tiseddi. Deg tusnakt, taneqqiṭ ur tesɛi ara tehri. Ihi ma tugna teskan-d belli sin n yimeccaqen d igdazalen, ayen-a ur d-yettawi ara asfukel.

== 3. Taneqqiṭ, taɣda d tallunt ==
Taneqqiṭ d amḍiq war tehri; taɣda tettwasɣezef deg sin yinumak war tilisa; iɣil n teɣda yesɛa sin n yixfawen; tazinaɣda tesɛa yiwen n yixef, tettwasɣezef deg yiwen unamek. Aɣawas d tajumma ilweɣ i deg yezmer ad yili wudlif s sin n yimsidag.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-19 12-18-47.png|centré|611x611px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 3. Tisektiwin 0, 1, 2 d 3. Aɣawas n tugna d amur ifuken kan; aɣawas n tusnakt ur yesɛi ara tilisa.&lt;/small&gt;

Tasekta n tallunt tettawi amḍan n yimsidag ilelliyen i ilaqen iwakken ad nesbadu amḍiq. Deg taɣda, yiwen x ikfa; deg uɣawas, nesra (x,y); deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, nesra (x,y,z). Tasekta ur tɛelliq ara ɣef wamek ara d-nsuneɣ talɣa: amaḍal s tajumma kan yesɛa snat n tsektiwin, ɣas ma yettwaseknen deg tallunt s kraḍ.

ℝⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, …, xₙ) : xᵢ d imḍanen ilawen}

Tallunin s n &gt; 3 ttwasqedcent deg tusnakt d yisefka. Ma yal amedya n yisefka yesɛa 10 n yimuttiyen ilelliyen, yezmer ad yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg ℝ¹⁰. Ayen-a ur d-yemmal ara belli nezmer ad t-nwali s wallen; imsidag d yilugan fkan-d allalen n tazrawt.

=== Tajumma d wanrar ===
Tajumma d talɣa n snat n tsektiwin; anrar d asket-is. S yiwet n tɣawsa, takurt tesɛa daxel-is d ubleɣ, ma amaḍal d tajumma n rrif-is. Asbadu n wayen nzerrew yesɛa azal uqbel yal asiḍen.

== 4. Ikerdisen d usekkud n Pythagore ==
Akerdis yesɛa kraḍ n yidis, kraḍ n tqacucin d kraḍ n tiɣmar. Deg uɣawas n Aklid, timernit n tɣmar-is d 180°. Akerdis agdudisan yesɛa kraḍ n yidis igdazalen; akerdis akendis yesɛa ma drus sin n yidis igdazalen; akerdis amaɣud yesɛa yiwet n tiɣmert n 90°.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-20 11-55-53.png|centré|667x667px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 4. Tama taẓelmaḍt: anrar n umkuẓ ɣef yidis 5 d 25 = 9 + 16. Tama tayeffust: kuẓ n yikerdisen s yidis a d b, d umkuẓ alemmas s yidis c.&lt;/small&gt;

'''a² + b² = c², ma c d alubdis n ukerdis amaɣud''' 

Asfukel n tugna tayeffust: anrar n umkuẓ ameqqran d (a+b)². Kuẓ n yikerdisen sɛan anrar 4 × ab/2 = 2ab. Ayen i d-yeqqimen d c²; ihi c² = (a+b)² − 2ab = a²+b². Ayen-a d aseɣẓen s wanrar, mačči d asket n teɣzi ɣef tugna. Asekkud-a yesɛa daɣen talɣa tamsuɣalt: ma a²+b²=c² deg ukerdis, tiɣmert i d-yezzin i c d 90°. Deg tanzeggit taknudemt neɣ ɣef umaḍal, tanfalit-a ur tettwasemres ara akka war abeddel.

== 5. Tales(Thales) d tarwast ==
Sin n yikerdisen imarwasen sɛan tiɣmar igdazalen d yidis akniwen s yiwen wassaɣ. Ma tasɣent tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer akk imeccaqen s yiwen umuskir k &gt; 0, tḥerrez tiɣmar d talɣa. D tarwast.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-21 10-35-44.png|centré|676x676px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 5. DE d BC msadaɣen, ihi ikerdisen ADE d ABC d imarwasen. Deg tugna tayeffust, amuskir n teɣzi d 2; win n&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wanrar d 4.&lt;/small&gt;

'''AD/AB = AE/AC = DE/BC'''

Deg umedya, A d yiwet n tqacuct n sin yikerdisen; D yella ɣef [AB], E ɣef [AC], yerna DE ∥ BC. Ihi assaɣ n ''Thales'' yessegza ayɣer akk ibḍan-a d igdazalen. Ma nessen kra n teɣziwin, nezmer ad nsiḍen teɣziwin ur nessin ara s useqdec n wassaɣen-a.

'''Teɣzi: × k; anrar: × k²; ableɣ: × k³'''

Ma nsemɣer asrem s umuskir 3, tehri d teɣzi-nni ad nernunt kraḍ n tikal; anrar ad yili 9 n tikal. Ma nsemɣer agasas s 3, ableɣ ad yili 27 n tikal. Ihi amḍan n tsektiwin yesɛa azal deg wamek i yettbeddil usket.

Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen; d amedya uslig n tarwast s k = 1. Ur ilaq ara ad nsemmi snat n talɣiwin d igdazalen s wesket ma ttemcabint kan deg talɣa.

== 6. Igeddisen, tiwinas d yiḍebsiyen ==
Ageddis d talɣa n uɣawas iḥerzen yiwen rrif yettwabnan s yiɣallen. I ugeddis afraray, war amager n yidis gar-asen, timernit n tiɣmar n daxel d (n−2) × 180°, anda '''n''' d amḍan n yidis. Abḍu n ugeddis affensu s yiwet n tqacuct yessegza tanfalit-a: ad d-naf n−2 n yikerdisen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-22 10-56-58.png|centré|595x595px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 6. Tawinest d rrif; aḍebsi yesɛa daxel. Ageddis s semmus n yidisan yettwabḍa ɣef kraḍ n yikerdisen.&lt;/small&gt;

Tawinest s wammas '''O''' d waqqar '''r''' tesdukkel tineqqiḍin '''P''' i yesɛan '''d(O,P)=r'''. Aḍebsi yeɣleq yesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan d(O,P) ≤ r. Akdu d 2r. Taslayt i twinest deg P tebdd ɣef waqqar OP.

'''Azzikit n twinest: P = 2πr; anrar n uḍebsi: A = πr²'''

Ma '''r''' yettwaskat s yimitren, '''P''' ad yili s yimitren, '''A''' s yimitren imkuẓen. Pi d amḍan agraɣlan π ≈ 3.14159. Ur ilaq ara ad nsexleḍ amḍan n yisekkilen n tamawaẓt d wazal amatu n π.

== 7. Asektiɣmer d radyan ==
Asektiɣmer (trigonométrie) izerrew assaɣ gar tɣmar d teɣziwin. Deg ukerdis amaɣud, '''sin''' '''θ''' d assaɣ n yidis i d-yezzin i θ ɣer ulubdis; '''cos θ''' d assaɣ n yidis n tama-s ɣer ulubdis; '''tan θ''' '''= sin θ / cos θ mi cos θ ≠ 0.'''
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-23 12-24-09.png|centré|612x612px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 7. Tawinest s waqqar 1 tefk amur ilaw cos θ d amur yebdden sin θ. Udlifen n sin d cos sseknen abeddel-nsen d&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wallus-nsen.&lt;/small&gt;

'''sin² θ + cos² θ = 1; 180° = π rad'''

Radyan d asket n tɣmert s wassaɣ '''θ = s/r''', anda '''s''' d teɣzi n uḥric n twinest. Ma '''θ = 1''' rad, '''s''' '''= r'''. Tuzzya tummidt d 2π rad, neɣ 360°. Aseqdec n radyan yeshel tigawt n usiḍen aneẓlay d tarrayt n yizellumen.

'''c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos γ'''

Asaḍuf n cosine yessegza assaɣ gar kraḍ n yidis n ukerdis d tɣmert γ i d-yezzin i c. Ma '''γ =''' '''90°''', '''cos γ = 0''', ad d-naf asekkud n Pythagore. Assaɣen-a ttɛawanen deg usket n tiddi n wayen ur nezmir ara ad naweḍ srid d usiḍen n yiberdan.

== 8. Teɣzi, anrar d ubleɣ ==
Teɣzi tettwaskat s tiget n teɣzi, anrar s tiget n teɣzi ɣer sin, ableɣ s tiget n teɣzi ɣer kraḍ. Azzikit d teɣzi n rrif. Tajumma tella d talɣa; anrar d azal n wesket-is. Deg tallunt, ilaq ad nessemgired anrar n rrif d ubleɣ n daxel.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-24 11-26-46.png|centré|716x716px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 8. Tiddi h tebdd ɣef uzadur b. Awlellu d takurt sɛan isketen n ubleɣ; amaḍal d rrif n takurt.&lt;/small&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Talɣa
!Asket
|-
|Asrem s yidis a d b
|A = ab; P = 2(a+b)
|-
|Akerdis s uzadur b d tiddi h
|A = bh/2
|-
|Agasas s yidis a
|V = a³; anrar n rrif = 6a²
|-
|Awlellu s waqqar r d tiddi h
|V = πr²h
|-
|Akaswar s waqqar r d tiddi h
|V = πr²h/3
|-
|Takurt / amaḍal s waqqar r
|V = 4πr³/3; anrar n umaḍal = 4πr²
|}
I talɣiwin ur nesɛi ara tanfalit tafessast, nezmer ad nebḍu talɣa ɣef yiḥricen, ad nessemres aɣred neɣ asiḍen n temawaẓt. Ma yella kra n uḥric i neḥseb snat n tikal, ilaq ad t-nekkes yiwet n tikkelt iwakken ur t-nettḥasab ara snat n tikal.

== 9. Asali s tesɣunt d ukumpas ==
Deg tanzeggit tamensayt, tesɣunt war yizamulen n wesket tettawi-d taɣda iɛeddan seg snat n tneqqiḍin. Akumpas yettawi-d tawinest s wammas d waqqar. Asali d asartu n tigawin s yilugan, mačči d asefru n talɣa s tseddi n tugna kan.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-25 11-13-00.png|centré|645x645px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 9. Sin n yisugnen n twinest sɛan yiwen waqqar, i yugar AB/2. Amager-nsen d P d Q. Taɣda PQ tebdd ɣef AB&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;deg tlemmast M&lt;/small&gt;

I usali n tabeddayt i yiɣil [AB] deg tlemmast-is, nbennu tawinest s wammas A d tayeḍ s wammas B, s yiwen waqqar i yugar AB/2. Ad mlilent deg P d Q. Acku PA=PB d QA=QB, P d Q bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg A d B; taɣda-nsen d tabeddayt n tlemmast n [AB].

Nezmer ad nebnu akerdis agdudisan, talemmast n yiɣil neɣ abḍu n tiɣmert ɣef sin. Maca mačči yal asali yezmer ad yettwaxdem s sin n wallalen-a: amedya, abḍu n yal tiɣmert ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen igdazalen ur yezmir ara s wudem amatu. Abḍu n kra n tiɣmar usligen yezmer. 

Tanzeggit tagellamt tessemres tigriyin iwakken ad d-tessekna talɣiwin n kraḍ n tsektiwin deg uɣawas. D lsas i tesneḍrit n lebni d kra n terrayin n usunneɣ aṭekniki.

== 10. Imsidag d yimawayen ==
Tanzeggit tusliṭ teqqen talɣa ɣer tegda. S yimsidag n Descartes, taneqqiṭ '''A''' tettwasbadu s '''(x,y)'''; taɣda s '''ax+by+c=0''', anda '''a''' d '''b''' ur llin ara i sin d '''0'''. Tarrayt-a tettawi talɣiwin ɣer yisiḍen(leḥsab) n uljibṛ.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-26 11-34-29.png|centré|608x608px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 10. Imeccaqen Δx = 4 d Δy = 3 fkan d = 5. Amaway u+v yettwabna s unadi n v seg yixef n u; amḍiq n tazwara&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;n umaway ur ibeddel ara talɣa-s.&lt;/small&gt;

'''d(A,B) = √[(x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²]'''

Talemmast n [AB] tesɛa imsidag ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2). Deg umedya A(1,1), B(5,4), talemmast d (3,2.5). Tanfalit n umeccaq tekka-d seg Pythagore; tanfalit n tlemmast tekka-d seg wassaɣ n yimawayen.

'''u · v = u₁v₁ + u₂v₂ = ‖u‖ ‖v‖ cos θ'''

Amaway yesɛa teɣzi d tanila. Afaris afesnan n sin yimawayen yezmer ad yessegza tiɣmert gar-asent. Ma u·v = 0 d sin yimawayen ur nelli ara d 0, imawayen-a bedden gar-asen. Tanzeggit tamawayt teshel anerni n yisiḍen-a ar tallunin s waṭas n tsektiwin.

== 11. Ibeddilen d tujjuṛt ==
Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen. Tasikelt, tuzzya d tujjuṛt s ugellus d imedyaten deg uɣawas n Aklid. Abeddel yezmer ad yerr talɣa deg umḍiq nniḍen, maca teɣzi, tiɣmar d wanrar ad qqimen d yiwen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-27 11-43-08.png|centré|661x661px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 11. Talɣa tazegzawt d tin n tazwara. Tasikelt d tuzzya ḥerzent aniri; tujjuṛt s ugellus tbeddel aniri.&lt;/small&gt;

'''Tasikelt: x′ = x + a; y′ = y + b'''

'''Tuzzya: x′ = x cos θ − y sin θ; y′ = x sin θ + y cos θ'''

Tujjuṛt s ugellus y tettawi (x,y) ɣer (−x,y). Tasikelt s umaway v tettawi P ɣer P+v. Taludegt s wammas O d umuskir k tettawi OP ɣer kOP; tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer imeccaqen s |k|. Ma |k| ≠ 1, mačči d tagdukta.

Timhelt n uḍfar n yibeddilen tesɛa azal: tuzzya deffir tasikelt ur tefk ara dima ayen i d-tefk tasikelt deffir tuzzya. Ibeddilen i yeṭṭafen talɣa meṛṛa ur tettbeddil ara sdukklen agraw n tujjuṛt-is. D allal i tazrawt n yizeṭṭa, lebni d talɣiwin n ugama.

== 12. Igezzumen n ukaswar ==
Igezzumen n ukaswar (coniques) d tiwinas, tiglayin, tikenzirarin d yiknudem. Zemren ad d-ilin s umager n uɣawas d ukaswar asinan; tili n ugzam tettawi talɣa yemgaraden. Deg taenzeggit tusliṭ, d imedyaten n tegdiwin s tfesna 2.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-28 12-03-59.png|centré|636x636px]]
&lt;small&gt;Taglayt tesɛa sin n yidiken. Takenzirart tesɛa adik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa sin n yifurkan. Ilugan n tigniwin llan deg yizwal-nsent.&lt;/small&gt;

Taglayt tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan timernit n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal. Takenzirart tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg udik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa tameẓla tamagdazt n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal.

'''Ax² + Bxy + Cy² + Dx + Ey + F = 0'''

I tegda n tfesna 2 war talɣiwin yettwasenɣasen, B²−4AC &lt; 0 yettawi talɣa n teglayt; = 0 talɣa n tkenzirart; &gt; 0 talɣa n uknudem, s tawtilin n tili n talɣa tilawt. Kra n tegdiwin zemrent ad fkent taɣda, snat teɣdiwin, taneqqiṭ neɣ tagrumma tilemt. Ihi ur ilaq ara ad nsemmu talɣa s yiwen umḍan kan.

Talɣiwin-a sɛant aseqdec deg tsenallunt, imeskaren n tafat d usali n kra n yimeslaḍen.

== 13. Tanzeggit talawsant d tseggart ==
Tanzeggit talawsant tḥerrez imeẓla n umsadaɣ d wassaɣen n tneqqiḍin ɣef yiwet n teɣda. Abeddel alawsan yesɛa talɣa x′=Ax+b, anda A d isirew imutti. Yezmer ad yessenɣes yiwen yidis ugar n wayeḍ, ihi tiɣmar d teɣziwin ur ilaq ara ad qqiment d yiwen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-29 12-34-08.png|centré|526x526px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 13. Tama taẓelmaḍt: amkuẓ yuɣal d talɣa s yidis imsadaɣen. Tama tayeffust: tigri n snat teɣdiwin timsadaɣin tettban tettawi-ten ɣer yiwet n tneqqiṭ.&lt;/small&gt;

Tanzeggit taseggart tzerrew ayen i yeqqimen d yiwen s tigri. Deg uɣawas aseggar, snat teɣdiwin yemgaraden mlilent dima deg yiwet n tneqqiṭ. I taɣdiwin timsadaɣin n uɣawas alawsan, amager-a yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg war taggara. 

'''[x : y : z] = [λx : λy : λz], ma λ ≠ 0'''

Deg yimsidag imsariyen, '''z ≠ 0''' yezmer ad yettwarr ɣer z = 1 s ubḍu. Tineqqiḍin s '''z = 0''' d taɣda n war taggara. Snat teɣdiwin timsadaɣin sɛant taneqqiṭ n tanila i ten-yesdukklen. «War taggara» dagi d amur n unagraw n yimsidag, mačči d amḍiq i nettawi s useɣzef n ugdil.

Assaɣ n umager d talɣa n teɣda ttwaḥerzen s tigri, maca umsadaɣ neɣ talemmast ur ilaq ara ad qqimen. Tanzeggit-a tettawi-d allalen i tigniwin n ukamera d tmuɣli n lebni.

== 14. Tanzeggit ur nelli ara n Aklid ==
Tanzeggit taknudemt d tanzeggit n umaḍal sseknayent belli agejdi n umṣsadaɣ ur yelli ara d ayen iwatan i yal tallunt. Deg uɣawas aknudeman, seg P i ur nelli ara ɣef d, llant aṭas n teɣdiwin i ur nettmagar ara d. Ɣef umaḍal, iberdan i yettaken adeg n teɣdiwin d tiwinas timeqqranin.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-30 11-45-25.png|centré|640x640px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 14. Akerdis ɣef umaḍal: seg Ugafa ɣer sin n tneqqiḍin deg usebges i yemgaraden s 90°, timernit d 270°. Deg uḍebsi n Poincaré, yidis n ukerdis d iḥricen n twinas i yebdden ɣef rrif.&lt;/small&gt;

Deg tanzeggit n umaḍal s waqqar '''R''', akerdis s yidis n twinas timeqqranin, deg yiwen umur iwatan, yesɛa timernit n tɣmar tugar '''π'''. Anrar-is d '''R²(α+β+γ−π)''', anda tiɣmar ttwasqedcent s radyan. Deg uɣawas aknudeman s tiknit −1, anrar n ukerdis d '''π−(α+β+γ)'''.

Deg umedya n Poincaré, rrif n uḍebsi ur yelli ara deg tallunt taknudemt: tineqqiḍin ttwaliɣent qqrebent ɣer rrif, maca ameccaq aknudeman yezmer ad yettnerni war tilisa. Ur ilaq ara ad nsket imeccaqen n tallunt-a s tesɣunt ɣef tugna amagnut.

== 15. Tanzeggit taneẓlayt d tiknit ==
Tanzeggit taneẓlayt tessemres izellumen d yiɣraden iwakken ad tzerrew udmawen d tijummiwin. I udem ilweɣ s yiwen uɣewwaṛ t, r(t) = (x(t),y(t)), taslayt teqqen ɣer r′(t). Tiknit tettawi-d asket n ubeddel n tanila mi nettnerni deg teɣzi n ubrid.

'''κ = |x′y″ − y′x″| / (x′² + y′²)^(3/2), ma r′(t) ≠ 0'''
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-31 11-51-15.png|centré|536x536px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 15. Amedya n tiknit n Gauss: tajumma n umaḍal s K &gt; 0, aɣawas s K = 0, d talɣa n ukersi n userdun s K &lt; 0.&lt;/small&gt;

Tawinest s waqqar R tesɛa tiknit 1/R. Taɣda tesɛa tiknit 0. Ɣef tajumma deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, llant snat n tikniyin tigejdanin k₁ d k₂; tiknit n Gauss d K = k₁k₂. K tezmer ad tili tugar 0, d 0 neɣ ddaw 0. 

Tiknit n Gauss d taɣara n daxel: yezmer ad tettwasekza seg yisketen deg tajumma, war asket n wamek i tettwabna deg tallunt n berra. D ayen i d-yeskan usekkud n Gauss yettwasnen s Theorema Egregium. Ihi tajumma tettban teɛwej seg berra ur ilaq ara adtesɛu K ≠ 0. Awlellu, amedya, yesɛa K = 0.

==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit ==

* [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit tummit]]

* [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]]

* [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]]

* [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] 

* [[Aljiber imzireg]]

== Amezruy n tenzeggit ==


[[Taggayt:Tusnakt]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Washington</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-31T11:42:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mastiman Anumidi</username>
        <id>17235</id>
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      <comment>Aḍris amaynut</comment>
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      <text bytes="11293" sha1="6v9358rz9tqcafz82471z7943h2mm53" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox city}}
'''Washington, D.C''' d tamanaɣt n [[Iwunak Yedduklen|Yiwunak Yedduklen]]. Isem-ines ameqqran d '''Washington, District of Columbia'''. 
Deg Washington yella [[Axxam Amellal]], izdeɣ deg-s aselway n Yiwunak Yedduklen.

Tamdint i qqaren-as Washington ansi aselway amezwaru n Yiwunal Yedduklen, [[George Washington]].

Ɣas akken New York d tamdint tameqqrant n tdamsa d tnezzut, Washington tettwassen ladɣa s wazal-is asertan, aserdasan d udiplumasi.

Deg-s i ttwaɣtasen waṭas n tsertiyin i yeɛnan Marikan, yerna kra n tɣawsiwin i d-yettawin abeddel deg umaḍal.

Tamdint-a d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettwasbedden s uɣawas usrid, i wakken ad tili d ul n udabu n tagduda tamaynut i d-yennulfan seld ṭṭrad n timunent n Marikan.

Maca Washington ur telli ara d tamdint n tsertit kan. D tamdint yesɛan amezruy n yigduden inaṣliyen, n umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n umdan, n tẓuri d tusna.

== 1. Tarakalt d ugama ==
[[Tugna:WashMonument WhiteHouse.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Wasgington D.C]]
&lt;br&gt;

Washington tezga deg usamar n Marikan, gar Maryland d Virginia, ɣef yiri n wasif Potomac.

Amkan-a yettwafren acku yezga gar temnaḍin n ugafa d tid n unẓul n Marikan, deg tallit ideg llan imennuɣen ɣef wanda ara tili temdint tagejdant n uwanek afidirali.

Deg trakalt n Washington llan sin yisaffen igejdanen: Potomac d Anacostia. Isaffen-a sɛan azal deg tudert n yigduden inaṣliyen, deg tnezzut, deg usiweḍ d usnerni n temdint.

Tamdint tesɛa agaman n temnaḍt yettwasemman s unezwu n amennuḍan anaddaw ubzig(climat subtropical humide). Anebdu yezmer ad yili d aḥemmu s waṭas n tizegzewt d waḍu, ma deg tegrest, llan wussan isemmaḍen, tikwal ula d adfel.

Tamdint tettwassen daɣen s yisekla-is, igran izegzawen d tefsut ideg d-ttfeǧǧiǧent tjeǧǧigin n &quot;''cherry blossoms''&quot;.

== 3. Igduden inasliyen uqbel tallit n Yirupiyen ==
Uqbel ad d-awḍen Yirupiyen, temnaḍt n Washington tella d akal n yigduden inaṣliyen n Marikan.

Gar yigduden-a llan '''Nacotchtank''', i yezdɣen deg temnaḍin n wasif Anacostia, akked yigduden nniḍen yeqqnen ɣer tutlayin n twacult '''Algonquian'''.

Igduden-a ttidiren s tfellaḥt, aṣeyyed n yiselman, ugmar d tnezzut. Isaffen sɛan azal ameqqran deg tudert-nsen, acku d iberdan n usiweḍ, d iɣbula n waman d tmurt n uselḥu n tnezzut.

Asiweḍ n Yirupiyen deg lqern wis 17 yewwi-d ibeddilen imeqqranen: lehlakat timaynutin, imennuɣen, aɣelluy n yimezdaɣ inaṣliyen d ubeddel n udabu ɣef wakal.

Amezruy n Washington ur yebdi ara deg 1790. Yella yakan ugdud d yidlis deg temnaḍt-a s waṭas n yiseggasen uqbel asbeddi n temdint tafederalit.

== 4. Asnulfu n Washington (1790–1800) ==
[[Tugna:L'Enfant plan.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Aɣawas n Washington D.C sɣur &quot;l'Enfant&quot;.]]


Seld timunent n Marikan deg 1776, awanek amaynut yella yeḥwaǧ tamdint tagejdant ara yezdin meṛṛa iwunak.

Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimasayen n ugafa d unẓul mgaraden ɣef umkan ara yettwafren.

Deg 16 Yulyu 1790, ''Congress'' yefka-d azaraf i usbeddi n temnaḍt tafederalit tafrart, d tin ara yesɛun tawuri n temdint tagejdant n Marikan.

Asefran-a yella d tifrat tasertant gar yimasayen n ugafa d wid n unẓul, i yemgaraden deg tsertit tadamsant d uklan.

Amezwaru n Marikan, '''George Washington''', yefren amkan n temdint tamaynut ɣef yiri n Potomac.

Deg 1791, yefka tawuri n usɣawas n temdint i umsenfar afransis '''''Pierre Charles L'Enfant'''''.

=== Aɣawas n L'Enfant ===
L'Enfant yebɣa ad yesnulfu tamdint i yettbanen d azamul n tagduda.

Yessumer-d iberdan iwesɛanen, izenqan yettemlilin, urtiyen izegzawen d yimukan imeqqranen i yixxamen n udabu.

Aɣawas-is yessemlal gar:

* Izenqan yetteddun s talɣa tusridt.
* Ibardayen iwesɛanen i yettemlilin s talɣa tanamurt.
* Imukan imeqqranen n tsertit d udabu.
* Idigan n ugdud d wurtiyen n tẓuri.

Deg 1792, Andrew Ellicott yessegzem yerna yesseɣti kra n yiḥricen n uɣawas-a.

Washington tebda ad tettwabna s uɣawas ara tt-yerren d tamdint yemgaraden ɣef temdinin n tnezzut i yellan yakan deg Marikan.

== 5. Washington deg lqern wis 19 ==
[[Tugna:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. - c. 1902.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Washington D.C deg lqern 19.]]


Deg 1800, adabu afederal amarikani yeǧǧa Philadelphia, yerra Washington d amḍiq agejdan n tsertit n Marikan.

Deg tazwara, tamdint tella d tameẓẓyant. Ixxamen n udabu mazal-iten deg lebni, izenqan ur ttwasbeddlen ara meṛṛa, yerna aṭas n yimḍiqen llan d igran d ugama.

Deg 1814, deg ṭṭrad gar Marikan d Teglizit, iserdasen n Teglizit kecmen ɣer Washington, sserɣen kra n yixxamen n udabu, gar-asen Capitol d White House.

Seld aneḍru-a, tamdint tettwabna tikkelt nniḍen.

=== Washington d taluft n waklan ===
D yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i ilaq ad d-nemmeslay deg umezruy n Washington.

Deg lqern wis 19, taluft iccuden ɣer waklan tella d aḥric seg tmetti n temdint. Llan yiklan yettwasemɣaren i ixeddmen deg yixxamen, deg yigran d waṭas n umahil n lebni.

Deg 16 Yebrir 1862,  yettwaseḥbes unagraw n taklit deg District of Columbia, s uzref i yezmel umenzu Abraham Lincoln, uqbel alɣu n usufeɣ n waklan seg taklit i d-yessufeɣ deg 1 Yennayer 1863.

Tamdint teqqim d amḍiq ameqqran n umennuɣ ɣef tilelli d yizerfan n yimezdaɣ iberkanen.

== 6. Ṭṭrad agensan n Marikan (1861–1865) ==
[[Tugna:US Civil War railway gun and crew.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Yiwen seg wallalen n ṭṭṛad agensan amarikani n 1865.]]


Deg 1861, mi yebda ṭṭrad agensan n Marikan, Washington tuɣal d amḍiq aserdasi ameqqran.

Tamdint tezga qrib ɣer temnaḍin n ṭṭrad. Iserdasen n ugafa bnan tɣessa taserdasit i umesten n temdint, Iserdasen n Ugafa bnan igudar, sbedden tiɣessiwin n usiweḍ n yiferdisen iserdasen, yerna sɣawsen imukan n uḥraz n temdint.

Washington tesɛa daɣen tawuri tameqqrant deg uselḥu n yimeḥbas, yimejjayen d yimejruḥen n ṭṭrad.

Deg 14 Yebrir 1865, Abraham Lincoln yettwanɣa deg Ford's Theatre. Yemmut ass i d-yeḍfaren, deg 15 Yebrir.

Tamettant-is tesseḥzen aṭas n yimdanen deg Marikan, yerna Washington tuɣal d amkan n tkatut(n usmekti) tameqqrant n tallit-a.

== 7. Washington deg lqern wis 20 ==
[[Tugna:1961 Washington DC, color slide showing an aerial view of Lincoln Memorial and Reflecting Pool.jpg|centré|vignette|665x665px|Washington D.C deg 1961.]]


Deg lqern wis 20, Washington tettnerni s waṭas.

Tamdint tettbeddil seg yiwen n umḍiq n udabu ɣer tamdint tameqqrant n yimezdaɣ, uselmed, tẓuri d tdiplumasit.

Deg 1902, aɣawas McMillan yewwi-d ibeddilen imeqqranen deg usɣawas n temdint. Yebɣa ad d-yerr azal n uɣawas amezwaru n L'Enfant, ladɣa s lebni n urtiyen izegzawen d tmeẓra tameqqrant gar Capitol d yimukan n tmekti.

Deg sin ṭṭradat imaḍlanen, tawuri n udabu afederal tettnerni s waṭas. Aṭas n yimezdaɣ i d-yusan ɣer Washington i wakken ad xedmen deg tesdawiyin, tadbelt, tiɣessiwin tiserdasin d tɣawsiwin n uselḥu.

=== Washington d umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n umdan ===
[[Tugna:March on Washington edit.jpg|centré|vignette|673x673px|Tikli ɣef izerfan n yiberkanen deg Washington D.C]]


Deg 28 Ɣuct 1963, aṭas n yimdanen mlalen-d deg Washington deg ''&quot;March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom&quot;'', i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n yimezdaɣ iberkanen.

Deg uneḍru-a, ''Martin Luther King Jr.'' yefka-d tinawt-is yettwassnen ''I Have a Dream(Sɛiɣ Targit)''.

Taneḍruyt-a tuɣal d yiwet seg tneḍruyin tigejdanin n umezruy n yizerfan inmettiyen deg Marikan.

Washington tella d tamdint n tsertit, maca daɣen d tamdint anda i d-ttemlilin yimdanen i wakken ad sutren abeddel, tilelli, taɛdalt d yizerfan.

== 8. Tadbelt d tsertit n Washington ==
Washington, D.C. mačči d awanak am wiyaḍ n Marikan. D distrikta tafederalit i d-yettwasbedden s wudem ameẓlay i wakken ad tili d tamdint tagejdant n Marikan.

Tamsalt-a tesɛa anamek: Washington ur teṭṭafar ara Maryland neɣ Virginia, maca tesɛa anagraw n tdabert ɣef wudem i d-yettwasbedden deg tsertit tafederalit.

Deg 1973, Home Rule Act yefka i yimezdaɣ n Washington tazmert ad fernen amḍebber n temdint n temdint d tseqqamut tadigant.

Maca Congress afederal mazal yesɛa kra n tezmert ɣef tɣawsiwin n distrikta.

Tamsalt-a tettawi-d amennuɣ asertan: imezdaɣ n Washington sɛan yiwen n umeslay deg tsertit tamarikanit, maca ur sɛin ara sin yimsenqaden deg Senate, yerna ur sɛin ara amḍebber s uzref n usuffeɣ n ṣṣut deg House of Representatives.

=== Ixxamen n udabu igejdanen ===
[[Tugna:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG|gauche|vignette|250x250px|Axxam Amellal.]]
'''White House — Axxam Amellal'''

D amkan n tnezduɣt d umahil n umenzu n Marikan. Yekcem deg umezruy n temdint seg 1800.


[[Tugna:US Capitol east side.JPG|gauche|vignette|Capitol/Imni afidirali n Marikan.]]
'''Axxam n Congress/Imni afidirali n Maikan''', ideg ttemlilin ''House of Representatives'' d Senate. Deg-s i ttwasbedden isuḍaf izerfanen ifederalen.


[[Tugna:US Supreme Court.JPG|gauche|vignette|250x250px|Taɣdemt tunnigt n Marikan.]]
'''U.S. Supreme Court Rulings/ Taɣdemt Tunnigt n Marikan'''

D taɣdemt tafellayt n Marikan, i yesɛan tawuri tagejdant deg usegzi n Ddestur d yizerfan.


== 9. Tadamsa n Washington ==
Tadamsa n Washington temgarad ɣef tin n New York.

Deg New York, tadamsa tettban-d deg tnezzut, Wall Street d taggazt n idrimen. Deg Washington, anagaraw n udabu afederal d yiwen seg yiferdisen igejdanen n tdamsa.

Aṭas n yimezdaɣ xeddmen deg:

* Tadbelt tafederalit d tidbelt tadigant.
* Tiɣessiwin n tɣellist d teserdast.
* Tidukliwin tigraɣlanin d tseqqamin n tdiplumasit.
* Tasdawit d unadi ussnan.
* Asuddes n tneḍruyin, asiweḍ d yimeẓla n tmerrit.

Washington d amkan n waṭas n tsquma tigraɣlanin, gar-asent World Bank d International Monetary Fund (IMF), ayen i tt-yerran d yiwet seg temdinin tigejdanin n tdamsa tamaḍlant.
{| border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;float:right; margin: 1em;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|+ '''Imezdaɣ n Washington D.C'''
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
{|
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Aseggas
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Imezdaɣ
|-----
| 1800 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 144
|-----
| 1810 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 15 471
|-----
| 1820 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 23 336
|-----
| 1830 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 30 261
|-----
| 1840 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 33 745
|-----
| 1850 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 51 687
|-----
| 1860 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 75 080
|-----
| 1870 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 131 700
|-----
| 1880 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 177 624
|-----
| 1890 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 230 392
|-----
| 1900 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 278 718
|}
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
{|
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Aseggas
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Imezdaɣ
|-----
| 1910 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 331 069
|-----
| 1920 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 437 571
|-----
| 1930 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 486 869
|-----
| 1940 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 663 091
|-----
| 1950 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 802 178
|-----
| 1960 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 763 956
|-----
| 1970 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 756 510
|-----
| 1980 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 638 333
|-----
| 1990 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 606 900
|-----
| 2000 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 572 059
|-----
| 2005  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 582 049
|-----
|2010  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 601 723
|----- 
|}
|-----
|}
&lt;/br&gt;

[[Category:Timdinin]][[Category:Tarakalt]][[Category:Iwunak Yeddukklen]]</text>
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    <title>Ovid</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-30T21:30:59Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="24819" sha1="4tacmv9ovfz0ofjwypt5kw75hgs1zvr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q7198|image=[[File:Ovid by an anonymous sculptor.jpg|thumb|Ovid sɣur yiwen umserɣta udrig]]|caption=Ovid.}}


'''Ovid''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Ovidius Naso''', d yiwen seg yimedyazen irumanen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit. Yella d amedyaz, amaru n tmucuha timiṭulujiyin, d win i yerran tayri, tuttya, tafekka, tamagit, lḥif akked unejli d isental igejdanen n tsekla-s.

Yettwassen ladɣa s udlis-is Metamorphoses (tuttyiwin), yiwen seg yedlisen i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla, tasugna, tasertit n tfekka d tẓuriwin n Umaḍal n Utrim.

Tudert-is tbeddel s wudem ameqqran deg useggas 8 mbaɛd talalit n Ɛisa, mi t-yessufeɣ umenkad Uɣustus seg Ruma, yerra-t ɣer Tomis, ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan. Dinna i yemmut, war ma yuɣal ɣer temdint i iḥemmel.

Yettwaḥsab Ovid gar kraḍ n yimedyazen irumanen i d-yettwabedren s waṭas deg tsekla talaṭinit, akked '''[[Virgil]]''' (Vergilius) d '''Horace''' (Horatius). Maca yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa aɣanib d yisental yemgaraden. 

== 2. Talalit d twacult-is ==

=== 2.1. Sulmo, tamdint n Ovid ===
[[Tugna:PanoramaSulmona.JPG|centré|vignette|550x550px|Tamdint Sulmona deg ṭṭelyan.]]
Ovid ilul ass n 20 Meɣres, deg useggas 43 send Ɛisa, di Sulmo, i d-yettwasemman ass-a Sulmona, deg temnaḍt n Abruzzo, di [[ṭṭelyan]] n wass-a.

Sulmo tella d tamdint tarumanit di tmurt n Peligni, yiwen seg yiɣerfan n ṭṭelyan alqayan i yellan uqbel asnerni n Ruma. Tamnaḍt-a tettwassen s yidurar-is, izuɣar-is d wakal-is n tfellaḥt.

Ovid yesɛa tawacult taɣerfant, d tin yesɛan idrimen. Baba-s yebɣa ad yili mmi-s d amdan n uẓayer deg tedbelt tarumanit, ladɣa deg uɣerbaz n uzref d tsnukyest n wawal.

Deg yisefra-s, Ovid yessefk-d amek i ilul deg yiwen n useggas ara d-yeglun s ubeddel ameqqran deg umezruy arumani: d aseggas n tmettant n ''Cicero'', '''amesnukyes''' d '''amsesten''' arumani ameqqran.

Deg tallit-a, Tagduda Trumanit tella tettɛeddi seg tazɣent tasertant ɣer tallit n usdukel n tezmert deg ufus n yiwen n umdan, ''Octavianus'', win ara yuɣalen d Uɣust.

=== 2.2. Tawacult-is d watmaten-is ===
Ovid yesɛa gma-s ameqqran fell-as s yiwen n useggas, i yemmuten d ameẓẓyan, mi yesɛa azal n 20 n yiseggasen. Tamettant n gma-s tella d lḥif ameqqran i twacult-is.

Yella d amezwaru? Ala, Ovid yella d amecṭuḥ deg sin n watmaten.

Yella diɣen d win i d-yettwabedren deg yisefra-s s tikkelt ɣer tayeḍ, imi yettmeslay ɣef tlalit-is, baba-s, yemma-s d tmurt-is.

Maca ilaq ad nefrez gar wayen i d-yenna Ovid s timmad-is d wayen i nezmer ad nesseɣti s yizirigen imezruyanen: aṭas n yisallen ɣef tudert-is d netta i ten-id-yefkan.

== 3. Tamẓi d uselmed-is ==

=== 3.1. Azraw deg Ruma ===
Mi yella d ameẓẓyan, Ovid iruḥ ɣer Ruma akked gma-s iwakken ad lemden tasnukyest, tira, timawit d uzref.

Ruma tella deg tallit-a d yiwet seg temdinin timeqqranin n umaḍal agrakal.
[[Tugna:Forum romanum 6k (5760x2097).jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Ayen i d-yeqqimen seg ufurum(anmager) n ruma taqburt.]]Deg Ruma, Ovid yella deg tneɣrit n yiselmaden yettwassnen n tsnukyest n wawal. Isallen imezruyanen bedren Arellius Fuscus akked Porcius Latro gar yiselmaden-is. Iselmad-agi llan ttselmaden amek ara d-yebnu umdan awal, amek ara yessefhem tikti-s, amek ara yessfukel tiririt-is, d wamek ara yesseqdec tafyirt s wudem yettqenɛen. Ayen akk i yelmed deg tneɣrit-a ad t-id-yaf umdan deg yisefra-s: tawsit n wawal, d ubeddel n tmuɣli, anegzum n tidet d usnulfu n yimdanen n timucuha.

=== 3.2. Tayri-s i tsekla ===
Baba-s yebɣa ad yili Ovid d amsesten n uzref neɣ d amdan n tedbelt, imi taɣulin-a ttaǧǧant amdan ad yili d ameqran deg tmetti tarumanit. Maca Ovid yella yettwajbed ɣer usefru. Deg ''Tristia'', yessefhem-d belli ula d mi yebɣa ad yaru s wudem amagnu, awalen-is ttuɣalen d isefra. D taɣawsa i d-yesskanen belli asefru yella deg tudert-is seg temẓi.

=== 3.3. Tirza-s ɣer Yunan ===
Ovid yessers imeṭṭawen-is deg kra n tmura n Yunan, anda i yella umezruy ameqqran n tfelsafit, tsekla d timiṭulujit.

Yettwabder belli yewweḍ ɣer Atina, Asia Tameẓẓyant akked Sicilia. Tirziwin-a ǧǧant-as ad yissin ugar tasekla tagrigit, ladɣa timucuha n yigelliden, irebbiten, yimeẓla d yimdanen i yettbeddilen talɣa-nsen. Timusniwin-a ad d-banent s wudem ameqqran deg Tuttya(''Metamorphoses)''.

== 4. Tudert-is deg Ruma ==

=== 4.1. Seg tedbelt ɣer tsekla ===
Mi yuɣal ɣer Ruma, Ovid yesseqdec kra n tegnatin n tedbelt tarumanit, maca ur yebɣi ara ad ikemmel deg ubrid n tsartit.

Deg umḍiq n waya, yefren tudert n umedyaz.

Tafrent-a tella d tameqrant: deg tmetti tarumanit n tallit-nni, amdan n twacult yesɛan idrimen yezmer ad yili d amasten, asenatuṛ neɣ amdan n tedbelt, maca tamedyazt ur yelli ara d abrid ameqqran ɣer tezmert tasertant.

Ovid, imi yesɛa idrimen n twacult-is, yezmer ad yefren '''asefru''' war ma yella d amezwaru deg usɛeddi n tmeddurt.

=== 4.2. Imedyazen n tallit-is ===
Deg Ruma, Ovid yessen amek i tettnerni tsekla n tallit n Uɣust.

Gar yimyura i iɛemmren tallit-is, ad d-nebder:

- '''Virgil''' (Vergilius), amaru n Aeneis, amedya n usefru abelkiman arumani.

- '''Horace''' (Horatius), amedyaz i yessawḍen s wudem afelsafi ɣef tudert.

- '''Propertius''', win i yessnernan isefra n tayri.

- '''Tibullus''', amedyaz n tayri, n tudert taḥerfit d wayen i d-yettawi lḥif.

Ovid yella gar yimeggura n yimesfrayen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit.

Maca yebna aɣanib-is s umgired: deg umḍiq n uwehhi ɣer umezruy asertan d tgemmi tarumanit, yessexdem tayri, timucuha d usnulfu n yimdanen akken ad yesselḥu tasekla.

=== 4.3. Tameṭṭut d twacult-is ===
Ovid yessefk-d deg yisefra-s belli yezweǧ kraḍ n tikkal.

Sin seg tsulya timezwura ur ǧǧin ara aṭas n yisallen deg umezruy. Tisulya tis kraḍ tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tudert-is, ladɣa deg tallit n unejli. Yella yesɛa yiwet n yelli-s, maca kra n yisallen ɣef twacult-is mazal ur frizen ara s wudem ummid. Tameṭṭut-is taneggarut teqqim di Ruma mi yella netta deg unejli, tettɛawan-it s wayen i tezmer, yettmeslay fell-as deg yisefra-s s waṭas n lḥif d tayri.

== 5. Iqeddicat imezwura n Ovid ==
Tasekla n Ovid tezmer ad tettwabḍu ɣef kraḍ n talliyin: tallit n tayri, tallit n tmucuha d umezruy, akked tallit n unejli.

Deg tallit tamezwarut, Ovid yella d amesfru i d-yettawin ɣef tayri, tikli n yimdanen, tameṭṭut d wassaɣen gar yimdanen.

=== 5.1. Amores — Tayriwin ===
Amores d yiwen seg yedlisen-is imezwura. Deg-s, Ovid yessawel ɣef tayri, acewwiq, tismin, asirem d lḥif i d-yettawin wassaɣen n tayri. Adlis-a yella di tazwara s semmus n yiḥricen, maca talɣa i d-yeqqimen ass-a tesɛa kraḍ n yiḥricen.

Deg yisefra-a, yella yisem n ''Corinna'', tameṭṭut iɣef yettmeslay amedyaz. Maca ur nezmir ara ad nini s tidet belli Corinna tella d tameṭṭut i yessen deg tudert-is: tezmer ad tili d asebded aseklan.

Ovid yesseqdec tayri am wakken d tamennawt gar sin n yimdanen, s yisental n uzray, leḥkem, tazmert d uḥulfu.

=== 5.2. Heroides — Tibratin n tlawin tiqerruyin ===
Heroides d ammud n yisefra i d-yettwasnulfan s talɣa n tebratin.

Tibratin-a ttwarunt am wakken d tilawin n timucuha timiṭulujiyin i d-yettmeslayen ɣer yirgazen i ḥemmlent, maca i ten-yeǧǧan neɣ i yellan beɛden fell-asent.

Gar tilawin-a:

- '''Penelope''', tameṭṭut n Odysseus.

- '''Dido''', tagellidt n Qerṭaj.

- '''Ariadne''', tin i yeǧǧa Theseus.

- '''Medea''', tin yesɛan assaɣ d Jason.

- '''Phaedra''', tin i yesɛan tayri tamuḥercit.

Ayen i d-yettawin Ovid d amaynut deg yisefra-a d tarrayt n uḥulfu: ur d-yettales ara kan timucuha n yirgazen iɣef ttmeslayen yimesfrayen iqburen, maca yessefk awal i tlawin i yellan, s waṭas n tikkal, deg yiri n timucuha-a.

Deg Heroides, amdan yezmer ad iwali tamiṭulujit s tmuɣli n tin i yettwaǧǧan, tin i yettṛaǧun, neɣ tin i yettḥasaben d tin i yuccḍen.

=== 5.3. Ars Amatoria — Taẓuri n tayri ===
Ars Amatoria d adlis i yessuffeɣ Ovid ɣef tarrayin n usnulfu n wassaɣen n tayri.

Yebḍa ɣef kraḍ n yedlisen. Sin imezwura ttmeslayen ladɣa i yirgazen, ma d wis kraḍ yettwanna i tlawin.

Ovid yeskan-d deg-s amek i zemren yimdanen ad myissinen, amek ara d-yesnulfu yiwen tayri, d wamek ara yeḥrez assaɣ-is.

Maca ilaq ad neɛqel belli adlis-a d aḍris aseklan, yesɛan tahuski, aceɛlal d usqerdec. Ur ilaq ara ad nerr meṛṛa ayen i d-yenna d ilugan i yesseqdecen Yirumanen akk deg tudert-nsen.

Adlis-a yesɛa azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ovid, imi yella gar sebba i d-yebder [[Ugustus|Uɣust]] mi yessufeɣ amedyaz-a seg Ruma.

=== 5.4. Remedia Amoris — Isɣalen n tayri ===
Deg Remedia Amoris, Ovid yessefhem amek ara yefsi umdan seg tayri i t-yesḥeznen, neɣ i t-yeǧǧan deg lḥif.

Deg umḍiq n uselmed amek ara yebnu umdan assaɣ n tayri, adlis-a yesseqdec tarrayt-nniḍen: amek ara t-yefru.

Gar tiktiwin i d-yettawi: tigawin, lxedma, iberdan n tmeslayt, d usenqes n wakud i yettɛeddi umdan di tmuɣli ɣer win i iḥemmel.

=== 5.5. Medea ===
Ovid yura diɣen yiwet n tmezgunt s uzwel Medea, i d-yettawin ɣef tameṭṭut tamiṭulujit n yisem-a.

Tamezgunt-a temmut deg umezruy: ur d-teqqim ara ɣer ass-a.

Ayen i nezmer ad nissin fell-as d wayen i d-bdan yimaru iqburen i tt-id-yebedren. Kra deg-sen ḥesben-tt d yiwet seg tmezgunin yelhan n tallit-nni.

== 6. Metamorphoses — Ibeddilen neɣ Tuttya ==
[[Tugna:Plate 11- Phaeton before Apollo (Funestas ad Phoebum fundit preces.), from Ovid's 'Metamorphoses' MET DP866545.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|'''Phaeton send Apollo, seg Tuttya n Ovid.''']]
Metamorphoses d adlis ameqqran n Ovid, d win i t-yesseǧǧan d amedyaz i yettwassnen deg umaḍal. Adlis-a yesɛa 15 n yiḥricen, azal n 12 000 n yifyar, d azal n 250 n timucuha timiṭulujiyin. Yebda s usnulfu n umaḍal, yekfa s umezruy n Ruma d usali n Julius Caesar ɣer waddad n uṛebbi deg timiṭulujit tasertant tarumanit. 

=== 6.1. Tikti tagejdant ===
Awal metamorphosis yekka-d seg tegrigit, anamek-is d abeddel n talɣa. Deg tmucuha n Ovid, amdan yezmer ad yuɣal d aseklu, d aɣersiw, d aẓru, d itri neɣ d taɣawsa-nniḍen. Maca abeddel-a ur d-yettawi ara kan ɣef talɣa tafekkanit. Yettawi daɣen ɣef tiktiwin n tayri, tissas, aɛzel, tanezzayt, lḥif d tazmert n irebbiten.

Ovid yessawḍ-d tikti tameqqrant: ula d ayen i nettwali d amezdag yezmer ad ibeddel.

=== 6.2. Timucuha timiṭulujiyin yettwassnen ===

==== Apollo d Daphne ====
Apollo iḥemmel Daphne, maca nettat ur tebɣi ara tayri-s. Mi yella yettḍafar-itt, tesseɛreḍ ad teslek iman-is, tettbeddil ɣer useklu. Tamacahut-a tettawi daɣen ɣef tazmert, tifrat d wakken i yezmer yiwen ad yesseqdec tayri am sebba n uɛeddi ɣef wayeḍ.

==== Narcisse d Echo ====
Narcisse d ilemẓi i d-yettwaḥesben d ahuski, i yuɣalen yettḥemmil tugna-s deg waman. Yettwali iman-is, maca ur yessin ara belli d nettat i d tugna-nni. Yekfa deg lḥif, yuɣal d ajeǧǧig. Tamacahut-a tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tfelsafit n tamagit d tmuɣli n umdan ɣer yiman-is.

==== Pygmalion ====
Pygmalion d anaẓur i yesnulfan tugna n tmeṭṭut deg uẓru. Yeḥmel aṭas taẓuri-s armi yettɛaraḍ ad tili d tameṭṭut yeddren. Di tmucuha, Venus tefk-as tudert i tugna-nni. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef assaɣ gar tẓuri, tasugna d tayri.

==== Daedalus d Icarus ====
Daedalus yesnulfa-d afriwen seg tinciwt d tarrayt n useqqen n waksum. Mmi-s Icarus yebɣa ad yali aṭas ɣer yigenni. Mi iqreb ɣer yiṭij, yefsi waksum, ɣellin afriwen-is, yetteɣli ɣer yilel. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef usirem, tazmert n umdan d tilisa n wayen yezmer ad yeg.

==== Orpheus d Eurydice ====
Orpheus yebɣa ad d-yerr tameṭṭut-is seg umaḍal n yimettanen. S ccna-s yezmer ad yesseḥbes ula d irebbiten n lḥif. Maca mi d-yuɣal ɣer deffir uqbel akud i as-yettwanefken, ixṣer tameṭṭut-is i tikkelt-nniḍen. Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef tayri d tmettant.

=== 6.3. Assaɣ gar tmiṭulujit d tfelsafit ===
Deg uḥric aneggaru n Tuttya(Metamorphoses), Ovid yessuffeɣ-d isental n tfelsafit n ''Pythagoras''. Deg tmuɣli-a, ayen yellan deg umaḍal ittbeddil yal tikelt. Ulac aḥric n ugama i yeqqimen s yiwet n talɣa i lebda. Ayen i yemmuten deg yiwet n talɣa yezmer ad iban deg talɣa-nniḍen.

Yella daɣen usentel n tiruḥanin, n ubeddel n yimuddiren d wassaɣ gar yimdanen d yiɣersiwen. Maca ilaq ad neɛqel belli aya d tamuɣli tafelsafit d tmiṭulujit n tallit-nni, mačči d tarrayt tussnant tatrart i d-yesskan Ovid.

=== 6.4. Ayɣer Metamorphoses d adlis ameqqran? ===
Adlis-a yella d amaynut deg tsekla talaṭinit imi Ovid yesdukel timucuha yemgaraden deg yiwen n uḍris aɣezzfan.

Yella wassaɣ gar tmucuha: yiwet tettawi ɣer tayeḍ, d ubeddel i d-yettuɣalen d asental agejdan.

Deg-s, amdan yezmer ad yaf timucuha n irebbiten, tiqsiḍin n yimdanen imeẓẓyanen, isental n tfelsafit, d tmuɣli n Ruma ɣer umezruy-is.

== 7. Fasti — Inagrawen n tfaskiwin tirumaniyin ==
Fasti d adlis n Ovid i d-yettmeslayen ɣef uwitay arumani, tifaskiwin, assaɣen gar yirebbiten d yimdanen, akked umezruy n Ruma.
[[Tugna:Fasti Praenestini, détail (6-10 apr. J.-C.).jpg|centré|vignette|Ifatusen seg '''''{{lang|la|Fasti Antiates maiores}}''''']]


Deg tazwara, Ovid yebɣa ad yebnu adlis yesɛan 12 n yiḥricen, yal aḥric i yiwen n wayyur. Maca ur d-qqimen ara ala 6 n yiḥricen, seg Yennayer armi d Yunyu.

Yella uḥric i d-yettawin ɣef tafaskiwin n yirebbiten, wiyaḍ ɣef umezruy n Ruma, tasertit n [[Uɣustus|Uɣust]] d wamek i ttwafkan yismawen i wussan n uwitay. Fasti d aɣbalu i yesɛan azal ameqqran i yimnadiyen n tsertit n tɣerma, tasreḍt d tmetti tarumanit.

D adlis i d-yesskanen belli Ovid ur yelli ara kan d amedyaz n tayri; yella daɣen d amaru i yellan yesɛa tamusni ɣef tɣerma d umezruy n Ruma.

Imnadiyen n tallit tamirant ḥesben belli Ovid yezmer ad yili ikemmel asenqed n Fasti deg tallit n unejli-s.

== 8. Ovid d umenkad Uɣustus ==

=== 8.1. Tasertit n Uɣustus ===
[[Uɣustus]], win i yuɣalen d amenkad amezwaru n Ruma, yebɣa ad yerr aẓayer n twacult d wassaɣen n tsulya(zwaǧ) d aḥric ameqqran n tsertit-is.
[[Tugna:Statue-Augustus.jpg|vignette|Amenkad Uɣustus.]]
Yesseqdec ilugan iwakken ad yesseǧhed tisulya, ad yesseḥbes kra n wassaɣen i yettwaḥesben d wid iḍurren i twacult, d usnerni n wazalen iqburen n Ruma.

Maca Ovid yella yettawi deg yisefra-s ɣef tayri s wudem ur nettwaqbal ara s talɣa tummidt s tsertit-a.

''Ars Amatoria'' yeskan-d tameṭṭut d urgaz am yimdanen i yezmren ad fernen assaɣen-nsen, ad seqdcen tasugna d tḥerci iwakken ad afen tayri.

Deg tmetti n Ruma n tallit-nni, aya yezmer ad yettwaḥsab d azɣan i kra n wazalen i yebɣa Uɣustus ad yessers.

=== 8.2. Aseggas 8: abeddel n tudert-is ===
Deg useggas 8 mbaɛd Ɛisa, Ovid, i yellan yesɛa azal n 50 n yiseggasen, yettwakkes seg Ruma s lamer n August.

Ayen i d-yettbanen s wudem ifazen d akken ur t-yettwaḥaseb ara deg yiwet n tɣerma tazreft s ubrid amagnu.

Amenkad Uɣustus d netta i yefkan lamer n uneejli. Tamacahut-a d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin ur nefri ara s wudem ummid deg tudert n Ovid.

=== 8.3. Ayɣer yettwakkes Ovid seg Ruma? ===
Ovid yessefhem-d s tlaṭinit:

«Carmen et error».

Anamk-is s teqbaylit:

«Asefru d tuccḍa.»

Asefru i d-yebder, s waṭas n tiririt n yimnadiyen, d ''Ars Amatoria''.

Maca tuccḍa-nniḍen ur tt-id-yessfhem ara Ovid. Kra n yimnadiyen ḥesben belli yella kra i iwali Ovid neɣ yessen ɣef twacult n Uɣustus, maca ur nessin ara d acu i t-yettwaselḥun.

Yella diɣen wid i yeqqnen tuccḍa-a ɣer Julia Tameẓẓyant, tameẓẓyant n twacult n Uɣustus, i yettwanejlan daɣen seg Ruma deg tallit-nni. Maca ulac aɣbalu amezruyan i d-yesseknen s tidet belli Ovid yella deg yiwet n tkerrist tasertant neɣ deg wassaɣ n Julia. D turdiwin kan. Tagnit-a mazal d asental n unadi amezruyan. 

=== 8.4. Aseɣti n wawal «anejli» ===
Deg uzref arumani, Ovid ur yettwakkes ara s talɣa taserdasit neɣ s useɣli n waddad-is n umdan ilelli. Yettwaḥkem fell-as s talɣa n relegatio, anamek-is d asebɛed seg kra n tmura n tmenkda, maca s uḥraz n kra n yizerfan-is d wayla-s. D aya i d-yerran Ovid ad yili d amdan yesɛan kra n tɣawsiwin-is, maca war tilelli n tuɣalin ɣer Ruma.

== 9. Anejli ɣer Tomis ==
[[Tugna:Ruins of Tomis.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|inestimen n Tomis.]]
Tomis tella d tamdint ɣef yiri n Yilel Aberkan, deg temnaḍt i d-yettuɣalen ass-a d tamdint n Constanța, di Rumanya. Tella d tamdint n usnulfu agrigi, maca tettwaḥsab d yiwet seg temnaḍin ibeɛden ɣef Ruma.

I Ovid, win yellan yettidir deg tmetti n Ruma tameqqrant, anejli ɣer Tomis yella d taɣawsa i t-yesḥeznen.

=== 9.1. Tudert deg unejli ===
Ovid yessawel deg yisefra-s ɣef beṭṭu, aɛzel, tissas d wayen i t-yeǧǧan yebɛed ɣef yimdukal-is. Yessefhem-d amek i yella yiri n Yilel Aberkan d tamnaḍt ur nessin ara s wudem ummid i yimdanen n Ruma.

Deg yisefra-s, yesseqdec awal «ibarbaren» i kra n yiɣerfan i zedɣen dinna, maca d awal arumani i d-yettmeslayen ɣef imdanen i ur nelli ara n tɣerma talaṭinit. Ur ilaq ara ad t-neḥseb d aseɣti ameɣẓan n tɣerma-nsen.

Deg temnaḍt-a, Ovid yessen kra n tutlayin n yiɣerfan imiren, am tutlayt n Getes.

=== 9.2. Tazɣent n wawal ===
Ovid ur yezmir ara ad yesseqdec tasekla d isefra-s iwakken ad yuɣal ɣer Ruma. Yettaru s tarrayt n usuter, yettmeslay i yimdukal-is akken ad ɛiwnen, yettmeslay i Uɣustus, syin i Tiberius.

Maca ur d-yettwabder ara belli yiwen deg yimenkaden-a yefka-as tasiregt ad yuɣal.

== 10. Iqeddicen n uneɣru ==

=== 10.1. Tristia — Isefrayen n lḥif ===
''Tristia'' d ammud n yisefra i d-yettaru Ovid deg unejli-s.

Yebḍa ɣef semmus n yiḥricen.

Deg-s, yessawel ɣef tmurt i yeǧǧa, Ruma, imdukal-is, tameṭṭut-is, d umennuɣ-is akked wakud.

Yella diɣen yettmeslay ɣer yisefra-s am wakken d imdanen i yezmer ad yettmeslay.

Deg yiwen n yisefra n Tristia, yessawel ɣef uḍaris-is i iruḥen ɣer Ruma deg umḍiq-is. D asmekti belli asefru yezmer ad yili deg temdint anda ur yezmir ara ad yili umyaru.

=== 10.2. Epistulae ex Ponto — Tibratin seg Yilel Aberkan ===
''Epistulae ex Ponto'' d ammud n tebratin s usefru, i d-yettaru Ovid i yimdukal-is d yimdanen i yesɛan aẓayer deg Ruma.

Yebḍa ɣef kuẓ n yiḥricen.

Yessawel ɣef lḥif, tamattant n kra n yimdukal-is, asuter n tuɣalin, d wayen i t-yettḥezzinen di tudert-is.

Tibratin-a d aɣbalu ameqqran iwakken ad nissin amek i tella tmurt n Tomis deg tallit-nni, maca ilaq ad nɛeqqel belli d tira n yiwen n umedyaz i yellan deg lḥif, mačči d aḥric amezruyan amagnu.

=== 10.3. Ibis ===
''Ibis'' d asefru aɣezzfan i d-yettawin ɣef umdan i yellan d amenzaɣ(axṣim) n Ovid. Isem-is ur d-yettwabdar ara s wudem ifazen.

Ovid yesseqdec deg-s '''isefra n useɣli('''i d-yewwin ɣef unejli), tiqsiḍin timiṭulujiyin d yismawen n yimdanen i ttwabedren deg tmucuha tiqburin.

Aḍris-a yesɛa azal deg unadi n tarrayin n usefru arumani, ladɣa deg useqdec n usiḍen d wayen i d-yewwi umyaru seg tsekla tagrigit.

== 11. Tamettant n Ovid ==
Ovid yemmut deg Tomis, ɣer leḥsab waṭas n yisallen deg useggas 17 neɣ 18 mbaɛd Ɛisa. Ur d-yettwabdar ara s tidet acuɣer yemmut, neɣ anda i yettwanḍel. Ur nessin ara ma yella kra n yinagan i ḥeḍren ɣer tmettant-is.

Ayen i d-yettbanen d belli ur yuɣal ara ɣer Ruma, ɣas akken yesɛa aṭas n yisefra i d-yessawlen ɣer tuɣalin.

Deg yisefra-s, yebɣa ad t-id-smektin yimdanen am umedyaz n tayri.

Yettwabder deg ''Tristia'' dakken kra n tefyar kan i yezmer ad yettwarnun ɣef uẓekka-s. Deg-sen, yessefhem belli d tayri i yessawḍen i yisem-is ad yezger tilisa n wakud.

== 12. Aɣanib aseklan n Ovid ==
Ovid yura s uɣanib i yesɛan tiḥerci d usnulfu, yerna yesseqdac timucuha i d-yeǧǧan later deg tsekla, i deg uɣalent ur ttwattunt ara.

=== 12.1. Asnulfu n yimdanen ===
Deg yisefra-s, Ovid ur yettara ara irebbiten d yimdanen d tugniwin i iqerrben kan ɣer wayen yellan deg tmiṭulujit. Yessefk-asen iḥulfan: tayri, lḥif, tamanegt, tugdi d tissas.

D aya i d-yerran imdanen n tmucuha-s ttbanen am yimdanen n tidet.

=== 12.2. Tahuski d useqdec n tefyirt ===
Ovid yessen amek ara yebnu tafyirt i yellan d tawezzlant maca yesɛan anamek aɣezzfan. Yesseqdec aṭas n usqerdec, anamek uffir, d ubeddel n tmuɣli.

Deg '''''Ars Amatoria''''', yezmer ad yili d amselmad n tayri, maca tukwal, Ovid yesseqdac taseqlebt iwakken ad d-yefk tamuɣli-s ɣef yimdanen d tmetti.

=== 12.3. Tarrayt n usdukel n tmucuha ===
'''''Metamorphoses(Tuttya)''''' d amedya ameqqran n tarrayt-a. Yesseqdec timucuha yemgaraden, maca yessefk-asent yiwen n wassaɣ, s ubeddel n talɣa. D aya i d-yerran adlis-a d yiwen seg yiḍrisen i yessawḍen ad kecmen deg waṭas n tɣermiwin.

== 13. Ovid d tfelsafit ==
Ur nezmir ara ad neḥseb Ovid d afelsafi s unamek n [[Flaṭun|Plato]], [[Aristot|Aristote]] neɣ Seneca, maca tasekla-s tettawi ɣef kra n yisental ifelsafiyen igejdanen.

=== 13.1. Abeddel d ugama ===
Deg Tuttya(Metamorphoses), abeddel yella d asental agejdan. Ayen i nettwali d amezdag yezmer ad ibeddel.

Tamacahut-a yezmer ad tettwafhem d tamuɣli ɣer ubeddel n umaḍal, akked tikti n Heraclite d kra n yifelsafiyen iqburen.

Maca Ovid ur d-yessnulfa ara taɣult tafelsafit tatrart s umata.

=== 13.2. Tayri d tazmert ===
Ovid yessefk-d aṭas n tmucuha i d-yettawin ɣef tayri gar yimdanen ur yesɛan ara yiwet n tezmert.

Tella tayri n umdan ɣer wayeḍ, tella tin n uṛebbi ɣer umdan, tella diɣen tayri i yebnan ɣef tissas d unekmar.

Deg waṭas n timucuha, irebbiten zemren ad xedmen ayen i ur nezmir ara ad xedmen yimdanen, d aya i d-yesskanen amek i tella tezmert-nsen.

Deg tmuɣli tatrart, kra n tmucuha-a zemrent ad ttwafhament d azɣan i tazmert, ladɣa i kra n wassaɣen anda ur yelli ara uqbal gar sin n yimdanen.

=== 13.3. Tasekla d tilelli ===
Tudert n Ovid tesɛa asental-nniḍen: assaɣ gar tsekla d tsertit. Mi yella d amedyaz, Ovid yesɛa tilelli n tira s wudem i d-yettbanen deg yisefra-s.

Maca mi t-yessuffeɣ [[Uɣustus]], yufa iman-is deg unejli, s ubrid i yessawḍen ɣer unqes n tilelli.

Tagnit-a tezmer ad tettwafhem d amedya n umezruy n usqerdec n umaru deg tmetti anda i yella leḥkem deg ufus n yiwen n umdan.

== 14. Tazrirt n Ovid ɣef tsekla d tẓuriwin ==
[[Tugna:Mercury Entering Herse's Room After Changing Agraulos to Stone, from Ovid, Metamorphoses, Book II MET DP841155.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tugna i usegzi n yiwet n tedyant seg udlis &quot;Tuttya&quot; n Ovid.]]


Ovid yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla n Umaḍal n Utrim.

=== 14.1. Deg tallit talemmast ===
Deg tallit talemmast n Turuft, Tuttya(Metamorphoses) yettwaseqdec s waṭas deg yigrud n uselmed, ladɣa i wid i yessnen talaṭinit.

Imayura d yimesfrayen n tallit-a seqdcen timucuha-s akken ad d-ssnulfun tiqsiḍin-nsen. Kra n yimaru yesɛan tazrirt n Ovid d ''Dante Alighieri'', ''Geoffrey Chaucer'' akked ''Jean de Meun''.

=== 14.2. Deg tallit n Taleslalit Tamaynut ===
Deg Taleslalit, imyura d yinaẓuren uɣalen ɣer tsekla tagrigit d tarumanit. Ovid yella gar yimyuran iɣef bnan timucuha n tẓuri.

Iḍrisen-is ttwaseqdcen i usnulfu n tugniwin, tifaskiwin n tẓuri, amezgun d udlis.

Deg tallit-a, timucuha n ''Daphne, Narcisse, Pygmalion d Orpheus'' uɣalent d isental yettwaseqdcen s waṭas.

=== 14.3. Deg tsekla n Shakespeare ===
[[William Shakespeare]] yesseqdec kra n timucuha n Ovid deg yimezgunen-is.

Tamacahut n Pyramus d Thisbe, i d-yettwabedren deg Metamorphoses, tesɛa tazrirt ɣef Romeo and Juliet.

Deg A ''Midsummer Night's Dream'', Shakespeare yesseqdec tamacahut-a s wudem n tmezgunt i d-ttawin yimdanen deg wayen i ttxeddmen.

=== 14.4. Deg tẓuri tasugnant ===
Timucuha n Ovid ttwaseqdcen deg tẓuri n yiẓra, tasreɣta, tiwlafin d tmezgunin.

''Gian Lorenzo Bernini'' yesnulfa-d aẓru ameqqran n Apollo d Daphne.

Caravaggio yessuneɣ tugna n Narcisse.

Aṭas n yinazuren n Turuft seqdcen Metamorphoses am aɣbalu n timucuha i zemren ad ttwasnulfunt s tugniwin.

== 15. Ovid d tɣerma tarumanit ==
Ovid yesɛa azal ameqqran deg unadi ɣef usatal n tmetti n Ruma.

Ayen i d-yura yezmer ad aɣ-yefk kra n tɣawsiwin ɣef tikli n yimdanen, tameṭṭut deg tmetti, tawacult, tayri d uselmed.

Maca ur ilaq ara ad nesseqdec isefra-s am wakken d aɣbalu amezruyan amagnu. Ovid yella d amedyaz, yezmer ad yesseqdec tasugna d thuski iwakken ad yessewzel neɣ ad yesnerni kra n tɣawsiwin.

Deg ''Ars Amatoria'', amedya, yessefhem amek i zemren yimdanen ad mmeslayen deg tmeɣriwin, imezgunen d yimukan n tmetti. Maca ur d-yettales ara s wudem ussnan ɣef tmetti tarumanit meṛṛa.

''Fasti'' diɣen yessefk-d kra n yisallen ɣef tfaskiwin, tasreḍt d umezruy n Ruma, maca yettawi-ten s tarrayt n usefru.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Virgil</title>
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      <text bytes="12965" sha1="m1uus8oheeiyse7vl8kgqndv5w4n7ia" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1398|image=[[File:Parco della Grotta di Posillipo5 (crop).jpg|thumb|Virgil]]|date of birth=15 Ktuber 70 send talalit n Ɛisa|nationality=Arumani|date of death=21 Ctember 19 send talalit n Ɛisa}}

'''Virgil''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Vergilius Maro''', d amedyaz arumani i ilulen ass n 15 Ktuber 70 send talalit n Ɛisa, i yemmuten ass n 21 Ctember 19 send talalit n Ɛisa. Yettwaḥsab gar yimedyazen imeqqranen n tsekla talaṭinit, ladɣa s udlis-is ''Aeneis'' (Aneid), i d-yettalesen inig n ''Aeneas'' seg Ṭrwa ɣer [[Ṭṭelyan]].

Virgil yedder deg yiwet n tallit i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ruma: taggara n Tagduda Trumanit, ṭṭrad n daxel, asali n [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]] ɣer tezmert, akked tazwara n tmenkda n [[Uɣustus]].

Tasekla-s tettawi ɣef tudert n yimdanen, agama, takerrazt(tafellaḥt), ṭṭrad, tilelli, lḥif, d wassaɣ gar umdan d tmurt-is. Deg yedlisen-is, Virgil yesdukel tamiṭulujit tagrigit d trumanit akked umezruy n Ruma, s uɣanib aseklan i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla n Turuft.

== 2. Talalit d twacult-is ==

=== 2.1. Tamurt n Mantua ===
Virgil ilul deg temnaḍt n Mantua, deg ugafa n [[ṭṭelyan]], qrib ɣer yidurar n Alpes d urtiyen iɣezzfan n Po.
[[Tugna:Dsc 1150 Mantua.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tamdint n Mantua n wass-a.]]


Tamnaḍt-a tella tettwassen s tfellaḥt, igran, aman d tmeddurt n yimeksawen. Deg tallit n Virgil, kra n yiɣerfan n ugafa n ṭṭelyan llan mazal ḥerzen kra n yidles-nsen, ɣas akken Ruma tesɛa tazmert tameqqrant fell-asen.

Tawacult n Virgil tettwabder deg kra n yiɣbula iqburen am tin i yesɛan assaɣ d tfellaḥt. Maca isallen ɣef baba-s d yemma-s ur frizen ara meṛṛa, imi kra n wayen i d-yettwabedren deg tudert-is yekka-d seg tmucuha i d-ttawin yimyura n talliyin i d-iḍefren.

Ayen i nezmer ad nini s tidet d akken Virgil yella d amdan n ṭṭelyan talqayt, i yesɛan assaɣ ameqqran d wakal d tfellaḥt, ayen ara d-yettbanen deg yedlisen-is.

=== 2.2. Tamẓi-s ===
Virgil yella d ilemẓi deg tallit anda Tagduda Trumanit tettɛeddi seg kra n tezɣanin tisertanin. Deg useggas 49 send Ɛisa, [[Julius Caesar]] yezger asif Rubicon, d aya i d-yeglan s ṭṭrad n daxel. Virgil yella yesɛa azal n 21 n yiseggasen.

Deg useggas 44 send Ɛisa, mi yettwanɣa Julius Caesar, Virgil yella yesɛa 26 n yiseggasen.

Tallit-a tella d tin n ṭṭrad, tazɣent, d ubeddel n leḥkem. Tidyanin-a ttwabedren s wudem uffir neɣ usrid deg yedlisen-is.

== 3. Aselmed d temẓi n Virgil ==
Virgil yelmed deg kra n temdinin n ṭṭelyan, gar-asent Cremona, Mediolanum (Milan) d Ruma. Yelmed talaṭinit, tasnukyest, asefru, d kra n tɣuriwin tifelsafiyin.

Deg kra n yiɣbula, yettwabder belli yella yesɛa assaɣ d tfelsafit n [[Epikur|Epicurus]], ladɣa deg temdint n Napoli, anda i yella uɣerbaz n ufelsafi Siro.

=== 3.1. Tazrirt n Epicurus ===
[[Epikur|Epicurus]] yella d afelsafi agrigi i yesselmaden belli tudert yelhan ur tebni ara ɣef usɛeddi n yidrimen neɣ tazmert tasertant, maca ɣef talwit n wul, tamusni, d usenqes n tugdi d lḥif.

Virgil ur yelli ara d afelsafi Epicurien s wudem usrid deg yal adlis-is, maca kra n tiktiwin n tfelsafit-a zemrent ad ttwafhament deg yisefra-s, ladɣa deg tmuɣli-s ɣer tudert n tfellaḥt d talwit n ugama.

=== 3.2. Tazrirt n tsekla tagrigit ===
Virgil yella yessen tasekla tagrigit s wudem alqayan.

Gar yimaru i yesɛan tazrirt fell-as:

- [[Humer|Homer,]] amaru n Iliad d Odyssey.

- Hesiod, amaru n ''Works and Days'' d ''Theogony''.

- Theocritus, amesfru n tudert n yimeksawen.

- Apollonius n Rhodes, amaru n ''Argonautica''.

Tasekla tagrigit tefk-as tarrayin n tira, maca Virgil yesseqdec-itent iwakken ad yesnulfu tasekla tarumanit s wudem-is.

=== 4. Tallit n ṭṭrad d tazɣent n Ruma ===
Deg useggasen i d-iḍefren tamettant n [[Julius Caesar]], Ruma tella deg ṭṭrad n daxel. [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]], Mark Untunyus d Lepidus sɛan tazmert tasertant deg tazwara, maca assaɣen-nsen beddlen, d aya i d-yeglan s ṭṭrad gar Octavianus d Mark Untunyus.

Deg useggas 31 send Ɛisa, Octavianus yerbeḥ deg ṭṭrad n Actium.

Deg useggas 27 send Ɛisa, Octavianus yettwafk-as uzwel n Uɣustus, d tazwara n tgelda tarumanit.

Virgil yella d anagi n yibeddilen-a. Tazɣent tasertant d ṭṭrad n daxel sɛan tazrirt ɣef tsekla-s, ladɣa deg ''Aeneis'', anda i yesseqdec timucuha n Ṭrwa d usnulfu n Ruma iwakken ad yessefhem assaɣ gar ṭṭrad, lḥif d usirem n talwit.

== 5. Eclogae — Isefra n yimeksawen ==
[[Tugna:RomanVirgilFolio001rEclogues.jpg|centré|vignette|475x475px|Eclogae n Virgil.]]


'''Eclogae''', i yettwasemman daɣen '''Bucolica''', d ammud n 10 n yisefra i yura Virgil azal n yiseggasen 42–39 send Ɛisa. Deg yisefra-a, yettmeslay ɣef tudert n yimeksawen, izugar, tayri, agama d talwit n tmurt. Maca deg deffir n tugniwin-a, yella umezruy n Ruma d ṭṭrad n daxel.

=== 5.1. Asefru amezwaru ===
Deg usefru amezwaru, Virgil yessefk-d sin n yimeksawen: ''Tityrus'' d ''Meliboeus''.

Tityrus yezmer ad yeqqim deg wakal-is, maca Meliboeus ilaq ad yeǧǧ tamurt-is.

Asefru-a yettwafham s waṭas n tikkal d amedya n yibeddilen n wayla n wakal deg Italya mi ttwabḍan yigran i yiserdasen i d-yuɣalen seg ṭṭrad. Deg tallit-nni, aṭas n yifellaḥen ttwakksen seg wakal-nsen. Virgil yesseqdec timucuha n yimeksawen iwakken ad yessefhem lḥif n yimdanen i yettwakkesen seg tmurt-nsen.

=== 5.2. Asefru wis kuẓ ===
Asefru wis kuẓ d yiwen seg yisefra yettwassnen n Virgil.

Deg-s, yessefk-d tikti n tlalit n uqcic i d-yeglan s tallit tamaynut n talwit d usirem.

Deg tallit talemmast, kra n yimsiḥiyen fkan-as anamek asɣanan, ḥesben belli d asefru i d-yettmeslayen ɣef talalit n Ɛisa.

Maca aya d tarrayt n usefhem i d-yellan deffir, mačči d tidet tamezruyant ɣef wayen i yebɣa Virgil ad yini. Virgil yura asefru-a uqbel talalit n Ɛisa.

=== 5.3. Azal n Eclogae ===
Eclogae yesɛa azal ameqqran deg tsekla, imi yesseqdec tudert n ugama iwakken ad yessefhem isental imeqqranen n tmetti.

Deg-s, agama ur yelli ara kan d amkan n thuski. Yella d amkan n talwit, n tayri, d lḥif mi yettwakkes umdan seg tmurt-is.

== 6. Georgica — Tafellaḥt d ugama ==
[[Tugna:Meister des Vergilius Romanus 001.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Georgica n Virgil.]]


Georgica d adlis n Virgil i d-yettawin ɣef tfellaḥt, akal, isekla, iɣersiwen d tmeddurt n yimdanen deg ugama.

Yettwasuffeɣ azal n useggas 29 send Ɛisa, yebḍa ɣef kuẓ n yiḥricen.

Adlis-a yella d amaynut deg tsekla tarumanit imi Virgil yesseqdec aselmed n tfellaḥt am asentel n usefru ameqqran.

=== 6.1. Aḥric amezwaru: akal d yigran ===
Deg uḥric amezwaru, Virgil yessefhem amek i yettwaxdem wakal, amek i ttwasenqaden yigran, d wamek i yesseqdec ufellaḥ akud d tɣawsiwin n ugama.

Yettmeslay ɣef yiṭij, igenni, aman, agris d wayen i d-yettawin lɣella.

Maca ur yelli ara d adlis ussnan n tfellaḥt. D asefru i d-yettawin ɣef umennuɣ n umdan akked ugama.

=== 6.2. Aḥric wis sin: isekla d tẓurin ===
Deg uḥric wis sin, Virgil yessawel ɣef isekla, tiẓurin d uzemmur.

Yessefhem amek i ttwasnernayen, amek i ttwaseḥrazen d wamek i ttwaseknen yigran.

Deg-s, yella usefru i d-yettmeslayen ɣef thuski n ṭṭelyan, d wayen i t-yeǧǧan d tamurt iḥemmel.

=== 6.3. Aḥric wis kraḍ: iɣersiwen ===
Deg uḥric wis kraḍ, Virgil yessefhem tudert n yiɣersiwen n tfellaḥt, ladɣa izgaren, iɛudiwen d wulli.

Yettmeslay ɣef tazmert n yiɣersiwen, lehlak d tmettant.

Deg taggara n uḥric-a, yessefk-d tugna n lehlak ameqqran i d-yettawin tamettant i waṭas n yiɣersiwen.

Ayen-a yeskan-d belli agama yezmer ad yili d aɣbalu n tudert, maca daɣen d aɣbalu n lḥif.

=== 6.4. Aḥric wis kuẓ: tizizwit ===
Deg uḥric wis kuẓ, Virgil yessawel ɣef tizizwit, tudert-is deg tgemma, d wamek i tetteddu tmetti-s.

Yesseqdec tizizwit am amedya n tuddsa, leqdic d usdukel n tmetti.

Deg taggara n uḥric-a, yessefk-d tamacahut n Aristaeus d Orpheus, i d-yettawin ɣef tayri, tamettant d tuɣalin ɣer tudert.

== 6.5. Tikti tagejdant n Georgica ==
Georgica ur yelli ara kan d adlis ɣef tfellaḥt. D adlis i d-yettmeslayen ɣef wassaɣ gar umdan d ugama.

Virgil yessefk-d belli tudert ur tettnerni ara war leqdic. Akal yezmer ad yefk lɣella, maca ilaq ad yettwaxdem.

Deg waya, tafellaḥt tettwaḥsab d amedya n umennuɣ n umdan akked ugama, d usirem n talwit deg tmetti.

== 7. Aeneis — Aneid ==
[[Tugna:Vergils Aeneis 1910 06.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Aeneis n Virgil.]]


Aeneis d adlis ameqqran n Virgil, d win i t-yesseǧǧan gar yimedyazen imeqqranen n umaḍal. Yebḍa ɣef 12 n yiḥricen, yesɛa azal n 9 900 n yifyar.

Virgil yebda tira-s azal n useggas 29 send Ɛisa, yekkemmel armi d tamettant-is deg useggas 19 send Ɛisa.

Adlis-a d asefru aɣezzfan i d-yettalesen inig n Aeneas, yiwen seg yimeqqranen n Ṭrwa, seg tmettant n temdint-is armi d tuɣalin ɣer ṭṭelyan, anda ara yebnu aẓar n Ruma n deffir.

=== 7.1. Aeneas d Ṭrwa ===
Aeneas d yiwen seg yimeqqranen n Ṭrwa, mmi-s n Anchises d Venus.

Mi teɣli Ṭrwa deg ṭṭrad i d-yettwabedren deg Iliad n [[Humer|Homer]], Aeneas yezmer ad irewel seg temdint i yettwaserɣen.

Yettawi baba-s Anchises ɣef tuyat-is, mmi-s Ascanius, d kra n yimdanen i d-yeslek seg Ṭrwa.

Tugna-a d yiwet seg tugniwin yettwassnen n tmiṭulujit tarumanit: Aeneas yettawi baba-s ɣef tuyat-is, d amedya n wassaɣ gar yizri, tmetti d yimal.

=== 7.2. Inig ɣer ṭṭelyan ===
Aeneas d yimdanen-is ttɛeddin seg yilel ɣer yilel, ttwalin temnaḍin yemgaraden n umaḍal agrakal.

Juno, tarebbit i ur nḥemmel ara Aeneas, tettɛaraḍ ad tesseḥbes inig-is. Venus, yemma-s, tettɛawan-it.

Deg tmucuha-a, irebbiten sɛan tazmert ɣef tudert n yimdanen, maca imdanen ilaq ad fernent daɣen iberdan-nsen.

== 8. Aeneas d Dido, tagellidt n Qerṭaj ==
[[Tugna:Jacopo Amigoni (c.1682-1752) - Aeneas and Achates Wafted in a Cloud before Dido, Queen of Carthage, with Cupid at Her Feet - 772276 - National Trust.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tmlilitt n Aenead d Dido.]]


Yiwet seg tmucuha yettwassnen n Aeneis d tin n Dido, tagellidt n Qerṭaj, akked Aeneas.

=== 8.1. Aeneas deg Qerṭaj ===
Mi yewweḍ Aeneas ɣer [[Qerṭaj]], Dido teqbel-it, tefk-as aɣbalu d uḥraz. Dido tella d tagellidt i d-yessnulfan Qerṭaj deg timiṭulujit.

Aeneas yessawel-as ɣef Ṭrwa, ɣef ṭṭrad d wayen i yeḍran i yimdanen-is. Deg tallit-a, Dido tebda tettḥemmil Aeneas.

=== 8.2. Tayri d tɣawsa n umezruy ===
Dido tebɣa ad yeqqim Aeneas deg Qerṭaj, maca netta yesɛa tuɣdaḍt-nniḍen: ad yewweḍ ɣer ṭṭelyan, iwakken ad d-yales lebni n yiẓuran n Ruma.

''Mercure(Mirkur)'', amezni n yirebbiten, yessefhem-as belli ilaq ad ikemmel inig-is.

Aeneas yeǧǧa Qerṭaj, d aya i d-yeglan s lḥif ameqqran i Dido. Deg taggara, Dido tenɣa iman-is.

=== 8.3. Anamek n tmucuha ===
Tamacahut n Dido d Aeneas tettawi ɣef assaɣ gar tayri d tuɣdaḍt.

Aeneas yezmer ad yefren tayri, maca yefren abrid i as-yettwafken s yirebbiten.

Dido, deg tmuɣli n Virgil, d tameṭṭut i yesɛan tazmert d leḥkem, maca tettwaḥbes s lḥif n tayri.

Tamacahut-a tesɛa diɣen anamek asertan: Ruma d Qerṭaj llan d sin n yiɣerfan i yellan deg ṭṭrad ameqqran deg umezruy.

Maca ilaq ad nefrez gar tmiṭulujit d umezruy. Dido d Aeneas n Aeneis d imdanen n tmucuha, mačči d anagi amezruyan n ṭṭrad n Ruma d Qerṭaj.

== 9. Aeneas deg umaḍal n yimettanen ==
Deg uḥric wis sḍis n Aeneis, Aeneas yekcem ɣer umaḍal n yimettanen. Yettɛawan-it Sibyl, tameṭṭut i yesɛan tamusni n yirebbiten. Deg umaḍal-a, Aeneas yettwali kra n yimdanen i yemmuten, gar-asen baba-s Anchises. Anchises yessefhem-as ayen ara yeḍrun deg yimal, ladɣa ɣef Ruma d yigelliden-is. Deg waya, Virgil yesseqdec timiṭulujit iwakken ad yessefhem uamezruy n Ruma.

Yessefk-d tugniwin n yimdanen i ara d-yilin deg yimal, armi d tallit n [[Uɣustus]]. D yiwen seg yiḥricen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg udlis, imi yessefk-d assaɣ gar yizri, tura d yimal.

== 10. Ṭṭrad deg Italya ==
Mi yewweḍ Aeneas ɣer ṭṭelyan, ur yufi ara talwit. Yella ṭṭrad gar yimdanen-is d kra n yiɣerfan i zedɣen dinna. Turnus, aqeṛṛu n Rutuli, yella d axṣim-is agejdan n Aeneas. Aeneas yebɣa ad yesseǧhed assaɣ d Latinus, agellid n Latium, akked yelli-s Lavinia. Maca Turnus yebɣa ad yezweǧ Lavinia, d aya i d-yeglan s ṭṭrad.

=== 10.1. Aeneas d Turnus ===
Deg taggara Aeneas d Turnus kecmen deg uymennuɣ. Mi yerbeḥ Aeneas Turnus deg umennuɣ, yella yezmer ad as-yeǧǧ tudert. Maca mi iwala taḥzamt n Plallante i yelsa Turnus, yemmekta-d amek i yenɣa Turnus Pallante. Deg wakud-nni, Aeneas yerfa, yenɣa Turnus. Adlis yekfa deg tmettant-a, war ma yessefhem Virgil amek i d-teḍra talwit deffir ṭṭrad. Taggara-a tesɛa azal ameqqran, imi tettawi ɣef tuccḍa, lḥif d wayen i d-yettawi ṭṭrad deg tudert n yimdanen.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Idriss Aberkane</title>
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      <text bytes="6361" sha1="oojhsggqxsbdc0bcgfuaeqd95sbucym" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q18350948|image=[[File:Idriss Aberkane 1.jpg|thumb|Idriss Aberkane]]|date of birth=23 Maggu 1986|nationality=Tafṛansist /
Tazzdayrit}}

'''Idriss Aberkane''' d ameskar, d amyaru n yimagraden, amsarag, d win i d-yettawwin daɣen ameslay deg tedwilin d tmeslayin tizuyaz, d win yettwassnen s usiweḍ n tmusni tussnant ɣer ugdud. Yettwassen ladɣa s tiktiwin-is ɣef wallaɣ n umdan, tizemmar n ulmad, [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]], tasertit n tmusni akked tdamsa n ugama.

Yettwasnen deg [[Fransa]] akked tmura nniḍen s tmeslayin-is ɣef wamek yezmer umdan ad yesnerni tizemmar-is n ulmad, ad yesseqdec tamusni akken iwata, ad yefhem assaɣ gar tussna, tadamsa d ugama.

Gar yisental i d-yettawi s waṭas, ad naf:

- Tasnefsit n ulmad: amek ilemmed umdan, amek i tetteddu tmusni deg wallaɣ.

- Tussna n wallaɣ (neurosciences): assaɣ gar ubeddel n wallaɣ, tiktiwin d ulmad.

- Tadamsa n ugama: amek ara tili tdamsa i yettɛawanen aḥraz n ugama.

- Tigzi taragmawant: tizemmar n yinagrawen n tigzi taragmawant d tezrirt-nsen ɣef tmetti.

- Tafelsafit n tmusni: azal n tmusni, n usugen d usnulfu deg tudert n umdan.

Maca, Idris Aberkan d yiwen seg yimdanen i d-yewwin amgired deg ugdud, ladɣa ɣef kra n yisallen i d-yefka ɣef leqraya-s, ɣef kra n tezrawin-is, akked wamek i d-yessawal ɣef tussna.

== 1. Temẓi d twacult-is ==
Idris Aberkan ilul deg Pithiviers, deg Fransa, deg twacult yesɛan iẓuran iqbayliyen.

Imawlan-is xeddmen deg uselmed n tusnakt. Aya yezmer ad yessegzi kra n wayen i t-yerran ad yili d win iḥemmlen tussna, tusnakt d ulmad seg temẓi-s.

Deg temẓi-s, yekcem daɣen ɣer umussu n yimeẓyanen &quot;''Scouts musulmans de France&quot;''. Deg kra n tmeslayin-is, yessegza-d amek i t-ɛawnen yirmad-nni i usnerni n tiktiwin-is ɣef uselmed d umɛawan gar yimdanen. 

== 2. Leqraya-s d yiger n tussna ==
Idris Aberkan yegga leqraya deg waṭas n taɣulin, maca ilaq ad nefrez gar yiseɣwan n leqraya-s, iselmaden-is, d yizwiren n tussna i deg yettwassen.

Deg 2014, yewwi-d agardis n duktura deg tsekla tamserwest deg Tesdawit n Strasbourg.

Deg 2016, yewwi-d agardis n duktura deg tussniwin n usefrek deg Tesdawit Paris-Saclay. Tazrawt-is tettwasewjed deg usatal n École polytechnique.

Yella daɣen uselkin i d-yewwi seg &quot;''Centre d'études diplomatiques et stratégiques&quot;'', maca aselkin-a ur yettwaɛqal ara am duktura n tesdawit s yilugan unṣiben n Fransa.

Aferdis agejdan: agardis n duktura n 2016 ur d-yemmal ara dakken yesɛa duktura tunṣibt deg tussna n wallaɣ (neurosciences). Daktura-s d win n tussniwin n usefrek.

== 3. Tiktiwin-is ɣef ulmad d wallaɣ ==
Idris Aberkan yesseqdac aṭas tamiḍrant n ''neuroergonomie'', i d-yettawin ɣef wamek ara nseɣti imukan n uxeddim d ulmad akken ad ilin wulmen i wallaɣ n umdan.

Deg tiktiwin-is, yesɛa kra n yisental igejdanen.

=== 3.1. Almad s lebɣi ===
Yettwali dakken umdan ilemmed ugar mi ara yili yesɛa lebɣi, afud d tɣara n ulmad i t-yeǧǧan ad yili d amur deg wayen ilemmed.

Tikti-a tesɛa assaɣ d kra n tezrawin n tesnefsit n ulmad, maca ur ilaq ara ad nettwali akk ayen i d-yenna Aberkan am tidet tussnant i d-yettwasbeggnen s yisefka d tezrawin.

=== 3.2. Asnulfu d usugen ===
Yettwali dakken asnulfu ur d-yettas ara kan seg tmusni yellan yakan, maca daɣen seg umyagar n tiktiwin yemgaraden.

Amedya: amdan yezmer ad yesdukkel tussna n ugama akked tsenselkimt i usnulfu n wallalen imaynuten.

=== 3.3. Tizemmar n wallaɣ ===
Yettmeslay s waṭas ɣef ''neuroplasticité'', d tazmert n wallaɣ ad ibeddel kra n tɣessa-s d yassaɣen gar yiberdan-is n usiweḍ n yisallen gar inuṛunen, ilmend n ulmad d tirmit.

Tamiḍrant-a tettttwasbeggen deg tussna n wallaɣ, maca ur d-temmal ara dakken yal amdan yezmer ad yesseɣli tilisa n tizemmar-is war tilas.

== 4. Tadamsa n tmusni ==
Deg tiktiwin-is ɣef &quot;''économie de la connaissance&quot;'', Aberkan yessegza-d dakken tamusni tesɛa tulmisin yemgaraden ɣef tid n tɣawsiwin tangawin.

Amedya, mi ara bḍuɣ tamusni-inu akked umdan nniḍen, ur tt-sruḥuyeɣ ara. Zemreɣ ad tt-ḥerzeɣ, netta daɣen ad tt-yesseqdec.

Seg waya, yettwali dakken asdukkel n tmusni, aselmed d usnulfu zemren ad ilin d lsas n tdamsa tamaynut.

== 5. Tadamsa n ugama ==
Aberkan yettmeslay daɣen ɣef &quot;''économie bleue&quot;'', d tamiḍrant n tdamsa i d-yessumren ad nesnulfu azal s useqdec n yiferdisen n ugama war assexreb n yinagrawen igamanen.

Yettwali dakken tussna tezmer ad telmed seg wamek tteddun yiferdisen n ugama.

Amedya, kra n tɣessiwin n yisekla, n yiɣersiwen neɣ n yisefka n ugama zemrent ad d-fkent tiktiwin i usnulfu n wallalen d tɣawsiwin timaynutin.

== 6. Idlisen-is igejdanen ==

=== Libérez votre cerveau ! (2016) ===
Deg udlis-a, yessegza-d tiktiwin-is ɣef wallaɣ, almad, asnulfu d wamek yezmer uselmed ad ibeddel.

=== L'Âge de la connaissance (2018) ===
Yettawi-d ɣef wazal n tmusni deg tdamsa, akked wamek ara tesnerni tmetti s tussna d usnulfu.

=== Le Triomphe de votre intelligence (2022) ===
Yettmeslay ɣef tigzi n umdan, tigzi taragmawant d yilemmasen i yezmer umdan ad yesnerni deg umaḍal n tmacinin yesɛan tigzi.

== 7. Imennuɣen d usenqed n yimahilen-is ==
Idris Aberkan yewwi-d aṭas n usenqed seg kra n yimussnawen d yinagrawen n tussna.

=== 7.1. Amedya n CV-is ===
Kra n yimegraden n tɣamsa senqden talɣutin i d-yettawi ɣef leqraya-s d yimahilen-is deg tesdawiyin.

&quot;''École polytechnique&quot;'' tessegza-d dakken yewwi-d duktura seg Paris-Saclay, maca ur yelli ara d amnadi unṣib deg-s.

=== 7.2. Tamsalt n usenɣel (plagiat) ===
Deg 2023, tettwafser-d talɣut ɣef usenqed n tazrawt-is n duktura n 2016.

Tasqamust tussnant n École polytechnique tessegza-d dakken tella tamsalt n usenɣel deg kra n yiḥricen n tezrawt-is, tessekcem-d asumer n tukksa n duktur-nni. Maca ur ilaq ara ad nini dakken duktura-s yettwakkes, imi ur d-yettwasegza ara akka deg yiɣbula i ttwasneqden. 

=== 7.3. Tussna d tiktiwin ur nettwasbggen ara ===
Kra n yimussnawen senqden tarrayt-is n usiweḍ n tussna, ladɣa mi ara yesdukkel igmaḍ n tezrawin tussnanin akked tiktiwin-is tudmawanin.

Deg tmeslayin-is ɣef COVID-19 d useggem n tezmert, kra n yisallen i d-yefka ttwasneqden neɣ ttwasemxalafen s tezrawin tussnanin.

Aya yessefk ad nefrez gar tiktiwin-is, ayen i d-ttawin tezrawin tussnanin, d wayen i mazal d amennuɣ gar yimussnawen.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Nvidia</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <text bytes="8751" sha1="f8dupb1eczfsekvfh46x9t1eghhwmgn" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name = Nvidia
| official_name = Nvidia Corp.
| image = [[File:NVIDIA Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Tasɣimt n NVIDIA]]
| type = Titiknulujit
| founded = 5 yebrir, 1993
| founder = Jensen Huang
Chris Malachowsky
Curtis Priem
| headquarters = Santa Klara, Kalifurnya, Marikan
| country = Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan
| industry = GPU
| products = Tikarḍiwin n GPU(GeForce  • RTX / Quadro)
CUDA
CPUs (Grace)
DPUs (BlueField)
SoCs (Tegra  • Drive)
DGX
| website = https://www.nvidia.com/
| wikidata_revenue = yes
| wikidata_operating_income = yes
| wikidata_net_income = yes
| logo = [[File:NVIDIA logo.svg|thumb|Alugu n NVIDIA]]
}}

'''Nvidia''' d tarmiṣt tamirikanit n titiknulujit, tettnadi, tessalay yerna tessuffuɣ-d tiɣeṛɣaṛ n yisekkaren udlifen (GPU), inagrawen n usiḍen arurad, iseɣẓanen d wallalen n tigzi taragmawant.

Tettwasbedd deg 5 yebrir 1993 deg [[Kalifurnya]], deg [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Marikan]]. Deg tazwara, iswi-is yella deg usnerni n wudlifen s kraḍ n tsekkiwin (3D), ladɣa i wuraren n yiselkimen. Maca, seg useggas n 2006, tebda tarmiṣt ad tesnerni tiknulujit i yessawaḍen GPU ad yexdem asiḍen ur cudden ara kan ɣer tugniwin.

Ass-a, NVIDIA ur teqqim ara d tarmiṣt n tikarḍiwin tudlifin kan. Tuɣal d yiwet seg tiṛmisin tigejdanin deg usali n inagrawen n [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]], aselmed n tmudmiwin n tutlayt, tusna, arrubutik, timacinin tifulmanin d yisekkaren imeqqranen.

Deg 2026, afaris-is ur yettwasres ara kan deg yiselkimen n yimdanen, maca daɣen deg yimmasen n yisefka, i deg xeddmen yiwalen n GPU s umata akken ad siḍnen isefka iṭṭuqqten s zreb.

== 3. Amezruy n NVIDIA ==

=== 3.1. Tallit n tlalit: 1993–1997 ===
Deg yebrir 1993, kraḍ n yijenyuṛen, Jensen Huang, Chris Malachowsky d Curtis Priem, sbeddan NVIDIA. Ɣur-sen, tikti tagejdant tella d asnerni n tiknulujit n tugniwin i yiselkimen.

Deg tallit-nni, uranen n yiselkimen bdant ad sɛun azal ameqran. Maca isekkaren n wakud-nni ur zmiren ara ad siḍnen s lemɣawla akk isefka ilaqen i usken n wudlifen 3D.

Deg 1995, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d NV1, yiwen seg yifarisen-is imezwura. Ur yewwi ara lebɣi n tnezzut acku tasegda-s temgarad ɣef kra n yilugan i yettwasqedcen deg tallit-nni.

Deg 1997, tarmiṣt tessufeɣ-d RIVA 128, asekkar udlif i yesɛan amhaz meqqren deg usefrak n tugniwin 3D. Afaris-a yefka-as i NVIDIA tagnit ad tebnu azadur n tnezzut-is.

=== 3.2. GeForce d tlalit n GPU: 1999 ===
Deg 1999, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d GeForce 256, i tessekna am uGPU amezwaru.

GPU d agzul n Graphics Processing Unit, d asekkar yettwaselɣen i usiḍen n tugniwin d wudlifen. GeForce 256 yesdukkel deg yiwen n uceṛṛun kra n yimahilen udlifen i yellan uqbel xeddmen-ten yiferdisen yemgaraden.

Ilaq ad nefhem dakken NVIDIA d nettat i d-yessumren GPU s wudem-a n tnezzut deg 1999, maca isekkaren n tugniwin llan yakan uqbel-as.

S GeForce 256, NVIDIA tebda ad tettwasnen ugar deg tnezzut n uraren d yiselkimen n yimeẓla.

=== 3.3. Tallit n CUDA: 2006 ===
Deg 2006, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture).

D yiwet seg tneqqiḍin tigejdanin deg umezruy-is.

Uqbel CUDA, GPU yettwasqedc s waṭas i tugniwin. S CUDA, imsihelen zemren ad arun ahilen i yessawaḍen GPU ad yexdem isḍanen n tusna, tusnakt, tusnengama d tasleṭ n yisefka.

S waya, GPU yuɣal d allal n usiḍen arurad, ur yeqqim ara kan d allal n uraren.

=== 3.4. NVIDIA d tigzi taragmawant: 2012 ===
Deg 2012, tamudemt AlexNet, i d-yessuffɣen Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever d Geoffrey Hinton, tewwi-d agmuḍ yelhan deg timsizzelt ImageNet.

Imnadiyen-a sqedcen GPU n NVIDIA i uselmed n uzeṭṭa n yiṛununen.

Agmuḍ-a yessekna dakken almad alqay (deep learning) yezmer ad yili d tarrayt tafessast ugar deg waṭas n tɣawsiwin n ussugen d tasleṭ n tugniwin.

Seg tallit-a, aseqdec n GPU deg tigzi taragmawant ibeddel amek xeddmen imnadiyen d yimsihelen.

=== 3.5. Tallit n RTX: 2018 ===
Deg 2018, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d tasegda RTX, i yessawaḍen ad yettwaxdem uskan n yizirigen n tafat (ray tracing) deg wakud ilaw.

Tatiknulujit-a tezmer ad tesɛeddi aselɣu n tafat, tilisa n tili d yimeclalen n tugniwin akken ad d-banent s wudem iqerrben ugar ɣer tilawt.

RTX tessnerna daɣen aseqdec n tigzi taragmawant i usnerni n tbadut d tɣara n tugniwin.

=== 3.6. Seg 2022 ar 2026: tallit n inagrawen imeqqranen n AI ===
Deg yiseggasen-a, NVIDIA teffeɣ seg wudem n tarmiṣt i yeznuzun GPU ɣer tarmiṣt i yessalayn anagraw ummid: isekkaren, takatut, azeṭṭa, iseɣẓanen, allalen n usihel d yimmasen n yisefka.

Tiɣeṛɣaṛ Hopper, Blackwell d Rubin ttwasnernant iwakken ad siḍnent timudmiwin timeqqranin n tigzi taragmawant.

Deg 2026, NVIDIA tebda asnerni n tɣessa Vera Rubin, i yesdukklen GPU Rubin, CPU Vera d yiferdisen n uzeṭṭa, akken ad yili usiḍen s waṭas n yisekkaren i d-yettmeslayen gar-asen.

Amezruy-a yeskan-d abeddel agejdan: seg usken n tugniwin 3D, ɣer tɣessa n tigzi taragmawant n umaḍal.

== 4. D acu i d GPU? Amek i iteddu? ==
GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) d asekkar udlif, yettwaselɣen iwakken ad yexdem aṭas n usiḍen s yiwet n tikelt, s tarrayt n umahil amsadaɣ (parallel processing).

Tifrat-a temgarad ɣef CPU (Central Processing Unit), i yellan d asekkar agejdan n uselkim.

=== 4.1. Amgired gar CPU d GPU ===
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-29 14-53-10.png|centré|575x575px]]                                                      


&lt;small&gt;'''Unuɣ n usegzi, ur d-yettmeslay ara ɣef umḍan n yiferdisen n CPU neɣ GPU n tidet.'''&lt;/small&gt;

CPU yelha i yimahilen yemgaraden, i usendeh n unagraw, i usefrek n yisefka d tigawin i yesran ad myezwarent.

GPU, s tama-nniḍen, yelha ladɣa i yimahilen i nezmer ad nebḍu ɣef waṭas n yiferdisen ad ten-nsiḍen s wudem amsadaɣ.

Amedya: ad neḥseb timernit n sin yisurta, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa 1 000 000 n yimḍanen.

&lt;math&gt;
C_i = A_i + B_i, \qquad 0 \leq i &lt; 1\,000\,000
&lt;/math&gt;

Imi yal timernit ur teḥwaǧ ara agmuḍ n tin nniḍen, GPU yezmer ad yebḍu amahil-a ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen. D tamiḍrant-a i d azadur n usiḍen amsadaɣ.

=== 4.2. Iferdisen igejdanen n GPU ===
GPU amiran yesɛa aṭas n yiferdisen, gar-asen:

- '''CUDA Cores''': iferdisen n usiḍen i yimahilen n tusnakt d usiḍen amatu.

- '''Tensor Cores''': iferdisen yettwaselɣen i yimahilen n yisiraw (matrices), i yesɛan azal meqqren deg almad alqay.

- '''RT Cores''': iferdisen n uskan n yizirigen n tafat deg tugniwin 3D.

- '''VRAM''': takatut n GPU, i deg ttwaḥrazen yisefka i yettwasiḍnen.

- '''Takatut L2''': takatut taruradt i yellan qrib ɣer yigrawen n usiḍen.

- '''NVLink''': tarrayt n tuqqna taruradt gar GPU d GPU, neɣ gar yiferdisen n unagraw, ilmend n tasegda.

Amedya, RTX 5090 yesɛa 32 GB n tkatut GDDR7, ma d isekkaren n yimmasen n yisefka zemren ad sɛun takatut HBM s wazal d tɣara yemgaraden.

== 5. CUDA: azadur n tzemmert n NVIDIA ==
CUDA d yiwen n unagraw n usihel d tɣessa n usiḍen amsadaɣ i d-tesnulfa NVIDIA. Tessawaḍ i umsihel ad yesseqdec GPU i yimahilen ur nelli ara d tugniwin kan. Deg CUDA, imahilen ttwasuddsen s wudem-a:
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-30 13-33-01.png|centré|670x670px]]


&lt;small&gt;Yal akala afessas(thread) yezmer ad yesɛu amḍiq-is, ad iɣer isefka, ad yexdem asiḍen, syin ad yerr agmuḍ.&lt;/small&gt;

D acu kan, ur ilaq ara ad neḥseb dakken GPU dima yif CPU deg yal amahil. Ma yella amahil yesɛa aṭas n tigawin i yemyuqqnen, neɣ yesra abrid amezwaru uqbel win wis sin, CPU yezmer ad yili yif-it.

=== 5.1. Aseqdec n CUDA deg usihel ===
CUDA yettwasqedc deg waṭas n tutlayin d yisnasen. Gar-asen C++, Python, PyTorch d TensorFlow.

Amedya amezwaru d agzul n wamek i yezmer umsihel ad yesseqdec GPU i tmernit n yisurta:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c++&quot;&gt;
__global__ void add(const float *a,
                    const float *b,
                    float *c, int n) {
    int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    if (i &lt; n) {
        c[i] = a[i] + b[i];
    }
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Deg uhil-a, yal akala afessas(thread) yettawi yiwen n umḍiq '''i''', syin yesiḍin '''a[i] + b[i]'''. S waya, aṭas n yiḥricen zemren ad xedmen deg wakud-nni kan. Amedya-a yeskan kan iɣes(''kernel)''; akken ad yeddu, yesra asenker-is d usefrek n tkatut.

=== 5.2. Ayɣer CUDA yesɛa azal meqqren? ===
Azal n CUDA ur yelli ara kan deg tzemmert n GPU.

NVIDIA tebna-d fell-as aṭas n temkarḍiwin n usihel (software libraries), gar-asent cuDNN, cuBLAS, NCCL d TensorRT.

Asihel n waṭas n yisnasen n tigzi taragmawant teqqen ɣer tɣessa-a. Aya yessawaḍ-d i NVIDIA azal nniḍen deg tnezzut, acku amsihel ur yessutur ara GPU kan: yesra daɣen iseɣẓanen, allalen n usenqed d temkarḍiwin i yettwasenqden.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tiberyus</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="3737" sha1="mlg7qh5nxwoxzcj479wznzpq8ilkw1n" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1407|image=[[File:(Venice) Tiberius Portrait of the 'Imperium Maius' type in Museo Archeologico Nazionale.jpg|thumb|(Venice) Tarudemt n Tiberyus s wanaw n 'Imperium Maius' deg usalay n &quot;Archeologico Nazionale&quot;]]|caption=Amenkad Tiberyus.|date of birth=16 Wambeṛ 42|nationality=Tarumanit|date of death=16 Meɣres 37}}

'''Tiberyus''' (s tlaṭinit: Tiberius Caesar Augustus), i d-ilulen ass n 16 Wamber 42 send talalit n Ɛisa (S.T.Ɛ.), i yemmut ass n 16 Meɣres 37 seld talalit n Ɛisa (S.L.Ɛ.), yella d amenkad wis sin n Tmenkda tarumanit. Yeḥkem seg 18 Ɣuct 14 ar 16 Meɣres 37 S.L.Ɛ., deffir n [[Uɣustus]], amenkad amezwaru n Ruma.

Tiberyus yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy arumani. Ɣas akken ur yesɛi ara tamanegt n Uɣustus, yella d amseddas n ṭṭrad iǧehden, d anedbal i yessnen amek ara yettwaḥrez wayla n Tmenkda, d win i yesnernan tarrayin n useḥkem i d-yegǧa Uɣustus.

Tallit-is tettwasen s waṭas n tneqqiḍin i yemgaraden: talwit deg waṭas n tmura n Tmenkda, asnerni n wayla n ddula, uguren gar umenkad d Senat, tixidas tisertanin gar yimdanen i iqerrben ɣer umenkad, asnerni n tazmert n yiɛessasen n Pretorya, akked uselḥu n tedbelt seg ugafa n tegzirt n Capri deg yiseggasen-is ineggura.

Tiberyus yella daɣen d amenkad n tallit i deg yedder [[Ɛisa|Ɛisa n Nazaret]](ma neḥsab dakken s tidet [[Ɛisa]] yella s wudem amazray, mačči kan s wudem asɣanen). Ɣef waya, isem-is yettwabder deg yidlisen n tsertit, n umezruy d yidles amasiḥi.

== Aḥric amezwaru — Tudert-is send useḥkem ==

=== 1. Ruma deg tallit n tlalit n Tiberyus ===
Iwakken ad nefhem tudert n Tiberyus, ilaq ad nẓer tegnit tasertant n Ruma deg useggas 42 S.T.Ɛ.

Deg tallit-nni, Ruma mazal-itt s yisem d tagduda (Res publica Romana), maca tazmert tasertant tebda tettnejmaɛ deg yifassen n kra n yimdanen iǧehden.

Ṭṭrad agensan gar [[Julius Caesar]] d yiɛdawen-is, syin gar [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]] d Mark Untunyus, yessexreb anagraw aqbur n [[Tagduda Taṛumanit|tagduda tarumanit]].

Octavianus, win ara yuɣalen d Uɣustus, yessnerna tazmert-is armi yuɣal d amdan i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant deg Ruma.

Tiberyus, i d-ilulen deg tegnit-a, ad yedder akk ibeddilen imeqqranen i d-yewwin asnulfu n [[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tmenkda tarumanit]].

=== 2. Tallit n temẓi ===
Tiberyus ilul ass n 16 Wamber 42 S.T.Ɛ., deg Ruma. Baba-s, Tiberiyus Claudius Nero, yella d amdan n tawacult Claudii, yiwet seg twaculin timeqqranin n Ruma.

Yemma-s, Livia Drusilla, tella d tameṭṭut i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit.

Deg yiseggasen imezwura n tudert-is, tawacult-is tella deg tegnit taɛekkamt, acku baba-s yella deg tama n yiɛdawen n Octavianus.

Tawacult teḥwaǧ ad tarewel seg Ruma, uqbel ad d-tuɣal mi terkad tegnit tasertant.

==== 2.1. Livia d Uɣust ====
Deg 39 S.T.Ɛ., Livia tefraq d urgaz-is amezwaru, syin tuɣ Octavianus deg 38 S.T.Ɛ.

S wakka, Tiberyus yuɣal d mmi-s n tmeṭṭut n Octavianus, syin d mmi-s s tedbelt(s usmemmi) n [[Uɣustus]].

Aya yeldi-as abrid ɣer tsertit tameqqrant n Ruma. Maca ur yelli ara d amezwaru i yebɣa Uɣustus ad t-yeḍfer deg useḥkem.

=== 3. Aseɣti d uselmed n Tiberyus ===
Tiberyus yekker deg twennaḍt n yimdanen i yesɛan azal deg Ruma.

Yelmed:

- Tlaṭinit d tegrigit.

- Amezruy n Ruma d win n Yigrigiyen.

- Tamsislit d tarrayin n umeslay deg ugraw.

- Tasertit d yilugan n tagduda.

- Tarrayin n useḥkem n yiserdasen.

- Tifelsafit d yidles agrigi.

Tiberyus yella d amdan i yettwaḥesben d win i yettxemmimen aṭas, ur yettmeslay ara s waṭas, maca yettɛassa s leḥder ayen i d-yettḍerrun.

Tiberyus yebda tudert-is tasertant deg tlemmast n yIbeddilen n Uɣustus.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stuxnet</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-30T16:20:49Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
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      <text bytes="974" sha1="mdxx6z9q5pdr88ea2rubs03pcub3435" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Cyber Serpent Infiltrates the Control Plant.png|droite|448x448px]]
'''Stuxnet''' d avirus aselkiman n wanaw n ijirmeḍ aselkiman, i yettwafkan i yiman-is ad yernu ad yeẓẓu iman-is deg yiselkimen nniḍen. Maca, Stuxnet ur yettwabna ara kan iwakken ad yessexser ifuyla, ad yekker isefka neɣ ad yaɣ isallen. Yettwasnulfa iwakken ad ibeddel tikli n yiseɣẓanen i iseddun timacinin n usnerni n uṛanyum, alamma yessawaḍ ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg wallalen n tilawt.

Yettwaf deg 2010, maca anadi ussnan yesken-d belli kra n yileqman-is llan seg yiseggasen i d-yezwaren. Iswi-ines agejdan, akken i d-skanen yinadiyen, d asḍaɛef n usefrek n uranyum deg yigrawen yisgammasen i yettwasqedcen i usnerni n uṛanyum n Natanz, deg Iran.

Stuxnet d yiwen gar yimedyaten imezwura i yettwassnen n unṭag aselkiman i d-yettawin axessar afizikan. Aya yessebgan-d belli anṭag s yiseɣẓanen yezmer ad yuɣal seg umaḍal umḍin ɣer umaḍal n tmaccinin timguranin.</text>
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      <timestamp>2026-10-30T20:38:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117821</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1005" sha1="80sm1i7rvjh2njtutlcm3ht9k78fqo7" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Cyber Serpent Infiltrates the Control Plant.png|droite|448x448px]]
'''Stuxnet''' d avirus aselkiman n wanaw n ijirmeḍ aselkiman(neɣ aḥermeččal aselkiman), i yettwafkan i yiman-is ad yernu ad yeẓẓu iman-is deg yiselkimen nniḍen. Maca, Stuxnet ur yettwabna ara kan iwakken ad yessexser ifuyla, ad yekker isefka neɣ ad yaɣ isallen. Yettwasnulfa iwakken ad ibeddel tikli n yiseɣẓanen i iseddun timacinin n usnerni n uṛanyum, alamma yessawaḍ ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg wallalen n tilawt.

Yettwaf deg 2010, maca anadi ussnan yesken-d belli kra n yileqman-is llan seg yiseggasen i d-yezwaren. Iswi-ines agejdan, akken i d-skanen yinadiyen, d asḍaɛef n usefrek n uranyum deg yigrawen yisgammasen i yettwasqedcen i usnerni n uṛanyum n Natanz, deg Iran.

Stuxnet d yiwen gar yimedyaten imezwura i yettwassnen n unṭag aselkiman i d-yettawin axessar afizikan. Aya yessebgan-d belli anṭag s yiseɣẓanen yezmer ad yuɣal seg umaḍal umḍin ɣer umaḍal n tmaccinin timguranin.</text>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117823</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1006" sha1="lu51ex6fzn3320j5jsxaccdg69xpdly" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Cyber Serpent Infiltrates the Control Plant.png|droite|448x448px]]
'''Stuxnet''' d avirus aselkiman n wanaw n ijirmeḍ aselkiman(neɣ aḥermeččal aselkiman), i yettwafkan i yiman-is ad yernu ad yeẓẓu iman-is deg yiselkimen nniḍen. Maca, Stuxnet ur yettwabna ara kan iwakken ad yessexser ifuyla, ad yekker isefka neɣ ad yaɣ isallen. Yettwasnulfa iwakken ad ibeddel tikli n yiseɣẓanen i iseddun n tmacinin n usnerni n uṛanyum, alamma yessawaḍ ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg wallalen n tilawt.

Yettwaf deg 2010, maca anadi ussnan yesken-d belli kra n yileqman-is llan seg yiseggasen i d-yezwaren. Iswi-ines agejdan, akken i d-skanen yinadiyen, d asḍaɛef n usefrek n uranyum deg yigrawen yisgammasen i yettwasqedcen i usnerni n uṛanyum n Natanz, deg Iran.

Stuxnet d yiwen gar yimedyaten imezwura i yettwassnen n unṭag aselkiman i d-yettawin axessar afizikan. Aya yessebgan-d belli anṭag s yiseɣẓanen yezmer ad yuɣal seg umaḍal umḍin ɣer umaḍal n tmaccinin timguranin.</text>
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      <comment>Tuccḍiwin yettwaseɣtan</comment>
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      <text bytes="1005" sha1="80sm1i7rvjh2njtutlcm3ht9k78fqo7" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Cyber Serpent Infiltrates the Control Plant.png|droite|448x448px]]
'''Stuxnet''' d avirus aselkiman n wanaw n ijirmeḍ aselkiman(neɣ aḥermeččal aselkiman), i yettwafkan i yiman-is ad yernu ad yeẓẓu iman-is deg yiselkimen nniḍen. Maca, Stuxnet ur yettwabna ara kan iwakken ad yessexser ifuyla, ad yekker isefka neɣ ad yaɣ isallen. Yettwasnulfa iwakken ad ibeddel tikli n yiseɣẓanen i iseddun timacinin n usnerni n uṛanyum, alamma yessawaḍ ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg wallalen n tilawt.

Yettwaf deg 2010, maca anadi ussnan yesken-d belli kra n yileqman-is llan seg yiseggasen i d-yezwaren. Iswi-ines agejdan, akken i d-skanen yinadiyen, d asḍaɛef n usefrek n uranyum deg yigrawen yisgammasen i yettwasqedcen i usnerni n uṛanyum n Natanz, deg Iran.

Stuxnet d yiwen gar yimedyaten imezwura i yettwassnen n unṭag aselkiman i d-yettawin axessar afizikan. Aya yessebgan-d belli anṭag s yiseɣẓanen yezmer ad yuɣal seg umaḍal umḍin ɣer umaḍal n tmaccinin timguranin.</text>
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