Bgayet

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      <text bytes="72201" sha1="39wur7ta2bd3wd7dqu1cp4odrdddeez" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Port Bejaia - panoramio.jpg|vignette|309x309px|Tamuɣli n Bgayet seg [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal -]]  Adrar n Yema Guraya deg deffir.|alt=Tamuɣli n Bgayet seg Yilel Agrakal - Adrar n Yema Guraya deg deffir.]]
{{Infobox Tamnaḍt
|isem=Bgayet
|tamurt=Tamurt n Lezzayer
|tamanaɣt=Taɣiwant n Bgayet
|isem adigan=Bgayet/Bgayet
|takarḍa=Algeria-Bejaia.png
|lqedd takarḍa=300
|azday takarḍa=Temnaḍt n Bgayet deg Tamurt n Lezzayer|imezdaɣ=177,988 (2008)|taneẓẓi=1,480.5 imezdaɣen/km²
|tutlayin=Taqbaylit, Tafransist, Taɛrabt|tajumma=120,22 km²

}}

'''Bgayet''' neɣ Vgayet  ('''ⴲⴳⴰⵢⴻⵝ''' s Tifnaɣ) d tamdint akk d asagan meqqren deg Yilel Agrakal akk d tamaneɣt n tamnaḍt n Bgayet deg  [[tmurt n leqbayel]] deg ugafa n [[Tamurt Lezzayer|Tamurt n Lezzayer]]. Tamdint n Bgayet tesɛa azal n 177, 988&lt;ref&gt;« [http://www.ons.dz/collections/w06_p2.pdf Wilaya de Béjaïa : répartition de la population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs, selon la commune de résidence et la dispersion] » [PDF]. Données du recensement général de la population et de l'habitat de 2008 sur le site de l'ONS.&lt;/ref&gt; n imezdaɣ.  Tamnaḍt n Bgayet tesɛa azal n amelyun n yimezdaɣ  (2008)&lt;ref&gt;« [http://www.ons.dz/collections/pop1_national.pdf Population résidente des ménages ordinaires et collectifs selon la wilaya de résidence et le sexe et le taux d’accroissement annuel moyen (1998-2008)] ». &lt;/ref&gt;. 

== '''Aẓar n yisem n Bgayet''' ==
Bgayet d isem amaziɣ—i yellan deg tazwara d Tabgayet, maca asekkil n “t” amezwaru n yisem-is d-yettakken azref n tmeṭṭut  yeɣli-d deg useqdec acḥal aya —yekka-d seg wawalen iqburen tabegga neɣ tabeɣayt, s unamek n atrar n &quot;imudaɣ d [[tizwal]] n tẓegwa&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;Haddadou, Mohand Akli (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8kiwnQEACAAJ Dictionnaire toponymique et historique de l'Algérie: comportant les principales localités, ainsi qu'un glossaire des mots arabes et berbères entrant dans la composition des noms de lieux]  pp. 193–194 (s tefransist). Tizi Wezzu: Achab. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-9947-972-25-0&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Isem n Bgayet yesεa ihi yiwen n uẓar amaziɣ deg tazwara am yismawen niḍen n temdinin n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tamezɣa]] am Thugga d [[Baja]] deg [[Tunes]] neɣ Begay (Baghaï, s tarbt &quot;بغاي&quot;) deg [[Awras|Wawras]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Deg tutlayin i d-yekkan srid seg tlatinit taɣerfant n tallit talemmast—xemsa-nni n tutlayin i yettmeslayen s waṭas, d taspenyult, tapurtugit, tafṛansist, taṭelyanit, tarumaniyt— Bugaya (seg taɛrabt بجاية; s tespenyulit Bujía d s taṭelyanit Bugía&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/bougie Bougie: Définition de Bougie]&quot;. cnrtl.fr (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 12 fuṛar 2017.
&lt;/ref&gt; ) d isem i d-yettunefken i temdint-a imi deg tallit-nni tessawaḍ-d ɣer Tuṛuft aṭas n ccmeɛ n tizizwa i usnulfu n teftilin&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://stella.atilf.fr/Dendien/scripts/tlfiv5/visusel.exe?11;s=4194639330;r=1;nat=;sol=0; BOUGIE, subst. fém]&quot;. Trésor de la langue française informatisé (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 26 yulyu 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;. Dɣa, isem-nni yuɣal Bougie s tefransist. S tikelt ɣer tayed, deg tallit n tlemmas, isem-nni yewweḍ ad d-yerzu ɣer i usnulfu n teftilin di Turuf; seg imir-n, s umata, teftilin ttwasemman s tefransist s wawal &quot;bougie&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;. Aya daɣen i d yerran wawal n “bougeoir”, d win ay d-yesskanayen ticemmaɛin s ufus ɣezzifen i sseqdacen ineɣmasen akatuliken d iserdasen imeqranen.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/dictionary/index.cfm?id=32252 Dictionary : BUGIA]&quot;. www.catholicculture.org. Yettwaṭṭef deg 3 yennayer 2025.&lt;/ref&gt;
== '''Tarakalt''' ==
Temding n Bgayet tella deg ugafa n tamnaḍt n Bgayet, ɣef  tafsirt [[ilel Agrakal|agrakal]] dɣa tettwazger sɣur [[Asif asemmam]], taɣiwant n Bgayet tella deg iri n ilel Agrakal deg ugafa d ugmuḍ dɣa tennuled tiɣiwanin n [[Tuǧa]] deg ugmuḍ, n [[Asif n Ɣir]] deg wenẓul dɣa [[Buxlifa]] d [[Tala Ḥemza]] deg wenẓul-agmuḍ.
[[Tugna:Cap_carbon_Béjaia.jpg|alt=Cap Carbon|vignette|304x304px|Cap Carbon]]

=== '''Amkan''' ===
Tilin n Bgayet teqqen ɣer i wasagan-is i tt-yerran d tamerkantit seg tazwara-s. Tettiki deg yiwen n ukalil ''(aḥric amecṭuḥ n waman i d-yeffɣen seg uḥric ameqqran)'' i yesɛan ṣṣenf n tmeẓdit, yerna yettwaḥrez seg tmeẓdit n waḍu n yilel ''(i d-yettmuqulen ɣer ugafa-utrim)'' s uḥric n Cape Carbon ''(ɣer utaram n temdint)''. Bgayet tettwaḍmen s udrar n Yemma Guraya i d-yezgan deg umalu n ugafa-utrim. Tamuɣli seg usagan-is, d yiwet seg timuɣliwin icebḥen akk n rrifan n ilellen n Tmezɣa akk d n Yilel Agrakal, imi tesɛa idurar n [[Ibaburen|ibabuṛen]] icebḥen deffir-s. Lfayda niḍen i tesɛa temdint-a imi tella d amkan anda i d-teffeɣ teẓgi n [[Asif asemmam|Wasif Asemmam]]; d agnir yesɛan azal n wagama akk d azal adamsan i d-yettmuqulen ɣer wenẓul-asamer. Maca, seg wasmi i d-teqqel tamdint d tamanaɣt, yella-d umgired gar temdint d timnaḍin niḍen n [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tmurt n Yiẓwawen]] ɣef ssebba n wugur n usenqed n temnaḍin i yellan deffir n temdint. 
[[Tugna:Yemma gouraya National Park.jpg|vignette|Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya|210x210px|alt=Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya]]
Deg wayen yeɛnan tadamsa-ines d temnaḍin-nniḍen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen, Bgayet tettak-d aɛrur-is i timnaḍin: amkan-is deg taggara n Wasif Asemmam yerra-tt d assaɣ gar Tamurt Yiẓwawen Tameqrant d Tamurt Yiẓwawen Tamecṭuḥt. Maca sin-a ttwaqqnent ɣef yiman-nsent yerna ttnadint ɣef tmaneɣin n daxel n tmurt (Tizi Wezzu, Aqbu, [[Xerraṭa]], atg.) s tuɣalin-nsen ɣer lebεid n rrif n yilel. Bgayet tesɛa, seg yiwet n tama, iẓuran idiganen ixuṣṣen; llan kan rebεa neɣ xemsa n tɣiwanin i d-iqerben ɣer-s. Deg uswir aɣelnaw, Bgayet d tuffɣa n Lezzayer talemmast, seg Lezzayer ar Skikda, d abrid n tuffɣa n temnaḍin n yidurar, d usagen n lqut d lqeḍyan n azal n sin imelyan n yimdanen. Maca tuqqna-a d tin i yuεren: ɣer wenẓul-asamer, tanezzut d [[Sṭif]] teţţili kan s yiɣeẓran n Xerraṭa. Abrid-nniḍen yettawi-d abrid n Wasif Asemmam, syin ɣer usammar n tiwwura n wuzzal d usali ɣer tama n [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ]]; abrid-a i d-yettawi ubrid aɣelnaw d ubrid n tmacint. Uguren-a sskanayen belli, ɣas akken tesɛa leqdic ijehden, tamdint n Bgayet tettwali amur seg tnezzut yettwasseqdac akken ilaq deg temnaḍin-nnes n usamer d utaram aydeg tesɛa tazmert.&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Cote, M.  (1 yebrir 1991). [https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère] (s tefransist). Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-85744-509-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 21 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Tugna:Béjaia - le pic des singes بجاية - قمة القردة 06.jpg|vignette|Ixef n yiddawen ''(neɣ Ixef n ibkan, Pic des Singes)''|alt=Ixef n yiddawen (neɣ Ixef n ibkan, Pic des Singes)]]Taɣiwant-a tettmuqul-itt-id adrar n Yemma Gouraya. Imḍiqen niḍen n icebḥen i d-iqerben ɣer-s, d taftist n Zigwat d Ixef n yiddawen ''(neɣ Ixef n ibkan, Pic des Singes)''; amḍiq-a aneggaru d umṭiq n tmeddurt n Ibkan n Tamez''ɣa'' i yellan deg ubrid n nnger, i yesɛan zik, qbel amezruy, tamnaḍt meqqren aṭas ugar n tin n  wass-a.&lt;ref&gt;Taub, David Milton (3 yunyu 1978). &quot;[https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/F79AB3DD50D2FC8FE82CA5E4F41D1166/S0030605300015581a.pdf/the-barbary-macaque-in-north-africa.pdf The Barbary Macaque in North Africa]&quot; (PDF) (s teglizit. &quot;Iddew amaziɣ deg Tefriqt n Ugafa&quot; s taqbaylit). Oryx. 14 (3): 245–253. doi:10.1017/S0030605300015581. Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 yulyu 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Kraḍ-a n yimukan i n d-nebder llan deg Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.

Tamnaḍt n temdint tesɛa azal n 12,022 n yihektar. Bgayet tezga-d 220 km ɣer usammar n temdint n [[Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)|Lezzayer tamanaɣt]], 93 km ɣer usammar n [[Tizi Wezzu]], 81.5 km ɣer ugafa-ataram n [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ]], 70 km ɣer ugafa-ataram n [[Sṭif]] d 61 km ɣer ataram n [[Jijel]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.apcbejaia.org/index.php/fr/features-4/portfolio/grid-three-column-2 L'Historique de la Commune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609181235/http://apcbejaia.org/index.php/fr/features-4/portfolio/grid-three-column-2 |date=2017-06-09 }}&quot;. apcbejaia.org (s tefransist: Amezruy n tɣiwant). Yettwaṭṭef deg 27 Yunyu 2017., s tmuɣli n yisefka seg yiwen n uḍris seg « Répertoire Partiel des Biens Culturels Immobiliers de la Wilaya de Béjaïa » ''(Uḍris aḥric n tɣawsiwin n yidles n l wilaya n Bgayet)'' ay d-tessuffeɣ Tanemhla n yidles d tzuri n l wilaya n Bgayet .&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Iɣersiwen d yimɣan ===
[[Tugna:Les Aiguades.jpg|vignette|Amḍiq yettwaḥerzen n Zigwat, deg Ugemmaḍ Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.|alt=Amḍiq yettwaḥerzen n Zigwat, deg Ugemmaḍ Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.]]
Taɣrem n Bgayet d aḥric seg rrif n yilel n [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tmurt n Yiẓwawen]], i d-yettkemmilen arma d [[Jijel]], d amkan agmaw i d-yessewhamen. Deg ugafa n temdint, Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya d tamnaḍt n tlisa yettwaḥerzen&lt;ref&gt;(s teglizit) UNESCO, « Gouraya », deg unesco.org, maɣres 2010. (Yettwaẓer deg 21 ɣuct 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; , akk d Ugemmaḍ Aɣelnaw n Taza&lt;ref&gt;Ali Loukkas (conception) ''&lt;abbr&gt;et al.&lt;/abbr&gt;'', , Théniet El Had, Parc national de Théniet El Had, 2006, 92 &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; &lt;small&gt;([http://www.fichier-pdf.fr/2010/12/19/atlas-des-parcs-nationaux/atlas-des-parcs-nationaux.pdf asebter n uskan] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fichier-pdf.fr%2F2010%2F12%2F19%2Fatlas-des-parcs-nationaux%2Fatlas-des-parcs-nationaux.pdf archive]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; i d-yezgan 60 km ɣer umalu n Bgayet, i d-yettwasbedden sɣur UNESCO gar &quot;imukan n tmusni i usnerni aɣelnaw deg umaḍal&quot;; timnaḍin i yesɛan iswi n tmusni i usnerni aɣelnaw.&lt;ref&gt;« Le programme MAB » UNESCO (yettwaẓer deg 21 ɣuct 2012).&lt;/ref&gt;

Urti n Guraya yemgarad ɣef wurtiyen niḍen n yilel agrakal imi deg-s llan yiɣersiwen am win n [[Ayefki n teɣyult|uyefki n taγyult]], d ṣṣenf i yellan deg ubrid n nnger deg yilel agrakal, d tiɣbula n yiɣersiwen anda ttɣimin [[Tasaft yizem|tasaft]] akk d [[Aẓebbuj|uẓebbuj]], [[tayda]] (''Pinus halepensis''), [[taqqa]] (''Juniperus''), d [[taseṭṭa n meryem]] (''Artemisia absinthium'') &lt;ref&gt;ASAL 2006, [http://www.asal.dz/files/atlas/Parcs%20nationaux1.pdf asebter n asuffeɣ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923174343/http://www.asal.dz/files/atlas/Parcs%20nationaux1.pdf |date=2015-09-23 }} 1(s tefransist), asebter wis 16.&lt;/ref&gt;. Deg urti n Taza, [[tucet]] (''Quercus canariensis''), [[afernan]] (''Quercus suber''), d [[Tucet|techt]] (''Quercus afares)'' d nutni i d leṣnaf imeqranen i d-yezgan alamma d Jijel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[[:fr:Béjaïa#ASAL2006|ASAL 2006]], [http://www.asal.dz/files/atlas/Parcs%20nationaux2.pdf asebter n asuffeɣ 2] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260218104836/https://www.asal.dz/files/atlas/Parcs%20nationaux2.pdf |date=2026-02-18 }} (s tefransist), asebter wis 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ma d [[Afernan|ufernan]], deg yiwet n tmurt i d-yettawin ugar n uzgen n wakal i d-yeṭṭef ṣṣenf-a deg teftist n wenẓul n Yilel Agrakal; Tamurt n Yiẓwawen akk d ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Lezzayer d timnaḍin aydeg llant tẓegwa timeqranin akk n ufernan: ttnernint ɣef tlisa n yilel seg Lezzayer tamenaɣt arma d ntlisa n [[Tunes]]. Daɣen, seg teftist n yilel alamma d 1.200 m n wewrir.&lt;ref&gt;Rachid Safou, « [https://archive.today/20130629141322/http://www.kabyle.com/la-d%C3%A9gradation-des-for%C3%AAts-de-ch%C3%AAne-li%C3%A8ge-en-alg%C3%A9rie-16062-06032011.html La dégradation des forêts de chêne-liège en Algérie] », deg Archive.is, 6 meɣres 2011 (Yettwaẓer ass n 21 yulyu 2017.).&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Tugna:Macaque berbère Bejaia.JPG|vignette|[[Iddew amaziɣ]] deg Ugemmaḍ Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.|alt=Iddew amaziɣ deg Ugemmaḍ Urti Aɣelnaw n Guraya.|224x224px]]
Iɣersiwen n tmurt-a ttaken-d taseddarit i imsuṭṭaḍ am uccen (''Canis aureus), cebbirdu, ilef (Sus scrofa), d leṣnaf i yellan deg ubrid n nnger am [[abeṛṛay n tẓegwa]] (Felis silvestris “amcic n lexla”), aruy, iblinṣer, [[iddew amaziɣ]] (Macaca sylvanus) yiwen n ṣṣenf i yelan anagar deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]]. [[Aridal|Arida]]'' (''Hyaena hyaena''), [[tadɣaɣat]], [[abareɣ azeggaɣ]] (&lt;dfn&gt;''Vulpes vulpes''&lt;/dfn&gt;), [[imerwel]] (''Lepus capensis''), akk d inisi n Lezzayer (''Atelerix algirus'') llan deg Urti n Taza d win n Guraya. Idurar i d-yezzin fell-asen llan deg-sen aṭas n ṣṣenf n yigḍaḍ gar-asen [[Ijider|igider]] (''Aquila fasciata'')'','' Ijider amejjuṭ (''Gyps fulvus''), tmila, iḥiqel, bururu (''Bubo bubo''), labaz ''iqesḥen? (Buteo rufinus)'', d [[taninna tamezdayt]] (''Falco tinnunculus)''&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Béjaïa#ASAL2006|ASAL 2006]], asebter n asuffeɣ [1] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asal.dz%2Ffiles%2Fatlas%2FParcs%2520nationaux1.pdf archive]] asebter wis 14 d 16 d [[https://www.asal.dz/files/atlas/Parcs%20nationaux2.pdf 2]] [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asal.dz%2Ffiles%2Fatlas%2FParcs%2520nationaux2.pdf archive]] p. 21.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;Ali Loukkas (conception) et al., Atlas des parcs nationaux algériens, Théniet El Had, Parc national de Théniet El Had, 2006, 92 p. (&lt;small&gt;[http://www.fichier-pdf.fr/2010/12/19/atlas-des-parcs-nationaux/atlas-des-parcs-nationaux.pdf asebter n asuffeɣ]&lt;/small&gt; [archive]) &lt;/ref&gt;. Iwriren n yidurar n Tmurt Yiẓwawen Tamecṭuḥt d axxam daɣen n [[taserẓut uzumba]] (''Sitta ledanti''), d ''yiwen n ṣṣenf n wagḍiḍ i yelan anagar deg'' temnaḍt-a i d-yettwasen anagar deg 1975 deg udrar n [[Adrar n Babuṛ|Babuṛ ameqran]].&lt;ref&gt;Laurence D., « [http://www.monde-berbere.net/nature1A1.htm La Sittelle kabyle (Sitta Ledanti) : l'oiseau rare] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827205501/http://www.monde-berbere.net/nature1A1.htm |date=2008-08-27 }} [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.monde-berbere.net%2Fnature1A1.htm archive]] », sur Monde berbère, Association culturelle n'Imazighen, Bruxelles, 2005 (Yettwaẓer ass n 21 Ɣuct 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
[[Tugna:Route Bejaia.jpg|vignette|Abrid i d-yezgan ɣef tlisa n Ugelmim n Bgayet zdat n Urti n  Aɣelnaw n Taza.|alt=Abrid i d-yezgan ɣef tlisa n Ugelmim n Bgayet zdat n Urti n Aɣelnaw n Taza.]]
Iɣersiwen d yimɣan n tamnaḍt-a d ayen yessewhamen imi aḥric n yilel n Guraya d amkan i deg zedɣen 4 n ccetlat yettwaḥerzen n imsuṭṭaḍ n yilel: [[aferrun]] (''Phocoena phocoena''), [[azyam]] (''Delphinus delphis''), addenfil (''Tursiops truncatus)'', agelmum ameqran (&lt;dfn&gt;''Physeter macrocephalus'') .&lt;/dfn&gt; Lqaεa n yilel n urtan deg-sen sḍis n yimeẓriyen yesɛan azal agraɣlan.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Anezwu d yiɣallen n waman ===
Tamdint n Bgayet d aḥric seg tamnaḍt n [[Asif asemmam|Wasif Asemmam]] anda i d-ttemlili akk waman n tmurt i d-yettasen seg idurar. Bgayet d Wasif Asemmam n wadda sɛan anezwu n Yilel Agrakal. S umata yetnewway lḥal s kra n ubeddel amecṭuḥ n teẓɣelt n lawan&lt;ref&gt;Zouggaghe; Mouni; Taffer (March 2014). &quot;[http://lab.univ-biskra.dz/Larhyss/images/pdf/JOURNALN%C2%B017/2.Zouggaghe-et-al_French.pdf Qualité biologique du réseau hydrographique du bassin versant de la Soummam. (Nord de l'Algérie)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006150045/http://lab.univ-biskra.dz/Larhyss/images/pdf/JOURNALN%C2%B017/2.Zouggaghe-et-al_French.pdf |date=2014-10-06 }}&quot; (PDF). Larhyss Journal (17): 21–33. ISSN 1112-3680.&lt;/ref&gt;. [[Taẓɣelt]], s umata ayen yellan d axfifan, s wazal amatu i yettbeddilen gar 11.1 °C deg tagrest arma d 24.5 °C deg unebdu. 

Nnig n Wasif Asemmam, i d-yettakken ayen ilaqen i takerza deg temnaḍin i d-yezzin i  temdint, Bgayet tezga-d deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen n yilel, yerna tesɛa aṭas n lehwa deg tmurt-is. TAzal n ugeffur deg tmennaḍt yezmer ad yili gar n 800 ar 1200 mm, maca kra n yiɣbula idiganen ttwasseqdacen s tɣawla ɣef ljal n uḥwaǧ ameqran&lt;ref&gt;Kheladi, Mokhtar (1 January 1993). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oGbaAAAAMAAJ Urbanisme et systèmes sociaux: la planification urbaine en Algérie] (s tefransist). Office des publications universitaires.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamdint n Bgayet tettawi daɣen aman-is seg udrar yellan deffir-is akk d seg waṭas n yiɣbula niḍen, am win n Tuǧa ''(Toudja)'' i d-yeqqnen deg tallit taqburt s yiwen n uqedus ɣer temdint taqburt [[Saldae]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=YpBGAAAAMAAJ Annales algériennes de géographie] (s tefransist). Institut de géographie de l'Université d'Alger. 1966.&lt;/ref&gt;

== '''Issawaḍen iɣerfanen – tikeṛṛusin d timacinin''' ==
[[Tugna:Béjaïa arrière pays.png|vignette|Bgayet - Iberdan-is, tikeṛṛusin d timacinin|alt=Bgayet - Iberdan-is, tikeṛṛusin d timacinin]]
Tamdint n Bgayet tteqqen ɣer Lezzayer tamanaɣt, Tizi Wezzu, Tubiret, Sṭif, Jijel d waṭas n tmiwa Iẓwawen s yiwen n uẓeḍḍa n yiberdan. Tesɛa daɣen yiwet n teɣsert tagejdant n lkaṛat i d-yettawin ɣer temdinin n wenẓul azzayri, gar-asent [[Ḥasi Mesɛud|Ḥasi Mseɛud]], [[Wergla|Waregla]], Ɣerdaya, [[Leɣwaṭ|Lɣawat]], Dǧelfa d [[Busɛada]]'''.'''

Taɣiwant n Bgayet tettwaɛedda s waṭas n yiberdan iɣelnawen. Kra seg-sen tteddun deg yiɣeẓran d tizza i d-yellan d imukan n uɛeddi igamanen&lt;ref&gt;Cote, M. (1 April 1991). [https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère] (s tefransist). Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-85744-509-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 21 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;: abrid aɣelnaw 9 (Abrid n [[Sṭif]]), i d-yettεeddin ɣef yiri n teftist, syin ɣef yiɣil n [[Xerraṭa]] ar Sṭif, akk d ubrid aɣelnaw 24 (Abrid n Bgayet), i d-yettεeddin ɣef yiɣil n Wasif Asemmam, [[Tubiret]], syin tamdint n Lezzayer ɣer umalu, neɣ [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ]] ɣer usammar. Llan daɣen iberdan nniḍen i d-ttɛeddayen ɣef isegraraben: abrid aɣelnaw wis 12 (abrid n [[Tizi Wezzu]]), yettɛedday ɣef teẓgi n [[Iɛekkuren]] d yidurar-is syin ɣer Ɛzazga, Tizi Wezzu ar [[Bumerdas]], akk d webrid aɣelnaw 75 (abrid n [[Tabatent]]), yettɛedday ɣef [[Iberbacen]] yidurar n Tamurt Yiẓwawen Tamecṭuḥt akken ad yaweḍ ɣer [[Sṭif]] u ad yeqqen ɣer durar ɛlayen ɣer [[Tabatent]]. Abrid aɣelnaw n trmurt n Lezzayer Asamer-Ataram&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://ana.org.dz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=73&amp;Itemid=100 Pénétrante De Béjaia 1] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202010402/http://ana.org.dz/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=73&amp;Itemid=100 |date=2017-02-02 }}&quot;. ana.org.dz (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 21 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; (s taɛrabt: الطريق السيار شرق-غرب), umi qqaren daɣen Abrid aɣelnaw A1, i yekfa deg Ɣuct n 2023 deffir 17 n yiseggasen n lebni , ɣas akken yexḍa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, yeqqen ɣer temdint n Bgayet s yiberdan niḍen.

Bgayet ɣur-s yiwet n teɣsert n tmacint, d taggara n temsirt Bnimenṣur-Bgayet, i d-yettwabnan deg useggas n 1889, yerna fell-as tetteddu yiwet n tmacint n i d-yesdukklen tiɣsar n temnaḍt-a: Bnimenṣur''',''' [[Tazmalt]]''',''' Allaɣen''',''' [[Aqbu]]''',''' Laɛzib Ben Crif, Iɣzer Ameqran''',''' Takrits''',''' [[Sidi Ɛic]], [[Ilmaten (Akeffadu)|Ilmaten]] d [[Leqṣer]]&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.radiogouraya.com/bejaia-un-nouvel-autorail-en-attendant-les-trains-marchandises Béjaia: un nouvel autorail en attendant les trains marchandises – Radio Gouraya]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&quot;. radiogouraya.com (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 4 yulyu 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tuqqna-a gar-asent, deg Bnimenṣur, akk d yizirig n Lezzayer-Skikda, tettaǧǧa ad awḍen ɣer wakk aẓeḍḍa n yiberdan n tmacint n Lezzayer s tuqqniwin tusridin ɣer tmaneɣt tazzayrit, deg ataram, d Sṭif, deg anzul-asamar. Tella daɣen yiwet n tmacint tamnaḍant i d-yeqqnen s umata   [[Tugna:Vue panoramique de l'aérogare de Béjaïa.jpg|vignette|Tamuɣli n tewwurt n unafag [[Ɛebban Ṛemḍan]] n Bgayet.|alt=Tamuɣli n tewwurt n unafag Ɛebban Ṛemḍan n Bgayet.]]

Bgayet ɣer temnaḍin-is; tettwaseggem akken ad teldi usammar n tmennaḍt-a.  
[[Tugna:Vue aérienne de l'aéroport de Béjaïa (Algérie).jpg|alt=Tamuɣli seg yigenni n unafag Ɛebban Ṛemḍan n Bgayet|vignette|Tamuɣli seg yigenni n unafag [[Ɛebban Ṛemḍan]] n Bgayet]]
Bgayet tesɛa yiwen n unafag agraɣlan yezga-d 5 km ɣer wenẓul n temdint. Isem-is tikkelt tamezwarut &quot;Bgayet - Anafag n Asemmam&quot; gar n 1982 d 1999, semman-as s yisem n wasif n Summam i d-yettasen ɣer yilel agrakal deg tama n Bgayet. Yebda leqdic-is deg useggas n 1982 i leqdic aɣelnaw, deg 1993 i leqdic igraɣlanen. Deg 1999 yettwasemma &quot;Anafag n Begayet - Asemmam - [[Ɛebban Ṛemḍan]]&quot; deg 1999, d asmekti i uselmad n ṭṭraḍ azzayri i yesɛan amkan ameqqran deg umezruy n Ṭṭraḍ n Tlelli n Lezzayer. 

== '''Iḥricen n Bgayet''' ==
*Acercur
*Karaman
*Bab Lluz
*Ddar Nnaṣer
*P.K. 17
*Buxyama
*Iḥeddaden
*Targa Uzemmur
*Iɣil Uɛeẓẓug
*Bir Slam
*Iriyahen
*Amafag (Aérodrome)
*Bulimaṭ
*Asif n Saket
*Adrar Ufarnu
*Amṭiq n Tafat

== '''Tiɣiwanin n Bgayet''' ==
Llant 52 (sumset sin) n [[Tiɣiwanin n Bgayet|tɣiwanin n Bgayet]]

== '''Amezruy''' ==
=== Uqbel n umezruy ===
[[Tugna:Mechta el-Arbi.png|vignette|184x184px|Aɣrab n n Iberomaurus i d-yusan seg [[Qsenṭina]] ([[Lezzayer]])|alt=Aɣrab n n Iberomaurus i d-yusan seg Qsenṭina (Lezzayer)]]
Tilin n umdan tettwassekles deg yimukan yemgaraden n temdint. Taɣsert n yifri n '''AƐli Bacha''' tettwaḥseb d amkan aqbur akk n tnezduɣt azal n 40.000 arma d 20.000 n yiseggasen uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Deg umḍiq n Zigwat, cci d tɣawsiwin i d-ufan ttmeslayen-d ɣef tallit n wazal n 10.000 n yiseggasen uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ, dɣa d tallit n tamaynut n uẓru ''(Neolithik; seg tegrigit νέος néos &quot;aynum&quot; d λίθος líthos &quot;aẓru&quot;)''&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;&quot;[https://www.gehimab.org/depliants/depliants/Depliant%20Bejaia%20Ville%20d%27Histoire%20et%20de%20Savoir.pdf Béjaïa Ville d'Histoire et de savoir]&quot; (PDF). Adlis n tdukli Gehimab - Circonscription archéologique de Béjaïa (s tefransist). Gehimab - Laboratoire de Recherche Lamos Université de Béjaia. Yunyu 2002.&lt;/ref&gt;''.'' Tamnaḍt-a teččur daɣen aṭas n tɣawsiwin tisekniyin am yifri n Afalou anda i d-ufan kra seg yiḍrisen iqburen akk n yergazen imaynuten, yettwasnen s yimdanen n Afalu-Bu Rmel&lt;ref&gt;Chamla, M.-C.; Dastugue, J.; Hachi, S. (1 Wamber 1985). &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/880 Afalou-Bou-Rhummel]&quot;. Encyclopédie berbère (s tefransist) (2): 182–192. doi:[https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/880 10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.880]. ISSN 1015-7344. Yettwaṭṭef deg 15 Tubeṛ 2024..&lt;/ref&gt;, i d-yesseknen ɣef yidles i d-yesbedden ɣef leḥnana s tmeḍlant n yimdanen deg yifran iqedsen d useqdec n ufexxar n uzwaɣ i d-yellan seg 18,000 ar 11,000 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;Roubet, C.; Hachi, S. (30 dujamber 2010). &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/encyclopedieberbere/542 Mechta el-Arbi (Préhistoire)]&quot;. ''Encyclopédie berbère'' (s tefransist) (31): 4811–4814. doi:[[doi:10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.542|10.4000/encyclopedieberbere.542]]. ISSN 1015-7344. Yettwaṭṭef deg 15 Tubeṛ 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Tiɣawsiwin-a d wid yettwassnen deg wayen umi qqaren idles  n Iberomaurus&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

== '''Seg tallit taqburt alamma d tallit tabizantit''' ==
''Ẓer daɣen: [[Saldae]]''

Bgayet tesɛa ayen i d-yeqqimen seg tallit n nnḥas&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt;; ayen i d-yettwassen akk i d aẓekka aqbur amaziɣ, acku acḥal n wakud i yettwaḥseb d aẓekka afiniqi, maca deg tidet, maca deg tilawt meqqer aṭas ɣef tilin n ifiniqiyen deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], yerna ur yettwassen ara melmi i d-twabna&lt;ref&gt;Laporte, Jean-Pierre (2005). &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/30387621 Histoire et patrimoine antiques de Saldae (Bgayet, Bejaia, Bougie])&quot; (PDF). Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité, Actes du colloque: &quot;Le patrimoine culturel immatériel amazigh: Le processus d'inventaire&quot; (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 15 Tubeṛ 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Tugna:Periplus of Pseudo-Scylax, 1855 facsimile of 13th century copy of original Greek text.jpg|vignette|Tira umi semman Periplus n Pseudo-Scylax|alt=Tira umi semman Periplus n Pseudo-Scylax]]
Amḍiq-a d win yelhan imi yettwaḥudd ɣef waḍu n Cape Carbon, yerna iban belli aṭas n medden i d-zedɣen deg-s zik. Aḍris amezwaru n umezruy yeɣ amkan-a iban-d deg awines ''(lqern)'' wis 5 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ, tamnaḍt-a tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya, deg tira umi semman Periplus n Pseudo-Scylax (d adlis agrigi aqbur i d-yettmeslayen ɣef webrid n ln yilel i d-yezzin i [[Ilel agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]] d Yilel Aberkan. Yezmer lḥal yettwaru deg tlemmast n awines wis 4 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ deg iseggasen n 330, yerna ahat yettwaru deg [[Atina|Athina]] neɣ yiri-s.). Nnig waya, ad naf daɣen tazmert tazrirt n [[Ifniqen]]: Imeggura-a llan ttinigen ɣef tlisa n Tefriqt n Ugafa akken ad snuzun yerna ad d-sbedden imukan n tnezzut  iwumi qqaren &quot;''emporioe''&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie ''Histoire de Bougie''] (s tefransist). Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;.

=== Ifniqen ===
[[Ifniqen]] llan uqbel kullec d agdud amzenzu. Ɣur-sen Bgayet tella d yiwen n umkan anda zemren ad zzenzen lqecc-nsen, ad myibdalen tiɣawsiwin d imezdaɣ n tmurt, akk d ubrid yelzzm-asen ad ɛeddin am wakken ad kemmlen ɣer leswaq n tmura-nniḍen, mazal yella armi d tura yiwen n lmersa afniqi deg &quot;Azraruḥ&quot; (yeqreb ɣer Wedrar Ufarnu).

=== Numidya ===
Deg wakud n [[Tageldit n Inumiden|Numidya]], Bgayet ur tesɛi ara azzal meqqṛen imi tella tebɛed aṭas ɣef tamanaɣt n Numidya [[Sirta]]

=== Ṛṛuman ===
[[Tugna:Mosaique d'Océan Béjaïa.jpg|vignette|Aẓru n tallit tarumanit, yettwabeggen i lɣaci deg tɣiwant n Bgayet|alt=Aẓru n tallit tarumanit, yettwabeggen i lɣaci deg tɣiwant n Bgayet]]
Lexsara n [[Yugerten]] deg tagrawla-s mgal Iṛumaniyen tbeddel Numidya ɣer yiwet n tgelda i d-yeqqnen ɣer [[Ruma n zik|Ṛuma]] ɣef wakk leqrar imeqranen; Augustus ''(Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus)'' yebḍa tamnaḍt-nni ɣer temnaḍin i d-yefkan Mauretania Caesariensis ''([[Muretanya|Muriṭanya]] n Qayṣ̣er; tamdint n Ilel neɣ Cherchell n wass-a).'' Ɣef wakken i d-yenna Plinus Aqbur ''(Gaius Plinius Secundus)'', [[Saldae]] ''(isem aqdim n temdint-a)'' tella d tahrest ni Iṛumaniyen i d-yettwabnan deg tallit n tmenɣiwin timezwura deg 33 qbel uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ. Tmanya n yiseggasen sakkin, Augustus yerra tamnaḍt n temdint-a i ugellid n [[Tageldit n Inumiden|Numidya]] [[Yuba II]], d leɣrama n timnaḍin i d-yewṛet, maca ur s-d-yețțunefk ara zik. 
[[Tugna:Julius Caesar MET 267729.jpg|alt=Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus|vignette|175x175px|Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus]]
Augustus daɣen yesbed-d tadmint n Tubusuptus, i d-yezgan tura d yixerban n Tiklat deg kra n ikilumitren deg yiri n wasif n Nasava ([[Asif asemmam|Asif Asemmam]]) (tura deg tɣiwant n [[Leqṣer]] azal n 20 km ɣer umalu n Bgayet)

Tamdint n Saldae tesεa idles alatini, sakkin, tuɣal d tamasiḥit asmi i tuɣal Tgelda n Iṛumaniyen d tamasiḥit ula d nettat&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;. Iṛumaniyen sbedden-d aẓeḍḍa n waṭas n iqudas waman i d-yeqqlen ad ttwasqedcen acḥal n leqrun sakkin ula deg tallit n Ḥammadiyen. Aqadus n waman n [[Tuǧa]] yella-d deg tallit n tgelda n Antoninus Pius ''(Titus Aelius Hadrianus Antoninus Pius)''. Maca tamdint-a ur tessin ara azal n usnerni am Hippo Regius ([[Ɛennaba]]), i d-yesεan rrbeḥ ugar ddaw tallit n Ṛuma&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;. [[Tugna:Roman Empire Map.png|thumb|400px|alt=Takeṛḍa n tgelda n Rruman azal n 116 sdeffir talalit n Lmasiḥ.|Takeṛḍa n tgelda n [[Ruma n zik|iṛumaniyen]] azal n 116 sdeffir talalit n Lmasiḥ.]]Seg awines amezwaru, tagrawla n [[Takfarinas agellid|Takfar-ines]] teggar akk imezdaɣ n Numidya n temnaḍt-nni; Takfar-ines yewwi iɣzer n [[Asif asemmam|Asemmam]], yewwi Tiklat, yerna yewweḍ ar Saldae. Deg taggara, yettwaɣleb sɣur Aqunsul ''(aqunsul d amḍebber ameqran akk i yettwafernen deg Tegduda Taṛumanit seg azal n 509 arma d 27 uqbel talalit n Lmasiḥ)'' Publius Cornelius Dolabella&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;. Deg awines wis 4, deg idurar iqerben ɣer Saldae, Firmus ''(d ageldun amaziɣ d amasiḥi)'' yesnejmaɛ Tamawya n Imaziɣen n Wis Xemsa (''tamaway n xemsa n leɛṛa Imaziɣen n Ǧeṛǧer n tura)'' mgal Iṛumaniyen. Yusa-d ageldun Theodosius s yiɣallen seg Tuṛuft akken ad yesres tagrawla; yerbeḥ deg ṭṭraḍ, maca yesɛa uguren akken ad yeɣleb iɣallen n Firmus&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;.

=== Ivandalen ===
[[Tugna:0899 Tracht der Wandalische Krieger in Südpolen im 2. Jh. n. Chr.JPG|alt=Amedya n tmeṭṭut d wargaz ivandalen deg wenẓul n Pulunya deg lqern wis sin, Aẓawan n tmucuha n Kraków.|vignette|Amedya n tmeṭṭut d wargaz ivandalen deg wenẓul n Pulunya deg awines ''(lqern)'' wis sin, Aẓawan n tmucuha n Kraków.]]
Ivandalen, s nnuba-nsen, kecmen ɣer [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt n Ugafa]] seg [[Spenyul]] deg useggas 429. S ufus n Gaisarīx, wwin-d ijenwiyen-nsen n wuzzal akk d times-nsen ɣer temdinin akk n rrif n ilel. Rran Saldae d tamaneɣt n uwanak-nsen amaynut armi i ṭṭfen Qerṭaj deg 439. 

=== Ibiẓanṭiyen ===
[[Tugna:Exarchate of Africa 600 AD.png|alt=Tafriqt n Ibizantiyen azal n 600|vignette|Tafriqt n [[Ibiẓanṭiyen|Ibizantiyen]] azal n 600]]
Imenɣiyen i d-yellan gar wid ay d-yesdukklen ddaw aselmed n Arius d wid d-yesdukklen ddaw n uselmed n teklizt tkatulikit, yeǧǧa-d akk tamnaḍt-nni tefcel; dɣa Ibiẓanṭiyen ufan-d dihin ssebba d tagnit akken ad d-rren afus. Tamdint n Saldae teɣli-d s ddaw n yiɣallen Ibiẓanṭiyen deg ṭṭrad-nsen mgal Ivandaliyen deg 533-534. Taḥeqranit-nni tameqqrant n Ibizantiniyen teǧǧa-d ula d nettat lebɣi n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt akken ad d-sbedden tagrawla deg tallit-a armi d tazwara n Listiɛmar Aɛrab n Tefriqt n Ugafa&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; seg 647 armi 709 ; tallit tebda yiwen n yixef ɣezzifen n yimennuɣen.

== '''Listiɛmar Aɛrab''' ==
''Ẓer daɣen [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tamurt n Yiẓwawen]], [[Aksel (agellid)|Aksel]], d [[Dihya Tadmut]]''

Iserdasen Aɛraben i d-yusan seg [[Qayrawan|Takerwant]] muqlen tamdint, syin ɣer idurar i d-yezzin i Bgayet, syin tikkelt nniḍen ɣer temdint-nni iǧehden zdat-sen, dɣa semman i durar-is “el ɛadua”, taɛdawt, ɣef sseba n umennuɣ i d-yesken wegdud akken ad yeṭṭef tilelli-ines&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 January 2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie] (s tefransist). Éditions Bouchène. '''Asebter 44'''. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Lalmi, Nedjma Abdelfettah (2004). &quot;[https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/4710 Du mythe de l’isolat kabyle]&quot;. Cahiers d'Études Africaines (s tefransist). 44 (175): 507–531. '''asebter 510'''. doi:[https://journals.openedition.org/etudesafricaines/4710 10.4000/etudesafricaines.4710.] &lt;/ref&gt;. Isalan ɣef tallit-a xuṣṣen neɣ mxallafen; iban-d d akken tamdint ur ttwaḍḍfent-tt ara Aɛraben s tɣawla, yewwi-asen aṭas n wakud akken ad ṭṭfen, azal n useggas n 708. 
[[Tugna:A long line of men are marching with their hands thrust thro Wellcome V0041263.jpg|alt=Tanezzut n yiklan sɣur aɛraben. Aẓru n awines (lqern) wis 19 i d-yesskanayen yiwet n tarbaɛt n waɛraben i d-yettgen aklan seg Tefriqt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt ad ɛeddin ɣef Tniri Tutrimt. Tanezzut n yiklan sɣur waɛṛaben tnerna deg awines wis 7 d wis 8 imi d-ḍḍfen waɛṛaben aḥric ameqran seg Tefriqt n Ugafa. Tanezzut n Yiklan tnerna s waṭas seg awines wis 10 arma d wis 15 yerna tewweḍ ɣer tqacuct-nnes deg tlemmast n awines wis 19.|vignette|Tanezzut n yiklan sɣur aɛraben. Aẓru n awines ''(lqern)'' wis 19 i d-yesskanayen yiwet n tarbaɛt n waɛraben i d-yettgen aklan seg Tefriqt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt ad ɛeddin ɣef Tniri Tutrimt. Tanezzut n yiklan sɣur waɛṛaben tnerna deg awines wis 7 d wis 8 imi d-ḍḍfen waɛṛaben aḥric ameqran seg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt n Ugafa]]. Tanezzut n Yiklan tnerna s waṭas seg awines wis 10 arma d wis 15 yerna tewweḍ ɣer tqacuct-nnes deg tlemmast n awines wis 19.]]
Deg useggas n 740''',''' imaziɣen akk deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tafriqt n ugafa]] kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq&lt;ref&gt;Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=865 Les Rustamides (761-909)] [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt&lt;ref&gt;Yidir Plantade, «Laïcité et athéisme en Kabylie : Mythes et ambigüités », ''Journal d’étude des relations internationales au Moyen-Orient'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 2, &lt;abbr&gt;n&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ Yennayer 2007, isebtar 81-94 (s tefransist). [http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal_fr/2007/issue1/MERIA_fr_v2n1_Plantade.pdf ɣeṛ-d s Internet] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090824061005/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal_fr/2007/issue1/MERIA_fr_v2n1_Plantade.pdf |date=2009-08-24 }}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Yezmer lḥal d akken imezdaɣen n Bgayet kkan deg tegrawla-nni, maca ur nesɛi ara tira i d-yeqqaren ɣef aya.  

Kraḍ n awines i d-yeḍran deffir ma yebda Listiɛmar Aɛrab n Bgayet ur ṣfan acku ulac tira ɣef tegnit-is deg tallit-a. Timdint-a tella d aḥric seg wakal n Yiɣlabiyen, sakkin d win n Yifaṭimiyen, yerna ddaw n udabu-nsen tesɛa kra n tazmert.

Yettban-d belli asmi i d-yesbedd Naser Ayetḥmed* ''(s taɛrabt “Al-Naser ibn ALnas ibn Ḥammad” الناصر بن الناس)'', agellid wis xemsa n At Ḥmed, tamaneɣt-is ''An-''Nāṣīrīya dinna, deg 1067, lebni n Saldae taqburt yella d axrib. Llan aṭas n tiktiwin i d-yettwabnan ɣef yidles unṣib i wakken ad d-sfehmen liḥala-ines: kra seg-sen qqaren-d belli tamdint Saldae tesεu 7 n tizenzlin neɣ amḍan am wa n lḥemlat n ccwal&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie] '''Asebter 48'''. (s tefransist). Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yettban-d daɣen belli deg awines wis 10, tamdint tella deg ifassen n Tamawya Tamaziɣt n [[Iẓnagen]], seg-sen i d-kkren tgelda n [[Iziriyen]] d At Ḥmed i ḥekmen ɣef Tafriqt n Ugafa Talemmast. Di tallit-nni, tella d taɣiwant i d-yezgan s tuget deg-s imezdaɣ n Andalus, akken i t-id-yessegza umagraw n Andalus Al Bakri, uqbel ma tefka tsertit n At Ḥmed azal ameqran i temdint-a&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie] '''Asebter 49''' (s tefransist). Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cote, M. (1 yebrir 1991). [https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère] (s tefransist) '''Asebter 6'''. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-85744-509-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 21 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== '''Tigeldiwin Timaziɣin: Tamanegt''' '''n tmaneɣt n tallit talemmast''' ==
Deg awines wis 10, tamdint-a tella kan d asagen amecṭuḥ i d-yezgan i useyyeḍ n yiselman. Deg 1067, agellid amaziɣ n tgelda n At Ḥmed, Naser Ayetḥmed (1062-1088), i yellan yeḥkem ɣef Tafriqt n Ugafa Talemmast, yesnulfa tamdint-nni yerra-tt d tamaneɣt-is imi tamaneɣt-is tamezwarut — Lberǧ n Ayetḥmed ''(s Taɛrabt'' ''قلعة بني حماد)'', ugafa-asamer n [[Tamsilet]] n wass-a deg temnaḍt n [[Awras|Wawras]] — tella ddaw uzaglu n leɛṛac yiminigen Aɛraben wid iwumi qqaren Ihilaliyen ''(s Taɛrabt بنو هلال Banū Hilāl).''  Ineggura-agi usan-d seg [[Asamar alemmas|Wasamar alemmas]] deg uḥric wis sin n tegrawla n Waɛraben mgal imaziɣen n Tefriqt n Ugafa&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie] (s tefransist) '''Asebter 47'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Ayetḥmed isemma-yas i temdint-nni Al Nassiriya; isem-a yuεer-as ad yeṭṭef acku isem n Bgayet yella yettwaseqdac s waṭas. Ibnu Xaldun yeɣil belli ayagi d ssebba n yisem Bgayet i yeqqnen ɣer yisem n yiwen wegraw amazi i zedɣen amkan-a&lt;ref&gt;Laporte, Jean-Pierre (2005). &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/30387621 Histoire et patrimoine antiques de Saldae (Bgayet, Bejaia, Bougie)]&quot; (pdf). Haut Commissariat à l'Amazighité, Actes du colloque: &quot;''Le patrimoine culturel immatériel amazigh: Le processus d'inventair''e&quot; (s tefransist). Yettwaṭṭef deg 15 Tubeṛ 2024.&lt;/ref&gt;: 

''&quot;Deg useggas n 460 (1067-1068), netta [Naser] yeṭṭef adrar n Biǧāya, d tamnaḍt aydeg i yezdeɣ yiwen n lɛeṛc amaziɣ yesɛan isem am win n temdint. Gar-asen, Biǧāya qqaren-as Bekaïa yerna ttwasemman-as Begaya. Nacer imi yewwi-d adrar-nni, yebna-d tamdint, isemma-yas Al Nassiriya. Maca yal yiwen yeqqar-as Biǧāya, seg yisem n lɛeṛc amaziɣ.&quot;'' 

Da, ilaq ad d-nini belli ulac ayen i d-yesbeggnen belli yella yiwen n lɛeṛc am wa. Yerna, isem-a “Biǧāya” ur d-yettbin ara d yisem aqvayli yerna ur d-yettili ara deg tikta n yismawen n leɛruc n tamurt n Leqvayel. Yezmer lḥal meqqren d akken Ibnu Xaldun yella kan yettgen-d tifratin akken llan ttgen-tent yimaruyen n tallit talemmast. 

Uqbel ma tesɛa izwel n tmaneɣt, tamdint-a tesɛu annerni i d-yesskanayen s wazal-nnes, ladɣa deg weswir adelsan; tella di tidett d asagen deg tlemmast n webrid n Lberǧ n Ayetḥmed d Landalus. Ttɛeddayen-d deg-s yimusnawen d yemsenza imi deg-s akken yella d ukcem d tuffɣa n ubrid n ugellid; abrid agellid seg Yigran Imeqranen ɣer Yilel Agrakal yerna ula d abrid n tnezzut n tlisa n Tniri Tutrimt&lt;ref&gt;Charles-André Julien, ''Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord : des origines à 1830'', Paris, Payot, 1966 (1re éd. 1951) (s tefransist) '''&lt;abbr&gt;Asebter&lt;/abbr&gt; 104'''.&lt;/ref&gt;. Imiren aɛṛaben n Sicilya Banu Kalb ''(s Taɛrabt بنو كلب)'' ţţuweḥḥan s tiɣermin (leqṣur) n Bgayet imi sbedden tiɣermin-nsen deg Palermo am wid n Bgayet. Bgayet, ugar n amkan yettwasnen neɣ yettwaḥemmlen, tella d tamḍiqt yettwaḥettmen deg webrid seg Landalus ɣer Usamer alemmas (ladɣa i wid yetteddun ɣer Lmekka), yerna daɣen seg Tuṛuft ɣer Tefriqt. D amkan n timlilit d umsawal n tmusni gar yimezdaɣen n Tuṛuft akk d Usamer&lt;ref&gt;Gilles Ferréol (dir.) et Abdel-Halim Berretima (dir.), La ville méditerranéenne : défis et mutations : Actes de colloque international (28-29/11/13, Béjaïa), EME éditions, 16 novembre 2015 &lt;abbr&gt;(s tefransist) '''Asebter'''&lt;/abbr&gt; '''258'''. (&lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-8066-3534-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;, [[https://books.google.fr/books?id=GKDtCgAAQBAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=ville+m%C3%A9diterran%C3%A9enne archive]]) &lt;/ref&gt;. 

S ufus n imḍebbren n At Ḥmed, tamdint tuɣal d yiwen seg yiɣermanen n yidles d tussna imeqranen n umalu n Yilel Agrakal, yerna d amkan ameqran n tnezzut yesɛan azal i Turuft.

Lqedd n iɣezzuba n tnezzut n temdint-a ur tettwassen ara swaswa, maca yettban-iɣezzuba n tnezzut llan sɛan azal ameqran deg Yilel Agrakal, maca llin ara d aṭas deg umḍan am wid n Tuṛuft.
[[Tugna:The Leaning Tower of Pisa SB.jpeg|alt=Lbeṛǧ n Pisa yettwabnan deg lqern wis 12|vignette|Lbeṛǧ n Pisa yettwabnan deg awines wis 12]]
Bgayet llan ttgen-tt s waṭas yemsenza Ilatiniyen, Indalusiyen, d Yikataluniyen, d yemsenza seg Pisa d Genova&lt;ref&gt;Valérian, Dominique (2006). [http://books.openedition.org/efr/194?lang=fr ''Bougie, port maghrébin, 1067-1510''] (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 247–290, 607–610'''. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-7283-0748-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Imsenza-agi seg wenẓul n Tuṛuft fkan-as ismawen yemgaraden deg tutlayin tiṛumansiyin: Bugia, Buzia, Bugea, Buzana.

Dɣa deg tallit-a —ɣef ssebba n ccmeɛ n temdint-a i yellan ttwassifiḍen ɣer Tuṛuft i usnulfu n teftilin — i d-yefkan wawal n &quot;bougie&quot; i tutlayt tafṛensist akk d wawal n &quot;basane&quot; i tabḍant (tahidurt) n wullis; wigi llan deg laṣel-nsen d tisekkirin n yismawen n temdint s tutlayin-a ''(deg uwenneɛ i d-yettunefken uqbel: Bougie d Buzana)''&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 46'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Valérian, Dominique; Aissani, Djamil (2003). &quot;[https://www.academia.edu/3640311 Mathématiques, commerce et société à Béjaïa (Bugia) au moment de séjour de Leonardo Fibonacci (XII-XIII)]&quot;.  (s tefransist)  '''Isebtar 10–15'''. ''Bollettino di Storia delle Scienze Matematiche'' . XXIII (2): 9–31.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Taɣremt n Yiḥemmadiyen tejbed-d imusnawen seg wakk timnaḍin yerna tella tesseqdac tasertit yeldin, ladɣa ɣer tama n Tuṛuft. Udayen d imasiḥiyen sfaydin seg lḥalat-is yelhan; Ageldun Nasir yella yettmeslay-d, yeṭṭef-d tikta, d Papa Gregory VII&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 51'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017. &lt;/ref&gt; yerna yessuter-as ad d-yessers  aselway n tamasiḥit i temdint-is&lt;ref&gt;Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011) [1982]. L'Algérie des Algériens (s tefransist) '''Asebter 232'''. Alger: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-9961-9-6621-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tiwḍin n yimussnawen terra Bgayet d tamdint tamezwarut deg unnar n tussna; tazmert-is tezger nnig n Yilel Agrakal yerna tewweḍ arma d Tuṛuft. Deg umgarad n Lqelɛa i yellan deg tamnaḍtin n deffir n tmur, Bgayet tella tettwaḥseb d tamdint tadelsant d &quot;tatrart&quot;; &quot;Tamdint tamaziɣt i yeddren s ṣṣifa n wegmuḍ&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;Cote, M. (1 April 1991). ''[https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 9'''. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-85744-509-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwasekles deg 21 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt; aṭas n yimusnawen imeqranen ay d-yekkan seg-s neɣ d-yessuklen ad zedɣen din deg tallit talemmast: am Leonardo Fibonacci, d amussnaw n tusnakt aṭelyani, (awines wis 12), Ramon Llull akk d Ibn Xaldun (awines wis 13).
[[Tugna:Leonardo da Pisa.jpg|alt=Leonardo Fibonacci|vignette|Leonardo Fibonacci]]
Deg useggas n 1202, Leonardo Fibonacci yewwi-d seg Bgayet ɣer Tuṛuft &quot;uṭṭunen n taɛrabt&quot; d usekkil n ljebra (D anagraw i tira n yimeslayen d tmiḍrant n tusnakt s useqdec n yisekkilen, Izumal, d tmeẓriwin n tusnakt). Ɣef leḥsab n kra n yiɣbula, asnulfu n tegzemt n tusnakt n Fibonacci tusa-d seg ssebba n tmuɣli-s n yimɣuṛiyen n tizizwa d usnerni n tizizwa deg temnaḍt-nni neɣ neɣ ssebba n yiwen n wugur tusnakit adigan i yeqqnen ɣer tlalit n yiɣersiwen kra i d-yessegza deg wedlis-is ''Liber abaci''&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Scott, T.C.; Marketos, P. (23 March 2014). &quot;[https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Publications/fibonacci.pdf On the Origin of the Fibonacci Sequence&quot;] (PDF) (s teglizit) '''Isebtar 9–15'''. MacTutor History of Mathematics, University of St Andrews.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Di tallit-nni tamdint n Bgayet tuɣal d tameqrant armi, ɣef wakken i d-yenna Leo Africanus, zedɣen-tt aṭas n tmerwin n yimyilen n yemdanen seg yal tama n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], [[Asamar alemmas]], [[Turuft|Tuṛuft]] d [[Asya]]. Imezdaɣ n temdint llan s tuget d Imaziɣen i d-yusan si tmurt n Yiqbayliyen d waṭas n yizruzaɣ n Landalus. Al Idrissi yeqqar-d belli azal n 100 000 imezdaɣ i yellan di tallit-nni. Muḥend Mis n Tumart (''Yekka-d seg tadukli n imesmuden deg [[Lmerruk]])'' yemlal d Ɛebd Lmumen ''(Yekka-d seg Iznaten yettwaɛraben deg Tlemsan)'' i d-yesbedden sin-nsen sakkin Tagelda n Tdukli (neɣ Tagelda n Imwaḥḥden; s taɛrabt ٱلدَّوْلَةُ ٱلْمُوَحِّدِيَّةُ ), deg tazwar s ufus n Muḥend mis n Tumart, sakkin, yessemɣer-itt Ɛebd Lmumen, ɣer tama n Bgayet azal n 1118.&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 59'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017. &lt;/ref&gt;
[[Tugna:Spanish engraving depicting Ibn Tumart.jpg|alt=Tugna taspenyulit i d-yesskanayen Mis n Tumart|vignette|Tugna taspenyulit i d-yesskanayen Mis n Tumart]]
Muḥend Mis n Tumart yesselmad-d tuɣalin ɣer yiɣallen n tineslemt seg Mellala (tamdint i d-yezgan ɣef 10 km ɣef Bgayet). Iseggasen uqbel, qqaren-d d akken imezdaɣ n Bgayet ssuffeɣen-d Mis n Tumart imi i d-yettcetki s waṭas ɣef tikli-nsen&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 60'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017. &lt;/ref&gt;. Amussu asertan i d-yesbedd d lsas n Tagelda n Tdukli ''(Imwaḥḥden)'', i yeṭṭfen Bgayet deg useggas n 1152 yerna yekkes At Ḥmed seg udabu. Tamdint teṭṭef azal-is amatu di tallit n Tdukli; tuɣal d tamaneɣt n tamnaḍt&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 61'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;. Axlif Ɛebd Lmumen yesbedd-d yiwen seg twacult-is d agellid n temdint&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 63'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;, d ayen i d-yesbeggnen azal-is asertan. Asagen n temdin yella deg-s lbabuṛat n Ɛebd Lmumen d wid n At Ḥmed, i d-yeṭṭef&lt;ref&gt;Valérian, Dominique (2006). ''[http://books.openedition.org/efr/194?lang=fr Bougie, port maghrébin]'', 1067-1510 (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 35–101'''. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-7283-0748-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;/ref&gt;. Deg useggas n 1183, deg yiwet n tallit tawezlant, At Ɣaniya ''('''بنو غانية'''  s taɛrabt)'' —i d-yeqqimen seg tgelda n Imrabḍen — ṭṭfen Bgayet, maca iɣallen n Tagelda n Tdukli rran-tt-id s tikkelt niḍen&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 63'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Tugna:Hafsids Bougie Algeria 1249 1276 ornemental Kufic.JPG|alt=Adrim n Bgayet (1249-1276) deg talit n Iḥafsiyen.|vignette|Adrim n Bgayet (1249-1276) deg talit n Iḥafsiyen.|153x153px]]
Mi teɣli tagelda n Tdukli, Bgayet tuɣal-d ɣer Tagleda tamziɣt n Iḥafsiyen n Tunes i d-yeqqlen d ilelliyen deg yunyu 1228&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 64'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;. Maca di tilawt, imi d-yeḍra ccwal ɣef tmeḍrit n udabu, agelid neɣ aselway Aḥafsi n Bgayet yuɣal d azarug ɣef win n Tunes; yuɣal-d d aqerruy n yiwet n tgeldunt n tidett i yeddren aṭas n tallitin. Tallit taneggarut seg-sent, uqbel ma wwḍen-d Yispenyuliyen, teḍḍef akk awines wis 15 yerna tella tettwassen s yisem n &quot;tgeldunt n Bgayet&quot;. Tazmert n tnezzut n Bgayet d tmura timasiḥiyin deg tallit-a d teqqim s wazal-is yerna tamdint-a tella d yiwet seg tmiwa timeqranin aydeg ttwaqeblen yizruzaɣ n Landalus i irewlen seg Reconquista&lt;ref&gt;Valérian, Dominique (2006). ''[http://books.openedition.org/efr/194?lang=fr Bougie, port maghrébin]'', 1067-1510 (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 247–290, 607–610'''. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-7283-0748-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Valérian, Dominique (2006). ''[http://books.openedition.org/efr/194?lang=fr Bougie, port maghrébin]'', 1067-1510 (s tefransist) '''Asebter 674'''. Rome: Publications de l’École française de Rome. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-7283-0748-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== '''Iwinsen n tanhawt n Bgayet''' ==
Am akken i d-yeḍra s lmeḥna i ḍḍfen deg tgara n awines wis 15 aṭas n temdinin Tefriqt Ugafa d Tiniri n tallit talemmast i d-yellan qqnen s waṭas ɣer tnezzut n tiɣelmin d Ilel Agrakal, Bgayet tebda-d ihi tanhawt-s. 

Iberdan imaynuten n tanezzut sbedden-d tikkelt niḍen n tanezzut i lfayda n yiberdan imaynuten n tnezzut n yilel — i d-yeṭṭfen deg tazwara Ipurtugaliyen, syin d Ihulandiyen, i d-yebnan srid d tlisa n Tefriqt Tataramt — yesneqs-d s waṭas azal n iberdan n tnezzut n tiɣelmin d n tnezzut n yilel i ɣef tettkel temdint n Bgayet d temdinin-nniḍen n Tefriqt Ugafa&lt;ref&gt;Mauny, Raymond (1 June 1972). &quot;. « [https://www.persee.fr/doc/jafr_0037-9166_1973_num_43_2_1716_t1_0271_0000_2 Routes de commerce et échanges en Afrique occidentale en relation avec la Méditerranée. Un essai sur le commerce africain médiéval du XIe au XVIe siècle] » par Jean Dévisse (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 271–272''' -- [numérisation de livre/revue spécialisée/article : article du Journal de la Société des Africanistes (1972), via www.persee.fr]&quot;. Journal des Africanistes.  Yettwaṭṭef deg 26 Yunyu 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== '''Bgayet iswi n ṭṭmeɛ n leǧnas''' ==
Ispenyuliyen, deg tazwara n Reconquista, rran-d tiɣriwin ɣef yisafagen n Tefriqt n Ugafa. Aspenyuli Pedro Navarro yeṭṭef tamdint n Bgayet seg yifassen n Sselṭan Ɛebdalaziz deg useggas n 1510. Ispanyuliyen rran taggara i &quot;tagelda n Bgayet&quot; di Tameaɣa talemmast. Rran tamdint-nni d yiwet seg tneqqiḍin-nsen n tnezzut i d-yettwaḥerzen s lmendad n n wassaɣen i sɛa d Piza akk d '''Genova'''. Maca d takriḍt-nsen tessaweḍ ɣer trewla n yimezdaɣ n tmurt, dɣa d sseba n yimenɣiyen d Imaziɣen deg temnaḍin-nni iqerben. Tamdint-a ur tezmir ara ad teqqim d assaɣ i tnezzut d timura i yella deffi-s, dɣa Abu Bakr, gma-s n Ɛebd Lɛaziz, yeεreḍ ad d-yerr Bgayet deg useggas n 1512 seg tmanaɣt-is tamaynut [[Qsenṭina]] (s useqdec n unagraw n usekles n Iznyaten n awines wis 14) maca yexser&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 99–101'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Tugna:Bordj Moussa.jpeg|alt=Lbeṛj n Ispenyuliyen deg Bgayet|vignette|Lberǧ n Ispenyuliyen deg Bgayet ''(yettwasnen daɣen s yisem n Lberǧ Musa)'' - Yettwabna azal n tlemmast n awines wis 16 gar (1510-1555) deg talit n tuḍḍfa n Yispenyuliyen n temdint-a.]]
Ispenyuliyen qnen s tmehla-nsen ɣef yiwen yiwet n tamnaḍt i d-yellan d ṣṣenf n ukerdis gar Bordj Ɛebdlqader, Taqsibt d Bordj Mussa. Aḥric n temdint i yellan beṛṛa n tilisa-yagi dɣa yeɣli-d fell-as axrib imi iɣallen ispenyuliyen mebla tazmert ur zmiren ara ad ḥerezen. 

Ṛṛuḥ n Tasestant n Axxam n Ccreɛ n Ddin ''(lnquisition)'' yeṭṭef-d amkan deg tsertit taspenyult tadigant imi yettwaḥettem ɣef Udayen ad ffɣen seg temdint, yerna imeqranen n temdint rewlen ''(tarbaɛt tamecṭuḥt n yimdanen ijehden neɣ imerkantiyen)'' gar-asen imusnawen. Ansay ussnan n temdint yeqqel sakkin s waṭas ɣer yizawiyen n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yellan deffir-is, ula d tira n ufus ttwakksen yerna ttwaferqent. Amḍan n imezdaɣ n temdint yeɣli s waṭas, yerna ula d iɣallen n ispenyuliyen deg-s sneqsen daɣen s waṭas; llan kan 500 n yergazen deg 1555&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 102'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Tugna:Béjaïa 1551.jpg|alt=Aẓeṭṭa n temdint sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥerzen deg Tamkarḍit taɣelnawt n Fransa |vignette|Aẓeṭṭa n temdint sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥerzen deg Tamkarḍit taɣelnawt n Fransa ''(Bibliothèque nationale de France)'']]
Timnaḍin-nni n zik n Bgayet llan ttwabḍan, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan ugur i yimezdaɣen n tmurt-a ad rnun ad ṭṭfen tamdint-a. Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, Ɛebbas, mmi-s n ugellid n Bgayet, yesbedd-d tagelda-ines ɣef yiwen n lberǧ yettwassen s yisem n Lberǧ Ayt Ɛebbas deg ugemmaḍ ataram n Asemmam. Ɛebbas yerra-d seg-s kra seg imḍebbren n temdint n Bgayet. Deg umkan-a yella deg temsizzelt d Belkadi i d-yekkan seg n umasnazref n Bgayet n At Ɣebri i d-yesbedden Tagelda N [[Kuku]]. Deg [[Qsenṭina]], d Abu Bakr, gma-s n ugellid-nni n zik n Bgayet, i d-yesbedden iman-is d agellid ɣef wakk nu usamer n tmurt n Lezzayer n tura&lt;ref&gt;Lezzayer, ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugaf, tesnulfa-tt-id Fṛansa deg useggas n 1830 imi teṭṭef tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart. Fransa teqqen-ed, 27 n yiseggasen deffir, Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857. Daɣen deg talliyin-nni, aneẓruf werǧin yella d aḥric seg tagelda taɛetmanit neɣ n tmurt Leqvayel.&lt;/ref&gt;''.'' Imḍebbren-a, i yemxalafen gar-asen, yal yiwen deg-sen yessaram ad yerr tamdint n Bgayet u ad d-yesdukkel akk timnaḍin-is n zik&lt;ref&gt;Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011) [1982]. L'Algérie des Algériens (s tefransist) '''Asebter 240'''. Alger: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-9961-9-6621-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 98'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Tugna:Algiers and Bejaia by Piri Reis.jpg|alt=Takarḍa taɛetmanit n yilel seg lqern wis 16 i d-yesseknen agmuḍ: Lezzayer (deg ugafa), Delles (deg tlemmast) d Bgayet (deg wenẓul).|vignette|Takarḍa taɛetmanit n yilel seg awines wis 16 i d-yesseknen agmuḍ: Lezzayer (deg ugafa), Delles (deg tlemmast) d Bgayet (deg wenẓul).|185x185px]]
Deg tallit-a, asmi i d-uɣalen ɣer deffir yiwanaken iqburen, i d-banen watmaten  Ɛaruj yerna zedɣen deg temdint n Jijel. Atmaten Ɛaruj rran-d afus iwakken ad d-rren tamdint-a seg Yispenyuliyen s tmussni-nsen n yilel. Deg tgara, sbedden-d awanak-nsen deg tama n Ldzayer Tamaneɣt, ɣef leqdic n iflissen, dɣa s tɣawla ssersen-d tazmert-nsen ɣef ugafa n Ldzayer, rran-d iman-nsen ɣer tama n Tgeldit n Yiɛetmaniyen, dɣa sseknen-d iman-nsen deg wallen n yimezdaɣ am akken d ixṣimen n Spanyul. Bgayet tuɣal s lemɣawla d iswi n ṭṭmeɛ; Ɛaruj s ttawil-is i yekkes Iḥafsiyen seg Qsenṭina d Ɛennaba. Carlos I agellid n Spenyul ''(Yettwassen daɣen s Charles V deg Tuṛuft)'' yesseqdec tamdint-a d amkan n tuqqna deffir tawaɣit n tuffɣa n 1541 mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 102–108'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011) [1982]. L'Algérie des Algériens (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 310–312'''. Alger: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-9961-9-6621-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== '''Tamdint i d-yettwaɛzelen''' ==
[[Tugna:Giovanni Maria Morandi - Religieux.jpg|alt=lmuqedmin imasiḥiyen ttxellisen akken ad ssufɣen imasiḥiyen i yellan d aklan sɣur Iṭurkiyen - lqern wis 17 - D aḥric seg leqdic n iflissen iɛetmaniyen|vignette|lmuqedmin imasiḥiyen ttxellisen akken ad ssufɣen imasiḥiyen i yellan d aklan sɣur Iṭurkiyen - lqern wis 17 - D aḥric seg leqdic n iflissen iɛetmaniyen]]
[[Tugna:Captain walter croker horror stricken at algiers 1815.jpg|alt=Tugna n 1815 n aklan imasiḥiyen di Lezzayer - D aḥric seg leqdic n iflissen iɛetmaniyen|vignette|Tugna n 1815 n aklan imasiḥiyen di Lezzayer - D aḥric seg leqdic n iflissen iɛetmaniyen]]
Atmaten Ɛaruj werǧin ssawḍen ɣer yeswi-nsen n tuṭṭfa n Bgayet deg tudert-nsen. Deg taggara, Salah Raïs, yiwen seg wid i d-yeṭṭfen amkan-nsen, i d-yekcem ɣer temdint deffir umennuɣ n Bgayet (1555) mgal Spenyul s tallelt n Yiẓwawen n Kuku[64]. Di teswiεt-a Bgayet tekcem ɣer temnaḍt n Yiɛetmaniyen n Lezzayer, tezga-d ddaw lḥekma n Beylik n Qsenṭina alamma d 1830. Tabḍit temnaḍt n Yiɛetmaniyen n Tefriqt n Ugafa ɣef kraḍ n yibeyliyen ''(Timnaḍin s tutlayt taturkit)'' tessers tamdint-a deg yiwen n umdiq ur nesɛi azal ameqran. Targit tasertant n watmaten Ɛaruj akken n usbedu n tamaneɣt-nsen deg Bgayet tettwaɛzel; tamaneɣt n tagelda n Yiɛetmaniyen deg Tefriqt Ugafa tella tettwasbedd yakan deg tamnaḍt Lezzayer Tamaneɣt n tura i yellan d asagan yettwaḥerzen yerna deg-s llan ttwaxedmen aṭas n yisenfaren&lt;ref&gt;Cote, M. (1 April 1991). ''[https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 3'''. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-85744-509-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwasekles deg 21 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tuddsa tameqqrant kan i d-yeqqimen deg Bgayet deg tallit-a d tin n “dar senɛa”; d amkan i lebni n iɣerruba ''(lbabuṛat)'' n Dey n Lezzayer Tamaneɣt&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 117'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Bgayet, ddaw lḥekma n lqayed aṭerki, tettwaḥsab sɣur Lezzayer d tamdint i izemren ad tqabel Lezzayer ɣas akken zzin-as-tt idurar n yiɛdawenn&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 115'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;. Lezzayer tettabaɛ-d s leḥdert tikli n yiɣallen iɛetmaniyen deg Bgayet imi tugad ad d-yili umennuɣ gar-as d Lezzayer, dɣa tceggeε-d lbabuṛat-is ɣer Bgayet ladɣa deg tegrest imi tiẓgiwin n idurar-is d tiɣremt i d-yefkan. Dɣa tamdint-a teẓra aɣelluy-nnes yettnerni s tɣawla mi ṛuḥen Ispanyulen.

Imezdaɣ n Bgayet llan sεan amḍan amecṭuḥ n yiɣerruba n tnezzut, azal n ɛecrin n tiflukin, i d-yettruḥun ɣer [[Lezzayer (tamanaɣt)|Lezzayer]], [[Wehran|Wehṛan]], [[Ɛennaba]] d [[Tunes]] akken ad ssufuɣen lɣella n temnaḍt-a deg lḥal yelhan. Deg tegrest, iɣerruba n tnezzut-a tella tettɣimi deg teftist n “Dar Senɛa” seddaw la casbah ''(s taɛrabt “al-qaṣabah” القصبة &quot;lberǧ&quot;)'' ar tefsut&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 117'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Sselɛa i d-yettwassuffuɣen tella deg-s zzit, lxeḍra, tazart, d igelman; ttwassen-d ccac d imendiyen ttwawwin-d seg berra n temdint. Ahat iɣezzuba-a ''(lbabuṛat)'' wwin-d tiẓgi i lebni n iɣezzuba di Lezzayer&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 118'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;. Deg tallit-a, ikemmel-d ccɣel n iflissen iɛetmaniyen, ladɣa wid yellan deg Jijel. Deg useggas n 1671, sserɣen-tt lbumbat n yiɣezzuba Yigliziyen ddaw n akellef n Edward Spragge akken ad ḥebsen aẓdam n iflissen iɛetmaniyen deg yilel agrakal ɣef iɣezzuba-nsen. Deg tallit-a merra, tamdint ur tettwaḥrez ara, yerna imeslayen n waṭas n yimsebriden i d-yusan ɣer-s, ttmeslayen-d ɣef yir liḥala d lexṣaṣ n uṣeggem n lebni deg tamdint.

Seg tallit-a alamma d tagrawla tafransist, iɣallen n Tmurt n Leqvayel ɛerḍen ad ṭṭfen tamdint mebla ma yessaweḍ yiwen ɣer rbeḥ.

Deg useggas n 1823, Leɛruc n [[Idurar n Tiggura|Iwanuɣen]] d [[Asif asemmam|Wasif asemmam]] ṭṭfen amḍebber n temdint. Deg useggas n 1825, Aɣa Yahia, amḍebber n yiɣallen n Lezzayer, yerza  tamdint yerna yebda tikta n usekcam mgal Leɛruc n Wasif asemmam&lt;ref&gt;Kaddache, Mahfoud (2011) [1982]. L'Algérie des Algériens (s tefransist) '''Asebter 490'''. Alger: Société nationale d'édition et de diffusion. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-9961-9-6621-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;.

''Ẓer daɣen [[Tamurt n Leqbayel|Tamurt n Leqvayel]]''

== '''Aɣelluy n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer d tallit n ussehres afransis''' ==
[[Tugna:Bougie-ville.jpg|right|232x232px|thumb|Bgayet n zik ]]

Deg useggas n 1830, Ifransisen bdan-d tikli n tuṭṭfa n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer. Deg tazwara, tikli-nni tella tettwasnebgi mgal Lezzayer. Maca ur ɛeḍḍlen ara aṭas imi iɣallen-nsen bdan ttnadin ad ṭṭfen Tamurt n Leqvayel, mgal-as i d-bdan aṭas n yimenɣiyen. 

Deg tallit-a, mi teɣli-d tezmert n ussehres aṭerki, ɣef ljal n axrab i d-yellan deffir waya, Leqvayel rran-d tazmert-nsen d kra n leḥkem ɣef temdint d timnaḍin n tmurt-nsen i yellan zik seddaw tamehla n Ṭṭerk yerna werɛad ur llint ddaw n tmehla n Fṛansa.

Timdint d temnaḍt-is rran-d tagrawla meqqren mgal ussehres afṛensis. Seg tazwara, am Yispenyuliyen n awines wis 16, Ifransisen qnen s yiwet n tilin tamecṭuḥt arma d 1846, dɣa bnan-d aṭas n lebni n uḥraz deg tlemmast n temdint akk d deg imukan ɛlayen n temdint&lt;ref&gt;Habsbourg, Louis Salvator de (2000) [1899]. Bougie: La perle de l'Afrique du Nord (s tefransist). Paris/Montréal: L’Harmattan. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-7384-8455-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 140–145'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ayagi ur d-yeḥbis ara tamdint-a ad teṭṭef amkan deg waṭas n tegrawliwin d tmenɣiwin am wid n [[Crif Bubeɣla]], yerna ladɣa nnfaq ameqran n [[Muḥend At-Meqqran|Lḥaǧ Muḥend At Meqqran]] d Ccix Aḥedad deg 1871.[[Tugna:Phare du Cap Carbon.jpg|alt=Taftilt n Cape Carbon|vignette|Taftilt n Cape Carbon]]Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa tafransist, tamdint tella d tamdint tamecṭuḥt s azal n 2000 n yimezdaɣ&lt;ref&gt;Féraud, Laurent-Charles (1 yennayer 2001). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=nK5yAAAAMAAJ&amp;q=f%C3%A9raud+histoire+bougie Histoire de Bougie]'' (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 140–145'''. Éditions Bouchène. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-912946-28-7&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tamdint tettwaɣ-d d taɣiwant s usaḍuf ''(lqanun)'' n 17 yunyu 1854&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr/geo.php?ir=&amp;lieu=Bougie+(Alg%C3%A9rie) Recherche géographique: Bougie (Algérie)]&quot;. ''anom.archivesnationales.culture.gouv.fr'' (s tefransist). 2015. Yettwaṭṭef deg 25 Yulyu 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ifransisen ččuren-d ukalil n temdint s wakal akken ad sɛun ugar n wakal yelhan i lebni, mi d-snulfan asagan n temdint yerna bnan-as-d aḥric n beṛṛa ɣer tama n yilel akken ad yesɛu ugar n wemkan i yiɣerruba. Ahil n usnerni aɣerman n temdint (asnulfu n tama n yilel d iberdan imeqranen) yeǧǧa-d azamul d ameqran deg wamek i d-tnerna temdint seg tallit-nni ar ass-a. Timdint tewwi-d cwiṭ cwiṭ amkan-is d amḍiq alemmas n tmurt n Leqvayel d asagen n ussufuɣ (usifeḍ) n ifuras n tfellaḥt n tmurt-a. Imezdaɣen iqvayliyen mazal ttkemmilen deg leqdic-nsen n usifeḍ ɣef tlisa n yilel. Deg useggas n 1906, imḍebbren n Fṛansa bnan taftilt n Cape Carbon;  d tin yugaren akk deg umaḍal ɣef ssebba n umkan-is ɣef yixef n wedrar (220 n lmitrat deg teɣzi) yerna tafat-is tettaweḍ 53 n yikilumitren ɣer yilel&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.ca/books?id=85IvAAAAMAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y Ministère de l'information]  1970, p. 106. Anabaḍ n Lezzayer (s tefransist)&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== '''Ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan II''' ==
[[Tugna:North Africa Operations. 12 November 1942, Bougie, North Africa. A13019.jpg|alt=Karanja d Cathay ttwasserɣen ɣer tama n n yilel n Bgayet deffir tmenɣiwin n yigenni n Luftwaffe.|vignette|Karanja d Cathay ttwasserɣen ɣer tama n yilel n Bgayet deffir tmenɣiwin n yigenni n Luftwaffe -  1942.]]
Deg ṭṭraḍ amaḍlan wis sin, Operation Torch tessers-d iɣallen imarikaniyen d ibriṭaniyen deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt n Ugafa]], gar-asen yiwen n ugraw n Royal West Kent Regiment n tgelda tageldanit deg Bgayet deg 11 wember 1942. Deg wass-nni, ɣef 4:40 n tmeddit, yiwet n terbaεt n yisafagen n iɣallen n Luftwaffe n Lalman ssersen lbumbat ɣef Bgayet s tlatin n yisafagen Ju 88 d ṣṣenf-nniḍen n yisafagen. Iɣerruba n usifeḍ ''(aḥemmel)'' Awatea d Cathay ɣḍeṣen, ma d aɣerrabu n ṭṭraḍ HMS Roberts yettwaɣ. Azekka-nni, aɣerrabu n ṭṭraḍ SS Tynwald d aɣerrabu n usifeḍ Karanja ttwaɣen yerna ɣḍeṣen&lt;ref&gt;Atkinson, Rick (2013). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=cEEpZPDnV7EC An Army At Dawn: The War in North Africa, 1942-1943]'' (s teglizit). Little, Brown Book Group. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-1-4055-2727-9&lt;/nowiki&gt;.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

== '''Ṭṭraḍ n timunent n Lezzayer''' ==
[[Tugna:Ɛebban Ṛemḍan.png|alt=Ɛebban Ṛemḍan|vignette|[[Ɛebban Ṛemḍan]]|224x224px]]
Deg ṭṭrad n timunent n Lezzayer ''(1 Wamber 1954 – 5 Yulyu 1962 i yettwasnen daɣen s Tagrawla)'', tamurt n leqvayel tella ddaw yisem n temnaḍt III s ddaw n uselway n [[Krim Belqasem|Belqasem Krim]] i d-iḥettmen ad teqqim tmurt n Leqbayel ddaw leɛnaya n Leqvayel; Bgayet tella d aḥric seg temnaḍt III&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. [[Agraw n Ṣummam]] i d-yesseggan [[Ɛebban Ṛemḍan]] yesbedd-d tawsit tasertant-taserdasit n umussu aɣelnaw azzayri deg ṭṭraḍ, yeḍra-d deg [[Uzellagen]], deg idurar i llan deffir n Bgayet&lt;ref&gt;Zirem, Youcef (2013). Histoire de Kabylie: Le point de vue kabyle (s tefransist) '''Asebter 84'''. Fouesnant: Yoran Embanner. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 978-2-914855-98-3&lt;/nowiki&gt;. &lt;/ref&gt;. Uqbel agraw-a, Ɣef leḥsab n waṭas n tdiwennitin d inagan n [[Ḥusin Nat Ḥmed|Ḥusin At Ḥmed]], amennuɣ ur yesɛi ara lsas iǧehden.

== '''Tamdint tatrart''' ==
[[Tugna:Bejaia place guidon.jpg|vignette|Bgayet - Place Guidon - Lebni n [[Fransa]].]]Deg yiḍ n ṭṭraḍ n timunent n Lezzayer deg 1954, Bgayet tesɛa azal n 30.000 n yimezdaɣen, gar-asen 6.200 n yifṛensisen. Yiwet n tseddarin ineggura n udabu afṛansis d lebni n  yiwen n aqadu (pipeline) ara yessiwḍen lpeṭrul ''(zzit n wakal)'' seg [[Ḥasi Mesɛud]] deg uneẓruf ɣer Iɣerruba n usagan n temdint. Deg useggas n 1959, Bgayet tella d taḥanut n wuzzal tameqrant akk deg tmurt n Lezzayer, i d-yettakent idrimen. Deg 1959, Bgayet tella d asagan ameqran n lpeṭrul ay yesɛan azal akk deg Lezzayer, yerna d aɣbalu n tedrimt&lt;ref&gt;Cote, M. (1 April 1991). ''[https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 4'''. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-85744-509-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwasekles deg 21 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;. Deg 1962, tettwaqqel ɣer temnaḍt n Sétif, uqbel ad tuɣal d tamaneɣt n temnaḍt-s deg useggas n 1974. Tamdint teẓra tigmi n yimezdaɣ, gar-asen amḍiq n Lexmis, sdeffir ma usan-d aṭas n medden seg tudrin d temnaḍin n tmurt n Leqvayel akken ad ddren deg-s&lt;ref&gt;Kheladi, Mokhtar (1 yennayer 1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oGbaAAAAMAAJ Urbanisme et systèmes sociaux: la planification urbaine en Algérie]'' (s tefransist) '''Isebtar 109–110'''. Office des publications universitaires. &lt;/ref&gt;.

Bgayet, am temdinin-nniḍen deg Tmurt n Leqvayel, tella d yiwet seg wammasen n tmenɣiwt n tdukli tamaziɣt deg [[Tafsut n Yimaziɣen]] n 1980; yerna deg useggas n 2001 akk d deg [[Tafsut Taberkant|Tefsut Taberkant]]. Bgayet daɣen gar tmaneɣin tidamsanin n Tmurt n Leqvayel d yiwet seg yimukan idelsanen yesɛan iswiyen idelsanen am [[Tizi Wezzu]]. Alday n unnar asertan yeǧǧa-d ad d-kkren waṭas n tdukliwin n yidles n yal ṣṣenf. Tasdawit n Bgayet, s tilin-is, tettɛawan umussu-a; llan yiɣawasen i wakken ad tili  tasudut n uselmed n tutlayt tamaziɣt deg Bgayet&lt;ref&gt;Cote, M. (1 April 1991). ''[https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 7'''. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-85744-509-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwasekles deg 21 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;. 

Tigmi s tɣawla n yimezdaɣ n temdint tettak-d uguren i usnulfu n tmezduɣin d uḥraz n yimukan n yidles. Tella daɣen temsalt n twennaṭ i d-yeqqnen ɣer ussuḍes i d-yettasen seg lecɣal n yixxamen d tnezzut. Deg tazwara n yiseggasen n 1990, tigmi n yimezdaɣ, lexṣaṣ n n tsertit yelhan, sneqsen ṣṣenf n twennaṭ n temdint, ɣas akken llan kra n iɣbula i yimal-is&lt;ref&gt;Kheladi, Mokhtar (1 January 1993). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=oGbaAAAAMAAJ Urbanisme et systèmes sociaux: la planification urbaine en Algérie]'' (in French) '''Asebter 112'''. Office des publications universitaires.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Cote, M. (1 April 1991). ''[https://encyclopedieberbere.revues.org/1507 Encyclopédie berbère]'' (s tefransist) '''Asebter 7'''. Aix-en-Provence: Éditions Peeters. &lt;nowiki&gt;ISBN 2-85744-509-1&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Yettwasekles deg 21 Yennayer 2017.&lt;/ref&gt;.

== '''Uṭṭunen n yimezdaɣImezdaɣ''' ==
Tamdint tesɛa 177,988 imezdaɣ ɣef leḥsab n 2008.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Tigmi n yimezdaɣ s wakud&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.populstat.info/Africa/algeriat.htm populstat.info] Yettwaḥrez 3 Meɣres 2016 deg [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] (Asebter s teglizit)&lt;/ref&gt;
!Aseggas
!Imezdaɣ
!Aseggas
!Imezdaɣ
!Aseggas
!Imezdaɣ
!Aseggas
!Imezdaɣ
|-
|1901
|14,600
|1926
|15,900
|1954
|43,900
|1977
|74,000
|-
|1906
|17,500
|1931
|25,300
|1960
|63,000
|1987
|114,500
|-
|1911
|10,000
|1936
|30,700
|1966
|49,900
|1987
|144,400
|-
|1921
|19,400
|1948
|28,500
|1974
|104,000
|2008
|177,988
|}
'''Tugnatin n Bgayet'''&lt;gallery&gt;
Tugna:Yemma Gouraya.jpg|Tamdint n Bgayet seddaw n wedrar n [[Yemma Guraya]]
Tugna:Bgayet port.jpg|Lmersa n Bgayet
Tugna:Bgayet Maison de la culture.jpg|Axxam n yedles &quot;[[Ṭawes Ɛamruc]]&quot; n Bgayet
Tugna:Tasdawit n Bgayet 01.jpg|[[Tasdawit Ɛebderraḥman Mira n Bgayet|Tasdawit Ɛebderraḥman Mira n Bgayet]]&quot; 
Tugna:Cap Carbon 1.jpg|&quot;Cap Carbon&quot;
Tugna:Cap Carbon2.jpg|&quot;Cap Carbon&quot;
Tugna:Les Aiguades.jpg|Zegwaḍ
&lt;/gallery&gt;

== Iɣbula ==
&lt;references/&gt;

{{Tawilayt n Bgayet}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Tiɣiwanin n twilayt n Bgayet}}
[[Taggayt:Timdinin]]
[[Taggayt:Bgayet]]</text>
      <sha1>39wur7ta2bd3wd7dqu1cp4odrdddeez</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Imaziɣen</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>258</id>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-02T10:16:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>CommonsDelinker</username>
        <id>96</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Removing [[:c:File:Tatouages_berbères_—_Femme.png|Tatouages_berbères_—_Femme.png]], it has been deleted from Commons by [[:c:User:Taivo|Taivo]] because: Copyright violation; see [[:c:Commons:Licensing|]] ([[:c:COM:CSD#F1|F1]]): abusing multiple accounts.</comment>
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      <text bytes="13444" sha1="ng1z0x7xdeo7k9am8sagjdupyf863js" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox ethnic group
| group = Imaziɣen&lt;!-- [[WP:NOETHNICGALLERIES]] --&gt;
| native_name = ⵉⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵏ, ⵎⵣⵗⵏ
| image =
| caption = 
| population = 20–30 imelyan&lt;ref&gt;''Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia.'' Ed. [[Steven L. Danver]], M. E. Sharpe/Mesa Verde Publishing, 2013, p. 23f.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berber people&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Berber|title=Berber people|access-date=2016-08-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Berber speakers&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/05/north-africa-berbers-get-boost-from-arab-spring/ |title= North Africa's Berbers get boost from Arab Spring |publisher= [[Fox News Channel|Fox News]] |date= 5 May 2012 |accessdate= 8 December 2013 |archive-date= 9 October 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131009114511/http://www.foxnews.com/world/2012/05/05/north-africa-berbers-get-boost-from-arab-spring/ |url-status= dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; – 50 imelyan&lt;ref name=&quot;Bilingualism, p. 860&quot;&gt;{{cite book|authors=Tej K. Bhatia, William C. Ritchie|title=The Handbook of Bilingualism|date=2006|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons|isbn=0631227350|page=860|url=https://www.google.com/books?id=pNqVaUk4dM0C|accessdate=16 July 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region1 = {{flagcountry|Morocco}}
| pop1 = seg ≈ 14 imelyan&lt;ref name=&quot;Berber people&quot;/&gt; ar ≈ 20 imelyan&lt;ref name=&quot;minorityrights.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://minorityrights.org/minorities/berber/|title=Morocco – Berber|work=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;axl.cefan.ulaval.ca&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/berberes_Afrique.htm|title=Les Berbères en Afrique du Nord|publisher=Chaire pour le développement de la recherche sur la culture d'expression française en Amérique du Nord|access-date=2019-09-16|archive-date=2019-10-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191022181215/http://www.axl.cefan.ulaval.ca/afrique/berberes_Afrique.htm|url-status=dead}}, Université Laval
Québec, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peter Prengaman: [http://m.sfgate.com/news/article/Morocco-s-Berbers-Battle-to-Keep-From-Losing-2941557.php ''Morocco's Berbers Battle to Keep From Losing Their Culture / Arab minority forces majority to abandon native language''], Chronicle Foreign Service, March 16, 2001, on sfgate.com.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;axl.cefan.ulaval.ca&quot;/&gt;
| region2 = {{flagcountry|Algeria}}
| pop2 = seg 9&lt;ref name=&quot;Berber people&quot;/&gt; ar ≈ 13 imelyan&lt;ref name=&quot;axl.cefan.ulaval.ca&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-35515769 |title= Algeria reinstates term limit and recognises Berber language |work= BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region3 = {{flagcountry|Libya}}
| pop3 = ~3,850,000&lt;ref name=&quot;Bilingualism, p. 860&quot;/&gt;
| region4 = {{flagcountry|Tunisia}}
| pop4 = 110,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tsg.html|title=Tunisia|publisher=The World Factbook}}{{dead link|date=March 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ar ≈ 389,652&lt;ref name=&quot;Bilingualism, p. 860&quot;/&gt;
| region5 = {{flagcountry|France}}
| pop5 = kter n 2 imelyan&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm ''Les langues de France : un patrimoine méconnu, une réalité vivante''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140929080724/http://www.dglflf.culture.gouv.fr/lgfrance/lgfrance_presentation.htm |date=2014-09-29 }}, originally published by CultureComm unication.gouv.fr.&lt;/ref&gt;
| region6 = {{flagcountry|Mauritania}}
| pop6 = 2,883,000 (2,768,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Scholastic Library Publishing|title=Lands and Peoples: Africa|date=2005|publisher=Grolier|isbn=0717280241|page=135|url=https://archive.org/details/landspeoples00unse|accessdate=17 August 2016}}; Moors 80% of population of 3,460,000&lt;/ref&gt; &amp; 115,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15607/MR|title=Tuareg, Tamasheq in Mauritania|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;)
| region7 = {{flagcountry|Niger}}
| pop7 = 1,620,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html|title=Niger|publisher=The World Factbook|access-date=2019-09-16|archive-date=2020-04-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424124158/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ng.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region8 = {{flagcountry|Mali}}
| pop8 = 850,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|title=Mali|publisher=The World Factbook|access-date=2019-09-16|archive-date=2015-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110042640/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ml.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region9 = {{flagcountry|Belgium}}
| pop9 = 500,000&lt;small&gt;(Including descendants)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2016/03/23/la-belgique-est-devenue-un-trou-noir-securitaire_4888420_3232.html|title=Au cœur des réseaux djihadistes européens, le passé douloureux du Rif marocain|last=Truong|first=Nicolas|date=2016-03-23|newspaper=Le Monde.fr|language=fr|issn=1950-6244|access-date=2016-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region10 = {{flagcountry|Netherlands}}
| pop10 = 367,455&lt;small&gt;(Including descendants)&lt;/small&gt;
| region11 = {{flagcountry|Burkina Faso}}
| pop11 = 50,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/15607/UV|title=Tuareg, Tamasheq in Burkina Faso|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region12 = {{flagcountry|Egypt}}
| pop12 = 34,000&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14958/EG|title=Berber, Siwa in Egypt|author=Joshua Project|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; neɣ 1,826,580&lt;ref name=&quot;Bilingualism, p. 860&quot;/&gt;
| region13 = {{flagcountry|Canada}}
| pop13 = 37,060 &lt;small&gt;(Including those of mixed ancestry)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2016/dp-pd/prof/details/page.cfm?Lang=E&amp;Geo1=PR&amp;Code1=01&amp;Geo2=&amp;Code2=&amp;Data=Count&amp;SearchText=Canada&amp;SearchType=Begins&amp;SearchPR=01&amp;B1=All&amp;TABID=1|title=Census Profile, 2016 Census - Canada [Country] and Canada [Country]|first=Statistics Canada|last=Government of Canada|date=February 8, 2017|website=www12.statcan.gc.ca}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| region14 = {{flagcountry|Israel}}
| pop14 = 3,500&lt;ref&gt;Moshe Shokeid: ''The Dual Heritage: Immigrants from the Atlas Mountains in an Israeli Village''. Manchester University Press, 1971.&lt;/ref&gt;
| region15 = {{flagcountry|United States}}
| pop15 = 1,327&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=US Census Bureau|title=The Arab Population: 2000| url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2003pubs/c2kbr-23.pdf|accessdate=2013-05-05
}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| langs = [[Tutlayin timaziɣin]], ttwurant s [[Tifinaɣ]] neɣ s [[Agemmay Amaziɣ Alatin|ugemmay Amaziɣ Alatin]];&lt;br /&gt;[[Ddarja n Tefriqt Ugafa]] (gar [[Arabized Berber]]s)
| rels = Amur ameqqran seg-sen [[tasunnit]].&lt;br&gt; Lbaqi ttekkin ɣer ifurkawen nniḍen n lislam ([[Taciɛit]], [[Taɛibadit]]), [[Tamasiḥt]] (ladɣa [[Taprutistant]]),&lt;ref name=&quot;Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census |title=Believers in Christ from a Muslim Background: A Global Census &amp;#124; Duane A Miller Botero - Academia.edu |publisher=academia.edu |accessdate=27 March 2016 |archive-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928201901/https://www.academia.edu/16338087/Believers_in_Christ_from_a_Muslim_Background_A_Global_Census |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;*(s trumit) [http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 Sadek Lekdja: ''Christianity in Kabylie'', Radio France Internationale, 7 mai 2001] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404003445/http://matoub.kabylie.free.fr/kabylie/article.php3?id_article=174 |date=2019-04-04 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Udayen Imaziɣen|Tudayt]], akked [[Liman amaziɣ aqdim|liman aqdim]]&lt;!-- as per [[Infobox ethnic group]], the religion parameter is for the &quot;group's religious affiliations&quot; - irreligion is having no religious affiliation --&gt;
| related-c = At [[tutlayin tifrusyawiyin]] nniḍen&lt;ref&gt;Blench, Roger. Archaeology, Language, and the African Past. Rowman: Altamira, 2006 {{ISBN|9780759104662}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Diakonoff, Igor. The Earliest Semitic Society: Linguistic Data. Journal of Semitic Studies, Vol. 43 Iss. 2 (1998).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Shirai, Noriyuki 2010&quot;&gt;Shirai, Noriyuki. The Archaeology of the First Farmer-Herders in Egypt: New Insights into the Fayum Epipalaeolithic and Neolithic. Leiden University Press, 2010. {{ISBN|9789087280796}}.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=blench2006&gt;Blench R (2006) Archaeology, Language, and the African Past, Rowman Altamira, {{ISBN|0-7591-0466-2}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7591-0466-2}}, books.google.be/books?id=esFy3Po57A8C&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Ehret2004&gt;Ehret C, Keita SOY, Newman P (2004) The Origins of Afroasiatic a response to Diamond and Bellwood (2003) in the Letters of SCIENCE 306, no. 5702, p. 1680 {{doi|10.1126/science.306.5702.1680c}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bender1997&gt;Bender ML (1997), Upside Down Afrasian, Afrikanistische Arbeitspapiere 50, pp. 19–34&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=militarev2005&gt;Militarev A (2005) Once more about glottochronology and comparative method: the Omotic-Afrasian case, Аспекты компаративистики – 1 (Aspects of comparative linguistics – 1). FS S. Starostin. Orientalia et Classica II (Moscow), p. 339-408. http://starling.rinet.ru/Texts/fleming.pdf&lt;/ref&gt;
| native_name_lang = ber
| related_groups =
}}
'''Imaziɣen''' d imezdaɣ ineṣliyen deg [[Tafriqt ugafa|tefriqt ugafa]], d nutni i yellan d amur ameqqṛan deg yimezdaɣ n [[Tamazɣa|Tmazɣa]]/Tafriqt n ugafa, tutlayt-sen d [[Tamaziɣt]], xas ma yella aṭas deg-sen ass-a la ttmeslayen [[Taɛrabt]]. 

Imaziɣen ḥerren-d akal d ameqqran, yewweḍ seg wemda n [[Isiwan]], deg Utaram (lɣerb) n [[Maṣer]] alamma d Targa Zewwaɣen d [[Muriṭanya]], ɣef yiri n ugaraw Aṭlasi. Yuɣ lḥal, d Imaziɣen i d agdud n Tefriqt awḥid id-iḥerren anect-a n wakal, imi amur ameqqran deg yegduden ifriqiyen-nniḍen, tikwal sɛan kan akal d amecṭuḥ, tikwal bitt, cerken-t akked yegduden-nniḍen. Imaziɣen ttuneḥsaben d agdud n yiri (race) amellal, xas ma yella nettaf gar-asen aṭas n yimibriken d yiberkanen.

Aṭas n Yimaziɣen id-mazal la ttmeslayen [[tamaziɣt]], rnu deg yiseggasen-a ineggura, aṭas n trebbaɛin timaziɣin id-yennulfan i wakken ad wtent ad ḥerzent tutlayt-nsent. Xas ma yella tantalyin (dialectes) i ttmeslayen Yimaziɣen mgaradent si tama ɣer tayeḍ, maca kkant-d akk seg yiwen n uẓar, seg yiwet n tutlayt, yernu yeshel ɣef waṭas n timaziɣin ad msegzunt(msefhament) gar-asent s tutlayt-nsent, xas ma yella mgaradent tentalyin-nsent. 

Imaziɣen mazal ṭṭfen deg waṭas n wansayen (lɛaddat), ladɣa wid yettidiren di Merruk akk d [[Uneẓruf]] (ṣṣeḥra), dacu kan, ass-a, aṭas n wansayen imaziɣen i yellan ɣef yiri n nnger, la ten-ttaǧǧan medden yernu ur d asen-ttgen ara leqrar. Nnig waya, ula d tutlayt tamaziɣt la tettuɣal ɣer deffir deg waṭas n tamiwin n Tmazɣa, medden la d-ttaǧǧan, ilmeẓyen ur ttlemden ara, dɣa yessefk ad yettwaxdem kra n leqdic s lḥir i lmend n ussukkes n tutlayt di tmiwa-a.

Ass-a llan azal n 45 imelyan n imaziɣen deg ddunit merra.

==Iɣsan d iẓuran imqqṛanen n Imaziɣen==

* [[Iznaten]]    (زناتة / إيزناتن )
* [[Iẓnagen]]    ( ژناگة / صنهاجة / إيژناگن)
* [[Imṣmuden]]  ( مصمودة / إيمسمودن )
* [[Iktamen]]   (كتامة / إيكوتامن )
* [[Iɣumaren]]   ( غمارة / إيغومارن) 
* [[Iguzulen]]   ( جزولة / إيگوزولن) 
* [[Igdalen]]    (جدالة / إيگدالن )
* [[Imdyunen]]  ( مديونة / إيمديونن )
* [[Isedraten]]  ( سدراتة / إيسدراتن )
* [[Infzawen]]  ( نفزة / نفزاوة / إينفزاون )
* [[Izwawen]]    ( زواوة / إيزواون )
* [[Ihuwwaren]]  ( هوارة / إيهوارن) 
* [[Imssufen]]  ( مسوفة / إيمسوفن) 
* [[Iskuren]]  ( هسكورة / إيهسكورن )
* [[Imẓẓujen]]  ( مژّوجة / إيمژّوجن )
* [[Imḍlasen]]   ( مطالسة / إيمضالسن )
* [[Ihntaten]]    ( هنتاتة / إيهنتاتن )
* [[Imɣrawen|Imɣran]]   (مغراوة / إيمغرلن )
* [[Imknasen]]  ( مكناسة / إيمكناسن )
* [[Imssiwan]]   (إمسوان/مسيوة)
* [[Infeṭwak]]   (فطواكة/إنفطواك)
* [[Iɣejdamen]]   (غجدامة/إغجدامن)
* [[Inffusen]] (إنفوسن/نفوسة)
* [[Iḥaḥan]] (حاحا/إحاحان)
* [[Innultan]] (إنولتان/ولتانة) 
* [[Igliwwa]] (إگليوا/گلاوة)
* [[Icawiyen]] (إشاوين/الشاوية)
* [[Imdɣren]] (إمدغرن/مدغرة أو مطغرة)
* [[Iwraben]] (إورابن/أوربة)
* [[Izwwaren]] (إزواغن/زواغة)
* [[Mɣila|Imɣilen]] (مغيلا/مغيلة)
* [[Iɣyyaten]] (إغياتن/غياثة)
* [[Ilwaten]] (إلواتن/لواتة)
* [[Iwrdiɣen]] (إورديغن/ورديغة)

== Imaziɣen yettwasnen ==


: Ẓer ''[[Imaziɣen ittwasnen]]''

Daɣen

: Ẓer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]''


== Wali ==

* [[Leqbayel]]
* [[Icawiyen]]
* [[Imuhaɣ]] (touareg)

== Tamselyut ==
* http://amastan1.tripod.com/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717101657/http://amastan1.tripod.com/ |date=2011-07-17 }} Sɣur Umar Muffuk
[[Taggayt:iɣerfan]]
[[Taggayt:Iɣerfan iẓaranen n tferka n ugafa]]
[[Taggayt:Imaziɣen]]</text>
      <sha1>ng1z0x7xdeo7k9am8sagjdupyf863js</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Tanzeggit</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>2206</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117844</id>
      <parentid>117833</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-02T10:25:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117844</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21697" sha1="f60gcgtnxfhvlo6nve5cnrvyxarqbho" xml:space="preserve">
'''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da.

Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]]

== 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit ==
Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Tallit
!Amhaz agenjdan
|-
|Taglest
|Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ.
|-
|Tasut tis 3 uqbel
tallit-nneɣ
|Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg &quot;Iferdisen&quot;.
|-
|Tallit talemmast
|Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d
tsenallunt.
|-
|Tasut tis 17
|Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin.
|-
|Tasut tis 19
|Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n
tiknit d tallunin.
|-
|1872 d mbeɛd
|Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan.
|-
|Tasut tis 20–21
|Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka.
|}
&quot;'''Iferdisen'''&quot; n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan.

== 2. Isbaduten, igejdan d usfukel ==
Asbadu yessegza tamiḍrant s wawalen yettwasnen. Agejdi d tafyirt i neqqbel deg yiwen unagraw war asfukel deg unagraw-nni. Asekkud(tiẓri) d ayen ara d-nsuffeɣ seg yigejdan d yisekkuden yettwasfuklen yakan.

Deg umedya n Aklid, yezmer ad yettwabnu yiɣil n teɣda gar snat n tneqqiḍin, ad yettwasɣezef yiɣil, ad tettwabnu twinest s wammas d waqqar yettwabedren. Yella daɣen agejdi ɣef tɣmar timaɣudin d wayen yeqqnen ɣer umṣadaɣ.

=== Amedya n useɣẓen ===
Deg uɣawas n Aklid, i teneqqiṭ '''P''' i ur nelli ara ɣef taɣda '''d''', tella yiwet kan n teɣda iɛeddan seg '''P''' ur nettmagar ara '''d'''. Talɣa-a n yigejdi n umṣadaɣ tettwassen s yisem n '''Playfair'''; d talɣa tagdazalt i yigejdi wis semmus n Aklid deg lsas n tanzeggit tamagnut.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-18 09-56-11.png|centré]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 2. Tiɣmert d wassaɣ n umṣadaɣ. Tigniwin ttɛawanent deg tɣuri n yisekkuden; isfukal ilaq ad d-begnen ayɣer iiṣeḥḥa wassaɣ.&lt;/small&gt;

Deg tugna, tineqqiḍin ttbanent sɛant tehri, izirigen sɛan tuzert, imeccaqen zemren ur ttwaḥerzen ara s tiseddi. Deg tusnakt, taneqqiṭ ur tesɛi ara tehri. Ihi ma tugna teskan-d belli sin n yimeccaqen d igdazalen, ayen-a ur d-yettawi ara asfukel.

== 3. Taneqqiṭ, taɣda d tallunt ==
Taneqqiṭ d amḍiq war tehri; taɣda tettwasɣezef deg sin yinumak war tilisa; iɣil n teɣda yesɛa sin n yixfawen; tazinaɣda tesɛa yiwen n yixef, tettwasɣezef deg yiwen unamek. Aɣawas d tajumma ilweɣ i deg yezmer ad yili wudlif s sin n yimsidag.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-19 12-18-47.png|centré|611x611px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 3. Tisektiwin 0, 1, 2 d 3. Aɣawas n tugna d amur ifuken kan; aɣawas n tusnakt ur yesɛi ara tilisa.&lt;/small&gt;

Tasekta n tallunt tettawi amḍan n yimsidag ilelliyen i ilaqen iwakken ad nesbadu amḍiq. Deg taɣda, yiwen x ikfa; deg uɣawas, nesra (x,y); deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, nesra (x,y,z). Tasekta ur tɛelliq ara ɣef wamek ara d-nsuneɣ talɣa: amaḍal s tajumma kan yesɛa snat n tsektiwin, ɣas ma yettwaseknen deg tallunt s kraḍ.

ℝⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, …, xₙ) : xᵢ d imḍanen ilawen}

Tallunin s n &gt; 3 ttwasqedcent deg tusnakt d yisefka. Ma yal amedya n yisefka yesɛa 10 n yimuttiyen ilelliyen, yezmer ad yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg ℝ¹⁰. Ayen-a ur d-yemmal ara belli nezmer ad t-nwali s wallen; imsidag d yilugan fkan-d allalen n tazrawt.

=== Tajumma d wanrar ===
Tajumma d talɣa n snat n tsektiwin; anrar d asket-is. S yiwet n tɣawsa, takurt tesɛa daxel-is d ubleɣ, ma amaḍal d tajumma n rrif-is. Asbadu n wayen nzerrew yesɛa azal uqbel yal asiḍen.

== 4. Ikerdisen d usekkud n Pythagore ==
Akerdis yesɛa kraḍ n yidis, kraḍ n tqacucin d kraḍ n tiɣmar. Deg uɣawas n Aklid, timernit n tɣmar-is d 180°. Akerdis agdudisan yesɛa kraḍ n yidis igdazalen; akerdis akendis yesɛa ma drus sin n yidis igdazalen; akerdis amaɣud yesɛa yiwet n tiɣmert n 90°.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-20 11-55-53.png|centré|667x667px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 4. Tama taẓelmaḍt: anrar n umkuẓ ɣef yidis 5 d 25 = 9 + 16. Tama tayeffust: kuẓ n yikerdisen s yidis a d b, d umkuẓ alemmas s yidis c.&lt;/small&gt;

'''a² + b² = c², ma c d alubdis n ukerdis amaɣud''' 

Asfukel n tugna tayeffust: anrar n umkuẓ ameqqran d (a+b)². Kuẓ n yikerdisen sɛan anrar 4 × ab/2 = 2ab. Ayen i d-yeqqimen d c²; ihi c² = (a+b)² − 2ab = a²+b². Ayen-a d aseɣẓen s wanrar, mačči d asket n teɣzi ɣef tugna. Asekkud-a yesɛa daɣen talɣa tamsuɣalt: ma a²+b²=c² deg ukerdis, tiɣmert i d-yezzin i c d 90°. Deg tanzeggit taknudemt neɣ ɣef umaḍal, tanfalit-a ur tettwasemres ara akka war abeddel.

== 5. Tales(Thales) d tarwast ==
Sin n yikerdisen imarwasen sɛan tiɣmar igdazalen d yidis akniwen s yiwen wassaɣ. Ma tasɣent tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer akk imeccaqen s yiwen umuskir k &gt; 0, tḥerrez tiɣmar d talɣa. D tarwast.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-21 10-35-44.png|centré|676x676px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 5. DE d BC msadaɣen, ihi ikerdisen ADE d ABC d imarwasen. Deg tugna tayeffust, amuskir n teɣzi d 2; win n&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wanrar d 4.&lt;/small&gt;

'''AD/AB = AE/AC = DE/BC'''

Deg umedya, A d yiwet n tqacuct n sin yikerdisen; D yella ɣef [AB], E ɣef [AC], yerna DE ∥ BC. Ihi assaɣ n ''Thales'' yessegza ayɣer akk ibḍan-a d igdazalen. Ma nessen kra n teɣziwin, nezmer ad nsiḍen teɣziwin ur nessin ara s useqdec n wassaɣen-a.

'''Teɣzi: × k; anrar: × k²; ableɣ: × k³'''

Ma nsemɣer asrem s umuskir 3, tehri d teɣzi-nni ad nernunt kraḍ n tikal; anrar ad yili 9 n tikal. Ma nsemɣer agasas s 3, ableɣ ad yili 27 n tikal. Ihi amḍan n tsektiwin yesɛa azal deg wamek i yettbeddil usket.

Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen; d amedya uslig n tarwast s k = 1. Ur ilaq ara ad nsemmi snat n talɣiwin d igdazalen s wesket ma ttemcabint kan deg talɣa.

== 6. Igeddisen, tiwinas d yiḍebsiyen ==
Ageddis d talɣa n uɣawas iḥerzen yiwen rrif yettwabnan s yiɣallen. I ugeddis afraray, war amager n yidis gar-asen, timernit n tiɣmar n daxel d (n−2) × 180°, anda '''n''' d amḍan n yidis. Abḍu n ugeddis affensu s yiwet n tqacuct yessegza tanfalit-a: ad d-naf n−2 n yikerdisen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-22 10-56-58.png|centré|595x595px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 6. Tawinest d rrif; aḍebsi yesɛa daxel. Ageddis s semmus n yidisan yettwabḍa ɣef kraḍ n yikerdisen.&lt;/small&gt;

Tawinest s wammas '''O''' d waqqar '''r''' tesdukkel tineqqiḍin '''P''' i yesɛan '''d(O,P)=r'''. Aḍebsi yeɣleq yesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan d(O,P) ≤ r. Akdu d 2r. Taslayt i twinest deg P tebdd ɣef waqqar OP.

'''Azzikit n twinest: P = 2πr; anrar n uḍebsi: A = πr²'''

Ma '''r''' yettwaskat s yimitren, '''P''' ad yili s yimitren, '''A''' s yimitren imkuẓen. Pi d amḍan agraɣlan π ≈ 3.14159. Ur ilaq ara ad nsexleḍ amḍan n yisekkilen n tamawaẓt d wazal amatu n π.

== 7. Asektiɣmer d radyan ==
Asektiɣmer (trigonométrie) izerrew assaɣ gar tɣmar d teɣziwin. Deg ukerdis amaɣud, '''sin''' '''θ''' d assaɣ n yidis i d-yezzin i θ ɣer ulubdis; '''cos θ''' d assaɣ n yidis n tama-s ɣer ulubdis; '''tan θ''' '''= sin θ / cos θ mi cos θ ≠ 0.'''
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-23 12-24-09.png|centré|612x612px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 7. Tawinest s waqqar 1 tefk amur ilaw cos θ d amur yebdden sin θ. Udlifen n sin d cos sseknen abeddel-nsen d&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;wallus-nsen.&lt;/small&gt;

'''sin² θ + cos² θ = 1; 180° = π rad'''

Radyan d asket n tɣmert s wassaɣ '''θ = s/r''', anda '''s''' d teɣzi n uḥric n twinest. Ma '''θ = 1''' rad, '''s''' '''= r'''. Tuzzya tummidt d 2π rad, neɣ 360°. Aseqdec n radyan yeshel tigawt n usiḍen aneẓlay d tarrayt n yizellumen.

'''c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos γ'''

Asaḍuf n cosine yessegza assaɣ gar kraḍ n yidis n ukerdis d tɣmert γ i d-yezzin i c. Ma '''γ =''' '''90°''', '''cos γ = 0''', ad d-naf asekkud n Pythagore. Assaɣen-a ttɛawanen deg usket n tiddi n wayen ur nezmir ara ad naweḍ srid d usiḍen n yiberdan.

== 8. Teɣzi, anrar d ubleɣ ==
Teɣzi tettwaskat s tiget n teɣzi, anrar s tiget n teɣzi ɣer sin, ableɣ s tiget n teɣzi ɣer kraḍ. Azzikit d teɣzi n rrif. Tajumma tella d talɣa; anrar d azal n wesket-is. Deg tallunt, ilaq ad nessemgired anrar n rrif d ubleɣ n daxel.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-24 11-26-46.png|centré|716x716px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 8. Tiddi h tebdd ɣef uzadur b. Awlellu d takurt sɛan isketen n ubleɣ; amaḍal d rrif n takurt.&lt;/small&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Talɣa
!Asket
|-
|Asrem s yidis a d b
|A = ab; P = 2(a+b)
|-
|Akerdis s uzadur b d tiddi h
|A = bh/2
|-
|Agasas s yidis a
|V = a³; anrar n rrif = 6a²
|-
|Awlellu s waqqar r d tiddi h
|V = πr²h
|-
|Akaswar s waqqar r d tiddi h
|V = πr²h/3
|-
|Takurt / amaḍal s waqqar r
|V = 4πr³/3; anrar n umaḍal = 4πr²
|}
I talɣiwin ur nesɛi ara tanfalit tafessast, nezmer ad nebḍu talɣa ɣef yiḥricen, ad nessemres aɣred neɣ asiḍen n temawaẓt. Ma yella kra n uḥric i neḥseb snat n tikal, ilaq ad t-nekkes yiwet n tikkelt iwakken ur t-nettḥasab ara snat n tikal.

== 9. Asali s tesɣunt d ukumpas ==
Deg tanzeggit tamensayt, tesɣunt war yizamulen n wesket tettawi-d taɣda iɛeddan seg snat n tneqqiḍin. Akumpas yettawi-d tawinest s wammas d waqqar. Asali d asartu n tigawin s yilugan, mačči d asefru n talɣa s tseddi n tugna kan.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-25 11-13-00.png|centré|645x645px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 9. Sin n yisugnen n twinest sɛan yiwen waqqar, i yugar AB/2. Amager-nsen d P d Q. Taɣda PQ tebdd ɣef AB&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;deg tlemmast M&lt;/small&gt;

I usali n tabeddayt i yiɣil [AB] deg tlemmast-is, nbennu tawinest s wammas A d tayeḍ s wammas B, s yiwen waqqar i yugar AB/2. Ad mlilent deg P d Q. Acku PA=PB d QA=QB, P d Q bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg A d B; taɣda-nsen d tabeddayt n tlemmast n [AB].

Nezmer ad nebnu akerdis agdudisan, talemmast n yiɣil neɣ abḍu n tiɣmert ɣef sin. Maca mačči yal asali yezmer ad yettwaxdem s sin n wallalen-a: amedya, abḍu n yal tiɣmert ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen igdazalen ur yezmir ara s wudem amatu. Abḍu n kra n tiɣmar usligen yezmer. 

Tanzeggit tagellamt tessemres tigriyin iwakken ad d-tessekna talɣiwin n kraḍ n tsektiwin deg uɣawas. D lsas i tesneḍrit n lebni d kra n terrayin n usunneɣ aṭekniki.

== 10. Imsidag d yimawayen ==
Tanzeggit tusliṭ teqqen talɣa ɣer tegda. S yimsidag n Descartes, taneqqiṭ '''A''' tettwasbadu s '''(x,y)'''; taɣda s '''ax+by+c=0''', anda '''a''' d '''b''' ur llin ara i sin d '''0'''. Tarrayt-a tettawi talɣiwin ɣer yisiḍen(leḥsab) n uljibṛ.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-26 11-34-29.png|centré|608x608px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 10. Imeccaqen Δx = 4 d Δy = 3 fkan d = 5. Amaway u+v yettwabna s unadi n v seg yixef n u; amḍiq n tazwara&lt;/small&gt; &lt;small&gt;n umaway ur ibeddel ara talɣa-s.&lt;/small&gt;

'''d(A,B) = √[(x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²]'''

Talemmast n [AB] tesɛa imsidag ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2). Deg umedya A(1,1), B(5,4), talemmast d (3,2.5). Tanfalit n umeccaq tekka-d seg Pythagore; tanfalit n tlemmast tekka-d seg wassaɣ n yimawayen.

'''u · v = u₁v₁ + u₂v₂ = ‖u‖ ‖v‖ cos θ'''

Amaway yesɛa teɣzi d tanila. Afaris afesnan n sin yimawayen yezmer ad yessegza tiɣmert gar-asent. Ma u·v = 0 d sin yimawayen ur nelli ara d 0, imawayen-a bedden gar-asen. Tanzeggit tamawayt teshel anerni n yisiḍen-a ar tallunin s waṭas n tsektiwin.

== 11. Ibeddilen d tujjuṛt ==
Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen. Tasikelt, tuzzya d tujjuṛt s ugellus d imedyaten deg uɣawas n Aklid. Abeddel yezmer ad yerr talɣa deg umḍiq nniḍen, maca teɣzi, tiɣmar d wanrar ad qqimen d yiwen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-27 11-43-08.png|centré|661x661px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 11. Talɣa tazegzawt d tin n tazwara. Tasikelt d tuzzya ḥerzent aniri; tujjuṛt s ugellus tbeddel aniri.&lt;/small&gt;

'''Tasikelt: x′ = x + a; y′ = y + b'''

'''Tuzzya: x′ = x cos θ − y sin θ; y′ = x sin θ + y cos θ'''

Tujjuṛt s ugellus y tettawi (x,y) ɣer (−x,y). Tasikelt s umaway v tettawi P ɣer P+v. Taludegt s wammas O d umuskir k tettawi OP ɣer kOP; tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer imeccaqen s |k|. Ma |k| ≠ 1, mačči d tagdukta.

Timhelt n uḍfar n yibeddilen tesɛa azal: tuzzya deffir tasikelt ur tefk ara dima ayen i d-tefk tasikelt deffir tuzzya. Ibeddilen i yeṭṭafen talɣa meṛṛa ur tettbeddil ara sdukklen agraw n tujjuṛt-is. D allal i tazrawt n yizeṭṭa, lebni d talɣiwin n ugama.

== 12. Igezzumen n ukaswar ==
Igezzumen n ukaswar (coniques) d tiwinas, tiglayin, tikenzirarin d yiknudem. Zemren ad d-ilin s umager n uɣawas d ukaswar asinan; tili n ugzam tettawi talɣa yemgaraden. Deg taenzeggit tusliṭ, d imedyaten n tegdiwin s tfesna 2.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-28 12-03-59.png|centré|636x636px]]
&lt;small&gt;Taglayt tesɛa sin n yidiken. Takenzirart tesɛa adik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa sin n yifurkan. Ilugan n tigniwin llan deg yizwal-nsent.&lt;/small&gt;

Taglayt tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan timernit n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal. Takenzirart tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg udik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa tameẓla tamagdazt n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal.

'''Ax² + Bxy + Cy² + Dx + Ey + F = 0'''

I tegda n tfesna 2 war talɣiwin yettwasenɣasen, B²−4AC &lt; 0 yettawi talɣa n teglayt; = 0 talɣa n tkenzirart; &gt; 0 talɣa n uknudem, s tawtilin n tili n talɣa tilawt. Kra n tegdiwin zemrent ad fkent taɣda, snat teɣdiwin, taneqqiṭ neɣ tagrumma tilemt. Ihi ur ilaq ara ad nsemmu talɣa s yiwen umḍan kan.

Talɣiwin-a sɛant aseqdec deg tsenallunt, imeskaren n tafat d usali n kra n yimeslaḍen.

== 13. Tanzeggit talawsant d tseggart ==
Tanzeggit talawsant tḥerrez imeẓla n umsadaɣ d wassaɣen n tneqqiḍin ɣef yiwet n teɣda. Abeddel alawsan yesɛa talɣa x′=Ax+b, anda A d isirew imutti. Yezmer ad yessenɣes yiwen yidis ugar n wayeḍ, ihi tiɣmar d teɣziwin ur ilaq ara ad qqiment d yiwen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-29 12-34-08.png|centré|526x526px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 13. Tama taẓelmaḍt: amkuẓ yuɣal d talɣa s yidis imsadaɣen. Tama tayeffust: tigri n snat teɣdiwin timsadaɣin tettban tettawi-ten ɣer yiwet n tneqqiṭ.&lt;/small&gt;

Tanzeggit taseggart tzerrew ayen i yeqqimen d yiwen s tigri. Deg uɣawas aseggar, snat teɣdiwin yemgaraden mlilent dima deg yiwet n tneqqiṭ. I taɣdiwin timsadaɣin n uɣawas alawsan, amager-a yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg war taggara. 

'''[x : y : z] = [λx : λy : λz], ma λ ≠ 0'''

Deg yimsidag imsariyen, '''z ≠ 0''' yezmer ad yettwarr ɣer z = 1 s ubḍu. Tineqqiḍin s '''z = 0''' d taɣda n war taggara. Snat teɣdiwin timsadaɣin sɛant taneqqiṭ n tanila i ten-yesdukklen. «War taggara» dagi d amur n unagraw n yimsidag, mačči d amḍiq i nettawi s useɣzef n ugdil.

Assaɣ n umager d talɣa n teɣda ttwaḥerzen s tigri, maca umsadaɣ neɣ talemmast ur ilaq ara ad qqimen. Tanzeggit-a tettawi-d allalen i tigniwin n ukamera d tmuɣli n lebni.

== 14. Tanzeggit ur nelli ara n Aklid ==
Tanzeggit taknudemt d tanzeggit n umaḍal sseknayent belli agejdi n umṣsadaɣ ur yelli ara d ayen iwatan i yal tallunt. Deg uɣawas aknudeman, seg P i ur nelli ara ɣef d, llant aṭas n teɣdiwin i ur nettmagar ara d. Ɣef umaḍal, iberdan i yettaken adeg n teɣdiwin d tiwinas timeqqranin.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-30 11-45-25.png|centré|640x640px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 14. Akerdis ɣef umaḍal: seg Ugafa ɣer sin n tneqqiḍin deg usebges i yemgaraden s 90°, timernit d 270°. Deg uḍebsi n Poincaré, yidis n ukerdis d iḥricen n twinas i yebdden ɣef rrif.&lt;/small&gt;

Deg tanzeggit n umaḍal s waqqar '''R''', akerdis s yidis n twinas timeqqranin, deg yiwen umur iwatan, yesɛa timernit n tɣmar tugar '''π'''. Anrar-is d '''R²(α+β+γ−π)''', anda tiɣmar ttwasqedcent s radyan. Deg uɣawas aknudeman s tiknit −1, anrar n ukerdis d '''π−(α+β+γ)'''.

Deg umedya n Poincaré, rrif n uḍebsi ur yelli ara deg tallunt taknudemt: tineqqiḍin ttwaliɣent qqrebent ɣer rrif, maca ameccaq aknudeman yezmer ad yettnerni war tilisa. Ur ilaq ara ad nsket imeccaqen n tallunt-a s tesɣunt ɣef tugna amagnut.

== 15. Tanzeggit taneẓlayt d tiknit ==
Tanzeggit taneẓlayt tessemres izellumen d yiɣraden iwakken ad tzerrew udmawen d tijummiwin. I udem ilweɣ s yiwen uɣewwaṛ t, r(t) = (x(t),y(t)), taslayt teqqen ɣer r′(t). Tiknit tettawi-d asket n ubeddel n tanila mi nettnerni deg teɣzi n ubrid.

'''κ = |x′y″ − y′x″| / (x′² + y′²)^(3/2), ma r′(t) ≠ 0'''
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-31 11-51-15.png|centré|536x536px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 15. Amedya n tiknit n Gauss: tajumma n umaḍal s K &gt; 0, aɣawas s K = 0, d talɣa n ukersi n userdun s K &lt; 0.&lt;/small&gt;

Tawinest s waqqar R tesɛa tiknit 1/R. Taɣda tesɛa tiknit 0. Ɣef tajumma deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, llant snat n tikniyin tigejdanin k₁ d k₂; tiknit n Gauss d K = k₁k₂. K tezmer ad tili tugar 0, d 0 neɣ ddaw 0. 

Tiknit n Gauss d taɣara n daxel: yezmer ad tettwasekza seg yisketen deg tajumma, war asket n wamek i tettwabna deg tallunt n berra. D ayen i d-yeskan usekkud n Gauss yettwasnen s Theorema Egregium. Ihi tajumma tettban teɛwej seg berra ur ilaq ara adtesɛu K ≠ 0. Awlellu, amedya, yesɛa K = 0.

== 16. Tanzeggit n Riemann d yiberdan ==
Tanḍa d tallunt i yettemcabin, deg yal amḍiq ameẓẓyan, ɣer ℝⁿ, maca talɣa-is meṛṛa tezmer ad temgarad. Amaḍal d akruri zemren ad ttwabḍun s yikarṭiyen adiganen s sin n yimsidag. Ur ilaq ara yiwen ukarṭi ad yeṭṭef akk tallunt.

Tanzeggit n Riemann ternu asbadu n wesket i yal taneqqiṭ s isirew gᵢⱼ(x) iḍemnen belli teɣzi n yal amaway ur nelli ara d 0 tugar 0. Teɣzi n uḥric ameẓẓyan tettwaru s talɣa-a:

'''ds² = Σᵢⱼ gᵢⱼ(x) dxᵢ dxⱼ'''
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-01 12-24-52.png|centré|700x700px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 16. Awlellu yezmer ad yeldi ɣer uɣawas war abeddel n yimeccaqen adiganen. Taɣda deg tugna tayeffust tettawi abrid yezzin ɣef uwlellu.&lt;/small&gt;

Abrid agejdis (géodésique, asegzi dagi) d abrid iḥerzen tanila s wamek i t-id-tesbadu tallunt. Deg tallunt n Riemann, iberdan-a sɛan taɣara n ubrid ameẓẓyan s teɣzi deg yiḥricen meẓẓiyen iwulmen. Ur ilaq ara yal abrid agejdis ad yili d ameẓẓyan akk gar sin n yixfawen s wudem amatu.

Deg tfizikt n Einstein, tallunt d wakud ttwazerwen s tanzeggit n Lorentz: asket-is ur yesɛi ara yiwen unagraw n yizamulen am Riemann. Ihi «tajumma yeɛwejjen» d asegzi i d-iqerben kan, ur d-yessegzi ara iman-is akk tiẓri n wassaɣ n tallunt d wakud (relativité).

== 17. Tasnidegt d talɣa meṛṛa ==
Tasnidegt tzerrew timitar i ur nettbeddil ara s ubeddel amaɣlal i yesɛan amutti amaɣlal. Zemrent ad ttwazerwent tuqqna, ixjaḍ d wamek i tettwasdukkel tallunt. Teɣzi d tɣmar ur ilaq ara ad ttwaḥerzent. Ihi tasnidegt teqqen ɣer tanzeggit, maca ur telli ara d yiwet n taɣult s sin n yismawen.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-02 11-11-35.png|centré|636x636px]]
&lt;small&gt;Tugna 17. Amaḍal d ukruri mgaraden deg umḍan n yixjaḍ. amaḍal ur yesɛi ara axjiḍ, a akruri yesɛa yiwen uxjiḍ iɛeddan deg tlemmast-is, Tigniwin-a sseknayent tijummiwin n rrif kan, mačči d talɣiwin yeččuren d axel.&lt;/small&gt;

'''χ = N₀ − N₁ + N₂; i tajumma iɣelqen tusɣilt: χ = 2 − 2g'''

I tajumma yettwabḍan ɣef talɣiwin, N₀ d amḍan n tqacucin, N₁ n yidis d N₂ n wudmawen. χ d taskant n Euler. Ɣef rrif n ugasas, 8−12+6 = 2. Ɣef akruri, χ = 0. Deg tnfalit tis snat, g d amḍan n yixjaḍ s unamek n wanaw(genre), tajumma ilaq ad tili teqqen, teɣleq, tusɣilt d war rrif.

Tazrawt n talɣa meṛṛa tezmer ad d-tefk tilisa i tiknit. Asekkud n Gauss-Bonnet yeqqen aɣred n tiknit n Gauss ɣer χ n tajumma. D amedya ameqqran n tuqqna gar usket adigan d talɣa n tallunt meṛṛa.

==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit ==

* [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] 

* [[Tanzeggit tummit]]

* [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]]

* [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]]

* [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] 

* [[Aljiber imzireg]]

== Amezruy n tenzeggit ==


[[Taggayt:Tusnakt]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Washington</title>
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      <text bytes="13636" sha1="rnozfu90qll036ez3q7xoxbfbpgjgtm" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox city}}
'''Washington, D.C''' d tamanaɣt n [[Iwunak Yedduklen|Yiwunak Yedduklen]]. Isem-ines ameqqran d '''Washington, District of Columbia'''. 
Deg Washington yella [[Axxam Amellal]], izdeɣ deg-s aselway n Yiwunak Yedduklen.

Tamdint i qqaren-as Washington ansi aselway amezwaru n Yiwunal Yedduklen, [[George Washington]].

Ɣas akken New York d tamdint tameqqrant n tdamsa d tnezzut, Washington tettwassen ladɣa s wazal-is asertan, aserdasan d udiplumasi.

Deg-s i ttwaɣtasen waṭas n tsertiyin i yeɛnan Marikan, yerna kra n tɣawsiwin i d-yettawin abeddel deg umaḍal.

Tamdint-a d yiwet seg temdinin i d-yettwasbedden s uɣawas usrid, i wakken ad tili d ul n udabu n tagduda tamaynut i d-yennulfan seld ṭṭrad n timunent n Marikan.

Maca Washington ur telli ara d tamdint n tsertit kan. D tamdint yesɛan amezruy n yigduden inaṣliyen, n umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n umdan, n tẓuri d tusna.

== 1. Tarakalt d ugama ==
[[Tugna:WashMonument WhiteHouse.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Wasgington D.C]]
&lt;br&gt;

Washington tezga deg usamar n Marikan, gar Maryland d Virginia, ɣef yiri n wasif Potomac.

Amkan-a yettwafren acku yezga gar temnaḍin n ugafa d tid n unẓul n Marikan, deg tallit ideg llan imennuɣen ɣef wanda ara tili temdint tagejdant n uwanek afidirali.

Deg trakalt n Washington llan sin yisaffen igejdanen: Potomac d Anacostia. Isaffen-a sɛan azal deg tudert n yigduden inaṣliyen, deg tnezzut, deg usiweḍ d usnerni n temdint.

Tamdint tesɛa agaman n temnaḍt yettwasemman s unezwu n amennuḍan anaddaw ubzig(climat subtropical humide). Anebdu yezmer ad yili d aḥemmu s waṭas n tizegzewt d waḍu, ma deg tegrest, llan wussan isemmaḍen, tikwal ula d adfel.

Tamdint tettwassen daɣen s yisekla-is, igran izegzawen d tefsut ideg d-ttfeǧǧiǧent tjeǧǧigin n &quot;''cherry blossoms''&quot;.

== 3. Igduden inasliyen uqbel tallit n Yirupiyen ==
Uqbel ad d-awḍen Yirupiyen, temnaḍt n Washington tella d akal n yigduden inaṣliyen n Marikan.

Gar yigduden-a llan '''Nacotchtank''', i yezdɣen deg temnaḍin n wasif Anacostia, akked yigduden nniḍen yeqqnen ɣer tutlayin n twacult '''Algonquian'''.

Igduden-a ttidiren s tfellaḥt, aṣeyyed n yiselman, ugmar d tnezzut. Isaffen sɛan azal ameqqran deg tudert-nsen, acku d iberdan n usiweḍ, d iɣbula n waman d tmurt n uselḥu n tnezzut.

Asiweḍ n Yirupiyen deg lqern wis 17 yewwi-d ibeddilen imeqqranen: lehlakat timaynutin, imennuɣen, aɣelluy n yimezdaɣ inaṣliyen d ubeddel n udabu ɣef wakal.

Amezruy n Washington ur yebdi ara deg 1790. Yella yakan ugdud d yidlis deg temnaḍt-a s waṭas n yiseggasen uqbel asbeddi n temdint tafederalit.

== 4. Asnulfu n Washington (1790–1800) ==
[[Tugna:L'Enfant plan.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Aɣawas n Washington D.C sɣur &quot;l'Enfant&quot;.]]


Seld timunent n Marikan deg 1776, awanek amaynut yella yeḥwaǧ tamdint tagejdant ara yezdin meṛṛa iwunak.

Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimasayen n ugafa d unẓul mgaraden ɣef umkan ara yettwafren.

Deg 16 Yulyu 1790, ''Congress'' yefka-d azaraf i usbeddi n temnaḍt tafederalit tafrart, d tin ara yesɛun tawuri n temdint tagejdant n Marikan.

Asefran-a yella d tifrat tasertant gar yimasayen n ugafa d wid n unẓul, i yemgaraden deg tsertit tadamsant d uklan.

Amezwaru n Marikan, '''George Washington''', yefren amkan n temdint tamaynut ɣef yiri n Potomac.

Deg 1791, yefka tawuri n usɣawas n temdint i umsenfar afransis '''''Pierre Charles L'Enfant'''''.

=== Aɣawas n L'Enfant ===
L'Enfant yebɣa ad yesnulfu tamdint i yettbanen d azamul n tagduda.

Yessumer-d iberdan iwesɛanen, izenqan yettemlilin, urtiyen izegzawen d yimukan imeqqranen i yixxamen n udabu.

Aɣawas-is yessemlal gar:

* Izenqan yetteddun s talɣa tusridt.
* Ibardayen iwesɛanen i yettemlilin s talɣa tanamurt.
* Imukan imeqqranen n tsertit d udabu.
* Idigan n ugdud d wurtiyen n tẓuri.

Deg 1792, Andrew Ellicott yessegzem yerna yesseɣti kra n yiḥricen n uɣawas-a.

Washington tebda ad tettwabna s uɣawas ara tt-yerren d tamdint yemgaraden ɣef temdinin n tnezzut i yellan yakan deg Marikan.

== 5. Washington deg lqern wis 19 ==
[[Tugna:Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. - c. 1902.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Washington D.C deg lqern 19.]]


Deg 1800, adabu afederal amarikani yeǧǧa Philadelphia, yerra Washington d amḍiq agejdan n tsertit n Marikan.

Deg tazwara, tamdint tella d tameẓẓyant. Ixxamen n udabu mazal-iten deg lebni, izenqan ur ttwasbeddlen ara meṛṛa, yerna aṭas n yimḍiqen llan d igran d ugama.

Deg 1814, deg ṭṭrad gar Marikan d Teglizit, iserdasen n Teglizit kecmen ɣer Washington, sserɣen kra n yixxamen n udabu, gar-asen Capitol d White House.

Seld aneḍru-a, tamdint tettwabna tikkelt nniḍen.

=== Washington d taluft n waklan ===
D yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i ilaq ad d-nemmeslay deg umezruy n Washington.

Deg lqern wis 19, taluft iccuden ɣer waklan tella d aḥric seg tmetti n temdint. Llan yiklan yettwasemɣaren i ixeddmen deg yixxamen, deg yigran d waṭas n umahil n lebni.

Deg 16 Yebrir 1862,  yettwaseḥbes unagraw n taklit deg District of Columbia, s uzref i yezmel umenzu Abraham Lincoln, uqbel alɣu n usufeɣ n waklan seg taklit i d-yessufeɣ deg 1 Yennayer 1863.

Tamdint teqqim d amḍiq ameqqran n umennuɣ ɣef tilelli d yizerfan n yimezdaɣ iberkanen.

== 6. Ṭṭrad agensan n Marikan (1861–1865) ==
[[Tugna:US Civil War railway gun and crew.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Yiwen seg wallalen n ṭṭṛad agensan amarikani n 1865.]]


Deg 1861, mi yebda ṭṭrad agensan n Marikan, Washington tuɣal d amḍiq aserdasi ameqqran.

Tamdint tezga qrib ɣer temnaḍin n ṭṭrad. Iserdasen n ugafa bnan tɣessa taserdasit i umesten n temdint, Iserdasen n Ugafa bnan igudar, sbedden tiɣessiwin n usiweḍ n yiferdisen iserdasen, yerna sɣawsen imukan n uḥraz n temdint.

Washington tesɛa daɣen tawuri tameqqrant deg uselḥu n yimeḥbas, yimejjayen d yimejruḥen n ṭṭrad.

Deg 14 Yebrir 1865, Abraham Lincoln yettwanɣa deg Ford's Theatre. Yemmut ass i d-yeḍfaren, deg 15 Yebrir.

Tamettant-is tesseḥzen aṭas n yimdanen deg Marikan, yerna Washington tuɣal d amkan n tkatut(n usmekti) tameqqrant n tallit-a.

== 7. Washington deg lqern wis 20 ==
[[Tugna:1961 Washington DC, color slide showing an aerial view of Lincoln Memorial and Reflecting Pool.jpg|centré|vignette|665x665px|Washington D.C deg 1961.]]


Deg lqern wis 20, Washington tettnerni s waṭas.

Tamdint tettbeddil seg yiwen n umḍiq n udabu ɣer tamdint tameqqrant n yimezdaɣ, uselmed, tẓuri d tdiplumasit.

Deg 1902, aɣawas McMillan yewwi-d ibeddilen imeqqranen deg usɣawas n temdint. Yebɣa ad d-yerr azal n uɣawas amezwaru n L'Enfant, ladɣa s lebni n urtiyen izegzawen d tmeẓra tameqqrant gar Capitol d yimukan n tmekti.

Deg sin ṭṭradat imaḍlanen, tawuri n udabu afederal tettnerni s waṭas. Aṭas n yimezdaɣ i d-yusan ɣer Washington i wakken ad xedmen deg tesdawiyin, tadbelt, tiɣessiwin tiserdasin d tɣawsiwin n uselḥu.

=== Washington d umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n umdan ===
[[Tugna:March on Washington edit.jpg|centré|vignette|673x673px|Tikli ɣef izerfan n yiberkanen deg Washington D.C]]


Deg 28 Ɣuct 1963, aṭas n yimdanen mlalen-d deg Washington deg ''&quot;March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom&quot;'', i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n umennuɣ ɣef yizerfan n yimezdaɣ iberkanen.

Deg uneḍru-a, ''Martin Luther King Jr.'' yefka-d tinawt-is yettwassnen ''I Have a Dream(Sɛiɣ Targit)''.

Taneḍruyt-a tuɣal d yiwet seg tneḍruyin tigejdanin n umezruy n yizerfan inmettiyen deg Marikan.

Washington tella d tamdint n tsertit, maca daɣen d tamdint anda i d-ttemlilin yimdanen i wakken ad sutren abeddel, tilelli, taɛdalt d yizerfan.

== 8. Tadbelt d tsertit n Washington ==
Washington, D.C. mačči d awanak am wiyaḍ n Marikan. D distrikta tafederalit i d-yettwasbedden s wudem ameẓlay i wakken ad tili d tamdint tagejdant n Marikan.

Tamsalt-a tesɛa anamek: Washington ur teṭṭafar ara Maryland neɣ Virginia, maca tesɛa anagraw n tdabert ɣef wudem i d-yettwasbedden deg tsertit tafederalit.

Deg 1973, Home Rule Act yefka i yimezdaɣ n Washington tazmert ad fernen amḍebber n temdint n temdint d tseqqamut tadigant.

Maca Congress afederal mazal yesɛa kra n tezmert ɣef tɣawsiwin n distrikta.

Tamsalt-a tettawi-d amennuɣ asertan: imezdaɣ n Washington sɛan yiwen n umeslay deg tsertit tamarikanit, maca ur sɛin ara sin yimsenqaden deg Senate, yerna ur sɛin ara amḍebber s uzref n usuffeɣ n ṣṣut deg House of Representatives.

=== Ixxamen n udabu igejdanen ===
[[Tugna:WhiteHouseSouthFacade.JPG|gauche|vignette|250x250px|Axxam Amellal.]]
'''White House — Axxam Amellal'''

D amkan n tnezduɣt d umahil n umenzu n Marikan. Yekcem deg umezruy n temdint seg 1800.


[[Tugna:US Capitol east side.JPG|gauche|vignette|Capitol/Imni afidirali n Marikan.]]
'''Axxam n Congress/Imni afidirali n Maikan''', ideg ttemlilin ''House of Representatives'' d Senate. Deg-s i ttwasbedden isuḍaf izerfanen ifederalen.


[[Tugna:US Supreme Court.JPG|gauche|vignette|250x250px|Taɣdemt tunnigt n Marikan.]]
'''U.S. Supreme Court Rulings/ Taɣdemt Tunnigt n Marikan'''

D taɣdemt tafellayt n Marikan, i yesɛan tawuri tagejdant deg usegzi n Ddestur d yizerfan.


== 9. Tadamsa n Washington ==
Tadamsa n Washington temgarad ɣef tin n New York.

Deg New York, tadamsa tettban-d deg tnezzut, Wall Street d taggazt n idrimen. Deg Washington, anagaraw n udabu afederal d yiwen seg yiferdisen igejdanen n tdamsa.

Aṭas n yimezdaɣ xeddmen deg:

* Tadbelt tafederalit d tidbelt tadigant.
* Tiɣessiwin n tɣellist d teserdast.
* Tidukliwin tigraɣlanin d tseqqamin n tdiplumasit.
* Tasdawit d unadi ussnan.
* Asuddes n tneḍruyin, asiweḍ d yimeẓla n tmerrit.

Washington d amkan n waṭas n tsquma tigraɣlanin, gar-asent World Bank d International Monetary Fund (IMF), ayen i tt-yerran d yiwet seg temdinin tigejdanin n tdamsa tamaḍlant.

== 10. Idles, tutlayin d tmetti ==
[[Tugna:Statue of Abraham Lincoln, Lincoln Memorial (2024)-L1005507.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Asebdad. n Abraham Lincoln deg Washington DC.]]


Washington tesɛa tadelsa temgaraden ɣef tid n temdinin nniḍen.

Deg-s llan yimezdaɣ seg waṭas n tmura, d waṭas n tdukliwin n yimezdaɣ iberkanen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy-is.

Deg lqern wis 20, Washington tella d amkan n uẓawan n jazz, n tẓuri d tsekla. Amnuyar ameqqran n jazz Duke Ellington yulal deg Washington deg 1899.

Tamdint tesɛa daɣen yiwen n uɣanib n uẓawan i d-yennulfan deg-s, i yettwassnen s yisem n go-go, yeqqnen ɣer aẓawan funk, yettwassnen s unya n ṭṭebul d useqdec n yifecka n uẓawan s umata.

Deg tudert n yal ass, tella tnezzut n yimukan n učči, isensayen idelsanen, timkerḍiwin, izenqan n temdint d waṭas n yimukan anda i d-ttemlilin yimezdaɣ.

== 11. Imḍiqen d yizumal yettwassnen n Washington ==
'''Amedruz n Washington'''
[[Tugna:Washington Monument Dusk Jan 2006.jpg|gauche|vignette|213x213px|Amedruz n Washington]]
D azamul ɣezzifen s talɣa n obilisk, i yettwabnan i tmekti n George Washington. Tattayt-is tezga ɣer 169 m.


'''Tasmikt n Lincoln'''

D axxam n tmekti n Abraham Lincoln. Yettwabna s uɣanib yeqqnen ɣer lebni n Yigrigiyen iqburen, s teɣmart d usebdad n Lincoln deg ul-is.


'''Jefferson Memorial'''
[[Tugna:Jefferson Memorial Washington April 2017 002.jpg|gauche|vignette|Tasmikt n Jefferson.]]
D amkan n tmekti n Thomas Jefferson, yiwen seg yimezwar n timunent n Marikan. Lebni-is yettban-d yesɛa aɣanib aklasiki i yettemcabin ɣer Pantheon n Ruma taqburt.


'''Smithsonian National Museum of naturel History'''
[[Tugna:Eremotherium skeleton at the Smithsonian National Museum of Natural History.jpg|gauche|vignette|Asalay n Smithsonian.]]
Asalay Aɣelnaw n Umezruy n Ugama d yiwen seg yisalayen imeqqranen n Washington, D.C. Deg-s ttwasenkanen yiɣersiwen, iɣessan n dinuzuren, idɣaɣen d yiferdisen nniḍen n ugama, i d-yeskanayen amezruy n wakal d umhaz n tudert.

=== Smithsonian — tuddsa tameqqrant n tusna ===
Deg 1846, yettwasebded Smithsonian Institution, i d-yuɣalen d yiwet seg tuddsiwin timeqqranin n unadi d uselmed deg umaḍal.

Tuddsa-a tesɛa timkerḍiwin d yimukan n uselmed ɣef umezruy, tussna, tiknulujit, taẓuri d tadelsa
{| border=&quot;1&quot; style=&quot;float:right; margin: 1em;border-collapse:collapse;&quot;
|+ '''Imezdaɣ n Washington D.C'''
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
{|
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Aseggas
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Imezdaɣ
|-----
| 1800 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 8 144
|-----
| 1810 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 15 471
|-----
| 1820 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 23 336
|-----
| 1830 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 30 261
|-----
| 1840 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 33 745
|-----
| 1850 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 51 687
|-----
| 1860 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 75 080
|-----
| 1870 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 131 700
|-----
| 1880 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 177 624
|-----
| 1890 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 230 392
|-----
| 1900 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 278 718
|}
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |
{|
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Aseggas
! style=&quot;background:#efefef;&quot; | Imezdaɣ
|-----
| 1910 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 331 069
|-----
| 1920 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 437 571
|-----
| 1930 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 486 869
|-----
| 1940 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 663 091
|-----
| 1950 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 802 178
|-----
| 1960 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 763 956
|-----
| 1970 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 756 510
|-----
| 1980 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 638 333
|-----
| 1990 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 606 900
|-----
| 2000 || align=&quot;right&quot; | 572 059
|-----
| 2005  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 582 049
|-----
|2010  || align=&quot;right&quot; | 601 723
|----- 
|}
|-----
|}
&lt;/br&gt;

[[Category:Timdinin]][[Category:Tarakalt]][[Category:Iwunak Yeddukklen]]</text>
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    <title>Asif n Busellam</title>
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'''Asif n Busellam''' d [[Asif|wasif]] aɣbalu-s yezga-d seg [[Adrar Mmagres|Adrar n Magris]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Fr}} ''Recueil des notices et mémoires de la Société archéologique du département de Constantine'', L. Arnolet, 1872, ([https://books.google.dz/books?id=IZlAAQAAMAAJ&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;dq=oued+sellam&amp;hl=fr&amp;source=gbs_navlinks_s taɣuṛi]), tawṛiqt wis 22.&lt;/ref&gt;,  seg ahat {{Unité|5|yikilumitren}} ɣef ugafa-umalu n tamdint n [[Sṭif]], yittɛeddi-d ɣer aṭas n temnaḍin deg ugafa n [[Sṭif|tamdint-nni]] : [[Bugaɛa]], [[Ḥemmam Gergur]], Iɣzer n Sebt, Carcar ed [[At Wertiran]], deg unẓul n [[Sṭif]] yittɛeddi-d ɣer Farmatu, Sidi Lxiyer, [[Mezlug]], Ḥemmam Wled Yelles, ed i yettawi ɣer [[Uggug n Ɛin Zada]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} SERSOUB Djazia, ''Aménagement et Sauvegarde de la Biodiversité de la Vallée d'Oued Boussellem *Sétif*'', MÉMOIRE de Magister, Université Ferhat Abbas - Sétif, 2012, ([https://mmagister.univ-setif.dz/images/facultes/SNV/2012/SERSOUB%20Djazia.pdf taɣuṛi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230313003605/https://mmagister.univ-setif.dz/images/facultes/SNV/2012/SERSOUB%20Djazia.pdf |date=2023-03-13 }}), tawṛiqt wis 17.&lt;/ref&gt;, deffir waya i yittɛeddi-d daɣen ɣer [[Aggug n Tici-Ḥaf|Uggug n Tici-Ḥaf]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} [http://197.112.0.211/soudoud-dzair/index.php?action=esmap_vect&amp;table=chahidgis_barrage&amp;id=66 Tichy Haf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524085646/http://197.112.0.211/soudoud-dzair/index.php?action=esmap_vect&amp;table=chahidgis_barrage&amp;id=66 |date=2024-05-24 }}, deg ''soudoud-dzair''.&lt;/ref&gt; ed i yettawi ɣer zdat n [[Aqbu|Uqbu]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Tizmilin ==
&lt;references /&gt;</text>
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    <title>Uggug n Tici-Ḥaf</title>
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'''Uggug n Tici-Ḥaf''' d [[uggug n waman]] yezga-d deg taɣiwant n [[Iɣil aberkan|Yiɣil aberkan]] deg [[tawilayt n Bgayet]]&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Fr}} [https://www.liberte-algerie.com/actualite/l-ade-de-bejaia-suspend-la-distribution-d-eau-du-barrage-de-tichy-haf-367254 L’ADE de Béjaïa suspend la distribution d’eau du barrage de Tichy Haf], deg ''liberte-algerie.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;, deg {{Unité|10|yikilumitren}} ɣer usamar n [[Aqbu|Uqbu]], yetwebna deg [[Asif n Busellam|wasif n Busellam]] deg [[2007]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Fr}} [http://197.112.0.211/soudoud-dzair/index.php?action=esmap_vect&amp;table=chahidgis_barrage&amp;id=66 Tichy Haf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524085646/http://197.112.0.211/soudoud-dzair/index.php?action=esmap_vect&amp;table=chahidgis_barrage&amp;id=66 |date=2024-05-24 }}, deg ''soudoud-dzair''.&lt;/ref&gt;, uggug n Tici-Ḥaf yekfa ahat n 25 n [[Tiɣiwanin n twilayt n Bgayet|tiɣiwanin n tawilayt n Bgayet]] s waman zeddigen n tissit&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;.

== Tizmilin ==
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    <title>Virgil</title>
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      <text bytes="19093" sha1="qjeghtdlx9vou6hw7pwlf2jihwx3irc" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1398|image=[[File:Parco della Grotta di Posillipo5 (crop).jpg|thumb|Virgil]]|date of birth=15 Ktuber 70 send talalit n Ɛisa|nationality=Arumani|date of death=21 Ctember 19 send talalit n Ɛisa}}

'''Virgil''', s yisem-is ummid '''Publius Vergilius Maro''', d amedyaz arumani i ilulen ass n 15 Ktuber 70 send talalit n Ɛisa, i yemmuten ass n 21 Ctember 19 send talalit n Ɛisa. Yettwaḥsab gar yimedyazen imeqqranen n tsekla talaṭinit, ladɣa s udlis-is ''Aeneis'' (Aneid), i d-yettalesen inig n ''Aeneas'' seg Ṭrwa ɣer [[Ṭṭelyan]].

Virgil yedder deg yiwet n tallit i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ruma: taggara n Tagduda Trumanit, ṭṭrad n daxel, asali n [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]] ɣer tezmert, akked tazwara n tmenkda n [[Uɣustus]].

Tasekla-s tettawi ɣef tudert n yimdanen, agama, takerrazt(tafellaḥt), ṭṭrad, tilelli, lḥif, d wassaɣ gar umdan d tmurt-is. Deg yedlisen-is, Virgil yesdukel tamiṭulujit tagrigit d trumanit akked umezruy n Ruma, s uɣanib aseklan i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla n Turuft.

== 2. Talalit d twacult-is ==

=== 2.1. Tamurt n Mantua ===
Virgil ilul deg temnaḍt n Mantua, deg ugafa n [[ṭṭelyan]], qrib ɣer yidurar n Alpes d urtiyen iɣezzfan n Po.
[[Tugna:Dsc 1150 Mantua.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tamdint n Mantua n wass-a.]]


Tamnaḍt-a tella tettwassen s tfellaḥt, igran, aman d tmeddurt n yimeksawen. Deg tallit n Virgil, kra n yiɣerfan n ugafa n ṭṭelyan llan mazal ḥerzen kra n yidles-nsen, ɣas akken Ruma tesɛa tazmert tameqqrant fell-asen.

Tawacult n Virgil tettwabder deg kra n yiɣbula iqburen am tin i yesɛan assaɣ d tfellaḥt. Maca isallen ɣef baba-s d yemma-s ur frizen ara meṛṛa, imi kra n wayen i d-yettwabedren deg tudert-is yekka-d seg tmucuha i d-ttawin yimyura n talliyin i d-iḍefren.

Ayen i nezmer ad nini s tidet d akken Virgil yella d amdan n ṭṭelyan talqayt, i yesɛan assaɣ ameqqran d wakal d tfellaḥt, ayen ara d-yettbanen deg yedlisen-is.

=== 2.2. Tamẓi-s ===
Virgil yella d ilemẓi deg tallit anda Tagduda Trumanit tettɛeddi seg kra n tezɣanin tisertanin. Deg useggas 49 send Ɛisa, [[Julius Caesar]] yezger asif Rubicon, d aya i d-yeglan s ṭṭrad n daxel. Virgil yella yesɛa azal n 21 n yiseggasen.

Deg useggas 44 send Ɛisa, mi yettwanɣa Julius Caesar, Virgil yella yesɛa 26 n yiseggasen.

Tallit-a tella d tin n ṭṭrad, tazɣent, d ubeddel n leḥkem. Tidyanin-a ttwabedren s wudem uffir neɣ usrid deg yedlisen-is.

== 3. Aselmed d temẓi n Virgil ==
Virgil yelmed deg kra n temdinin n ṭṭelyan, gar-asent Cremona, Mediolanum (Milan) d Ruma. Yelmed talaṭinit, tasnukyest, asefru, d kra n tɣuriwin tifelsafiyin.

Deg kra n yiɣbula, yettwabder belli yella yesɛa assaɣ d tfelsafit n [[Epikur|Epicurus]], ladɣa deg temdint n Napoli, anda i yella uɣerbaz n ufelsafi Siro.

=== 3.1. Tazrirt n Epicurus ===
[[Epikur|Epicurus]] yella d afelsafi agrigi i yesselmaden belli tudert yelhan ur tebni ara ɣef usɛeddi n yidrimen neɣ tazmert tasertant, maca ɣef talwit n wul, tamusni, d usenqes n tugdi d lḥif.

Virgil ur yelli ara d afelsafi Epicurien s wudem usrid deg yal adlis-is, maca kra n tiktiwin n tfelsafit-a zemrent ad ttwafhament deg yisefra-s, ladɣa deg tmuɣli-s ɣer tudert n tfellaḥt d talwit n ugama.

=== 3.2. Tazrirt n tsekla tagrigit ===
Virgil yella yessen tasekla tagrigit s wudem alqayan.

Gar yimaru i yesɛan tazrirt fell-as:

- [[Humer|Homer,]] amaru n Iliad d Odyssey.

- Hesiod, amaru n ''Works and Days'' d ''Theogony''.

- Theocritus, amesfru n tudert n yimeksawen.

- Apollonius n Rhodes, amaru n ''Argonautica''.

Tasekla tagrigit tefk-as tarrayin n tira, maca Virgil yesseqdec-itent iwakken ad yesnulfu tasekla tarumanit s wudem-is.

=== 4. Tallit n ṭṭrad d tazɣent n Ruma ===
Deg useggasen i d-iḍefren tamettant n [[Julius Caesar]], Ruma tella deg ṭṭrad n daxel. [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]], Mark Untunyus d Lepidus sɛan tazmert tasertant deg tazwara, maca assaɣen-nsen beddlen, d aya i d-yeglan s ṭṭrad gar Octavianus d Mark Untunyus.

Deg useggas 31 send Ɛisa, Octavianus yerbeḥ deg ṭṭrad n Actium.

Deg useggas 27 send Ɛisa, Octavianus yettwafk-as uzwel n Uɣustus, d tazwara n tgelda tarumanit.

Virgil yella d anagi n yibeddilen-a. Tazɣent tasertant d ṭṭrad n daxel sɛan tazrirt ɣef tsekla-s, ladɣa deg ''Aeneis'', anda i yesseqdec timucuha n Ṭrwa d usnulfu n Ruma iwakken ad yessefhem assaɣ gar ṭṭrad, lḥif d usirem n talwit.

== 5. Eclogae — Isefra n yimeksawen ==
[[Tugna:RomanVirgilFolio001rEclogues.jpg|centré|vignette|475x475px|Eclogae n Virgil.]]


'''Eclogae''', i yettwasemman daɣen '''Bucolica''', d ammud n 10 n yisefra i yura Virgil azal n yiseggasen 42–39 send Ɛisa. Deg yisefra-a, yettmeslay ɣef tudert n yimeksawen, izugar, tayri, agama d talwit n tmurt. Maca deg deffir n tugniwin-a, yella umezruy n Ruma d ṭṭrad n daxel.

=== 5.1. Asefru amezwaru ===
Deg usefru amezwaru, Virgil yessefk-d sin n yimeksawen: ''Tityrus'' d ''Meliboeus''.

Tityrus yezmer ad yeqqim deg wakal-is, maca Meliboeus ilaq ad yeǧǧ tamurt-is.

Asefru-a yettwafham s waṭas n tikkal d amedya n yibeddilen n wayla n wakal deg Italya mi ttwabḍan yigran i yiserdasen i d-yuɣalen seg ṭṭrad. Deg tallit-nni, aṭas n yifellaḥen ttwakksen seg wakal-nsen. Virgil yesseqdec timucuha n yimeksawen iwakken ad yessefhem lḥif n yimdanen i yettwakkesen seg tmurt-nsen.

=== 5.2. Asefru wis kuẓ ===
Asefru wis kuẓ d yiwen seg yisefra yettwassnen n Virgil.

Deg-s, yessefk-d tikti n tlalit n uqcic i d-yeglan s tallit tamaynut n talwit d usirem.

Deg tallit talemmast, kra n yimsiḥiyen fkan-as anamek asɣanan, ḥesben belli d asefru i d-yettmeslayen ɣef talalit n Ɛisa.

Maca aya d tarrayt n usefhem i d-yellan deffir, mačči d tidet tamezruyant ɣef wayen i yebɣa Virgil ad yini. Virgil yura asefru-a uqbel talalit n Ɛisa.

=== 5.3. Azal n Eclogae ===
Eclogae yesɛa azal ameqqran deg tsekla, imi yesseqdec tudert n ugama iwakken ad yessefhem isental imeqqranen n tmetti.

Deg-s, agama ur yelli ara kan d amkan n thuski. Yella d amkan n talwit, n tayri, d lḥif mi yettwakkes umdan seg tmurt-is.

== 6. Georgica — Tafellaḥt d ugama ==
[[Tugna:Meister des Vergilius Romanus 001.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Georgica n Virgil.]]


Georgica d adlis n Virgil i d-yettawin ɣef tfellaḥt, akal, isekla, iɣersiwen d tmeddurt n yimdanen deg ugama.

Yettwasuffeɣ azal n useggas 29 send Ɛisa, yebḍa ɣef kuẓ n yiḥricen.

Adlis-a yella d amaynut deg tsekla tarumanit imi Virgil yesseqdec aselmed n tfellaḥt am asentel n usefru ameqqran.

=== 6.1. Aḥric amezwaru: akal d yigran ===
Deg uḥric amezwaru, Virgil yessefhem amek i yettwaxdem wakal, amek i ttwasenqaden yigran, d wamek i yesseqdec ufellaḥ akud d tɣawsiwin n ugama.

Yettmeslay ɣef yiṭij, igenni, aman, agris d wayen i d-yettawin lɣella.

Maca ur yelli ara d adlis ussnan n tfellaḥt. D asefru i d-yettawin ɣef umennuɣ n umdan akked ugama.

=== 6.2. Aḥric wis sin: isekla d tẓurin ===
Deg uḥric wis sin, Virgil yessawel ɣef isekla, tiẓurin d uzemmur.

Yessefhem amek i ttwasnernayen, amek i ttwaseḥrazen d wamek i ttwaseknen yigran.

Deg-s, yella usefru i d-yettmeslayen ɣef thuski n ṭṭelyan, d wayen i t-yeǧǧan d tamurt iḥemmel.

=== 6.3. Aḥric wis kraḍ: iɣersiwen ===
Deg uḥric wis kraḍ, Virgil yessefhem tudert n yiɣersiwen n tfellaḥt, ladɣa izgaren, iɛudiwen d wulli.

Yettmeslay ɣef tazmert n yiɣersiwen, lehlak d tmettant.

Deg taggara n uḥric-a, yessefk-d tugna n lehlak ameqqran i d-yettawin tamettant i waṭas n yiɣersiwen.

Ayen-a yeskan-d belli agama yezmer ad yili d aɣbalu n tudert, maca daɣen d aɣbalu n lḥif.

=== 6.4. Aḥric wis kuẓ: tizizwit ===
Deg uḥric wis kuẓ, Virgil yessawel ɣef tizizwit, tudert-is deg tgemma, d wamek i tetteddu tmetti-s.

Yesseqdec tizizwit am amedya n tuddsa, leqdic d usdukel n tmetti.

Deg taggara n uḥric-a, yessefk-d tamacahut n Aristaeus d Orpheus, i d-yettawin ɣef tayri, tamettant d tuɣalin ɣer tudert.

== 6.5. Tikti tagejdant n Georgica ==
Georgica ur yelli ara kan d adlis ɣef tfellaḥt. D adlis i d-yettmeslayen ɣef wassaɣ gar umdan d ugama.

Virgil yessefk-d belli tudert ur tettnerni ara war leqdic. Akal yezmer ad yefk lɣella, maca ilaq ad yettwaxdem.

Deg waya, tafellaḥt tettwaḥsab d amedya n umennuɣ n umdan akked ugama, d usirem n talwit deg tmetti.

== 7. Aeneis — Aneid ==
[[Tugna:Vergils Aeneis 1910 06.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|Aeneis n Virgil.]]


Aeneis d adlis ameqqran n Virgil, d win i t-yesseǧǧan gar yimedyazen imeqqranen n umaḍal. Yebḍa ɣef 12 n yiḥricen, yesɛa azal n 9 900 n yifyar.

Virgil yebda tira-s azal n useggas 29 send Ɛisa, yekkemmel armi d tamettant-is deg useggas 19 send Ɛisa.

Adlis-a d asefru aɣezzfan i d-yettalesen inig n Aeneas, yiwen seg yimeqqranen n Ṭrwa, seg tmettant n temdint-is armi d tuɣalin ɣer ṭṭelyan, anda ara yebnu aẓar n Ruma n deffir.

=== 7.1. Aeneas d Ṭrwa ===
Aeneas d yiwen seg yimeqqranen n Ṭrwa, mmi-s n Anchises d Venus.

Mi teɣli Ṭrwa deg ṭṭrad i d-yettwabedren deg Iliad n [[Humer|Homer]], Aeneas yezmer ad irewel seg temdint i yettwaserɣen.

Yettawi baba-s Anchises ɣef tuyat-is, mmi-s Ascanius, d kra n yimdanen i d-yeslek seg Ṭrwa.

Tugna-a d yiwet seg tugniwin yettwassnen n tmiṭulujit tarumanit: Aeneas yettawi baba-s ɣef tuyat-is, d amedya n wassaɣ gar yizri, tmetti d yimal.

=== 7.2. Inig ɣer ṭṭelyan ===
Aeneas d yimdanen-is ttɛeddin seg yilel ɣer yilel, ttwalin temnaḍin yemgaraden n umaḍal agrakal.

Juno, tarebbit i ur nḥemmel ara Aeneas, tettɛaraḍ ad tesseḥbes inig-is. Venus, yemma-s, tettɛawan-it.

Deg tmucuha-a, irebbiten sɛan tazmert ɣef tudert n yimdanen, maca imdanen ilaq ad fernent daɣen iberdan-nsen.

== 8. Aeneas d Dido, tagellidt n Qerṭaj ==
[[Tugna:Jacopo Amigoni (c.1682-1752) - Aeneas and Achates Wafted in a Cloud before Dido, Queen of Carthage, with Cupid at Her Feet - 772276 - National Trust.jpg|centré|vignette|450x450px|Tmlilitt n Aenead d Dido.]]


Yiwet seg tmucuha yettwassnen n Aeneis d tin n Dido, tagellidt n Qerṭaj, akked Aeneas.

=== 8.1. Aeneas deg Qerṭaj ===
Mi yewweḍ Aeneas ɣer [[Qerṭaj]], Dido teqbel-it, tefk-as aɣbalu d uḥraz. Dido tella d tagellidt i d-yessnulfan Qerṭaj deg timiṭulujit.

Aeneas yessawel-as ɣef Ṭrwa, ɣef ṭṭrad d wayen i yeḍran i yimdanen-is. Deg tallit-a, Dido tebda tettḥemmil Aeneas.

=== 8.2. Tayri d tɣawsa n umezruy ===
Dido tebɣa ad yeqqim Aeneas deg Qerṭaj, maca netta yesɛa tuɣdaḍt-nniḍen: ad yewweḍ ɣer ṭṭelyan, iwakken ad d-yales lebni n yiẓuran n Ruma.

''Mercure(Mirkur)'', amezni n yirebbiten, yessefhem-as belli ilaq ad ikemmel inig-is.

Aeneas yeǧǧa Qerṭaj, d aya i d-yeglan s lḥif ameqqran i Dido. Deg taggara, Dido tenɣa iman-is.

=== 8.3. Anamek n tmucuha ===
Tamacahut n Dido d Aeneas tettawi ɣef assaɣ gar tayri d tuɣdaḍt.

Aeneas yezmer ad yefren tayri, maca yefren abrid i as-yettwafken s yirebbiten.

Dido, deg tmuɣli n Virgil, d tameṭṭut i yesɛan tazmert d leḥkem, maca tettwaḥbes s lḥif n tayri.

Tamacahut-a tesɛa diɣen anamek asertan: Ruma d Qerṭaj llan d sin n yiɣerfan i yellan deg ṭṭrad ameqqran deg umezruy.

Maca ilaq ad nefrez gar tmiṭulujit d umezruy. Dido d Aeneas n Aeneis d imdanen n tmucuha, mačči d anagi amezruyan n ṭṭrad n Ruma d Qerṭaj.

== 9. Aeneas deg umaḍal n yimettanen ==
Deg uḥric wis sḍis n Aeneis, Aeneas yekcem ɣer umaḍal n yimettanen. Yettɛawan-it Sibyl, tameṭṭut i yesɛan tamusni n yirebbiten. Deg umaḍal-a, Aeneas yettwali kra n yimdanen i yemmuten, gar-asen baba-s Anchises. Anchises yessefhem-as ayen ara yeḍrun deg yimal, ladɣa ɣef Ruma d yigelliden-is. Deg waya, Virgil yesseqdec timiṭulujit iwakken ad yessefhem uamezruy n Ruma.

Yessefk-d tugniwin n yimdanen i ara d-yilin deg yimal, armi d tallit n [[Uɣustus]]. D yiwen seg yiḥricen i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg udlis, imi yessefk-d assaɣ gar yizri, tura d yimal.

== 10. Ṭṭrad deg Italya ==
Mi yewweḍ Aeneas ɣer ṭṭelyan, ur yufi ara talwit. Yella ṭṭrad gar yimdanen-is d kra n yiɣerfan i zedɣen dinna. Turnus, aqeṛṛu n Rutuli, yella d axṣim-is agejdan n Aeneas. Aeneas yebɣa ad yesseǧhed assaɣ d Latinus, agellid n Latium, akked yelli-s Lavinia. Maca Turnus yebɣa ad yezweǧ Lavinia, d aya i d-yeglan s ṭṭrad.

=== 10.1. Aeneas d Turnus ===
Deg taggara Aeneas d Turnus kecmen deg uymennuɣ. Mi yerbeḥ Aeneas Turnus deg umennuɣ, yella yezmer ad as-yeǧǧ tudert. Maca mi iwala taḥzamt n Plallante i yelsa Turnus, yemmekta-d amek i yenɣa Turnus Pallante. Deg wakud-nni, Aeneas yerfa, yenɣa Turnus. Adlis yekfa deg tmettant-a, war ma yessefhem Virgil amek i d-teḍra talwit deffir ṭṭrad. Taggara-a tesɛa azal ameqqran, imi tettawi ɣef tuccḍa, lḥif d wayen i d-yettawi ṭṭrad deg tudert n yimdanen.

== 11. Aeneis d tasertit n Uɣustus ==
[[Tugna:Publius Vergilius Maro, Opera omnia, comm. Servius.jpg|centré|vignette|YIwen seg dilisen n Virgil ɣef Aeneis.]]


Aeneis yella d adlis i d-yettawin ɣef aẓar n Ruma, d waya i t-yeǧǧan ad yesɛu assaɣ d tsertit n [[Uɣustus]]. Deg tallit n Virgil, Uɣustus yebɣa ad yesseǧhed talwit deffir ṭṭrad n daxel, d usdukel n Ruma deg yiwen n leḥkem.

Aeneis yeskan-d belli Ruma tesɛa aẓar ameqqran deg tmiṭulujit, d akken asnerni-is yella d aḥric n wakud aɣezzfan. Maca ur ilaq ara ad neḥseb adlis-a d asefru n usenmer i August kan.

Deg-s, Virgil yessefk-d aṭas n tugniwin n lḥif, tmettant d wayen i d-yettawi ṭṭrad.

Kra n yimnadiyen ḥesben belli Aeneis d adlis i yesseǧhaden tazmert n Uɣustus, ma d wiyaḍ ḥesben belli yesɛa daɣen azɣan uffir i ṭṭrad d tazmert tasertant.

Tarrayt tis kraḍ tettwali belli sin n yisental-a zemren ad ilin deg yiwen n udlis.

== 12. Aɣanib aseklan n Virgil ==
Virgil yella d amedyaz i yessnernan aɣanib n usefru alaṭini.

=== 12.1. Tazmert n tefyirt ===
Virgil yesseqdec tafyirt s wudem yettqenɛen, s yisental n thuski, lḥif d tazmert.

Yella yessen amek ara yessekcem anamek aɣezzfan deg yiwen n tefyirt.

Deg Aeneis, yesseqdec asefru n ''hexameter'', talɣa n tefyar i yellan tettwaseqdec deg yisefra imeqqranen n Homer.

=== 12.2. Timucuha d yimdanen ===
Virgil yesseqdec timucuha n yirebbiten d yimdanen, maca yessefk-asen iḥulfan n tidet.

Aeneas yezmer ad yili d amdan i yesɛan tuɣdaḍt, maca yettḥulfu s lḥif d tugdi.

Dido d tagellidt i yesɛan tazmert, maca tettḥulfu s tayri d tissas.

Turnus d axṣim n Aeneas, maca ur yettwabdar ara kan d amdan n diri. Yesɛa daɣen tuɣdaḍt d wazalen-is.

=== 12.3. Assaɣ gar umdan d tmetti ===
Deg yedlisen-is, Virgil yesseqdec amdan am uḥric n tmetti. Ayen i yexdem yiwen yezmer ad yesɛu tazrirt ɣef waṭas n yimdanen.

Deg Aeneis, Aeneas ur yettidir ara kan i yiman-is. Yettawi assaɣ d twacult-is, imdukal-is, d yimal n Ruma.

== 13. Virgil d tfelsafit ==
Virgil ur yelli ara d afelsafi s unamek n [[Flaṭun|Plato]] neɣ [[Aristot|Aristote]], maca yesseqdec isental ifelsafiyen deg yisefra-s.

=== 13.1. Agama d umdan ===
Deg Georgica, Virgil yessefhem belli agama d aɣbalu n tudert, maca ur yelli ara d amkan n talwit i lebda.

Amdan ilaq ad yexdem akal, ad yesseḥrez iɣersiwen, ad yessen akud n tẓuri. D tarrayt i d-yettawi ɣef leqdic, tazmert d tḥerci n umdan.

=== 13.2. Tuɣdaḍt d tilelli ===
Deg Aeneis, Aeneas yella yettɛeddi gar sin n yiberdan: ayen i yebɣa d wayen i ilaq ad yeg.

Tamacahut-a tettawi ɣef ussaɣ gar tlelli n umdan d tuɣdaḍt-is ɣer tmetti.

Virgil ur d-yefki ara tiririt taḥerfit i usentel-a, maca yesseqdec timucuha iwakken ad yessefhem lḥif i d-yettawi.

=== 13.3. Ṭṭrad d talwit ===
Virgil yedder deg tallit n ṭṭrad n daxel, d aya i t-yeǧǧan ad yesseqdec ṭṭrad am usentel ameqqran.

Deg Aeneis, ṭṭrad yezmer ad yili d abrid ɣer talwit, maca yettawi daɣen lḥif d tmettant.

Tamuɣli-a ur tella ara d tin i yessawalen ɣer ṭṭrad s wudem aḥerfi, maca d tin i d-yesskanen azal n lḥif i d-yettawi.

== 14. Virgil d Ovid ==
Virgil d [[Ovid]] llan d sin n yimedyazen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit, maca isental-nsen yemgaraden.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Taɣawsa
!Virgil
!Ovid
|-
|Tallit
|70-19 SN.Ɛ
|43 SN.Ɛ - 17/18 SLD.Ɛ
|-
|Adlis ameqqran
|Aeneis
|Metamorphoses(Tuttyiwin)
|-
|Asentel agejdan
|Ruma, tuɣdaḍt, ṭṭrad, imal
|Tayri, abeddel, Timiṭulujit
|-
|Aɣanib
|Ameqqran, iḥulfan, amezruyan
|Aḥric, asugnan, yettbeddilen
|-
|Assaɣ d Uɣustus
|Tallit n usnerni n tezmert-is
|Yettwanjli seg Ruma s lamer-is
|-
|Tazrirt
|Asefru ameqqran arumani
|Timucuha n ubeddel d tayri
|}
Ovid yella yesɛa tazrirt seg Virgil, maca yesseqdec timiṭulujit s wudem yemgaraden.

Virgil yesseqdec timucuha iwakken ad yessefhem aẓar n Ruma d yimal-is.

Ovid yesseqdec timucuha iwakken ad yessefhem abeddel n yimdanen d umaḍal.

== 15. Tamettant n Virgil ==
Deg useggas 19 send Ɛisa, Virgil iruḥ ɣer Yunan, anda i yebɣa ad yesseǧhed tira n Aeneis.

Deg ubrid n tuɣalin, yella yewweḍ ɣer Megara, anda i d-yettwabder belli yehlak.

Mi d-yuɣal ɣer ṭṭelyan, yemmut di Brundisium, ass n 21 Ctember 19 send Ɛisa, deg 50 n yiseggasen-is.

Kra n yiɣbula iqburen qqaren belli Virgil yebɣa ad yesserɣ Aeneis imi ur t-yekmil ara s wudem i yebɣa.

Maca Uɣustus yefka lamer ad yettwaḥrez udlis, d adlis i d-yettwasuffeɣ deffir tmettant n Virgil.

Isallen-a kkan-d seg yimyura n talliyin i d-iḍefren, ur nezmir ara ad neḥseb yal aḥric deg-sen d tidet yettwasnen s wudem ummid.

Virgil yettwanḍel qrib ɣer Napoli, deg temnaḍt n Posillipo, maca amḍiq n uẓekka-s ur yettwassen ara s tidet s yisallen n unadi amezruyan.

== 16. Tazrirt n Virgil ɣef tsekla n Turuft ==
[[Tugna:Publius Vergilius Maro (par Charles).jpg|centré|vignette|340x340px|Tamudemnt n  Virgil sɣur anazuṛ: &quot;Charles&quot;.]]


Virgil yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tsekla n Turuft, ladɣa deg tallit talemmast d Taleslalit.

=== 16.1. Deg tallit talemmast ===
Deg tallit talemmast, Virgil yettwaḥsab d amedyaz ameqqran n tsekla talaṭinit.

Idlisen-is ttwaseqdcen deg yiselmaden n tutlayt talaṭinit d tsekla.

Kra n yimaru n tallit-a ḥesben belli Virgil yella yesɛa tamusni tameqqrant ɣef umezruy d tfelsafit, armi uɣalen sseknayen-t am amdan i yellan qrib ɣer yirebbiten.

=== 16.2. Dante d Virgil ===
Dante Alighieri yesseqdec Virgil am ameslalay deg Divina Commedia.

Deg udlis-a, Virgil yettawi Dante deg umaḍal n yimettanen, yessefhem-as kra n tɣawsiwin n tfelsafit d tmetti.

Dante yefren Virgil imi yella d amedyaz i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsekla talaṭinit, d amedya n tmusni d tḥerci n umdan.

=== 16.3. Deg Taleslalit ===
Deg Renaissance, imaura d yinaẓuren uɣalen ɣer tsekla tarumanit. Aeneis yella d yiwen seg yedlisen i d-yefkan imedyaten n usefru ameqqran. Kra n yimyura, am Torquato Tasso d John Milton, sɛan tazrirt seg tarrayt n Virgil. Deg tẓuri, timucuha n Aeneas d Dido ttwaseqdcen deg tugniwin, amezgun d ccna.</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Nvidia</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
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      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="14687" sha1="42zad1vjmgz0ev277qviza3u4364jqo" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name = Nvidia
| official_name = Nvidia Corp.
| image = [[File:NVIDIA Headquarters.jpg|thumb|Tasɣimt n NVIDIA]]
| type = Titiknulujit
| founded = 5 yebrir, 1993
| founder = Jensen Huang
Chris Malachowsky
Curtis Priem
| headquarters = Santa Klara, Kalifurnya, Marikan
| country = Iwunak Yedduklen n Marikan
| industry = GPU
| products = Tikarḍiwin n GPU(GeForce  • RTX / Quadro)
CUDA
CPUs (Grace)
DPUs (BlueField)
SoCs (Tegra  • Drive)
DGX
| website = https://www.nvidia.com/
| wikidata_revenue = yes
| wikidata_operating_income = yes
| wikidata_net_income = yes
| logo = [[File:NVIDIA logo.svg|thumb|Alugu n NVIDIA]]
}}

'''Nvidia''' d tarmiṣt tamirikanit n titiknulujit, tettnadi, tessalay yerna tessuffuɣ-d tiɣeṛɣaṛ n yisekkaren udlifen (GPU), inagrawen n usiḍen arurad, iseɣẓanen d wallalen n tigzi taragmawant.

Tettwasbedd deg 5 yebrir 1993 deg [[Kalifurnya]], deg [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Marikan]]. Deg tazwara, iswi-is yella deg usnerni n wudlifen s kraḍ n tsekkiwin (3D), ladɣa i wuraren n yiselkimen. Maca, seg useggas n 2006, tebda tarmiṣt ad tesnerni tiknulujit i yessawaḍen GPU ad yexdem asiḍen ur cudden ara kan ɣer tugniwin.

Ass-a, NVIDIA ur teqqim ara d tarmiṣt n tikarḍiwin tudlifin kan. Tuɣal d yiwet seg tiṛmisin tigejdanin deg usali n inagrawen n [[Tigzi Taragmawant|tigzi taragmawant]], aselmed n tmudmiwin n tutlayt, tusna, arrubutik, timacinin tifulmanin d yisekkaren imeqqranen.

Deg 2026, afaris-is ur yettwasres ara kan deg yiselkimen n yimdanen, maca daɣen deg yimmasen n yisefka, i deg xeddmen yiwalen n GPU s umata akken ad siḍnen isefka iṭṭuqqten s zreb.

== 3. Amezruy n NVIDIA ==

=== 3.1. Tallit n tlalit: 1993–1997 ===
Deg yebrir 1993, kraḍ n yijenyuṛen, Jensen Huang, Chris Malachowsky d Curtis Priem, sbeddan NVIDIA. Ɣur-sen, tikti tagejdant tella d asnerni n tiknulujit n tugniwin i yiselkimen.

Deg tallit-nni, uranen n yiselkimen bdant ad sɛun azal ameqran. Maca isekkaren n wakud-nni ur zmiren ara ad siḍnen s lemɣawla akk isefka ilaqen i usken n wudlifen 3D.

Deg 1995, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d NV1, yiwen seg yifarisen-is imezwura. Ur yewwi ara lebɣi n tnezzut acku tasegda-s temgarad ɣef kra n yilugan i yettwasqedcen deg tallit-nni.

Deg 1997, tarmiṣt tessufeɣ-d RIVA 128, asekkar udlif i yesɛan amhaz meqqren deg usefrak n tugniwin 3D. Afaris-a yefka-as i NVIDIA tagnit ad tebnu azadur n tnezzut-is.

=== 3.2. GeForce d tlalit n GPU: 1999 ===
Deg 1999, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d GeForce 256, i tessekna am uGPU amezwaru.

GPU d agzul n Graphics Processing Unit, d asekkar yettwaselɣen i usiḍen n tugniwin d wudlifen. GeForce 256 yesdukkel deg yiwen n uceṛṛun kra n yimahilen udlifen i yellan uqbel xeddmen-ten yiferdisen yemgaraden.

Ilaq ad nefhem dakken NVIDIA d nettat i d-yessumren GPU s wudem-a n tnezzut deg 1999, maca isekkaren n tugniwin llan yakan uqbel-as.

S GeForce 256, NVIDIA tebda ad tettwasnen ugar deg tnezzut n uraren d yiselkimen n yimeẓla.

=== 3.3. Tallit n CUDA: 2006 ===
Deg 2006, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d CUDA (Compute Unified Device Architecture).

D yiwet seg tneqqiḍin tigejdanin deg umezruy-is.

Uqbel CUDA, GPU yettwasqedc s waṭas i tugniwin. S CUDA, imsihelen zemren ad arun ahilen i yessawaḍen GPU ad yexdem isḍanen n tusna, tusnakt, tusnengama d tasleṭ n yisefka.

S waya, GPU yuɣal d allal n usiḍen arurad, ur yeqqim ara kan d allal n uraren.

=== 3.4. NVIDIA d tigzi taragmawant: 2012 ===
Deg 2012, tamudemt AlexNet, i d-yessuffɣen Alex Krizhevsky, Ilya Sutskever d Geoffrey Hinton, tewwi-d agmuḍ yelhan deg timsizzelt ImageNet.

Imnadiyen-a sqedcen GPU n NVIDIA i uselmed n uzeṭṭa n yiṛununen.

Agmuḍ-a yessekna dakken almad alqay (deep learning) yezmer ad yili d tarrayt tafessast ugar deg waṭas n tɣawsiwin n ussugen d tasleṭ n tugniwin.

Seg tallit-a, aseqdec n GPU deg tigzi taragmawant ibeddel amek xeddmen imnadiyen d yimsihelen.

=== 3.5. Tallit n RTX: 2018 ===
Deg 2018, NVIDIA tessufeɣ-d tasegda RTX, i yessawaḍen ad yettwaxdem uskan n yizirigen n tafat (ray tracing) deg wakud ilaw.

Tatiknulujit-a tezmer ad tesɛeddi aselɣu n tafat, tilisa n tili d yimeclalen n tugniwin akken ad d-banent s wudem iqerrben ugar ɣer tilawt.

RTX tessnerna daɣen aseqdec n tigzi taragmawant i usnerni n tbadut d tɣara n tugniwin.

=== 3.6. Seg 2022 ar 2026: tallit n inagrawen imeqqranen n AI ===
Deg yiseggasen-a, NVIDIA teffeɣ seg wudem n tarmiṣt i yeznuzun GPU ɣer tarmiṣt i yessalayn anagraw ummid: isekkaren, takatut, azeṭṭa, iseɣẓanen, allalen n usihel d yimmasen n yisefka.

Tiɣeṛɣaṛ Hopper, Blackwell d Rubin ttwasnernant iwakken ad siḍnent timudmiwin timeqqranin n tigzi taragmawant.

Deg 2026, NVIDIA tebda asnerni n tɣessa Vera Rubin, i yesdukklen GPU Rubin, CPU Vera d yiferdisen n uzeṭṭa, akken ad yili usiḍen s waṭas n yisekkaren i d-yettmeslayen gar-asen.

Amezruy-a yeskan-d abeddel agejdan: seg usken n tugniwin 3D, ɣer tɣessa n tigzi taragmawant n umaḍal.

== 4. D acu i d GPU? Amek i iteddu? ==
GPU (Graphics Processing Unit) d asekkar udlif, yettwaselɣen iwakken ad yexdem aṭas n usiḍen s yiwet n tikelt, s tarrayt n umahil amsadaɣ (parallel processing).

Tifrat-a temgarad ɣef CPU (Central Processing Unit), i yellan d asekkar agejdan n uselkim.

=== 4.1. Amgired gar CPU d GPU ===
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-29 14-53-10.png|centré|575x575px]]                                                      


&lt;small&gt;'''Unuɣ n usegzi, ur d-yettmeslay ara ɣef umḍan n yiferdisen n CPU neɣ GPU n tidet.'''&lt;/small&gt;

CPU yelha i yimahilen yemgaraden, i usendeh n unagraw, i usefrek n yisefka d tigawin i yesran ad myezwarent.

GPU, s tama-nniḍen, yelha ladɣa i yimahilen i nezmer ad nebḍu ɣef waṭas n yiferdisen ad ten-nsiḍen s wudem amsadaɣ.

Amedya: ad neḥseb timernit n sin yisurta, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa 1 000 000 n yimḍanen.

&lt;math&gt;
C_i = A_i + B_i, \qquad 0 \leq i &lt; 1\,000\,000
&lt;/math&gt;

Imi yal timernit ur teḥwaǧ ara agmuḍ n tin nniḍen, GPU yezmer ad yebḍu amahil-a ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen. D tamiḍrant-a i d azadur n usiḍen amsadaɣ.

=== 4.2. Iferdisen igejdanen n GPU ===
GPU amiran yesɛa aṭas n yiferdisen, gar-asen:

- '''CUDA Cores''': iferdisen n usiḍen i yimahilen n tusnakt d usiḍen amatu.

- '''Tensor Cores''': iferdisen yettwaselɣen i yimahilen n yisiraw (matrices), i yesɛan azal meqqren deg almad alqay.

- '''RT Cores''': iferdisen n uskan n yizirigen n tafat deg tugniwin 3D.

- '''VRAM''': takatut n GPU, i deg ttwaḥrazen yisefka i yettwasiḍnen.

- '''Takatut L2''': takatut taruradt i yellan qrib ɣer yigrawen n usiḍen.

- '''NVLink''': tarrayt n tuqqna taruradt gar GPU d GPU, neɣ gar yiferdisen n unagraw, ilmend n tasegda.

Amedya, RTX 5090 yesɛa 32 GB n tkatut GDDR7, ma d isekkaren n yimmasen n yisefka zemren ad sɛun takatut HBM s wazal d tɣara yemgaraden.

== 5. CUDA: azadur n tzemmert n NVIDIA ==
CUDA d yiwen n unagraw n usihel d tɣessa n usiḍen amsadaɣ i d-tesnulfa NVIDIA. Tessawaḍ i umsihel ad yesseqdec GPU i yimahilen ur nelli ara d tugniwin kan. Deg CUDA, imahilen ttwasuddsen s wudem-a:
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-30 13-33-01.png|centré|670x670px]]


&lt;small&gt;Yal akala afessas(thread) yezmer ad yesɛu amḍiq-is, ad iɣer isefka, ad yexdem asiḍen, syin ad yerr agmuḍ.&lt;/small&gt;

D acu kan, ur ilaq ara ad neḥseb dakken GPU dima yif CPU deg yal amahil. Ma yella amahil yesɛa aṭas n tigawin i yemyuqqnen, neɣ yesra abrid amezwaru uqbel win wis sin, CPU yezmer ad yili yif-it.

=== 5.1. Aseqdec n CUDA deg usihel ===
CUDA yettwasqedc deg waṭas n tutlayin d yisnasen. Gar-asen C++, Python, PyTorch d TensorFlow.

Amedya amezwaru d agzul n wamek i yezmer umsihel ad yesseqdec GPU i tmernit n yisurta:&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;c++&quot;&gt;
__global__ void add(const float *a,
                    const float *b,
                    float *c, int n) {
    int i = blockIdx.x * blockDim.x + threadIdx.x;
    if (i &lt; n) {
        c[i] = a[i] + b[i];
    }
}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;Deg uhil-a, yal akala afessas(thread) yettawi yiwen n umḍiq '''i''', syin yesiḍin '''a[i] + b[i]'''. S waya, aṭas n yiḥricen zemren ad xedmen deg wakud-nni kan. Amedya-a yeskan kan iɣes(''kernel)''; akken ad yeddu, yesra asenker-is d usefrek n tkatut.

=== 5.2. Ayɣer CUDA yesɛa azal meqqren? ===
Azal n CUDA ur yelli ara kan deg tzemmert n GPU.

NVIDIA tebna-d fell-as aṭas n temkarḍiwin n usihel (software libraries), gar-asent cuDNN, cuBLAS, NCCL d TensorRT.

Asihel n waṭas n yisnasen n tigzi taragmawant teqqen ɣer tɣessa-a. Aya yessawaḍ-d i NVIDIA azal nniḍen deg tnezzut, acku amsihel ur yessutur ara GPU kan: yesra daɣen iseɣẓanen, allalen n usenqed d temkarḍiwin i yettwasenqden.

== 6. Tiɣeṛɣaṛ n NVIDIA: seg Tesla ɣer Vera Rubin ==
NVIDIA tessnerna aṭas n tisegda n GPU deg umezruy-is.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!Tallit
!Tasegda
!Azal-is agejdan
|-
|2006
|Tesla
|Asnerni n usiḍen amsadaɣ
|-
|2010
|Fermi
|Asnerni n usiḍen ussnan
|-
|2012
|Kepler
|Tazmert akked tɣellist n useqdec asrurad
|-
|2014
|Maxwell
|Aseqdec yelhan n usrurad
|-
|2016
|Pascal
|Asnerni n tigzi taragmawant d GPU
|-
|2017
|Volta
|Asekcem n Tensor Cores
|-
|2018
|Turing
|RTX d ray tracing
|-
|2020
|Ampere
|A100 d RTX 30
|-
|2022
|Hopper
|H100 d usiḍen n tmudmiwin timeqqranin
|-
|2024
|Blackwell
|B200, GB200 d RTX 50
|-
|2026
|Rubin / Vera Rubin
|Inagrawen imeqqranen n AI
|}

=== 6.1. Hopper d H100 ===
H100 d asekkar i d-tessufeɣ NVIDIA iwakken ad yexdem almad alqayan d usiḍen n tmudmiwin timeqqranin.

Yesɛa Tensor Cores n tziri tis kuẓ, takatut HBM d tigawin n usiḍen i yettwaselɣen i tigzi taragmawant.

H100 yesɛa azal deg umezruy n tmudmiwin n tutlayt timeqqranin (LLM), acku aṭas n yimmasen n yisefka sqedcen-t deg yiseggasen imezwura n tnerni n tigzi taragmawant turriwt.

=== 6.2. Blackwell ===
[[Tugna:Jensen Huang - RTX Blackwell - Nvidia Keynote - CES 2025 Las Vegas (2).jpg|gauche|vignette|Jensen Huang - RTX Blackwell - Nvidia Keynote - CES 2025 Las Vegas]]


Blackwell d tasegda i d-tessufeɣ NVIDIA deg 2024, i d-tefka azadur i yisekkaren B200, GB200 d yifarisen nniḍen.

Yiwen seg usnifel-is agejdan d asdukkel n sin yiḥricen n GPU deg yiwen n uceṛṛun ameqran, s tuqqna taruradt gar-asen.

Blackwell tesnerna daɣen aseqdec n yimḍanen s tiseddi taẓẓayant (low precision), iwakken ad yettwasiḍen ulmad n tmudmiwin d useqdec-nsent s tazzla d taɛkwamt n tazzla tameẓẓyant ugar.

Deg 2025 d 2026, NVIDIA tessnerna talɣa Blackwell Ultra, i yettwaselɣen ladɣa i usnerni n tzemmert n usiḍen n tigzi taragmawant.

=== 6.3. Vera Rubin ===
Vera Rubin d tasegda i d-yernan ɣef Blackwell. Ur d yiwen n GPU kan, maca d anagraw yesdukklen aṭas n yiferdisen:

- GPU Rubin: i usiḍen n tigzi taragmawant.

- CPU Vera: i usendeh d usefrek n yisefka.

- NVLink: i tuqqna taruradt gar GPU.

- ConnectX d BlueField: i usefrek n uzeṭṭa d yisefka.

- InfiniBand d Ethernet: i tuqqna gar yimmasen n yisekkaren d yimmasen n yisefka.

Anagraw Vera Rubin NVL72 yesdukkel 72 n GPU Rubin d 36 n CPU Vera deg yiwen n unagraw n yiṛak imeqqranen (rack-scale system).

Deg 2026, NVIDIA teqqar-d dakken tasegda-a tettwasnerna ladɣa i tmudmiwin n tigzi taragmawant i yesseqdecen aseɣẓen d yimeggan ifulmanen.

== 7. Iseɣẓanen d yifarisen n NVIDIA ==
NVIDIA tesɛa aṭas n yifarisen yemgaraden ilmend n taɣult n useqdec.

=== GeForce d RTX ===
D tikarḍiwin tudlifin i wuraren n yiselkimen, asnulfuy anaẓuran, tugniwin 3D d yisnasen n tigzi taragmawant n uselkim udmawan. Tawsit RTX 50 tesɛa tikarḍiwin am RTX 5090, RTX 5080 d RTX 5070.

=== DGX d HGX ===
D inagrawen n usiḍen arurad i yimmasen n yisefka, i uselmed n tmudmiwin n tigzi taragmawant d usiḍen ussnan.

=== Jetson ===
D tiɣeṛɣaṛ timeẓyanin n usiḍen i warrubutik, tikufal d tigzi taragmawant i yettxeddimen deg yibenk s timmad-nsen, war ma ḥwaǧen dima tuqqna ɣer uxeddim n yisefka agwemmaḍ.

=== DRIVE d Hyperion ===
D tasegda n tigzi taragmawant i tkerṛusin tikufalin. Ttwasqedcent i usenqed n tugniwin n tkamiṛatin, tiferni n yiberdan, asenqed n tagnatin d tigawin n usendeh n tkerṛust.

=== Omniverse ===
D tasegda n usnulfu d userwes n yimeḍqan d tɣawsiwin 3D. Tettwaseqdec deg tasemlilit n yimmasen n yisefka, iferdisen n yisuddas, arrubutik d yisnasen n twennaḍt taragmawant.

Tasegda-a n yifarisen tessawaḍ i NVIDIA ad teqqen usnulfuy n yiseɣẓanen ɣer tɣessa n yisekkaren-is, seg uselkim udmawan armi d inagrawen n yimmasen n yisefka. 

== 8. NVIDIA d tigzi taragmawant ==
Tigzi taragmawant d taɣult i deg teṭṭef NVIDIA amḍiq ameqran deg tnezzut tamirant.

Aṭas n tmudmiwin n tutlayt timeqqranin, am tid i ttwasqedcen deg yisnasen n ChatGPT, Claude d tmudmawin nniḍen, sran ɣer usiḍen meqqren, ladɣa deg tallit n uselmed.

=== 8.1. Almad n tmudmiwin (training) ===
Deg tallit n uselmed, azeṭṭa n yiṛununen (neural network) yettawi isefka, yesiḍin igmuḍen, syin yettbeddil imsektayen-is iwakken ad yesseɣti tuccḍiwin-is.

Aṭas n tigawin-a cudden ɣer yisiraw (matrices) d yimawayen (vectors).

Amedya, ma yella ɣur-neɣ sin yisiraw:

&lt;math&gt;A \in \mathbb{R}^{m \times k}, \qquad B \in \mathbb{R}^{k \times n}&lt;/math&gt;

Afaris-nsen d:

&lt;math&gt;

C = AB, \qquad C_{ij} = \sum_{r=1}^{k} A_{ir} B_{rj}

&lt;/math&gt;

GPU yesɛa tazmert ad yebḍu aṭas n yimahilen n usiḍen-a ɣef yigrawen yemgaraden, ladɣa mi ara yettwaseqdec Tensor Cores.

S waya, NVIDIA tesnerna tiknulujit i yessawaḍen aselmed n tmudmiwin ɣef yisefka iṭṭuqqten.

=== 8.2. Aseqdec n tmudmiwin (inference) ===
Mi ara tefru tallit n uselmed, tamudemt tezmer ad tettwaseqdec i tririt ɣef yisteqsiyen, asnulfu n tugniwin, tasuqilt neɣ tasleṭ n yisefka.

Akala-a yettwasemma ''inference''.

Deg wakud n useqdec, GPU yettawi imsektayen n tmudemt d yisefka imaynuten, yesiḍin igmuḍen, syin yettarra-d tiririt.

Ilaq ad nẓer dakken GPU n uselmed d GPU n useqdec ur sran ara dima ɣer yiwet n tɣessa. Aselmed yesra aṭas n usiḍen d useḥraz n igmuḍen agensan, ma d useqdec yesra dima tazzla tameqqrant akked tkatut i iwulmen.

=== 8.3. NVIDIA d tmudmiwin n tutlayt ===
NVIDIA ur teznuzi ara kan GPU. Tessnerna daɣen iseɣẓanen i yessawaḍen:

- NeMo: aselmed, asezger d usenqed n tmudmiwin n tigzi taragmawant.

- TensorRT-LLM: asnerni n tazzla d tzemmert n useqdec n tmudmiwin n tutlayt.

- NIM: aseddu n tmudmiwin n AI ɣer yisnasen d yimmasen n yisefka.

- Nemotron: tawacult n tmudmiwin n tigzi taragmawant i d-tessnerna NVIDIA.

Azal n waya d akken taṛmist tebna yiwen n unagraw yettak i umsihel allalen seg uselmed n tmudemt armi d useqdec-is deg usnas.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tiberyus</title>
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      <text bytes="10287" sha1="jty4gdhri7ayx2511vuvn2hgye766cy" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1407|image=[[File:(Venice) Tiberius Portrait of the 'Imperium Maius' type in Museo Archeologico Nazionale.jpg|thumb|(Venice) Tarudemt n Tiberyus s wanaw n 'Imperium Maius' deg usalay n &quot;Archeologico Nazionale&quot;]]|caption=Amenkad Tiberyus.|date of birth=16 Wambeṛ 42|nationality=Tarumanit|date of death=16 Meɣres 37}}

'''Tiberyus''' (s tlaṭinit: Tiberius Caesar Augustus), i d-ilulen ass n 16 Wamber 42 send talalit n Ɛisa (S.T.Ɛ.), i yemmut ass n 16 Meɣres 37 seld talalit n Ɛisa (S.L.Ɛ.), yella d amenkad wis sin n Tmenkda tarumanit. Yeḥkem seg 18 Ɣuct 14 ar 16 Meɣres 37 S.L.Ɛ., deffir n [[Uɣustus]], amenkad amezwaru n Ruma.

Tiberyus yettwaḥsab gar yimenkaden i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy arumani. Ɣas akken ur yesɛi ara tamanegt n Uɣustus, yella d amseddas n ṭṭrad iǧehden, d anedbal i yessnen amek ara yettwaḥrez wayla n Tmenkda, d win i yesnernan tarrayin n useḥkem i d-yegǧa Uɣustus.

Tallit-is tettwasen s waṭas n tneqqiḍin i yemgaraden: talwit deg waṭas n tmura n Tmenkda, asnerni n wayla n ddula, uguren gar umenkad d Senat, tixidas tisertanin gar yimdanen i iqerrben ɣer umenkad, asnerni n tazmert n yiɛessasen n Pretorya, akked uselḥu n tedbelt seg ugafa n tegzirt n Capri deg yiseggasen-is ineggura.

Tiberyus yella daɣen d amenkad n tallit i deg yedder [[Ɛisa|Ɛisa n Nazaret]](ma neḥsab dakken s tidet [[Ɛisa]] yella s wudem amazray, mačči kan s wudem asɣanen). Ɣef waya, isem-is yettwabder deg yidlisen n tsertit, n umezruy d yidles amasiḥi.

== Aḥric amezwaru — Tudert-is send adabu ==

=== 1. Ruma deg tallit n tlalit n Tiberyus ===
Iwakken ad nefhem tudert n Tiberyus, ilaq ad nẓer tegnit tasertant n Ruma deg useggas 42 S.T.Ɛ.

Deg tallit-nni, Ruma mazal-itt s yisem d tagduda (Res publica Romana), maca tazmert tasertant tebda tettnejmaɛ deg yifassen n kra n yimdanen iǧehden.

Ṭṭrad agensan gar [[Julius Caesar]] d yiɛdawen-is, syin gar [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]] d Mark Untunyus, yessexreb anagraw aqbur n [[Tagduda Taṛumanit|tagduda tarumanit]].

Octavianus, win ara yuɣalen d Uɣustus, yessnerna tazmert-is armi yuɣal d amdan i yesɛan tazmert tameqqrant deg Ruma.

Tiberyus, i d-ilulen deg tegnit-a, ad yedder akk ibeddilen imeqqranen i d-yewwin asnulfu n [[Tamnekda Tarumanit|Tmenkda tarumanit]].

=== 2. Tallit n temẓi ===
Tiberyus ilul ass n 16 Wamber 42 S.T.Ɛ., deg Ruma. Baba-s, Tiberiyus Claudius Nero, yella d amdan n tawacult Claudii, yiwet seg twaculin timeqqranin n Ruma.

Yemma-s, Livia Drusilla, tella d tameṭṭut i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit.

Deg yiseggasen imezwura n tudert-is, tawacult-is tella deg tegnit taɛekkamt, acku baba-s yella deg tama n yiɛdawen n Octavianus.

Tawacult teḥwaǧ ad tarewel seg Ruma, uqbel ad d-tuɣal mi terkad tegnit tasertant.

==== 2.1. Livia d Uɣust ====
Deg 39 S.T.Ɛ., Livia tefraq d urgaz-is amezwaru, syin tuɣ Octavianus deg 38 S.T.Ɛ.

S wakka, Tiberyus yuɣal d mmi-s n tmeṭṭut n Octavianus, syin d mmi-s s tedbelt(s usmemmi) n [[Uɣustus]].

Aya yeldi-as abrid ɣer tsertit tameqqrant n Ruma. Maca ur yelli ara d amezwaru i yebɣa Uɣustus ad t-yeḍfer deg useḥkem.

=== 3. Taɣuri d uselmed n Tiberyus ===
Tiberyus yekker deg twennaḍt n yimdanen i yesɛan azal deg Ruma.

Yelmed:

- Tlaṭinit d tegrigit.

- Amezruy n Ruma d win n Yigrigiyen.

- Tamsislit d tarrayin n umeslay deg ugraw.

- Tasertit d yilugan n tagduda.

- Tarrayin n useḥkem n yiserdasen.

- Tifelsafit d yidles agrigi.

Tiberyus yella d amdan i yettwaḥesben d win i yettxemmimen aṭas, ur yettmeslay ara s waṭas, maca yettɛassa s leḥder ayen i d-yettḍerrun.

Tiberyus yebda tudert-is tasertant deg tlemmast n yIbeddilen n Uɣustus.

=== 4. Tiberyus d amseddas n ṭṭrad ===
Send ad yuɣal d amenkad, Tiberyus yella d yiwen seg yimseddasen n ṭṭrad iǧehden n Ruma.

Yettwasekcem deg waṭas n yimennuɣen iserdasen deg tmura yemgaraden.

==== 4.1. Ṭṭrad deg Hispania ====
Deg yiseggasen 20 S.T.Ɛ., Tiberyus yebda ad yettekki deg yimennuɣen iserdasen n Uɣustus.

Yettwasekcem deg kra n yimennuɣen deg Hispania, anda Ruma tella tettḥarab iwakken ad tesnerni tazmert-is ɣef waṭas n tmura.

==== 4.2. Aɣelluy n tgelda n Parthia deg tsertit tarumanit ====
Deg 20 S.T.Ɛ., Tiberyus yella d yiwen seg yimdanen i yesɛan tawuri deg uselḥu n tmeslayt tasertant gar Ruma d Parthia.

Ayen i d-yellan ur yelli ara d ṭṭrad ameqran, maca d anerni tasertant i Ruma.

Ayen i d-yettwafken i Ruma yella d tiririt n yizamulen iserdasen i tesseṛṛeḥ deg ṭṭradat yezrin.

Aya yella d asmekti n tamanegt n Ruma, acku izamulen iserdasen sɛan azal ameqqran deg tmetti tarumanit.

==== 4.3. Ṭṭrad deg Alpes ====
Deg 15 S.T.Ɛ., Tiberyus d gma-s Drusus msefhamen iwakken ad snernin tazmert n Ruma deg tmura n Alpes.

Ɣelben kra n yigrawen n yimdanen i yellan deg temnaḍt.

Aya yessnerna tazmert n Ruma deg ugafa n ṭṭelyan, yerna yesseǧhed iberdan n tnezzut d usiweḍ n yiserdasen.

==== 4.4. Ṭṭrad deg Pannonia ====
Tiberyus yesɛa tawuri tameqqrant deg uselḥu n ṭṭrad deg Pannonia, temnaḍt i d-yezgan deg tama n Danube.

Deg 12–9 S.T.Ɛ., yesɛa tawuri deg yimennuɣen i d-yewwin asnerni n tazmert tarumanit deg temnaḍt.

Deg 6–9 S.L.Ɛ., yesseḥbes yiwen n umennuɣ ameqqran n yimdanen n Illyricum i yellan mgal Ruma.

Amennuɣ-a yettwassen deg umezruy s yisem Bellum Batonianum.

Yella d yiwen seg yimennuɣen iɛekkmen i tmenkda deg tallit n [[Uɣustus]].

==== 4.5.Ǧermaniya ====
Tiberyus yella daɣen deg yimennuɣen n Ruma deg Ǧermaniya.

Deffir tawaɣit n ṭṭrad n Teutoburg deg 9 S.L.Ɛ., anda Ruma tesṛuḥ kraḍ n yeḥricen seg tredsa-s, Tiberyus yesseǧhed taɣellist n tilisa n Ruma.

Ur yelli ara d win i d-yewwin aɣelluy n Ǧermaniya meṛṛa, maca yessaweḍ ad yesseḥrez kra n temnaḍin d yiserdasen n Ruma.

==== 4.6. Azal-is deg ṭṭrad ====
Tiberyus yettwassen s kra n tulmisin:

1. Aheggi n ṭṭrad uqbel amennuɣ.

2. Aḥraz n yiserdasen d usiweḍ n wuččî(lmakla).

3. Aseḥbes n yimennuɣen ur nesɛi ara lfayda.

4. Aseqdec n tsertit d umeslay send ṭṭrad.

5. Aḥraz n tilisa deg umkan n usnerni war tilas.

Tarrayt-is temgarad ɣef tin n kra n yimseddasen i yettnadin kan ɣef tamanegt deg ṭṭrad.

Tiberyus yettḥadar aṭas asṛuḥ n yiserdasen.

Aḥric wis sin — Tawacult d ubrid ɣer useḥkem

=== 6. Tiberyus d Vipsania Agrippina ===
Tiberyus yuɣ Vipsania Agrippina deg 19 S.T.Ɛ. Vipsania tella d yell-is n ''Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa'', yiwen seg yimdukal d yimeɛiwnen imeqqranen n [[Uɣustus]]. Tiberyus d Vipsania sɛan yiwen n mmi-tsen, Drusus Julius Caesar.

Tizdit-nsen tettwasegza deg waṭas n yiɣbula d tin i deg tella tayri. Maca Uɣustus yebɣa ad yesseǧhed assaɣen gar twaculin timeqqranin.

Ɣef waya, Tiberyus yuḥwaǧ ad yebru d Vipsania deg 12 neɣ 11 S.T.Ɛ.

=== 7. Tizdit d Julia ===
Uɣustus yuɣ Julia, yell-is, i Tiberyus. Tizdit-a tella d tin n tsertit ugar n tin n tayri. Assaɣ gar Tiberyus d Julia ur yelli ara d win iǧehden.

Deg 2 S.T.Ɛ., Julia tettwaḥkem ɣef unejli s sebba n tardayt n tuzzuft beṛṛa n zzwaǧ d yisumar nniḍen. Aya yessexreb ugar assaɣen n Tiberyus d tawacult n Uɣustus.

=== 8. Tiberyus deg Rodos ===
Deg 6 S.T.Ɛ., Tiberyus yeǧǧa Ruma, iruḥ ɣer tegzirt n Rodos. Iɣbula iqburen ur msefhamen ara meṛṛa ɣef sebba n uɛzal-is.

Kra n yimezrayen ttwalin d akken:

- Yella yettḥulfu s leḥqer deg tawacult n Uɣustus.

- Yebɣa ad yebɛed ɣef Julia.

- Ur yebɣi ara ad yili deg tsertit n useḍfer n Uɣustus.

- Yella yettnadi ɣef tudert i yesɛan ugar n talwit.

Deg Rodos, Tiberyus yeqqim azal n 8 n yiseggasen.

Yettwasen d amdan i iḥemmlen idles agrigi, tifelsafit d tɣuri.

=== 9. Aseḍfer n Uɣustus ===
Uɣustus yella yebɣa ad t-yeḍfer yiwen seg yimeẓẓyanen n twacult-is. Maca aṭas n yimdanen i yellan d imezwura deg ubrid n useḍfer mmuten send-as.

Gar-asen:

- Marcellus, mmi-s n weltma-s n Uɣustus.

- Gaius Caesar, mmi-s n Julia.

- Lucius Caesar, gma-s n Gaius.

Deg useggas wis 4 S.L.Ɛ., Uɣustus yeṭṭef Tiberyus d mmi-s s yilugan n tadbelt tarumanit(s usmemmi).

Deg wass-nni, Tiberyus yesseḍfer Germanicus, mmi-s n gma-s Drusus, s tarrayt n usettem s yilugan.

Tiberyus yuɣal d amdan i yellan deg ubrid agejdan ɣer udabu.

Deg 13 S.L.Ɛ., tazmert-is tasertant tettwasnerna armi yuɣal yesɛa kra n tezmert i yesɛa Uɣustus deg tmura n Tmenkda.

== Aḥric wis kraḍ — Tiberyus d amenkad ==

=== 10. Tamettant n Uɣustus ===
Uɣustus yemmut ass n 19 Ɣuct 14 S.L.Ɛ., deg Nola, deg ṭṭelyan.

Tiberyus, i yesɛan azal n 55 n yiseggasen, yella d win i yellan deg ubrid ɣer udabu. Maca abeddel n tazmert ur yelli ara d win i d-yellan s yiwet n tikkelt.

Senat arumani yesɛa mazal tawuri deg tsertit n Ruma.

Tiberyus yesken-d leḥder deg uqbal n tazmert n umenkad.

Kra n yiɣbula qqaren d akken yella yebɣa ad yesseḥrez tugna n tagduda, ma d wiyaḍ ttwalin d akken yella yettɛemmid ad yessexdem leḥder iwakken ad yesɛu ugar n tazmert.

Deg 18 Ɣuct 14 S.L.Ɛ., Senat yeqbel tazmert-is, Tiberyus yuɣal d amenkad wis sin n Tmenkda tarumanit.

=== 11. Anagraw n udabu ===
Tiberyus ur yebni ara anagraw amaynut seg yilem. Yekcem deg unagraw i d-yesnulfa Uɣustus, i yettwasnen s yisem n Principatus.

Deg unagraw-a, amenkad yesɛa tazmert tameqqrant, maca kra n yizamulen d yilugan n tagduda mazal-iten.

==== 11.1. Tazmert n umenkad ====
Tiberyus yesɛa:

'''''Imperium proconsulare''''': tazmert tameqqrant ɣef yiserdasen d kra n tmura n Tmenkda.

'''''Tribunicia potestas''''': tazmert tasertant i t-yeǧǧan ad yesseḥbes kra n leqrarat, ad yesseḥrez kra n yilugan, ad yesseqdec izerfan n tribuns n ugdud.

'''''Auctoritas''''': azal d tazmert i yesɛa umdan deg tmetti d tsertit, ur nettwasbadu ara kan s yilugan.

==== 11.2. Tiberyus d Senat ====
Tiberyus yebɣa, deg tazwara, ad yesseǧhed tawuri n Senat. Yessekcem kra n leqrarat ɣer Senat, yerna yettɛemmid ad yesseḥrez izerfan n yiɛeggalen-is. Maca assaɣen gar-asen beddlen s wakud. Kra n yiɛeggalen n Senat ttwalin Tiberyus d amdan i yettḥellilen aṭas.

Tiberyus, s tama-s, yebda yettḥadar aṭas ɣef kra n yimdanen n Senat. Aya yessnerna uguren n tsertit deg Ruma.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Stuxnet</title>
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      <timestamp>2026-11-01T14:49:44Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <text bytes="6819" sha1="d2lo7g6u9yew5e8hm96e0bo14v4jbo6" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Cyber Serpent Infiltrates the Control Plant.png|droite|448x448px]]
'''Stuxnet''' d avirus aselkiman n wanaw n ijirmeḍ aselkiman(neɣ aḥermeččal aselkiman), i yettwafkan i yiman-is ad yernu ad yeẓẓu iman-is deg yiselkimen nniḍen. Maca, Stuxnet ur yettwabna ara kan iwakken ad yessexser ifuyla, ad yekker isefka neɣ ad yaɣ isallen. Yettwasnulfa iwakken ad ibeddel tikli n yiseɣẓanen i iseddun timacinin n usnerni n uṛanyum, alamma yessawaḍ ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg wallalen n tilawt.

Yettwaf deg 2010, maca anadi ussnan yesken-d belli kra n yileqman-is llan seg yiseggasen i d-yezwaren. Iswi-ines agejdan, akken i d-skanen yinadiyen, d asḍaɛef n usefrek n uranyum deg yigrawen yisgammasen i yettwasqedcen i usnerni n uṛanyum n Natanz, deg Iran.

Stuxnet d yiwen gar yimedyaten imezwura i yettwassnen n unṭag aselkiman i d-yettawin axessar afizikan. Aya yessebgan-d belli anṭag s yiseɣẓanen yezmer ad yuɣal seg umaḍal umḍin ɣer umaḍal n tmaccinin timguranin.

== 2. Ayɣer Stuxnet d amaynut deg umezruy n tesenselkimt? ==
Deg waṭas n yinṭagen iselkimanen, iswi d tukerḍa n isefka, tukksa n yisefka, tukerḍa n tneflit neɣ asḥebbes n yisnasen. Ma d Stuxnet, yettwabna i kra nniḍen.

Yessexdem iselkimen am wakken d abrid ara t-yawin ɣer yisefraken n tmaccinin. Mi ara yaweḍ ɣer unagraw i yebɣa, ad ibeddel kra n tinaḍin n useddu, ad yessexdem isallen nniḍen iwakken imahalen ur ttafaren ara ayen yeḍerrun s tidet.

Ihi, ur yettnadi ara kan ad yessexser aselkim, maca ad yessexdem aselkim iwakken ad yessexser tamacint.

D aya i yeǧǧan Stuxnet ad yili d amedya agejdan deg umezruy n tɣellist n yinagrawen n usbuɣer n yuṛanyum akked ṭṭrad umḍin. 

== 3. Amezruy n Stuxnet d tegnit tasertant deg Iran ==

=== 3.1. Iswi agejdan: Natanz ===
[[Tugna:NASA FIRMS 2025-06-19 Natanz (close-up).png|centré|vignette|Adeg n ulemmas aɣisan n Natanz deg Iran.]]


Timacinin n usnerni n uranyum deg ulemmas aɣisan n Natanz. D anaw-a n tmaccinin iɣef yella ussumer n unṭag n Stuxnet.Deg yiseggasen n 2000, Iran yebna akked usegmi n yiɣawasen-is i usnerni n uranyum. Uranyum yettusexdam deg ufares n tẓwert taɣisant, maca yezmer daɣen ad yettusemres deg ufares n yimrigen iɣisanen ma yewweḍ ɣer usnerni afellay ilaqen.

Tignit-a teǧǧa ad ilin ccwal d umgired asertan gar Iran, Marikan, Israyil akked kra n tmura n Urupa.

Ma d Iran, yeqqar-d belli iswi n uɣawas-is d asnas n tẓwert taɣisant. Maca Marikan d Israyil ttwalin deg-s amihi iɣef ilaq ad ttwaseqdacen wallalen n usenqes n tnezmart n Iran.

Deg tegnit-a i d-yebda usenfar uffir i d-yettwasnen deffir s yisem Olympic Games. Imagraden n 2012 i d-yeffɣen deg yiɣmisen n Marikan, s usekcem n yisallen sɣur yimḍebren iqburen d wid yellan deg udabu, qqaren-d belli asenfar-a yebda deg tallit n George W. Bush, yerna ikemmel deg tallit n Barack Obama. 

=== 3.2. Amseḍfer n tedyanin tigejdanin ===
'''2007'''

Ileqman imezwura

Yella yiwen n uleqqem aqbur n Stuxnet i yettwaf deffir deg tesleḍt n yifuyla n yiseggasen-nni. Anadi yesken-d amek i yettwasɣiwes unṭag ɣef yinagrawen n Natanz

'''2009'''

Asnerni n unṭag

Tban-d snat n tarrayin n uxessar: yiwet teqqen ɣer ṣṣda n tmacinin, tayeḍ ɣer urured n tuzzya-nsent

'''2010'''

Tifin n Stuxnet

Deg 17 Yunyu, VirusBlokAda, tarmiṣt n tɣellist taselkimant deg Belarus, tesken-d yiwen n useɣẓan araɣelsan ur yettwassnen ara. Syin akin, imazzagen zerwen Stuxnet s telqey

'''2012'''

Asufeɣ n yisallen isertanen

Imagraden n yiseɣmisen n Marikan qqaren-d belli Stuxnet d afares n temlilit tuffirt gar Marikan d Israyil

'''2013'''

Tasleḍt tussnant lqayen

Ralph Langner yessufeɣ-d tazrawt ''To Kill a Centrifuge'', anda i d-yessufeɣ aglam ussnan n snat n tarrayin n uxessar.

== 4. Tasegda taselkimant n Stuxnet ==

=== 4.1. Amgired gar uvirus d ijiṛmeḍ asenselkam ===
Deg umawal n tesenselkimt n Samiya n At Velɛid, ad naf:

* Anfafad asenselkam: aseɣẓan araɣelsan yettwasnen s yisem n uvirus aselkiman.
* Ijiṛmeḍ asenselkam: aseɣẓan araɣelsan yezmer ad yennerni, ad yebḍu iman-is, ad yeẓẓu ɣer yinagrawen nniḍen.
* Aseɣẓan araɣelsan: aseɣẓan i yettuseqdacen i tigawin i d-yettawin amihi neɣ axessar.

S unamek ussnan ugar umqit, Stuxnet d ijiṛmeḍ asenselkam, acku yezmer ad yernu ad yeẓẓu iman-is gar yiselkimen war ma yeḥwaǧ amdan ad t-yesker yal tikelt.

Maca mačči d ijiṛmeḍ kan. Deg-s yella daɣen uḥric uffir i yettwasnulfuyen iwakken ad ibeddel ihilen n yisenqaden imguranen, syin ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg tmaccinin.

=== 4.2. Krad n yeswiren n unṭag ===
[[Tugna:Tanezwit n Stuxnet Krad n Yiswiren.png|centré|783x783px]]
Deg uswir amezwaru, Stuxnet yessexdem iselkimen i tnezwit. Deg uswir wis sin, yettɛeṛṛiḍ ad ibeddel asenqed n tmaccinin. Deg uswir wis kraḍ, ad d-tban isemda n ubeddel-nni deg yimussu n tmaccinin.

D assaɣ-a gar tasenselkimt d tilawt i yerran Stuxnet d amedya uzzig.

== 5. Amek i yessaweḍ Stuxnet ad yekcem ɣer yinagrawen? ==

=== 5.1. Tiɣersiwin tisenselkamin ===
Stuxnet yessexdem tiɣersiwin ur nelli tettwassnent yakan sɣur wid yettɛassan taɣellist n Windows. Tiɣersiwin-a ttwasnent deg taɣult n tɣellist s yisem Zero-day.

Deg unamek-nsent, d tuccḍiwin neɣ d lixṣas n tɣellist deg useɣẓan, i zemren ad ttwaseqdacen send ma d-yili uleqqem i ten-isseɣtayen.

Tasleḍt n Symantec tessebgen-d belli Stuxnet yessexdem '''kuẓ n tiɣersiwin''' n wanaw-a, akked tarrayin nniḍen n tnezwit.

=== 5.2. Tawuri n USB ===
Aṭas n yinagrawen imguranen ur qqinen ara ɣer Internet, ladɣa ma llan d wid ixataren iɣef tebna tɣellist n tmurt.

Iwakken ad t-nessegzi s umedya, ad nerr lḥal belli yiwen n uselkim yella deg tesɣimt n Natanz, maca ur yesɛi ara aseɣwen ɣer Internet.

D acu kan, ma yella afaylu neɣ allal USB yettwasekcem ɣer uselkim-nni, yezmer ad d-yawi yid-s aseɣẓan araɣelsan.

Stuxnet yesɛa tazmert n tnezwit s wallalen USB, maca ar tura ur nettwassen ara s tidet akk iberdan i yessexdem deg ukecum-is amezwaru ɣer Natanz.

Aya yesken-d belli afraq n unagraw ɣef Internet ur yettak ara taɣellist tamagdazt.

=== 5.3. Asenqed n Siemens ===
Stuxnet yettnadi s wudem uzzig ɣef yiselkimen iseddun iseqdacen n Siemens, ladɣa STEP 7 akked WinCC.

Tawuri n yiseɣẓanen-a d asenqed d uḍfar n kra n yinagrawen imuganen ladɣa deg uḥric aɣisan. Deg-sen, awurman ahilan yesɛa ahil i yuddsen s tegrawt n tinaḍin i d-yemmalen amek ara texdem tmaccint, melmi ara tebdu, melmi ara teḥbes, d wamek ara tbeddel arured-is.

Maca Stuxnet ur yettwabna ara iwakken ad yessexser yal tamacint. Yessenqad ma yella unagraw iɣer yekcem yesɛa tulmisin tuzzigin iɣef yettwabna unṭag. Ma yufa-tent, ad iɛreḍ ad ibeddel kra n tinaḍin n usenqed n yisgammasen.</text>
      <sha1>d2lo7g6u9yew5e8hm96e0bo14v4jbo6</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117837</id>
      <parentid>117835</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T17:54:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117837</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6821" sha1="84bssbzmix900cxox5meqzm9dyth5m8" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Cyber Serpent Infiltrates the Control Plant.png|droite|448x448px]]
'''Stuxnet''' d avirus aselkiman n wanaw n ijirmeḍ aselkiman(neɣ aḥermeččal aselkiman), i yettwafkan i yiman-is ad yernu ad yeẓẓu iman-is deg yiselkimen nniḍen. Maca, Stuxnet ur yettwabna ara kan iwakken ad yessexser ifuyla, ad yekker isefka neɣ ad yaɣ isallen. Yettwasnulfa iwakken ad ibeddel tikli n yiseɣẓanen i iseddun timacinin n usnerni n uṛanyum, alamma yessawaḍ ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg wallalen n tilawt.

Yettwaf deg 2010, maca anadi ussnan yesken-d belli kra n yileqman-is llan seg yiseggasen i d-yezwaren. Iswi-ines agejdan, akken i d-skanen yinadiyen, d asḍaɛef n usefrek n uranyum deg yigrawen yisgammasen i yettwasqedcen i usnerni n uṛanyum n Natanz, deg Iran.

Stuxnet d yiwen gar yimedyaten imezwura i yettwassnen n unṭag aselkiman i d-yettawin axessar afizikan. Aya yessebgan-d belli anṭag s yiseɣẓanen yezmer ad yuɣal seg umaḍal umḍin ɣer umaḍal n tmaccinin timguranin.

== 2. Ayɣer Stuxnet d amaynut deg umezruy n tesenselkimt? ==
Deg waṭas n yinṭagen iselkimanen, iswi d tukerḍa n isefka, tukksa n yisefka, tukerḍa n tneflit neɣ asḥebbes n yisnasen. Ma d Stuxnet, yettwabna i kra nniḍen.

Yessexdem iselkimen am wakken d abrid ara t-yawin ɣer yisefraken n tmaccinin. Mi ara yaweḍ ɣer unagraw i yebɣa, ad ibeddel kra n tinaḍin n useddu, ad yessexdem isallen nniḍen iwakken imahalen ur ttafaren ara ayen yeḍerrun s tidet.

Ihi, ur yettnadi ara kan ad yessexser aselkim, maca ad yessexdem aselkim iwakken ad yessexser tamacint.

D aya i yeǧǧan Stuxnet ad yili d amedya agejdan deg umezruy n tɣellist n yinagrawen n usbuɣer n yuṛanyum akked ṭṭrad umḍin. 

== 3. Amezruy n Stuxnet d tegnit tasertant deg Iran ==

=== 3.1. Iswi agejdan: Natanz ===
[[Tugna:NASA FIRMS 2025-06-19 Natanz (close-up).png|centré|vignette|Adeg n ulemmas aɣisan n Natanz deg Iran.]]


Timacinin n usnerni n uranyum deg ulemmas aɣisan n Natanz. D anaw-a n tmaccinin iɣef yella ussumer n unṭag n Stuxnet.Deg yiseggasen n 2000, Iran yebna akked usegmi n yiɣawasen-is i usnerni n uranyum. Uranyum yettusexdam deg ufares n tẓwert taɣisant, maca yezmer daɣen ad yettusemres deg ufares n yimrigen iɣisanen ma yewweḍ ɣer usnerni afellay ilaqen.

Tignit-a teǧǧa ad ilin ccwal d umgired asertan gar Iran, Marikan, Israyil akked kra n tmura n Urupa.

Ma d Iran, yeqqar-d belli iswi n uɣawas-is d asnas n tẓwert taɣisant. Maca Marikan d Israyil ttwalin deg-s amihi iɣef ilaq ad ttwaseqdacen wallalen n usenqes n tnezmart n Iran.

Deg tegnit-a i d-yebda usenfar uffir i d-yettwasnen deffir s yisem Olympic Games. Imagraden n 2012 i d-yeffɣen deg yiɣmisen n Marikan, s usekcem n yisallen sɣur yimḍebren iqburen d wid yellan deg udabu, qqaren-d belli asenfar-a yebda deg tallit n George W. Bush, yerna ikemmel deg tallit n Barack Obama. 

=== 3.2. Amseḍfer n tedyanin tigejdanin ===
'''2007'''

Ileqman imezwura

Yella yiwen n uleqqem aqbur n Stuxnet i yettwaf deffir deg tesleḍt n yifuyla n yiseggasen-nni. Anadi yesken-d amek i yettwasɣiwes unṭag ɣef yinagrawen n Natanz

'''2009'''

Asnerni n unṭag

Tban-d snat n tarrayin n uxessar: yiwet teqqen ɣer ṣṣda n tmacinin, tayeḍ ɣer urured n tuzzya-nsent

'''2010'''

Tifin n Stuxnet

Deg 17 Yunyu, VirusBlokAda, tarmiṣt n tɣellist taselkimant deg Belarus, tesken-d yiwen n useɣẓan araɣelsan ur yettwassnen ara. Syin akin, imazzagen zerwen Stuxnet s telqey

'''2012'''

Asufeɣ n yisallen isertanen

Imagraden n yiseɣmisen n Marikan qqaren-d belli Stuxnet d afares n temlilit tuffirt gar Marikan d Israyil

'''2013'''

Tasleḍt tussnant lqayen

Ralph Langner yessufeɣ-d tazrawt ''To Kill a Centrifuge'', anda i d-yessufeɣ aglam ussnan n snat n tarrayin n uxessar.

== 4. Tasegda taselkimant n Stuxnet ==

=== 4.1. Amgired gar uvirus d ijiṛmeḍ asenselkam ===
Deg umawal n tesenselkimt n Samiya n At Velɛid, ad naf:

* Anfafad asenselkam: aseɣẓan araɣelsan yettwasnen s yisem n uvirus aselkiman.
* Ijiṛmeḍ asenselkam: aseɣẓan araɣelsan yezmer ad yennerni, ad yebḍu iman-is, ad yeẓẓu ɣer yinagrawen nniḍen.
* Aseɣẓan araɣelsan: aseɣẓan i yettuseqdacen i tigawin i d-yettawin amihi neɣ axessar.

S unamek ussnan ugar umqit, Stuxnet d ijiṛmeḍ asenselkam, acku yezmer ad yernu ad yeẓẓu iman-is gar yiselkimen war ma yeḥwaǧ amdan ad t-yesker yal tikelt.

Maca mačči d ijiṛmeḍ kan. Deg-s yella daɣen uḥric uffir i yettwasnulfuyen iwakken ad ibeddel ihilen n yisenqaden imguranen, syin ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg tmaccinin.

=== 4.2. Kraḍ n yeswiren n unṭag ===
[[Tugna:Tanezwit n Stuxnet Krad n Yiswiren.png|centré|783x783px]]
Deg uswir amezwaru, Stuxnet yessexdem iselkimen i tnezwit. Deg uswir wis sin, yettɛeṛṛiḍ ad ibeddel asenqed n tmaccinin. Deg uswir wis kraḍ, ad d-tban isemda n ubeddel-nni deg yimussu n tmaccinin.

D assaɣ-a gar tasenselkimt d tilawt i yerran Stuxnet d amedya uzzig.

== 5. Amek i yessaweḍ Stuxnet ad yekcem ɣer yinagrawen? ==

=== 5.1. Tiɣersiwin tisenselkamin ===
Stuxnet yessexdem tiɣersiwin ur nelli tettwassnent yakan sɣur wid yettɛassan taɣellist n Windows. Tiɣersiwin-a ttwasnent deg taɣult n tɣellist s yisem Zero-day.

Deg unamek-nsent, d tuccḍiwin neɣ d lixṣas n tɣellist deg useɣẓan, i zemren ad ttwaseqdacen send ma d-yili uleqqem i ten-isseɣtayen.

Tasleḍt n Symantec tessebgen-d belli Stuxnet yessexdem '''kuẓ n tiɣersiwin''' n wanaw-a, akked tarrayin nniḍen n tnezwit.

=== 5.2. Tawuri n USB ===
Aṭas n yinagrawen imguranen ur qqinen ara ɣer Internet, ladɣa ma llan d wid ixataren iɣef tebna tɣellist n tmurt.

Iwakken ad t-nessegzi s umedya, ad nerr lḥal belli yiwen n uselkim yella deg tesɣimt n Natanz, maca ur yesɛi ara aseɣwen ɣer Internet.

D acu kan, ma yella afaylu neɣ allal USB yettwasekcem ɣer uselkim-nni, yezmer ad d-yawi yid-s aseɣẓan araɣelsan.

Stuxnet yesɛa tazmert n tnezwit s wallalen USB, maca ar tura ur nettwassen ara s tidet akk iberdan i yessexdem deg ukecum-is amezwaru ɣer Natanz.

Aya yesken-d belli afraq n unagraw ɣef Internet ur yettak ara taɣellist tamagdazt.

=== 5.3. Asenqed n Siemens ===
Stuxnet yettnadi s wudem uzzig ɣef yiselkimen iseddun iseqdacen n Siemens, ladɣa STEP 7 akked WinCC.

Tawuri n yiseɣẓanen-a d asenqed d uḍfar n kra n yinagrawen imuganen ladɣa deg uḥric aɣisan. Deg-sen, awurman ahilan yesɛa ahil i yuddsen s tegrawt n tinaḍin i d-yemmalen amek ara texdem tmaccint, melmi ara tebdu, melmi ara teḥbes, d wamek ara tbeddel arured-is.

Maca Stuxnet ur yettwabna ara iwakken ad yessexser yal tamacint. Yessenqad ma yella unagraw iɣer yekcem yesɛa tulmisin tuzzigin iɣef yettwabna unṭag. Ma yufa-tent, ad iɛreḍ ad ibeddel kra n tinaḍin n usenqed n yisgammasen.</text>
      <sha1>84bssbzmix900cxox5meqzm9dyth5m8</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117838</id>
      <parentid>117837</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-01T21:03:56Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117838</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8871" sha1="lajyjtcexa3sivuoj2a7vmhprt5gmfm" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Cyber Serpent Infiltrates the Control Plant.png|droite|448x448px]]
'''Stuxnet''' d avirus aselkiman n wanaw n ijirmeḍ aselkiman(neɣ aḥermeččal aselkiman), i yettwafkan i yiman-is ad yernu ad yeẓẓu iman-is deg yiselkimen nniḍen. Maca, Stuxnet ur yettwabna ara kan iwakken ad yessexser ifuyla, ad yekker isefka neɣ ad yaɣ isallen. Yettwasnulfa iwakken ad ibeddel tikli n yiseɣẓanen i iseddun timacinin n usnerni n uṛanyum, alamma yessawaḍ ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg wallalen n tilawt.

Yettwaf deg 2010, maca anadi ussnan yesken-d belli kra n yileqman-is llan seg yiseggasen i d-yezwaren. Iswi-ines agejdan, akken i d-skanen yinadiyen, d asḍaɛef n usefrek n uranyum deg yigrawen yisgammasen i yettwasqedcen i usnerni n uṛanyum n Natanz, deg Iran.

Stuxnet d yiwen gar yimedyaten imezwura i yettwassnen n unṭag aselkiman i d-yettawin axessar afizikan. Aya yessebgan-d belli anṭag s yiseɣẓanen yezmer ad yuɣal seg umaḍal umḍin ɣer umaḍal n tmaccinin timguranin.

== 2. Ayɣer Stuxnet d amaynut deg umezruy n tesenselkimt? ==
Deg waṭas n yinṭagen iselkimanen, iswi d tukerḍa n isefka, tukksa n yisefka, tukerḍa n tneflit neɣ asḥebbes n yisnasen. Ma d Stuxnet, yettwabna i kra nniḍen.

Yessexdem iselkimen am wakken d abrid ara t-yawin ɣer yisefraken n tmaccinin. Mi ara yaweḍ ɣer unagraw i yebɣa, ad ibeddel kra n tinaḍin n useddu, ad yessexdem isallen nniḍen iwakken imahalen ur ttafaren ara ayen yeḍerrun s tidet.

Ihi, ur yettnadi ara kan ad yessexser aselkim, maca ad yessexdem aselkim iwakken ad yessexser tamacint.

D aya i yeǧǧan Stuxnet ad yili d amedya agejdan deg umezruy n tɣellist n yinagrawen n usbuɣer n yuṛanyum akked ṭṭrad umḍin. 

== 3. Amezruy n Stuxnet d tegnit tasertant deg Iran ==

=== 3.1. Iswi agejdan: Natanz ===
[[Tugna:NASA FIRMS 2025-06-19 Natanz (close-up).png|centré|vignette|Adeg n ulemmas aɣisan n Natanz deg Iran.]]


Timacinin n usnerni n uranyum deg ulemmas aɣisan n Natanz. D anaw-a n tmaccinin iɣef yella ussumer n unṭag n Stuxnet.Deg yiseggasen n 2000, Iran yebna akked usegmi n yiɣawasen-is i usnerni n uranyum. Uranyum yettusexdam deg ufares n tẓwert taɣisant, maca yezmer daɣen ad yettusemres deg ufares n yimrigen iɣisanen ma yewweḍ ɣer usnerni afellay ilaqen.

Tignit-a teǧǧa ad ilin ccwal d umgired asertan gar Iran, Marikan, Israyil akked kra n tmura n Urupa.

Ma d Iran, yeqqar-d belli iswi n uɣawas-is d asnas n tẓwert taɣisant. Maca Marikan d Israyil ttwalin deg-s amihi iɣef ilaq ad ttwaseqdacen wallalen n usenqes n tnezmart n Iran.

Deg tegnit-a i d-yebda usenfar uffir i d-yettwasnen deffir s yisem Olympic Games. Imagraden n 2012 i d-yeffɣen deg yiɣmisen n Marikan, s usekcem n yisallen sɣur yimḍebren iqburen d wid yellan deg udabu, qqaren-d belli asenfar-a yebda deg tallit n George W. Bush, yerna ikemmel deg tallit n Barack Obama. 

=== 3.2. Amseḍfer n tedyanin tigejdanin ===
'''2007'''

Ileqman imezwura

Yella yiwen n uleqqem aqbur n Stuxnet i yettwaf deffir deg tesleḍt n yifuyla n yiseggasen-nni. Anadi yesken-d amek i yettwasɣiwes unṭag ɣef yinagrawen n Natanz

'''2009'''

Asnerni n unṭag

Tban-d snat n tarrayin n uxessar: yiwet teqqen ɣer ṣṣda n tmacinin, tayeḍ ɣer urured n tuzzya-nsent

'''2010'''

Tifin n Stuxnet

Deg 17 Yunyu, VirusBlokAda, tarmiṣt n tɣellist taselkimant deg Belarus, tesken-d yiwen n useɣẓan araɣelsan ur yettwassnen ara. Syin akin, imazzagen zerwen Stuxnet s telqey

'''2012'''

Asufeɣ n yisallen isertanen

Imagraden n yiseɣmisen n Marikan qqaren-d belli Stuxnet d afares n temlilit tuffirt gar Marikan d Israyil

'''2013'''

Tasleḍt tussnant lqayen

Ralph Langner yessufeɣ-d tazrawt ''To Kill a Centrifuge'', anda i d-yessufeɣ aglam ussnan n snat n tarrayin n uxessar.

== 4. Tasegda taselkimant n Stuxnet ==

=== 4.1. Amgired gar uvirus d ijiṛmeḍ asenselkam ===
Deg umawal n tesenselkimt n Samiya n At Velɛid, ad naf:

* Anfafad asenselkam: aseɣẓan araɣelsan yettwasnen s yisem n uvirus aselkiman.
* Ijiṛmeḍ asenselkam: aseɣẓan araɣelsan yezmer ad yennerni, ad yebḍu iman-is, ad yeẓẓu ɣer yinagrawen nniḍen.
* Aseɣẓan araɣelsan: aseɣẓan i yettuseqdacen i tigawin i d-yettawin amihi neɣ axessar.

S unamek ussnan ugar umqit, Stuxnet d ijiṛmeḍ asenselkam, acku yezmer ad yernu ad yeẓẓu iman-is gar yiselkimen war ma yeḥwaǧ amdan ad t-yesker yal tikelt.

Maca mačči d ijiṛmeḍ kan. Deg-s yella daɣen uḥric uffir i yettwasnulfuyen iwakken ad ibeddel ihilen n yisenqaden imguranen, syin ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg tmaccinin.

=== 4.2. Kraḍ n yeswiren n unṭag ===
[[Tugna:Tanezwit n Stuxnet Krad n Yiswiren.png|centré|783x783px]]
Deg uswir amezwaru, Stuxnet yessexdem iselkimen i tnezwit. Deg uswir wis sin, yettɛeṛṛiḍ ad ibeddel asenqed n tmaccinin. Deg uswir wis kraḍ, ad d-tban isemda n ubeddel-nni deg yimussu n tmaccinin.

D assaɣ-a gar tasenselkimt d tilawt i yerran Stuxnet d amedya uzzig.

== 5. Amek i yessaweḍ Stuxnet ad yekcem ɣer yinagrawen? ==

=== 5.1. Tiɣersiwin tisenselkamin ===
Stuxnet yessexdem tiɣersiwin ur nelli tettwassnent yakan sɣur wid yettɛassan taɣellist n Windows. Tiɣersiwin-a ttwasnent deg taɣult n tɣellist s yisem Zero-day.

Deg unamek-nsent, d tuccḍiwin neɣ d lixṣas n tɣellist deg useɣẓan, i zemren ad ttwaseqdacen send ma d-yili uleqqem i ten-isseɣtayen.

Tasleḍt n Symantec tessebgen-d belli Stuxnet yessexdem '''kuẓ n tiɣersiwin''' n wanaw-a, akked tarrayin nniḍen n tnezwit.

=== 5.2. Tawuri n USB ===
Aṭas n yinagrawen imguranen ur qqinen ara ɣer Internet, ladɣa ma llan d wid ixataren iɣef tebna tɣellist n tmurt.

Iwakken ad t-nessegzi s umedya, ad nerr lḥal belli yiwen n uselkim yella deg tesɣimt n Natanz, maca ur yesɛi ara aseɣwen ɣer Internet.

D acu kan, ma yella afaylu neɣ allal USB yettwasekcem ɣer uselkim-nni, yezmer ad d-yawi yid-s aseɣẓan araɣelsan.

Stuxnet yesɛa tazmert n tnezwit s wallalen USB, maca ar tura ur nettwassen ara s tidet akk iberdan i yessexdem deg ukecum-is amezwaru ɣer Natanz.

Aya yesken-d belli afraq n unagraw ɣef Internet ur yettak ara taɣellist tamagdazt.

=== 5.3. Asenqed n Siemens ===
Stuxnet yettnadi s wudem uzzig ɣef yiselkimen iseddun iseqdacen n Siemens, ladɣa STEP 7 akked WinCC.

Tawuri n yiseɣẓanen-a d asenqed d uḍfar n kra n yinagrawen imuganen ladɣa deg uḥric aɣisan. Deg-sen, awurman ahilan yesɛa ahil i yuddsen s tegrawt n tinaḍin i d-yemmalen amek ara texdem tmaccint, melmi ara tebdu, melmi ara teḥbes, d wamek ara tbeddel arured-is.

Maca Stuxnet ur yettwabna ara iwakken ad yessexser yal tamacint. Yessenqad ma yella unagraw iɣer yekcem yesɛa tulmisin tuzzigin iɣef yettwabna unṭag. Ma yufa-tent, ad iɛreḍ ad ibeddel kra n tinaḍin n usenqed n yisgammasen.

== 6. Amek i yexdem Stuxnet deg tmaccinin n usnerni n uranyum? ==

=== 6.1. D acu i d tamacint n usnerni n uranyum? ===
Deg Natanz, ttwasemrasent tmaccinin i itezzi uḥric-nsent agensan s urured ameqqran aṭas.

Tamacint n wanaw-a tesɛa aḥric agensan i itezzin, Deg usgammas, yettusekcam ugaz n UF₆ i yesɛan sin n lesnaf n uranyum: U-235 d U-238. Mi ara tezzwi tmaccint s urured ameqqran aṭas, ayen yesɛan U-238 yettɛeṛṛiḍ ad yeqreb ɣer berra, ma d wayen yesɛan U-235 yettɛeṛṛiḍ ad yeqqim qrib ɣer tlemmast. S waya, yezmer ad yili ufran gar-asen ilmend n umgired n teẓeyt-nsen.

Iswi n ufran-a d asnerni n wazal n uranyum-235 deg uranyum yettwafernen.

Imacinen-a xeddment deg yigrawen i d-yettwasuddsen, yerna ilaq ad ilin isefraken-nsent d wid umqiten, iwakken ad sneqden s tiseddi arured n tuzzya n yisgammasen, acku abeddel ameẓyan deg urured, ṣṣda neɣ tignit n umahil yezmer ad d-yeglu s uxessar.

=== 6.2. Tarrayt tamezwarut: abeddel n ṣṣda ===
Tasleḍt n Ralph Langner tessebgen-d belli yiwen n uleqqem aqbur n Stuxnet yella yettnadi ad yessexdem asenqed n ṣṣda deg yigrawen n tmaccinin.

Deg tarrayt-a, Stuxnet yessebeddel kra n waddaden n yisefraken, iwakken ṣṣda ad teffeɣ seg tɣellist n wassaɣ n umussu amagnu.

Akken ad nefhem: tamacint tezmer ad tẓer belli ṣṣda tesɛa azal amagnu, maca deg tilawt azal-nni yezmer ad ibeddel s wudem ara yessnernin amihi ɣef yiferdisen-ines.

=== 6.3. Tarrayt tis snat: abeddel n urured n tuzzya ===
Tarrayt-nniḍen d abeddel n urured n tmaccinin.

Tamacint tettwasɣiwes ad tezzi deg yiwen n wazal n urured, aca Stuxnet yezmer ad ibeddel ihilen n yisenqaden imguranen i iseddun isgammasen. S waya, arured n tuzzya-nsen yezmer ad yali neɣ ad yader, ad yemgired ɣef wazal-is amagnu.

Aya yezmer ad d-yeglu s uxessar deg yiferdisen isnɣanen, acku timacinin-a xeddment s umqit(tiseddi) ameqqran.

Ralph Langner yesbadu-d snat n tarrayin-a deg tezrawt-is n 2013, yerna yesken-d belli ur llint ara kifkif deg tuddsa neɣ deg uɣawas n unṭag.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Huratyus</title>
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      <comment>Amagrad amaynut</comment>
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      <text bytes="1471" sha1="8i9wqyo7zrf4e4qrpyztl4lwghx8ugv" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q6197|image=[[File:Quintus Horatius Flaccus.jpg|thumb|Quintus Horatius Flaccus]]|caption=Huratyus|date of birth=8 Duǧember 65 send talalit n Ɛisa|date of death=27 Wamber 8 send talalit n Ɛisa|nationality=Tarumanit}}

'''Huratyus''', s yisem-is ummid '''Quintus Horatius Flaccus''', d yiwen seg yimedyazen irumanen imeqqranen n tallit taɣustit. Ilul ass n 8 Duǧember 65 send talalit n Ɛisa, di Venusia, di ṭṭelyan, yemmut ass n 27 Wamber 8 send talalit n Ɛisa, di Ruma.

Yettwassen ladɣa s yedlisen-is '''Sermones (Satires)''', '''Epodi''', '''Carmina (Odes)''', '''Epistulae''' akked '''Ars Poetica'''. Deg yisefra-s, Huratyus yesseqdec isental n tudert, tayri, timdukal, tafelsafit, tasertit, agama, talwit n wul d wakud i yettɛeddin.

Yedder deg yiwet n tallit i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg umezruy n Ruma: taggara n Tagduda Trumanit, ṭṭrad n daxel, asali n [[Uɣustus|Octavianus]] ɣer leḥkem, d tazwara n tmenkda n [[Uɣustus]].

Maca Huratyus yemgarad ɣef [[Virgil]] d [[Ovid]]. Ur yesseqdec ara timucuha timeqqranin kan iwakken ad yessefhem umezruy n Ruma. Yella yettmeslay s waṭas ɣef tudert n yal ass, ɣef wayen i yezmer umdan ad yeg iwakken ad yidir s talwit, d wamek ara yesseqdec akud-is s wudem yelhan.

Yiwet seg tektiwin-is yettwassnen d ''carpe diem'', i yezmer ad yettwasuqqel s teqbaylit: «Awi-d ayen yelhan seg wass-a», neɣ, s unamek alqayan, «Seqdec ass-a, ur tettuɣal ara kan ɣer usirem n uzekka».</text>
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