Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebter_agejdan MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Event Event talk Sujet 0 39 117888 117042 2026-11-07T16:59:06Z Ruya36 17090 117888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Tamnaḍt | isem = Tamurt n Leqvayel | tiɣmi = 0D5EAF | isem adigan = Tamurt n Iqbayliyen / Tamurt n Izwawen | isem adigan 2 = ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵡⴻⵏ | alugu = Tala_guilef.jpg | lqedd alugu = 255px | azday alugu = Tala Gilef, [[Buɣni|Vuɣni]]. | asenjaq = | lqedd asenjaq = | azday asenjaq = | imseɣret = Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu | takarḍa = Map_of_Kabylia.png | lqedd takarḍa = 255px | azday takarḍa = Takarḍa n Tamurt n Leqvayel. | timdinin = [[Bgayet]], [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]] d [[Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]] | tutlayin = [[Taqvaylit]]</br>[[Tafransist]]</br>[[Taɛrabt]] | imsidag = 37°49′N 4°50′E | tajumma = {{formatnum:32486}} km² | isem n umezdaɣ = [[Iqbayliyen]] (Aqvayli, Taqvaylit), Izwawen (Azwaw, Tazwawt), Igawawen (Agawaw, Tagawawt) | imezdaɣ = {{formatnum:3000000}}-{{formatnum:3500000}} | taneẓẓi = 92-108 imezdaɣ/km² | tamawt = Amḍan n yimezdaɣ akked tneẓẓi n useggas 2025. |tamurt=Lezzayer}} [[Tugna:Djurjura, Algeria.jpg|alt=Idurar n Ǧerǧer|vignette|260px|Idurar n [[Ǧerǧer]]]] '''Tamurt n Leqvayel d Teqvayliyyin,''' tettwaru daɣen Tamurt n Leqbayel ''(s tifinaɣ: ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ, anamek-is "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen")'', d tamnaḍt n yidurar yellan deg Ugafa-Agmuḍan n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg wenẓul-agmuḍan n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]]. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as "Tamurt n Idurar" neɣ "Tamurt" kan. Leqvayel ttmeslayen [[Taqbaylit|Taqvaylit]], yiwet si ger [[tutlayin timaziɣin]]. S wazal n 40.000 km2 n wakal ''(am [[Danmaṛk]], neɣ [[Taswist]], neɣ [[Timura n Wadda|Tagelda n Tmura n Wadda]]),'' Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa azal n 10 imelyan n yimezdaɣ<ref>UNPO [https://unpo.org/downloads/2474.pdf Kabylia Briefing Note]. 2025 (s teglizit). </ref> zdaxel n tlisa-s, tesɛa daɣen azal n sin n imelyan n leqvayel deg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], d wazal n sin n imelyan deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], akked azal 500 n imelyan nniḍen deg [[Amaḍal|umaḍal]], aya ad yessiweḍ agdud n Leqvayel ɣer wazal n 14 n yimelyunen d uzgen; aya d ayen yugaren amḍan n yimezdaɣ n tmurt n [[Tunes]]. Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa aṭas n temnaḍin d temdinin, gar-asent: [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Bgayet|Vgayet]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]]<ref>Tamnaḍt s waṭas n yimezdaɣen yettwaɛerben. Tamnaḍt icudden s umezruy ɣer Tamurt n Leqvayel (imi ay d-tekcem ddaw temnaḍt tis III d tmurt n Leqvayel n usammar (ccerq).</ref>, [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ|Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]], [[Mila]], d [[Skikda]]<ref>Tamnaḍt s waṭas n yimezdaɣen yettwaɛerben. Tamnaḍt icudden s umezruy ɣer Tamurt n Leqvayel (imi ay d-tekcem ddaw temnaḍt tis III d tmurt n Leqvayel n usammar (ccerq).</ref>. Amezruy-iss yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa. == '''Aẓar n yisem n Leqvayel''' == Isem n teqvaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal "Kabbalah"—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus. Ahat awal n "Kabbalah" n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Taqvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu ([[Aqbu]]) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi "Kabbalah", i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden. Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Leqvayel sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”<ref>Salem Chaker, « Note à propos du précédent article », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1,‎ 1978, p. 103–104 ([https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1978_num_26_1_1826 ɣeṛ deg usebter-a s tefransist] [archive], consulté le 11 janvier 2019)</ref>. Daɣen, seg zik, Leqvayel ur ur smalen ara iman-nsen d “iqvayliyen”, maca d Iẓwawen. Akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yimezdaɣ n “tmurt n Leqvayel” deg unamek-is n tura, wid yettmeslayen Taɛrabt llan sseqdacen awal n Zuwawa (Zwawa), asuf. Zzwawi (Zwawi) i yellan, ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tmuɣli, d asenqes n Agawa amaziɣ, d aɣerrabu yellan deg wul n “Tamurt n Leqvayel Tameqrant”, seg waya ay d-yekka wawal Igawawen<ref>Il semblerait que dans l'Antiquité, les Igawawen aient porté le nom de Quinquegentiens, appellation administrative désignant cinq tribus (''quinque gente''). Une vieille légende rapporte en effet que les montagnards descendent d'un géant qui eut cinq fils, lesquels formaient les cinq tribus antiques (Boulifa, 1925), les fameux Quinquegentiens qui se révoltèrent contre les Romains. (Leroux, 1857, p. 57.)</ref> akken ad d-yesmekti “Iqvayliyen”, yerna d isem n yiwet n tamawya (tdukli) tazmertant n tmanya n yegduden i d-yezgan deg “tmurt n Leqvayel”: At Betrun (At Yenni, At Budrar, At Bu Ɛekkac, [[At Wasif]]) d At Menguellath (At Mengellat, [[At Bu Yusef]], At Weqbil, At Ɛeṭṭaf)<ref name=":8">Jacques Lanfry, «  », ''Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée'', <abbr>vol.</abbr> 26, <abbr>n^o</abbr> 1,‎ 1978</ref>. [[Ibn Xeldun]] yenna-d dakken Iẓwawen llan daɣen d aḥric seg Yikutamen<ref name=":8" />. ''(Tameslayt-a ay d-yellan ɣef Ibn Xeldoun d akken kan ad d-nesmekti belli awal Iẓwawen yettwaseqdac-ed deg tallit-is)'' Isem “zwawa” yessekles akka akk “iqvayliyen” s umata; Izwawen deg tutlayt tamaziɣt. Ɣef leḥsab n imusnawen nniḍen, awal Aẓwaw d wawal Agawa/Agawaw ur sɛin ara yiwet n tmetti, Igawawen yettak-d anamek n tamawya n Yigawawen, ma d Iẓwawen yettak-d anamek n Iẓwawen, “Leqvayel”, akken ma llan. Aselmad [[Salem Chaker]] yeqqar-d dakken awal Zwawa/Zwawi i d-sseqdacen wid yemeslayen taɛrabt ur ilaq ara ad yettwasemlil d agawa/igawawen, maca d Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen (isem aqvayli d yisem n lɛerc ay yettwassnen deg “Tmurt n Leqvayel”). Salem Chaker yeṭṭef deg tikti-ya belli Iẓwawen d isem n tidet aqbur n “Leqvayel” ay yellan,"imi qrib ttun isem-nsen n tidet")<ref name=":8" />. Nnig waya, deg wegmuḍ n Lezzayer, iqvayliyen mazal-iten ttwasemman s yisem n Zouaoua/Zouaoui<ref>Malha Benbrahim, professeur à l'Inalco, ''Documents sur Fadhma N’Soumeur (1830-1861)'', Clio, numéro 9/1999, Femmes du Maghreb.</ref>. Ula d ass-a, “iqbayliyen” akk ssawalen i yiman-nsen s yisem Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen. Deg usebter-a nesseqdac sin n wawalen-a, "Leqvayel" d "Iẓwawen" mebla amgired imi anamek-nsen d yiwen. Yettwafhem daɣen belli awal-a d win i d-yesdukklen deg-s Teqvayliyyin. == '''Amezruy''' == Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n [[Ǧerǧer]] yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n ''Muns Ferratus'' ("adrar n wuzzal"). Ibder-iten [[Aurelius Victor]] deg wedlis-is (''De Caesaribus'' 39.22: "nationes Quinquegentanae") d [[Eutropius]] (''Breviarium'' 9.22: "Quinquegentiani"). Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL). '''Ẓer:''' '''[[Numidya]]''' Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast. == '''Tallit talemmast''' == Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma. Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]] deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa North Africa - The Vandal conques]t". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</ref><ref>Day, Alan (July 2001). "[https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.2001.15.7.43.400 The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV:2001400Averil Cameron, Brian Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby, editors. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. xx+1,166pp, ISBN: 0 521 32591 9]". ISSN 0950-4125.</ref> Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen.<ref>"[https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219133607/https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en |date=2024-12-19 }}". esploro.libs.uga.edu. Yettwaṭṭef deg 11 Ɣuct 2024.</ref> Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156 The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118 Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167 The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568]</ref> Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa [[Tutlayt taɛrabt|Taɛrabt]] n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93 The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93]</ref> Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tYtIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA186 Scottish Geographical Magazine, Volume 10; Volume 1894]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f1pBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA165 Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4]</ref> Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken. == '''Listiɛmar Aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal Aɛraben''' == [[Tugna:Dihya Berber Queen of the Aurès by Vernet-Lecomte.jpg|vignette|[[Dihya Tadmut|'''Dihya''' '''Tadmut''']] '''- Vernet-Lecomte''']] Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Meynier2010|Meynier 2010]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 195.</ref>. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen. Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 46. </ref> Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni "العدو" taɛdawt".<ref name=":0">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 513.</ref> Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am [[Aksel (agellid)|Aksel]] neɣ [[Dihya Tadmut]], iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.[[Tugna:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|vignette|Tugna n yiwen n weqcic d akli deg Tmurt n Zanzibar. "Yettwaɛaqeb sɣur bab-is aɛrab." Azal n 1890. Seg iseggasen n 1860 ar deffir, tugna tettwaseqdac s waṭas deg yiznan i d-yettakken tiɣri i uḥemmal n tlelli. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']]Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen ''(جزية ǧizyah)'', ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen ''(dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي)'', war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen. [[Tugna:Meccan merchant and his Circassian slave.jpg|vignette|Yiwen n umerkanti aɛṛab seg Mekka (ayeffus) d wakli-s n tmurt n Ccirkas - Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, azal n 1888. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] [[Tugna:IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png|vignette|Tasenselt n uḍar ssexdamen-tt akken ad ḥebsen imdanen deg taddart. S umata, ttwaseqdacen deg waklan deg yiḍ. Akli-nni yezmer kan ad iεeddi s ttawil. Mi ara ttwaqqnent ɣef yiḍarren, ala aḥeddad i izemren ad tent-yesfeḍ. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] == '''Imenɣiyen n Tlelli & Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab''' == Deg useggas n 740''',''' imaziɣen akk deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tafriqt n ugafa]] kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=865 Les Rustamides (761-909]) [archive] », sur Qantara, [[:fr:Institut_du_monde_arabe|Institut du monde arabe]], 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).</ref> ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt.<ref name=":1">[[:fr:Kabylie#Plantade2007|Plantade 2007]], p. 83.</ref> Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d [[Ɛennaba]], si tmurt n [[Lmerruk]] alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen.<ref name=":2">[[:fr:Kabylie#RedjalaSemmoud2011|Redjala 2011]], section 1 : « La Kabylie », « Formation et évolution du bloc kabyle ».</ref> Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen ''(ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen)''<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=866 Les Aghlabides (800-909]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D866 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 19 novembre 2014).</ref>, yerna ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n [[Ibn Xeldun]]: "Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen".<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 48-49. </ref> Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 236.</ref> Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar.<ref>D. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=597 Les Fatimides (909-1171]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D597 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 18 septembre 2012).</ref> Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di [[Maṣer]], ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akk d Shiɛa.<ref name=":3">A. A., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=596 Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)] [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 18 ctember 2012).</ref> Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt.<ref name=":4">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], p. 514.</ref> [[Tugna:Fibonacci5.jpg|vignette|Tugna n Leonardo Fibonacci - mačči d tidet.]] Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]], Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n [[Bgayet]] deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna.<ref name=":3" /> Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as "abrid n ugellid".<ref>Djamel Alilat, « [http://rabahnaceri.unblog.fr/histoire-de-bgayet/triq-es-soltane-litineraire-du-roi-par-dj-alilat/ Triq Es Soltane (l’itinéraire du roi]) [archive] », 1re pub. El Watan, 2 septembre 2007.</ref> S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akk d Turuft<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Dermenghem1954|Dermenghem 1954]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 95.</ref>, tama n tsertit n "tgelda n Bgayet", tettwassen s yisem n "Imerǧan n Tefriqt", tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg [[Turuft]], sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg [[Turuft]].<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Julien1966|Julien 1966]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 104.</ref> Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII.<ref name=":1" /> Dɣa deg tɣiwant n [[Bgayet]], azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen ''(imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni)'' d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt'', (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni)'' yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130.<ref name=":0" /> Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Mourre1996|Mourre 1996]], t. 1, article « Algérie », p. 162.</ref> S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache1992|Kaddache 1992]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 102.</ref> Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet ''(deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes)'' d Dellys ''(i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan)'' tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen. Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Feredj2002|Feredj 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 16-17.</ref> [[Tugna:Béjaïa 1551.jpg|vignette|Asekkil n temdint n [[Bgayet|Vgayet]] sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥrez deg Tmezgunt Taɣelnawt n Fṛansa ''(La Bibliothèque nationale de France).'']] Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif.<ref name=":2" /> Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen "iḥerzen", dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d "tamanaɣt-nsen" yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n [[Tunes]], neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n [[Spenyul]]. == '''Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen''' == [[Tugna:Kab 1500-1750.png|vignette|Tamurt n Yiẓwawen d Tgelda n Lezzayer, 1500-1750.]] Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 515</ref>, neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen "tigeldiwin" n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam.<ref name=":0" /> Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s "Mejana"), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d [[Tunes (tamaneɣt)|Tunes]]; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen<ref name=":5">[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 139.</ref> d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint.<ref name=":5" /> [[Tugna:Koukou si Tefrawt.JPG|vignette|Tadart n [[Kuku]].]] I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abu Ɛebd Lah Muḥemmed IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj ''(Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d'' Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis'', yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Ga%C3%AFd1976|Gaïd 1976]], « Depuis le <abbr>XI^e</abbr> siècle », <abbr>3^e</abbr> partie.</ref> Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref>, tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d [[Ǧiǧel]].<ref>Mechehed Djamel-Eddine, « [http://mechehed.free.fr/documents/Les_turcs___Bougie.doc Les Espagnols et les Turcs à Bougie] [archive] », Radio Soummam, Béjaïa, son histoire et son port, juin–septembre 2004.</ref> Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref> Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n [[Kuku]]<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Leclerc1864|Leclerc 1864]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 61.</ref> i d-yeddren sin n leqrun.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lacoste-Dujardin2003|Lacoste-Dujardin 2003]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 70.</ref> Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 152.</ref>, s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Souidi2005|Souidi 2005]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 36.</ref><ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 239.</ref> Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqvayel d wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen<ref name=":2" /> maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 76.</ref>: tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 516.</ref> Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer ''(''Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas. Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Adli2004|Adli 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 105.</ref> [[Tugna:Kabyle Shepherd, by Eugène Fromentin.JPG|vignette|Ameksa deg idurar n tmurt n Yiẓwawen - Eugène Fromentin (1861).]] Di Tmurt n Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal [[Ǧiǧel]]. Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 24.</ref> Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer [[Qsenṭina]] deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 307.</ref> Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg [[Buɣni]] i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n "lbruj", gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 486.</ref> [[Tugna:Chef Kabyle.jpg|vignette|Ameqran n Tamawya ''(teqbilt)'' Aẓwaw. 1846 - Amezruy n Lezzayer Tafransist ''(Histoire de l'Algérie française)'' - Camille Leynadier.|alt=Ameqran n Tamawya]] S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akk d tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 79.</ref> Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt.<ref name=":2" /> Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen.<ref name=":4" /> Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526.</ref> I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526, 407.</ref> Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akk d twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 477.</ref> D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770 (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 ''(deg temnaḍt n Soummam)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 205.</ref> Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 490.</ref> Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a. == '''Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857''' == ==== '''Adabu Di Tmurt n Leqvayel''' ==== I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen: '''Awanek:''' d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines. '''Anavad:''' yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes. [[Tugna:Sur les côtes de Kabylie par Frederick Arthur Bridgman.jpg|vignette|Tiɣilt n Yiẓwawen - Frederick Arthur Bridgman.]] Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli”<ref name=":6" /> yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt. Awalen i d-tenna Lalla [[Faḍma n Sumer|Faḍma n Sume]]<nowiki/>r i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkem.” [[Tugna:Chérif Boubaghla and Lalla Fatma n'Soumer, by Félix Philippoteaux.jpg|vignette|Lalla Faḍma n Sumer Tennaɣ armi d taggara - Philippoteaux, 1866.]] [[Tugna:Portrait-Fatma N'Soumer.jpg|vignette|Tameṭṭut taẓwawt deg umennuɣ F. Filiput.]] Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: "skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. " Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli. Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 ''(aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj)'' armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli. Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.”<ref name=":7">Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: [[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]. 2017. </ref> Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. [[Tugna:Martinus Rørbye - A seated Kabyla.jpg|vignette|Aẓwaw yeqqimen - Martinus Rørbye. ]] Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.”<ref name=":7" /> Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen.<ref>Asebter seg udlis d tdiwennit n Hugh Roberts "[[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]" & Hugh Roberts: "Les kabyles avaient une sorte d'État de Droit dans leurs arches et leurs villages. Video.</ref> [[Tugna:A Kabyle Beauty.webp|vignette|Tameṭṭut taqvaylit ]] Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen ''(ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal<ref name=":7" />, yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella)''<ref name=":7" /> d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines. D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi [[Imaziɣen]] akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti. Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya. == '''Tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n''' '''Fransa''' <ref>Aḥric agi d tasuqilt n umgarad ifazen n https://wiki.amazigh.com. [https://wiki.amazigh.com/index.php/Kabyle_socio-political_structure#cite_note-:20-15 ɣeṛ-it deg internet] (s teglizit). </ref> == [[Tugna:Tuddsa n uwanek aqbayli.png|vignette|Tuddsa n uwanek n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n Fransa]] Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, uqbel asehres n n Fransa, lebni n tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt yella-d s waṭas n yiswiren, yebdan seg win n wadda arma d win yugaren: '''axxam''', '''''taxerrubt'', ''adrum''''', '''taddart''', '''Ṣfuf''' d '''lɛerc''' <ref name=":10">Devaux, Charles. ''Les Kebaïles du Djerdjera''. Marseilles: Camoin, and Paris: Challamel, 1859, asebter. 2-3. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref name=":11">Bourdieu, Pierre. ''The Algerians. Translated by Alan G. C. Ross. Beacon Press, 1962, p. 3. (S teglizit) (Izwel amezwaru s tefransist: Sociologie de l'Algérie''. Presses universitaires de France, 1958).</ref>. Simal yettnerni uswir, simal tettnerni tdukli gar yiɛeggalen-is<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe, and Aristide Horace Letourneux. ''La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles''. 1st ed, 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1872-1873, vol. II, p. 5. ([https://books.google.fr/books?id=L7ZTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 1], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=KxBbAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 2], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=gjA-AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 3] (s tefransist)</ref>. Anagraw asertan yella d win n tugdut<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 1. (s tefransist)</ref>, deg-s yal argaz aqbayli yesɛan azref i wakken ad yeṭṭef leslaḥ yesɛa awal deg temsal n taddart s usarag n tajmalt n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Asdukel n snat neɣ ugar n tudrin d win i d-yefkan lɛerc, yerna mi ara d-dduklen aṭas n leɛruc-a, ad d-snulfun Tamawya ''(taqbilt)''<ref name=":10" />. '''Taddart''' '''Amezruy''' [[Tugna:Maison des Kabyles.jpg|alt=Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882|vignette|Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882]] Di tazwara, Iẓwawen llan zedɣen deg tudrin timecṭuḥin, qqaren-asent ixliǧen (asuf. taxliǧt). Ixliǧeni d-yezgan ɣef yiri-nsent, dduklent akken ad d-snulfun ayen iwumi qqaren tufiq (asget. tufeq), d awal i d-yekkan seg Taɛrabt i d-yettawin s wazal-is anamek n wemsefham neɣ n usselhu<ref>Roberts, Hugh. ''Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria'' ''(Anabaḍ amaziɣ : Tasertit taqbaylit di Lezzayer uqbel n usehres n Fransa)''. I. B. Tauris, 2014, p. 50-51. (s teglizit) </ref>. Anagraw amezwaru yella deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Yiẓwawen, ladɣa deg tdukliwin n At Wagnun d Iflisen Lebḥar, ma d anagraw wis sin yella deg yal amkan anagar deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 54.</ref>. Tikwal, tufiq yettwasemma s yisem n taddart-is tamezwarut, ugar n tikwal d tin meqqren, am akken yella deg Taka n twacult n At Yaḥya<ref name=":12">Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 5.</ref>. Deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer, anda i llant tuddar timeqranin, ixliǧen i d-yellan d aḥric seg twafeq msefhamen ad d-dduklen, s wakka i d-snulfan tudrin tiɣezzanin, yemgaraden ɣef twafeq imi llan d timnaḍin timeqqranin deg umkan n tid meẓẓiyen i d-yezzin, yerna llant d timnaḍin yemgaraden seg iẓuran yemgaraden gar-asent<ref name=":13">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 58-59.</ref>. Imrabḍen zemren ad sɛun tiɣremt-nsen s tayeḍ s waṭas n telmas, zemren ad awḍen ar 400 n yimezdaɣen, am taddart n At Mraw n tamaya n At Iraten deg useggas n 1868<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 241.</ref>. Aṭas n tikkal, tudrin-nsen ttilin ɣef yiri n tilisa n lecruc ur msefhamen ara gar-asen<ref>Roberts,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 236.</ref>. Maca deg tudrin timeqqranin, ttilin-d d aḥric neɣ d abrid ur yettwaferqen ara ɣef wid nniḍen<ref name=":14">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 244.</ref>. === '''Talɣa''' === ==== '''Axxam & Adrum''' ==== Tadukli tamecṭuḥt akk deg taddart d tawacult neɣ axxam. Tawacult, akk d twaculin-nniḍen swayes i sɛant yiwen n lejdud ucrik, tettawi-d yiwet n twaculin (taxerrubt, asget. tixerrubin; neɣ: taɛrift<ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “[https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle]”, ''Droit et cultures'', 60 | 2010-2 (s tefransist), Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025. Asebter: [http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359]</ref> neɣ adrum), ssawalen i yiman-nsen d atmaten yerna ssuturen iman-nsen s yiwen n yisem<ref name=":11" />. Taxerrubt tezmer ad d-teqbel yiwet n twacult yesɛan laṣel yemgerraden i d-yettnadin ɣef tasdawit, deg tegnit-a iminig-nni imaynuten ad uɣalen d imselliyen (imsenden) yerna ad ttwaḥerzen (s Laɛnaya) <ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle”, ''Droit et cultures'' [Online], 60 | 2010-2. (s tefransist) URL: http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359;&#x20;DOI:&{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}#x20;https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359</ref>. [[Tugna:Pittura famiglia Kabyle.jpg|alt=Tawacult taqbaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.|vignette|Tawacult taqvaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.]] Tudrin n Yiẓwawen zemrent ad ilint deg-sent tixerrubin ur nettwaḥsab ara d Iẓwawen: imrabḍen d aklan. imrabḍen llan-d d yiwet n tarbaεt n imqeddsen n yimdanen i qqaren-d d akken ffɣen-d seg nnbi ineslem Muḥemmed. Ur d-ggaren ara iman-nsent deg lecɣal n taddart d yimennuɣen, ala akken ad d-rren talwit, acku ur ttekkan ara ɣer taddart neɣ ɣer yiwet n twacult. Seg tama niḍen, aklan d tawsit n yiqeddacen i d-yekkan si tmurt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt, wid yellan deg-s xeddmen lecɣal i yettwaḥeqren. D wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. Aẓwaw yellan ddaw n tmenɣiwt, yezmer ad yeqbel ad yuɣal d akli, s wakka ad yeǧǧ izerfan-is d aɣerman, akken ad iḥrez iman-is seg tmenɣiwt, imi ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḥettem ɣef aklan, maca kan ɣef yimdanen yesɛan yiwen n uswir anmetti. Imrabḍen llan d tawsit tamecṭuḥt deg yal amkan, maca deg teqbilt n At Itsuraɣ, ur llan ddaw n 40% seg wakk imezdaɣen<ref name=":14" />. ==== '''Adrum''' ==== Tixerrubin-nni i d-yellan deg yiwet n taddart, ttwaqqnen ɣer sin neɣ ugar n Tixerrubin (iderma, asuf. adrum), yal yiwen deg-sen yesεa amkan-is deg taddart, yezmer ad yesɛu agraw-is, tamesgida-ines d tmeqbert-ines. Tixerrubin yemgaraden n yiwet n twacult, s tidett, ttemsefhament s wazal n yidammen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 25.</ref>, mebla ma swaswa ad d-kkren seg yiwen n lejdud<ref name=":13" />. Tiwaculin tibeṛṛaniyin zemrent ad ttwaseddant deg yiwet seg Tixerrubin-nni yellan uqbel. ==== Ṣfuf ==== Iderma n tudrin tiqbayliyin tilemmasin d timqranin llant ttwaseddant s waṭas degs sin ṣfuf. Deg kra n tudrin, ṣfuf ur zeddigen ara deg wazal-nsen, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan akabar-nni ixuṣṣen ad d-inadi ɣef yimeddukal deg yimukan niḍen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13-14.</ref>. Aya yessawḍ-d ɣer ussebded nyiwen n uẓeṭṭa n tdukliwin i d-yeffɣen s yal tama. A ṣeff yezmer ad yili d win ixuṣṣen deg waṭṭas deg yiwet n taddart, ma deg tayeḍ yezmer ad yili d win i d-yessersen deg tayeḍ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13.</ref>. Aɣbel meẓẓiyen kan yezmer ad d-yeǧǧ lgirra gar sin ṣfuf, yerna ma yebɣa yiwen ṣfuf ad yessers lebɣi-s ɣef wayeḍ, s waṭas ay yettɛedday ɣef ccwal. Ilaq ad d-nini belli ṣeff d kra i yettbeddilen, yerna yezmer ad yernu neɣ ad yenqes deg tezmert-nnes, yerna wid i t-id-yeḍḍfen zemren ad beddlen tama<ref name=":15">Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 38. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 12.</ref>. . Isem-nsen yemgerrad seg teqbilt ɣer tayeḍ, win i d-yettwassen akk d ṣeff ufella ('akabar n ufella') d ṣeff n wadda ('akabar n ddaw') yerna, d ɣer yiwen n weḥric ameẓyan, icerqiyen d iɣerbiyen [19]. Ismawen-a, ɣas akken d ismawen i d-yeffɣen seg umḍiq, ur sɛin ara assaɣ d tgemmi n ṣeff. Ṣfuf nniḍen ttwasemman-asen s yisem n twacult neɣ n uqerru-nsen<ref name=":15" /><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel.'', vol. II, asebter. 11.</ref>. === '''Asqamu n taddart''' === ==== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ==== Taddart tẓwawt tella d awanek akk d d temdint, tasudut i tt-yesselḥayen d agraw* ''(tajmaɛt)'' n taddart. Yella yeṭṭef tazmert tasertant, tasertant, tadbelt d teɣdemt<ref name=":16">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 10, 25.</ref>, yerna yesɛa Ameqran, i d-yefren imezdaɣ n taddart, d aselway-is. Yiwet n tikelt deg yal ddurt neɣ sin, ad d-tili yiwet n temlilit akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef temsal n taddart. Aberraḥ d netta ay d-yettbecciren ɣef lebda n temlilit, yerna yal argaz meqqren yessefk fell-as ad d-yeḥḍer. Amḍiq n temlilit d d lebni yeldin, deg daxel-nnes yella sin n yimukan n uẓru i d-yettmuqulen yiwen ɣef wayeḍ<ref name=":17">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 93.</ref>. Timlilit tezmer daɣen ad tili deg imukan-nniḍen, am tmesgidiwin, neɣ zdat n tteǧra. Agraw n taddart d netta i d-yelhan s usnulfu n usaḍuf d usseḍru-nsen, yerna ad d-yeṭṭef tiɣriwin deg tegnit n tuccḍa<ref name=":16" />. Aselway-is, ameqran neɣ amɣar (da amin) n taddart, d netta daɣen i d-yettawin leqdic amatu, am usseqdec n yiberdan, tiliwa d tmesgidiwin, neɣ lebni n yixxamen<ref>Hanoteau and Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. Tettili-d daɣen tikwal ayen i wumi qqaren timecret s Taẓwawt, anda i d-yettunefken wulli neɣ iɣersiwen-nniḍen, dɣa aksum-nsen yettwafreq s lbaṭel ɣer yal tawacult<ref name=":18">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 29.</ref>. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, agraw n taddart yettarra-d iserdan d lbarud i wid ur nezmir ara ad ten-id-aɣen<ref name=":18" />. <nowiki/>* Ɣur Twareg, agraw qqaren-as ameni neɣ ameney, aẓar "mny" ay d-yeqqaren "ad nwali gar-aneɣ, ad nemlil", yesskanay-d deg Tuareg "tadiwennit, timlilit" s unamek amatu am wakken ay d-yesmektay "timlilit" neɣ "taɣimit" n wegraw asertan. ==== '''Talɣa''' ==== [[Tugna:Maison du marabout et mosquée à Koukou.jpg|vignette|Taxxamt n imrabḍen d lǧameɛ deg tagelda n [[Kuku]]. Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Asemres n usqamu n taddart deg-s i d-iteddun: lamin, yettwafren s tefranin tiɣelnawin neɣ yettefran sɣur imḍebbren, yettgen ukil n lǧameɛ, yerna aneggaru-a d netta i d amḍebber n tedrimt n lǧameɛ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. Yal adrum n taddart yettferriḍ yiwen n wergaz seg yiman-nsen d agensas-nsen deg usqamu n taddart. Ṭamen d win i d-yezgan gar adrum-is d lamin, akk d win i d-yettεawanen aneggaru-a<ref name=":11" />. Ɣef leḥsab n Hanoteau, d lamin i d-yettwafernen ṭamen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Daɣen, kra n yergazen yettwaḥesben d imusnawen (d lɛuqqal) ttekkin ula d nutni deg usqamu<ref name=":19">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 24.</ref>. Irgazen-nniḍen ttɣimen zzin-d i umḍiq n temlilit, sellen, mmeslayen tikwal kan, ma ulac ur mmeslayen akk<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 93.</ref>. Imrabḍen d iklan ur ttilin ara deg usarag<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqqran (lamin) n Taddart''' ===== Ismawen yemgaraden i yettwaseqdacen i usemres-a, ɣef leḥsab n temnaḍt, win ay d-yettwassnen yerna yettwassen aṭas d lamin. Ismawen-nniḍen, ur ttwasseqdacen ara mliḥ, d “ameqqran” d “amɣar”<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Yal argaz aqbayli, ma yella yezmer ad yeddem leslaḥ, yezmer ad yuɣal d lamin n taddart-is, di tiẓri meqqar. Maca deg tuget n tegnatin, amin s umata yettas-d seg twacult yesɛan tazmert deg taddart. Deg twafeq, amur ameqran n wakud, seg terbaɛt tameqrant n yimezdaɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 26.</ref>. Lamin yella yesɛa cwiṭ n tezmert d aselway n temlilit, yerna yeṭṭef kan amkan-is skud yettwaḥsab d win yezmeren ad yexxdem ccɣel-nnes<ref>Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'',asebter. 4-5.</ref>. Deg yiwet n taddart n At Mangellat, Tawrirt Mangellat, amen yettwafernen seg yal taxerrubt s nnuba<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 33</ref>. Gar lecɣal n lamin, d aɛessas n wayla<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 44.</ref>, am wakken daɣen ay d-yella uḍman n uqader n usaḍuf d ussefqed n tmenɣiwin. D netta daɣen i d-yettaṭṭafen tifin d leɣlaḍ. Ma yella amin yexdem lbaṭel, ilaq-as ad ixelleṣ yerna ad yeṭṭef taggara<ref>Liorel, Jules. ''Races berbères: Kabylie du Djurdjura''. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1893, 315. (s tefransist) ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Kabylie_du_Jurjura.html?id=msThiy2egeAC&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref>, ma yella yeṭṭef taggara mebla agraw n imezdaɣ n taddart, ad ixelleṣ ula d netta (qanun n yiwet n taddart n tmurt Aqbil, At Mangellat)<ref>Liorel, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 316.</ref>. Lamin ilaq ad yili d aḥerfi yerna ilaq ad yesɛu tamusni taserdast, imi ad d-yawi irgazen-is deg umennuɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ, i d-yettunefken sɣur Ameqran n taddart, yezmer ad yili d Aẓwaw neɣ d amṛabti, yerna yettwafernen seg twacult yesɛan aṭas n yedrimen yerna yesɛa tazmert<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. D netta i d-yettḥekkmen ɣef ussefrek n ugerruj n lǧameɛ i yellan yemsefraq ɣef ugerruj n taddart. Ma yella lǧameɛ-nni d ayla n yiwet n tmesgida mačči d ayla n taddart, ukil n lǧameɛ yettwafren sɣur taxerrubt-nni ay yesɛan lǧameɛ-nni mačči sɣur Ameqran n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 36.</ref>. Segmi i d-teṭṭef Fransa tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tadbelt tamesbaṭlit, ɣas akken teǧǧa timḍebbrin tiqbayliyin akken llan, tesnulfa-d amḍiq amaynut, d win n ukil, yettwafren sɣur agraw n taddart, yerna yesɛa tiɣbula am ukil n lǧameɛ, maca mačči am ineggura-agi, yessedday lxezna n taddart deg umḍiq n lǧameɛ-nni<ref name=":20">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 134.</ref>. ===== Ṭamen ===== [[Tugna:Élection à Koukou.jpg|alt=Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.|vignette|Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Yal taxerubt tesεa yiwen n umseqdac deg tejmaɛt, iwumi qqaren ṭamen, d awal n taɛrabt yesεan anamek n 'aḍman'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Yal taxerubt n taddart tettak-d yiwen seg yergazen-is d ṭamen[2], maca ɣef wakken i d-yenna Hanoteau, d Ameqran i t-yettunefken<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. D netta i d amsalay gar taxerubt d tejmaɛt, yerna daɣen d amεiwen n Ameqran. Deg kra n teqbilin, am At Fliq, ṭamen, imi d netta i d aqerru n twacult-is, tikwal ttwakelfen-as tazmert n ṭamen <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100.</ref>. Deg kra n tudrin, ṭamen mačči kan d win i d-yeskanen taxerubt-is, d lɛerc-is s lekmal-is<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Gar lecɣal-is, ad d-yerr s yisem n taxerubt-is (neɣ n lɛerc-is) deg tejmaɛt n taddart, ad ixelleṣ tiɣrifin i d-yexdem iɛeggalen n txerubt-is, yerna ad d-yefk isallen ineggura i Ameqran<ref name=":21">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100-101.</ref>. Tikwal, d ṭamen i d-yettawin ticcetkiwin uqbel ad awḍen ɣer Ameqran. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, yettak-d iɣallen-is i Ameqran<ref name=":21" />. ===== Ɛuqqal ===== Awal ɛuqqal, n laṣel aɛrab, anamek-is d 'amussnaw', 'afehhem'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 92.</ref>. Ur yelli ara lḥedd ɣef wacḥal n ɛuqqal ay yezmer ad teṭṭef agraw n taddart, maca s umata llan gar 5 ar 10 deg wazal-nsen. Ttwafernen s rray n medden<ref name=":19" />. Iɛuqqalen d imɣaren, aya i ten-yeǧǧan ad ttwaḥesben d wid yesɛan tamusni d tmussni deg wallen n Yiqbayliyen, imi Aqbayli, mi ara yili yid-s yiwen seg twacult-is meqqren, qlil ma yettmeslay (s leqder), daymi i d nutni, Ameqran d ṭemman, i d-yettḥekmen ɣef tejmaɛt<ref name=":17" />. Ttwaqadren aṭas, yerna d ccbaḥa-nsen kan i asen-yefkan azwel-nsen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 95.</ref>. Awal-nsen yesεa azal deg temsirin n wagraw. ==== '''Lɛerc''' ==== Tiddukla n waṭas n tudrin (neɣ twafeq) d tin i d-yettakken lɛerc (anamek-is d 'akersi' am win yesseqdac ugellid). Deg kra n tegnatin, lɛerc yezmer ad yili seg yiwet n taddart kan, am Iɣil Imula<ref name=":22">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 47.</ref>. Imdanen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n lɛerc ur ttekkan dima deg yiwen n lejdud, yerna aṭas n leɛruc ur sɛin ara ismawen i d-yettawin ɣer lejdud-nsen, am At Wasif (imdanen n wasif) d At Budrar (imdanen yesɛan adrar), At Umalu d At Usammer (imdanen n tama n wedrar ay yesɛan tili d yiṭij, s tɣawla) n At Iraten<ref name=":22" />. Asemres n lɛerc yezmer daɣen ad ibeddel. Aya yezmer ad d-yili s usdukkel n taddart n teqbilt niḍen, neɣ s lɛerc n taddart. Deg tdukli n At Ɛisi, taddart n At Maḥmud, Tala Xellil, tettwaqqen ɣer At Dwala. Amedya nniḍen d taddart n Tagemmunt Leǧdid, i d-yekkan di tazwara ɣer At Ɛmer u-Fayed n tdukli n At Ɛisi, dɣa teqqen ɣer Iwaḍiyen deffir n ṭṭraḍ<ref name=":23">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67.</ref>. Llan sin n yimedyaten i d-yettwaseknen deg umezruy n leɛruc i yedduklen tudrin-nsen ɣer leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer tama-nsen ɣef ddemma n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw, am wakken i yella deg tegnit n Isemmaḍiyen n tdukli n At Iraten, d At u-Belqasem n At Betrun<ref name=":23" />. Tiddukliwin-a ur tent-id-yeḍfer ara umussu n yimezdaɣen, imezdaɣen n tuddar yettwaqqnen qqimen ttwaḥerzen. Mi llan deg wakal aberrani, iqbayliyen ttwasnen s teqbilt-nsen neɣ s tdukli-nsen kan, werǧin s tudrin-nsen, yerna ttemɛawanen waygar-asen mebla lxilaf. Yal yiwen deg-sen yella ddaw laɛnaya-s, dɣa d lwaǧeb i yal yiwen ad iḥareb ɣef teqbilt-is, xas ma yella d ayen ara d-yeǧǧen tudert-is deg lḥif. Win i d-yesbeggnen isekkilen n tkerkas, ur d-yettekki ara deg uɛiwen neɣ deg uḥareb n teqbilt-is, ad ixelleṣ, yerna ad yexṣer ccan-is ger wegdud-is<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 59.</ref>. S umata, leɛruc llan ttwabḍan ɣef sin n ṣfuf, yerna yal taddart tesɛa sin-nni n leɛruc. Ṣfuf-a zemren ad awḍen ula nnig n tdukli. Naqal, snulfun leɛruc s lekmal-nsen, akk d leɛruc niḍen neɣ d tiddukla, ṣeff. Akka i yella lḥal di lqern wis XVIII di tmurt n Leqvayel, anda tamnaḍt-a merra tebḍa ɣef sin n ṣfuf imeqqranen: ṣeff ufella d ṣeff n wadda. Ɣef leḥsab n wansay adigant, timliliyin-a llant-d deffir yiwen n ccwal gar sin n watmaten, Urxu d Buxtuc, seg Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ n lɛerc n At Frawsen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 17-19.</ref>. Sin-a llan deg yiwen n weḥric seg twacult i iḥekmen ɣef tagelda n Kuku, yerna tamezwarut tella tettɛawan-itt ṣeff ufella, ma d tis snat d ṣeff n wadda. D wagi i d asemres n sin n ṣfuf<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 19.</ref>: * '''Ṣeff ufella:''' At Yaḥya, xemsa n yegduden n Igawawen (At Mangellat, At bu-Yusef, At Wasif, At Ɛeṭṭaf, At bu-Ɛekkac), sin n leɛruc n At Sedqa (Ugdal, At Hmed), tlata n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Addu, At Mendas, At Smaɛel), Iflisen Umlil, yiwen n lɛerc n At Ɛisi (At Abdelmumen), At Ǧennad, Iɛeẓẓugen (aḥric n At Ɣebri), At Fliq, Ilulen Usammer, At Mlikec, Ifnayen, At bu-Mesudɛ, Imezzayen, Iẓnagen, d ugar n uzgen n At Ɛebbas. * '''Ṣeff n wadda:''' At Iraten, Iɛemrawen, At Wagnun, At Frawsen, At Xellili, At bu-Cɛayeb, At Itsuraɣ, Illilten, Ilulen Umalu, At Iǧǧer, At Ziki, At Ɣebri, Iflisen Lebḥar, Asif Lḥemmam, xemsa n leɛruc At Ɛisi (At Dwala, At Meḥmud, Iferdiwen, At Ɛmer u-Fayed, At Zmenzer), Lemɛatqa, tlata n leɛruc n Igawa (At Yenni, At Budrar, Aqbil), yiwen At Sedqa (Iwaḍiyen), sin n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Ɣerdan, At Amefi), Kucras, At Temẓalt, Ɛella, Uzgen, Icenbaber, At Sidel, Ɛliman, At Waɣlis. ===== '''Agraw''' ''(Tajmaɛt)'' '''n Lɛerc''' ===== ===== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ===== Agraw n Lɛerc, mačči am win n taddart, yettili-d kan di kra n tegnatin, yerna imedyaten yettwasqedcen qlilet aṭas. Yiwen seg umedya-a d win n lɛerc n At Frawsen, i yemlalen deg useggas n 1752 neɣ deg useggas-nniḍen deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ (Bida n zik), i wakken ad d-sbedden ttaggara n yizerfan n tlawin ɣer tmanegt <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 224.</ref>. Ahat ayagi yettwaxdem akken ad ḥebsen leɛruc nniḍen ad d-ssutren akal d wayla ɣef tmettant n wergaz s yizerfan n tmeṭṭut-is izemren ad tili seg lɛerc-nsen yerna ad ḥebsen timcewwekt i izemren ad d-yeḍru ɣef waya. Asefhem-iḍen yella-d akken ad ḥebsen irgazen Iɛetmaniyen ad d-rren ula d nutni tiɣawsiwin am tin, dɣa ad rnun ad snerniyen akal-nsen ddaw n tiɣawsiwin am tin. Amedya nniḍen d win n At Yanni (Asdukel n At Betrun), i d-yeṭṭfen deg useggas n 1818 yiwet n temlilit deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, At Laḥsen, i wakken ad d-rren i tlawin azref i tmanegt-nsent, ay d-yekkes usdukel i deg tella deg useggas n 1749<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 226.</ref>. Agraw n Lɛerc, am win n taddart, yezmer ad d-yessuffeɣ izerfan i d-yettwafernen ɣef tudrin akk yellan deg-s. D ccɣel n yimḍebbren n tuddar ''(s umata sin neɣ tlata)'' ad sεelmen imezdaɣ-nsen ɣef tseddarin timaynutin i d-yettwaddmen. Naqal, kra n leɛruc ttwaɛaqben ɣef tmenɣiwin timeqranin i ttgen, am tukerḍa d tmenɣiwt<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 65.</ref>. Idrimen n lɛerc i yettwaḥwajen i yisenfaren am usnerni neɣ aseḥbiber n yiberdan, n tmesgidiwin, n ssuq d d wayen-nniḍen, ttwabḍan gar-asen gar wakk tuddar, yerna yal yiwet seg-sent yessefk ad ttekkin s lqidar n yimezdaɣen-nsent. Ma yella lɛerc yesεa aɣbalu n tedrimt i d-yettakken azal ugar n wiyaḍ, yettwabḍa gar tudrin s yiwen n ubrid<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter 64-65.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqran''' ''(Amin)'' '''n lumna''' ===== Amɣar n lumna deg tuget n leɛruc yettwafernen kan deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ. Yettwafren seg yemdanen niḍen, Imɣaren n leɛruc, i sɛan azwel am wa akken ad yessuddes iɣallen n leɛruc d ttawilat-nsen, akken daɣen ad d-yefk lewṣayat i Imɣaren n leɛruc deg yimenɣi, yerna d nitni i ten-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen. Lxedma-s tettḥebbis deffir ma ttwaḥebsent tmenɣiwin<ref name=":24">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 68-69.</ref>. Leɛruc-nni kan i yeṭṭfen Amɣar n lumna-nsent deg talwit, d tid-nni i d-yezgan ɣer yidis n yiɣemmiwen n maxzen deg tallit n talwit d wid ay d-yezzin ɣef yiɣerfan n Iɛetmaniyen deg tallit n Ṭṭerk, imi llan ttnaɣen dima yid-sen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 73.</ref>. Mi d-teṭṭef Fransa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tagnit n Ameqran n lumna tuɣal d tin n dayem. Argaz-nni yettwafren ad yeṭṭef amkan-nni yella d aselway n lɛerc-is, yerna yessefk ad t-teqbel tedbelt tafṛensist<ref name=":20" />. ==== Tamawya (''Takufidṛalit/taqbilt'') ==== Leɛruc yedduklen akk ttgent akk Tamawya. Timawya akk Iẓwawen llant deg Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, ma d ayen nniḍen qqimen war Tamawya, tteklen kan ɣef tdukliwin<ref name=":25">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67-68.</ref>. Iswi n Tamawya yella s umata s ṣṣenf aserdasi, anamek-is dakken leɛruc i d-yeṭṭfen tamawya ttemḥuddun (maca mačči dima) wway gar-asen m'ara mgerradent d Timawya-nniḍen. Timawya yemgaraden qlil ma msefhament akk, yerna mi ara msefhament, dima d ayen ara mqabalen d iɣallen ibeṛṛaniyen, am Yiṭerkiyen neɣ Ifṛensisen<ref name=":12" />. Tadukli-nsen temgarad seg tamawya ɣer tayeḍ. Leɛruc ur nelli ara deg tamawya, i yesɛan imukan imeqranen, am At Ɛebbas n wasif Wad Saḥel d At Ɛidel n temnaṭ n Summam, bḍan-d ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen, yerna anagraw-nsen yecba win n tamawya n tmurt n Yiẓwawen Meqqren. Tamawya tesɛa daɣen agraw-is d Ameqran n Tamawya (Amin n Tamawya)<ref name=":25" />. Timawya n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ttwaḥsabent s umata: Iflisen Umlil, At Wagnun, Iflisen Lebḥar, At Jennad, At Iǧǧer, At Mangellat, At Betrun, At Iraten, At Sedqa, At Ɛisi, Lemɛatqa d Igucdal<ref name=":26">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 238-300.</ref>. Gar timawya-a, sin, At Betrun d At Mangellat, i yettusemman Igawawen (Zwawa s taɛrabt)<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 251.</ref>, d isem swayes Iẓwawen n Tmurt Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt ssexdamen akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk leɛruc n Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, yerna tasuqilt-is s taɛrabt tettwaseqdac akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk Yiẓwawen akken yebɣu ad yilin. "Akken ara yettbeɛḍ yiwen ɣef Ǧeṛǧer, Iẓwawen ttaken isem n Igawawen i leɛruc i ten-yessefran seg tdukli-nni i d-nebder akka kan [At Betrun d At Mangellat]. Ɣef waya, i “Guechoula”, At Sedqa d Igawawen, ma d Guechtoula s timmad-is ttwaqqaren Iflissen Umellil d At Xelfun. Aqbayli seg Waṭlas abliḏi neɣ d Ichenwiyen ad d-yernu s yisem n Agawa yakk leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer usammar n wasif Isser<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe. ''Essai de grammaire Kabyle''. Alger: Bastide; Constantine: Bastide et Amavet; Paris: Challamel and Benjamin Duprat, 1858, p. xxij. (s tefransist) ([https://www.google.nl/books/edition/Essai_de_grammaire_Kabyle_renfermant_les/qG6TfIMgibMC?hl=en&gbpv=1 ɣeṛ-it deg interne]t)</ref>". ― Adolphe Hanoteau, Essai de grammaire kabyle (1858) ''(Adolphe Hanoteau, Aḍris n tjerrumt taqbaylit)''. Lqedd n tamawya d leɛruc-is tettbeddil aṭas. Amqqran deg-sen, Iflisen Umlil, yesεa tlata n leɛruc. Deg umḍiq wis sin i d-iteddun At Wagnun d Igawawen, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tmanya. Tamawya i yesɛan aṭas n leɛruc d tin n Lemɛatqa, i yesɛan kan kraḍ<ref name=":26" />. Iẓwawen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n tamawya, mi ara ilin deg berra n tmurt-nsen, zemren ad ttwassen s lɛerc-nsen akk d tamawya-nsen, maca werǧin s taddart-nsen. "Deg yiberdan n Lezzayer tamenaɣt, yezmer yiwen ad iẓer Iẓwawen seg lɛerc n At Ǧennad i d-yettasen akken ad sqedcen izerfan-nsen... ma yesteqsa-ten ḥedd, deg Lezzayer, ansi i d-kkren, ad d-rren: "At Ǧennad". ttun tudrin-nsen yerna ttnadin kan ɣef teqbilt-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin....Yeshel ad nefhem belli, mi ara ilin deg temnaḍin i yellan d tiberraniyin fell-asen, At εakache akk tettu tudrin-nsen yerna ad d-inin kan d lɛerc-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin. Ttṛuḥun ugar, ad d-inin kan Agawaw. D aya, imi di tazwara d Igawawen akk i llan, i ttεawnen wway gar-asen yerna ad d-rren ttar ...<ref>Liorel, ''Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025'', asebter. 354-356.</ref>" ― Jules Liorel, ''Races berbères, Kabylie du Jurjura'' (1892). '''Agraw n Tamawya''' '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' Agraw n Tamawya qlil ma yettemlili, yerna am Tamawya n Leɛruc, ur nesɛi ara imedyaten i d-yettwasqedcen ɣef waya. Sin-nni n yimedyaten i d-yettbanen s wazal-nsen i d-yettunefken deg At Iraten akk d At Betrun. Amezwaru yexdem timlilit-is deg yiwen n wass ur ur nettwassen deg tlemmast n lqern wis 18, deg taddart n Tizra Wagemun<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 223.</ref>, anda yal lɛerc n Tamawya yesbedd-d aẓru-ines n usmekti<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 8.</ref>. Amedya wis sin yexdem timlilit-is deg useggas n 1749 d wid i ten-iɛawnen, leɛrac n usammar n At Sedqa, deg ssuq n At Wasif. Sin-nni n yigrawen, fsbedden-d iṣuḍaf imaynuten, yerna kksen-d azref n tlawin ad weṛten<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 124.</ref>. Timawya zemren daɣen ad d-mlalen mi ara d-kkren yimenɣiyen, i wakk-n ad meslayen ɣef ṭṭraḍ. '''Ameqran''' ''(lamin)'' '''n Tamawya''' Tikwal, mi ara gzun leɛruc i d-yesbedden Tamawya ad ttgent akk ccɣel n yiserdasen, ttfernin yiwen n "Ameqran n Tamawya" akken ad d-yesselḥu timhal-nni. Ahil-is am win n Ameqran n lumna, anagar aneggaru-a yettuɣal d amɛiwen-is. Ameqran n lumna, deg tilin n Ameqran n Tamawya, yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yessiwḍ lewṣayat n uqerruy-is ɣer yimdanen-nsen, dɣa d nitni ay ten-id-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen<ref name=":24" />. == '''Anekcum n Fransa ɣef Tefriqt n Ugafa''' == Tawayt taserdasit tafransist n 1830 tella deg tazwara mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tamaneɣt imi Fṛansa ur tesɛa ara lfayda deg ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel neɣ ad tkemmel ad teqqim d timziregt. Mi i ṭṭfen Yifṛensisen tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer, semman-as i tama-nni, i wumi qqaren deg tazwara n ussehres d ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Lezzayer; aya yeḍra-d s yiwet n lewṣayat n uneɣlaf afṛensis n ṭṭraḍ, Jeneral Schneider, deg tebrat-is n 14 Tubeṛ 1838 i Marshall Valée, imi yura-d: “Ar ass-a, akal-nni i d-neṭṭef deg Tefriqt n Ugafa llan qqaren-as d ayla n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa neɣ s yisem n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart, neɣ s yisem n Lezzayer. Imesli-a aneggaru, d win yezzin, yeshel, yerna d win i d-yeqqnen ɣef wiyaḍ [...], i d-yettbanen akka tura d win am i d-irebḥen ɣef imesliyen niḍen [...] Ihi ad k-id-iniɣ [...] ad tesbeddleḍ (ad tesqedceḍ) awal "Lezzayer" deg yismawen-nniḍen i yellan uqbel.” (Yettwabder-d sɣur Guiral, 1992: 45)<ref>Bernand Lugan [https://ia903405.us.archive.org/25/items/histoire-de-l-afrique-du-nord-des-origines-a-nos-jours-bernard-lugan_edition-2016/Histoire%20de%20l%27Afrique%20du%20Nord%20-%28Des%20origines%20%C3%A0%20nos%20jours%29-%20Bernard%20Lugan_%C3%A9dition-2016.pdf – Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord. Chapitre III]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Algérie : de l’« encombrante conquete » au « royaume arabe »</ref> Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer [[Surya]] netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.[[Tugna:Reddition d abd el kader 1847.jpg|vignette|Asellem n Limir Ɛebdelqader, 23 Dujembeṛ 1847. Augustin Regis.]]Lezzayer tafṛensist d tmurt n Leqvayel ttkemmilent tteddunt yiwet ɣer tama n wayeḍ, dɣa deg wass n 3 Meɣres 1854, Napoléon wis 3 yessuffeɣ-d "sénatus-consulte" (lqanun n Useqqamu n Senat) i d-yesbeggnen lebɣi ameqqran n Fransa i wakken ad tkemmel tilin n uwanak n tmurt n Leqvayel. Tamuɣli-ya tella-d daɣen sɣur ujiniṛal Bugeaud (Ajiniṛal n Lezzayer seg 1840 arma d 1847) i yufa d ayen yesεa sswab ad ikemmel ad iqabel tmurt taqbaylit tilellit, wala ad yebdu ṭṭraḍ mgal-is. Tamurt n Leqvayel deg tallit-a mazal-itt tettwaḥder seg lebɛid sɣur lɛesker afṛansis imi ugaden ad ten-awḍen yiɣallen n Leqvayel.<ref name=":9">Jean-Pierre Frapolli - [https://cdha.fr/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/Club_Kabylie/conquête_kabylie_1_JPF_120115.pdf La Conquête De La Kabylie - (1ère Partie) Une conquête fortuite] - Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie - Club Kabylie</ref> [[Tugna:Discussion sous la tente des chefs Kabyle avec le général Randon.jpg|alt=Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqbayel akk-d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.|vignette|Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqvayel akk d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.]] Win i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n Bugeaud, Jeneral Jacques Randon (1795-1871), yella yesɛa rray nniḍen. Yeqqneɛ Napoléon wis tlata ɣef lḥeṛs n ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel, yerna yenna-d dakken tamurt n Leqvayel timziregt ad tili dima d azaglu i yiɣlanen imaynuten n Fransa deg Tefriqt ugafa, yerna lemmer ad d-yili ṭṭraḍ di Turuft, Leqvayel zemrent ad d-ssiwḍent isallen iserdasiyen s lebḥer u ad bdun tagrawla deg temnaḍt-nni akk. Aẓdam n tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d deg 19 maggu 1857, s ddaw n Jeneral Randon s 4 n tseddarin s 37.000 n yergazen; Aẓdam n Fransa ɣef tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d 27 n yiseggasen deffir n umenɣi n Fransa mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart deg 1830 d 19 n yiseggasen deffir n usnulfu n Lezzayer. Deg taggara, Fransa teqqen-ed Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857.<ref name=":9" /> Ihi, Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli"<ref name=":6">Émile Carrey - [[iarchive:bub_gb_9LaPjz173RgC/page/n135/mode/2up|Récit de Kabylie, compagne de 185]]7. Chapitre X - Dissolution de l'armée expéditionnaire. “La Kabylie du Djurjura n’existe plus à l’état de nation indépendante."</ref> Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa. == Tasertit == * Sin ikabaren isertiyen i llan di Tmurt n Leqvayel, ɣas akken bɣan ad illin d ikabaren iɣelnawen maca imeɣnasen nsen ttekkin seg Leqvayel kan : [[Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen]] (FFS) n [[Ḥusin At Ḥmed]], d [[Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut|Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut]] (RCD) n duktur [[Saɛid Saɛdi]]. * leɛrac bannen-d di [[Tafsut Taberkant]] (2001) maca am nutni ama FFS d RCD lhan d wayen i ceɣben izayriyen s umata, ttun tamurt. * [[Timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen]] (MAK) yesbed [[Ferḥat Mhenni]] iban-ed daɣen di tefsut taberkant, d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiweḍ ar timanit n tmurt n Leqvayel. == Iẓwawen ittwasnen == : ɣer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]'' == Udmawen Iqbayliyen== : ɣer ''[[Idmawen iqbayliyen]]'' == Wali daɣen== * [[Imaziɣen]] == Ismal n Internet == * '''[http://www.imyura.net www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}''' : asmel n tsekla tazwawt, s teqbaylit akk. * '''[http://www.kabyle.com www.kabyle.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.acaoh.ca http://www.acaoh.ca]''' : asmel n [[Tidukkla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Ḥull]] di Kanada. * '''[http://www.kabyles.com www.kabyles.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.tamazgha.org www.tamazgha.org]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Marikan ugafa. * '''[http://www.racines-izuran.com www.racines-izuran.com]''' : asmel n weɣmis s snat n tutlayin: taqbaylit d tafransist. * '''[http://www.tamazgha.fr www.tamazgha.fr]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Franṣa. *'''[http://tameddit.com www.tameddit.com] aɣmis s tmaziɣt''' * '''[http://www.tussna.blogspot.com www.tussna.blogspot.com]''' tussna i yibujaden, s teqvaylit == Iɣbula == [[Taggayt:Tamurt n Leqbayel|*]] d9m1deg7uucbmvgl7hfzwf6aizoqazz 117890 117888 2026-11-07T18:27:01Z Ruya36 17090 117890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Tamnaḍt | isem = Tamurt n Leqvayel | tiɣmi = 0D5EAF | isem adigan = Tamurt n Iqbayliyen / Tamurt n Izwawen | isem adigan 2 = ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵡⴻⵏ | alugu = Tala_guilef.jpg | lqedd alugu = 255px | azday alugu = Tala Gilef, [[Buɣni|Vuɣni]]. | asenjaq = | lqedd asenjaq = | azday asenjaq = | imseɣret = Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu | takarḍa = Map_of_Kabylia.png | lqedd takarḍa = 255px | azday takarḍa = Takarḍa n Tamurt n Leqvayel. | timdinin = [[Bgayet]], [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]] d [[Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]] | tutlayin = [[Taqvaylit]]</br>[[Tafransist]]</br>[[Taɛrabt]] | imsidag = 37°49′N 4°50′E | tajumma = {{formatnum:32486}} km² | isem n umezdaɣ = [[Iqbayliyen]] (Aqvayli, Taqvaylit), Izwawen (Azwaw, Tazwawt), Igawawen (Agawaw, Tagawawt) | imezdaɣ = {{formatnum:3000000}}-{{formatnum:3500000}} | taneẓẓi = 92-108 imezdaɣ/km² | tamawt = Amḍan n yimezdaɣ akked tneẓẓi n useggas 2025. |tamurt=Lezzayer}} [[Tugna:Djurjura, Algeria.jpg|alt=Idurar n Ǧerǧer|vignette|260px|Idurar n [[Ǧerǧer]]]] '''Tamurt n Leqvayel d Teqvayliyyin,''' tettwaru daɣen Tamurt n Leqbayel ''(s tifinaɣ: ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ, anamek-is "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen")'', d tamnaḍt n yidurar yellan deg Ugafa-Agmuḍan n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg wenẓul-agmuḍan n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]]. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as "Tamurt n Idurar" neɣ "Tamurt" kan. Leqvayel ttmeslayen [[Taqbaylit|Taqvaylit]], yiwet si ger [[tutlayin timaziɣin]]. S wazal n 40.000 km2 n wakal ''(am [[Danmaṛk]], neɣ [[Taswist]], neɣ [[Timura n Wadda|Tagelda n Tmura n Wadda]]),'' Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa azal n 10 imelyan n yimezdaɣ<ref>UNPO [https://unpo.org/downloads/2474.pdf Kabylia Briefing Note]. 2025 (s teglizit). </ref> zdaxel n tlisa-s, tesɛa daɣen azal n sin n imelyan n leqvayel deg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], d wazal n sin n imelyan deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], akked azal 500 n imelyan nniḍen deg [[Amaḍal|umaḍal]], aya ad yessiweḍ agdud n Leqvayel ɣer wazal n 14 n yimelyunen d uzgen; aya d ayen yugaren amḍan n yimezdaɣ n tmurt n [[Tunes]]. Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa aṭas n temnaḍin d temdinin, gar-asent: [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Bgayet]], [[Tubiret]]. Amezruy-iss yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa. == '''Aẓar n yisem n Leqvayel''' == Isem n teqvaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal "Kabbalah"—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus. Ahat awal n "Kabbalah" n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Taqvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu ([[Aqbu]]) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi "Kabbalah", i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden. Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Leqvayel sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”<ref>Salem Chaker, « Note à propos du précédent article », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1,‎ 1978, p. 103–104 ([https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1978_num_26_1_1826 ɣeṛ deg usebter-a s tefransist] [archive], consulté le 11 janvier 2019)</ref>. Daɣen, seg zik, Leqvayel ur ur smalen ara iman-nsen d “iqvayliyen”, maca d Iẓwawen. Akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yimezdaɣ n “tmurt n Leqvayel” deg unamek-is n tura, wid yettmeslayen Taɛrabt llan sseqdacen awal n Zuwawa (Zwawa), asuf. Zzwawi (Zwawi) i yellan, ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tmuɣli, d asenqes n Agawa amaziɣ, d aɣerrabu yellan deg wul n “Tamurt n Leqvayel Tameqrant”, seg waya ay d-yekka wawal Igawawen<ref>Il semblerait que dans l'Antiquité, les Igawawen aient porté le nom de Quinquegentiens, appellation administrative désignant cinq tribus (''quinque gente''). Une vieille légende rapporte en effet que les montagnards descendent d'un géant qui eut cinq fils, lesquels formaient les cinq tribus antiques (Boulifa, 1925), les fameux Quinquegentiens qui se révoltèrent contre les Romains. (Leroux, 1857, p. 57.)</ref> akken ad d-yesmekti “Iqvayliyen”, yerna d isem n yiwet n tamawya (tdukli) tazmertant n tmanya n yegduden i d-yezgan deg “tmurt n Leqvayel”: At Betrun (At Yenni, At Budrar, At Bu Ɛekkac, [[At Wasif]]) d At Menguellath (At Mengellat, [[At Bu Yusef]], At Weqbil, At Ɛeṭṭaf)<ref name=":8">Jacques Lanfry, «  », ''Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée'', <abbr>vol.</abbr> 26, <abbr>n^o</abbr> 1,‎ 1978</ref>. [[Ibn Xeldun]] yenna-d dakken Iẓwawen llan daɣen d aḥric seg Yikutamen<ref name=":8" />. ''(Tameslayt-a ay d-yellan ɣef Ibn Xeldoun d akken kan ad d-nesmekti belli awal Iẓwawen yettwaseqdac-ed deg tallit-is)'' Isem “zwawa” yessekles akka akk “iqvayliyen” s umata; Izwawen deg tutlayt tamaziɣt. Ɣef leḥsab n imusnawen nniḍen, awal Aẓwaw d wawal Agawa/Agawaw ur sɛin ara yiwet n tmetti, Igawawen yettak-d anamek n tamawya n Yigawawen, ma d Iẓwawen yettak-d anamek n Iẓwawen, “Leqvayel”, akken ma llan. Aselmad [[Salem Chaker]] yeqqar-d dakken awal Zwawa/Zwawi i d-sseqdacen wid yemeslayen taɛrabt ur ilaq ara ad yettwasemlil d agawa/igawawen, maca d Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen (isem aqvayli d yisem n lɛerc ay yettwassnen deg “Tmurt n Leqvayel”). Salem Chaker yeṭṭef deg tikti-ya belli Iẓwawen d isem n tidet aqbur n “Leqvayel” ay yellan,"imi qrib ttun isem-nsen n tidet")<ref name=":8" />. Nnig waya, deg wegmuḍ n Lezzayer, iqvayliyen mazal-iten ttwasemman s yisem n Zouaoua/Zouaoui<ref>Malha Benbrahim, professeur à l'Inalco, ''Documents sur Fadhma N’Soumeur (1830-1861)'', Clio, numéro 9/1999, Femmes du Maghreb.</ref>. Ula d ass-a, “iqbayliyen” akk ssawalen i yiman-nsen s yisem Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen. Deg usebter-a nesseqdac sin n wawalen-a, "Leqvayel" d "Iẓwawen" mebla amgired imi anamek-nsen d yiwen. Yettwafhem daɣen belli awal-a d win i d-yesdukklen deg-s Teqvayliyyin. == '''Amezruy''' == Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n [[Ǧerǧer]] yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n ''Muns Ferratus'' ("adrar n wuzzal"). Ibder-iten [[Aurelius Victor]] deg wedlis-is (''De Caesaribus'' 39.22: "nationes Quinquegentanae") d [[Eutropius]] (''Breviarium'' 9.22: "Quinquegentiani"). Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL). '''Ẓer:''' '''[[Numidya]]''' Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast. == '''Tallit talemmast''' == Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma. Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]] deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa North Africa - The Vandal conques]t". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</ref><ref>Day, Alan (July 2001). "[https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.2001.15.7.43.400 The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV:2001400Averil Cameron, Brian Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby, editors. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. xx+1,166pp, ISBN: 0 521 32591 9]". ISSN 0950-4125.</ref> Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen.<ref>"[https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219133607/https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en |date=2024-12-19 }}". esploro.libs.uga.edu. Yettwaṭṭef deg 11 Ɣuct 2024.</ref> Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156 The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118 Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167 The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568]</ref> Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa [[Tutlayt taɛrabt|Taɛrabt]] n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93 The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93]</ref> Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tYtIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA186 Scottish Geographical Magazine, Volume 10; Volume 1894]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f1pBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA165 Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4]</ref> Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken. == '''Listiɛmar Aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal Aɛraben''' == [[Tugna:Dihya Berber Queen of the Aurès by Vernet-Lecomte.jpg|vignette|[[Dihya Tadmut|'''Dihya''' '''Tadmut''']] '''- Vernet-Lecomte''']] Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Meynier2010|Meynier 2010]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 195.</ref>. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen. Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 46. </ref> Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni "العدو" taɛdawt".<ref name=":0">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 513.</ref> Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am [[Aksel (agellid)|Aksel]] neɣ [[Dihya Tadmut]], iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.[[Tugna:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|vignette|Tugna n yiwen n weqcic d akli deg Tmurt n Zanzibar. "Yettwaɛaqeb sɣur bab-is aɛrab." Azal n 1890. Seg iseggasen n 1860 ar deffir, tugna tettwaseqdac s waṭas deg yiznan i d-yettakken tiɣri i uḥemmal n tlelli. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']]Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen ''(جزية ǧizyah)'', ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen ''(dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي)'', war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen. [[Tugna:Meccan merchant and his Circassian slave.jpg|vignette|Yiwen n umerkanti aɛṛab seg Mekka (ayeffus) d wakli-s n tmurt n Ccirkas - Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, azal n 1888. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] [[Tugna:IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png|vignette|Tasenselt n uḍar ssexdamen-tt akken ad ḥebsen imdanen deg taddart. S umata, ttwaseqdacen deg waklan deg yiḍ. Akli-nni yezmer kan ad iεeddi s ttawil. Mi ara ttwaqqnent ɣef yiḍarren, ala aḥeddad i izemren ad tent-yesfeḍ. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] == '''Imenɣiyen n Tlelli & Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab''' == Deg useggas n 740''',''' imaziɣen akk deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tafriqt n ugafa]] kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=865 Les Rustamides (761-909]) [archive] », sur Qantara, [[:fr:Institut_du_monde_arabe|Institut du monde arabe]], 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).</ref> ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt.<ref name=":1">[[:fr:Kabylie#Plantade2007|Plantade 2007]], p. 83.</ref> Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d [[Ɛennaba]], si tmurt n [[Lmerruk]] alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen.<ref name=":2">[[:fr:Kabylie#RedjalaSemmoud2011|Redjala 2011]], section 1 : « La Kabylie », « Formation et évolution du bloc kabyle ».</ref> Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen ''(ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen)''<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=866 Les Aghlabides (800-909]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D866 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 19 novembre 2014).</ref>, yerna ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n [[Ibn Xeldun]]: "Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen".<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 48-49. </ref> Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 236.</ref> Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar.<ref>D. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=597 Les Fatimides (909-1171]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D597 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 18 septembre 2012).</ref> Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di [[Maṣer]], ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akk d Shiɛa.<ref name=":3">A. A., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=596 Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)] [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 18 ctember 2012).</ref> Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt.<ref name=":4">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], p. 514.</ref> [[Tugna:Fibonacci5.jpg|vignette|Tugna n Leonardo Fibonacci - mačči d tidet.]] Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]], Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n [[Bgayet]] deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna.<ref name=":3" /> Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as "abrid n ugellid".<ref>Djamel Alilat, « [http://rabahnaceri.unblog.fr/histoire-de-bgayet/triq-es-soltane-litineraire-du-roi-par-dj-alilat/ Triq Es Soltane (l’itinéraire du roi]) [archive] », 1re pub. El Watan, 2 septembre 2007.</ref> S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akk d Turuft<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Dermenghem1954|Dermenghem 1954]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 95.</ref>, tama n tsertit n "tgelda n Bgayet", tettwassen s yisem n "Imerǧan n Tefriqt", tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg [[Turuft]], sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg [[Turuft]].<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Julien1966|Julien 1966]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 104.</ref> Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII.<ref name=":1" /> Dɣa deg tɣiwant n [[Bgayet]], azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen ''(imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni)'' d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt'', (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni)'' yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130.<ref name=":0" /> Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Mourre1996|Mourre 1996]], t. 1, article « Algérie », p. 162.</ref> S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache1992|Kaddache 1992]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 102.</ref> Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet ''(deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes)'' d Dellys ''(i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan)'' tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen. Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Feredj2002|Feredj 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 16-17.</ref> [[Tugna:Béjaïa 1551.jpg|vignette|Asekkil n temdint n [[Bgayet|Vgayet]] sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥrez deg Tmezgunt Taɣelnawt n Fṛansa ''(La Bibliothèque nationale de France).'']] Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif.<ref name=":2" /> Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen "iḥerzen", dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d "tamanaɣt-nsen" yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n [[Tunes]], neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n [[Spenyul]]. == '''Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen''' == [[Tugna:Kab 1500-1750.png|vignette|Tamurt n Yiẓwawen d Tgelda n Lezzayer, 1500-1750.]] Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 515</ref>, neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen "tigeldiwin" n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam.<ref name=":0" /> Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s "Mejana"), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d [[Tunes (tamaneɣt)|Tunes]]; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen<ref name=":5">[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 139.</ref> d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint.<ref name=":5" /> [[Tugna:Koukou si Tefrawt.JPG|vignette|Tadart n [[Kuku]].]] I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abu Ɛebd Lah Muḥemmed IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj ''(Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d'' Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis'', yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Ga%C3%AFd1976|Gaïd 1976]], « Depuis le <abbr>XI^e</abbr> siècle », <abbr>3^e</abbr> partie.</ref> Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref>, tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d [[Ǧiǧel]].<ref>Mechehed Djamel-Eddine, « [http://mechehed.free.fr/documents/Les_turcs___Bougie.doc Les Espagnols et les Turcs à Bougie] [archive] », Radio Soummam, Béjaïa, son histoire et son port, juin–septembre 2004.</ref> Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref> Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n [[Kuku]]<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Leclerc1864|Leclerc 1864]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 61.</ref> i d-yeddren sin n leqrun.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lacoste-Dujardin2003|Lacoste-Dujardin 2003]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 70.</ref> Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 152.</ref>, s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Souidi2005|Souidi 2005]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 36.</ref><ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 239.</ref> Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqvayel d wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen<ref name=":2" /> maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 76.</ref>: tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 516.</ref> Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer ''(''Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas. Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Adli2004|Adli 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 105.</ref> [[Tugna:Kabyle Shepherd, by Eugène Fromentin.JPG|vignette|Ameksa deg idurar n tmurt n Yiẓwawen - Eugène Fromentin (1861).]] Di Tmurt n Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal [[Ǧiǧel]]. Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 24.</ref> Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer [[Qsenṭina]] deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 307.</ref> Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg [[Buɣni]] i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n "lbruj", gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 486.</ref> [[Tugna:Chef Kabyle.jpg|vignette|Ameqran n Tamawya ''(teqbilt)'' Aẓwaw. 1846 - Amezruy n Lezzayer Tafransist ''(Histoire de l'Algérie française)'' - Camille Leynadier.|alt=Ameqran n Tamawya]] S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akk d tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 79.</ref> Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt.<ref name=":2" /> Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen.<ref name=":4" /> Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526.</ref> I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526, 407.</ref> Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akk d twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 477.</ref> D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770 (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 ''(deg temnaḍt n Soummam)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 205.</ref> Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 490.</ref> Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a. == '''Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857''' == ==== '''Adabu Di Tmurt n Leqvayel''' ==== I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen: '''Awanek:''' d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines. '''Anavad:''' yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes. [[Tugna:Sur les côtes de Kabylie par Frederick Arthur Bridgman.jpg|vignette|Tiɣilt n Yiẓwawen - Frederick Arthur Bridgman.]] Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli”<ref name=":6" /> yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt. Awalen i d-tenna Lalla [[Faḍma n Sumer|Faḍma n Sume]]<nowiki/>r i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkem.” [[Tugna:Chérif Boubaghla and Lalla Fatma n'Soumer, by Félix Philippoteaux.jpg|vignette|Lalla Faḍma n Sumer Tennaɣ armi d taggara - Philippoteaux, 1866.]] [[Tugna:Portrait-Fatma N'Soumer.jpg|vignette|Tameṭṭut taẓwawt deg umennuɣ F. Filiput.]] Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: "skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. " Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli. Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 ''(aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj)'' armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli. Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.”<ref name=":7">Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: [[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]. 2017. </ref> Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. [[Tugna:Martinus Rørbye - A seated Kabyla.jpg|vignette|Aẓwaw yeqqimen - Martinus Rørbye. ]] Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.”<ref name=":7" /> Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen.<ref>Asebter seg udlis d tdiwennit n Hugh Roberts "[[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]" & Hugh Roberts: "Les kabyles avaient une sorte d'État de Droit dans leurs arches et leurs villages. Video.</ref> [[Tugna:A Kabyle Beauty.webp|vignette|Tameṭṭut taqvaylit ]] Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen ''(ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal<ref name=":7" />, yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella)''<ref name=":7" /> d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines. D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi [[Imaziɣen]] akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti. Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya. == '''Tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n''' '''Fransa''' <ref>Aḥric agi d tasuqilt n umgarad ifazen n https://wiki.amazigh.com. [https://wiki.amazigh.com/index.php/Kabyle_socio-political_structure#cite_note-:20-15 ɣeṛ-it deg internet] (s teglizit). </ref> == [[Tugna:Tuddsa n uwanek aqbayli.png|vignette|Tuddsa n uwanek n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n Fransa]] Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, uqbel asehres n n Fransa, lebni n tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt yella-d s waṭas n yiswiren, yebdan seg win n wadda arma d win yugaren: '''axxam''', '''''taxerrubt'', ''adrum''''', '''taddart''', '''Ṣfuf''' d '''lɛerc''' <ref name=":10">Devaux, Charles. ''Les Kebaïles du Djerdjera''. Marseilles: Camoin, and Paris: Challamel, 1859, asebter. 2-3. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref name=":11">Bourdieu, Pierre. ''The Algerians. Translated by Alan G. C. Ross. Beacon Press, 1962, p. 3. (S teglizit) (Izwel amezwaru s tefransist: Sociologie de l'Algérie''. Presses universitaires de France, 1958).</ref>. Simal yettnerni uswir, simal tettnerni tdukli gar yiɛeggalen-is<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe, and Aristide Horace Letourneux. ''La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles''. 1st ed, 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1872-1873, vol. II, p. 5. ([https://books.google.fr/books?id=L7ZTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 1], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=KxBbAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 2], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=gjA-AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 3] (s tefransist)</ref>. Anagraw asertan yella d win n tugdut<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 1. (s tefransist)</ref>, deg-s yal argaz aqbayli yesɛan azref i wakken ad yeṭṭef leslaḥ yesɛa awal deg temsal n taddart s usarag n tajmalt n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Asdukel n snat neɣ ugar n tudrin d win i d-yefkan lɛerc, yerna mi ara d-dduklen aṭas n leɛruc-a, ad d-snulfun Tamawya ''(taqbilt)''<ref name=":10" />. '''Taddart''' '''Amezruy''' [[Tugna:Maison des Kabyles.jpg|alt=Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882|vignette|Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882]] Di tazwara, Iẓwawen llan zedɣen deg tudrin timecṭuḥin, qqaren-asent ixliǧen (asuf. taxliǧt). Ixliǧeni d-yezgan ɣef yiri-nsent, dduklent akken ad d-snulfun ayen iwumi qqaren tufiq (asget. tufeq), d awal i d-yekkan seg Taɛrabt i d-yettawin s wazal-is anamek n wemsefham neɣ n usselhu<ref>Roberts, Hugh. ''Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria'' ''(Anabaḍ amaziɣ : Tasertit taqbaylit di Lezzayer uqbel n usehres n Fransa)''. I. B. Tauris, 2014, p. 50-51. (s teglizit) </ref>. Anagraw amezwaru yella deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Yiẓwawen, ladɣa deg tdukliwin n At Wagnun d Iflisen Lebḥar, ma d anagraw wis sin yella deg yal amkan anagar deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 54.</ref>. Tikwal, tufiq yettwasemma s yisem n taddart-is tamezwarut, ugar n tikwal d tin meqqren, am akken yella deg Taka n twacult n At Yaḥya<ref name=":12">Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 5.</ref>. Deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer, anda i llant tuddar timeqranin, ixliǧen i d-yellan d aḥric seg twafeq msefhamen ad d-dduklen, s wakka i d-snulfan tudrin tiɣezzanin, yemgaraden ɣef twafeq imi llan d timnaḍin timeqqranin deg umkan n tid meẓẓiyen i d-yezzin, yerna llant d timnaḍin yemgaraden seg iẓuran yemgaraden gar-asent<ref name=":13">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 58-59.</ref>. Imrabḍen zemren ad sɛun tiɣremt-nsen s tayeḍ s waṭas n telmas, zemren ad awḍen ar 400 n yimezdaɣen, am taddart n At Mraw n tamaya n At Iraten deg useggas n 1868<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 241.</ref>. Aṭas n tikkal, tudrin-nsen ttilin ɣef yiri n tilisa n lecruc ur msefhamen ara gar-asen<ref>Roberts,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 236.</ref>. Maca deg tudrin timeqqranin, ttilin-d d aḥric neɣ d abrid ur yettwaferqen ara ɣef wid nniḍen<ref name=":14">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 244.</ref>. === '''Talɣa''' === ==== '''Axxam & Adrum''' ==== Tadukli tamecṭuḥt akk deg taddart d tawacult neɣ axxam. Tawacult, akk d twaculin-nniḍen swayes i sɛant yiwen n lejdud ucrik, tettawi-d yiwet n twaculin (taxerrubt, asget. tixerrubin; neɣ: taɛrift<ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “[https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle]”, ''Droit et cultures'', 60 | 2010-2 (s tefransist), Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025. Asebter: [http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359]</ref> neɣ adrum), ssawalen i yiman-nsen d atmaten yerna ssuturen iman-nsen s yiwen n yisem<ref name=":11" />. Taxerrubt tezmer ad d-teqbel yiwet n twacult yesɛan laṣel yemgerraden i d-yettnadin ɣef tasdawit, deg tegnit-a iminig-nni imaynuten ad uɣalen d imselliyen (imsenden) yerna ad ttwaḥerzen (s Laɛnaya) <ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle”, ''Droit et cultures'' [Online], 60 | 2010-2. (s tefransist) URL: http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359;&#x20;DOI:&{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}#x20;https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359</ref>. [[Tugna:Pittura famiglia Kabyle.jpg|alt=Tawacult taqbaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.|vignette|Tawacult taqvaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.]] Tudrin n Yiẓwawen zemrent ad ilint deg-sent tixerrubin ur nettwaḥsab ara d Iẓwawen: imrabḍen d aklan. imrabḍen llan-d d yiwet n tarbaεt n imqeddsen n yimdanen i qqaren-d d akken ffɣen-d seg nnbi ineslem Muḥemmed. Ur d-ggaren ara iman-nsent deg lecɣal n taddart d yimennuɣen, ala akken ad d-rren talwit, acku ur ttekkan ara ɣer taddart neɣ ɣer yiwet n twacult. Seg tama niḍen, aklan d tawsit n yiqeddacen i d-yekkan si tmurt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt, wid yellan deg-s xeddmen lecɣal i yettwaḥeqren. D wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. Aẓwaw yellan ddaw n tmenɣiwt, yezmer ad yeqbel ad yuɣal d akli, s wakka ad yeǧǧ izerfan-is d aɣerman, akken ad iḥrez iman-is seg tmenɣiwt, imi ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḥettem ɣef aklan, maca kan ɣef yimdanen yesɛan yiwen n uswir anmetti. Imrabḍen llan d tawsit tamecṭuḥt deg yal amkan, maca deg teqbilt n At Itsuraɣ, ur llan ddaw n 40% seg wakk imezdaɣen<ref name=":14" />. ==== '''Adrum''' ==== Tixerrubin-nni i d-yellan deg yiwet n taddart, ttwaqqnen ɣer sin neɣ ugar n Tixerrubin (iderma, asuf. adrum), yal yiwen deg-sen yesεa amkan-is deg taddart, yezmer ad yesɛu agraw-is, tamesgida-ines d tmeqbert-ines. Tixerrubin yemgaraden n yiwet n twacult, s tidett, ttemsefhament s wazal n yidammen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 25.</ref>, mebla ma swaswa ad d-kkren seg yiwen n lejdud<ref name=":13" />. Tiwaculin tibeṛṛaniyin zemrent ad ttwaseddant deg yiwet seg Tixerrubin-nni yellan uqbel. ==== Ṣfuf ==== Iderma n tudrin tiqbayliyin tilemmasin d timqranin llant ttwaseddant s waṭas degs sin ṣfuf. Deg kra n tudrin, ṣfuf ur zeddigen ara deg wazal-nsen, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan akabar-nni ixuṣṣen ad d-inadi ɣef yimeddukal deg yimukan niḍen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13-14.</ref>. Aya yessawḍ-d ɣer ussebded nyiwen n uẓeṭṭa n tdukliwin i d-yeffɣen s yal tama. A ṣeff yezmer ad yili d win ixuṣṣen deg waṭṭas deg yiwet n taddart, ma deg tayeḍ yezmer ad yili d win i d-yessersen deg tayeḍ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13.</ref>. Aɣbel meẓẓiyen kan yezmer ad d-yeǧǧ lgirra gar sin ṣfuf, yerna ma yebɣa yiwen ṣfuf ad yessers lebɣi-s ɣef wayeḍ, s waṭas ay yettɛedday ɣef ccwal. Ilaq ad d-nini belli ṣeff d kra i yettbeddilen, yerna yezmer ad yernu neɣ ad yenqes deg tezmert-nnes, yerna wid i t-id-yeḍḍfen zemren ad beddlen tama<ref name=":15">Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 38. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 12.</ref>. . Isem-nsen yemgerrad seg teqbilt ɣer tayeḍ, win i d-yettwassen akk d ṣeff ufella ('akabar n ufella') d ṣeff n wadda ('akabar n ddaw') yerna, d ɣer yiwen n weḥric ameẓyan, icerqiyen d iɣerbiyen [19]. Ismawen-a, ɣas akken d ismawen i d-yeffɣen seg umḍiq, ur sɛin ara assaɣ d tgemmi n ṣeff. Ṣfuf nniḍen ttwasemman-asen s yisem n twacult neɣ n uqerru-nsen<ref name=":15" /><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel.'', vol. II, asebter. 11.</ref>. === '''Asqamu n taddart''' === ==== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ==== Taddart tẓwawt tella d awanek akk d d temdint, tasudut i tt-yesselḥayen d agraw* ''(tajmaɛt)'' n taddart. Yella yeṭṭef tazmert tasertant, tasertant, tadbelt d teɣdemt<ref name=":16">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 10, 25.</ref>, yerna yesɛa Ameqran, i d-yefren imezdaɣ n taddart, d aselway-is. Yiwet n tikelt deg yal ddurt neɣ sin, ad d-tili yiwet n temlilit akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef temsal n taddart. Aberraḥ d netta ay d-yettbecciren ɣef lebda n temlilit, yerna yal argaz meqqren yessefk fell-as ad d-yeḥḍer. Amḍiq n temlilit d d lebni yeldin, deg daxel-nnes yella sin n yimukan n uẓru i d-yettmuqulen yiwen ɣef wayeḍ<ref name=":17">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 93.</ref>. Timlilit tezmer daɣen ad tili deg imukan-nniḍen, am tmesgidiwin, neɣ zdat n tteǧra. Agraw n taddart d netta i d-yelhan s usnulfu n usaḍuf d usseḍru-nsen, yerna ad d-yeṭṭef tiɣriwin deg tegnit n tuccḍa<ref name=":16" />. Aselway-is, ameqran neɣ amɣar (da amin) n taddart, d netta daɣen i d-yettawin leqdic amatu, am usseqdec n yiberdan, tiliwa d tmesgidiwin, neɣ lebni n yixxamen<ref>Hanoteau and Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. Tettili-d daɣen tikwal ayen i wumi qqaren timecret s Taẓwawt, anda i d-yettunefken wulli neɣ iɣersiwen-nniḍen, dɣa aksum-nsen yettwafreq s lbaṭel ɣer yal tawacult<ref name=":18">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 29.</ref>. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, agraw n taddart yettarra-d iserdan d lbarud i wid ur nezmir ara ad ten-id-aɣen<ref name=":18" />. <nowiki/>* Ɣur Twareg, agraw qqaren-as ameni neɣ ameney, aẓar "mny" ay d-yeqqaren "ad nwali gar-aneɣ, ad nemlil", yesskanay-d deg Tuareg "tadiwennit, timlilit" s unamek amatu am wakken ay d-yesmektay "timlilit" neɣ "taɣimit" n wegraw asertan. ==== '''Talɣa''' ==== [[Tugna:Maison du marabout et mosquée à Koukou.jpg|vignette|Taxxamt n imrabḍen d lǧameɛ deg tagelda n [[Kuku]]. Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Asemres n usqamu n taddart deg-s i d-iteddun: lamin, yettwafren s tefranin tiɣelnawin neɣ yettefran sɣur imḍebbren, yettgen ukil n lǧameɛ, yerna aneggaru-a d netta i d amḍebber n tedrimt n lǧameɛ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. Yal adrum n taddart yettferriḍ yiwen n wergaz seg yiman-nsen d agensas-nsen deg usqamu n taddart. Ṭamen d win i d-yezgan gar adrum-is d lamin, akk d win i d-yettεawanen aneggaru-a<ref name=":11" />. Ɣef leḥsab n Hanoteau, d lamin i d-yettwafernen ṭamen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Daɣen, kra n yergazen yettwaḥesben d imusnawen (d lɛuqqal) ttekkin ula d nutni deg usqamu<ref name=":19">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 24.</ref>. Irgazen-nniḍen ttɣimen zzin-d i umḍiq n temlilit, sellen, mmeslayen tikwal kan, ma ulac ur mmeslayen akk<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 93.</ref>. Imrabḍen d iklan ur ttilin ara deg usarag<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqqran (lamin) n Taddart''' ===== Ismawen yemgaraden i yettwaseqdacen i usemres-a, ɣef leḥsab n temnaḍt, win ay d-yettwassnen yerna yettwassen aṭas d lamin. Ismawen-nniḍen, ur ttwasseqdacen ara mliḥ, d “ameqqran” d “amɣar”<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Yal argaz aqbayli, ma yella yezmer ad yeddem leslaḥ, yezmer ad yuɣal d lamin n taddart-is, di tiẓri meqqar. Maca deg tuget n tegnatin, amin s umata yettas-d seg twacult yesɛan tazmert deg taddart. Deg twafeq, amur ameqran n wakud, seg terbaɛt tameqrant n yimezdaɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 26.</ref>. Lamin yella yesɛa cwiṭ n tezmert d aselway n temlilit, yerna yeṭṭef kan amkan-is skud yettwaḥsab d win yezmeren ad yexxdem ccɣel-nnes<ref>Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'',asebter. 4-5.</ref>. Deg yiwet n taddart n At Mangellat, Tawrirt Mangellat, amen yettwafernen seg yal taxerrubt s nnuba<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 33</ref>. Gar lecɣal n lamin, d aɛessas n wayla<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 44.</ref>, am wakken daɣen ay d-yella uḍman n uqader n usaḍuf d ussefqed n tmenɣiwin. D netta daɣen i d-yettaṭṭafen tifin d leɣlaḍ. Ma yella amin yexdem lbaṭel, ilaq-as ad ixelleṣ yerna ad yeṭṭef taggara<ref>Liorel, Jules. ''Races berbères: Kabylie du Djurdjura''. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1893, 315. (s tefransist) ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Kabylie_du_Jurjura.html?id=msThiy2egeAC&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref>, ma yella yeṭṭef taggara mebla agraw n imezdaɣ n taddart, ad ixelleṣ ula d netta (qanun n yiwet n taddart n tmurt Aqbil, At Mangellat)<ref>Liorel, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 316.</ref>. Lamin ilaq ad yili d aḥerfi yerna ilaq ad yesɛu tamusni taserdast, imi ad d-yawi irgazen-is deg umennuɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ, i d-yettunefken sɣur Ameqran n taddart, yezmer ad yili d Aẓwaw neɣ d amṛabti, yerna yettwafernen seg twacult yesɛan aṭas n yedrimen yerna yesɛa tazmert<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. D netta i d-yettḥekkmen ɣef ussefrek n ugerruj n lǧameɛ i yellan yemsefraq ɣef ugerruj n taddart. Ma yella lǧameɛ-nni d ayla n yiwet n tmesgida mačči d ayla n taddart, ukil n lǧameɛ yettwafren sɣur taxerrubt-nni ay yesɛan lǧameɛ-nni mačči sɣur Ameqran n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 36.</ref>. Segmi i d-teṭṭef Fransa tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tadbelt tamesbaṭlit, ɣas akken teǧǧa timḍebbrin tiqbayliyin akken llan, tesnulfa-d amḍiq amaynut, d win n ukil, yettwafren sɣur agraw n taddart, yerna yesɛa tiɣbula am ukil n lǧameɛ, maca mačči am ineggura-agi, yessedday lxezna n taddart deg umḍiq n lǧameɛ-nni<ref name=":20">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 134.</ref>. ===== Ṭamen ===== [[Tugna:Élection à Koukou.jpg|alt=Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.|vignette|Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Yal taxerubt tesεa yiwen n umseqdac deg tejmaɛt, iwumi qqaren ṭamen, d awal n taɛrabt yesεan anamek n 'aḍman'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Yal taxerubt n taddart tettak-d yiwen seg yergazen-is d ṭamen[2], maca ɣef wakken i d-yenna Hanoteau, d Ameqran i t-yettunefken<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. D netta i d amsalay gar taxerubt d tejmaɛt, yerna daɣen d amεiwen n Ameqran. Deg kra n teqbilin, am At Fliq, ṭamen, imi d netta i d aqerru n twacult-is, tikwal ttwakelfen-as tazmert n ṭamen <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100.</ref>. Deg kra n tudrin, ṭamen mačči kan d win i d-yeskanen taxerubt-is, d lɛerc-is s lekmal-is<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Gar lecɣal-is, ad d-yerr s yisem n taxerubt-is (neɣ n lɛerc-is) deg tejmaɛt n taddart, ad ixelleṣ tiɣrifin i d-yexdem iɛeggalen n txerubt-is, yerna ad d-yefk isallen ineggura i Ameqran<ref name=":21">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100-101.</ref>. Tikwal, d ṭamen i d-yettawin ticcetkiwin uqbel ad awḍen ɣer Ameqran. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, yettak-d iɣallen-is i Ameqran<ref name=":21" />. ===== Ɛuqqal ===== Awal ɛuqqal, n laṣel aɛrab, anamek-is d 'amussnaw', 'afehhem'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 92.</ref>. Ur yelli ara lḥedd ɣef wacḥal n ɛuqqal ay yezmer ad teṭṭef agraw n taddart, maca s umata llan gar 5 ar 10 deg wazal-nsen. Ttwafernen s rray n medden<ref name=":19" />. Iɛuqqalen d imɣaren, aya i ten-yeǧǧan ad ttwaḥesben d wid yesɛan tamusni d tmussni deg wallen n Yiqbayliyen, imi Aqbayli, mi ara yili yid-s yiwen seg twacult-is meqqren, qlil ma yettmeslay (s leqder), daymi i d nutni, Ameqran d ṭemman, i d-yettḥekmen ɣef tejmaɛt<ref name=":17" />. Ttwaqadren aṭas, yerna d ccbaḥa-nsen kan i asen-yefkan azwel-nsen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 95.</ref>. Awal-nsen yesεa azal deg temsirin n wagraw. ==== '''Lɛerc''' ==== Tiddukla n waṭas n tudrin (neɣ twafeq) d tin i d-yettakken lɛerc (anamek-is d 'akersi' am win yesseqdac ugellid). Deg kra n tegnatin, lɛerc yezmer ad yili seg yiwet n taddart kan, am Iɣil Imula<ref name=":22">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 47.</ref>. Imdanen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n lɛerc ur ttekkan dima deg yiwen n lejdud, yerna aṭas n leɛruc ur sɛin ara ismawen i d-yettawin ɣer lejdud-nsen, am At Wasif (imdanen n wasif) d At Budrar (imdanen yesɛan adrar), At Umalu d At Usammer (imdanen n tama n wedrar ay yesɛan tili d yiṭij, s tɣawla) n At Iraten<ref name=":22" />. Asemres n lɛerc yezmer daɣen ad ibeddel. Aya yezmer ad d-yili s usdukkel n taddart n teqbilt niḍen, neɣ s lɛerc n taddart. Deg tdukli n At Ɛisi, taddart n At Maḥmud, Tala Xellil, tettwaqqen ɣer At Dwala. Amedya nniḍen d taddart n Tagemmunt Leǧdid, i d-yekkan di tazwara ɣer At Ɛmer u-Fayed n tdukli n At Ɛisi, dɣa teqqen ɣer Iwaḍiyen deffir n ṭṭraḍ<ref name=":23">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67.</ref>. Llan sin n yimedyaten i d-yettwaseknen deg umezruy n leɛruc i yedduklen tudrin-nsen ɣer leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer tama-nsen ɣef ddemma n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw, am wakken i yella deg tegnit n Isemmaḍiyen n tdukli n At Iraten, d At u-Belqasem n At Betrun<ref name=":23" />. Tiddukliwin-a ur tent-id-yeḍfer ara umussu n yimezdaɣen, imezdaɣen n tuddar yettwaqqnen qqimen ttwaḥerzen. Mi llan deg wakal aberrani, iqbayliyen ttwasnen s teqbilt-nsen neɣ s tdukli-nsen kan, werǧin s tudrin-nsen, yerna ttemɛawanen waygar-asen mebla lxilaf. Yal yiwen deg-sen yella ddaw laɛnaya-s, dɣa d lwaǧeb i yal yiwen ad iḥareb ɣef teqbilt-is, xas ma yella d ayen ara d-yeǧǧen tudert-is deg lḥif. Win i d-yesbeggnen isekkilen n tkerkas, ur d-yettekki ara deg uɛiwen neɣ deg uḥareb n teqbilt-is, ad ixelleṣ, yerna ad yexṣer ccan-is ger wegdud-is<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 59.</ref>. S umata, leɛruc llan ttwabḍan ɣef sin n ṣfuf, yerna yal taddart tesɛa sin-nni n leɛruc. Ṣfuf-a zemren ad awḍen ula nnig n tdukli. Naqal, snulfun leɛruc s lekmal-nsen, akk d leɛruc niḍen neɣ d tiddukla, ṣeff. Akka i yella lḥal di lqern wis XVIII di tmurt n Leqvayel, anda tamnaḍt-a merra tebḍa ɣef sin n ṣfuf imeqqranen: ṣeff ufella d ṣeff n wadda. Ɣef leḥsab n wansay adigant, timliliyin-a llant-d deffir yiwen n ccwal gar sin n watmaten, Urxu d Buxtuc, seg Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ n lɛerc n At Frawsen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 17-19.</ref>. Sin-a llan deg yiwen n weḥric seg twacult i iḥekmen ɣef tagelda n Kuku, yerna tamezwarut tella tettɛawan-itt ṣeff ufella, ma d tis snat d ṣeff n wadda. D wagi i d asemres n sin n ṣfuf<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 19.</ref>: * '''Ṣeff ufella:''' At Yaḥya, xemsa n yegduden n Igawawen (At Mangellat, At bu-Yusef, At Wasif, At Ɛeṭṭaf, At bu-Ɛekkac), sin n leɛruc n At Sedqa (Ugdal, At Hmed), tlata n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Addu, At Mendas, At Smaɛel), Iflisen Umlil, yiwen n lɛerc n At Ɛisi (At Abdelmumen), At Ǧennad, Iɛeẓẓugen (aḥric n At Ɣebri), At Fliq, Ilulen Usammer, At Mlikec, Ifnayen, At bu-Mesudɛ, Imezzayen, Iẓnagen, d ugar n uzgen n At Ɛebbas. * '''Ṣeff n wadda:''' At Iraten, Iɛemrawen, At Wagnun, At Frawsen, At Xellili, At bu-Cɛayeb, At Itsuraɣ, Illilten, Ilulen Umalu, At Iǧǧer, At Ziki, At Ɣebri, Iflisen Lebḥar, Asif Lḥemmam, xemsa n leɛruc At Ɛisi (At Dwala, At Meḥmud, Iferdiwen, At Ɛmer u-Fayed, At Zmenzer), Lemɛatqa, tlata n leɛruc n Igawa (At Yenni, At Budrar, Aqbil), yiwen At Sedqa (Iwaḍiyen), sin n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Ɣerdan, At Amefi), Kucras, At Temẓalt, Ɛella, Uzgen, Icenbaber, At Sidel, Ɛliman, At Waɣlis. ===== '''Agraw''' ''(Tajmaɛt)'' '''n Lɛerc''' ===== ===== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ===== Agraw n Lɛerc, mačči am win n taddart, yettili-d kan di kra n tegnatin, yerna imedyaten yettwasqedcen qlilet aṭas. Yiwen seg umedya-a d win n lɛerc n At Frawsen, i yemlalen deg useggas n 1752 neɣ deg useggas-nniḍen deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ (Bida n zik), i wakken ad d-sbedden ttaggara n yizerfan n tlawin ɣer tmanegt <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 224.</ref>. Ahat ayagi yettwaxdem akken ad ḥebsen leɛruc nniḍen ad d-ssutren akal d wayla ɣef tmettant n wergaz s yizerfan n tmeṭṭut-is izemren ad tili seg lɛerc-nsen yerna ad ḥebsen timcewwekt i izemren ad d-yeḍru ɣef waya. Asefhem-iḍen yella-d akken ad ḥebsen irgazen Iɛetmaniyen ad d-rren ula d nutni tiɣawsiwin am tin, dɣa ad rnun ad snerniyen akal-nsen ddaw n tiɣawsiwin am tin. Amedya nniḍen d win n At Yanni (Asdukel n At Betrun), i d-yeṭṭfen deg useggas n 1818 yiwet n temlilit deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, At Laḥsen, i wakken ad d-rren i tlawin azref i tmanegt-nsent, ay d-yekkes usdukel i deg tella deg useggas n 1749<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 226.</ref>. Agraw n Lɛerc, am win n taddart, yezmer ad d-yessuffeɣ izerfan i d-yettwafernen ɣef tudrin akk yellan deg-s. D ccɣel n yimḍebbren n tuddar ''(s umata sin neɣ tlata)'' ad sεelmen imezdaɣ-nsen ɣef tseddarin timaynutin i d-yettwaddmen. Naqal, kra n leɛruc ttwaɛaqben ɣef tmenɣiwin timeqranin i ttgen, am tukerḍa d tmenɣiwt<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 65.</ref>. Idrimen n lɛerc i yettwaḥwajen i yisenfaren am usnerni neɣ aseḥbiber n yiberdan, n tmesgidiwin, n ssuq d d wayen-nniḍen, ttwabḍan gar-asen gar wakk tuddar, yerna yal yiwet seg-sent yessefk ad ttekkin s lqidar n yimezdaɣen-nsent. Ma yella lɛerc yesεa aɣbalu n tedrimt i d-yettakken azal ugar n wiyaḍ, yettwabḍa gar tudrin s yiwen n ubrid<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter 64-65.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqran''' ''(Amin)'' '''n lumna''' ===== Amɣar n lumna deg tuget n leɛruc yettwafernen kan deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ. Yettwafren seg yemdanen niḍen, Imɣaren n leɛruc, i sɛan azwel am wa akken ad yessuddes iɣallen n leɛruc d ttawilat-nsen, akken daɣen ad d-yefk lewṣayat i Imɣaren n leɛruc deg yimenɣi, yerna d nitni i ten-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen. Lxedma-s tettḥebbis deffir ma ttwaḥebsent tmenɣiwin<ref name=":24">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 68-69.</ref>. Leɛruc-nni kan i yeṭṭfen Amɣar n lumna-nsent deg talwit, d tid-nni i d-yezgan ɣer yidis n yiɣemmiwen n maxzen deg tallit n talwit d wid ay d-yezzin ɣef yiɣerfan n Iɛetmaniyen deg tallit n Ṭṭerk, imi llan ttnaɣen dima yid-sen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 73.</ref>. Mi d-teṭṭef Fransa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tagnit n Ameqran n lumna tuɣal d tin n dayem. Argaz-nni yettwafren ad yeṭṭef amkan-nni yella d aselway n lɛerc-is, yerna yessefk ad t-teqbel tedbelt tafṛensist<ref name=":20" />. ==== Tamawya (''Takufidṛalit/taqbilt'') ==== Leɛruc yedduklen akk ttgent akk Tamawya. Timawya akk Iẓwawen llant deg Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, ma d ayen nniḍen qqimen war Tamawya, tteklen kan ɣef tdukliwin<ref name=":25">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67-68.</ref>. Iswi n Tamawya yella s umata s ṣṣenf aserdasi, anamek-is dakken leɛruc i d-yeṭṭfen tamawya ttemḥuddun (maca mačči dima) wway gar-asen m'ara mgerradent d Timawya-nniḍen. Timawya yemgaraden qlil ma msefhament akk, yerna mi ara msefhament, dima d ayen ara mqabalen d iɣallen ibeṛṛaniyen, am Yiṭerkiyen neɣ Ifṛensisen<ref name=":12" />. Tadukli-nsen temgarad seg tamawya ɣer tayeḍ. Leɛruc ur nelli ara deg tamawya, i yesɛan imukan imeqranen, am At Ɛebbas n wasif Wad Saḥel d At Ɛidel n temnaṭ n Summam, bḍan-d ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen, yerna anagraw-nsen yecba win n tamawya n tmurt n Yiẓwawen Meqqren. Tamawya tesɛa daɣen agraw-is d Ameqran n Tamawya (Amin n Tamawya)<ref name=":25" />. Timawya n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ttwaḥsabent s umata: Iflisen Umlil, At Wagnun, Iflisen Lebḥar, At Jennad, At Iǧǧer, At Mangellat, At Betrun, At Iraten, At Sedqa, At Ɛisi, Lemɛatqa d Igucdal<ref name=":26">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 238-300.</ref>. Gar timawya-a, sin, At Betrun d At Mangellat, i yettusemman Igawawen (Zwawa s taɛrabt)<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 251.</ref>, d isem swayes Iẓwawen n Tmurt Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt ssexdamen akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk leɛruc n Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, yerna tasuqilt-is s taɛrabt tettwaseqdac akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk Yiẓwawen akken yebɣu ad yilin. "Akken ara yettbeɛḍ yiwen ɣef Ǧeṛǧer, Iẓwawen ttaken isem n Igawawen i leɛruc i ten-yessefran seg tdukli-nni i d-nebder akka kan [At Betrun d At Mangellat]. Ɣef waya, i “Guechoula”, At Sedqa d Igawawen, ma d Guechtoula s timmad-is ttwaqqaren Iflissen Umellil d At Xelfun. Aqbayli seg Waṭlas abliḏi neɣ d Ichenwiyen ad d-yernu s yisem n Agawa yakk leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer usammar n wasif Isser<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe. ''Essai de grammaire Kabyle''. Alger: Bastide; Constantine: Bastide et Amavet; Paris: Challamel and Benjamin Duprat, 1858, p. xxij. (s tefransist) ([https://www.google.nl/books/edition/Essai_de_grammaire_Kabyle_renfermant_les/qG6TfIMgibMC?hl=en&gbpv=1 ɣeṛ-it deg interne]t)</ref>". ― Adolphe Hanoteau, Essai de grammaire kabyle (1858) ''(Adolphe Hanoteau, Aḍris n tjerrumt taqbaylit)''. Lqedd n tamawya d leɛruc-is tettbeddil aṭas. Amqqran deg-sen, Iflisen Umlil, yesεa tlata n leɛruc. Deg umḍiq wis sin i d-iteddun At Wagnun d Igawawen, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tmanya. Tamawya i yesɛan aṭas n leɛruc d tin n Lemɛatqa, i yesɛan kan kraḍ<ref name=":26" />. Iẓwawen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n tamawya, mi ara ilin deg berra n tmurt-nsen, zemren ad ttwassen s lɛerc-nsen akk d tamawya-nsen, maca werǧin s taddart-nsen. "Deg yiberdan n Lezzayer tamenaɣt, yezmer yiwen ad iẓer Iẓwawen seg lɛerc n At Ǧennad i d-yettasen akken ad sqedcen izerfan-nsen... ma yesteqsa-ten ḥedd, deg Lezzayer, ansi i d-kkren, ad d-rren: "At Ǧennad". ttun tudrin-nsen yerna ttnadin kan ɣef teqbilt-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin....Yeshel ad nefhem belli, mi ara ilin deg temnaḍin i yellan d tiberraniyin fell-asen, At εakache akk tettu tudrin-nsen yerna ad d-inin kan d lɛerc-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin. Ttṛuḥun ugar, ad d-inin kan Agawaw. D aya, imi di tazwara d Igawawen akk i llan, i ttεawnen wway gar-asen yerna ad d-rren ttar ...<ref>Liorel, ''Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025'', asebter. 354-356.</ref>" ― Jules Liorel, ''Races berbères, Kabylie du Jurjura'' (1892). '''Agraw n Tamawya''' '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' Agraw n Tamawya qlil ma yettemlili, yerna am Tamawya n Leɛruc, ur nesɛi ara imedyaten i d-yettwasqedcen ɣef waya. Sin-nni n yimedyaten i d-yettbanen s wazal-nsen i d-yettunefken deg At Iraten akk d At Betrun. Amezwaru yexdem timlilit-is deg yiwen n wass ur ur nettwassen deg tlemmast n lqern wis 18, deg taddart n Tizra Wagemun<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 223.</ref>, anda yal lɛerc n Tamawya yesbedd-d aẓru-ines n usmekti<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 8.</ref>. Amedya wis sin yexdem timlilit-is deg useggas n 1749 d wid i ten-iɛawnen, leɛrac n usammar n At Sedqa, deg ssuq n At Wasif. Sin-nni n yigrawen, fsbedden-d iṣuḍaf imaynuten, yerna kksen-d azref n tlawin ad weṛten<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 124.</ref>. Timawya zemren daɣen ad d-mlalen mi ara d-kkren yimenɣiyen, i wakk-n ad meslayen ɣef ṭṭraḍ. '''Ameqran''' ''(lamin)'' '''n Tamawya''' Tikwal, mi ara gzun leɛruc i d-yesbedden Tamawya ad ttgent akk ccɣel n yiserdasen, ttfernin yiwen n "Ameqran n Tamawya" akken ad d-yesselḥu timhal-nni. Ahil-is am win n Ameqran n lumna, anagar aneggaru-a yettuɣal d amɛiwen-is. Ameqran n lumna, deg tilin n Ameqran n Tamawya, yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yessiwḍ lewṣayat n uqerruy-is ɣer yimdanen-nsen, dɣa d nitni ay ten-id-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen<ref name=":24" />. == '''Anekcum n Fransa ɣef Tefriqt n Ugafa''' == Tawayt taserdasit tafransist n 1830 tella deg tazwara mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tamaneɣt imi Fṛansa ur tesɛa ara lfayda deg ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel neɣ ad tkemmel ad teqqim d timziregt. Mi i ṭṭfen Yifṛensisen tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer, semman-as i tama-nni, i wumi qqaren deg tazwara n ussehres d ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Lezzayer; aya yeḍra-d s yiwet n lewṣayat n uneɣlaf afṛensis n ṭṭraḍ, Jeneral Schneider, deg tebrat-is n 14 Tubeṛ 1838 i Marshall Valée, imi yura-d: “Ar ass-a, akal-nni i d-neṭṭef deg Tefriqt n Ugafa llan qqaren-as d ayla n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa neɣ s yisem n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart, neɣ s yisem n Lezzayer. Imesli-a aneggaru, d win yezzin, yeshel, yerna d win i d-yeqqnen ɣef wiyaḍ [...], i d-yettbanen akka tura d win am i d-irebḥen ɣef imesliyen niḍen [...] Ihi ad k-id-iniɣ [...] ad tesbeddleḍ (ad tesqedceḍ) awal "Lezzayer" deg yismawen-nniḍen i yellan uqbel.” (Yettwabder-d sɣur Guiral, 1992: 45)<ref>Bernand Lugan [https://ia903405.us.archive.org/25/items/histoire-de-l-afrique-du-nord-des-origines-a-nos-jours-bernard-lugan_edition-2016/Histoire%20de%20l%27Afrique%20du%20Nord%20-%28Des%20origines%20%C3%A0%20nos%20jours%29-%20Bernard%20Lugan_%C3%A9dition-2016.pdf – Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord. Chapitre III]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Algérie : de l’« encombrante conquete » au « royaume arabe »</ref> Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer [[Surya]] netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.[[Tugna:Reddition d abd el kader 1847.jpg|vignette|Asellem n Limir Ɛebdelqader, 23 Dujembeṛ 1847. Augustin Regis.]]Lezzayer tafṛensist d tmurt n Leqvayel ttkemmilent tteddunt yiwet ɣer tama n wayeḍ, dɣa deg wass n 3 Meɣres 1854, Napoléon wis 3 yessuffeɣ-d "sénatus-consulte" (lqanun n Useqqamu n Senat) i d-yesbeggnen lebɣi ameqqran n Fransa i wakken ad tkemmel tilin n uwanak n tmurt n Leqvayel. Tamuɣli-ya tella-d daɣen sɣur ujiniṛal Bugeaud (Ajiniṛal n Lezzayer seg 1840 arma d 1847) i yufa d ayen yesεa sswab ad ikemmel ad iqabel tmurt taqbaylit tilellit, wala ad yebdu ṭṭraḍ mgal-is. Tamurt n Leqvayel deg tallit-a mazal-itt tettwaḥder seg lebɛid sɣur lɛesker afṛansis imi ugaden ad ten-awḍen yiɣallen n Leqvayel.<ref name=":9">Jean-Pierre Frapolli - [https://cdha.fr/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/Club_Kabylie/conquête_kabylie_1_JPF_120115.pdf La Conquête De La Kabylie - (1ère Partie) Une conquête fortuite] - Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie - Club Kabylie</ref> [[Tugna:Discussion sous la tente des chefs Kabyle avec le général Randon.jpg|alt=Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqbayel akk-d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.|vignette|Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqvayel akk d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.]] Win i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n Bugeaud, Jeneral Jacques Randon (1795-1871), yella yesɛa rray nniḍen. Yeqqneɛ Napoléon wis tlata ɣef lḥeṛs n ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel, yerna yenna-d dakken tamurt n Leqvayel timziregt ad tili dima d azaglu i yiɣlanen imaynuten n Fransa deg Tefriqt ugafa, yerna lemmer ad d-yili ṭṭraḍ di Turuft, Leqvayel zemrent ad d-ssiwḍent isallen iserdasiyen s lebḥer u ad bdun tagrawla deg temnaḍt-nni akk. Aẓdam n tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d deg 19 maggu 1857, s ddaw n Jeneral Randon s 4 n tseddarin s 37.000 n yergazen; Aẓdam n Fransa ɣef tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d 27 n yiseggasen deffir n umenɣi n Fransa mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart deg 1830 d 19 n yiseggasen deffir n usnulfu n Lezzayer. Deg taggara, Fransa teqqen-ed Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857.<ref name=":9" /> Ihi, Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli"<ref name=":6">Émile Carrey - [[iarchive:bub_gb_9LaPjz173RgC/page/n135/mode/2up|Récit de Kabylie, compagne de 185]]7. Chapitre X - Dissolution de l'armée expéditionnaire. “La Kabylie du Djurjura n’existe plus à l’état de nation indépendante."</ref> Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa. == Tasertit == * Sin ikabaren isertiyen i llan di Tmurt n Leqvayel, ɣas akken bɣan ad illin d ikabaren iɣelnawen maca imeɣnasen nsen ttekkin seg Leqvayel kan : [[Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen]] (FFS) n [[Ḥusin At Ḥmed]], d [[Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut|Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut]] (RCD) n duktur [[Saɛid Saɛdi]]. * leɛrac bannen-d di [[Tafsut Taberkant]] (2001) maca am nutni ama FFS d RCD lhan d wayen i ceɣben izayriyen s umata, ttun tamurt. * [[Timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen]] (MAK) yesbed [[Ferḥat Mhenni]] iban-ed daɣen di tefsut taberkant, d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiweḍ ar timanit n tmurt n Leqvayel. == Iẓwawen ittwasnen == : ɣer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]'' == Udmawen Iqbayliyen== : ɣer ''[[Idmawen iqbayliyen]]'' == Wali daɣen== * [[Imaziɣen]] == Ismal n Internet == * '''[http://www.imyura.net www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}''' : asmel n tsekla tazwawt, s teqbaylit akk. * '''[http://www.kabyle.com www.kabyle.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.acaoh.ca http://www.acaoh.ca]''' : asmel n [[Tidukkla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Ḥull]] di Kanada. * '''[http://www.kabyles.com www.kabyles.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.tamazgha.org www.tamazgha.org]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Marikan ugafa. * '''[http://www.racines-izuran.com www.racines-izuran.com]''' : asmel n weɣmis s snat n tutlayin: taqbaylit d tafransist. * '''[http://www.tamazgha.fr www.tamazgha.fr]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Franṣa. *'''[http://tameddit.com www.tameddit.com] aɣmis s tmaziɣt''' * '''[http://www.tussna.blogspot.com www.tussna.blogspot.com]''' tussna i yibujaden, s teqvaylit == Iɣbula == [[Taggayt:Tamurt n Leqbayel|*]] h608f4bwkx3xd2c55k448vu9q20gkxj 117891 117890 2026-11-07T18:28:27Z Ruya36 17090 117891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Tamnaḍt | isem = Tamurt n Leqvayel | tiɣmi = 0D5EAF | isem adigan = Tamurt n Iqbayliyen / Tamurt n Izwawen | isem adigan 2 = ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵡⴻⵏ | alugu = Tala_guilef.jpg | lqedd alugu = 255px | azday alugu = Tala Gilef, [[Buɣni|Vuɣni]]. | asenjaq = | lqedd asenjaq = | azday asenjaq = | imseɣret = Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu | takarḍa = Map_of_Kabylia.png | lqedd takarḍa = 255px | azday takarḍa = Takarḍa n Tamurt n Leqvayel. | timdinin = [[Bgayet]], [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]] d [[Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]] | tutlayin = [[Taqvaylit]]</br>[[Tafransist]]</br>[[Taɛrabt]] | imsidag = 37°49′N 4°50′E | tajumma = {{formatnum:32486}} km² | isem n umezdaɣ = [[Iqbayliyen]] (Aqvayli, Taqvaylit), Izwawen (Azwaw, Tazwawt), Igawawen (Agawaw, Tagawawt) | imezdaɣ = {{formatnum:3000000}}-{{formatnum:3500000}} | taneẓẓi = 92-108 imezdaɣ/km² | tamawt = Amḍan n yimezdaɣ akked tneẓẓi n useggas 2025. |tamurt=Lezzayer}} [[Tugna:Djurjura, Algeria.jpg|alt=Idurar n Ǧerǧer|vignette|260px|Idurar n [[Ǧerǧer]]]] '''Tamurt n Leqvayel d Teqvayliyyin,''' tettwaru daɣen Tamurt n Leqbayel ''(s tifinaɣ: ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ, anamek-is "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen")'', d tamnaḍt n yidurar yellan deg Ugafa-Agmuḍan n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg wenẓul-agmuḍan n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]]. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as "Tamurt n Idurar" neɣ "Tamurt" kan. Leqvayel ttmeslayen [[Taqbaylit|Taqvaylit]], yiwet si ger [[tutlayin timaziɣin]]. S wazal n 40.000 km2 n wakal ''(am [[Danmaṛk]], neɣ [[Taswist]], neɣ [[Timura n Wadda|Tagelda n Tmura n Wadda]]),'' Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa azal n 10 imelyan n yimezdaɣ<ref>UNPO [https://unpo.org/downloads/2474.pdf Kabylia Briefing Note]. 2025 (s teglizit). </ref> zdaxel n tlisa-s, tesɛa daɣen azal n sin n imelyan n leqvayel deg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], d wazal n sin n imelyan deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], akked azal 500 n imelyan nniḍen deg [[Amaḍal|umaḍal]], aya ad yessiweḍ agdud n Leqvayel ɣer wazal n 14 n yimelyunen d uzgen; aya d ayen yugaren amḍan n yimezdaɣ n tmurt n [[Tunes]]. Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa aṭas n temnaḍin d temdinin, gar-asent: [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Bgayet]], d [[Tubiret]]. Amezruy-iss yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa. == '''Aẓar n yisem n Leqvayel''' == Isem n teqvaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal "Kabbalah"—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus. Ahat awal n "Kabbalah" n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Taqvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu ([[Aqbu]]) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi "Kabbalah", i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden. Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Leqvayel sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”<ref>Salem Chaker, « Note à propos du précédent article », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1,‎ 1978, p. 103–104 ([https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1978_num_26_1_1826 ɣeṛ deg usebter-a s tefransist] [archive], consulté le 11 janvier 2019)</ref>. Daɣen, seg zik, Leqvayel ur ur smalen ara iman-nsen d “iqvayliyen”, maca d Iẓwawen. Akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yimezdaɣ n “tmurt n Leqvayel” deg unamek-is n tura, wid yettmeslayen Taɛrabt llan sseqdacen awal n Zuwawa (Zwawa), asuf. Zzwawi (Zwawi) i yellan, ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tmuɣli, d asenqes n Agawa amaziɣ, d aɣerrabu yellan deg wul n “Tamurt n Leqvayel Tameqrant”, seg waya ay d-yekka wawal Igawawen<ref>Il semblerait que dans l'Antiquité, les Igawawen aient porté le nom de Quinquegentiens, appellation administrative désignant cinq tribus (''quinque gente''). Une vieille légende rapporte en effet que les montagnards descendent d'un géant qui eut cinq fils, lesquels formaient les cinq tribus antiques (Boulifa, 1925), les fameux Quinquegentiens qui se révoltèrent contre les Romains. (Leroux, 1857, p. 57.)</ref> akken ad d-yesmekti “Iqvayliyen”, yerna d isem n yiwet n tamawya (tdukli) tazmertant n tmanya n yegduden i d-yezgan deg “tmurt n Leqvayel”: At Betrun (At Yenni, At Budrar, At Bu Ɛekkac, [[At Wasif]]) d At Menguellath (At Mengellat, [[At Bu Yusef]], At Weqbil, At Ɛeṭṭaf)<ref name=":8">Jacques Lanfry, «  », ''Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée'', <abbr>vol.</abbr> 26, <abbr>n^o</abbr> 1,‎ 1978</ref>. [[Ibn Xeldun]] yenna-d dakken Iẓwawen llan daɣen d aḥric seg Yikutamen<ref name=":8" />. ''(Tameslayt-a ay d-yellan ɣef Ibn Xeldoun d akken kan ad d-nesmekti belli awal Iẓwawen yettwaseqdac-ed deg tallit-is)'' Isem “zwawa” yessekles akka akk “iqvayliyen” s umata; Izwawen deg tutlayt tamaziɣt. Ɣef leḥsab n imusnawen nniḍen, awal Aẓwaw d wawal Agawa/Agawaw ur sɛin ara yiwet n tmetti, Igawawen yettak-d anamek n tamawya n Yigawawen, ma d Iẓwawen yettak-d anamek n Iẓwawen, “Leqvayel”, akken ma llan. Aselmad [[Salem Chaker]] yeqqar-d dakken awal Zwawa/Zwawi i d-sseqdacen wid yemeslayen taɛrabt ur ilaq ara ad yettwasemlil d agawa/igawawen, maca d Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen (isem aqvayli d yisem n lɛerc ay yettwassnen deg “Tmurt n Leqvayel”). Salem Chaker yeṭṭef deg tikti-ya belli Iẓwawen d isem n tidet aqbur n “Leqvayel” ay yellan,"imi qrib ttun isem-nsen n tidet")<ref name=":8" />. Nnig waya, deg wegmuḍ n Lezzayer, iqvayliyen mazal-iten ttwasemman s yisem n Zouaoua/Zouaoui<ref>Malha Benbrahim, professeur à l'Inalco, ''Documents sur Fadhma N’Soumeur (1830-1861)'', Clio, numéro 9/1999, Femmes du Maghreb.</ref>. Ula d ass-a, “iqbayliyen” akk ssawalen i yiman-nsen s yisem Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen. Deg usebter-a nesseqdac sin n wawalen-a, "Leqvayel" d "Iẓwawen" mebla amgired imi anamek-nsen d yiwen. Yettwafhem daɣen belli awal-a d win i d-yesdukklen deg-s Teqvayliyyin. == '''Amezruy''' == Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n [[Ǧerǧer]] yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n ''Muns Ferratus'' ("adrar n wuzzal"). Ibder-iten [[Aurelius Victor]] deg wedlis-is (''De Caesaribus'' 39.22: "nationes Quinquegentanae") d [[Eutropius]] (''Breviarium'' 9.22: "Quinquegentiani"). Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL). '''Ẓer:''' '''[[Numidya]]''' Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast. == '''Tallit talemmast''' == Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma. Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]] deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa North Africa - The Vandal conques]t". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</ref><ref>Day, Alan (July 2001). "[https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.2001.15.7.43.400 The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV:2001400Averil Cameron, Brian Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby, editors. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. xx+1,166pp, ISBN: 0 521 32591 9]". ISSN 0950-4125.</ref> Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen.<ref>"[https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219133607/https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en |date=2024-12-19 }}". esploro.libs.uga.edu. Yettwaṭṭef deg 11 Ɣuct 2024.</ref> Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156 The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118 Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167 The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568]</ref> Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa [[Tutlayt taɛrabt|Taɛrabt]] n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93 The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93]</ref> Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tYtIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA186 Scottish Geographical Magazine, Volume 10; Volume 1894]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f1pBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA165 Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4]</ref> Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken. == '''Listiɛmar Aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal Aɛraben''' == [[Tugna:Dihya Berber Queen of the Aurès by Vernet-Lecomte.jpg|vignette|[[Dihya Tadmut|'''Dihya''' '''Tadmut''']] '''- Vernet-Lecomte''']] Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Meynier2010|Meynier 2010]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 195.</ref>. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen. Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 46. </ref> Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni "العدو" taɛdawt".<ref name=":0">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 513.</ref> Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am [[Aksel (agellid)|Aksel]] neɣ [[Dihya Tadmut]], iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.[[Tugna:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|vignette|Tugna n yiwen n weqcic d akli deg Tmurt n Zanzibar. "Yettwaɛaqeb sɣur bab-is aɛrab." Azal n 1890. Seg iseggasen n 1860 ar deffir, tugna tettwaseqdac s waṭas deg yiznan i d-yettakken tiɣri i uḥemmal n tlelli. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']]Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen ''(جزية ǧizyah)'', ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen ''(dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي)'', war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen. [[Tugna:Meccan merchant and his Circassian slave.jpg|vignette|Yiwen n umerkanti aɛṛab seg Mekka (ayeffus) d wakli-s n tmurt n Ccirkas - Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, azal n 1888. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] [[Tugna:IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png|vignette|Tasenselt n uḍar ssexdamen-tt akken ad ḥebsen imdanen deg taddart. S umata, ttwaseqdacen deg waklan deg yiḍ. Akli-nni yezmer kan ad iεeddi s ttawil. Mi ara ttwaqqnent ɣef yiḍarren, ala aḥeddad i izemren ad tent-yesfeḍ. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] == '''Imenɣiyen n Tlelli & Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab''' == Deg useggas n 740''',''' imaziɣen akk deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tafriqt n ugafa]] kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=865 Les Rustamides (761-909]) [archive] », sur Qantara, [[:fr:Institut_du_monde_arabe|Institut du monde arabe]], 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).</ref> ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt.<ref name=":1">[[:fr:Kabylie#Plantade2007|Plantade 2007]], p. 83.</ref> Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d [[Ɛennaba]], si tmurt n [[Lmerruk]] alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen.<ref name=":2">[[:fr:Kabylie#RedjalaSemmoud2011|Redjala 2011]], section 1 : « La Kabylie », « Formation et évolution du bloc kabyle ».</ref> Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen ''(ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen)''<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=866 Les Aghlabides (800-909]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D866 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 19 novembre 2014).</ref>, yerna ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n [[Ibn Xeldun]]: "Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen".<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 48-49. </ref> Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 236.</ref> Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar.<ref>D. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=597 Les Fatimides (909-1171]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D597 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 18 septembre 2012).</ref> Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di [[Maṣer]], ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akk d Shiɛa.<ref name=":3">A. A., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=596 Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)] [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 18 ctember 2012).</ref> Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt.<ref name=":4">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], p. 514.</ref> [[Tugna:Fibonacci5.jpg|vignette|Tugna n Leonardo Fibonacci - mačči d tidet.]] Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]], Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n [[Bgayet]] deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna.<ref name=":3" /> Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as "abrid n ugellid".<ref>Djamel Alilat, « [http://rabahnaceri.unblog.fr/histoire-de-bgayet/triq-es-soltane-litineraire-du-roi-par-dj-alilat/ Triq Es Soltane (l’itinéraire du roi]) [archive] », 1re pub. El Watan, 2 septembre 2007.</ref> S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akk d Turuft<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Dermenghem1954|Dermenghem 1954]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 95.</ref>, tama n tsertit n "tgelda n Bgayet", tettwassen s yisem n "Imerǧan n Tefriqt", tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg [[Turuft]], sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg [[Turuft]].<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Julien1966|Julien 1966]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 104.</ref> Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII.<ref name=":1" /> Dɣa deg tɣiwant n [[Bgayet]], azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen ''(imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni)'' d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt'', (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni)'' yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130.<ref name=":0" /> Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Mourre1996|Mourre 1996]], t. 1, article « Algérie », p. 162.</ref> S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache1992|Kaddache 1992]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 102.</ref> Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet ''(deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes)'' d Dellys ''(i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan)'' tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen. Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Feredj2002|Feredj 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 16-17.</ref> [[Tugna:Béjaïa 1551.jpg|vignette|Asekkil n temdint n [[Bgayet|Vgayet]] sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥrez deg Tmezgunt Taɣelnawt n Fṛansa ''(La Bibliothèque nationale de France).'']] Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif.<ref name=":2" /> Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen "iḥerzen", dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d "tamanaɣt-nsen" yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n [[Tunes]], neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n [[Spenyul]]. == '''Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen''' == [[Tugna:Kab 1500-1750.png|vignette|Tamurt n Yiẓwawen d Tgelda n Lezzayer, 1500-1750.]] Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 515</ref>, neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen "tigeldiwin" n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam.<ref name=":0" /> Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s "Mejana"), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d [[Tunes (tamaneɣt)|Tunes]]; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen<ref name=":5">[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 139.</ref> d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint.<ref name=":5" /> [[Tugna:Koukou si Tefrawt.JPG|vignette|Tadart n [[Kuku]].]] I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abu Ɛebd Lah Muḥemmed IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj ''(Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d'' Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis'', yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Ga%C3%AFd1976|Gaïd 1976]], « Depuis le <abbr>XI^e</abbr> siècle », <abbr>3^e</abbr> partie.</ref> Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref>, tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d [[Ǧiǧel]].<ref>Mechehed Djamel-Eddine, « [http://mechehed.free.fr/documents/Les_turcs___Bougie.doc Les Espagnols et les Turcs à Bougie] [archive] », Radio Soummam, Béjaïa, son histoire et son port, juin–septembre 2004.</ref> Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref> Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n [[Kuku]]<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Leclerc1864|Leclerc 1864]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 61.</ref> i d-yeddren sin n leqrun.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lacoste-Dujardin2003|Lacoste-Dujardin 2003]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 70.</ref> Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 152.</ref>, s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Souidi2005|Souidi 2005]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 36.</ref><ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 239.</ref> Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqvayel d wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen<ref name=":2" /> maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 76.</ref>: tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 516.</ref> Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer ''(''Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas. Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Adli2004|Adli 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 105.</ref> [[Tugna:Kabyle Shepherd, by Eugène Fromentin.JPG|vignette|Ameksa deg idurar n tmurt n Yiẓwawen - Eugène Fromentin (1861).]] Di Tmurt n Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal [[Ǧiǧel]]. Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 24.</ref> Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer [[Qsenṭina]] deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 307.</ref> Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg [[Buɣni]] i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n "lbruj", gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 486.</ref> [[Tugna:Chef Kabyle.jpg|vignette|Ameqran n Tamawya ''(teqbilt)'' Aẓwaw. 1846 - Amezruy n Lezzayer Tafransist ''(Histoire de l'Algérie française)'' - Camille Leynadier.|alt=Ameqran n Tamawya]] S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akk d tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 79.</ref> Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt.<ref name=":2" /> Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen.<ref name=":4" /> Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526.</ref> I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526, 407.</ref> Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akk d twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 477.</ref> D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770 (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 ''(deg temnaḍt n Soummam)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 205.</ref> Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 490.</ref> Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a. == '''Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857''' == ==== '''Adabu Di Tmurt n Leqvayel''' ==== I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen: '''Awanek:''' d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines. '''Anavad:''' yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes. [[Tugna:Sur les côtes de Kabylie par Frederick Arthur Bridgman.jpg|vignette|Tiɣilt n Yiẓwawen - Frederick Arthur Bridgman.]] Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli”<ref name=":6" /> yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt. Awalen i d-tenna Lalla [[Faḍma n Sumer|Faḍma n Sume]]<nowiki/>r i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkem.” [[Tugna:Chérif Boubaghla and Lalla Fatma n'Soumer, by Félix Philippoteaux.jpg|vignette|Lalla Faḍma n Sumer Tennaɣ armi d taggara - Philippoteaux, 1866.]] [[Tugna:Portrait-Fatma N'Soumer.jpg|vignette|Tameṭṭut taẓwawt deg umennuɣ F. Filiput.]] Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: "skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. " Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli. Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 ''(aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj)'' armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli. Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.”<ref name=":7">Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: [[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]. 2017. </ref> Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. [[Tugna:Martinus Rørbye - A seated Kabyla.jpg|vignette|Aẓwaw yeqqimen - Martinus Rørbye. ]] Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.”<ref name=":7" /> Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen.<ref>Asebter seg udlis d tdiwennit n Hugh Roberts "[[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]" & Hugh Roberts: "Les kabyles avaient une sorte d'État de Droit dans leurs arches et leurs villages. Video.</ref> [[Tugna:A Kabyle Beauty.webp|vignette|Tameṭṭut taqvaylit ]] Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen ''(ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal<ref name=":7" />, yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella)''<ref name=":7" /> d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines. D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi [[Imaziɣen]] akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti. Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya. == '''Tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n''' '''Fransa''' <ref>Aḥric agi d tasuqilt n umgarad ifazen n https://wiki.amazigh.com. [https://wiki.amazigh.com/index.php/Kabyle_socio-political_structure#cite_note-:20-15 ɣeṛ-it deg internet] (s teglizit). </ref> == [[Tugna:Tuddsa n uwanek aqbayli.png|vignette|Tuddsa n uwanek n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n Fransa]] Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, uqbel asehres n n Fransa, lebni n tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt yella-d s waṭas n yiswiren, yebdan seg win n wadda arma d win yugaren: '''axxam''', '''''taxerrubt'', ''adrum''''', '''taddart''', '''Ṣfuf''' d '''lɛerc''' <ref name=":10">Devaux, Charles. ''Les Kebaïles du Djerdjera''. Marseilles: Camoin, and Paris: Challamel, 1859, asebter. 2-3. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref name=":11">Bourdieu, Pierre. ''The Algerians. Translated by Alan G. C. Ross. Beacon Press, 1962, p. 3. (S teglizit) (Izwel amezwaru s tefransist: Sociologie de l'Algérie''. Presses universitaires de France, 1958).</ref>. Simal yettnerni uswir, simal tettnerni tdukli gar yiɛeggalen-is<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe, and Aristide Horace Letourneux. ''La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles''. 1st ed, 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1872-1873, vol. II, p. 5. ([https://books.google.fr/books?id=L7ZTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 1], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=KxBbAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 2], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=gjA-AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 3] (s tefransist)</ref>. Anagraw asertan yella d win n tugdut<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 1. (s tefransist)</ref>, deg-s yal argaz aqbayli yesɛan azref i wakken ad yeṭṭef leslaḥ yesɛa awal deg temsal n taddart s usarag n tajmalt n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Asdukel n snat neɣ ugar n tudrin d win i d-yefkan lɛerc, yerna mi ara d-dduklen aṭas n leɛruc-a, ad d-snulfun Tamawya ''(taqbilt)''<ref name=":10" />. '''Taddart''' '''Amezruy''' [[Tugna:Maison des Kabyles.jpg|alt=Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882|vignette|Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882]] Di tazwara, Iẓwawen llan zedɣen deg tudrin timecṭuḥin, qqaren-asent ixliǧen (asuf. taxliǧt). Ixliǧeni d-yezgan ɣef yiri-nsent, dduklent akken ad d-snulfun ayen iwumi qqaren tufiq (asget. tufeq), d awal i d-yekkan seg Taɛrabt i d-yettawin s wazal-is anamek n wemsefham neɣ n usselhu<ref>Roberts, Hugh. ''Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria'' ''(Anabaḍ amaziɣ : Tasertit taqbaylit di Lezzayer uqbel n usehres n Fransa)''. I. B. Tauris, 2014, p. 50-51. (s teglizit) </ref>. Anagraw amezwaru yella deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Yiẓwawen, ladɣa deg tdukliwin n At Wagnun d Iflisen Lebḥar, ma d anagraw wis sin yella deg yal amkan anagar deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 54.</ref>. Tikwal, tufiq yettwasemma s yisem n taddart-is tamezwarut, ugar n tikwal d tin meqqren, am akken yella deg Taka n twacult n At Yaḥya<ref name=":12">Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 5.</ref>. Deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer, anda i llant tuddar timeqranin, ixliǧen i d-yellan d aḥric seg twafeq msefhamen ad d-dduklen, s wakka i d-snulfan tudrin tiɣezzanin, yemgaraden ɣef twafeq imi llan d timnaḍin timeqqranin deg umkan n tid meẓẓiyen i d-yezzin, yerna llant d timnaḍin yemgaraden seg iẓuran yemgaraden gar-asent<ref name=":13">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 58-59.</ref>. Imrabḍen zemren ad sɛun tiɣremt-nsen s tayeḍ s waṭas n telmas, zemren ad awḍen ar 400 n yimezdaɣen, am taddart n At Mraw n tamaya n At Iraten deg useggas n 1868<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 241.</ref>. Aṭas n tikkal, tudrin-nsen ttilin ɣef yiri n tilisa n lecruc ur msefhamen ara gar-asen<ref>Roberts,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 236.</ref>. Maca deg tudrin timeqqranin, ttilin-d d aḥric neɣ d abrid ur yettwaferqen ara ɣef wid nniḍen<ref name=":14">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 244.</ref>. === '''Talɣa''' === ==== '''Axxam & Adrum''' ==== Tadukli tamecṭuḥt akk deg taddart d tawacult neɣ axxam. Tawacult, akk d twaculin-nniḍen swayes i sɛant yiwen n lejdud ucrik, tettawi-d yiwet n twaculin (taxerrubt, asget. tixerrubin; neɣ: taɛrift<ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “[https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle]”, ''Droit et cultures'', 60 | 2010-2 (s tefransist), Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025. Asebter: [http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359]</ref> neɣ adrum), ssawalen i yiman-nsen d atmaten yerna ssuturen iman-nsen s yiwen n yisem<ref name=":11" />. Taxerrubt tezmer ad d-teqbel yiwet n twacult yesɛan laṣel yemgerraden i d-yettnadin ɣef tasdawit, deg tegnit-a iminig-nni imaynuten ad uɣalen d imselliyen (imsenden) yerna ad ttwaḥerzen (s Laɛnaya) <ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle”, ''Droit et cultures'' [Online], 60 | 2010-2. (s tefransist) URL: http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359;&#x20;DOI:&{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}#x20;https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359</ref>. [[Tugna:Pittura famiglia Kabyle.jpg|alt=Tawacult taqbaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.|vignette|Tawacult taqvaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.]] Tudrin n Yiẓwawen zemrent ad ilint deg-sent tixerrubin ur nettwaḥsab ara d Iẓwawen: imrabḍen d aklan. imrabḍen llan-d d yiwet n tarbaεt n imqeddsen n yimdanen i qqaren-d d akken ffɣen-d seg nnbi ineslem Muḥemmed. Ur d-ggaren ara iman-nsent deg lecɣal n taddart d yimennuɣen, ala akken ad d-rren talwit, acku ur ttekkan ara ɣer taddart neɣ ɣer yiwet n twacult. Seg tama niḍen, aklan d tawsit n yiqeddacen i d-yekkan si tmurt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt, wid yellan deg-s xeddmen lecɣal i yettwaḥeqren. D wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. Aẓwaw yellan ddaw n tmenɣiwt, yezmer ad yeqbel ad yuɣal d akli, s wakka ad yeǧǧ izerfan-is d aɣerman, akken ad iḥrez iman-is seg tmenɣiwt, imi ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḥettem ɣef aklan, maca kan ɣef yimdanen yesɛan yiwen n uswir anmetti. Imrabḍen llan d tawsit tamecṭuḥt deg yal amkan, maca deg teqbilt n At Itsuraɣ, ur llan ddaw n 40% seg wakk imezdaɣen<ref name=":14" />. ==== '''Adrum''' ==== Tixerrubin-nni i d-yellan deg yiwet n taddart, ttwaqqnen ɣer sin neɣ ugar n Tixerrubin (iderma, asuf. adrum), yal yiwen deg-sen yesεa amkan-is deg taddart, yezmer ad yesɛu agraw-is, tamesgida-ines d tmeqbert-ines. Tixerrubin yemgaraden n yiwet n twacult, s tidett, ttemsefhament s wazal n yidammen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 25.</ref>, mebla ma swaswa ad d-kkren seg yiwen n lejdud<ref name=":13" />. Tiwaculin tibeṛṛaniyin zemrent ad ttwaseddant deg yiwet seg Tixerrubin-nni yellan uqbel. ==== Ṣfuf ==== Iderma n tudrin tiqbayliyin tilemmasin d timqranin llant ttwaseddant s waṭas degs sin ṣfuf. Deg kra n tudrin, ṣfuf ur zeddigen ara deg wazal-nsen, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan akabar-nni ixuṣṣen ad d-inadi ɣef yimeddukal deg yimukan niḍen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13-14.</ref>. Aya yessawḍ-d ɣer ussebded nyiwen n uẓeṭṭa n tdukliwin i d-yeffɣen s yal tama. A ṣeff yezmer ad yili d win ixuṣṣen deg waṭṭas deg yiwet n taddart, ma deg tayeḍ yezmer ad yili d win i d-yessersen deg tayeḍ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13.</ref>. Aɣbel meẓẓiyen kan yezmer ad d-yeǧǧ lgirra gar sin ṣfuf, yerna ma yebɣa yiwen ṣfuf ad yessers lebɣi-s ɣef wayeḍ, s waṭas ay yettɛedday ɣef ccwal. Ilaq ad d-nini belli ṣeff d kra i yettbeddilen, yerna yezmer ad yernu neɣ ad yenqes deg tezmert-nnes, yerna wid i t-id-yeḍḍfen zemren ad beddlen tama<ref name=":15">Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 38. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 12.</ref>. . Isem-nsen yemgerrad seg teqbilt ɣer tayeḍ, win i d-yettwassen akk d ṣeff ufella ('akabar n ufella') d ṣeff n wadda ('akabar n ddaw') yerna, d ɣer yiwen n weḥric ameẓyan, icerqiyen d iɣerbiyen [19]. Ismawen-a, ɣas akken d ismawen i d-yeffɣen seg umḍiq, ur sɛin ara assaɣ d tgemmi n ṣeff. Ṣfuf nniḍen ttwasemman-asen s yisem n twacult neɣ n uqerru-nsen<ref name=":15" /><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel.'', vol. II, asebter. 11.</ref>. === '''Asqamu n taddart''' === ==== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ==== Taddart tẓwawt tella d awanek akk d d temdint, tasudut i tt-yesselḥayen d agraw* ''(tajmaɛt)'' n taddart. Yella yeṭṭef tazmert tasertant, tasertant, tadbelt d teɣdemt<ref name=":16">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 10, 25.</ref>, yerna yesɛa Ameqran, i d-yefren imezdaɣ n taddart, d aselway-is. Yiwet n tikelt deg yal ddurt neɣ sin, ad d-tili yiwet n temlilit akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef temsal n taddart. Aberraḥ d netta ay d-yettbecciren ɣef lebda n temlilit, yerna yal argaz meqqren yessefk fell-as ad d-yeḥḍer. Amḍiq n temlilit d d lebni yeldin, deg daxel-nnes yella sin n yimukan n uẓru i d-yettmuqulen yiwen ɣef wayeḍ<ref name=":17">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 93.</ref>. Timlilit tezmer daɣen ad tili deg imukan-nniḍen, am tmesgidiwin, neɣ zdat n tteǧra. Agraw n taddart d netta i d-yelhan s usnulfu n usaḍuf d usseḍru-nsen, yerna ad d-yeṭṭef tiɣriwin deg tegnit n tuccḍa<ref name=":16" />. Aselway-is, ameqran neɣ amɣar (da amin) n taddart, d netta daɣen i d-yettawin leqdic amatu, am usseqdec n yiberdan, tiliwa d tmesgidiwin, neɣ lebni n yixxamen<ref>Hanoteau and Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. Tettili-d daɣen tikwal ayen i wumi qqaren timecret s Taẓwawt, anda i d-yettunefken wulli neɣ iɣersiwen-nniḍen, dɣa aksum-nsen yettwafreq s lbaṭel ɣer yal tawacult<ref name=":18">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 29.</ref>. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, agraw n taddart yettarra-d iserdan d lbarud i wid ur nezmir ara ad ten-id-aɣen<ref name=":18" />. <nowiki/>* Ɣur Twareg, agraw qqaren-as ameni neɣ ameney, aẓar "mny" ay d-yeqqaren "ad nwali gar-aneɣ, ad nemlil", yesskanay-d deg Tuareg "tadiwennit, timlilit" s unamek amatu am wakken ay d-yesmektay "timlilit" neɣ "taɣimit" n wegraw asertan. ==== '''Talɣa''' ==== [[Tugna:Maison du marabout et mosquée à Koukou.jpg|vignette|Taxxamt n imrabḍen d lǧameɛ deg tagelda n [[Kuku]]. Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Asemres n usqamu n taddart deg-s i d-iteddun: lamin, yettwafren s tefranin tiɣelnawin neɣ yettefran sɣur imḍebbren, yettgen ukil n lǧameɛ, yerna aneggaru-a d netta i d amḍebber n tedrimt n lǧameɛ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. Yal adrum n taddart yettferriḍ yiwen n wergaz seg yiman-nsen d agensas-nsen deg usqamu n taddart. Ṭamen d win i d-yezgan gar adrum-is d lamin, akk d win i d-yettεawanen aneggaru-a<ref name=":11" />. Ɣef leḥsab n Hanoteau, d lamin i d-yettwafernen ṭamen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Daɣen, kra n yergazen yettwaḥesben d imusnawen (d lɛuqqal) ttekkin ula d nutni deg usqamu<ref name=":19">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 24.</ref>. Irgazen-nniḍen ttɣimen zzin-d i umḍiq n temlilit, sellen, mmeslayen tikwal kan, ma ulac ur mmeslayen akk<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 93.</ref>. Imrabḍen d iklan ur ttilin ara deg usarag<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqqran (lamin) n Taddart''' ===== Ismawen yemgaraden i yettwaseqdacen i usemres-a, ɣef leḥsab n temnaḍt, win ay d-yettwassnen yerna yettwassen aṭas d lamin. Ismawen-nniḍen, ur ttwasseqdacen ara mliḥ, d “ameqqran” d “amɣar”<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Yal argaz aqbayli, ma yella yezmer ad yeddem leslaḥ, yezmer ad yuɣal d lamin n taddart-is, di tiẓri meqqar. Maca deg tuget n tegnatin, amin s umata yettas-d seg twacult yesɛan tazmert deg taddart. Deg twafeq, amur ameqran n wakud, seg terbaɛt tameqrant n yimezdaɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 26.</ref>. Lamin yella yesɛa cwiṭ n tezmert d aselway n temlilit, yerna yeṭṭef kan amkan-is skud yettwaḥsab d win yezmeren ad yexxdem ccɣel-nnes<ref>Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'',asebter. 4-5.</ref>. Deg yiwet n taddart n At Mangellat, Tawrirt Mangellat, amen yettwafernen seg yal taxerrubt s nnuba<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 33</ref>. Gar lecɣal n lamin, d aɛessas n wayla<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 44.</ref>, am wakken daɣen ay d-yella uḍman n uqader n usaḍuf d ussefqed n tmenɣiwin. D netta daɣen i d-yettaṭṭafen tifin d leɣlaḍ. Ma yella amin yexdem lbaṭel, ilaq-as ad ixelleṣ yerna ad yeṭṭef taggara<ref>Liorel, Jules. ''Races berbères: Kabylie du Djurdjura''. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1893, 315. (s tefransist) ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Kabylie_du_Jurjura.html?id=msThiy2egeAC&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref>, ma yella yeṭṭef taggara mebla agraw n imezdaɣ n taddart, ad ixelleṣ ula d netta (qanun n yiwet n taddart n tmurt Aqbil, At Mangellat)<ref>Liorel, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 316.</ref>. Lamin ilaq ad yili d aḥerfi yerna ilaq ad yesɛu tamusni taserdast, imi ad d-yawi irgazen-is deg umennuɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ, i d-yettunefken sɣur Ameqran n taddart, yezmer ad yili d Aẓwaw neɣ d amṛabti, yerna yettwafernen seg twacult yesɛan aṭas n yedrimen yerna yesɛa tazmert<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. D netta i d-yettḥekkmen ɣef ussefrek n ugerruj n lǧameɛ i yellan yemsefraq ɣef ugerruj n taddart. Ma yella lǧameɛ-nni d ayla n yiwet n tmesgida mačči d ayla n taddart, ukil n lǧameɛ yettwafren sɣur taxerrubt-nni ay yesɛan lǧameɛ-nni mačči sɣur Ameqran n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 36.</ref>. Segmi i d-teṭṭef Fransa tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tadbelt tamesbaṭlit, ɣas akken teǧǧa timḍebbrin tiqbayliyin akken llan, tesnulfa-d amḍiq amaynut, d win n ukil, yettwafren sɣur agraw n taddart, yerna yesɛa tiɣbula am ukil n lǧameɛ, maca mačči am ineggura-agi, yessedday lxezna n taddart deg umḍiq n lǧameɛ-nni<ref name=":20">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 134.</ref>. ===== Ṭamen ===== [[Tugna:Élection à Koukou.jpg|alt=Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.|vignette|Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Yal taxerubt tesεa yiwen n umseqdac deg tejmaɛt, iwumi qqaren ṭamen, d awal n taɛrabt yesεan anamek n 'aḍman'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Yal taxerubt n taddart tettak-d yiwen seg yergazen-is d ṭamen[2], maca ɣef wakken i d-yenna Hanoteau, d Ameqran i t-yettunefken<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. D netta i d amsalay gar taxerubt d tejmaɛt, yerna daɣen d amεiwen n Ameqran. Deg kra n teqbilin, am At Fliq, ṭamen, imi d netta i d aqerru n twacult-is, tikwal ttwakelfen-as tazmert n ṭamen <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100.</ref>. Deg kra n tudrin, ṭamen mačči kan d win i d-yeskanen taxerubt-is, d lɛerc-is s lekmal-is<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Gar lecɣal-is, ad d-yerr s yisem n taxerubt-is (neɣ n lɛerc-is) deg tejmaɛt n taddart, ad ixelleṣ tiɣrifin i d-yexdem iɛeggalen n txerubt-is, yerna ad d-yefk isallen ineggura i Ameqran<ref name=":21">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100-101.</ref>. Tikwal, d ṭamen i d-yettawin ticcetkiwin uqbel ad awḍen ɣer Ameqran. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, yettak-d iɣallen-is i Ameqran<ref name=":21" />. ===== Ɛuqqal ===== Awal ɛuqqal, n laṣel aɛrab, anamek-is d 'amussnaw', 'afehhem'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 92.</ref>. Ur yelli ara lḥedd ɣef wacḥal n ɛuqqal ay yezmer ad teṭṭef agraw n taddart, maca s umata llan gar 5 ar 10 deg wazal-nsen. Ttwafernen s rray n medden<ref name=":19" />. Iɛuqqalen d imɣaren, aya i ten-yeǧǧan ad ttwaḥesben d wid yesɛan tamusni d tmussni deg wallen n Yiqbayliyen, imi Aqbayli, mi ara yili yid-s yiwen seg twacult-is meqqren, qlil ma yettmeslay (s leqder), daymi i d nutni, Ameqran d ṭemman, i d-yettḥekmen ɣef tejmaɛt<ref name=":17" />. Ttwaqadren aṭas, yerna d ccbaḥa-nsen kan i asen-yefkan azwel-nsen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 95.</ref>. Awal-nsen yesεa azal deg temsirin n wagraw. ==== '''Lɛerc''' ==== Tiddukla n waṭas n tudrin (neɣ twafeq) d tin i d-yettakken lɛerc (anamek-is d 'akersi' am win yesseqdac ugellid). Deg kra n tegnatin, lɛerc yezmer ad yili seg yiwet n taddart kan, am Iɣil Imula<ref name=":22">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 47.</ref>. Imdanen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n lɛerc ur ttekkan dima deg yiwen n lejdud, yerna aṭas n leɛruc ur sɛin ara ismawen i d-yettawin ɣer lejdud-nsen, am At Wasif (imdanen n wasif) d At Budrar (imdanen yesɛan adrar), At Umalu d At Usammer (imdanen n tama n wedrar ay yesɛan tili d yiṭij, s tɣawla) n At Iraten<ref name=":22" />. Asemres n lɛerc yezmer daɣen ad ibeddel. Aya yezmer ad d-yili s usdukkel n taddart n teqbilt niḍen, neɣ s lɛerc n taddart. Deg tdukli n At Ɛisi, taddart n At Maḥmud, Tala Xellil, tettwaqqen ɣer At Dwala. Amedya nniḍen d taddart n Tagemmunt Leǧdid, i d-yekkan di tazwara ɣer At Ɛmer u-Fayed n tdukli n At Ɛisi, dɣa teqqen ɣer Iwaḍiyen deffir n ṭṭraḍ<ref name=":23">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67.</ref>. Llan sin n yimedyaten i d-yettwaseknen deg umezruy n leɛruc i yedduklen tudrin-nsen ɣer leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer tama-nsen ɣef ddemma n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw, am wakken i yella deg tegnit n Isemmaḍiyen n tdukli n At Iraten, d At u-Belqasem n At Betrun<ref name=":23" />. Tiddukliwin-a ur tent-id-yeḍfer ara umussu n yimezdaɣen, imezdaɣen n tuddar yettwaqqnen qqimen ttwaḥerzen. Mi llan deg wakal aberrani, iqbayliyen ttwasnen s teqbilt-nsen neɣ s tdukli-nsen kan, werǧin s tudrin-nsen, yerna ttemɛawanen waygar-asen mebla lxilaf. Yal yiwen deg-sen yella ddaw laɛnaya-s, dɣa d lwaǧeb i yal yiwen ad iḥareb ɣef teqbilt-is, xas ma yella d ayen ara d-yeǧǧen tudert-is deg lḥif. Win i d-yesbeggnen isekkilen n tkerkas, ur d-yettekki ara deg uɛiwen neɣ deg uḥareb n teqbilt-is, ad ixelleṣ, yerna ad yexṣer ccan-is ger wegdud-is<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 59.</ref>. S umata, leɛruc llan ttwabḍan ɣef sin n ṣfuf, yerna yal taddart tesɛa sin-nni n leɛruc. Ṣfuf-a zemren ad awḍen ula nnig n tdukli. Naqal, snulfun leɛruc s lekmal-nsen, akk d leɛruc niḍen neɣ d tiddukla, ṣeff. Akka i yella lḥal di lqern wis XVIII di tmurt n Leqvayel, anda tamnaḍt-a merra tebḍa ɣef sin n ṣfuf imeqqranen: ṣeff ufella d ṣeff n wadda. Ɣef leḥsab n wansay adigant, timliliyin-a llant-d deffir yiwen n ccwal gar sin n watmaten, Urxu d Buxtuc, seg Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ n lɛerc n At Frawsen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 17-19.</ref>. Sin-a llan deg yiwen n weḥric seg twacult i iḥekmen ɣef tagelda n Kuku, yerna tamezwarut tella tettɛawan-itt ṣeff ufella, ma d tis snat d ṣeff n wadda. D wagi i d asemres n sin n ṣfuf<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 19.</ref>: * '''Ṣeff ufella:''' At Yaḥya, xemsa n yegduden n Igawawen (At Mangellat, At bu-Yusef, At Wasif, At Ɛeṭṭaf, At bu-Ɛekkac), sin n leɛruc n At Sedqa (Ugdal, At Hmed), tlata n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Addu, At Mendas, At Smaɛel), Iflisen Umlil, yiwen n lɛerc n At Ɛisi (At Abdelmumen), At Ǧennad, Iɛeẓẓugen (aḥric n At Ɣebri), At Fliq, Ilulen Usammer, At Mlikec, Ifnayen, At bu-Mesudɛ, Imezzayen, Iẓnagen, d ugar n uzgen n At Ɛebbas. * '''Ṣeff n wadda:''' At Iraten, Iɛemrawen, At Wagnun, At Frawsen, At Xellili, At bu-Cɛayeb, At Itsuraɣ, Illilten, Ilulen Umalu, At Iǧǧer, At Ziki, At Ɣebri, Iflisen Lebḥar, Asif Lḥemmam, xemsa n leɛruc At Ɛisi (At Dwala, At Meḥmud, Iferdiwen, At Ɛmer u-Fayed, At Zmenzer), Lemɛatqa, tlata n leɛruc n Igawa (At Yenni, At Budrar, Aqbil), yiwen At Sedqa (Iwaḍiyen), sin n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Ɣerdan, At Amefi), Kucras, At Temẓalt, Ɛella, Uzgen, Icenbaber, At Sidel, Ɛliman, At Waɣlis. ===== '''Agraw''' ''(Tajmaɛt)'' '''n Lɛerc''' ===== ===== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ===== Agraw n Lɛerc, mačči am win n taddart, yettili-d kan di kra n tegnatin, yerna imedyaten yettwasqedcen qlilet aṭas. Yiwen seg umedya-a d win n lɛerc n At Frawsen, i yemlalen deg useggas n 1752 neɣ deg useggas-nniḍen deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ (Bida n zik), i wakken ad d-sbedden ttaggara n yizerfan n tlawin ɣer tmanegt <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 224.</ref>. Ahat ayagi yettwaxdem akken ad ḥebsen leɛruc nniḍen ad d-ssutren akal d wayla ɣef tmettant n wergaz s yizerfan n tmeṭṭut-is izemren ad tili seg lɛerc-nsen yerna ad ḥebsen timcewwekt i izemren ad d-yeḍru ɣef waya. Asefhem-iḍen yella-d akken ad ḥebsen irgazen Iɛetmaniyen ad d-rren ula d nutni tiɣawsiwin am tin, dɣa ad rnun ad snerniyen akal-nsen ddaw n tiɣawsiwin am tin. Amedya nniḍen d win n At Yanni (Asdukel n At Betrun), i d-yeṭṭfen deg useggas n 1818 yiwet n temlilit deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, At Laḥsen, i wakken ad d-rren i tlawin azref i tmanegt-nsent, ay d-yekkes usdukel i deg tella deg useggas n 1749<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 226.</ref>. Agraw n Lɛerc, am win n taddart, yezmer ad d-yessuffeɣ izerfan i d-yettwafernen ɣef tudrin akk yellan deg-s. D ccɣel n yimḍebbren n tuddar ''(s umata sin neɣ tlata)'' ad sεelmen imezdaɣ-nsen ɣef tseddarin timaynutin i d-yettwaddmen. Naqal, kra n leɛruc ttwaɛaqben ɣef tmenɣiwin timeqranin i ttgen, am tukerḍa d tmenɣiwt<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 65.</ref>. Idrimen n lɛerc i yettwaḥwajen i yisenfaren am usnerni neɣ aseḥbiber n yiberdan, n tmesgidiwin, n ssuq d d wayen-nniḍen, ttwabḍan gar-asen gar wakk tuddar, yerna yal yiwet seg-sent yessefk ad ttekkin s lqidar n yimezdaɣen-nsent. Ma yella lɛerc yesεa aɣbalu n tedrimt i d-yettakken azal ugar n wiyaḍ, yettwabḍa gar tudrin s yiwen n ubrid<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter 64-65.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqran''' ''(Amin)'' '''n lumna''' ===== Amɣar n lumna deg tuget n leɛruc yettwafernen kan deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ. Yettwafren seg yemdanen niḍen, Imɣaren n leɛruc, i sɛan azwel am wa akken ad yessuddes iɣallen n leɛruc d ttawilat-nsen, akken daɣen ad d-yefk lewṣayat i Imɣaren n leɛruc deg yimenɣi, yerna d nitni i ten-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen. Lxedma-s tettḥebbis deffir ma ttwaḥebsent tmenɣiwin<ref name=":24">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 68-69.</ref>. Leɛruc-nni kan i yeṭṭfen Amɣar n lumna-nsent deg talwit, d tid-nni i d-yezgan ɣer yidis n yiɣemmiwen n maxzen deg tallit n talwit d wid ay d-yezzin ɣef yiɣerfan n Iɛetmaniyen deg tallit n Ṭṭerk, imi llan ttnaɣen dima yid-sen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 73.</ref>. Mi d-teṭṭef Fransa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tagnit n Ameqran n lumna tuɣal d tin n dayem. Argaz-nni yettwafren ad yeṭṭef amkan-nni yella d aselway n lɛerc-is, yerna yessefk ad t-teqbel tedbelt tafṛensist<ref name=":20" />. ==== Tamawya (''Takufidṛalit/taqbilt'') ==== Leɛruc yedduklen akk ttgent akk Tamawya. Timawya akk Iẓwawen llant deg Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, ma d ayen nniḍen qqimen war Tamawya, tteklen kan ɣef tdukliwin<ref name=":25">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67-68.</ref>. Iswi n Tamawya yella s umata s ṣṣenf aserdasi, anamek-is dakken leɛruc i d-yeṭṭfen tamawya ttemḥuddun (maca mačči dima) wway gar-asen m'ara mgerradent d Timawya-nniḍen. Timawya yemgaraden qlil ma msefhament akk, yerna mi ara msefhament, dima d ayen ara mqabalen d iɣallen ibeṛṛaniyen, am Yiṭerkiyen neɣ Ifṛensisen<ref name=":12" />. Tadukli-nsen temgarad seg tamawya ɣer tayeḍ. Leɛruc ur nelli ara deg tamawya, i yesɛan imukan imeqranen, am At Ɛebbas n wasif Wad Saḥel d At Ɛidel n temnaṭ n Summam, bḍan-d ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen, yerna anagraw-nsen yecba win n tamawya n tmurt n Yiẓwawen Meqqren. Tamawya tesɛa daɣen agraw-is d Ameqran n Tamawya (Amin n Tamawya)<ref name=":25" />. Timawya n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ttwaḥsabent s umata: Iflisen Umlil, At Wagnun, Iflisen Lebḥar, At Jennad, At Iǧǧer, At Mangellat, At Betrun, At Iraten, At Sedqa, At Ɛisi, Lemɛatqa d Igucdal<ref name=":26">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 238-300.</ref>. Gar timawya-a, sin, At Betrun d At Mangellat, i yettusemman Igawawen (Zwawa s taɛrabt)<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 251.</ref>, d isem swayes Iẓwawen n Tmurt Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt ssexdamen akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk leɛruc n Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, yerna tasuqilt-is s taɛrabt tettwaseqdac akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk Yiẓwawen akken yebɣu ad yilin. "Akken ara yettbeɛḍ yiwen ɣef Ǧeṛǧer, Iẓwawen ttaken isem n Igawawen i leɛruc i ten-yessefran seg tdukli-nni i d-nebder akka kan [At Betrun d At Mangellat]. Ɣef waya, i “Guechoula”, At Sedqa d Igawawen, ma d Guechtoula s timmad-is ttwaqqaren Iflissen Umellil d At Xelfun. Aqbayli seg Waṭlas abliḏi neɣ d Ichenwiyen ad d-yernu s yisem n Agawa yakk leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer usammar n wasif Isser<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe. ''Essai de grammaire Kabyle''. Alger: Bastide; Constantine: Bastide et Amavet; Paris: Challamel and Benjamin Duprat, 1858, p. xxij. (s tefransist) ([https://www.google.nl/books/edition/Essai_de_grammaire_Kabyle_renfermant_les/qG6TfIMgibMC?hl=en&gbpv=1 ɣeṛ-it deg interne]t)</ref>". ― Adolphe Hanoteau, Essai de grammaire kabyle (1858) ''(Adolphe Hanoteau, Aḍris n tjerrumt taqbaylit)''. Lqedd n tamawya d leɛruc-is tettbeddil aṭas. Amqqran deg-sen, Iflisen Umlil, yesεa tlata n leɛruc. Deg umḍiq wis sin i d-iteddun At Wagnun d Igawawen, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tmanya. Tamawya i yesɛan aṭas n leɛruc d tin n Lemɛatqa, i yesɛan kan kraḍ<ref name=":26" />. Iẓwawen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n tamawya, mi ara ilin deg berra n tmurt-nsen, zemren ad ttwassen s lɛerc-nsen akk d tamawya-nsen, maca werǧin s taddart-nsen. "Deg yiberdan n Lezzayer tamenaɣt, yezmer yiwen ad iẓer Iẓwawen seg lɛerc n At Ǧennad i d-yettasen akken ad sqedcen izerfan-nsen... ma yesteqsa-ten ḥedd, deg Lezzayer, ansi i d-kkren, ad d-rren: "At Ǧennad". ttun tudrin-nsen yerna ttnadin kan ɣef teqbilt-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin....Yeshel ad nefhem belli, mi ara ilin deg temnaḍin i yellan d tiberraniyin fell-asen, At εakache akk tettu tudrin-nsen yerna ad d-inin kan d lɛerc-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin. Ttṛuḥun ugar, ad d-inin kan Agawaw. D aya, imi di tazwara d Igawawen akk i llan, i ttεawnen wway gar-asen yerna ad d-rren ttar ...<ref>Liorel, ''Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025'', asebter. 354-356.</ref>" ― Jules Liorel, ''Races berbères, Kabylie du Jurjura'' (1892). '''Agraw n Tamawya''' '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' Agraw n Tamawya qlil ma yettemlili, yerna am Tamawya n Leɛruc, ur nesɛi ara imedyaten i d-yettwasqedcen ɣef waya. Sin-nni n yimedyaten i d-yettbanen s wazal-nsen i d-yettunefken deg At Iraten akk d At Betrun. Amezwaru yexdem timlilit-is deg yiwen n wass ur ur nettwassen deg tlemmast n lqern wis 18, deg taddart n Tizra Wagemun<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 223.</ref>, anda yal lɛerc n Tamawya yesbedd-d aẓru-ines n usmekti<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 8.</ref>. Amedya wis sin yexdem timlilit-is deg useggas n 1749 d wid i ten-iɛawnen, leɛrac n usammar n At Sedqa, deg ssuq n At Wasif. Sin-nni n yigrawen, fsbedden-d iṣuḍaf imaynuten, yerna kksen-d azref n tlawin ad weṛten<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 124.</ref>. Timawya zemren daɣen ad d-mlalen mi ara d-kkren yimenɣiyen, i wakk-n ad meslayen ɣef ṭṭraḍ. '''Ameqran''' ''(lamin)'' '''n Tamawya''' Tikwal, mi ara gzun leɛruc i d-yesbedden Tamawya ad ttgent akk ccɣel n yiserdasen, ttfernin yiwen n "Ameqran n Tamawya" akken ad d-yesselḥu timhal-nni. Ahil-is am win n Ameqran n lumna, anagar aneggaru-a yettuɣal d amɛiwen-is. Ameqran n lumna, deg tilin n Ameqran n Tamawya, yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yessiwḍ lewṣayat n uqerruy-is ɣer yimdanen-nsen, dɣa d nitni ay ten-id-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen<ref name=":24" />. == '''Anekcum n Fransa ɣef Tefriqt n Ugafa''' == Tawayt taserdasit tafransist n 1830 tella deg tazwara mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tamaneɣt imi Fṛansa ur tesɛa ara lfayda deg ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel neɣ ad tkemmel ad teqqim d timziregt. Mi i ṭṭfen Yifṛensisen tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer, semman-as i tama-nni, i wumi qqaren deg tazwara n ussehres d ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Lezzayer; aya yeḍra-d s yiwet n lewṣayat n uneɣlaf afṛensis n ṭṭraḍ, Jeneral Schneider, deg tebrat-is n 14 Tubeṛ 1838 i Marshall Valée, imi yura-d: “Ar ass-a, akal-nni i d-neṭṭef deg Tefriqt n Ugafa llan qqaren-as d ayla n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa neɣ s yisem n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart, neɣ s yisem n Lezzayer. Imesli-a aneggaru, d win yezzin, yeshel, yerna d win i d-yeqqnen ɣef wiyaḍ [...], i d-yettbanen akka tura d win am i d-irebḥen ɣef imesliyen niḍen [...] Ihi ad k-id-iniɣ [...] ad tesbeddleḍ (ad tesqedceḍ) awal "Lezzayer" deg yismawen-nniḍen i yellan uqbel.” (Yettwabder-d sɣur Guiral, 1992: 45)<ref>Bernand Lugan [https://ia903405.us.archive.org/25/items/histoire-de-l-afrique-du-nord-des-origines-a-nos-jours-bernard-lugan_edition-2016/Histoire%20de%20l%27Afrique%20du%20Nord%20-%28Des%20origines%20%C3%A0%20nos%20jours%29-%20Bernard%20Lugan_%C3%A9dition-2016.pdf – Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord. Chapitre III]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Algérie : de l’« encombrante conquete » au « royaume arabe »</ref> Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer [[Surya]] netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.[[Tugna:Reddition d abd el kader 1847.jpg|vignette|Asellem n Limir Ɛebdelqader, 23 Dujembeṛ 1847. Augustin Regis.]]Lezzayer tafṛensist d tmurt n Leqvayel ttkemmilent tteddunt yiwet ɣer tama n wayeḍ, dɣa deg wass n 3 Meɣres 1854, Napoléon wis 3 yessuffeɣ-d "sénatus-consulte" (lqanun n Useqqamu n Senat) i d-yesbeggnen lebɣi ameqqran n Fransa i wakken ad tkemmel tilin n uwanak n tmurt n Leqvayel. Tamuɣli-ya tella-d daɣen sɣur ujiniṛal Bugeaud (Ajiniṛal n Lezzayer seg 1840 arma d 1847) i yufa d ayen yesεa sswab ad ikemmel ad iqabel tmurt taqbaylit tilellit, wala ad yebdu ṭṭraḍ mgal-is. Tamurt n Leqvayel deg tallit-a mazal-itt tettwaḥder seg lebɛid sɣur lɛesker afṛansis imi ugaden ad ten-awḍen yiɣallen n Leqvayel.<ref name=":9">Jean-Pierre Frapolli - [https://cdha.fr/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/Club_Kabylie/conquête_kabylie_1_JPF_120115.pdf La Conquête De La Kabylie - (1ère Partie) Une conquête fortuite] - Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie - Club Kabylie</ref> [[Tugna:Discussion sous la tente des chefs Kabyle avec le général Randon.jpg|alt=Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqbayel akk-d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.|vignette|Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqvayel akk d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.]] Win i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n Bugeaud, Jeneral Jacques Randon (1795-1871), yella yesɛa rray nniḍen. Yeqqneɛ Napoléon wis tlata ɣef lḥeṛs n ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel, yerna yenna-d dakken tamurt n Leqvayel timziregt ad tili dima d azaglu i yiɣlanen imaynuten n Fransa deg Tefriqt ugafa, yerna lemmer ad d-yili ṭṭraḍ di Turuft, Leqvayel zemrent ad d-ssiwḍent isallen iserdasiyen s lebḥer u ad bdun tagrawla deg temnaḍt-nni akk. Aẓdam n tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d deg 19 maggu 1857, s ddaw n Jeneral Randon s 4 n tseddarin s 37.000 n yergazen; Aẓdam n Fransa ɣef tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d 27 n yiseggasen deffir n umenɣi n Fransa mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart deg 1830 d 19 n yiseggasen deffir n usnulfu n Lezzayer. Deg taggara, Fransa teqqen-ed Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857.<ref name=":9" /> Ihi, Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli"<ref name=":6">Émile Carrey - [[iarchive:bub_gb_9LaPjz173RgC/page/n135/mode/2up|Récit de Kabylie, compagne de 185]]7. Chapitre X - Dissolution de l'armée expéditionnaire. “La Kabylie du Djurjura n’existe plus à l’état de nation indépendante."</ref> Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa. == Tasertit == * Sin ikabaren isertiyen i llan di Tmurt n Leqvayel, ɣas akken bɣan ad illin d ikabaren iɣelnawen maca imeɣnasen nsen ttekkin seg Leqvayel kan : [[Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen]] (FFS) n [[Ḥusin At Ḥmed]], d [[Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut|Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut]] (RCD) n duktur [[Saɛid Saɛdi]]. * leɛrac bannen-d di [[Tafsut Taberkant]] (2001) maca am nutni ama FFS d RCD lhan d wayen i ceɣben izayriyen s umata, ttun tamurt. * [[Timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen]] (MAK) yesbed [[Ferḥat Mhenni]] iban-ed daɣen di tefsut taberkant, d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiweḍ ar timanit n tmurt n Leqvayel. == Iẓwawen ittwasnen == : ɣer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]'' == Udmawen Iqbayliyen== : ɣer ''[[Idmawen iqbayliyen]]'' == Wali daɣen== * [[Imaziɣen]] == Ismal n Internet == * '''[http://www.imyura.net www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}''' : asmel n tsekla tazwawt, s teqbaylit akk. * '''[http://www.kabyle.com www.kabyle.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.acaoh.ca http://www.acaoh.ca]''' : asmel n [[Tidukkla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Ḥull]] di Kanada. * '''[http://www.kabyles.com www.kabyles.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.tamazgha.org www.tamazgha.org]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Marikan ugafa. * '''[http://www.racines-izuran.com www.racines-izuran.com]''' : asmel n weɣmis s snat n tutlayin: taqbaylit d tafransist. * '''[http://www.tamazgha.fr www.tamazgha.fr]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Franṣa. *'''[http://tameddit.com www.tameddit.com] aɣmis s tmaziɣt''' * '''[http://www.tussna.blogspot.com www.tussna.blogspot.com]''' tussna i yibujaden, s teqvaylit == Iɣbula == [[Taggayt:Tamurt n Leqbayel|*]] p8hs6ew26olhacz130t92p2ggvsmkc8 117898 117891 2026-11-08T01:00:30Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 117898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Tamnaḍt | isem = Tamurt n Leqvayel | tiɣmi = 0D5EAF | isem adigan = Tamurt n Iqbayliyen / Tamurt n Izwawen | isem adigan 2 = ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵡⴻⵏ | alugu = Tala_guilef.jpg | lqedd alugu = 255px | azday alugu = Tala Gilef, [[Buɣni|Vuɣni]]. | asenjaq = | lqedd asenjaq = | azday asenjaq = | imseɣret = Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu | takarḍa = Map_of_Kabylia.png | lqedd takarḍa = 255px | azday takarḍa = Takarḍa n Tamurt n Leqvayel. | timdinin = [[Bgayet]], [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]] d [[Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]] | tutlayin = [[Taqvaylit]]</br>[[Tafransist]]</br>[[Taɛrabt]] | imsidag = 37°49′N 4°50′E | tajumma = {{formatnum:32486}} km² | isem n umezdaɣ = [[Iqbayliyen]] (Aqvayli, Taqvaylit), Izwawen (Azwaw, Tazwawt), Igawawen (Agawaw, Tagawawt) | imezdaɣ = {{formatnum:3000000}}-{{formatnum:3500000}} | taneẓẓi = 92-108 imezdaɣ/km² | tamawt = Amḍan n yimezdaɣ akked tneẓẓi n useggas 2025. |tamurt=Lezzayer}} [[Tugna:Djurjura, Algeria.jpg|alt=Idurar n Ǧerǧer|vignette|260px|Idurar n [[Ǧerǧer]]]] '''Tamurt n Leqvayel d Teqvayliyyin,''' tettwaru daɣen Tamurt n Leqbayel ''(s tifinaɣ: ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ, anamek-is "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen")'', d tamnaḍt n yidurar yellan deg Ugafa-Agmuḍan n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg wenẓul-agmuḍan n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]]. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as "Tamurt n Idurar" neɣ "Tamurt" kan. Leqvayel ttmeslayen [[Taqbaylit|Taqvaylit]], yiwet si ger [[tutlayin timaziɣin]]. S wazal n 40.000 km2 n wakal ''(am [[Danmaṛk]], neɣ [[Taswist]], neɣ [[Timura n Wadda|Tagelda n Tmura n Wadda]]),'' Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa azal n 10 imelyan n yimezdaɣ<ref>UNPO [https://unpo.org/downloads/2474.pdf Kabylia Briefing Note]. 2025 (s teglizit). </ref> zdaxel n tlisa-s, tesɛa daɣen azal n sin n imelyan n leqvayel deg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], d wazal n sin n imelyan deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], akked azal 500 n imelyan nniḍen deg [[Amaḍal|umaḍal]], aya ad yessiweḍ agdud n Leqvayel ɣer wazal n 14 n yimelyunen d uzgen; aya d ayen yugaren amḍan n yimezdaɣ n tmurt n [[Tunes]]. Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa aṭas n temnaḍin d temdinin, gar-asent: [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Bgayet]], d [[Tubiret]]. Amezruy-iss yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa. == '''Aẓar n yisem n Leqvayel''' == Isem n teqvaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal "Kabbalah"—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus. Ahat awal n "Kabbalah" n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Taqvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu ([[Aqbu]]) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi "Kabbalah", i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden. Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Leqvayel sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”<ref>Salem Chaker, « Note à propos du précédent article », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1,‎ 1978, p. 103–104 ([https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1978_num_26_1_1826 ɣeṛ deg usebter-a s tefransist] [archive], consulté le 11 janvier 2019)</ref>. Daɣen, seg zik, Leqvayel ur ur smalen ara iman-nsen d “iqvayliyen”, maca d Iẓwawen. Akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yimezdaɣ n “tmurt n Leqvayel” deg unamek-is n tura, wid yettmeslayen Taɛrabt llan sseqdacen awal n Zuwawa (Zwawa), asuf. Zzwawi (Zwawi) i yellan, ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tmuɣli, d asenqes n Agawa amaziɣ, d aɣerrabu yellan deg wul n “Tamurt n Leqvayel Tameqrant”, seg waya ay d-yekka wawal Igawawen<ref>Il semblerait que dans l'Antiquité, les Igawawen aient porté le nom de Quinquegentiens, appellation administrative désignant cinq tribus (''quinque gente''). Une vieille légende rapporte en effet que les montagnards descendent d'un géant qui eut cinq fils, lesquels formaient les cinq tribus antiques (Boulifa, 1925), les fameux Quinquegentiens qui se révoltèrent contre les Romains. (Leroux, 1857, p. 57.)</ref> akken ad d-yesmekti “Iqvayliyen”, yerna d isem n yiwet n tamawya (tdukli) tazmertant n tmanya n yegduden i d-yezgan deg “tmurt n Leqvayel”: At Betrun (At Yenni, At Budrar, At Bu Ɛekkac, [[At Wasif]]) d At Menguellath (At Mengellat, [[At Bu Yusef]], At Weqbil, At Ɛeṭṭaf)<ref name=":8">Jacques Lanfry, «  », ''Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée'', <abbr>vol.</abbr> 26, <abbr>n^o</abbr> 1,‎ 1978</ref>. [[Ibn Xeldun]] yenna-d dakken Iẓwawen llan daɣen d aḥric seg Yikutamen<ref name=":8" />. ''(Tameslayt-a ay d-yellan ɣef Ibn Xeldoun d akken kan ad d-nesmekti belli awal Iẓwawen yettwaseqdac-ed deg tallit-is)'' Isem “zwawa” yessekles akka akk “iqvayliyen” s umata; Izwawen deg tutlayt tamaziɣt. Ɣef leḥsab n imusnawen nniḍen, awal Aẓwaw d wawal Agawa/Agawaw ur sɛin ara yiwet n tmetti, Igawawen yettak-d anamek n tamawya n Yigawawen, ma d Iẓwawen yettak-d anamek n Iẓwawen, “Leqvayel”, akken ma llan. Aselmad [[Salem Chaker]] yeqqar-d dakken awal Zwawa/Zwawi i d-sseqdacen wid yemeslayen taɛrabt ur ilaq ara ad yettwasemlil d agawa/igawawen, maca d Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen (isem aqvayli d yisem n lɛerc ay yettwassnen deg “Tmurt n Leqvayel”). Salem Chaker yeṭṭef deg tikti-ya belli Iẓwawen d isem n tidet aqbur n “Leqvayel” ay yellan,"imi qrib ttun isem-nsen n tidet")<ref name=":8" />. Nnig waya, deg wegmuḍ n Lezzayer, iqvayliyen mazal-iten ttwasemman s yisem n Zouaoua/Zouaoui<ref>Malha Benbrahim, professeur à l'Inalco, ''Documents sur Fadhma N’Soumeur (1830-1861)'', Clio, numéro 9/1999, Femmes du Maghreb.</ref>. Ula d ass-a, “iqbayliyen” akk ssawalen i yiman-nsen s yisem Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen. Deg usebter-a nesseqdac sin n wawalen-a, "Leqvayel" d "Iẓwawen" mebla amgired imi anamek-nsen d yiwen. Yettwafhem daɣen belli awal-a d win i d-yesdukklen deg-s Teqvayliyyin. == '''Amezruy''' == Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n [[Ǧerǧer]] yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n ''Muns Ferratus'' ("adrar n wuzzal"). Ibder-iten [[Aurelius Victor]] deg wedlis-is (''De Caesaribus'' 39.22: "nationes Quinquegentanae") d [[Eutropius]] (''Breviarium'' 9.22: "Quinquegentiani"). Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL). '''Ẓer:''' '''[[Numidya]]''' Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast. == '''Tallit talemmast''' == Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma. Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]] deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa North Africa - The Vandal conques]t". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</ref><ref>Day, Alan (July 2001). "[https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.2001.15.7.43.400 The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV:2001400Averil Cameron, Brian Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby, editors. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. xx+1,166pp, ISBN: 0 521 32591 9]". ISSN 0950-4125.</ref> Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen.<ref>"[https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219133607/https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en |date=2024-12-19 }}". esploro.libs.uga.edu. Yettwaṭṭef deg 11 Ɣuct 2024.</ref> Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156 The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118 Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167 The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568]</ref> Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa [[Tutlayt taɛrabt|Taɛrabt]] n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93 The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93]</ref> Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tYtIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA186 Scottish Geographical Magazine, Volume 10; Volume 1894]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f1pBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA165 Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4]</ref> Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken. == '''Listiɛmar Aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal Aɛraben''' == [[Tugna:Dihya Berber Queen of the Aurès by Vernet-Lecomte.jpg|vignette|[[Dihya Tadmut|'''Dihya''' '''Tadmut''']] '''- Vernet-Lecomte''']] Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Meynier2010|Meynier 2010]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 195.</ref>. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen. Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 46. </ref> Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni "العدو" taɛdawt".<ref name=":0">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 513.</ref> Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am [[Aksel (agellid)|Aksel]] neɣ [[Dihya Tadmut]], iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.[[Tugna:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|vignette|Tugna n yiwen n weqcic d akli deg Tmurt n Zanzibar. "Yettwaɛaqeb sɣur bab-is aɛrab." Azal n 1890. Seg iseggasen n 1860 ar deffir, tugna tettwaseqdac s waṭas deg yiznan i d-yettakken tiɣri i uḥemmal n tlelli. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']]Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen ''(جزية ǧizyah)'', ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen ''(dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي)'', war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen. [[Tugna:Meccan merchant and his Circassian slave.jpg|vignette|Yiwen n umerkanti aɛṛab seg Mekka (ayeffus) d wakli-s n tmurt n Ccirkas - Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, azal n 1888. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] [[Tugna:IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png|vignette|Tasenselt n uḍar ssexdamen-tt akken ad ḥebsen imdanen deg taddart. S umata, ttwaseqdacen deg waklan deg yiḍ. Akli-nni yezmer kan ad iεeddi s ttawil. Mi ara ttwaqqnent ɣef yiḍarren, ala aḥeddad i izemren ad tent-yesfeḍ. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] == '''Imenɣiyen n Tlelli & Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab''' == Deg useggas n 740''',''' imaziɣen akk deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tafriqt n ugafa]] kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=865 Les Rustamides (761-909]) [archive] », sur Qantara, [[:fr:Institut_du_monde_arabe|Institut du monde arabe]], 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).</ref> ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt.<ref name=":1">[[:fr:Kabylie#Plantade2007|Plantade 2007]], p. 83.</ref> Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d [[Ɛennaba]], si tmurt n [[Lmerruk]] alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen.<ref name=":2">[[:fr:Kabylie#RedjalaSemmoud2011|Redjala 2011]], section 1 : « La Kabylie », « Formation et évolution du bloc kabyle ».</ref> Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen ''(ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen)''<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=866 Les Aghlabides (800-909]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D866 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 19 novembre 2014).</ref>, yerna ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n [[Ibn Xeldun]]: "Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen".<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 48-49. </ref> Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 236.</ref> Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar.<ref>D. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=597 Les Fatimides (909-1171]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D597 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 18 septembre 2012).</ref> Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di [[Maṣer]], ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akk d Shiɛa.<ref name=":3">A. A., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=596 Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)] [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 18 ctember 2012).</ref> Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt.<ref name=":4">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], p. 514.</ref> [[Tugna:Fibonacci5.jpg|vignette|Tugna n Leonardo Fibonacci - mačči d tidet.]] Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]], Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n [[Bgayet]] deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna.<ref name=":3" /> Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as "abrid n ugellid".<ref>Djamel Alilat, « [http://rabahnaceri.unblog.fr/histoire-de-bgayet/triq-es-soltane-litineraire-du-roi-par-dj-alilat/ Triq Es Soltane (l’itinéraire du roi]) [archive] », 1re pub. El Watan, 2 septembre 2007.</ref> S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akk d Turuft<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Dermenghem1954|Dermenghem 1954]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 95.</ref>, tama n tsertit n "tgelda n Bgayet", tettwassen s yisem n "Imerǧan n Tefriqt", tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg [[Turuft]], sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg [[Turuft]].<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Julien1966|Julien 1966]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 104.</ref> Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII.<ref name=":1" /> Dɣa deg tɣiwant n [[Bgayet]], azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen ''(imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni)'' d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt'', (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni)'' yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130.<ref name=":0" /> Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Mourre1996|Mourre 1996]], t. 1, article « Algérie », p. 162.</ref> S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache1992|Kaddache 1992]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 102.</ref> Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet ''(deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes)'' d Dellys ''(i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan)'' tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen. Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Feredj2002|Feredj 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 16-17.</ref> [[Tugna:Béjaïa 1551.jpg|vignette|Asekkil n temdint n [[Bgayet|Vgayet]] sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥrez deg Tmezgunt Taɣelnawt n Fṛansa ''(La Bibliothèque nationale de France).'']] Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif.<ref name=":2" /> Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen "iḥerzen", dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d "tamanaɣt-nsen" yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n [[Tunes]], neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n [[Spenyul]]. == '''Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen''' == [[Tugna:Kab 1500-1750.png|vignette|Tamurt n Yiẓwawen d Tgelda n Lezzayer, 1500-1750.]] Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 515</ref>, neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen "tigeldiwin" n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam.<ref name=":0" /> Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s "Mejana"), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d [[Tunes (tamaneɣt)|Tunes]]; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen<ref name=":5">[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 139.</ref> d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint.<ref name=":5" /> [[Tugna:Koukou si Tefrawt.JPG|vignette|Tadart n [[Kuku]].]] I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abu Ɛebd Lah Muḥemmed IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj ''(Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d'' Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis'', yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Ga%C3%AFd1976|Gaïd 1976]], « Depuis le <abbr>XI^e</abbr> siècle », <abbr>3^e</abbr> partie.</ref> Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref>, tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d [[Ǧiǧel]].<ref>Mechehed Djamel-Eddine, « [http://mechehed.free.fr/documents/Les_turcs___Bougie.doc Les Espagnols et les Turcs à Bougie] [archive] », Radio Soummam, Béjaïa, son histoire et son port, juin–septembre 2004.</ref> Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref> Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n [[Kuku]]<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Leclerc1864|Leclerc 1864]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 61.</ref> i d-yeddren sin n leqrun.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lacoste-Dujardin2003|Lacoste-Dujardin 2003]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 70.</ref> Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 152.</ref>, s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Souidi2005|Souidi 2005]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 36.</ref><ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 239.</ref> Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqvayel d wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen<ref name=":2" /> maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 76.</ref>: tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 516.</ref> Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer ''(''Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas. Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Adli2004|Adli 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 105.</ref> [[Tugna:Kabyle Shepherd, by Eugène Fromentin.JPG|vignette|Ameksa deg idurar n tmurt n Yiẓwawen - Eugène Fromentin (1861).]] Di Tmurt n Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal [[Ǧiǧel]]. Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 24.</ref> Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer [[Qsenṭina]] deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 307.</ref> Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg [[Buɣni]] i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n "lbruj", gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 486.</ref> [[Tugna:Chef Kabyle.jpg|vignette|Ameqran n Tamawya ''(teqbilt)'' Aẓwaw. 1846 - Amezruy n Lezzayer Tafransist ''(Histoire de l'Algérie française)'' - Camille Leynadier.|alt=Ameqran n Tamawya]] S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akk d tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 79.</ref> Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt.<ref name=":2" /> Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen.<ref name=":4" /> Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526.</ref> I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526, 407.</ref> Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akk d twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 477.</ref> D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770 (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 ''(deg temnaḍt n Soummam)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 205.</ref> Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 490.</ref> Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a. == '''Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857''' == ==== '''Adabu Di Tmurt n Leqvayel''' ==== I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen: '''Awanek:''' d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines. '''Anavad:''' yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes. [[Tugna:Sur les côtes de Kabylie par Frederick Arthur Bridgman.jpg|vignette|Tiɣilt n Yiẓwawen - Frederick Arthur Bridgman.]] Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli”<ref name=":6" /> yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt. Awalen i d-tenna Lalla [[Faḍma n Sumer|Faḍma n Sume]]<nowiki/>r i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkem.” [[Tugna:Chérif Boubaghla and Lalla Fatma n'Soumer, by Félix Philippoteaux.jpg|vignette|Lalla Faḍma n Sumer Tennaɣ armi d taggara - Philippoteaux, 1866.]] [[Tugna:Portrait-Fatma N'Soumer.jpg|vignette|Tameṭṭut taẓwawt deg umennuɣ F. Filiput.]] Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: "skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. " Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli. Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 ''(aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj)'' armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli. Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.”<ref name=":7">Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: [[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]. 2017. </ref> Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. [[Tugna:Martinus Rørbye - A seated Kabyla.jpg|vignette|Aẓwaw yeqqimen - Martinus Rørbye. ]] Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.”<ref name=":7" /> Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen.<ref>Asebter seg udlis d tdiwennit n Hugh Roberts "[[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]" & Hugh Roberts: "Les kabyles avaient une sorte d'État de Droit dans leurs arches et leurs villages. Video.</ref> [[Tugna:A Kabyle Beauty.webp|vignette|Tameṭṭut taqvaylit ]] Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen ''(ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal<ref name=":7" />, yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella)''<ref name=":7" /> d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines. D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi [[Imaziɣen]] akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti. Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya. == '''Tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n''' '''Fransa''' <ref>Aḥric agi d tasuqilt n umgarad ifazen n https://wiki.amazigh.com. [https://wiki.amazigh.com/index.php/Kabyle_socio-political_structure#cite_note-:20-15 ɣeṛ-it deg internet] (s teglizit). </ref> == [[Tugna:Tuddsa n uwanek aqbayli.png|vignette|Tuddsa n uwanek n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n Fransa]] Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, uqbel asehres n n Fransa, lebni n tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt yella-d s waṭas n yiswiren, yebdan seg win n wadda arma d win yugaren: '''axxam''', '''''taxerrubt'', ''adrum''''', '''taddart''', '''Ṣfuf''' d '''lɛerc''' <ref name=":10">Devaux, Charles. ''Les Kebaïles du Djerdjera''. Marseilles: Camoin, and Paris: Challamel, 1859, asebter. 2-3. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref name=":11">Bourdieu, Pierre. ''The Algerians. Translated by Alan G. C. Ross. Beacon Press, 1962, p. 3. (S teglizit) (Izwel amezwaru s tefransist: Sociologie de l'Algérie''. Presses universitaires de France, 1958).</ref>. Simal yettnerni uswir, simal tettnerni tdukli gar yiɛeggalen-is<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe, and Aristide Horace Letourneux. ''La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles''. 1st ed, 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1872-1873, vol. II, p. 5. ([https://books.google.fr/books?id=L7ZTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 1], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=KxBbAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 2], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=gjA-AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 3] (s tefransist)</ref>. Anagraw asertan yella d win n tugdut<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 1. (s tefransist)</ref>, deg-s yal argaz aqbayli yesɛan azref i wakken ad yeṭṭef leslaḥ yesɛa awal deg temsal n taddart s usarag n tajmalt n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Asdukel n snat neɣ ugar n tudrin d win i d-yefkan lɛerc, yerna mi ara d-dduklen aṭas n leɛruc-a, ad d-snulfun Tamawya ''(taqbilt)''<ref name=":10" />. '''Taddart''' '''Amezruy''' [[Tugna:Maison des Kabyles.jpg|alt=Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882|vignette|Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882]] Di tazwara, Iẓwawen llan zedɣen deg tudrin timecṭuḥin, qqaren-asent ixliǧen (asuf. taxliǧt). Ixliǧeni d-yezgan ɣef yiri-nsent, dduklent akken ad d-snulfun ayen iwumi qqaren tufiq (asget. tufeq), d awal i d-yekkan seg Taɛrabt i d-yettawin s wazal-is anamek n wemsefham neɣ n usselhu<ref>Roberts, Hugh. ''Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria'' ''(Anabaḍ amaziɣ : Tasertit taqbaylit di Lezzayer uqbel n usehres n Fransa)''. I. B. Tauris, 2014, p. 50-51. (s teglizit) </ref>. Anagraw amezwaru yella deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Yiẓwawen, ladɣa deg tdukliwin n At Wagnun d Iflisen Lebḥar, ma d anagraw wis sin yella deg yal amkan anagar deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 54.</ref>. Tikwal, tufiq yettwasemma s yisem n taddart-is tamezwarut, ugar n tikwal d tin meqqren, am akken yella deg Taka n twacult n At Yaḥya<ref name=":12">Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 5.</ref>. Deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer, anda i llant tuddar timeqranin, ixliǧen i d-yellan d aḥric seg twafeq msefhamen ad d-dduklen, s wakka i d-snulfan tudrin tiɣezzanin, yemgaraden ɣef twafeq imi llan d timnaḍin timeqqranin deg umkan n tid meẓẓiyen i d-yezzin, yerna llant d timnaḍin yemgaraden seg iẓuran yemgaraden gar-asent<ref name=":13">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 58-59.</ref>. Imrabḍen zemren ad sɛun tiɣremt-nsen s tayeḍ s waṭas n telmas, zemren ad awḍen ar 400 n yimezdaɣen, am taddart n At Mraw n tamaya n At Iraten deg useggas n 1868<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 241.</ref>. Aṭas n tikkal, tudrin-nsen ttilin ɣef yiri n tilisa n lecruc ur msefhamen ara gar-asen<ref>Roberts,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 236.</ref>. Maca deg tudrin timeqqranin, ttilin-d d aḥric neɣ d abrid ur yettwaferqen ara ɣef wid nniḍen<ref name=":14">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 244.</ref>. === '''Talɣa''' === ==== '''Axxam & Adrum''' ==== Tadukli tamecṭuḥt akk deg taddart d tawacult neɣ axxam. Tawacult, akk d twaculin-nniḍen swayes i sɛant yiwen n lejdud ucrik, tettawi-d yiwet n twaculin (taxerrubt, asget. tixerrubin; neɣ: taɛrift<ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “[https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle]”, ''Droit et cultures'', 60 | 2010-2 (s tefransist), Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025. Asebter: [http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359]</ref> neɣ adrum), ssawalen i yiman-nsen d atmaten yerna ssuturen iman-nsen s yiwen n yisem<ref name=":11" />. Taxerrubt tezmer ad d-teqbel yiwet n twacult yesɛan laṣel yemgerraden i d-yettnadin ɣef tasdawit, deg tegnit-a iminig-nni imaynuten ad uɣalen d imselliyen (imsenden) yerna ad ttwaḥerzen (s Laɛnaya) <ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle”, ''Droit et cultures'' [Online], 60 | 2010-2. (s tefransist) URL: http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359;&#x20;DOI:& {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091055/http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 |date=2017-12-16 }}#x20;https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359</ref>. [[Tugna:Pittura famiglia Kabyle.jpg|alt=Tawacult taqbaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.|vignette|Tawacult taqvaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.]] Tudrin n Yiẓwawen zemrent ad ilint deg-sent tixerrubin ur nettwaḥsab ara d Iẓwawen: imrabḍen d aklan. imrabḍen llan-d d yiwet n tarbaεt n imqeddsen n yimdanen i qqaren-d d akken ffɣen-d seg nnbi ineslem Muḥemmed. Ur d-ggaren ara iman-nsent deg lecɣal n taddart d yimennuɣen, ala akken ad d-rren talwit, acku ur ttekkan ara ɣer taddart neɣ ɣer yiwet n twacult. Seg tama niḍen, aklan d tawsit n yiqeddacen i d-yekkan si tmurt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt, wid yellan deg-s xeddmen lecɣal i yettwaḥeqren. D wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. Aẓwaw yellan ddaw n tmenɣiwt, yezmer ad yeqbel ad yuɣal d akli, s wakka ad yeǧǧ izerfan-is d aɣerman, akken ad iḥrez iman-is seg tmenɣiwt, imi ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḥettem ɣef aklan, maca kan ɣef yimdanen yesɛan yiwen n uswir anmetti. Imrabḍen llan d tawsit tamecṭuḥt deg yal amkan, maca deg teqbilt n At Itsuraɣ, ur llan ddaw n 40% seg wakk imezdaɣen<ref name=":14" />. ==== '''Adrum''' ==== Tixerrubin-nni i d-yellan deg yiwet n taddart, ttwaqqnen ɣer sin neɣ ugar n Tixerrubin (iderma, asuf. adrum), yal yiwen deg-sen yesεa amkan-is deg taddart, yezmer ad yesɛu agraw-is, tamesgida-ines d tmeqbert-ines. Tixerrubin yemgaraden n yiwet n twacult, s tidett, ttemsefhament s wazal n yidammen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 25.</ref>, mebla ma swaswa ad d-kkren seg yiwen n lejdud<ref name=":13" />. Tiwaculin tibeṛṛaniyin zemrent ad ttwaseddant deg yiwet seg Tixerrubin-nni yellan uqbel. ==== Ṣfuf ==== Iderma n tudrin tiqbayliyin tilemmasin d timqranin llant ttwaseddant s waṭas degs sin ṣfuf. Deg kra n tudrin, ṣfuf ur zeddigen ara deg wazal-nsen, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan akabar-nni ixuṣṣen ad d-inadi ɣef yimeddukal deg yimukan niḍen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13-14.</ref>. Aya yessawḍ-d ɣer ussebded nyiwen n uẓeṭṭa n tdukliwin i d-yeffɣen s yal tama. A ṣeff yezmer ad yili d win ixuṣṣen deg waṭṭas deg yiwet n taddart, ma deg tayeḍ yezmer ad yili d win i d-yessersen deg tayeḍ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13.</ref>. Aɣbel meẓẓiyen kan yezmer ad d-yeǧǧ lgirra gar sin ṣfuf, yerna ma yebɣa yiwen ṣfuf ad yessers lebɣi-s ɣef wayeḍ, s waṭas ay yettɛedday ɣef ccwal. Ilaq ad d-nini belli ṣeff d kra i yettbeddilen, yerna yezmer ad yernu neɣ ad yenqes deg tezmert-nnes, yerna wid i t-id-yeḍḍfen zemren ad beddlen tama<ref name=":15">Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 38. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 12.</ref>. . Isem-nsen yemgerrad seg teqbilt ɣer tayeḍ, win i d-yettwassen akk d ṣeff ufella ('akabar n ufella') d ṣeff n wadda ('akabar n ddaw') yerna, d ɣer yiwen n weḥric ameẓyan, icerqiyen d iɣerbiyen [19]. Ismawen-a, ɣas akken d ismawen i d-yeffɣen seg umḍiq, ur sɛin ara assaɣ d tgemmi n ṣeff. Ṣfuf nniḍen ttwasemman-asen s yisem n twacult neɣ n uqerru-nsen<ref name=":15" /><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel.'', vol. II, asebter. 11.</ref>. === '''Asqamu n taddart''' === ==== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ==== Taddart tẓwawt tella d awanek akk d d temdint, tasudut i tt-yesselḥayen d agraw* ''(tajmaɛt)'' n taddart. Yella yeṭṭef tazmert tasertant, tasertant, tadbelt d teɣdemt<ref name=":16">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 10, 25.</ref>, yerna yesɛa Ameqran, i d-yefren imezdaɣ n taddart, d aselway-is. Yiwet n tikelt deg yal ddurt neɣ sin, ad d-tili yiwet n temlilit akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef temsal n taddart. Aberraḥ d netta ay d-yettbecciren ɣef lebda n temlilit, yerna yal argaz meqqren yessefk fell-as ad d-yeḥḍer. Amḍiq n temlilit d d lebni yeldin, deg daxel-nnes yella sin n yimukan n uẓru i d-yettmuqulen yiwen ɣef wayeḍ<ref name=":17">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 93.</ref>. Timlilit tezmer daɣen ad tili deg imukan-nniḍen, am tmesgidiwin, neɣ zdat n tteǧra. Agraw n taddart d netta i d-yelhan s usnulfu n usaḍuf d usseḍru-nsen, yerna ad d-yeṭṭef tiɣriwin deg tegnit n tuccḍa<ref name=":16" />. Aselway-is, ameqran neɣ amɣar (da amin) n taddart, d netta daɣen i d-yettawin leqdic amatu, am usseqdec n yiberdan, tiliwa d tmesgidiwin, neɣ lebni n yixxamen<ref>Hanoteau and Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. Tettili-d daɣen tikwal ayen i wumi qqaren timecret s Taẓwawt, anda i d-yettunefken wulli neɣ iɣersiwen-nniḍen, dɣa aksum-nsen yettwafreq s lbaṭel ɣer yal tawacult<ref name=":18">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 29.</ref>. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, agraw n taddart yettarra-d iserdan d lbarud i wid ur nezmir ara ad ten-id-aɣen<ref name=":18" />. <nowiki/>* Ɣur Twareg, agraw qqaren-as ameni neɣ ameney, aẓar "mny" ay d-yeqqaren "ad nwali gar-aneɣ, ad nemlil", yesskanay-d deg Tuareg "tadiwennit, timlilit" s unamek amatu am wakken ay d-yesmektay "timlilit" neɣ "taɣimit" n wegraw asertan. ==== '''Talɣa''' ==== [[Tugna:Maison du marabout et mosquée à Koukou.jpg|vignette|Taxxamt n imrabḍen d lǧameɛ deg tagelda n [[Kuku]]. Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Asemres n usqamu n taddart deg-s i d-iteddun: lamin, yettwafren s tefranin tiɣelnawin neɣ yettefran sɣur imḍebbren, yettgen ukil n lǧameɛ, yerna aneggaru-a d netta i d amḍebber n tedrimt n lǧameɛ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. Yal adrum n taddart yettferriḍ yiwen n wergaz seg yiman-nsen d agensas-nsen deg usqamu n taddart. Ṭamen d win i d-yezgan gar adrum-is d lamin, akk d win i d-yettεawanen aneggaru-a<ref name=":11" />. Ɣef leḥsab n Hanoteau, d lamin i d-yettwafernen ṭamen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Daɣen, kra n yergazen yettwaḥesben d imusnawen (d lɛuqqal) ttekkin ula d nutni deg usqamu<ref name=":19">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 24.</ref>. Irgazen-nniḍen ttɣimen zzin-d i umḍiq n temlilit, sellen, mmeslayen tikwal kan, ma ulac ur mmeslayen akk<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 93.</ref>. Imrabḍen d iklan ur ttilin ara deg usarag<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqqran (lamin) n Taddart''' ===== Ismawen yemgaraden i yettwaseqdacen i usemres-a, ɣef leḥsab n temnaḍt, win ay d-yettwassnen yerna yettwassen aṭas d lamin. Ismawen-nniḍen, ur ttwasseqdacen ara mliḥ, d “ameqqran” d “amɣar”<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Yal argaz aqbayli, ma yella yezmer ad yeddem leslaḥ, yezmer ad yuɣal d lamin n taddart-is, di tiẓri meqqar. Maca deg tuget n tegnatin, amin s umata yettas-d seg twacult yesɛan tazmert deg taddart. Deg twafeq, amur ameqran n wakud, seg terbaɛt tameqrant n yimezdaɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 26.</ref>. Lamin yella yesɛa cwiṭ n tezmert d aselway n temlilit, yerna yeṭṭef kan amkan-is skud yettwaḥsab d win yezmeren ad yexxdem ccɣel-nnes<ref>Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'',asebter. 4-5.</ref>. Deg yiwet n taddart n At Mangellat, Tawrirt Mangellat, amen yettwafernen seg yal taxerrubt s nnuba<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 33</ref>. Gar lecɣal n lamin, d aɛessas n wayla<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 44.</ref>, am wakken daɣen ay d-yella uḍman n uqader n usaḍuf d ussefqed n tmenɣiwin. D netta daɣen i d-yettaṭṭafen tifin d leɣlaḍ. Ma yella amin yexdem lbaṭel, ilaq-as ad ixelleṣ yerna ad yeṭṭef taggara<ref>Liorel, Jules. ''Races berbères: Kabylie du Djurdjura''. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1893, 315. (s tefransist) ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Kabylie_du_Jurjura.html?id=msThiy2egeAC&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref>, ma yella yeṭṭef taggara mebla agraw n imezdaɣ n taddart, ad ixelleṣ ula d netta (qanun n yiwet n taddart n tmurt Aqbil, At Mangellat)<ref>Liorel, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 316.</ref>. Lamin ilaq ad yili d aḥerfi yerna ilaq ad yesɛu tamusni taserdast, imi ad d-yawi irgazen-is deg umennuɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ, i d-yettunefken sɣur Ameqran n taddart, yezmer ad yili d Aẓwaw neɣ d amṛabti, yerna yettwafernen seg twacult yesɛan aṭas n yedrimen yerna yesɛa tazmert<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. D netta i d-yettḥekkmen ɣef ussefrek n ugerruj n lǧameɛ i yellan yemsefraq ɣef ugerruj n taddart. Ma yella lǧameɛ-nni d ayla n yiwet n tmesgida mačči d ayla n taddart, ukil n lǧameɛ yettwafren sɣur taxerrubt-nni ay yesɛan lǧameɛ-nni mačči sɣur Ameqran n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 36.</ref>. Segmi i d-teṭṭef Fransa tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tadbelt tamesbaṭlit, ɣas akken teǧǧa timḍebbrin tiqbayliyin akken llan, tesnulfa-d amḍiq amaynut, d win n ukil, yettwafren sɣur agraw n taddart, yerna yesɛa tiɣbula am ukil n lǧameɛ, maca mačči am ineggura-agi, yessedday lxezna n taddart deg umḍiq n lǧameɛ-nni<ref name=":20">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 134.</ref>. ===== Ṭamen ===== [[Tugna:Élection à Koukou.jpg|alt=Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.|vignette|Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Yal taxerubt tesεa yiwen n umseqdac deg tejmaɛt, iwumi qqaren ṭamen, d awal n taɛrabt yesεan anamek n 'aḍman'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Yal taxerubt n taddart tettak-d yiwen seg yergazen-is d ṭamen[2], maca ɣef wakken i d-yenna Hanoteau, d Ameqran i t-yettunefken<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. D netta i d amsalay gar taxerubt d tejmaɛt, yerna daɣen d amεiwen n Ameqran. Deg kra n teqbilin, am At Fliq, ṭamen, imi d netta i d aqerru n twacult-is, tikwal ttwakelfen-as tazmert n ṭamen <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100.</ref>. Deg kra n tudrin, ṭamen mačči kan d win i d-yeskanen taxerubt-is, d lɛerc-is s lekmal-is<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Gar lecɣal-is, ad d-yerr s yisem n taxerubt-is (neɣ n lɛerc-is) deg tejmaɛt n taddart, ad ixelleṣ tiɣrifin i d-yexdem iɛeggalen n txerubt-is, yerna ad d-yefk isallen ineggura i Ameqran<ref name=":21">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100-101.</ref>. Tikwal, d ṭamen i d-yettawin ticcetkiwin uqbel ad awḍen ɣer Ameqran. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, yettak-d iɣallen-is i Ameqran<ref name=":21" />. ===== Ɛuqqal ===== Awal ɛuqqal, n laṣel aɛrab, anamek-is d 'amussnaw', 'afehhem'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 92.</ref>. Ur yelli ara lḥedd ɣef wacḥal n ɛuqqal ay yezmer ad teṭṭef agraw n taddart, maca s umata llan gar 5 ar 10 deg wazal-nsen. Ttwafernen s rray n medden<ref name=":19" />. Iɛuqqalen d imɣaren, aya i ten-yeǧǧan ad ttwaḥesben d wid yesɛan tamusni d tmussni deg wallen n Yiqbayliyen, imi Aqbayli, mi ara yili yid-s yiwen seg twacult-is meqqren, qlil ma yettmeslay (s leqder), daymi i d nutni, Ameqran d ṭemman, i d-yettḥekmen ɣef tejmaɛt<ref name=":17" />. Ttwaqadren aṭas, yerna d ccbaḥa-nsen kan i asen-yefkan azwel-nsen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 95.</ref>. Awal-nsen yesεa azal deg temsirin n wagraw. ==== '''Lɛerc''' ==== Tiddukla n waṭas n tudrin (neɣ twafeq) d tin i d-yettakken lɛerc (anamek-is d 'akersi' am win yesseqdac ugellid). Deg kra n tegnatin, lɛerc yezmer ad yili seg yiwet n taddart kan, am Iɣil Imula<ref name=":22">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 47.</ref>. Imdanen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n lɛerc ur ttekkan dima deg yiwen n lejdud, yerna aṭas n leɛruc ur sɛin ara ismawen i d-yettawin ɣer lejdud-nsen, am At Wasif (imdanen n wasif) d At Budrar (imdanen yesɛan adrar), At Umalu d At Usammer (imdanen n tama n wedrar ay yesɛan tili d yiṭij, s tɣawla) n At Iraten<ref name=":22" />. Asemres n lɛerc yezmer daɣen ad ibeddel. Aya yezmer ad d-yili s usdukkel n taddart n teqbilt niḍen, neɣ s lɛerc n taddart. Deg tdukli n At Ɛisi, taddart n At Maḥmud, Tala Xellil, tettwaqqen ɣer At Dwala. Amedya nniḍen d taddart n Tagemmunt Leǧdid, i d-yekkan di tazwara ɣer At Ɛmer u-Fayed n tdukli n At Ɛisi, dɣa teqqen ɣer Iwaḍiyen deffir n ṭṭraḍ<ref name=":23">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67.</ref>. Llan sin n yimedyaten i d-yettwaseknen deg umezruy n leɛruc i yedduklen tudrin-nsen ɣer leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer tama-nsen ɣef ddemma n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw, am wakken i yella deg tegnit n Isemmaḍiyen n tdukli n At Iraten, d At u-Belqasem n At Betrun<ref name=":23" />. Tiddukliwin-a ur tent-id-yeḍfer ara umussu n yimezdaɣen, imezdaɣen n tuddar yettwaqqnen qqimen ttwaḥerzen. Mi llan deg wakal aberrani, iqbayliyen ttwasnen s teqbilt-nsen neɣ s tdukli-nsen kan, werǧin s tudrin-nsen, yerna ttemɛawanen waygar-asen mebla lxilaf. Yal yiwen deg-sen yella ddaw laɛnaya-s, dɣa d lwaǧeb i yal yiwen ad iḥareb ɣef teqbilt-is, xas ma yella d ayen ara d-yeǧǧen tudert-is deg lḥif. Win i d-yesbeggnen isekkilen n tkerkas, ur d-yettekki ara deg uɛiwen neɣ deg uḥareb n teqbilt-is, ad ixelleṣ, yerna ad yexṣer ccan-is ger wegdud-is<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 59.</ref>. S umata, leɛruc llan ttwabḍan ɣef sin n ṣfuf, yerna yal taddart tesɛa sin-nni n leɛruc. Ṣfuf-a zemren ad awḍen ula nnig n tdukli. Naqal, snulfun leɛruc s lekmal-nsen, akk d leɛruc niḍen neɣ d tiddukla, ṣeff. Akka i yella lḥal di lqern wis XVIII di tmurt n Leqvayel, anda tamnaḍt-a merra tebḍa ɣef sin n ṣfuf imeqqranen: ṣeff ufella d ṣeff n wadda. Ɣef leḥsab n wansay adigant, timliliyin-a llant-d deffir yiwen n ccwal gar sin n watmaten, Urxu d Buxtuc, seg Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ n lɛerc n At Frawsen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 17-19.</ref>. Sin-a llan deg yiwen n weḥric seg twacult i iḥekmen ɣef tagelda n Kuku, yerna tamezwarut tella tettɛawan-itt ṣeff ufella, ma d tis snat d ṣeff n wadda. D wagi i d asemres n sin n ṣfuf<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 19.</ref>: * '''Ṣeff ufella:''' At Yaḥya, xemsa n yegduden n Igawawen (At Mangellat, At bu-Yusef, At Wasif, At Ɛeṭṭaf, At bu-Ɛekkac), sin n leɛruc n At Sedqa (Ugdal, At Hmed), tlata n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Addu, At Mendas, At Smaɛel), Iflisen Umlil, yiwen n lɛerc n At Ɛisi (At Abdelmumen), At Ǧennad, Iɛeẓẓugen (aḥric n At Ɣebri), At Fliq, Ilulen Usammer, At Mlikec, Ifnayen, At bu-Mesudɛ, Imezzayen, Iẓnagen, d ugar n uzgen n At Ɛebbas. * '''Ṣeff n wadda:''' At Iraten, Iɛemrawen, At Wagnun, At Frawsen, At Xellili, At bu-Cɛayeb, At Itsuraɣ, Illilten, Ilulen Umalu, At Iǧǧer, At Ziki, At Ɣebri, Iflisen Lebḥar, Asif Lḥemmam, xemsa n leɛruc At Ɛisi (At Dwala, At Meḥmud, Iferdiwen, At Ɛmer u-Fayed, At Zmenzer), Lemɛatqa, tlata n leɛruc n Igawa (At Yenni, At Budrar, Aqbil), yiwen At Sedqa (Iwaḍiyen), sin n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Ɣerdan, At Amefi), Kucras, At Temẓalt, Ɛella, Uzgen, Icenbaber, At Sidel, Ɛliman, At Waɣlis. ===== '''Agraw''' ''(Tajmaɛt)'' '''n Lɛerc''' ===== ===== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ===== Agraw n Lɛerc, mačči am win n taddart, yettili-d kan di kra n tegnatin, yerna imedyaten yettwasqedcen qlilet aṭas. Yiwen seg umedya-a d win n lɛerc n At Frawsen, i yemlalen deg useggas n 1752 neɣ deg useggas-nniḍen deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ (Bida n zik), i wakken ad d-sbedden ttaggara n yizerfan n tlawin ɣer tmanegt <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 224.</ref>. Ahat ayagi yettwaxdem akken ad ḥebsen leɛruc nniḍen ad d-ssutren akal d wayla ɣef tmettant n wergaz s yizerfan n tmeṭṭut-is izemren ad tili seg lɛerc-nsen yerna ad ḥebsen timcewwekt i izemren ad d-yeḍru ɣef waya. Asefhem-iḍen yella-d akken ad ḥebsen irgazen Iɛetmaniyen ad d-rren ula d nutni tiɣawsiwin am tin, dɣa ad rnun ad snerniyen akal-nsen ddaw n tiɣawsiwin am tin. Amedya nniḍen d win n At Yanni (Asdukel n At Betrun), i d-yeṭṭfen deg useggas n 1818 yiwet n temlilit deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, At Laḥsen, i wakken ad d-rren i tlawin azref i tmanegt-nsent, ay d-yekkes usdukel i deg tella deg useggas n 1749<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 226.</ref>. Agraw n Lɛerc, am win n taddart, yezmer ad d-yessuffeɣ izerfan i d-yettwafernen ɣef tudrin akk yellan deg-s. D ccɣel n yimḍebbren n tuddar ''(s umata sin neɣ tlata)'' ad sεelmen imezdaɣ-nsen ɣef tseddarin timaynutin i d-yettwaddmen. Naqal, kra n leɛruc ttwaɛaqben ɣef tmenɣiwin timeqranin i ttgen, am tukerḍa d tmenɣiwt<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 65.</ref>. Idrimen n lɛerc i yettwaḥwajen i yisenfaren am usnerni neɣ aseḥbiber n yiberdan, n tmesgidiwin, n ssuq d d wayen-nniḍen, ttwabḍan gar-asen gar wakk tuddar, yerna yal yiwet seg-sent yessefk ad ttekkin s lqidar n yimezdaɣen-nsent. Ma yella lɛerc yesεa aɣbalu n tedrimt i d-yettakken azal ugar n wiyaḍ, yettwabḍa gar tudrin s yiwen n ubrid<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter 64-65.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqran''' ''(Amin)'' '''n lumna''' ===== Amɣar n lumna deg tuget n leɛruc yettwafernen kan deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ. Yettwafren seg yemdanen niḍen, Imɣaren n leɛruc, i sɛan azwel am wa akken ad yessuddes iɣallen n leɛruc d ttawilat-nsen, akken daɣen ad d-yefk lewṣayat i Imɣaren n leɛruc deg yimenɣi, yerna d nitni i ten-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen. Lxedma-s tettḥebbis deffir ma ttwaḥebsent tmenɣiwin<ref name=":24">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 68-69.</ref>. Leɛruc-nni kan i yeṭṭfen Amɣar n lumna-nsent deg talwit, d tid-nni i d-yezgan ɣer yidis n yiɣemmiwen n maxzen deg tallit n talwit d wid ay d-yezzin ɣef yiɣerfan n Iɛetmaniyen deg tallit n Ṭṭerk, imi llan ttnaɣen dima yid-sen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 73.</ref>. Mi d-teṭṭef Fransa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tagnit n Ameqran n lumna tuɣal d tin n dayem. Argaz-nni yettwafren ad yeṭṭef amkan-nni yella d aselway n lɛerc-is, yerna yessefk ad t-teqbel tedbelt tafṛensist<ref name=":20" />. ==== Tamawya (''Takufidṛalit/taqbilt'') ==== Leɛruc yedduklen akk ttgent akk Tamawya. Timawya akk Iẓwawen llant deg Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, ma d ayen nniḍen qqimen war Tamawya, tteklen kan ɣef tdukliwin<ref name=":25">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67-68.</ref>. Iswi n Tamawya yella s umata s ṣṣenf aserdasi, anamek-is dakken leɛruc i d-yeṭṭfen tamawya ttemḥuddun (maca mačči dima) wway gar-asen m'ara mgerradent d Timawya-nniḍen. Timawya yemgaraden qlil ma msefhament akk, yerna mi ara msefhament, dima d ayen ara mqabalen d iɣallen ibeṛṛaniyen, am Yiṭerkiyen neɣ Ifṛensisen<ref name=":12" />. Tadukli-nsen temgarad seg tamawya ɣer tayeḍ. Leɛruc ur nelli ara deg tamawya, i yesɛan imukan imeqranen, am At Ɛebbas n wasif Wad Saḥel d At Ɛidel n temnaṭ n Summam, bḍan-d ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen, yerna anagraw-nsen yecba win n tamawya n tmurt n Yiẓwawen Meqqren. Tamawya tesɛa daɣen agraw-is d Ameqran n Tamawya (Amin n Tamawya)<ref name=":25" />. Timawya n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ttwaḥsabent s umata: Iflisen Umlil, At Wagnun, Iflisen Lebḥar, At Jennad, At Iǧǧer, At Mangellat, At Betrun, At Iraten, At Sedqa, At Ɛisi, Lemɛatqa d Igucdal<ref name=":26">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 238-300.</ref>. Gar timawya-a, sin, At Betrun d At Mangellat, i yettusemman Igawawen (Zwawa s taɛrabt)<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 251.</ref>, d isem swayes Iẓwawen n Tmurt Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt ssexdamen akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk leɛruc n Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, yerna tasuqilt-is s taɛrabt tettwaseqdac akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk Yiẓwawen akken yebɣu ad yilin. "Akken ara yettbeɛḍ yiwen ɣef Ǧeṛǧer, Iẓwawen ttaken isem n Igawawen i leɛruc i ten-yessefran seg tdukli-nni i d-nebder akka kan [At Betrun d At Mangellat]. Ɣef waya, i “Guechoula”, At Sedqa d Igawawen, ma d Guechtoula s timmad-is ttwaqqaren Iflissen Umellil d At Xelfun. Aqbayli seg Waṭlas abliḏi neɣ d Ichenwiyen ad d-yernu s yisem n Agawa yakk leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer usammar n wasif Isser<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe. ''Essai de grammaire Kabyle''. Alger: Bastide; Constantine: Bastide et Amavet; Paris: Challamel and Benjamin Duprat, 1858, p. xxij. (s tefransist) ([https://www.google.nl/books/edition/Essai_de_grammaire_Kabyle_renfermant_les/qG6TfIMgibMC?hl=en&gbpv=1 ɣeṛ-it deg interne]t)</ref>". ― Adolphe Hanoteau, Essai de grammaire kabyle (1858) ''(Adolphe Hanoteau, Aḍris n tjerrumt taqbaylit)''. Lqedd n tamawya d leɛruc-is tettbeddil aṭas. Amqqran deg-sen, Iflisen Umlil, yesεa tlata n leɛruc. Deg umḍiq wis sin i d-iteddun At Wagnun d Igawawen, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tmanya. Tamawya i yesɛan aṭas n leɛruc d tin n Lemɛatqa, i yesɛan kan kraḍ<ref name=":26" />. Iẓwawen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n tamawya, mi ara ilin deg berra n tmurt-nsen, zemren ad ttwassen s lɛerc-nsen akk d tamawya-nsen, maca werǧin s taddart-nsen. "Deg yiberdan n Lezzayer tamenaɣt, yezmer yiwen ad iẓer Iẓwawen seg lɛerc n At Ǧennad i d-yettasen akken ad sqedcen izerfan-nsen... ma yesteqsa-ten ḥedd, deg Lezzayer, ansi i d-kkren, ad d-rren: "At Ǧennad". ttun tudrin-nsen yerna ttnadin kan ɣef teqbilt-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin....Yeshel ad nefhem belli, mi ara ilin deg temnaḍin i yellan d tiberraniyin fell-asen, At εakache akk tettu tudrin-nsen yerna ad d-inin kan d lɛerc-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin. Ttṛuḥun ugar, ad d-inin kan Agawaw. D aya, imi di tazwara d Igawawen akk i llan, i ttεawnen wway gar-asen yerna ad d-rren ttar ...<ref>Liorel, ''Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025'', asebter. 354-356.</ref>" ― Jules Liorel, ''Races berbères, Kabylie du Jurjura'' (1892). '''Agraw n Tamawya''' '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' Agraw n Tamawya qlil ma yettemlili, yerna am Tamawya n Leɛruc, ur nesɛi ara imedyaten i d-yettwasqedcen ɣef waya. Sin-nni n yimedyaten i d-yettbanen s wazal-nsen i d-yettunefken deg At Iraten akk d At Betrun. Amezwaru yexdem timlilit-is deg yiwen n wass ur ur nettwassen deg tlemmast n lqern wis 18, deg taddart n Tizra Wagemun<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 223.</ref>, anda yal lɛerc n Tamawya yesbedd-d aẓru-ines n usmekti<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 8.</ref>. Amedya wis sin yexdem timlilit-is deg useggas n 1749 d wid i ten-iɛawnen, leɛrac n usammar n At Sedqa, deg ssuq n At Wasif. Sin-nni n yigrawen, fsbedden-d iṣuḍaf imaynuten, yerna kksen-d azref n tlawin ad weṛten<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 124.</ref>. Timawya zemren daɣen ad d-mlalen mi ara d-kkren yimenɣiyen, i wakk-n ad meslayen ɣef ṭṭraḍ. '''Ameqran''' ''(lamin)'' '''n Tamawya''' Tikwal, mi ara gzun leɛruc i d-yesbedden Tamawya ad ttgent akk ccɣel n yiserdasen, ttfernin yiwen n "Ameqran n Tamawya" akken ad d-yesselḥu timhal-nni. Ahil-is am win n Ameqran n lumna, anagar aneggaru-a yettuɣal d amɛiwen-is. Ameqran n lumna, deg tilin n Ameqran n Tamawya, yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yessiwḍ lewṣayat n uqerruy-is ɣer yimdanen-nsen, dɣa d nitni ay ten-id-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen<ref name=":24" />. == '''Anekcum n Fransa ɣef Tefriqt n Ugafa''' == Tawayt taserdasit tafransist n 1830 tella deg tazwara mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tamaneɣt imi Fṛansa ur tesɛa ara lfayda deg ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel neɣ ad tkemmel ad teqqim d timziregt. Mi i ṭṭfen Yifṛensisen tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer, semman-as i tama-nni, i wumi qqaren deg tazwara n ussehres d ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Lezzayer; aya yeḍra-d s yiwet n lewṣayat n uneɣlaf afṛensis n ṭṭraḍ, Jeneral Schneider, deg tebrat-is n 14 Tubeṛ 1838 i Marshall Valée, imi yura-d: “Ar ass-a, akal-nni i d-neṭṭef deg Tefriqt n Ugafa llan qqaren-as d ayla n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa neɣ s yisem n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart, neɣ s yisem n Lezzayer. Imesli-a aneggaru, d win yezzin, yeshel, yerna d win i d-yeqqnen ɣef wiyaḍ [...], i d-yettbanen akka tura d win am i d-irebḥen ɣef imesliyen niḍen [...] Ihi ad k-id-iniɣ [...] ad tesbeddleḍ (ad tesqedceḍ) awal "Lezzayer" deg yismawen-nniḍen i yellan uqbel.” (Yettwabder-d sɣur Guiral, 1992: 45)<ref>Bernand Lugan [https://ia903405.us.archive.org/25/items/histoire-de-l-afrique-du-nord-des-origines-a-nos-jours-bernard-lugan_edition-2016/Histoire%20de%20l%27Afrique%20du%20Nord%20-%28Des%20origines%20%C3%A0%20nos%20jours%29-%20Bernard%20Lugan_%C3%A9dition-2016.pdf – Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord. Chapitre III]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Algérie : de l’« encombrante conquete » au « royaume arabe »</ref> Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer [[Surya]] netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.[[Tugna:Reddition d abd el kader 1847.jpg|vignette|Asellem n Limir Ɛebdelqader, 23 Dujembeṛ 1847. Augustin Regis.]]Lezzayer tafṛensist d tmurt n Leqvayel ttkemmilent tteddunt yiwet ɣer tama n wayeḍ, dɣa deg wass n 3 Meɣres 1854, Napoléon wis 3 yessuffeɣ-d "sénatus-consulte" (lqanun n Useqqamu n Senat) i d-yesbeggnen lebɣi ameqqran n Fransa i wakken ad tkemmel tilin n uwanak n tmurt n Leqvayel. Tamuɣli-ya tella-d daɣen sɣur ujiniṛal Bugeaud (Ajiniṛal n Lezzayer seg 1840 arma d 1847) i yufa d ayen yesεa sswab ad ikemmel ad iqabel tmurt taqbaylit tilellit, wala ad yebdu ṭṭraḍ mgal-is. Tamurt n Leqvayel deg tallit-a mazal-itt tettwaḥder seg lebɛid sɣur lɛesker afṛansis imi ugaden ad ten-awḍen yiɣallen n Leqvayel.<ref name=":9">Jean-Pierre Frapolli - [https://cdha.fr/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/Club_Kabylie/conquête_kabylie_1_JPF_120115.pdf La Conquête De La Kabylie - (1ère Partie) Une conquête fortuite] - Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie - Club Kabylie</ref> [[Tugna:Discussion sous la tente des chefs Kabyle avec le général Randon.jpg|alt=Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqbayel akk-d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.|vignette|Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqvayel akk d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.]] Win i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n Bugeaud, Jeneral Jacques Randon (1795-1871), yella yesɛa rray nniḍen. Yeqqneɛ Napoléon wis tlata ɣef lḥeṛs n ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel, yerna yenna-d dakken tamurt n Leqvayel timziregt ad tili dima d azaglu i yiɣlanen imaynuten n Fransa deg Tefriqt ugafa, yerna lemmer ad d-yili ṭṭraḍ di Turuft, Leqvayel zemrent ad d-ssiwḍent isallen iserdasiyen s lebḥer u ad bdun tagrawla deg temnaḍt-nni akk. Aẓdam n tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d deg 19 maggu 1857, s ddaw n Jeneral Randon s 4 n tseddarin s 37.000 n yergazen; Aẓdam n Fransa ɣef tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d 27 n yiseggasen deffir n umenɣi n Fransa mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart deg 1830 d 19 n yiseggasen deffir n usnulfu n Lezzayer. Deg taggara, Fransa teqqen-ed Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857.<ref name=":9" /> Ihi, Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli"<ref name=":6">Émile Carrey - [[iarchive:bub_gb_9LaPjz173RgC/page/n135/mode/2up|Récit de Kabylie, compagne de 185]]7. Chapitre X - Dissolution de l'armée expéditionnaire. “La Kabylie du Djurjura n’existe plus à l’état de nation indépendante."</ref> Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa. == Tasertit == * Sin ikabaren isertiyen i llan di Tmurt n Leqvayel, ɣas akken bɣan ad illin d ikabaren iɣelnawen maca imeɣnasen nsen ttekkin seg Leqvayel kan : [[Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen]] (FFS) n [[Ḥusin At Ḥmed]], d [[Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut|Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut]] (RCD) n duktur [[Saɛid Saɛdi]]. * leɛrac bannen-d di [[Tafsut Taberkant]] (2001) maca am nutni ama FFS d RCD lhan d wayen i ceɣben izayriyen s umata, ttun tamurt. * [[Timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen]] (MAK) yesbed [[Ferḥat Mhenni]] iban-ed daɣen di tefsut taberkant, d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiweḍ ar timanit n tmurt n Leqvayel. == Iẓwawen ittwasnen == : ɣer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]'' == Udmawen Iqbayliyen== : ɣer ''[[Idmawen iqbayliyen]]'' == Wali daɣen== * [[Imaziɣen]] == Ismal n Internet == * '''[http://www.imyura.net www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}''' : asmel n tsekla tazwawt, s teqbaylit akk. * '''[http://www.kabyle.com www.kabyle.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.acaoh.ca http://www.acaoh.ca]''' : asmel n [[Tidukkla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Ḥull]] di Kanada. * '''[http://www.kabyles.com www.kabyles.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.tamazgha.org www.tamazgha.org]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Marikan ugafa. * '''[http://www.racines-izuran.com www.racines-izuran.com]''' : asmel n weɣmis s snat n tutlayin: taqbaylit d tafransist. * '''[http://www.tamazgha.fr www.tamazgha.fr]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Franṣa. *'''[http://tameddit.com www.tameddit.com] aɣmis s tmaziɣt''' * '''[http://www.tussna.blogspot.com www.tussna.blogspot.com]''' tussna i yibujaden, s teqvaylit == Iɣbula == [[Taggayt:Tamurt n Leqbayel|*]] jec2cvxpqsr9eezo1vlt2ebyxuy1cr6 117902 117898 2026-11-08T10:52:27Z Mastiman Anumidi 17235 Rniɣ talɣut yeban ɣef tilawt. 117902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Tamnaḍt | isem = Tamurt n Leqvayel | tiɣmi = 0D5EAF | isem adigan = Tamurt n Iqbayliyen / Tamurt n Izwawen | isem adigan 2 = ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵡⴻⵏ | alugu = Tala_guilef.jpg | lqedd alugu = 255px | azday alugu = Tala Gilef, [[Buɣni|Vuɣni]]. | asenjaq = | lqedd asenjaq = | azday asenjaq = | imseɣret = Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu | takarḍa = Map_of_Kabylia.png | lqedd takarḍa = 255px | azday takarḍa = Takarḍa n Tamurt n Leqvayel. | timdinin = [[Bgayet]], [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]] d [[Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]] | tutlayin = [[Taqvaylit]]</br>[[Tafransist]]</br>[[Taɛrabt]] | imsidag = 37°49′N 4°50′E | tajumma = {{formatnum:32486}} km² | isem n umezdaɣ = [[Iqbayliyen]] (Aqvayli, Taqvaylit), Izwawen (Azwaw, Tazwawt), Igawawen (Agawaw, Tagawawt) | imezdaɣ = {{formatnum:3000000}}-{{formatnum:3500000}} | taneẓẓi = 92-108 imezdaɣ/km² | tamawt = Amḍan n yimezdaɣ akked tneẓẓi n useggas 2025. |tamurt=Lezzayer}} [[Tugna:Djurjura, Algeria.jpg|alt=Idurar n Ǧerǧer|vignette|260px|Idurar n [[Ǧerǧer]]]] '''Tamurt n Leqvayel d Teqvayliyyin,''' tettwaru daɣen Tamurt n Leqbayel ''(s tifinaɣ: ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ, anamek-is "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen")'', d tamnaḍt n yidurar yellan deg Ugafa-Agmuḍan n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg wenẓul-agmuḍan n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]]. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as "Tamurt n Idurar" neɣ "Tamurt" kan. Leqvayel ttmeslayen [[Taqbaylit|Taqvaylit]], yiwet si ger [[tutlayin timaziɣin]]. S wazal n 40.000 km2 n wakal ''(am [[Danmaṛk]], neɣ [[Taswist]], neɣ [[Timura n Wadda|Tagelda n Tmura n Wadda]]),'' Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa azal n 10 imelyan n yimezdaɣ<ref>UNPO [https://unpo.org/downloads/2474.pdf Kabylia Briefing Note]. 2025 (s teglizit). </ref> zdaxel n tlisa-s, tesɛa daɣen azal n sin n imelyan n leqvayel deg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], d wazal n sin n imelyan deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], akked azal 500 n imelyan nniḍen deg [[Amaḍal|umaḍal]], aya ad yessiweḍ agdud n Leqvayel ɣer wazal n 14 n yimelyunen d uzgen; aya d ayen yugaren amḍan n yimezdaɣ n tmurt n [[Tunes]]. Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa aṭas n temnaḍin d temdinin, gar-asent: [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Bgayet]], d [[Tubiret]], akked yiḥricen seg [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]], [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ|Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]]. Amezruy-iss yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa. == '''Aẓar n yisem n Leqvayel''' == Isem n teqvaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal "Kabbalah"—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus. Ahat awal n "Kabbalah" n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Taqvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu ([[Aqbu]]) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi "Kabbalah", i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden. Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Leqvayel sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”<ref>Salem Chaker, « Note à propos du précédent article », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1,‎ 1978, p. 103–104 ([https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1978_num_26_1_1826 ɣeṛ deg usebter-a s tefransist] [archive], consulté le 11 janvier 2019)</ref>. Daɣen, seg zik, Leqvayel ur ur smalen ara iman-nsen d “iqvayliyen”, maca d Iẓwawen. Akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yimezdaɣ n “tmurt n Leqvayel” deg unamek-is n tura, wid yettmeslayen Taɛrabt llan sseqdacen awal n Zuwawa (Zwawa), asuf. Zzwawi (Zwawi) i yellan, ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tmuɣli, d asenqes n Agawa amaziɣ, d aɣerrabu yellan deg wul n “Tamurt n Leqvayel Tameqrant”, seg waya ay d-yekka wawal Igawawen<ref>Il semblerait que dans l'Antiquité, les Igawawen aient porté le nom de Quinquegentiens, appellation administrative désignant cinq tribus (''quinque gente''). Une vieille légende rapporte en effet que les montagnards descendent d'un géant qui eut cinq fils, lesquels formaient les cinq tribus antiques (Boulifa, 1925), les fameux Quinquegentiens qui se révoltèrent contre les Romains. (Leroux, 1857, p. 57.)</ref> akken ad d-yesmekti “Iqvayliyen”, yerna d isem n yiwet n tamawya (tdukli) tazmertant n tmanya n yegduden i d-yezgan deg “tmurt n Leqvayel”: At Betrun (At Yenni, At Budrar, At Bu Ɛekkac, [[At Wasif]]) d At Menguellath (At Mengellat, [[At Bu Yusef]], At Weqbil, At Ɛeṭṭaf)<ref name=":8">Jacques Lanfry, «  », ''Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée'', <abbr>vol.</abbr> 26, <abbr>n^o</abbr> 1,‎ 1978</ref>. [[Ibn Xeldun]] yenna-d dakken Iẓwawen llan daɣen d aḥric seg Yikutamen<ref name=":8" />. ''(Tameslayt-a ay d-yellan ɣef Ibn Xeldoun d akken kan ad d-nesmekti belli awal Iẓwawen yettwaseqdac-ed deg tallit-is)'' Isem “zwawa” yessekles akka akk “iqvayliyen” s umata; Izwawen deg tutlayt tamaziɣt. Ɣef leḥsab n imusnawen nniḍen, awal Aẓwaw d wawal Agawa/Agawaw ur sɛin ara yiwet n tmetti, Igawawen yettak-d anamek n tamawya n Yigawawen, ma d Iẓwawen yettak-d anamek n Iẓwawen, “Leqvayel”, akken ma llan. Aselmad [[Salem Chaker]] yeqqar-d dakken awal Zwawa/Zwawi i d-sseqdacen wid yemeslayen taɛrabt ur ilaq ara ad yettwasemlil d agawa/igawawen, maca d Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen (isem aqvayli d yisem n lɛerc ay yettwassnen deg “Tmurt n Leqvayel”). Salem Chaker yeṭṭef deg tikti-ya belli Iẓwawen d isem n tidet aqbur n “Leqvayel” ay yellan,"imi qrib ttun isem-nsen n tidet")<ref name=":8" />. Nnig waya, deg wegmuḍ n Lezzayer, iqvayliyen mazal-iten ttwasemman s yisem n Zouaoua/Zouaoui<ref>Malha Benbrahim, professeur à l'Inalco, ''Documents sur Fadhma N’Soumeur (1830-1861)'', Clio, numéro 9/1999, Femmes du Maghreb.</ref>. Ula d ass-a, “iqbayliyen” akk ssawalen i yiman-nsen s yisem Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen. Deg usebter-a nesseqdac sin n wawalen-a, "Leqvayel" d "Iẓwawen" mebla amgired imi anamek-nsen d yiwen. Yettwafhem daɣen belli awal-a d win i d-yesdukklen deg-s Teqvayliyyin. == '''Amezruy''' == Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n [[Ǧerǧer]] yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n ''Muns Ferratus'' ("adrar n wuzzal"). Ibder-iten [[Aurelius Victor]] deg wedlis-is (''De Caesaribus'' 39.22: "nationes Quinquegentanae") d [[Eutropius]] (''Breviarium'' 9.22: "Quinquegentiani"). Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL). '''Ẓer:''' '''[[Numidya]]''' Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast. == '''Tallit talemmast''' == Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma. Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]] deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534.<ref>"[https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa North Africa - The Vandal conques]t". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.</ref><ref>Day, Alan (July 2001). "[https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.2001.15.7.43.400 The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV:2001400Averil Cameron, Brian Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby, editors. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. xx+1,166pp, ISBN: 0 521 32591 9]". ISSN 0950-4125.</ref> Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen.<ref>"[https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219133607/https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&context=L&vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&search_scope=MyInstitution&adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&tab=LibraryCatalog&query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&offset=25&lang=en |date=2024-12-19 }}". esploro.libs.uga.edu. Yettwaṭṭef deg 11 Ɣuct 2024.</ref> Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&pg=PA156 The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA118 Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&pg=PT167 The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568]</ref> Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa [[Tutlayt taɛrabt|Taɛrabt]] n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen,<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93 The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93]</ref> Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=tYtIAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA186 Scottish Geographical Magazine, Volume 10; Volume 1894]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=f1pBAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA165 Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding]</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4]</ref> Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken. == '''Listiɛmar Aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal Aɛraben''' == [[Tugna:Dihya Berber Queen of the Aurès by Vernet-Lecomte.jpg|vignette|[[Dihya Tadmut|'''Dihya''' '''Tadmut''']] '''- Vernet-Lecomte''']] Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Meynier2010|Meynier 2010]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 195.</ref>. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen. Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 46. </ref> Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni "العدو" taɛdawt".<ref name=":0">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 513.</ref> Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am [[Aksel (agellid)|Aksel]] neɣ [[Dihya Tadmut]], iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.[[Tugna:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|vignette|Tugna n yiwen n weqcic d akli deg Tmurt n Zanzibar. "Yettwaɛaqeb sɣur bab-is aɛrab." Azal n 1890. Seg iseggasen n 1860 ar deffir, tugna tettwaseqdac s waṭas deg yiznan i d-yettakken tiɣri i uḥemmal n tlelli. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']]Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen ''(جزية ǧizyah)'', ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen ''(dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي)'', war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen. [[Tugna:Meccan merchant and his Circassian slave.jpg|vignette|Yiwen n umerkanti aɛṛab seg Mekka (ayeffus) d wakli-s n tmurt n Ccirkas - Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, azal n 1888. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] [[Tugna:IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png|vignette|Tasenselt n uḍar ssexdamen-tt akken ad ḥebsen imdanen deg taddart. S umata, ttwaseqdacen deg waklan deg yiḍ. Akli-nni yezmer kan ad iεeddi s ttawil. Mi ara ttwaqqnent ɣef yiḍarren, ala aḥeddad i izemren ad tent-yesfeḍ. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']] == '''Imenɣiyen n Tlelli & Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab''' == Deg useggas n 740''',''' imaziɣen akk deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tafriqt n ugafa]] kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=865 Les Rustamides (761-909]) [archive] », sur Qantara, [[:fr:Institut_du_monde_arabe|Institut du monde arabe]], 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).</ref> ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt.<ref name=":1">[[:fr:Kabylie#Plantade2007|Plantade 2007]], p. 83.</ref> Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d [[Ɛennaba]], si tmurt n [[Lmerruk]] alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen.<ref name=":2">[[:fr:Kabylie#RedjalaSemmoud2011|Redjala 2011]], section 1 : « La Kabylie », « Formation et évolution du bloc kabyle ».</ref> Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen ''(ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen)''<ref>Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=866 Les Aghlabides (800-909]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D866 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 19 novembre 2014).</ref>, yerna ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n [[Ibn Xeldun]]: "Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen".<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 48-49. </ref> Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 236.</ref> Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar.<ref>D. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=597 Les Fatimides (909-1171]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D597 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 18 septembre 2012).</ref> Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di [[Maṣer]], ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akk d Shiɛa.<ref name=":3">A. A., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=596 Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)] [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 18 ctember 2012).</ref> Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt.<ref name=":4">[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], p. 514.</ref> [[Tugna:Fibonacci5.jpg|vignette|Tugna n Leonardo Fibonacci - mačči d tidet.]] Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]], Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n [[Bgayet]] deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna.<ref name=":3" /> Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as "abrid n ugellid".<ref>Djamel Alilat, « [http://rabahnaceri.unblog.fr/histoire-de-bgayet/triq-es-soltane-litineraire-du-roi-par-dj-alilat/ Triq Es Soltane (l’itinéraire du roi]) [archive] », 1re pub. El Watan, 2 septembre 2007.</ref> S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akk d Turuft<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Dermenghem1954|Dermenghem 1954]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 95.</ref>, tama n tsertit n "tgelda n Bgayet", tettwassen s yisem n "Imerǧan n Tefriqt", tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg [[Turuft]], sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg [[Turuft]].<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Julien1966|Julien 1966]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 104.</ref> Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII.<ref name=":1" /> Dɣa deg tɣiwant n [[Bgayet]], azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen ''(imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni)'' d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt'', (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni)'' yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130.<ref name=":0" /> Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Mourre1996|Mourre 1996]], t. 1, article « Algérie », p. 162.</ref> S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache1992|Kaddache 1992]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 102.</ref> Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet ''(deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes)'' d Dellys ''(i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan)'' tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen. Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Feredj2002|Feredj 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 16-17.</ref> [[Tugna:Béjaïa 1551.jpg|vignette|Asekkil n temdint n [[Bgayet|Vgayet]] sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥrez deg Tmezgunt Taɣelnawt n Fṛansa ''(La Bibliothèque nationale de France).'']] Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif.<ref name=":2" /> Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen "iḥerzen", dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d "tamanaɣt-nsen" yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n [[Tunes]], neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n [[Spenyul]]. == '''Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen''' == [[Tugna:Kab 1500-1750.png|vignette|Tamurt n Yiẓwawen d Tgelda n Lezzayer, 1500-1750.]] Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 515</ref>, neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen "tigeldiwin" n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam.<ref name=":0" /> Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s "Mejana"), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d [[Tunes (tamaneɣt)|Tunes]]; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen<ref name=":5">[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 139.</ref> d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint.<ref name=":5" /> [[Tugna:Koukou si Tefrawt.JPG|vignette|Tadart n [[Kuku]].]] I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abu Ɛebd Lah Muḥemmed IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj ''(Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d'' Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis'', yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Ga%C3%AFd1976|Gaïd 1976]], « Depuis le <abbr>XI^e</abbr> siècle », <abbr>3^e</abbr> partie.</ref> Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref>, tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d [[Ǧiǧel]].<ref>Mechehed Djamel-Eddine, « [http://mechehed.free.fr/documents/Les_turcs___Bougie.doc Les Espagnols et les Turcs à Bougie] [archive] », Radio Soummam, Béjaïa, son histoire et son port, juin–septembre 2004.</ref> Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 89-92.</ref> Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n [[Kuku]]<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Leclerc1864|Leclerc 1864]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 61.</ref> i d-yeddren sin n leqrun.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lacoste-Dujardin2003|Lacoste-Dujardin 2003]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 70.</ref> Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 152.</ref>, s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Souidi2005|Souidi 2005]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 36.</ref><ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 239.</ref> Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqvayel d wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen<ref name=":2" /> maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 76.</ref>: tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 516.</ref> Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer ''(''Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas. Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Adli2004|Adli 2004]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 105.</ref> [[Tugna:Kabyle Shepherd, by Eugène Fromentin.JPG|vignette|Ameksa deg idurar n tmurt n Yiẓwawen - Eugène Fromentin (1861).]] Di Tmurt n Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal [[Ǧiǧel]]. Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 24.</ref> Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer [[Qsenṭina]] deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 307.</ref> Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg [[Buɣni]] i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n "lbruj", gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 486.</ref> [[Tugna:Chef Kabyle.jpg|vignette|Ameqran n Tamawya ''(teqbilt)'' Aẓwaw. 1846 - Amezruy n Lezzayer Tafransist ''(Histoire de l'Algérie française)'' - Camille Leynadier.|alt=Ameqran n Tamawya]] S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akk d tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 79.</ref> Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt.<ref name=":2" /> Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen.<ref name=":4" /> Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526.</ref> I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 526, 407.</ref> Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akk d twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 477.</ref> D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770 (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 ''(deg temnaḍt n Soummam)''.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 205.</ref> Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw.<ref>[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], <abbr>p.</abbr> 490.</ref> Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a. == '''Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857''' == ==== '''Adabu Di Tmurt n Leqvayel''' ==== I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen: '''Awanek:''' d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines. '''Anavad:''' yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes. [[Tugna:Sur les côtes de Kabylie par Frederick Arthur Bridgman.jpg|vignette|Tiɣilt n Yiẓwawen - Frederick Arthur Bridgman.]] Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli”<ref name=":6" /> yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt. Awalen i d-tenna Lalla [[Faḍma n Sumer|Faḍma n Sume]]<nowiki/>r i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkem.” [[Tugna:Chérif Boubaghla and Lalla Fatma n'Soumer, by Félix Philippoteaux.jpg|vignette|Lalla Faḍma n Sumer Tennaɣ armi d taggara - Philippoteaux, 1866.]] [[Tugna:Portrait-Fatma N'Soumer.jpg|vignette|Tameṭṭut taẓwawt deg umennuɣ F. Filiput.]] Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: "skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. " Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli. Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 ''(aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj)'' armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli. Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.”<ref name=":7">Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: [[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]. 2017. </ref> Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. [[Tugna:Martinus Rørbye - A seated Kabyla.jpg|vignette|Aẓwaw yeqqimen - Martinus Rørbye. ]] Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.”<ref name=":7" /> Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen.<ref>Asebter seg udlis d tdiwennit n Hugh Roberts "[[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]" & Hugh Roberts: "Les kabyles avaient une sorte d'État de Droit dans leurs arches et leurs villages. Video.</ref> [[Tugna:A Kabyle Beauty.webp|vignette|Tameṭṭut taqvaylit ]] Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen ''(ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal<ref name=":7" />, yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella)''<ref name=":7" /> d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines. D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi [[Imaziɣen]] akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti. Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya. == '''Tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n''' '''Fransa''' <ref>Aḥric agi d tasuqilt n umgarad ifazen n https://wiki.amazigh.com. [https://wiki.amazigh.com/index.php/Kabyle_socio-political_structure#cite_note-:20-15 ɣeṛ-it deg internet] (s teglizit). </ref> == [[Tugna:Tuddsa n uwanek aqbayli.png|vignette|Tuddsa n uwanek n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n Fransa]] Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, uqbel asehres n n Fransa, lebni n tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt yella-d s waṭas n yiswiren, yebdan seg win n wadda arma d win yugaren: '''axxam''', '''''taxerrubt'', ''adrum''''', '''taddart''', '''Ṣfuf''' d '''lɛerc''' <ref name=":10">Devaux, Charles. ''Les Kebaïles du Djerdjera''. Marseilles: Camoin, and Paris: Challamel, 1859, asebter. 2-3. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref name=":11">Bourdieu, Pierre. ''The Algerians. Translated by Alan G. C. Ross. Beacon Press, 1962, p. 3. (S teglizit) (Izwel amezwaru s tefransist: Sociologie de l'Algérie''. Presses universitaires de France, 1958).</ref>. Simal yettnerni uswir, simal tettnerni tdukli gar yiɛeggalen-is<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe, and Aristide Horace Letourneux. ''La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles''. 1st ed, 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1872-1873, vol. II, p. 5. ([https://books.google.fr/books?id=L7ZTAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 1], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=KxBbAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 2], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=gjA-AAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&hl=fr#v=onepage&q&f=false vol. 3] (s tefransist)</ref>. Anagraw asertan yella d win n tugdut<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 1. (s tefransist)</ref>, deg-s yal argaz aqbayli yesɛan azref i wakken ad yeṭṭef leslaḥ yesɛa awal deg temsal n taddart s usarag n tajmalt n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Asdukel n snat neɣ ugar n tudrin d win i d-yefkan lɛerc, yerna mi ara d-dduklen aṭas n leɛruc-a, ad d-snulfun Tamawya ''(taqbilt)''<ref name=":10" />. '''Taddart''' '''Amezruy''' [[Tugna:Maison des Kabyles.jpg|alt=Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882|vignette|Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882]] Di tazwara, Iẓwawen llan zedɣen deg tudrin timecṭuḥin, qqaren-asent ixliǧen (asuf. taxliǧt). Ixliǧeni d-yezgan ɣef yiri-nsent, dduklent akken ad d-snulfun ayen iwumi qqaren tufiq (asget. tufeq), d awal i d-yekkan seg Taɛrabt i d-yettawin s wazal-is anamek n wemsefham neɣ n usselhu<ref>Roberts, Hugh. ''Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria'' ''(Anabaḍ amaziɣ : Tasertit taqbaylit di Lezzayer uqbel n usehres n Fransa)''. I. B. Tauris, 2014, p. 50-51. (s teglizit) </ref>. Anagraw amezwaru yella deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Yiẓwawen, ladɣa deg tdukliwin n At Wagnun d Iflisen Lebḥar, ma d anagraw wis sin yella deg yal amkan anagar deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 54.</ref>. Tikwal, tufiq yettwasemma s yisem n taddart-is tamezwarut, ugar n tikwal d tin meqqren, am akken yella deg Taka n twacult n At Yaḥya<ref name=":12">Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 5.</ref>. Deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer, anda i llant tuddar timeqranin, ixliǧen i d-yellan d aḥric seg twafeq msefhamen ad d-dduklen, s wakka i d-snulfan tudrin tiɣezzanin, yemgaraden ɣef twafeq imi llan d timnaḍin timeqqranin deg umkan n tid meẓẓiyen i d-yezzin, yerna llant d timnaḍin yemgaraden seg iẓuran yemgaraden gar-asent<ref name=":13">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 58-59.</ref>. Imrabḍen zemren ad sɛun tiɣremt-nsen s tayeḍ s waṭas n telmas, zemren ad awḍen ar 400 n yimezdaɣen, am taddart n At Mraw n tamaya n At Iraten deg useggas n 1868<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 241.</ref>. Aṭas n tikkal, tudrin-nsen ttilin ɣef yiri n tilisa n lecruc ur msefhamen ara gar-asen<ref>Roberts,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 236.</ref>. Maca deg tudrin timeqqranin, ttilin-d d aḥric neɣ d abrid ur yettwaferqen ara ɣef wid nniḍen<ref name=":14">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 244.</ref>. === '''Talɣa''' === ==== '''Axxam & Adrum''' ==== Tadukli tamecṭuḥt akk deg taddart d tawacult neɣ axxam. Tawacult, akk d twaculin-nniḍen swayes i sɛant yiwen n lejdud ucrik, tettawi-d yiwet n twaculin (taxerrubt, asget. tixerrubin; neɣ: taɛrift<ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “[https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle]”, ''Droit et cultures'', 60 | 2010-2 (s tefransist), Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025. Asebter: [http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359]</ref> neɣ adrum), ssawalen i yiman-nsen d atmaten yerna ssuturen iman-nsen s yiwen n yisem<ref name=":11" />. Taxerrubt tezmer ad d-teqbel yiwet n twacult yesɛan laṣel yemgerraden i d-yettnadin ɣef tasdawit, deg tegnit-a iminig-nni imaynuten ad uɣalen d imselliyen (imsenden) yerna ad ttwaḥerzen (s Laɛnaya) <ref>Mustapha Gahlouz, “Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle”, ''Droit et cultures'' [Online], 60 | 2010-2. (s tefransist) URL: http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359;&#x20;DOI:& {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091055/http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 |date=2017-12-16 }}#x20;https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359</ref>. [[Tugna:Pittura famiglia Kabyle.jpg|alt=Tawacult taqbaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.|vignette|Tawacult taqvaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.]] Tudrin n Yiẓwawen zemrent ad ilint deg-sent tixerrubin ur nettwaḥsab ara d Iẓwawen: imrabḍen d aklan. imrabḍen llan-d d yiwet n tarbaεt n imqeddsen n yimdanen i qqaren-d d akken ffɣen-d seg nnbi ineslem Muḥemmed. Ur d-ggaren ara iman-nsent deg lecɣal n taddart d yimennuɣen, ala akken ad d-rren talwit, acku ur ttekkan ara ɣer taddart neɣ ɣer yiwet n twacult. Seg tama niḍen, aklan d tawsit n yiqeddacen i d-yekkan si tmurt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt, wid yellan deg-s xeddmen lecɣal i yettwaḥeqren. D wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. Aẓwaw yellan ddaw n tmenɣiwt, yezmer ad yeqbel ad yuɣal d akli, s wakka ad yeǧǧ izerfan-is d aɣerman, akken ad iḥrez iman-is seg tmenɣiwt, imi ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḥettem ɣef aklan, maca kan ɣef yimdanen yesɛan yiwen n uswir anmetti. Imrabḍen llan d tawsit tamecṭuḥt deg yal amkan, maca deg teqbilt n At Itsuraɣ, ur llan ddaw n 40% seg wakk imezdaɣen<ref name=":14" />. ==== '''Adrum''' ==== Tixerrubin-nni i d-yellan deg yiwet n taddart, ttwaqqnen ɣer sin neɣ ugar n Tixerrubin (iderma, asuf. adrum), yal yiwen deg-sen yesεa amkan-is deg taddart, yezmer ad yesɛu agraw-is, tamesgida-ines d tmeqbert-ines. Tixerrubin yemgaraden n yiwet n twacult, s tidett, ttemsefhament s wazal n yidammen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 25.</ref>, mebla ma swaswa ad d-kkren seg yiwen n lejdud<ref name=":13" />. Tiwaculin tibeṛṛaniyin zemrent ad ttwaseddant deg yiwet seg Tixerrubin-nni yellan uqbel. ==== Ṣfuf ==== Iderma n tudrin tiqbayliyin tilemmasin d timqranin llant ttwaseddant s waṭas degs sin ṣfuf. Deg kra n tudrin, ṣfuf ur zeddigen ara deg wazal-nsen, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan akabar-nni ixuṣṣen ad d-inadi ɣef yimeddukal deg yimukan niḍen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13-14.</ref>. Aya yessawḍ-d ɣer ussebded nyiwen n uẓeṭṭa n tdukliwin i d-yeffɣen s yal tama. A ṣeff yezmer ad yili d win ixuṣṣen deg waṭṭas deg yiwet n taddart, ma deg tayeḍ yezmer ad yili d win i d-yessersen deg tayeḍ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13.</ref>. Aɣbel meẓẓiyen kan yezmer ad d-yeǧǧ lgirra gar sin ṣfuf, yerna ma yebɣa yiwen ṣfuf ad yessers lebɣi-s ɣef wayeḍ, s waṭas ay yettɛedday ɣef ccwal. Ilaq ad d-nini belli ṣeff d kra i yettbeddilen, yerna yezmer ad yernu neɣ ad yenqes deg tezmert-nnes, yerna wid i t-id-yeḍḍfen zemren ad beddlen tama<ref name=":15">Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 38. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 12.</ref>. . Isem-nsen yemgerrad seg teqbilt ɣer tayeḍ, win i d-yettwassen akk d ṣeff ufella ('akabar n ufella') d ṣeff n wadda ('akabar n ddaw') yerna, d ɣer yiwen n weḥric ameẓyan, icerqiyen d iɣerbiyen [19]. Ismawen-a, ɣas akken d ismawen i d-yeffɣen seg umḍiq, ur sɛin ara assaɣ d tgemmi n ṣeff. Ṣfuf nniḍen ttwasemman-asen s yisem n twacult neɣ n uqerru-nsen<ref name=":15" /><ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel.'', vol. II, asebter. 11.</ref>. === '''Asqamu n taddart''' === ==== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ==== Taddart tẓwawt tella d awanek akk d d temdint, tasudut i tt-yesselḥayen d agraw* ''(tajmaɛt)'' n taddart. Yella yeṭṭef tazmert tasertant, tasertant, tadbelt d teɣdemt<ref name=":16">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 10, 25.</ref>, yerna yesɛa Ameqran, i d-yefren imezdaɣ n taddart, d aselway-is. Yiwet n tikelt deg yal ddurt neɣ sin, ad d-tili yiwet n temlilit akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef temsal n taddart. Aberraḥ d netta ay d-yettbecciren ɣef lebda n temlilit, yerna yal argaz meqqren yessefk fell-as ad d-yeḥḍer. Amḍiq n temlilit d d lebni yeldin, deg daxel-nnes yella sin n yimukan n uẓru i d-yettmuqulen yiwen ɣef wayeḍ<ref name=":17">Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 93.</ref>. Timlilit tezmer daɣen ad tili deg imukan-nniḍen, am tmesgidiwin, neɣ zdat n tteǧra. Agraw n taddart d netta i d-yelhan s usnulfu n usaḍuf d usseḍru-nsen, yerna ad d-yeṭṭef tiɣriwin deg tegnit n tuccḍa<ref name=":16" />. Aselway-is, ameqran neɣ amɣar (da amin) n taddart, d netta daɣen i d-yettawin leqdic amatu, am usseqdec n yiberdan, tiliwa d tmesgidiwin, neɣ lebni n yixxamen<ref>Hanoteau and Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. Tettili-d daɣen tikwal ayen i wumi qqaren timecret s Taẓwawt, anda i d-yettunefken wulli neɣ iɣersiwen-nniḍen, dɣa aksum-nsen yettwafreq s lbaṭel ɣer yal tawacult<ref name=":18">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 29.</ref>. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, agraw n taddart yettarra-d iserdan d lbarud i wid ur nezmir ara ad ten-id-aɣen<ref name=":18" />. <nowiki/>* Ɣur Twareg, agraw qqaren-as ameni neɣ ameney, aẓar "mny" ay d-yeqqaren "ad nwali gar-aneɣ, ad nemlil", yesskanay-d deg Tuareg "tadiwennit, timlilit" s unamek amatu am wakken ay d-yesmektay "timlilit" neɣ "taɣimit" n wegraw asertan. ==== '''Talɣa''' ==== [[Tugna:Maison du marabout et mosquée à Koukou.jpg|vignette|Taxxamt n imrabḍen d lǧameɛ deg tagelda n [[Kuku]]. Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Asemres n usqamu n taddart deg-s i d-iteddun: lamin, yettwafren s tefranin tiɣelnawin neɣ yettefran sɣur imḍebbren, yettgen ukil n lǧameɛ, yerna aneggaru-a d netta i d amḍebber n tedrimt n lǧameɛ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. Yal adrum n taddart yettferriḍ yiwen n wergaz seg yiman-nsen d agensas-nsen deg usqamu n taddart. Ṭamen d win i d-yezgan gar adrum-is d lamin, akk d win i d-yettεawanen aneggaru-a<ref name=":11" />. Ɣef leḥsab n Hanoteau, d lamin i d-yettwafernen ṭamen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Daɣen, kra n yergazen yettwaḥesben d imusnawen (d lɛuqqal) ttekkin ula d nutni deg usqamu<ref name=":19">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 24.</ref>. Irgazen-nniḍen ttɣimen zzin-d i umḍiq n temlilit, sellen, mmeslayen tikwal kan, ma ulac ur mmeslayen akk<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 93.</ref>. Imrabḍen d iklan ur ttilin ara deg usarag<ref>Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqqran (lamin) n Taddart''' ===== Ismawen yemgaraden i yettwaseqdacen i usemres-a, ɣef leḥsab n temnaḍt, win ay d-yettwassnen yerna yettwassen aṭas d lamin. Ismawen-nniḍen, ur ttwasseqdacen ara mliḥ, d “ameqqran” d “amɣar”<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. Yal argaz aqbayli, ma yella yezmer ad yeddem leslaḥ, yezmer ad yuɣal d lamin n taddart-is, di tiẓri meqqar. Maca deg tuget n tegnatin, amin s umata yettas-d seg twacult yesɛan tazmert deg taddart. Deg twafeq, amur ameqran n wakud, seg terbaɛt tameqrant n yimezdaɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 26.</ref>. Lamin yella yesɛa cwiṭ n tezmert d aselway n temlilit, yerna yeṭṭef kan amkan-is skud yettwaḥsab d win yezmeren ad yexxdem ccɣel-nnes<ref>Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'',asebter. 4-5.</ref>. Deg yiwet n taddart n At Mangellat, Tawrirt Mangellat, amen yettwafernen seg yal taxerrubt s nnuba<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 33</ref>. Gar lecɣal n lamin, d aɛessas n wayla<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 44.</ref>, am wakken daɣen ay d-yella uḍman n uqader n usaḍuf d ussefqed n tmenɣiwin. D netta daɣen i d-yettaṭṭafen tifin d leɣlaḍ. Ma yella amin yexdem lbaṭel, ilaq-as ad ixelleṣ yerna ad yeṭṭef taggara<ref>Liorel, Jules. ''Races berbères: Kabylie du Djurdjura''. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1893, 315. (s tefransist) ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Kabylie_du_Jurjura.html?id=msThiy2egeAC&printsec=frontcover&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_entity&hl=en&gl=GB&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])</ref>, ma yella yeṭṭef taggara mebla agraw n imezdaɣ n taddart, ad ixelleṣ ula d netta (qanun n yiwet n taddart n tmurt Aqbil, At Mangellat)<ref>Liorel, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 316.</ref>. Lamin ilaq ad yili d aḥerfi yerna ilaq ad yesɛu tamusni taserdast, imi ad d-yawi irgazen-is deg umennuɣ<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.</ref>. ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ ===== Ukil n lǧameɛ, i d-yettunefken sɣur Ameqran n taddart, yezmer ad yili d Aẓwaw neɣ d amṛabti, yerna yettwafernen seg twacult yesɛan aṭas n yedrimen yerna yesɛa tazmert<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.</ref>. D netta i d-yettḥekkmen ɣef ussefrek n ugerruj n lǧameɛ i yellan yemsefraq ɣef ugerruj n taddart. Ma yella lǧameɛ-nni d ayla n yiwet n tmesgida mačči d ayla n taddart, ukil n lǧameɛ yettwafren sɣur taxerrubt-nni ay yesɛan lǧameɛ-nni mačči sɣur Ameqran n taddart<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 36.</ref>. Segmi i d-teṭṭef Fransa tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tadbelt tamesbaṭlit, ɣas akken teǧǧa timḍebbrin tiqbayliyin akken llan, tesnulfa-d amḍiq amaynut, d win n ukil, yettwafren sɣur agraw n taddart, yerna yesɛa tiɣbula am ukil n lǧameɛ, maca mačči am ineggura-agi, yessedday lxezna n taddart deg umḍiq n lǧameɛ-nni<ref name=":20">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 134.</ref>. ===== Ṭamen ===== [[Tugna:Élection à Koukou.jpg|alt=Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.|vignette|Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]] Yal taxerubt tesεa yiwen n umseqdac deg tejmaɛt, iwumi qqaren ṭamen, d awal n taɛrabt yesεan anamek n 'aḍman'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Yal taxerubt n taddart tettak-d yiwen seg yergazen-is d ṭamen[2], maca ɣef wakken i d-yenna Hanoteau, d Ameqran i t-yettunefken<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.</ref>. D netta i d amsalay gar taxerubt d tejmaɛt, yerna daɣen d amεiwen n Ameqran. Deg kra n teqbilin, am At Fliq, ṭamen, imi d netta i d aqerru n twacult-is, tikwal ttwakelfen-as tazmert n ṭamen <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100.</ref>. Deg kra n tudrin, ṭamen mačči kan d win i d-yeskanen taxerubt-is, d lɛerc-is s lekmal-is<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.</ref>. Gar lecɣal-is, ad d-yerr s yisem n taxerubt-is (neɣ n lɛerc-is) deg tejmaɛt n taddart, ad ixelleṣ tiɣrifin i d-yexdem iɛeggalen n txerubt-is, yerna ad d-yefk isallen ineggura i Ameqran<ref name=":21">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100-101.</ref>. Tikwal, d ṭamen i d-yettawin ticcetkiwin uqbel ad awḍen ɣer Ameqran. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, yettak-d iɣallen-is i Ameqran<ref name=":21" />. ===== Ɛuqqal ===== Awal ɛuqqal, n laṣel aɛrab, anamek-is d 'amussnaw', 'afehhem'<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 92.</ref>. Ur yelli ara lḥedd ɣef wacḥal n ɛuqqal ay yezmer ad teṭṭef agraw n taddart, maca s umata llan gar 5 ar 10 deg wazal-nsen. Ttwafernen s rray n medden<ref name=":19" />. Iɛuqqalen d imɣaren, aya i ten-yeǧǧan ad ttwaḥesben d wid yesɛan tamusni d tmussni deg wallen n Yiqbayliyen, imi Aqbayli, mi ara yili yid-s yiwen seg twacult-is meqqren, qlil ma yettmeslay (s leqder), daymi i d nutni, Ameqran d ṭemman, i d-yettḥekmen ɣef tejmaɛt<ref name=":17" />. Ttwaqadren aṭas, yerna d ccbaḥa-nsen kan i asen-yefkan azwel-nsen<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 95.</ref>. Awal-nsen yesεa azal deg temsirin n wagraw. ==== '''Lɛerc''' ==== Tiddukla n waṭas n tudrin (neɣ twafeq) d tin i d-yettakken lɛerc (anamek-is d 'akersi' am win yesseqdac ugellid). Deg kra n tegnatin, lɛerc yezmer ad yili seg yiwet n taddart kan, am Iɣil Imula<ref name=":22">Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 47.</ref>. Imdanen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n lɛerc ur ttekkan dima deg yiwen n lejdud, yerna aṭas n leɛruc ur sɛin ara ismawen i d-yettawin ɣer lejdud-nsen, am At Wasif (imdanen n wasif) d At Budrar (imdanen yesɛan adrar), At Umalu d At Usammer (imdanen n tama n wedrar ay yesɛan tili d yiṭij, s tɣawla) n At Iraten<ref name=":22" />. Asemres n lɛerc yezmer daɣen ad ibeddel. Aya yezmer ad d-yili s usdukkel n taddart n teqbilt niḍen, neɣ s lɛerc n taddart. Deg tdukli n At Ɛisi, taddart n At Maḥmud, Tala Xellil, tettwaqqen ɣer At Dwala. Amedya nniḍen d taddart n Tagemmunt Leǧdid, i d-yekkan di tazwara ɣer At Ɛmer u-Fayed n tdukli n At Ɛisi, dɣa teqqen ɣer Iwaḍiyen deffir n ṭṭraḍ<ref name=":23">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67.</ref>. Llan sin n yimedyaten i d-yettwaseknen deg umezruy n leɛruc i yedduklen tudrin-nsen ɣer leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer tama-nsen ɣef ddemma n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw, am wakken i yella deg tegnit n Isemmaḍiyen n tdukli n At Iraten, d At u-Belqasem n At Betrun<ref name=":23" />. Tiddukliwin-a ur tent-id-yeḍfer ara umussu n yimezdaɣen, imezdaɣen n tuddar yettwaqqnen qqimen ttwaḥerzen. Mi llan deg wakal aberrani, iqbayliyen ttwasnen s teqbilt-nsen neɣ s tdukli-nsen kan, werǧin s tudrin-nsen, yerna ttemɛawanen waygar-asen mebla lxilaf. Yal yiwen deg-sen yella ddaw laɛnaya-s, dɣa d lwaǧeb i yal yiwen ad iḥareb ɣef teqbilt-is, xas ma yella d ayen ara d-yeǧǧen tudert-is deg lḥif. Win i d-yesbeggnen isekkilen n tkerkas, ur d-yettekki ara deg uɛiwen neɣ deg uḥareb n teqbilt-is, ad ixelleṣ, yerna ad yexṣer ccan-is ger wegdud-is<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 59.</ref>. S umata, leɛruc llan ttwabḍan ɣef sin n ṣfuf, yerna yal taddart tesɛa sin-nni n leɛruc. Ṣfuf-a zemren ad awḍen ula nnig n tdukli. Naqal, snulfun leɛruc s lekmal-nsen, akk d leɛruc niḍen neɣ d tiddukla, ṣeff. Akka i yella lḥal di lqern wis XVIII di tmurt n Leqvayel, anda tamnaḍt-a merra tebḍa ɣef sin n ṣfuf imeqqranen: ṣeff ufella d ṣeff n wadda. Ɣef leḥsab n wansay adigant, timliliyin-a llant-d deffir yiwen n ccwal gar sin n watmaten, Urxu d Buxtuc, seg Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ n lɛerc n At Frawsen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 17-19.</ref>. Sin-a llan deg yiwen n weḥric seg twacult i iḥekmen ɣef tagelda n Kuku, yerna tamezwarut tella tettɛawan-itt ṣeff ufella, ma d tis snat d ṣeff n wadda. D wagi i d asemres n sin n ṣfuf<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 19.</ref>: * '''Ṣeff ufella:''' At Yaḥya, xemsa n yegduden n Igawawen (At Mangellat, At bu-Yusef, At Wasif, At Ɛeṭṭaf, At bu-Ɛekkac), sin n leɛruc n At Sedqa (Ugdal, At Hmed), tlata n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Addu, At Mendas, At Smaɛel), Iflisen Umlil, yiwen n lɛerc n At Ɛisi (At Abdelmumen), At Ǧennad, Iɛeẓẓugen (aḥric n At Ɣebri), At Fliq, Ilulen Usammer, At Mlikec, Ifnayen, At bu-Mesudɛ, Imezzayen, Iẓnagen, d ugar n uzgen n At Ɛebbas. * '''Ṣeff n wadda:''' At Iraten, Iɛemrawen, At Wagnun, At Frawsen, At Xellili, At bu-Cɛayeb, At Itsuraɣ, Illilten, Ilulen Umalu, At Iǧǧer, At Ziki, At Ɣebri, Iflisen Lebḥar, Asif Lḥemmam, xemsa n leɛruc At Ɛisi (At Dwala, At Meḥmud, Iferdiwen, At Ɛmer u-Fayed, At Zmenzer), Lemɛatqa, tlata n leɛruc n Igawa (At Yenni, At Budrar, Aqbil), yiwen At Sedqa (Iwaḍiyen), sin n leɛruc n Igucdal (At bu-Ɣerdan, At Amefi), Kucras, At Temẓalt, Ɛella, Uzgen, Icenbaber, At Sidel, Ɛliman, At Waɣlis. ===== '''Agraw''' ''(Tajmaɛt)'' '''n Lɛerc''' ===== ===== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ===== Agraw n Lɛerc, mačči am win n taddart, yettili-d kan di kra n tegnatin, yerna imedyaten yettwasqedcen qlilet aṭas. Yiwen seg umedya-a d win n lɛerc n At Frawsen, i yemlalen deg useggas n 1752 neɣ deg useggas-nniḍen deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ (Bida n zik), i wakken ad d-sbedden ttaggara n yizerfan n tlawin ɣer tmanegt <ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 224.</ref>. Ahat ayagi yettwaxdem akken ad ḥebsen leɛruc nniḍen ad d-ssutren akal d wayla ɣef tmettant n wergaz s yizerfan n tmeṭṭut-is izemren ad tili seg lɛerc-nsen yerna ad ḥebsen timcewwekt i izemren ad d-yeḍru ɣef waya. Asefhem-iḍen yella-d akken ad ḥebsen irgazen Iɛetmaniyen ad d-rren ula d nutni tiɣawsiwin am tin, dɣa ad rnun ad snerniyen akal-nsen ddaw n tiɣawsiwin am tin. Amedya nniḍen d win n At Yanni (Asdukel n At Betrun), i d-yeṭṭfen deg useggas n 1818 yiwet n temlilit deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, At Laḥsen, i wakken ad d-rren i tlawin azref i tmanegt-nsent, ay d-yekkes usdukel i deg tella deg useggas n 1749<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 226.</ref>. Agraw n Lɛerc, am win n taddart, yezmer ad d-yessuffeɣ izerfan i d-yettwafernen ɣef tudrin akk yellan deg-s. D ccɣel n yimḍebbren n tuddar ''(s umata sin neɣ tlata)'' ad sεelmen imezdaɣ-nsen ɣef tseddarin timaynutin i d-yettwaddmen. Naqal, kra n leɛruc ttwaɛaqben ɣef tmenɣiwin timeqranin i ttgen, am tukerḍa d tmenɣiwt<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 65.</ref>. Idrimen n lɛerc i yettwaḥwajen i yisenfaren am usnerni neɣ aseḥbiber n yiberdan, n tmesgidiwin, n ssuq d d wayen-nniḍen, ttwabḍan gar-asen gar wakk tuddar, yerna yal yiwet seg-sent yessefk ad ttekkin s lqidar n yimezdaɣen-nsent. Ma yella lɛerc yesεa aɣbalu n tedrimt i d-yettakken azal ugar n wiyaḍ, yettwabḍa gar tudrin s yiwen n ubrid<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter 64-65.</ref>. ===== '''Ameqran''' ''(Amin)'' '''n lumna''' ===== Amɣar n lumna deg tuget n leɛruc yettwafernen kan deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ. Yettwafren seg yemdanen niḍen, Imɣaren n leɛruc, i sɛan azwel am wa akken ad yessuddes iɣallen n leɛruc d ttawilat-nsen, akken daɣen ad d-yefk lewṣayat i Imɣaren n leɛruc deg yimenɣi, yerna d nitni i ten-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen. Lxedma-s tettḥebbis deffir ma ttwaḥebsent tmenɣiwin<ref name=":24">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 68-69.</ref>. Leɛruc-nni kan i yeṭṭfen Amɣar n lumna-nsent deg talwit, d tid-nni i d-yezgan ɣer yidis n yiɣemmiwen n maxzen deg tallit n talwit d wid ay d-yezzin ɣef yiɣerfan n Iɛetmaniyen deg tallit n Ṭṭerk, imi llan ttnaɣen dima yid-sen<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 73.</ref>. Mi d-teṭṭef Fransa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tagnit n Ameqran n lumna tuɣal d tin n dayem. Argaz-nni yettwafren ad yeṭṭef amkan-nni yella d aselway n lɛerc-is, yerna yessefk ad t-teqbel tedbelt tafṛensist<ref name=":20" />. ==== Tamawya (''Takufidṛalit/taqbilt'') ==== Leɛruc yedduklen akk ttgent akk Tamawya. Timawya akk Iẓwawen llant deg Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, ma d ayen nniḍen qqimen war Tamawya, tteklen kan ɣef tdukliwin<ref name=":25">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67-68.</ref>. Iswi n Tamawya yella s umata s ṣṣenf aserdasi, anamek-is dakken leɛruc i d-yeṭṭfen tamawya ttemḥuddun (maca mačči dima) wway gar-asen m'ara mgerradent d Timawya-nniḍen. Timawya yemgaraden qlil ma msefhament akk, yerna mi ara msefhament, dima d ayen ara mqabalen d iɣallen ibeṛṛaniyen, am Yiṭerkiyen neɣ Ifṛensisen<ref name=":12" />. Tadukli-nsen temgarad seg tamawya ɣer tayeḍ. Leɛruc ur nelli ara deg tamawya, i yesɛan imukan imeqranen, am At Ɛebbas n wasif Wad Saḥel d At Ɛidel n temnaṭ n Summam, bḍan-d ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen, yerna anagraw-nsen yecba win n tamawya n tmurt n Yiẓwawen Meqqren. Tamawya tesɛa daɣen agraw-is d Ameqran n Tamawya (Amin n Tamawya)<ref name=":25" />. Timawya n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ttwaḥsabent s umata: Iflisen Umlil, At Wagnun, Iflisen Lebḥar, At Jennad, At Iǧǧer, At Mangellat, At Betrun, At Iraten, At Sedqa, At Ɛisi, Lemɛatqa d Igucdal<ref name=":26">Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 238-300.</ref>. Gar timawya-a, sin, At Betrun d At Mangellat, i yettusemman Igawawen (Zwawa s taɛrabt)<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 251.</ref>, d isem swayes Iẓwawen n Tmurt Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt ssexdamen akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk leɛruc n Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, yerna tasuqilt-is s taɛrabt tettwaseqdac akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk Yiẓwawen akken yebɣu ad yilin. "Akken ara yettbeɛḍ yiwen ɣef Ǧeṛǧer, Iẓwawen ttaken isem n Igawawen i leɛruc i ten-yessefran seg tdukli-nni i d-nebder akka kan [At Betrun d At Mangellat]. Ɣef waya, i “Guechoula”, At Sedqa d Igawawen, ma d Guechtoula s timmad-is ttwaqqaren Iflissen Umellil d At Xelfun. Aqbayli seg Waṭlas abliḏi neɣ d Ichenwiyen ad d-yernu s yisem n Agawa yakk leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer usammar n wasif Isser<ref>Hanoteau, Adolphe. ''Essai de grammaire Kabyle''. Alger: Bastide; Constantine: Bastide et Amavet; Paris: Challamel and Benjamin Duprat, 1858, p. xxij. (s tefransist) ([https://www.google.nl/books/edition/Essai_de_grammaire_Kabyle_renfermant_les/qG6TfIMgibMC?hl=en&gbpv=1 ɣeṛ-it deg interne]t)</ref>". ― Adolphe Hanoteau, Essai de grammaire kabyle (1858) ''(Adolphe Hanoteau, Aḍris n tjerrumt taqbaylit)''. Lqedd n tamawya d leɛruc-is tettbeddil aṭas. Amqqran deg-sen, Iflisen Umlil, yesεa tlata n leɛruc. Deg umḍiq wis sin i d-iteddun At Wagnun d Igawawen, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tmanya. Tamawya i yesɛan aṭas n leɛruc d tin n Lemɛatqa, i yesɛan kan kraḍ<ref name=":26" />. Iẓwawen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n tamawya, mi ara ilin deg berra n tmurt-nsen, zemren ad ttwassen s lɛerc-nsen akk d tamawya-nsen, maca werǧin s taddart-nsen. "Deg yiberdan n Lezzayer tamenaɣt, yezmer yiwen ad iẓer Iẓwawen seg lɛerc n At Ǧennad i d-yettasen akken ad sqedcen izerfan-nsen... ma yesteqsa-ten ḥedd, deg Lezzayer, ansi i d-kkren, ad d-rren: "At Ǧennad". ttun tudrin-nsen yerna ttnadin kan ɣef teqbilt-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin....Yeshel ad nefhem belli, mi ara ilin deg temnaḍin i yellan d tiberraniyin fell-asen, At εakache akk tettu tudrin-nsen yerna ad d-inin kan d lɛerc-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin. Ttṛuḥun ugar, ad d-inin kan Agawaw. D aya, imi di tazwara d Igawawen akk i llan, i ttεawnen wway gar-asen yerna ad d-rren ttar ...<ref>Liorel, ''Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025'', asebter. 354-356.</ref>" ― Jules Liorel, ''Races berbères, Kabylie du Jurjura'' (1892). '''Agraw n Tamawya''' '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' Agraw n Tamawya qlil ma yettemlili, yerna am Tamawya n Leɛruc, ur nesɛi ara imedyaten i d-yettwasqedcen ɣef waya. Sin-nni n yimedyaten i d-yettbanen s wazal-nsen i d-yettunefken deg At Iraten akk d At Betrun. Amezwaru yexdem timlilit-is deg yiwen n wass ur ur nettwassen deg tlemmast n lqern wis 18, deg taddart n Tizra Wagemun<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 223.</ref>, anda yal lɛerc n Tamawya yesbedd-d aẓru-ines n usmekti<ref>Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 8.</ref>. Amedya wis sin yexdem timlilit-is deg useggas n 1749 d wid i ten-iɛawnen, leɛrac n usammar n At Sedqa, deg ssuq n At Wasif. Sin-nni n yigrawen, fsbedden-d iṣuḍaf imaynuten, yerna kksen-d azref n tlawin ad weṛten<ref>Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 124.</ref>. Timawya zemren daɣen ad d-mlalen mi ara d-kkren yimenɣiyen, i wakk-n ad meslayen ɣef ṭṭraḍ. '''Ameqran''' ''(lamin)'' '''n Tamawya''' Tikwal, mi ara gzun leɛruc i d-yesbedden Tamawya ad ttgent akk ccɣel n yiserdasen, ttfernin yiwen n "Ameqran n Tamawya" akken ad d-yesselḥu timhal-nni. Ahil-is am win n Ameqran n lumna, anagar aneggaru-a yettuɣal d amɛiwen-is. Ameqran n lumna, deg tilin n Ameqran n Tamawya, yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yessiwḍ lewṣayat n uqerruy-is ɣer yimdanen-nsen, dɣa d nitni ay ten-id-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen<ref name=":24" />. == '''Anekcum n Fransa ɣef Tefriqt n Ugafa''' == Tawayt taserdasit tafransist n 1830 tella deg tazwara mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tamaneɣt imi Fṛansa ur tesɛa ara lfayda deg ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel neɣ ad tkemmel ad teqqim d timziregt. Mi i ṭṭfen Yifṛensisen tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer, semman-as i tama-nni, i wumi qqaren deg tazwara n ussehres d ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Lezzayer; aya yeḍra-d s yiwet n lewṣayat n uneɣlaf afṛensis n ṭṭraḍ, Jeneral Schneider, deg tebrat-is n 14 Tubeṛ 1838 i Marshall Valée, imi yura-d: “Ar ass-a, akal-nni i d-neṭṭef deg Tefriqt n Ugafa llan qqaren-as d ayla n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa neɣ s yisem n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart, neɣ s yisem n Lezzayer. Imesli-a aneggaru, d win yezzin, yeshel, yerna d win i d-yeqqnen ɣef wiyaḍ [...], i d-yettbanen akka tura d win am i d-irebḥen ɣef imesliyen niḍen [...] Ihi ad k-id-iniɣ [...] ad tesbeddleḍ (ad tesqedceḍ) awal "Lezzayer" deg yismawen-nniḍen i yellan uqbel.” (Yettwabder-d sɣur Guiral, 1992: 45)<ref>Bernand Lugan [https://ia903405.us.archive.org/25/items/histoire-de-l-afrique-du-nord-des-origines-a-nos-jours-bernard-lugan_edition-2016/Histoire%20de%20l%27Afrique%20du%20Nord%20-%28Des%20origines%20%C3%A0%20nos%20jours%29-%20Bernard%20Lugan_%C3%A9dition-2016.pdf – Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord. Chapitre III]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Algérie : de l’« encombrante conquete » au « royaume arabe »</ref> Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer [[Surya]] netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.[[Tugna:Reddition d abd el kader 1847.jpg|vignette|Asellem n Limir Ɛebdelqader, 23 Dujembeṛ 1847. Augustin Regis.]]Lezzayer tafṛensist d tmurt n Leqvayel ttkemmilent tteddunt yiwet ɣer tama n wayeḍ, dɣa deg wass n 3 Meɣres 1854, Napoléon wis 3 yessuffeɣ-d "sénatus-consulte" (lqanun n Useqqamu n Senat) i d-yesbeggnen lebɣi ameqqran n Fransa i wakken ad tkemmel tilin n uwanak n tmurt n Leqvayel. Tamuɣli-ya tella-d daɣen sɣur ujiniṛal Bugeaud (Ajiniṛal n Lezzayer seg 1840 arma d 1847) i yufa d ayen yesεa sswab ad ikemmel ad iqabel tmurt taqbaylit tilellit, wala ad yebdu ṭṭraḍ mgal-is. Tamurt n Leqvayel deg tallit-a mazal-itt tettwaḥder seg lebɛid sɣur lɛesker afṛansis imi ugaden ad ten-awḍen yiɣallen n Leqvayel.<ref name=":9">Jean-Pierre Frapolli - [https://cdha.fr/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/Club_Kabylie/conquête_kabylie_1_JPF_120115.pdf La Conquête De La Kabylie - (1ère Partie) Une conquête fortuite] - Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie - Club Kabylie</ref> [[Tugna:Discussion sous la tente des chefs Kabyle avec le général Randon.jpg|alt=Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqbayel akk-d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.|vignette|Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqvayel akk d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.]] Win i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n Bugeaud, Jeneral Jacques Randon (1795-1871), yella yesɛa rray nniḍen. Yeqqneɛ Napoléon wis tlata ɣef lḥeṛs n ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel, yerna yenna-d dakken tamurt n Leqvayel timziregt ad tili dima d azaglu i yiɣlanen imaynuten n Fransa deg Tefriqt ugafa, yerna lemmer ad d-yili ṭṭraḍ di Turuft, Leqvayel zemrent ad d-ssiwḍent isallen iserdasiyen s lebḥer u ad bdun tagrawla deg temnaḍt-nni akk. Aẓdam n tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d deg 19 maggu 1857, s ddaw n Jeneral Randon s 4 n tseddarin s 37.000 n yergazen; Aẓdam n Fransa ɣef tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d 27 n yiseggasen deffir n umenɣi n Fransa mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart deg 1830 d 19 n yiseggasen deffir n usnulfu n Lezzayer. Deg taggara, Fransa teqqen-ed Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857.<ref name=":9" /> Ihi, Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: "Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli"<ref name=":6">Émile Carrey - [[iarchive:bub_gb_9LaPjz173RgC/page/n135/mode/2up|Récit de Kabylie, compagne de 185]]7. Chapitre X - Dissolution de l'armée expéditionnaire. “La Kabylie du Djurjura n’existe plus à l’état de nation indépendante."</ref> Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa. == Tasertit == * Sin ikabaren isertiyen i llan di Tmurt n Leqvayel, ɣas akken bɣan ad illin d ikabaren iɣelnawen maca imeɣnasen nsen ttekkin seg Leqvayel kan : [[Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen]] (FFS) n [[Ḥusin At Ḥmed]], d [[Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut|Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut]] (RCD) n duktur [[Saɛid Saɛdi]]. * leɛrac bannen-d di [[Tafsut Taberkant]] (2001) maca am nutni ama FFS d RCD lhan d wayen i ceɣben izayriyen s umata, ttun tamurt. * [[Timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen]] (MAK) yesbed [[Ferḥat Mhenni]] iban-ed daɣen di tefsut taberkant, d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiweḍ ar timanit n tmurt n Leqvayel. == Iẓwawen ittwasnen == : ɣer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]'' == Udmawen Iqbayliyen== : ɣer ''[[Idmawen iqbayliyen]]'' == Wali daɣen== * [[Imaziɣen]] == Ismal n Internet == * '''[http://www.imyura.net www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}''' : asmel n tsekla tazwawt, s teqbaylit akk. * '''[http://www.kabyle.com www.kabyle.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.acaoh.ca http://www.acaoh.ca]''' : asmel n [[Tidukkla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Ḥull]] di Kanada. * '''[http://www.kabyles.com www.kabyles.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist * '''[http://www.tamazgha.org www.tamazgha.org]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Marikan ugafa. * '''[http://www.racines-izuran.com www.racines-izuran.com]''' : asmel n weɣmis s snat n tutlayin: taqbaylit d tafransist. * '''[http://www.tamazgha.fr www.tamazgha.fr]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Franṣa. *'''[http://tameddit.com www.tameddit.com] aɣmis s tmaziɣt''' * '''[http://www.tussna.blogspot.com www.tussna.blogspot.com]''' tussna i yibujaden, s teqvaylit == Iɣbula == [[Taggayt:Tamurt n Leqbayel|*]] e5r2y8m3aszx4ls2b4z3lenpsgmkcr6 0 100 117896 109206 2026-11-08T00:39:02Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 117896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''Muḥend Ulḥaǧ''', isem unṣib Akli Meqqran, ilul deg useggas 1911 deg taddart n [[Buzgan]], tama [[Iɛeẓẓugen]]. Yella d amaɣnas deg UDMA n [[Feṛḥat Ɛebbas]], send ad d-yuɣal ar taddart-is, deg iḍrayen nni n 8 deg mayu 1945. Yuɣal ɣer twuri-ines n umesnaz. Deg useggas n 1955, yekcem deg tegrawla. Yewwi yid-s arraw-is, deg sin yid-sen. Imi yella d amdan ilan tigzi yufraren, yerna-yas tabɣest, fkan-as asellun n "aṣpira". Aseggas i yezrin kan, imi s-yefka [[Ɛmiruc]] tamnaṭ tis kraḍ(III) s usellun n "sulyuṭna". Yuɣal d "Kumandda" deg useggas n 1957. Yuɣal d amɛiwen n umeqran n temnaṭ tis III. Ticki iba Ɛmiruc, ticki ulac-it, d Muḥend Ulḥaǧ i yettuɣalen deg umḍiq-is. Muḥend Ulḥaǧ ad yeqqim d netta i d ameqran aneggaru n temnaṭ tis III, seg useggas n 1958 ar 1962. Tadyant n « Opération Jumelles » ɣef tuyat-is i d-tres. Ḥuzan-t s teṛsast deg umeẓẓuɣ. Tenɣes tmesliwt-ines s waṭas. Dɣa d adeddic nni d-teǧǧa terṣaṣt-nni i s-yuɣalen meqqer almi yemmut deg useggas 1972. Ad yeqqim daɣen d win yellan yumen s tmurt n lezzayer. Deg 1963, yuki d akken mgaraden wazalen-is akk d wid n Benbella d terbaɛt-is. Ijebd-ed iman-is seg udabu imi wid t-iṭṭfen, udabu-ya, ugin ad seddun tamurt s tugdut. Tugdut-nni yeṭṭed uqbayli deg izir n tyemmatt. Maca gar tayri n Lezzayer akk d tayri n tugdut, ar zdat yefren lezzayer. Wid yeṭṭfen adabu, nutni, fernen iɛebbaḍ-nsen. Ufan-as abrid s tayri n Tmurt.. Dɣa s ta s wayes i ɣ-rran taberda ar ass-a. == Tamselyut == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250709181641/http://www.imyura.net/Timenza/tabid/57/articleType/ArticleView/articleId/198/Muend-Ula.aspx Imyura.net] [[Taggayt:Tameddurt|Ulḥaǧ]] [[Taggayt:Talalit deg 1911|Ulḥaǧ]] [[Taggayt:Lmut deg 1972|Ulḥaǧ]] sy0uvglf8lgwde6hiigz3jdh10mvv01 0 323 117903 109264 2026-11-08T11:06:39Z Guallendra 14918 117903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''Ben Muḥemmed''' (ism unṣib Benhamadouche Mohamed, mu ssawalen “Ben”) d amedyaz aqbayli d-ilulen ass n 10 di meɣres 1944 deg At Wasif, Tizi Wezzu. Yekker-d Ben Muḥemed ger taddart akk d Lezzayer tamaneɣt anda yettmuddu afus i baba-s yellan yesɛa tahanutt di place de Chartres. Maca deg useggas 1958, terra-t tmara ad yeggaǧ akk d ttwacult-is u ad idiren di Lezzayer. Di tmaneɣt, yelmed asefrek anazraf1 d wayen d-icudden ɣer twuri taḍeblant2 am akken yeqdec deg aṭas imukan am Tnebḍadt3 n Lezzayer ger iseggasen 1963-1975 akk d Uɣlif n ttrebga taɣelnawt4 si 1976 almi d ass m’ iruḥ ɣer Fransa di 1991. Aseggas 1958, d win iḥuzan tameddurt n Ben Muḥemed acku iḥulfa akken ilaq i wass deg yeǧǧa i lebda taddart deg d-ilul d wanda d-yekker. Tameddurt n temẓi-s di taddart d ttin mu yecfa, acku ulac ayen t-iḥuzan d wayen yesɛan azal ɣur-s annect n tjaddit, lḥerma d tegmatt yelmed di taddart, akk d ttmusni n yemɣaren sut wawal azedgan d umeslay iqeɛɛden. Werǧin yettu ass deg iwala i tikelt tamezwarut Sliman Azem d-yusan ad yecnu deg yiwet n lqahwa deg At Wasif. Ass nni, yuɣas-d baba-s yiwen wammud amecṭuḥ deg-s isefra n Sliman Azem. Ahat imirni i s-tekcem tmedyazt ɣer wul, imi 8 iseggasen kan ɣur-s mi ysel yakan i tuɣac u yeṭṭafar imeslayen nsent di lkaɣeḍ! Deg useggas 1956, isel i yiwet n tmeṭṭut d-irewlen ɣer taddart nsen, teččewwiq s taɣect i gezzmen tasa, twaɣit d lmeḥna d-yeɣḍel ttraḍ ɣef tmurt. Yenna-d fell-as “isefra d icewwiqen-is d ttaswast5 n wayen iḍerrun ussan nni!”. Anda i tedda iḍfer-itt. Timliliyin agi d-yeḍran di temẓi-s neǧrent abrid i ṣeggmen i wmedyaz nessen ass-a. Tahanutt n baba-s d ttin d-yezgan ger tsedlist6 akk d yiwen yeznuzun iḍebsiyen d ttesfifin n [[ccna]]. Yeffud taɣuri yeswa-d ɣer umezwaru, wis sin yesselmed-as tiwsatin uẓawan7 d-yufraren di tallit nni. Ccna imu yettḥessis ɣer bu iḍebsiyen yeldi-as allen ɣer yiwet n taluft : yuki d akken imeslayen n tezlatin d ifessasen, yakan ur ifehhem ara akken ilaq, maca yezra ur d-tmeslayen ara ɣef ayen iḍerrun di tmurt deg tallit nni. Yettaru i yiman-is kan i lmend n wesɛeddi n wakud imeslayen s teqbaylit yettarraten i tuɣac i t-iɛjeben. D widak i d isefra imezwura n Ben Muḥemed. Icennu ɣef tegmatt u yekkat di tmettan yettawin ḥala wid lɛali. Di 1961, yebɣa Ccix Nurdin a-t-ikles di rradyu, maca ass mi d-yeḥḍer ukeččum ɣer ustudiu teksas-tt tebɣest acku werǧin yenna i yimawlan-is iḥemmel ccna. Yeffer fell-asen acku akken d-yenna netta “ccna di tallit nni d “lɛib” ” Di 1966, yettiki s timmad n ucennay analmad di tedwilt n Crif Xeddam “Icennayen uzekka”, maca ass mi yesla i taɣect-is di rradiu i yeẓra ur d-ilul ara ad yecnu. Leqdic deg umaṭṭaf wis II n rradyu n Lezzayer Tawuri n Ben Muḥemed deg umaṭṭaf wis II tebda deg useggas 1967 anda yettikki di tedwilt n Said Hilmi Timlilit imedyazen. Sin iseggasen kan d afella yeṭṭef tadwilt tamenzut iman-is, u yebda leqdic i ssnen wid yeṭṭafaren amaṭṭaf wiss II di tallit nni : seg tedwilt ɣer tayeḍ, leqdic n Ben Muḥemed ijeddel tikli i tedwilin tidelsanin tiseklanin8 n rradyu tis II mu d-yewwi udem amaynut. Di tedwilt ines taneggarut “Tamurt n imedyazen” (1982/83) i ɣer d-rezzfen aṭas n imeddukal-is (tigti d imedyazen izzayriyen yettwassnen), yeɣɣar-d tisuqliwin iga netta i waṭas n yedrisen igreɣlanen9, abeɛda wid n Neruda, Aragon, Prévert, atg. Deg 15 iseggasen n leqdic, yufrar-d Ben Muḥemed ger imsedda10 n rradyu imeqranen di Lezzayer. Daɣen ad yeqqim d win ur d-yecbin ara infarasen11 nniḍen n umaṭṭaf wis II, ama deg tutlayt yesseqdac d-yufraren ɣef tin n imsedda nniḍen deg teqwa taẓayt akk d ttaɛrabt, ama deg isenṭal12 ɣef d-yettawi di tedwilin-is. Maca, tetbeɛ-it tedrest13 almi d ass m’ ilaq ad ijeddel izwal n tedwilin : myal ass m’ ara tebdu tedwilt ur “tɛeǧǧeb” ara iy imḍebbren, a-t-ḥettmen ad yeddem tadwilt nniḍen s wezwel amaynut, ayagi myal 6 wagguren. Maca, imi tidwilin-is sɛant azal meqqren, jebbdent-d aṭas n yemsefliden yeqqlen ṭṭafaren Ben Muḥemed di myal tadwilt, d azwel yebɣun tesɛa-t. Leqdic n Ben Muḥemed s umata deg umaṭṭaf wis sin yebna ɣef unadi n tajaddit, n iẓuran nneɣ imaziɣen akk d unadi n tnekkit14. Ayagi iḥulfa-t daɣen ɣer imsefliden-is. Ihi iwala ilaq a-sen-imud ula d nutni ayen d-ileqqeḍ seg temsirin n tmaziɣt yesselmad Dda Lmulud At Mɛemmer di tesdawit n Lezzayer akk d wayen d-yesquccud netta sya u sya. Isenṭal n umennuɣ n tnekkit banen-d di leqdic s umata n Ben Muḥemed tazwara n iseggasen n 70, imi aṭric ameqran n wayen s-ineǧren abrid ɣer wayagi d ameqqun n tebratin tiɣezfanin s-d-ttarun yemsefliden ḥuzant tedwilin-is, akk d tmusni yessen wid yekkaten ɣef tmaziɣt di tallit nni ama di tesdatwit n Lezzayer neɣ ɣer Wegraw Imaziɣen, (Académie berbère) di Lpari. Ben Muḥemed d win iɛellen aṭas n tmeɣriwin tinazranin15 akk d icennayen Crif Xeddam, Yidir, Ait Manguellet, Imaziɣen Imula atg, anda d-yeɣɣar tamedyazt-is, akk d ttemliliyin akk d imedyazen nniḍen i tɣuri n isefra, ama di Lezzayer neɣ di Fransa. Yessufeɣ-d daɣen 6 tceqqufin i umaṭṭaf wis II n rradyu n Lezzayer. Yettikki di tririt ɣer teqbaylit (akk d Uṛeẓqi Si Muḥemed, Ɛmeṛ Mezdad d Saɛid Sadi) n tceqqufin umezgun n Kateb Yasin Ddem tabalizt-ik a Muḥ akk d Kahina. Am akken d-yerra ɣer teqbaylit iḍrisen n yiwen usaru ameẓyan iga Azzedine Meddour di 1991 akk d ttsuqelt n idiwenniyen16 i usaru iga Mustapha Mengouchi ɣef Ait Menguellat di 1990. Yelqeḍ-d u iṣeggem isefra iqburen tecna Xadiǧa i usaru n Mohamed Ifticen Les rameaux de feu, u yura tuɣac n usaru n Fawzi Sahraoui deg yerra tajmilt i Isiaxem. Neẓra d akken amaṭṭaf wis II ɣur-s azal ameqran deg usakwi n yeqbayliyen, aḥric meqqren deg ayagi yurar-it Ben Muḥemed. Seg ass mi yebda leqdic di rradyu, Ben Muḥemed yettmeslay i yemma-s acku, akken i d-yenna, ur tetmeslay ula d yiwet n tutlayt nniḍen nnig taqbaylit. D ayen yeǧǧan tameslayt d-yufraren di tedwilin-is d ttin teččur lemqadra akk d ttiẓet n wawal, daɣen d tutlayt tazedgant deg ulac imeslayen itraren imi yesmenyif ad yezzi i wawal akken nniḍen wala aseqdec n imeslayen imaynuten. =Tamedyazt= Tamedyazt n Ben Muḥemed d ttin i t-igan d yiwen ger yitran n tsekla taqbaylit tartart17. Isefra-s seg tazwara n iseggasen n 70 d wid d-yetmeslayen ɣef umennuɣ n tnekkit, maca daɣen azal n tmedyazt-is yella di lehhu d ttiẓeṭ n imeslayen-is yekkaten ɣer wul. Aṭas n ilmeẓyen di tallit nni i tḥuza tiɣri n tmurt d tyemmatt deg yiwen usefru yellan d ttigejdit deg tsekla n umennuɣ ɣef tmaziɣt : Yemma yura di furar 1973. Deg usefru ya, (i d-nerra dagi) iḥulfa weqcic s wayen yeḍan d tyemmatt, tamurt d ttutlayt ɣef tikelt deg ayen igi d-gwrant, yiwen uɛekkaz i tent-yewwten, kraḍ (3) yidsent i yexnunsent, yettwakkes fellasent sser. Yezmer wemdan d tidett ad yessusem zdat n wayen iḍerrun d tyemmatt? Ala; ihi yeggul weqcic dayen ur yessussum, d wawal ineqqen ass-a t-id yini! Deg useggas 1972, yebda Ben Muḥemed leqdic akk d ucennay Yidir (Hamid Cheriet) mu yura asefru yerra-t i yiwet n tmuzigt iga yakan Yidir. Akka dɣa i d-tlul di 1973 tezlitt A baba-inu ba yettwasnen ass-a ɣer aṭas iɣerfan18 di ddunnit imi tettwasuqel ɣer nnig n 7 tutlayin gar-asent ula d ttacinwatt. A baba-inu ba d tizlitt iɛeddan tilas n lehhu di myal tallit imi ɣur-s azal anaẓran aseklan19 meqqren, u daɣen d ttaɣect yefkan amedya i tlalit n ccna atrar s teqbaylit. D Ben Mohamled i yuran akk imeslayen n uḍebsi amezwaru n Yidir, kra n isefra yella yuraten yakan seg zik, wiyaḍ akka am Zwi-tt rwi-tt, Cfiɣ amzun d iḍelli, D izumal, d Yidir i s-ten-id yessutren. Isenṭal yesseqdec deg tuɣac-a, ɣas ma iga amur ula i tɣawsiwin n tmeddurt n myal ass am lferh d wurar, tigti kkaten ɣef yedles, tinekkit, akk d tteqbaylit. Yiwwet ger tgejda nniḍen n ccna n teqbaylit mu yura Ben Muḥemed imeslayen d Nouara, abeɛda i wḍebsi ines Tameṭṭut n tmurt n Leqbayel d wurfan-is, 1980. Tizlatin akka am ǧerǧer neɣ Ssiɣ lmeṣbaḥ yernan di lehhu s taɣect n Nouara yeččerrigen ulawen, d ttiɣri i tufɣɣa n tmeṭṭut si ṭṭlam i waken attwali tafat. Amar Sersour chante Ben Muḥemed : cfu ay ixf-iw d ttasfift d-yeffɣen di 1982 anda icennu Mass Sersour isefra n Ben Muḥemed u yeɣɣar-d idrisen-is. Asenṭel d-yufraren di tesfift agi d win n umennuɣ amazray20 n Tmurt n iqbayliyen ɣef izerfan-is. Di 1983, yessufeɣ-d Ben Muḥemed deg yiwwet n tesfift (akk d Amar Sersour d Achour Fernane) idrisen yura s talɣa n tmedyazt yesɛan azal aseklan meqqren. Deg-sen i d-yedda usefru n Yemma yellan dɣa d azwel n tesfift. Ben Muḥemed yeɣɣar-d s timmad-is kra seg yedrisen-is. (Aneɛreḍ a d-ner kra n tukkisin i tmesliwt seg tesfift agi deg ussan i d-iteddun). Ddan-d kra n yedrisen n Ben Muḥemed deg yiwen seg uṭṭunen n tesɣunt Itinéraires et contact des cultures d-yetmeslayen s umata ɣef tsekla taɣerfant di Tefriqt Ugafa; am akken d-yesseda Y. Nacib isefra-s akk d ttssuqelt nsen ɣer tefransist deg wedlis ines Anthologie de la poésie kabyle. Tawuri taseklant n Ben Muḥemed yessuget-itt s leqdic ɣef izerfan deg annar umennuɣ, imi yettikki d wazal n snan (20) inaẓuren d waggagen21 (garasen Lmulud At Mɛemmer, Tahar Djaout, Kateb Yasin, Mhamed Isiaxem, Sliman Benaïssa…) deg usebded n yiwet n tiddukla tadelsant tamaziɣt di 1981, maca adabu n yimiren yegguma a-s-yefk udem unṣib. Yettikki daɣen deg usebded n tiddukla tadelsant tussnant22 Tala, d-ilulen di Lezzayer di 1990; am akken yesselwi23 di Lpari tiddukla [[Tawrirt yettwattun]] (La colline oubliée) d-isslal i lmend n tikci ufus i wsufeɣ n usaru n A. Bouguermouh. Tamedyazt d nettat i d-inudan ɣef Ben Muḥemed. Ilul-d ad issefru. Yakan d ilemẓi, yella yettargu ad yeqqel yiwen wass d acennay. Ssakin tawuri-yis di rradyu tḥettmit ad yemmeslay s teɣzi n wawal yiwet n tutlayt i ynuda amek ara teɛjeb yemma-s. Yella wayen yifen dɣa ameslay akk d imawlan s tutlayt tayemmatt ? Tagnitt deg i d-gra teqbaylit akk d yidles amaziɣ di Lezzayer n wass-a tḥettem arraw-is ad wwten amek ara ṭṭfen di tnekkit nsen. Amennuɣ n Ben Muḥemed yettkemmil. =Amawal= 1 Asefrek anazraf = gestion financière <br/> 2 Tawuri taḍeblant = fonction administrative<br/> 3 Tanebḍaḍt = préfecture<br/> 4 Aɣlif n ttrebga taɣelnawt = Ministère de l’éducation nationale<br/> 5 Taswast = calendrier, journal<br/> 6 Tasedlist = librairie<br/> 7 Tiwsatin uẓawan = genres musicaux<br/> 8 Tidwilin tidelsanin tiseklanin = émissions culturelles et littéraires<br/> 9 Iḍrisen igreɣlanen = textes universels<br/> 10 Amseddu = animateur<br/> 11 Anfaras = producteur<br/> 12 Asenṭel = thème<br/> 13 Tadrest = la censure<br/> 14 Tinekkit = identité<br/> 15 Timeɣriwin tinaẓranin = galas artistiques<br/> 16 Idiwenniyen = dialogues<br/> 17 Tasekla taqbaylit tatrart = néo-littérature kabyle<br/> 18 Aɣref = peuple<br/> 19 Azal anaẓran aseklan = valeur artistique et littéraire<br/> 20 Amennuɣ amazray = combat historique<br/> 21 Aggag = intellectuel<br/> 22 Ussnan = scientifique<br/> 23 Sselwi = présider<br/> 24 Tameddurmant = biographie<br/> 25 Asuneḍ = tome<br/> Yella-d wesqucced i lmend n tira n umagrad agi seg tmeddurmant24 n Ben Muḥemed yura s tefrensist Ms. Slimane Hachi di DBK, Asuneḍ25 1, Tiẓrigin Ina-Yas/Edisud, 2001. Isefra ttwaksen-d seg udlis n Youcef Nacib: Anthologie de la poésie kabyle, Lezzayer, Tiẓrigin Andalouses, Lezzayer, 1993 === Tamselyut === * Sɣur Areẓqi [http://www.imyura.net/KraImedyazen/Benmuhemed/tabid/88/Default.aspx imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080202222506/http://www.imyura.net/KraImedyazen/Benmuhemed/tabid/88/Default.aspx |date=2008-02-02 }} [[Category:Tameddurt]] sajori54375yhu92zzixtw2rwuancba 0 2206 117904 117885 2026-11-08T11:12:18Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117904 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da. Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]] == 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit == Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tallit !Amhaz agenjdan |- |Taglest |Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ. |- |Tasut tis 3 uqbel tallit-nneɣ |Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg "Iferdisen". |- |Tallit talemmast |Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d tsenallunt. |- |Tasut tis 17 |Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin. |- |Tasut tis 19 |Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n tiknit d tallunin. |- |1872 d mbeɛd |Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan. |- |Tasut tis 20–21 |Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka. |} "'''Iferdisen'''" n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan. == 2. Isbaduten, igejdan d usfukel == Asbadu yessegza tamiḍrant s wawalen yettwasnen. Agejdi d tafyirt i neqqbel deg yiwen unagraw war asfukel deg unagraw-nni. Asekkud(tiẓri) d ayen ara d-nsuffeɣ seg yigejdan d yisekkuden yettwasfuklen yakan. Deg umedya n Aklid, yezmer ad yettwabnu yiɣil n teɣda gar snat n tneqqiḍin, ad yettwasɣezef yiɣil, ad tettwabnu twinest s wammas d waqqar yettwabedren. Yella daɣen agejdi ɣef tɣmar timaɣudin d wayen yeqqnen ɣer umṣadaɣ. === Amedya n useɣẓen === Deg uɣawas n Aklid, i teneqqiṭ '''P''' i ur nelli ara ɣef taɣda '''d''', tella yiwet kan n teɣda iɛeddan seg '''P''' ur nettmagar ara '''d'''. Talɣa-a n yigejdi n umṣadaɣ tettwassen s yisem n '''Playfair'''; d talɣa tagdazalt i yigejdi wis semmus n Aklid deg lsas n tanzeggit tamagnut. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-18 09-56-11.png|centré]] <small>Tugna 2. Tiɣmert d wassaɣ n umṣadaɣ. Tigniwin ttɛawanent deg tɣuri n yisekkuden; isfukal ilaq ad d-begnen ayɣer iiṣeḥḥa wassaɣ.</small> Deg tugna, tineqqiḍin ttbanent sɛant tehri, izirigen sɛan tuzert, imeccaqen zemren ur ttwaḥerzen ara s tiseddi. Deg tusnakt, taneqqiṭ ur tesɛi ara tehri. Ihi ma tugna teskan-d belli sin n yimeccaqen d igdazalen, ayen-a ur d-yettawi ara asfukel. == 3. Taneqqiṭ, taɣda d tallunt == Taneqqiṭ d amḍiq war tehri; taɣda tettwasɣezef deg sin yinumak war tilisa; iɣil n teɣda yesɛa sin n yixfawen; tazinaɣda tesɛa yiwen n yixef, tettwasɣezef deg yiwen unamek. Aɣawas d tajumma ilweɣ i deg yezmer ad yili wudlif s sin n yimsidag. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-19 12-18-47.png|centré|611x611px]] <small>Tugna 3. Tisektiwin 0, 1, 2 d 3. Aɣawas n tugna d amur ifuken kan; aɣawas n tusnakt ur yesɛi ara tilisa.</small> Tasekta n tallunt tettawi amḍan n yimsidag ilelliyen i ilaqen iwakken ad nesbadu amḍiq. Deg taɣda, yiwen x ikfa; deg uɣawas, nesra (x,y); deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, nesra (x,y,z). Tasekta ur tɛelliq ara ɣef wamek ara d-nsuneɣ talɣa: amaḍal s tajumma kan yesɛa snat n tsektiwin, ɣas ma yettwaseknen deg tallunt s kraḍ. ℝⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, …, xₙ) : xᵢ d imḍanen ilawen} Tallunin s n > 3 ttwasqedcent deg tusnakt d yisefka. Ma yal amedya n yisefka yesɛa 10 n yimuttiyen ilelliyen, yezmer ad yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg ℝ¹⁰. Ayen-a ur d-yemmal ara belli nezmer ad t-nwali s wallen; imsidag d yilugan fkan-d allalen n tazrawt. === Tajumma d wanrar === Tajumma d talɣa n snat n tsektiwin; anrar d asket-is. S yiwet n tɣawsa, takurt tesɛa daxel-is d ubleɣ, ma amaḍal d tajumma n rrif-is. Asbadu n wayen nzerrew yesɛa azal uqbel yal asiḍen. == 4. Ikerdisen d usekkud n Pythagore == Akerdis yesɛa kraḍ n yidis, kraḍ n tqacucin d kraḍ n tiɣmar. Deg uɣawas n Aklid, timernit n tɣmar-is d 180°. Akerdis agdudisan yesɛa kraḍ n yidis igdazalen; akerdis akendis yesɛa ma drus sin n yidis igdazalen; akerdis amaɣud yesɛa yiwet n tiɣmert n 90°. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-20 11-55-53.png|centré|667x667px]] <small>Tugna 4. Tama taẓelmaḍt: anrar n umkuẓ ɣef yidis 5 d 25 = 9 + 16. Tama tayeffust: kuẓ n yikerdisen s yidis a d b, d umkuẓ alemmas s yidis c.</small> '''a² + b² = c², ma c d alubdis n ukerdis amaɣud''' Asfukel n tugna tayeffust: anrar n umkuẓ ameqqran d (a+b)². Kuẓ n yikerdisen sɛan anrar 4 × ab/2 = 2ab. Ayen i d-yeqqimen d c²; ihi c² = (a+b)² − 2ab = a²+b². Ayen-a d aseɣẓen s wanrar, mačči d asket n teɣzi ɣef tugna. Asekkud-a yesɛa daɣen talɣa tamsuɣalt: ma a²+b²=c² deg ukerdis, tiɣmert i d-yezzin i c d 90°. Deg tanzeggit taknudemt neɣ ɣef umaḍal, tanfalit-a ur tettwasemres ara akka war abeddel. == 5. Tales(Thales) d tarwast == Sin n yikerdisen imarwasen sɛan tiɣmar igdazalen d yidis akniwen s yiwen wassaɣ. Ma tasɣent tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer akk imeccaqen s yiwen umuskir k > 0, tḥerrez tiɣmar d talɣa. D tarwast. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-21 10-35-44.png|centré|676x676px]] <small>Tugna 5. DE d BC msadaɣen, ihi ikerdisen ADE d ABC d imarwasen. Deg tugna tayeffust, amuskir n teɣzi d 2; win n</small> <small>wanrar d 4.</small> '''AD/AB = AE/AC = DE/BC''' Deg umedya, A d yiwet n tqacuct n sin yikerdisen; D yella ɣef [AB], E ɣef [AC], yerna DE ∥ BC. Ihi assaɣ n ''Thales'' yessegza ayɣer akk ibḍan-a d igdazalen. Ma nessen kra n teɣziwin, nezmer ad nsiḍen teɣziwin ur nessin ara s useqdec n wassaɣen-a. '''Teɣzi: × k; anrar: × k²; ableɣ: × k³''' Ma nsemɣer asrem s umuskir 3, tehri d teɣzi-nni ad nernunt kraḍ n tikal; anrar ad yili 9 n tikal. Ma nsemɣer agasas s 3, ableɣ ad yili 27 n tikal. Ihi amḍan n tsektiwin yesɛa azal deg wamek i yettbeddil usket. Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen; d amedya uslig n tarwast s k = 1. Ur ilaq ara ad nsemmi snat n talɣiwin d igdazalen s wesket ma ttemcabint kan deg talɣa. == 6. Igeddisen, tiwinas d yiḍebsiyen == Ageddis d talɣa n uɣawas iḥerzen yiwen rrif yettwabnan s yiɣallen. I ugeddis afraray, war amager n yidis gar-asen, timernit n tiɣmar n daxel d (n−2) × 180°, anda '''n''' d amḍan n yidis. Abḍu n ugeddis affensu s yiwet n tqacuct yessegza tanfalit-a: ad d-naf n−2 n yikerdisen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-22 10-56-58.png|centré|595x595px]] <small>Tugna 6. Tawinest d rrif; aḍebsi yesɛa daxel. Ageddis s semmus n yidisan yettwabḍa ɣef kraḍ n yikerdisen.</small> Tawinest s wammas '''O''' d waqqar '''r''' tesdukkel tineqqiḍin '''P''' i yesɛan '''d(O,P)=r'''. Aḍebsi yeɣleq yesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan d(O,P) ≤ r. Akdu d 2r. Taslayt i twinest deg P tebdd ɣef waqqar OP. '''Azzikit n twinest: P = 2πr; anrar n uḍebsi: A = πr²''' Ma '''r''' yettwaskat s yimitren, '''P''' ad yili s yimitren, '''A''' s yimitren imkuẓen. Pi d amḍan agraɣlan π ≈ 3.14159. Ur ilaq ara ad nsexleḍ amḍan n yisekkilen n tamawaẓt d wazal amatu n π. == 7. Asektiɣmer d radyan == Asektiɣmer (trigonométrie) izerrew assaɣ gar tɣmar d teɣziwin. Deg ukerdis amaɣud, '''sin''' '''θ''' d assaɣ n yidis i d-yezzin i θ ɣer ulubdis; '''cos θ''' d assaɣ n yidis n tama-s ɣer ulubdis; '''tan θ''' '''= sin θ / cos θ mi cos θ ≠ 0.''' [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-23 12-24-09.png|centré|612x612px]] <small>Tugna 7. Tawinest s waqqar 1 tefk amur ilaw cos θ d amur yebdden sin θ. Udlifen n sin d cos sseknen abeddel-nsen d</small> <small>wallus-nsen.</small> '''sin² θ + cos² θ = 1; 180° = π rad''' Radyan d asket n tɣmert s wassaɣ '''θ = s/r''', anda '''s''' d teɣzi n uḥric n twinest. Ma '''θ = 1''' rad, '''s''' '''= r'''. Tuzzya tummidt d 2π rad, neɣ 360°. Aseqdec n radyan yeshel tigawt n usiḍen aneẓlay d tarrayt n yizellumen. '''c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos γ''' Asaḍuf n cosine yessegza assaɣ gar kraḍ n yidis n ukerdis d tɣmert γ i d-yezzin i c. Ma '''γ =''' '''90°''', '''cos γ = 0''', ad d-naf asekkud n Pythagore. Assaɣen-a ttɛawanen deg usket n tiddi n wayen ur nezmir ara ad naweḍ srid d usiḍen n yiberdan. == 8. Teɣzi, anrar d ubleɣ == Teɣzi tettwaskat s tiget n teɣzi, anrar s tiget n teɣzi ɣer sin, ableɣ s tiget n teɣzi ɣer kraḍ. Azzikit d teɣzi n rrif. Tajumma tella d talɣa; anrar d azal n wesket-is. Deg tallunt, ilaq ad nessemgired anrar n rrif d ubleɣ n daxel. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-24 11-26-46.png|centré|716x716px]] <small>Tugna 8. Tiddi h tebdd ɣef uzadur b. Awlellu d takurt sɛan isketen n ubleɣ; amaḍal d rrif n takurt.</small> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Talɣa !Asket |- |Asrem s yidis a d b |A = ab; P = 2(a+b) |- |Akerdis s uzadur b d tiddi h |A = bh/2 |- |Agasas s yidis a |V = a³; anrar n rrif = 6a² |- |Awlellu s waqqar r d tiddi h |V = πr²h |- |Akaswar s waqqar r d tiddi h |V = πr²h/3 |- |Takurt / amaḍal s waqqar r |V = 4πr³/3; anrar n umaḍal = 4πr² |} I talɣiwin ur nesɛi ara tanfalit tafessast, nezmer ad nebḍu talɣa ɣef yiḥricen, ad nessemres aɣred neɣ asiḍen n temawaẓt. Ma yella kra n uḥric i neḥseb snat n tikal, ilaq ad t-nekkes yiwet n tikkelt iwakken ur t-nettḥasab ara snat n tikal. == 9. Asali s tesɣunt d ukumpas == Deg tanzeggit tamensayt, tesɣunt war yizamulen n wesket tettawi-d taɣda iɛeddan seg snat n tneqqiḍin. Akumpas yettawi-d tawinest s wammas d waqqar. Asali d asartu n tigawin s yilugan, mačči d asefru n talɣa s tseddi n tugna kan. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-25 11-13-00.png|centré|645x645px]] <small>Tugna 9. Sin n yisugnen n twinest sɛan yiwen waqqar, i yugar AB/2. Amager-nsen d P d Q. Taɣda PQ tebdd ɣef AB</small> <small>deg tlemmast M</small> I usali n tabeddayt i yiɣil [AB] deg tlemmast-is, nbennu tawinest s wammas A d tayeḍ s wammas B, s yiwen waqqar i yugar AB/2. Ad mlilent deg P d Q. Acku PA=PB d QA=QB, P d Q bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg A d B; taɣda-nsen d tabeddayt n tlemmast n [AB]. Nezmer ad nebnu akerdis agdudisan, talemmast n yiɣil neɣ abḍu n tiɣmert ɣef sin. Maca mačči yal asali yezmer ad yettwaxdem s sin n wallalen-a: amedya, abḍu n yal tiɣmert ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen igdazalen ur yezmir ara s wudem amatu. Abḍu n kra n tiɣmar usligen yezmer. Tanzeggit tagellamt tessemres tigriyin iwakken ad d-tessekna talɣiwin n kraḍ n tsektiwin deg uɣawas. D lsas i tesneḍrit n lebni d kra n terrayin n usunneɣ aṭekniki. == 10. Imsidag d yimawayen == Tanzeggit tusliṭ teqqen talɣa ɣer tegda. S yimsidag n Descartes, taneqqiṭ '''A''' tettwasbadu s '''(x,y)'''; taɣda s '''ax+by+c=0''', anda '''a''' d '''b''' ur llin ara i sin d '''0'''. Tarrayt-a tettawi talɣiwin ɣer yisiḍen(leḥsab) n uljibṛ. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-26 11-34-29.png|centré|608x608px]] <small>Tugna 10. Imeccaqen Δx = 4 d Δy = 3 fkan d = 5. Amaway u+v yettwabna s unadi n v seg yixef n u; amḍiq n tazwara</small> <small>n umaway ur ibeddel ara talɣa-s.</small> '''d(A,B) = √[(x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²]''' Talemmast n [AB] tesɛa imsidag ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2). Deg umedya A(1,1), B(5,4), talemmast d (3,2.5). Tanfalit n umeccaq tekka-d seg Pythagore; tanfalit n tlemmast tekka-d seg wassaɣ n yimawayen. '''u · v = u₁v₁ + u₂v₂ = ‖u‖ ‖v‖ cos θ''' Amaway yesɛa teɣzi d tanila. Afaris afesnan n sin yimawayen yezmer ad yessegza tiɣmert gar-asent. Ma u·v = 0 d sin yimawayen ur nelli ara d 0, imawayen-a bedden gar-asen. Tanzeggit tamawayt teshel anerni n yisiḍen-a ar tallunin s waṭas n tsektiwin. == 11. Ibeddilen d tujjuṛt == Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen. Tasikelt, tuzzya d tujjuṛt s ugellus d imedyaten deg uɣawas n Aklid. Abeddel yezmer ad yerr talɣa deg umḍiq nniḍen, maca teɣzi, tiɣmar d wanrar ad qqimen d yiwen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-27 11-43-08.png|centré|661x661px]] <small>Tugna 11. Talɣa tazegzawt d tin n tazwara. Tasikelt d tuzzya ḥerzent aniri; tujjuṛt s ugellus tbeddel aniri.</small> '''Tasikelt: x′ = x + a; y′ = y + b''' '''Tuzzya: x′ = x cos θ − y sin θ; y′ = x sin θ + y cos θ''' Tujjuṛt s ugellus y tettawi (x,y) ɣer (−x,y). Tasikelt s umaway v tettawi P ɣer P+v. Taludegt s wammas O d umuskir k tettawi OP ɣer kOP; tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer imeccaqen s |k|. Ma |k| ≠ 1, mačči d tagdukta. Timhelt n uḍfar n yibeddilen tesɛa azal: tuzzya deffir tasikelt ur tefk ara dima ayen i d-tefk tasikelt deffir tuzzya. Ibeddilen i yeṭṭafen talɣa meṛṛa ur tettbeddil ara sdukklen agraw n tujjuṛt-is. D allal i tazrawt n yizeṭṭa, lebni d talɣiwin n ugama. == 12. Igezzumen n ukaswar == Igezzumen n ukaswar (coniques) d tiwinas, tiglayin, tikenzirarin d yiknudem. Zemren ad d-ilin s umager n uɣawas d ukaswar asinan; tili n ugzam tettawi talɣa yemgaraden. Deg taenzeggit tusliṭ, d imedyaten n tegdiwin s tfesna 2. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-28 12-03-59.png|centré|636x636px]] <small>Taglayt tesɛa sin n yidiken. Takenzirart tesɛa adik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa sin n yifurkan. Ilugan n tigniwin llan deg yizwal-nsent.</small> Taglayt tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan timernit n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal. Takenzirart tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg udik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa tameẓla tamagdazt n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal. '''Ax² + Bxy + Cy² + Dx + Ey + F = 0''' I tegda n tfesna 2 war talɣiwin yettwasenɣasen, B²−4AC < 0 yettawi talɣa n teglayt; = 0 talɣa n tkenzirart; > 0 talɣa n uknudem, s tawtilin n tili n talɣa tilawt. Kra n tegdiwin zemrent ad fkent taɣda, snat teɣdiwin, taneqqiṭ neɣ tagrumma tilemt. Ihi ur ilaq ara ad nsemmu talɣa s yiwen umḍan kan. Talɣiwin-a sɛant aseqdec deg tsenallunt, imeskaren n tafat d usali n kra n yimeslaḍen. == 13. Tanzeggit talawsant d tseggart == Tanzeggit talawsant tḥerrez imeẓla n umsadaɣ d wassaɣen n tneqqiḍin ɣef yiwet n teɣda. Abeddel alawsan yesɛa talɣa x′=Ax+b, anda A d isirew imutti. Yezmer ad yessenɣes yiwen yidis ugar n wayeḍ, ihi tiɣmar d teɣziwin ur ilaq ara ad qqiment d yiwen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-29 12-34-08.png|centré|526x526px]] <small>Tugna 13. Tama taẓelmaḍt: amkuẓ yuɣal d talɣa s yidis imsadaɣen. Tama tayeffust: tigri n snat teɣdiwin timsadaɣin tettban tettawi-ten ɣer yiwet n tneqqiṭ.</small> Tanzeggit taseggart tzerrew ayen i yeqqimen d yiwen s tigri. Deg uɣawas aseggar, snat teɣdiwin yemgaraden mlilent dima deg yiwet n tneqqiṭ. I taɣdiwin timsadaɣin n uɣawas alawsan, amager-a yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg war taggara. '''[x : y : z] = [λx : λy : λz], ma λ ≠ 0''' Deg yimsidag imsariyen, '''z ≠ 0''' yezmer ad yettwarr ɣer z = 1 s ubḍu. Tineqqiḍin s '''z = 0''' d taɣda n war taggara. Snat teɣdiwin timsadaɣin sɛant taneqqiṭ n tanila i ten-yesdukklen. «War taggara» dagi d amur n unagraw n yimsidag, mačči d amḍiq i nettawi s useɣzef n ugdil. Assaɣ n umager d talɣa n teɣda ttwaḥerzen s tigri, maca umsadaɣ neɣ talemmast ur ilaq ara ad qqimen. Tanzeggit-a tettawi-d allalen i tigniwin n ukamera d tmuɣli n lebni. == 14. Tanzeggit ur nelli ara n Aklid == Tanzeggit taknudemt d tanzeggit n umaḍal sseknayent belli agejdi n umṣsadaɣ ur yelli ara d ayen iwatan i yal tallunt. Deg uɣawas aknudeman, seg P i ur nelli ara ɣef d, llant aṭas n teɣdiwin i ur nettmagar ara d. Ɣef umaḍal, iberdan i yettaken adeg n teɣdiwin d tiwinas timeqqranin. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-30 11-45-25.png|centré|640x640px]] <small>Tugna 14. Akerdis ɣef umaḍal: seg Ugafa ɣer sin n tneqqiḍin deg usebges i yemgaraden s 90°, timernit d 270°. Deg uḍebsi n Poincaré, yidis n ukerdis d iḥricen n twinas i yebdden ɣef rrif.</small> Deg tanzeggit n umaḍal s waqqar '''R''', akerdis s yidis n twinas timeqqranin, deg yiwen umur iwatan, yesɛa timernit n tɣmar tugar '''π'''. Anrar-is d '''R²(α+β+γ−π)''', anda tiɣmar ttwasqedcent s radyan. Deg uɣawas aknudeman s tiknit −1, anrar n ukerdis d '''π−(α+β+γ)'''. Deg umedya n Poincaré, rrif n uḍebsi ur yelli ara deg tallunt taknudemt: tineqqiḍin ttwaliɣent qqrebent ɣer rrif, maca ameccaq aknudeman yezmer ad yettnerni war tilisa. Ur ilaq ara ad nsket imeccaqen n tallunt-a s tesɣunt ɣef tugna amagnut. == 15. Tanzeggit taneẓlayt d tiknit == Tanzeggit taneẓlayt tessemres izellumen d yiɣraden iwakken ad tzerrew udmawen d tijummiwin. I udem ilweɣ s yiwen uɣewwaṛ t, r(t) = (x(t),y(t)), taslayt teqqen ɣer r′(t). Tiknit tettawi-d asket n ubeddel n tanila mi nettnerni deg teɣzi n ubrid. '''κ = |x′y″ − y′x″| / (x′² + y′²)^(3/2), ma r′(t) ≠ 0''' [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-31 11-51-15.png|centré|536x536px]] <small>Tugna 15. Amedya n tiknit n Gauss: tajumma n umaḍal s K > 0, aɣawas s K = 0, d talɣa n ukersi n userdun s K < 0.</small> Tawinest s waqqar R tesɛa tiknit 1/R. Taɣda tesɛa tiknit 0. Ɣef tajumma deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, llant snat n tikniyin tigejdanin k₁ d k₂; tiknit n Gauss d K = k₁k₂. K tezmer ad tili tugar 0, d 0 neɣ ddaw 0. Tiknit n Gauss d taɣara n daxel: yezmer ad tettwasekza seg yisketen deg tajumma, war asket n wamek i tettwabna deg tallunt n berra. D ayen i d-yeskan usekkud n Gauss yettwasnen s Theorema Egregium. Ihi tajumma tettban teɛwej seg berra ur ilaq ara adtesɛu K ≠ 0. Awlellu, amedya, yesɛa K = 0. == 16. Tanzeggit n Riemann d yiberdan == Tanḍa d tallunt i yettemcabin, deg yal amḍiq ameẓẓyan, ɣer ℝⁿ, maca talɣa-is meṛṛa tezmer ad temgarad. Amaḍal d akruri zemren ad ttwabḍun s yikarṭiyen adiganen s sin n yimsidag. Ur ilaq ara yiwen ukarṭi ad yeṭṭef akk tallunt. Tanzeggit n Riemann ternu asbadu n wesket i yal taneqqiṭ s isirew gᵢⱼ(x) iḍemnen belli teɣzi n yal amaway ur nelli ara d 0 tugar 0. Teɣzi n uḥric ameẓẓyan tettwaru s talɣa-a: '''ds² = Σᵢⱼ gᵢⱼ(x) dxᵢ dxⱼ''' [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-01 12-24-52.png|centré|700x700px]] <small>Tugna 16. Awlellu yezmer ad yeldi ɣer uɣawas war abeddel n yimeccaqen adiganen. Taɣda deg tugna tayeffust tettawi abrid yezzin ɣef uwlellu.</small> Abrid agejdis (géodésique, asegzi dagi) d abrid iḥerzen tanila s wamek i t-id-tesbadu tallunt. Deg tallunt n Riemann, iberdan-a sɛan taɣara n ubrid ameẓẓyan s teɣzi deg yiḥricen meẓẓiyen iwulmen. Ur ilaq ara yal abrid agejdis ad yili d ameẓẓyan akk gar sin n yixfawen s wudem amatu. Deg tfizikt n Einstein, tallunt d wakud ttwazerwen s tanzeggit n Lorentz: asket-is ur yesɛi ara yiwen unagraw n yizamulen am Riemann. Ihi «tajumma yeɛwejjen» d asegzi i d-iqerben kan, ur d-yessegzi ara iman-is akk tiẓri n wassaɣ n tallunt d wakud (relativité). == 17. Tasnidegt d talɣa meṛṛa == Tasnidegt tzerrew timitar i ur nettbeddil ara s ubeddel amaɣlal i yesɛan amutti amaɣlal. Zemrent ad ttwazerwent tuqqna, ixjaḍ d wamek i tettwasdukkel tallunt. Teɣzi d tɣmar ur ilaq ara ad ttwaḥerzent. Ihi tasnidegt teqqen ɣer tanzeggit, maca ur telli ara d yiwet n taɣult s sin n yismawen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-02 11-11-35.png|centré|636x636px]] <small>Tugna 17. Amaḍal d ukruri mgaraden deg umḍan n yixjaḍ. amaḍal ur yesɛi ara axjiḍ, a akruri yesɛa yiwen uxjiḍ iɛeddan deg tlemmast-is, Tigniwin-a sseknayent tijummiwin n rrif kan, mačči d talɣiwin yeččuren d axel.</small> '''χ = N₀ − N₁ + N₂; i tajumma iɣelqen tusɣilt: χ = 2 − 2g''' I tajumma yettwabḍan ɣef talɣiwin, N₀ d amḍan n tqacucin, N₁ n yidis d N₂ n wudmawen. χ d taskant n Euler. Ɣef rrif n ugasas, 8−12+6 = 2. Ɣef akruri, χ = 0. Deg tnfalit tis snat, g d amḍan n yixjaḍ s unamek n wanaw(genre), tajumma ilaq ad tili teqqen, teɣleq, tusɣilt d war rrif. Tazrawt n talɣa meṛṛa tezmer ad d-tefk tilisa i tiknit. Asekkud n Gauss-Bonnet yeqqen aɣred n tiknit n Gauss ɣer χ n tajumma. D amedya ameqqran n tuqqna gar usket adigan d talɣa n tallunt meṛṛa. == 18. Tanzeggit taljibṛant == Tanzeggit taljibṛant tzerrew tegrummiwin n tifrat n tegdiwin n yigetfulen. Ma P(x,y)=0, tineqqiḍin i yettḥeqqiqen tagda-a zemrent ad d-fkent azlig. Tarrayt-a tesdukkel aljibṛ d talɣiwin; tazrawt tamatut tezmer ad tili ɣef yimḍanen ilawen, isemlalen neɣ taɣulin nniḍen. [[Tugna:Taneqqit tasuft.png|centré|688x688px]] <small>Tugna 18. Tama taẓelmaḍt: azlig y² = x³ − x + 1 war taneqqiṭ tusligt deg uɣawas ilaw. Tama tayeffust: y² = x³ yesɛa taneqqiṭ tasuft deg (0,0).</small> I uzlig P=0, taneqqiṭ tasuft tḥeqqiq P = 0 d akk izellumen imezwura ∂P/∂x = ∂P/∂y = 0. Deg y²−x³=0, ayen-a yettili deg (0,0). Deg y²−x³+x−1=0, ulac taneqqiṭ i yeṭṭfen akk tawtilin-a. Amedya yessekza ayɣer aljibṛ yezmer ad yessegzi tikniyin d yimeẓla n talɣa. Deg tanzeggit taljibṛant, imḍanen isemlalen zemren ad fken talɣa tummidt n tifrat: ayen yettban d sin n yifurkan deg tugna tilawt yezmer ad yesɛu tuqqniwin nniḍen deg tallunt tasemlalt. Ur ilaq ara tugna tilawt ad tettwaḥsab d tamusni tummidt n talɣa. Tanzeggit taljibṛant tesɛa iseqdacen deg tiẓri n yimḍanen, ladɣa deg tazrawt n tifrat n tegdiwin s yimḍanen ummiden neɣ imeɣẓanen, izligen ilipsiyen d teɣri n tegdiwin. Iwakken ad tili tɣuri n lsas, ilaq aljibṛ imzireg d kra n tiẓri n tegrummiwin. == 19. Tanzeggit d usiḍen s uselkim == Tanzeggit n usiḍen tzerrew ilugan i asiḍen n wassaɣen anzeggane: amager n yiɣallen, taɣlaft taffensut, abḍu n tajumma ɣef ikerdisen d tazrawt n yiberdan. Tanzeggit tafrarayt tzerrew daɣen tegrummiwin n tneqqiḍin d talɣiwin tinzegganin, d wassaɣen gar-asent. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-04 12-56-10.png|centré|785x785px]] <small>Tugna 19. Yiwen wamud n 15 n tneqqiḍin: taɣlaft taffensut, abḍu ɣef ikerdisen n Delaunay d taɣulin n Voronoi. Tilisa i yettbanen deg ugdil d tamuɣli n uḥric n uɣawas.</small> Tagrumma taffensut teṭṭef iɣil meṛṛa i yeqqnen yal snat n tneqqiḍin-is. Taɣlaft taffensut n wamud d tagrumma taffensut tameẓẓyant i yeṭṭfen akk tineqqiḍin n wamud-nni. Deg wudlif n Voronoi, yal taneqqiṭ n wamud tesɛa taɣult i yesdukklen akk tineqqiḍin i iqerben ɣur-s ugar n tneqqiḍin nniḍen n wamud, neɣ i yebɛaden s yiwen umeccaq ɣur-s d kra seg-sent. Abḍu n Delaunay d abḍu ɣef ikerdisen, s tawtilt-a: i yal akerdis, ulac taneqqiṭ nniḍen n wamud deg daxel n twinest iɛeddan ɣef kraḍ n tqacucin-is. Deg waddad amatu, abḍu n Delaunay d wudlif n Voronoi qqnen gar-asen akka: snat n tneqqiḍin n wamud ttwaqqnent s yiɣil deg ubḍu n Delaunay ma taɣulin-nsent n Voronoi ccerkent yiwen n yidis. Ilaq ad ttwasxedmen yisiḍen s tiseddi: tuccḍa tameẓẓyant tezmer ad d-tefk agmuḍ ur neṣḥiḥ ara mi ara nsenqed ma sin n yiɣallen ttemlilin neɣ ala. Tarrayin-a sɛant azal deg usnulfu n tigniwin s kraḍ n tsektiwin (3D), deg tarubut, deg usnulfu n yikarṭiyen d lebni n yimedyaten n tfizikt. == 20. Tarrayt n wesket n umeccaq == Tallunt timizrirt d tagrumma X akked tesɣent d i d-yettaken ameccaq gar yal snat n tneqqiḍin. Ilaq '''d(x,y) ≥ 0; d(x,y)=0 ma x=y''' kan; '''d(x,y)=d(y,x); d(x,z) ≤ d(x,y)+d(y,z)'''. Tawtilt taneggarut d targadda n ukerdis: abrid usrid ur yugar ara abrid iɛeddan seg yiwet n tneqqiṭ nniḍen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-05 12-06-14.png|centré|608x608px]] <small>Tugna 20. Kraḍ n terrayin n umeccaq. Yal talɣa tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i bɛaden s umeccaq ≤ 1 seg (0,0); rrif-is yesɛa ameccaq = 1.</small> '''d₂ = √(Δx² + Δy²); d₁ = |Δx| + |Δy|''' '''d∞ = max(|Δx|, |Δy|)''' Deg umedya A(0,0), B(3,4), ameccaq n Aklid d 5, win n Manhattan d 7, win n Chebyshev d 4. Manhattan yettemcabi ɣer ubrid deg uẓeṭṭa n yiberdan ibedden: nezmer ad neddu kan s sin n yidis n uẓeṭṭa. Ihi «aqrab» yeqqen ɣer tarrayt n wesket, mačči ɣer tugna kan. Tarrayt n umeccaq ur teqqin ara kan ɣer tallunt i nettwali. Nezmer ad nesbadu ameccaq gar tesɣunin, imḍan n yibeddilen gar sin n yiḍrisen, neɣ amgired gar talɣiwin. Maca yal tanfalit i nsemmi «ameccaq» ilaq ad tettasenqed ma tḥerrez akk tawtilin n tallunt timizrirt. Asekkud n Pythagore yesɛa azal deg umeccaq n Aklid. Ma nbeddel tarrayt n wesket, tanfalit n twinest d ubrid ameẓẓyan ad tbeddel. Tigniwin-a sseknayent umgired gar uẓeṭṭa n yimsidag d wesket i yettwafernen deg-s. == 21. Tanzeggit n fraktal == Tanzeggit n fraktal tzerrew kra n talɣiwin i yesɛan telqey i yettbanen tikelt deffir tayeḍ deg tfesniwin timeẓyanein. Deg yimedyaten i yettemcabin s wudem aḥeqqani, yal aḥric d anɣel imeẓẓi n talɣa meṛṛa. Tanzeggit-a tessemgired teɣzi tamagnut d terrayin nniḍen n wesket. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-06 10-58-43.png|centré|758x758px]] Tugna 21. Agliz(Udem) n Koch s 5 n wallusen; akerdis n Sierpiński s 6. Deg tusnakt, fraktal amatu d talast n wallus war taggara; tugna tesɛa telqey ifuken. '''D = ln(N) / ln(1/r), deg umedya yettemcabin s tawtilin iwulmen''' Deg Koch, yal aḥric yettwabeddel s 4 n yiḥricen, yal yiwen s teɣzi 1/3 n tin tamezwarut. Tasekta n Hausdorff d ln(4)/ln(3) ≈ 1.262. Deg Sierpiński, llant 3 n talɣiwin s umuskir 1/2; tasekta d ln(3)/ln(2) ≈ 1.585. Iwakken formula n tarwast ad tefk tasekta n Hausdorff, ilaqt awtilin n ferru gar yiḥricen. Ur ilaq ara tasekta n fraktal ad tili d amḍan arummid dima; ur ilaq ara yal talɣa i yettemcabin ɣer yiman-is ad tili d fraktal. Deg ugama, amcabi yezmer ad yili kan gar kra n tfesniwin. Rrif n yilel neɣ ifurkan n useklu ur sɛin ara telqey war tilisa. == 22. Ifurkan nniḍen n tanzeggit == Tanzeggit tamirant tesɛa aṭas n ifurkan i yesɛan allalen d yisental yemgaraden. Kra seg-sent ttwasuddusent s wamek i tettwabna tallunt; kra s yibeddilen i yettwaḥerzen; kra s yilugan n tfizikt neɣ s umḍan n yiferdisen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-07 11-10-42.png|centré|592x592px]] <small>Tugna 22. Tama taẓelmaḍt: udmawen n yiwen wazal n Hamiltonien H. Tama tayeffust: aɣawas n Fano; tawinest n tlemmast d yiwet seg «taɣdiwin» n unagraw, mačči d tawinest s unamek n Aklid.</small> Tanzeggit tukris (symplectique) tzerrew tanḍiwin yesɛan talɣa taneẓlayt '''ω''' n tfesna 2, teɣleq yerna ur tefsiy ara. Deg imsidag adiganen iwulmen, '''ω = Σ dqᵢ ∧ dpᵢ'''. Tasekta n tallunt ilaq ad tili tayugant. Taɣult-a teqqen ɣer tiẓri n umussu n Hamilton d tallunt n waddaden n tfizikt. Tanzeggit ifuken tesɛa amḍan ifuken n tneqqiḍin d «teɣdiwin». Aɣawas n Fano d amedya s 7 n tneqqiḍin d 7 n teɣdiwin; yal taɣda tesɛa 3 n tneqqiḍin. Zemren ad ttwabnun s yimawayen n '''ℱ₂³''' war 0 d yimḍiqen n tsekta 2. D amedya n tanzeggit taseggart ɣef taɣult ssin n yiferdisen. Tanzeggit timizrirt tzerrew tallunin s umeccaq amatu; tanzeggit n Lorentz teqqen ɣer tallunt d wakud; tanzeggit tasemlalt tessemres imsidag isemlalen d tesɣunin iwulmen. Tfuriwin-a zemrent ad mlilent deg yiwen unadi. == 23. Taɣulin n useqdec == Tanzeggit d allal n tusnakt d unadi usnan. Tettawi-d ilugan i usket, usali n yimedyaten, asenqed n yiberdan d usmekti n talɣiwin. Aseqdec iwatan ilaq ad yessegzi amedya n tallunt, tiget n wesket d tilisa n tamawaẓt. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-08 12-00-34.png|centré|742x742px]] Tugna 23. Akal yettwagenses s yikerdisen; abrid ilipsi n umtiweg s Yiṭij deg yiwen udik. Sin n yimedyaten-a d asali n usegzi, mačči d ikarṭiyen neɣ isefka yettwaskaten. TaɣultAseqdec Lebni d tesneḍritAnrar, ableɣ, tasaksart, asali d tigriyin. Tasenallunt d wakalAbeddel n yimsidag, ikarṭiyen d yiberdan. TafiziktTiknit, amussu, tallunt n waddaden d tallunt-wakud. Tigzi n tmacint d tigniwinAsmekti n talɣiwin, tigriyin n ukamera d tallunin n yisefka. Tarubut d usiḍenAbrid war amager, tanila d usali n tallunt. Tasnuddirt d tmeddurtTalɣiwin n yiferdisen, tijummiwin d yizeṭṭa. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Taɣult !Aseqdec |- |Lebni d tesneḍrit |Anrar, ableɣ, tasaksart, asali d tigriyin. |- |Tasenallunt d wakal |Abeddel n yimsidag, ikarṭiyen d yiberdan. |- |Tafizikt |Tiknit, amussu, tallunt n waddaden d tallunt-wakud. |- |Tigzi n tmacint d tigniwin |Asmekti n talɣiwin, tigriyin n ukamera d tallunin n yisefka. |- |Tarubut d usiḍen |Abrid war amager, tanila d usali n tallunt. |- |Tasnuddirt d tmeddurt |Talɣiwin n yiferdisen, tijummiwin d yizḍwa. |} Deg lebni, tugna tasemlalt neɣ tigniwin n uselkim ur suffɣent ara tamusni n usket: amedya 3D yezmer ad yili yecbeḥ maca imeccaqen-is ur wulmen ara. Deg yal taɣult, asenqed n wassaɣ gar amedya d wayen yettwaskaten d aḥric seg umahil usnan. ==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit == * [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit tummit]] * [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]] * [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]] * [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] * [[Aljiber imzireg]] == Amezruy n tenzeggit == [[Taggayt:Tusnakt]] adtt9thsmef50h4gu9zwexy09rfqsgr 117905 117904 2026-11-08T11:12:40Z Gurzil90x 14292 arniɣ ayen ilaqen 117905 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tanzeggit''' d tigezmi tameqrant ger igzumen n [[tusnakt]] d win i izerwen [[tawella|tiwellatin]] neɣ Udmawen deg [[Tallunt|tallunin]] s myal [[tasekta]], deg tsekta Tis kraḍ (3) nezmar ad nemmeslay ɣef [[tenzeggit tuklidt]]. Ass-a ur nezmir ad d nesbin tilisa yellan ger tenzeggit akk d [[Asebrurez|wesebrurez]] neɣ d [[aljiber|uljiber]], acku ur nezmir ad nemmeslay ɣef [[Tanzeggit taljibirt|tenzeggit taljibirt]] ma yella ur d-neddim ara kra din kra da. Tanzeggit diɣen d tafurk n tusnakt i izerrwen talɣiwin, tallunin, imeccaqen, tiɣmar d wassaɣen gar tneqqiḍin d yiḥricen n talɣiwin. Tesɛa azal deg usket n wakal d lebni, maca tuɣal daɣen d taɣult tamatut n tusnakt i yezmer ad tzerrew tallunin ur nezmir ara ad nwali s wallen, neɣ tallunin i yesɛan ugar n kraḍ n tsektiwin. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-16 11-19-35.png|centré|553x553px]] == 1. Amezruy n tenzeggit == Awal agraɣlan géométrie yekka-d seg yigrigiyen i d-yemmalen asket n wakal. Isketen d yisiḍen inzeggane ttwasqedcen deg Maṣer, Mezupuṭamya d tɣermiwin nniḍen uqbel tanzeggit n Yigrigiyen. Ur ilaq ara ad nerṛ tanzeggit meṛṛa d asnulfu n yiwen ugdud kan. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Tallit !Amhaz agenjdan |- |Taglest |Asket n wakal, lebni, asiḍen n teɣzi, n wanrar d ubleɣ. |- |Tasut tis 3 uqbel tallit-nneɣ |Aklid deg Iskandariya yesdukkel tizrawin deg "Iferdisen". |- |Tallit talemmast |Tigawt n yimusnawen deg tmura n Tineslemt, Lehend d Cinwa: asektiɣmer(trigonométrie), asali d tsenallunt. |- |Tasut tis 17 |Descartes d Fermat qqnen talɣiwin ɣer imsidag d tegdiwin. |- |Tasut tis 19 |Lobachevsky d Bolyai snernan tanzeggit taknudemt; Gauss d Riemann snernan tazrawt n tiknit d tallunin. |- |1872 d mbeɛd |Klein yeskan azal n yibeddilen d yigrawen; Hilbert yessegzi lsas s yinagrawen n yigejdan. |- |Tasut tis 20–21 |Tanzeggit taljibṛant, taneẓlayt, tukrist, asiḍen s uselkim d uẓeṭṭa n twuriwin gar tfurka. |} "'''Iferdisen'''" n Aklid yesseqdac isbaduten d yigejdan iwakken ad yebnu isekkuden. Abrid-a yesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant deg tusnakt. Maca tanzeggit tamirant ur teqqim ara deg yigejdan n Aklid: tazrawt n umṣadaɣ tewwi-d timusniwin ɣef tallunin nniḍen. Tanzeggit tamirant tettawi ula d tallunin yellan deg tfizikt, isefka, tigniwin d yisiḍen. Amezruy-is d anerni n yisental d terrayin, mačči d asemselsi n yiwet n tanzeggit s tayeḍ kan. == 2. Isbaduten, igejdan d usfukel == Asbadu yessegza tamiḍrant s wawalen yettwasnen. Agejdi d tafyirt i neqqbel deg yiwen unagraw war asfukel deg unagraw-nni. Asekkud(tiẓri) d ayen ara d-nsuffeɣ seg yigejdan d yisekkuden yettwasfuklen yakan. Deg umedya n Aklid, yezmer ad yettwabnu yiɣil n teɣda gar snat n tneqqiḍin, ad yettwasɣezef yiɣil, ad tettwabnu twinest s wammas d waqqar yettwabedren. Yella daɣen agejdi ɣef tɣmar timaɣudin d wayen yeqqnen ɣer umṣadaɣ. === Amedya n useɣẓen === Deg uɣawas n Aklid, i teneqqiṭ '''P''' i ur nelli ara ɣef taɣda '''d''', tella yiwet kan n teɣda iɛeddan seg '''P''' ur nettmagar ara '''d'''. Talɣa-a n yigejdi n umṣadaɣ tettwassen s yisem n '''Playfair'''; d talɣa tagdazalt i yigejdi wis semmus n Aklid deg lsas n tanzeggit tamagnut. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-18 09-56-11.png|centré]] <small>Tugna 2. Tiɣmert d wassaɣ n umṣadaɣ. Tigniwin ttɛawanent deg tɣuri n yisekkuden; isfukal ilaq ad d-begnen ayɣer iiṣeḥḥa wassaɣ.</small> Deg tugna, tineqqiḍin ttbanent sɛant tehri, izirigen sɛan tuzert, imeccaqen zemren ur ttwaḥerzen ara s tiseddi. Deg tusnakt, taneqqiṭ ur tesɛi ara tehri. Ihi ma tugna teskan-d belli sin n yimeccaqen d igdazalen, ayen-a ur d-yettawi ara asfukel. == 3. Taneqqiṭ, taɣda d tallunt == Taneqqiṭ d amḍiq war tehri; taɣda tettwasɣezef deg sin yinumak war tilisa; iɣil n teɣda yesɛa sin n yixfawen; tazinaɣda tesɛa yiwen n yixef, tettwasɣezef deg yiwen unamek. Aɣawas d tajumma ilweɣ i deg yezmer ad yili wudlif s sin n yimsidag. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-19 12-18-47.png|centré|611x611px]] <small>Tugna 3. Tisektiwin 0, 1, 2 d 3. Aɣawas n tugna d amur ifuken kan; aɣawas n tusnakt ur yesɛi ara tilisa.</small> Tasekta n tallunt tettawi amḍan n yimsidag ilelliyen i ilaqen iwakken ad nesbadu amḍiq. Deg taɣda, yiwen x ikfa; deg uɣawas, nesra (x,y); deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, nesra (x,y,z). Tasekta ur tɛelliq ara ɣef wamek ara d-nsuneɣ talɣa: amaḍal s tajumma kan yesɛa snat n tsektiwin, ɣas ma yettwaseknen deg tallunt s kraḍ. ℝⁿ = {(x₁, x₂, …, xₙ) : xᵢ d imḍanen ilawen} Tallunin s n > 3 ttwasqedcent deg tusnakt d yisefka. Ma yal amedya n yisefka yesɛa 10 n yimuttiyen ilelliyen, yezmer ad yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg ℝ¹⁰. Ayen-a ur d-yemmal ara belli nezmer ad t-nwali s wallen; imsidag d yilugan fkan-d allalen n tazrawt. === Tajumma d wanrar === Tajumma d talɣa n snat n tsektiwin; anrar d asket-is. S yiwet n tɣawsa, takurt tesɛa daxel-is d ubleɣ, ma amaḍal d tajumma n rrif-is. Asbadu n wayen nzerrew yesɛa azal uqbel yal asiḍen. == 4. Ikerdisen d usekkud n Pythagore == Akerdis yesɛa kraḍ n yidis, kraḍ n tqacucin d kraḍ n tiɣmar. Deg uɣawas n Aklid, timernit n tɣmar-is d 180°. Akerdis agdudisan yesɛa kraḍ n yidis igdazalen; akerdis akendis yesɛa ma drus sin n yidis igdazalen; akerdis amaɣud yesɛa yiwet n tiɣmert n 90°. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-20 11-55-53.png|centré|667x667px]] <small>Tugna 4. Tama taẓelmaḍt: anrar n umkuẓ ɣef yidis 5 d 25 = 9 + 16. Tama tayeffust: kuẓ n yikerdisen s yidis a d b, d umkuẓ alemmas s yidis c.</small> '''a² + b² = c², ma c d alubdis n ukerdis amaɣud''' Asfukel n tugna tayeffust: anrar n umkuẓ ameqqran d (a+b)². Kuẓ n yikerdisen sɛan anrar 4 × ab/2 = 2ab. Ayen i d-yeqqimen d c²; ihi c² = (a+b)² − 2ab = a²+b². Ayen-a d aseɣẓen s wanrar, mačči d asket n teɣzi ɣef tugna. Asekkud-a yesɛa daɣen talɣa tamsuɣalt: ma a²+b²=c² deg ukerdis, tiɣmert i d-yezzin i c d 90°. Deg tanzeggit taknudemt neɣ ɣef umaḍal, tanfalit-a ur tettwasemres ara akka war abeddel. == 5. Tales(Thales) d tarwast == Sin n yikerdisen imarwasen sɛan tiɣmar igdazalen d yidis akniwen s yiwen wassaɣ. Ma tasɣent tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer akk imeccaqen s yiwen umuskir k > 0, tḥerrez tiɣmar d talɣa. D tarwast. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-21 10-35-44.png|centré|676x676px]] <small>Tugna 5. DE d BC msadaɣen, ihi ikerdisen ADE d ABC d imarwasen. Deg tugna tayeffust, amuskir n teɣzi d 2; win n</small> <small>wanrar d 4.</small> '''AD/AB = AE/AC = DE/BC''' Deg umedya, A d yiwet n tqacuct n sin yikerdisen; D yella ɣef [AB], E ɣef [AC], yerna DE ∥ BC. Ihi assaɣ n ''Thales'' yessegza ayɣer akk ibḍan-a d igdazalen. Ma nessen kra n teɣziwin, nezmer ad nsiḍen teɣziwin ur nessin ara s useqdec n wassaɣen-a. '''Teɣzi: × k; anrar: × k²; ableɣ: × k³''' Ma nsemɣer asrem s umuskir 3, tehri d teɣzi-nni ad nernunt kraḍ n tikal; anrar ad yili 9 n tikal. Ma nsemɣer agasas s 3, ableɣ ad yili 27 n tikal. Ihi amḍan n tsektiwin yesɛa azal deg wamek i yettbeddil usket. Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen; d amedya uslig n tarwast s k = 1. Ur ilaq ara ad nsemmi snat n talɣiwin d igdazalen s wesket ma ttemcabint kan deg talɣa. == 6. Igeddisen, tiwinas d yiḍebsiyen == Ageddis d talɣa n uɣawas iḥerzen yiwen rrif yettwabnan s yiɣallen. I ugeddis afraray, war amager n yidis gar-asen, timernit n tiɣmar n daxel d (n−2) × 180°, anda '''n''' d amḍan n yidis. Abḍu n ugeddis affensu s yiwet n tqacuct yessegza tanfalit-a: ad d-naf n−2 n yikerdisen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-22 10-56-58.png|centré|595x595px]] <small>Tugna 6. Tawinest d rrif; aḍebsi yesɛa daxel. Ageddis s semmus n yidisan yettwabḍa ɣef kraḍ n yikerdisen.</small> Tawinest s wammas '''O''' d waqqar '''r''' tesdukkel tineqqiḍin '''P''' i yesɛan '''d(O,P)=r'''. Aḍebsi yeɣleq yesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan d(O,P) ≤ r. Akdu d 2r. Taslayt i twinest deg P tebdd ɣef waqqar OP. '''Azzikit n twinest: P = 2πr; anrar n uḍebsi: A = πr²''' Ma '''r''' yettwaskat s yimitren, '''P''' ad yili s yimitren, '''A''' s yimitren imkuẓen. Pi d amḍan agraɣlan π ≈ 3.14159. Ur ilaq ara ad nsexleḍ amḍan n yisekkilen n tamawaẓt d wazal amatu n π. == 7. Asektiɣmer d radyan == Asektiɣmer (trigonométrie) izerrew assaɣ gar tɣmar d teɣziwin. Deg ukerdis amaɣud, '''sin''' '''θ''' d assaɣ n yidis i d-yezzin i θ ɣer ulubdis; '''cos θ''' d assaɣ n yidis n tama-s ɣer ulubdis; '''tan θ''' '''= sin θ / cos θ mi cos θ ≠ 0.''' [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-23 12-24-09.png|centré|612x612px]] <small>Tugna 7. Tawinest s waqqar 1 tefk amur ilaw cos θ d amur yebdden sin θ. Udlifen n sin d cos sseknen abeddel-nsen d</small> <small>wallus-nsen.</small> '''sin² θ + cos² θ = 1; 180° = π rad''' Radyan d asket n tɣmert s wassaɣ '''θ = s/r''', anda '''s''' d teɣzi n uḥric n twinest. Ma '''θ = 1''' rad, '''s''' '''= r'''. Tuzzya tummidt d 2π rad, neɣ 360°. Aseqdec n radyan yeshel tigawt n usiḍen aneẓlay d tarrayt n yizellumen. '''c² = a² + b² − 2ab cos γ''' Asaḍuf n cosine yessegza assaɣ gar kraḍ n yidis n ukerdis d tɣmert γ i d-yezzin i c. Ma '''γ =''' '''90°''', '''cos γ = 0''', ad d-naf asekkud n Pythagore. Assaɣen-a ttɛawanen deg usket n tiddi n wayen ur nezmir ara ad naweḍ srid d usiḍen n yiberdan. == 8. Teɣzi, anrar d ubleɣ == Teɣzi tettwaskat s tiget n teɣzi, anrar s tiget n teɣzi ɣer sin, ableɣ s tiget n teɣzi ɣer kraḍ. Azzikit d teɣzi n rrif. Tajumma tella d talɣa; anrar d azal n wesket-is. Deg tallunt, ilaq ad nessemgired anrar n rrif d ubleɣ n daxel. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-24 11-26-46.png|centré|716x716px]] <small>Tugna 8. Tiddi h tebdd ɣef uzadur b. Awlellu d takurt sɛan isketen n ubleɣ; amaḍal d rrif n takurt.</small> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Talɣa !Asket |- |Asrem s yidis a d b |A = ab; P = 2(a+b) |- |Akerdis s uzadur b d tiddi h |A = bh/2 |- |Agasas s yidis a |V = a³; anrar n rrif = 6a² |- |Awlellu s waqqar r d tiddi h |V = πr²h |- |Akaswar s waqqar r d tiddi h |V = πr²h/3 |- |Takurt / amaḍal s waqqar r |V = 4πr³/3; anrar n umaḍal = 4πr² |} I talɣiwin ur nesɛi ara tanfalit tafessast, nezmer ad nebḍu talɣa ɣef yiḥricen, ad nessemres aɣred neɣ asiḍen n temawaẓt. Ma yella kra n uḥric i neḥseb snat n tikal, ilaq ad t-nekkes yiwet n tikkelt iwakken ur t-nettḥasab ara snat n tikal. == 9. Asali s tesɣunt d ukumpas == Deg tanzeggit tamensayt, tesɣunt war yizamulen n wesket tettawi-d taɣda iɛeddan seg snat n tneqqiḍin. Akumpas yettawi-d tawinest s wammas d waqqar. Asali d asartu n tigawin s yilugan, mačči d asefru n talɣa s tseddi n tugna kan. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-25 11-13-00.png|centré|645x645px]] <small>Tugna 9. Sin n yisugnen n twinest sɛan yiwen waqqar, i yugar AB/2. Amager-nsen d P d Q. Taɣda PQ tebdd ɣef AB</small> <small>deg tlemmast M</small> I usali n tabeddayt i yiɣil [AB] deg tlemmast-is, nbennu tawinest s wammas A d tayeḍ s wammas B, s yiwen waqqar i yugar AB/2. Ad mlilent deg P d Q. Acku PA=PB d QA=QB, P d Q bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg A d B; taɣda-nsen d tabeddayt n tlemmast n [AB]. Nezmer ad nebnu akerdis agdudisan, talemmast n yiɣil neɣ abḍu n tiɣmert ɣef sin. Maca mačči yal asali yezmer ad yettwaxdem s sin n wallalen-a: amedya, abḍu n yal tiɣmert ɣef kraḍ n yiḥricen igdazalen ur yezmir ara s wudem amatu. Abḍu n kra n tiɣmar usligen yezmer. Tanzeggit tagellamt tessemres tigriyin iwakken ad d-tessekna talɣiwin n kraḍ n tsektiwin deg uɣawas. D lsas i tesneḍrit n lebni d kra n terrayin n usunneɣ aṭekniki. == 10. Imsidag d yimawayen == Tanzeggit tusliṭ teqqen talɣa ɣer tegda. S yimsidag n Descartes, taneqqiṭ '''A''' tettwasbadu s '''(x,y)'''; taɣda s '''ax+by+c=0''', anda '''a''' d '''b''' ur llin ara i sin d '''0'''. Tarrayt-a tettawi talɣiwin ɣer yisiḍen(leḥsab) n uljibṛ. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-26 11-34-29.png|centré|608x608px]] <small>Tugna 10. Imeccaqen Δx = 4 d Δy = 3 fkan d = 5. Amaway u+v yettwabna s unadi n v seg yixef n u; amḍiq n tazwara</small> <small>n umaway ur ibeddel ara talɣa-s.</small> '''d(A,B) = √[(x₂−x₁)² + (y₂−y₁)²]''' Talemmast n [AB] tesɛa imsidag ((x₁+x₂)/2, (y₁+y₂)/2). Deg umedya A(1,1), B(5,4), talemmast d (3,2.5). Tanfalit n umeccaq tekka-d seg Pythagore; tanfalit n tlemmast tekka-d seg wassaɣ n yimawayen. '''u · v = u₁v₁ + u₂v₂ = ‖u‖ ‖v‖ cos θ''' Amaway yesɛa teɣzi d tanila. Afaris afesnan n sin yimawayen yezmer ad yessegza tiɣmert gar-asent. Ma u·v = 0 d sin yimawayen ur nelli ara d 0, imawayen-a bedden gar-asen. Tanzeggit tamawayt teshel anerni n yisiḍen-a ar tallunin s waṭas n tsektiwin. == 11. Ibeddilen d tujjuṛt == Tagdukta d abeddel iḥerzen imeccaqen. Tasikelt, tuzzya d tujjuṛt s ugellus d imedyaten deg uɣawas n Aklid. Abeddel yezmer ad yerr talɣa deg umḍiq nniḍen, maca teɣzi, tiɣmar d wanrar ad qqimen d yiwen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-27 11-43-08.png|centré|661x661px]] <small>Tugna 11. Talɣa tazegzawt d tin n tazwara. Tasikelt d tuzzya ḥerzent aniri; tujjuṛt s ugellus tbeddel aniri.</small> '''Tasikelt: x′ = x + a; y′ = y + b''' '''Tuzzya: x′ = x cos θ − y sin θ; y′ = x sin θ + y cos θ''' Tujjuṛt s ugellus y tettawi (x,y) ɣer (−x,y). Tasikelt s umaway v tettawi P ɣer P+v. Taludegt s wammas O d umuskir k tettawi OP ɣer kOP; tessenɣas neɣ tessemɣer imeccaqen s |k|. Ma |k| ≠ 1, mačči d tagdukta. Timhelt n uḍfar n yibeddilen tesɛa azal: tuzzya deffir tasikelt ur tefk ara dima ayen i d-tefk tasikelt deffir tuzzya. Ibeddilen i yeṭṭafen talɣa meṛṛa ur tettbeddil ara sdukklen agraw n tujjuṛt-is. D allal i tazrawt n yizeṭṭa, lebni d talɣiwin n ugama. == 12. Igezzumen n ukaswar == Igezzumen n ukaswar (coniques) d tiwinas, tiglayin, tikenzirarin d yiknudem. Zemren ad d-ilin s umager n uɣawas d ukaswar asinan; tili n ugzam tettawi talɣa yemgaraden. Deg taenzeggit tusliṭ, d imedyaten n tegdiwin s tfesna 2. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-28 12-03-59.png|centré|636x636px]] <small>Taglayt tesɛa sin n yidiken. Takenzirart tesɛa adik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa sin n yifurkan. Ilugan n tigniwin llan deg yizwal-nsent.</small> Taglayt tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i yesɛan timernit n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal. Takenzirart tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i bɛaden s yiwen umeccaq seg udik d teɣda tanilayt. Aknudem yesɛa tameẓla tamagdazt n yimeccaqen seg sin n yidiken d yiwen wazal. '''Ax² + Bxy + Cy² + Dx + Ey + F = 0''' I tegda n tfesna 2 war talɣiwin yettwasenɣasen, B²−4AC < 0 yettawi talɣa n teglayt; = 0 talɣa n tkenzirart; > 0 talɣa n uknudem, s tawtilin n tili n talɣa tilawt. Kra n tegdiwin zemrent ad fkent taɣda, snat teɣdiwin, taneqqiṭ neɣ tagrumma tilemt. Ihi ur ilaq ara ad nsemmu talɣa s yiwen umḍan kan. Talɣiwin-a sɛant aseqdec deg tsenallunt, imeskaren n tafat d usali n kra n yimeslaḍen. == 13. Tanzeggit talawsant d tseggart == Tanzeggit talawsant tḥerrez imeẓla n umsadaɣ d wassaɣen n tneqqiḍin ɣef yiwet n teɣda. Abeddel alawsan yesɛa talɣa x′=Ax+b, anda A d isirew imutti. Yezmer ad yessenɣes yiwen yidis ugar n wayeḍ, ihi tiɣmar d teɣziwin ur ilaq ara ad qqiment d yiwen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-29 12-34-08.png|centré|526x526px]] <small>Tugna 13. Tama taẓelmaḍt: amkuẓ yuɣal d talɣa s yidis imsadaɣen. Tama tayeffust: tigri n snat teɣdiwin timsadaɣin tettban tettawi-ten ɣer yiwet n tneqqiṭ.</small> Tanzeggit taseggart tzerrew ayen i yeqqimen d yiwen s tigri. Deg uɣawas aseggar, snat teɣdiwin yemgaraden mlilent dima deg yiwet n tneqqiṭ. I taɣdiwin timsadaɣin n uɣawas alawsan, amager-a yettwagenses s tneqqiṭ deg war taggara. '''[x : y : z] = [λx : λy : λz], ma λ ≠ 0''' Deg yimsidag imsariyen, '''z ≠ 0''' yezmer ad yettwarr ɣer z = 1 s ubḍu. Tineqqiḍin s '''z = 0''' d taɣda n war taggara. Snat teɣdiwin timsadaɣin sɛant taneqqiṭ n tanila i ten-yesdukklen. «War taggara» dagi d amur n unagraw n yimsidag, mačči d amḍiq i nettawi s useɣzef n ugdil. Assaɣ n umager d talɣa n teɣda ttwaḥerzen s tigri, maca umsadaɣ neɣ talemmast ur ilaq ara ad qqimen. Tanzeggit-a tettawi-d allalen i tigniwin n ukamera d tmuɣli n lebni. == 14. Tanzeggit ur nelli ara n Aklid == Tanzeggit taknudemt d tanzeggit n umaḍal sseknayent belli agejdi n umṣsadaɣ ur yelli ara d ayen iwatan i yal tallunt. Deg uɣawas aknudeman, seg P i ur nelli ara ɣef d, llant aṭas n teɣdiwin i ur nettmagar ara d. Ɣef umaḍal, iberdan i yettaken adeg n teɣdiwin d tiwinas timeqqranin. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-30 11-45-25.png|centré|640x640px]] <small>Tugna 14. Akerdis ɣef umaḍal: seg Ugafa ɣer sin n tneqqiḍin deg usebges i yemgaraden s 90°, timernit d 270°. Deg uḍebsi n Poincaré, yidis n ukerdis d iḥricen n twinas i yebdden ɣef rrif.</small> Deg tanzeggit n umaḍal s waqqar '''R''', akerdis s yidis n twinas timeqqranin, deg yiwen umur iwatan, yesɛa timernit n tɣmar tugar '''π'''. Anrar-is d '''R²(α+β+γ−π)''', anda tiɣmar ttwasqedcent s radyan. Deg uɣawas aknudeman s tiknit −1, anrar n ukerdis d '''π−(α+β+γ)'''. Deg umedya n Poincaré, rrif n uḍebsi ur yelli ara deg tallunt taknudemt: tineqqiḍin ttwaliɣent qqrebent ɣer rrif, maca ameccaq aknudeman yezmer ad yettnerni war tilisa. Ur ilaq ara ad nsket imeccaqen n tallunt-a s tesɣunt ɣef tugna amagnut. == 15. Tanzeggit taneẓlayt d tiknit == Tanzeggit taneẓlayt tessemres izellumen d yiɣraden iwakken ad tzerrew udmawen d tijummiwin. I udem ilweɣ s yiwen uɣewwaṛ t, r(t) = (x(t),y(t)), taslayt teqqen ɣer r′(t). Tiknit tettawi-d asket n ubeddel n tanila mi nettnerni deg teɣzi n ubrid. '''κ = |x′y″ − y′x″| / (x′² + y′²)^(3/2), ma r′(t) ≠ 0''' [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-10-31 11-51-15.png|centré|536x536px]] <small>Tugna 15. Amedya n tiknit n Gauss: tajumma n umaḍal s K > 0, aɣawas s K = 0, d talɣa n ukersi n userdun s K < 0.</small> Tawinest s waqqar R tesɛa tiknit 1/R. Taɣda tesɛa tiknit 0. Ɣef tajumma deg tallunt s kraḍ n tsektiwin, llant snat n tikniyin tigejdanin k₁ d k₂; tiknit n Gauss d K = k₁k₂. K tezmer ad tili tugar 0, d 0 neɣ ddaw 0. Tiknit n Gauss d taɣara n daxel: yezmer ad tettwasekza seg yisketen deg tajumma, war asket n wamek i tettwabna deg tallunt n berra. D ayen i d-yeskan usekkud n Gauss yettwasnen s Theorema Egregium. Ihi tajumma tettban teɛwej seg berra ur ilaq ara adtesɛu K ≠ 0. Awlellu, amedya, yesɛa K = 0. == 16. Tanzeggit n Riemann d yiberdan == Tanḍa d tallunt i yettemcabin, deg yal amḍiq ameẓẓyan, ɣer ℝⁿ, maca talɣa-is meṛṛa tezmer ad temgarad. Amaḍal d akruri zemren ad ttwabḍun s yikarṭiyen adiganen s sin n yimsidag. Ur ilaq ara yiwen ukarṭi ad yeṭṭef akk tallunt. Tanzeggit n Riemann ternu asbadu n wesket i yal taneqqiṭ s isirew gᵢⱼ(x) iḍemnen belli teɣzi n yal amaway ur nelli ara d 0 tugar 0. Teɣzi n uḥric ameẓẓyan tettwaru s talɣa-a: '''ds² = Σᵢⱼ gᵢⱼ(x) dxᵢ dxⱼ''' [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-01 12-24-52.png|centré|700x700px]] <small>Tugna 16. Awlellu yezmer ad yeldi ɣer uɣawas war abeddel n yimeccaqen adiganen. Taɣda deg tugna tayeffust tettawi abrid yezzin ɣef uwlellu.</small> Abrid agejdis (géodésique, asegzi dagi) d abrid iḥerzen tanila s wamek i t-id-tesbadu tallunt. Deg tallunt n Riemann, iberdan-a sɛan taɣara n ubrid ameẓẓyan s teɣzi deg yiḥricen meẓẓiyen iwulmen. Ur ilaq ara yal abrid agejdis ad yili d ameẓẓyan akk gar sin n yixfawen s wudem amatu. Deg tfizikt n Einstein, tallunt d wakud ttwazerwen s tanzeggit n Lorentz: asket-is ur yesɛi ara yiwen unagraw n yizamulen am Riemann. Ihi «tajumma yeɛwejjen» d asegzi i d-iqerben kan, ur d-yessegzi ara iman-is akk tiẓri n wassaɣ n tallunt d wakud (relativité). == 17. Tasnidegt d talɣa meṛṛa == Tasnidegt tzerrew timitar i ur nettbeddil ara s ubeddel amaɣlal i yesɛan amutti amaɣlal. Zemrent ad ttwazerwent tuqqna, ixjaḍ d wamek i tettwasdukkel tallunt. Teɣzi d tɣmar ur ilaq ara ad ttwaḥerzent. Ihi tasnidegt teqqen ɣer tanzeggit, maca ur telli ara d yiwet n taɣult s sin n yismawen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-02 11-11-35.png|centré|636x636px]] <small>Tugna 17. Amaḍal d ukruri mgaraden deg umḍan n yixjaḍ. amaḍal ur yesɛi ara axjiḍ, a akruri yesɛa yiwen uxjiḍ iɛeddan deg tlemmast-is, Tigniwin-a sseknayent tijummiwin n rrif kan, mačči d talɣiwin yeččuren d axel.</small> '''χ = N₀ − N₁ + N₂; i tajumma iɣelqen tusɣilt: χ = 2 − 2g''' I tajumma yettwabḍan ɣef talɣiwin, N₀ d amḍan n tqacucin, N₁ n yidis d N₂ n wudmawen. χ d taskant n Euler. Ɣef rrif n ugasas, 8−12+6 = 2. Ɣef akruri, χ = 0. Deg tnfalit tis snat, g d amḍan n yixjaḍ s unamek n wanaw(genre), tajumma ilaq ad tili teqqen, teɣleq, tusɣilt d war rrif. Tazrawt n talɣa meṛṛa tezmer ad d-tefk tilisa i tiknit. Asekkud n Gauss-Bonnet yeqqen aɣred n tiknit n Gauss ɣer χ n tajumma. D amedya ameqqran n tuqqna gar usket adigan d talɣa n tallunt meṛṛa. == 18. Tanzeggit taljibṛant == Tanzeggit taljibṛant tzerrew tegrummiwin n tifrat n tegdiwin n yigetfulen. Ma P(x,y)=0, tineqqiḍin i yettḥeqqiqen tagda-a zemrent ad d-fkent azlig. Tarrayt-a tesdukkel aljibṛ d talɣiwin; tazrawt tamatut tezmer ad tili ɣef yimḍanen ilawen, isemlalen neɣ taɣulin nniḍen. [[Tugna:Taneqqit tasuft.png|centré|688x688px]] <small>Tugna 18. Tama taẓelmaḍt: azlig y² = x³ − x + 1 war taneqqiṭ tusligt deg uɣawas ilaw. Tama tayeffust: y² = x³ yesɛa taneqqiṭ tasuft deg (0,0).</small> I uzlig P=0, taneqqiṭ tasuft tḥeqqiq P = 0 d akk izellumen imezwura ∂P/∂x = ∂P/∂y = 0. Deg y²−x³=0, ayen-a yettili deg (0,0). Deg y²−x³+x−1=0, ulac taneqqiṭ i yeṭṭfen akk tawtilin-a. Amedya yessekza ayɣer aljibṛ yezmer ad yessegzi tikniyin d yimeẓla n talɣa. Deg tanzeggit taljibṛant, imḍanen isemlalen zemren ad fken talɣa tummidt n tifrat: ayen yettban d sin n yifurkan deg tugna tilawt yezmer ad yesɛu tuqqniwin nniḍen deg tallunt tasemlalt. Ur ilaq ara tugna tilawt ad tettwaḥsab d tamusni tummidt n talɣa. Tanzeggit taljibṛant tesɛa iseqdacen deg tiẓri n yimḍanen, ladɣa deg tazrawt n tifrat n tegdiwin s yimḍanen ummiden neɣ imeɣẓanen, izligen ilipsiyen d teɣri n tegdiwin. Iwakken ad tili tɣuri n lsas, ilaq aljibṛ imzireg d kra n tiẓri n tegrummiwin. == 19. Tanzeggit d usiḍen s uselkim == Tanzeggit n usiḍen tzerrew ilugan i asiḍen n wassaɣen anzeggane: amager n yiɣallen, taɣlaft taffensut, abḍu n tajumma ɣef ikerdisen d tazrawt n yiberdan. Tanzeggit tafrarayt tzerrew daɣen tegrummiwin n tneqqiḍin d talɣiwin tinzegganin, d wassaɣen gar-asent. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-04 12-56-10.png|centré|785x785px]] <small>Tugna 19. Yiwen wamud n 15 n tneqqiḍin: taɣlaft taffensut, abḍu ɣef ikerdisen n Delaunay d taɣulin n Voronoi. Tilisa i yettbanen deg ugdil d tamuɣli n uḥric n uɣawas.</small> Tagrumma taffensut teṭṭef iɣil meṛṛa i yeqqnen yal snat n tneqqiḍin-is. Taɣlaft taffensut n wamud d tagrumma taffensut tameẓẓyant i yeṭṭfen akk tineqqiḍin n wamud-nni. Deg wudlif n Voronoi, yal taneqqiṭ n wamud tesɛa taɣult i yesdukklen akk tineqqiḍin i iqerben ɣur-s ugar n tneqqiḍin nniḍen n wamud, neɣ i yebɛaden s yiwen umeccaq ɣur-s d kra seg-sent. Abḍu n Delaunay d abḍu ɣef ikerdisen, s tawtilt-a: i yal akerdis, ulac taneqqiṭ nniḍen n wamud deg daxel n twinest iɛeddan ɣef kraḍ n tqacucin-is. Deg waddad amatu, abḍu n Delaunay d wudlif n Voronoi qqnen gar-asen akka: snat n tneqqiḍin n wamud ttwaqqnent s yiɣil deg ubḍu n Delaunay ma taɣulin-nsent n Voronoi ccerkent yiwen n yidis. Ilaq ad ttwasxedmen yisiḍen s tiseddi: tuccḍa tameẓẓyant tezmer ad d-tefk agmuḍ ur neṣḥiḥ ara mi ara nsenqed ma sin n yiɣallen ttemlilin neɣ ala. Tarrayin-a sɛant azal deg usnulfu n tigniwin s kraḍ n tsektiwin (3D), deg tarubut, deg usnulfu n yikarṭiyen d lebni n yimedyaten n tfizikt. == 20. Tarrayt n wesket n umeccaq == Tallunt timizrirt d tagrumma X akked tesɣent d i d-yettaken ameccaq gar yal snat n tneqqiḍin. Ilaq '''d(x,y) ≥ 0; d(x,y)=0 ma x=y''' kan; '''d(x,y)=d(y,x); d(x,z) ≤ d(x,y)+d(y,z)'''. Tawtilt taneggarut d targadda n ukerdis: abrid usrid ur yugar ara abrid iɛeddan seg yiwet n tneqqiṭ nniḍen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-05 12-06-14.png|centré|608x608px]] <small>Tugna 20. Kraḍ n terrayin n umeccaq. Yal talɣa tesdukkel tineqqiḍin i bɛaden s umeccaq ≤ 1 seg (0,0); rrif-is yesɛa ameccaq = 1.</small> '''d₂ = √(Δx² + Δy²); d₁ = |Δx| + |Δy|''' '''d∞ = max(|Δx|, |Δy|)''' Deg umedya A(0,0), B(3,4), ameccaq n Aklid d 5, win n Manhattan d 7, win n Chebyshev d 4. Manhattan yettemcabi ɣer ubrid deg uẓeṭṭa n yiberdan ibedden: nezmer ad neddu kan s sin n yidis n uẓeṭṭa. Ihi «aqrab» yeqqen ɣer tarrayt n wesket, mačči ɣer tugna kan. Tarrayt n umeccaq ur teqqin ara kan ɣer tallunt i nettwali. Nezmer ad nesbadu ameccaq gar tesɣunin, imḍan n yibeddilen gar sin n yiḍrisen, neɣ amgired gar talɣiwin. Maca yal tanfalit i nsemmi «ameccaq» ilaq ad tettasenqed ma tḥerrez akk tawtilin n tallunt timizrirt. Asekkud n Pythagore yesɛa azal deg umeccaq n Aklid. Ma nbeddel tarrayt n wesket, tanfalit n twinest d ubrid ameẓẓyan ad tbeddel. Tigniwin-a sseknayent umgired gar uẓeṭṭa n yimsidag d wesket i yettwafernen deg-s. == 21. Tanzeggit n fraktal == Tanzeggit n fraktal tzerrew kra n talɣiwin i yesɛan telqey i yettbanen tikelt deffir tayeḍ deg tfesniwin timeẓyanein. Deg yimedyaten i yettemcabin s wudem aḥeqqani, yal aḥric d anɣel imeẓẓi n talɣa meṛṛa. Tanzeggit-a tessemgired teɣzi tamagnut d terrayin nniḍen n wesket. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-06 10-58-43.png|centré|758x758px]] Tugna 21. Agliz(Udem) n Koch s 5 n wallusen; akerdis n Sierpiński s 6. Deg tusnakt, fraktal amatu d talast n wallus war taggara; tugna tesɛa telqey ifuken. '''D = ln(N) / ln(1/r), deg umedya yettemcabin s tawtilin iwulmen''' Deg Koch, yal aḥric yettwabeddel s 4 n yiḥricen, yal yiwen s teɣzi 1/3 n tin tamezwarut. Tasekta n Hausdorff d ln(4)/ln(3) ≈ 1.262. Deg Sierpiński, llant 3 n talɣiwin s umuskir 1/2; tasekta d ln(3)/ln(2) ≈ 1.585. Iwakken formula n tarwast ad tefk tasekta n Hausdorff, ilaqt awtilin n ferru gar yiḥricen. Ur ilaq ara tasekta n fraktal ad tili d amḍan arummid dima; ur ilaq ara yal talɣa i yettemcabin ɣer yiman-is ad tili d fraktal. Deg ugama, amcabi yezmer ad yili kan gar kra n tfesniwin. Rrif n yilel neɣ ifurkan n useklu ur sɛin ara telqey war tilisa. == 22. Ifurkan nniḍen n tanzeggit == Tanzeggit tamirant tesɛa aṭas n ifurkan i yesɛan allalen d yisental yemgaraden. Kra seg-sent ttwasuddusent s wamek i tettwabna tallunt; kra s yibeddilen i yettwaḥerzen; kra s yilugan n tfizikt neɣ s umḍan n yiferdisen. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-07 11-10-42.png|centré|592x592px]] <small>Tugna 22. Tama taẓelmaḍt: udmawen n yiwen wazal n Hamiltonien H. Tama tayeffust: aɣawas n Fano; tawinest n tlemmast d yiwet seg «taɣdiwin» n unagraw, mačči d tawinest s unamek n Aklid.</small> Tanzeggit tukris (symplectique) tzerrew tanḍiwin yesɛan talɣa taneẓlayt '''ω''' n tfesna 2, teɣleq yerna ur tefsiy ara. Deg imsidag adiganen iwulmen, '''ω = Σ dqᵢ ∧ dpᵢ'''. Tasekta n tallunt ilaq ad tili tayugant. Taɣult-a teqqen ɣer tiẓri n umussu n Hamilton d tallunt n waddaden n tfizikt. Tanzeggit ifuken tesɛa amḍan ifuken n tneqqiḍin d «teɣdiwin». Aɣawas n Fano d amedya s 7 n tneqqiḍin d 7 n teɣdiwin; yal taɣda tesɛa 3 n tneqqiḍin. Zemren ad ttwabnun s yimawayen n '''ℱ₂³''' war 0 d yimḍiqen n tsekta 2. D amedya n tanzeggit taseggart ɣef taɣult ssin n yiferdisen. Tanzeggit timizrirt tzerrew tallunin s umeccaq amatu; tanzeggit n Lorentz teqqen ɣer tallunt d wakud; tanzeggit tasemlalt tessemres imsidag isemlalen d tesɣunin iwulmen. Tfuriwin-a zemrent ad mlilent deg yiwen unadi. == 23. Taɣulin n useqdec == Tanzeggit d allal n tusnakt d unadi usnan. Tettawi-d ilugan i usket, usali n yimedyaten, asenqed n yiberdan d usmekti n talɣiwin. Aseqdec iwatan ilaq ad yessegzi amedya n tallunt, tiget n wesket d tilisa n tamawaẓt. [[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-08 12-00-34.png|centré|742x742px]] Tugna 23. Akal yettwagenses s yikerdisen; abrid ilipsi n umtiweg s Yiṭij deg yiwen udik. Sin n yimedyaten-a d asali n usegzi, mačči d ikarṭiyen neɣ isefka yettwaskaten. {| class="wikitable" |+ !Taɣult !Aseqdec |- |Lebni d tesneḍrit |Anrar, ableɣ, tasaksart, asali d tigriyin. |- |Tasenallunt d wakal |Abeddel n yimsidag, ikarṭiyen d yiberdan. |- |Tafizikt |Tiknit, amussu, tallunt n waddaden d tallunt-wakud. |- |Tigzi n tmacint d tigniwin |Asmekti n talɣiwin, tigriyin n ukamera d tallunin n yisefka. |- |Tarubut d usiḍen |Abrid war amager, tanila d usali n tallunt. |- |Tasnuddirt d tmeddurt |Talɣiwin n yiferdisen, tijummiwin d yizḍwa. |} Deg lebni, tugna tasemlalt neɣ tigniwin n uselkim ur suffɣent ara tamusni n usket: amedya 3D yezmer ad yili yecbeḥ maca imeccaqen-is ur wulmen ara. Deg yal taɣult, asenqed n wassaɣ gar amedya d wayen yettwaskaten d aḥric seg umahil usnan. ==Imuren imeqranen n tenzeggit == * [[Tanzeggit tuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit artuklidit]] * [[Tanzeggit tummit]] * [[Tanzeggit tigriwt]] * [[Tanzeggit taljibirt]] * [[Tanzeggit tanebrurzant]] * [[Aljiber imzireg]] == Amezruy n tenzeggit == [[Taggayt:Tusnakt]] 1n6wgi6059t0fce4qbxxrl95sjb63jb 0 5092 117899 110307 2026-11-08T01:10:48Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 117899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox musical artist| caption = Tinariwen deg [[Nuremberg]], 2010}} '''Tinariwen''' (s [[Tatergit|ttergit]] neɣ [[Tamaceq|tmaceq]] : '''ⵜⵏⵔⵓⵏ''') d yiwet n tarebbut icennayen i d-yusan seg tmurt n [[Tessalit]] di [[Azawad]] deg [[Adrar n Ifuɣas]] <ref>[http://www.rtbf.be/info/emissions/article_histoire-du-monde-histoire-d-un-disque?id=7638063 ''Histoire du Monde : histoire d'un disque''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219013731/http://www.rtbf.be/info/emissions/article_histoire-du-monde-histoire-d-un-disque?id=7638063 |date=2013-12-19 }} sur le site de la [[RTBF]] le 27 février 2012.</ref>{{,}}<ref>[http://www.lefigaro.fr/musique/2011/09/19/03006-20110919ARTFIG00751-tinariwen.php ''Tinariwen''] dans ''[[Le Figaro]]'' du 20 septembre 2011.</ref>{{,}}<ref>{{en}}[http://www.nytimes.com/2011/09/01/arts/music/tinariwens-tassili-desert-blues-recorded-on-site.html ''Blues From the Desert, Recorded On-Site''] dans ''[[The New York Times]]'' {{nobr|du 31 août 2011}}.</ref>. [[Ccna]] nsen, ''assuf'', tewwi-d cbaha ɣer [[blues]], d [[rock]] d [[Ccna|ccna]] itargiyen tamensayt. D tin i wumi neqqaṛ tura ''blues tuareg'', axaṭar am ''blues'' ccna yagi yekka-d seg ''assuf'' d aṭṭan yuɣen imaziɣen n kel tamaceq deg akal nsen. Llan sin iqaṛṛay deg tarbaɛt agi, yiwen [[Ibrahim ag Alhabib]] « Abraybone » wayeḍ d [[Alhousseini ag Abdoulahi]] « Abdallah », maca ilaq an wali tinariwen am akken d tawacult tameqṛant, d tiddukla tadelsant. Llan daɣen aṭas inaẓuren id yettasen ɣer tarbaɛt n tinariwen, am [[Mohamed ag Itlal]] i wumi qqaren «Ajapuni». == Tameddurmant == Tlul-d tarbaɛt agi aseggas n 1982, deg yiwet n tfaska i d-yellan di temdint n lezzayer, sɣur Ibrahim ag Alhabib, Alhassan ag Touhami d-Intayaden, ''Taɣreft Tinariwen'', wigi llan d icennayen, maca daɣen d igrawliyen yennuɣen ɣef uzref n wegdud atergi [[Amaziɣ|amaziɣnsen]] iseggasen nni 1990, s ccna-nsen, arran-d asirem i watmaten nsen kel tamaceq. Di tezwara, kṛad agi n yemdukal llan tturaren s snitra tasfeldant, sinna mmugren-d inaẓuren n ''voix du Hoggar'' is yefkan i Ibrahim snitra y ines elektrik tamezwarut. Di temdint n Tamenṛaset, gan kra tfaskiwin yidsen Kṛad n tilawin, sinna di tmurt n [[Libya]] mmugren-d [[Mohamed ag Itlal]], «Ajapuni» di lawan nni id bda tagrawla nni isegwasen n 1990. == Imasladen n tarbaɛt == * [[Ibrahim ag Alhabib]], umi qqaren « Abraybone » (snitra, Ccna, tasudest) * [[AlḤousseini ag Abdoulahi]], umi qqaren « Abdallah », neɣ « Catastrophe », (snitra, Ccna, tasudest) * AlḤassane ag Touhami, umi qqaren « Abin-Abin » neɣ "Aharr", umi qqaren « Le lion du désert » (snitra, Ccna, tasudest) * Saïd ag Ayad (percussions, chœurs) * [[Eyadou ag Lece]] (basse, snitra, chœurs, percussions, tasudest) * Abdallah ag Lamida, dit « Intidao » (snitra, chœurs, tasudest) * Wounou wallet Sidati (chœurs, claps) * Kesa wallet Ḥamid (chœurs, claps) == Imasladen nniḍen == * [[Mohamed ag Itlal]], umi qqaren « Japuni » (snitra, Ccna, tasudest), yella deg taklast ''[[The Radio Tisdas Sessions]]'' et ''[[Aman Iman]]''. * [[Kedhou ag Ossad]], umi qqaren « Khiwaj » (snitra, Ccna, tasudest), yella deg taklast ''[[The Radio Tisdas Sessions]]''. * Mina wallet Oumar (chœurs, claps); tella d tarbaɛt armi d 2007; dek taklasin ''[[Amassakoul]]'' d ''[[Aman Iman]]''. * Elaga ag Hamid (snitra, chœurs), yella d tarbaɛt armi d 2007; dek taklasin ''[[Amassakoul]]'' d ''[[Aman Iman]]''. * Foy-Foy (snitra, Ccna), yella deg taklast ''[[The Radio Tisdas Sessions]]''. * Liya ag Ablil umi qqaren « Diarra » (snitra, Ccna, tasudest), yella deg taklast ''[[Imidiwan : Companions]]'' d win ''Ténéré'' d ''Bamako''. * Sanou ag Ahmed, yella deg taklast ''[[Imidiwan : Companions]]''. * Sweiloum == Aḍebsaru == * [[1992 en musique|1992]] : ''Tenere'' * [[1993 en musique|1993]] : ''Bamako'' * [[2002 en musique|2002]] : ''[[The Radio Tisdas Sessions]]'' * [[2004 en musique|2004]] : ''[[Amassakoul]]'' ''[[Amasakul]]'' * [[2006 en musique|2006]] : ''The Soul Rebel of African Desert'', DVD (deg-s asaru [[Jérémie Reichenbach]], ''The Guitars of the Touareg Rebellion'') * [[2007 en musique|2007]] : ''[[Aman Iman]]'' * [[2009 en musique|2009]] : ''[[Imidiwan : Companions]]'' * [[2011 en musique|2011]] : ''[[Tassili]]'' - araz n tkalast « musiques du monde » ''Ccna n-umaḍal'' , [[Grammy Awards]] 2011 == Arazen == * [[2012 en musique|2012]] : Araz n tkalast « Musiques du monde » ''Ccna n-umaḍal'' deg [[Grammy Awards]] wis 54 i tkalast ''[[Tassili]]''<ref>{{en}} [http://www.grammy.com/nominees Nominations et résultats des Grammy Awards 2011], sur le site officiel.</ref>{{,}}<ref>[http://www.france24.com/fr/20120213-tinariwen-grammy-awards-rock-rebellion-touareg-tamasheq-mali-kidal-sahara-sahel-prix-world-music ''Un Grammy Award pour les rockeurs de Tinariwen, conteurs des rébellions touareg ''] sur le site de [[France 24]] le 14 février 2012.</ref>. ==Tamesluyt == {{Références}} * [http://www.tinariwen.com Asmel web unṣib] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120113075455/http://www.greatsong.net/TINARIWEN,999916921.html Iḍrisen n tezlitin Tinariwen] iy32c4yuqt0st1lyxcnd0ezudfqo2me 0 6012 117897 109017 2026-11-08T00:41:16Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 117897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela''' (susru s [[xhosa (tutlayt)|xhosa]] {{MSAPI|x|o|ˈ|l|i|ː|ɬ|a|ɬ|a| m|a|n|ˈ|d|e|ː|l|a}}), ɣef ayed isem n tamadla-s '''« Madiba »''', ilul ass 18 yulyu 1918 di [[Mvezo]]<ref name="frtdh">{{Cite web|url=http://www.sahistory.org.za/people/nelson-rolihlahla-mandela|title= Tameddurt n Nelson Mandela ɣef usmel s tanglizt ''South Africa History Online''}}</ref> ([[Tadukkli n Tafriqt n Unẓul]]). Yemmut ass 5 dujamber 2013 di [[Johannesburg]], d-[[argaz n Uwanek]] n [[Tafriqt n Wenẓul]] ; yella deg iɣellaten imezrayen n Imenɣi mgal anagraw aserti n [[apartheid]] uqbel ad yuɣal [[Iselwayen n Tefriqt n Wenẓul|aselway n Tagduda n Tefriqt n Wenẓul]] seg [[1994]] ar [[1999]], sakin des [[Tifranin di Tafriqt n Wenẓul seg 1994|tifranin timezwura tiɣelnawin war beḍḍu n iri]] deg l'[[Amezruy n Tafriqt n Wenẓul|umezruy n tmurt agi]]. Nelson Mandela yekcem ar ''[[Aswir Aɣelnaw Aferkan|Uswir Aɣelnaw Aferkan]]'' (ANC) deg ussegwas [[1944]], iwakken ad i nnaɣ mgal aɣmar aserti n [[Imellalen (agwlim) n Tafrikt n Wenẓul|tadersi tamellalt]] dɣa [[abeṭṭu n iran]] i t-seṭṭef taneggarut agi. Yuɣal [[abugaṭu|d-abugaṭu]], i ttekki ar ubellen war takriḍt mgal isuḍaf n [[apartheid]], id i yesexdem anabaḍ n [[Akabar Aɣelnaw (Tafriqt n Wenẓul)|Ukabar Aɣelnaw]] seg [[tifranin deg Tafriqt n Wenẓul (1910-1994)|1948]]. Deg useggwas [[1960]], [[Aswir Aɣelnaw Aferkan|ANC]] yuɣal d-amegdul ; daɣen, abellen Amelwi ur d-yettak ara igmaḍ yelḥan, Mandela yesnulfa-d ageṭṭum aserdas n ANC, ''[[Umkhonto we Sizwe|Umkhonto we Sizwe (Uzzal n uxtuc n uɣlan)]]'', deg useggwas [[1961]]. Xedmen timhalin n [[anesfata|wesfata]] mgal isgulaf izuyaz d-iserdasen. Ass n 12 yulyu 1963, yetweḥbes sɣuṛ lbulis n Tafriqt n Unẓul s-timula n [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] (Tafullut Talemmast n Umel), daɣen ḥekmen-as i lḥebs d imuhal n tmara alamma d lmut deg [[aẓmaẓ n Rivunia|uẓmaẓ n Rivunia]]. Imir, y-uɣal d-azamul n ubellen i tulut n iran dɣa yermes tadhelt tagraɣlant i temɣeren. Sakin 27 iseggwasen di lḥebs deg tiwtilin tiweɛṛanin, erran-as tilelli i Mandela ass n 11 fuṛaṛ 1990, sakin, aneggaru-agi yeḥuded amsuɣal d ustug s [[Anabaḍ n Klerk|unabaḍ]] n uselway [[Frederik de Klerk]]. Di [[1993]], yermes (s de Klerk) [[arraz Nubel n talwit]] acku sseḥbesen (sin yidsen) deg talwit[[Apartheid|anhil n apartheid]] dɣa ssersen-d llsisan n Tafriqt n Wenẓul tamegdayt tamaynut<ref group="N"> « The Nobel Peace Prize 1993 was awarded jointly to Nelson Mandela and Frederik Willem de Klerk for their work for the peaceful termination of the apartheid regime, and for laying the foundations for a new democratic South Africa. »[http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1993/ Lauréats 1993 sur nobelprize.org 'site officiel)]</ref>. Sakin tukkit i wɛeṛen anda de Klerk d-netta ssinefen ṭrad taɣarimt gar imuɣlen n apartheid, wid n [[Aswir Aɣelnaw Aferkan|ANC]] dɣa wid n [[Akabar Inkatha n tilelli|Inkhata]] s-uneɣmar [[zulu]], Nelson Mandela y-uɣal aselway aberkan amezwaru n [[Tafriqt n Wenẓul]] di [[1994]]. Yenheṛ tasertit n umsuɣal aɣelnaw gar iberkanen d-imellalen ; yennaɣ mgal tirgaddiwin tudmisin, lamaɛna yestehzi amennuɣ mgal [[SIDA]], yellan deg tallit n urnay deg Tafriqt n Wenẓul. Sakin lmanda awḥid, yekkes iman-is deg tameddurt tasertit turmidt, lamaɛna i kemmel arfad azayez i Uswir aɣelnaw aferkan maca i kemmel ad i ssiẓer tifuliwin-is. Yeddukel sakin deg aṭas tiddukliwin n ubellen mgal tileqqi nneɣ sida, yetwerfed ar usertatu n tigemmi tucrikt n talsa<ref name="frtdh">{{Cite web|url=http://www.frtdh.org/fr/article/celebration-du-mandela-day-chaque-18-juillet-nelson-mandela-icone-mondiale-et-patrimoine-commun-de-l-humanite-50.html|title=Tameɣra n "Ass n Mandela" yal 18 yulyu, Nelson Mandela udem amaḍlan d tigemmi tucrikt n talsa|asmel=www.frtdh.org|assefqed ass n=25 yulyu 2012|access-date=2013-12-17|archive-date=2013-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131214093830/http://www.frtdh.org/fr/article/celebration-du-mandela-day-chaque-18-juillet-nelson-mandela-icone-mondiale-et-patrimoine-commun-de-l-humanite-50.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>, Yeqqim d-yiwen udem deg umaḍal yetsmeḥsesen ɣef usentel n [[Izerfan n Wergaz]] dɣa yetwali am baba-s n Tafriqt n Wenẓul [[Amezruy n Tafriqt n Wenẓul seg 1994|agetiri d amegday ummid]], semman-as « [[aɣlan taslit n wenẓar]] », ɣas ma tamurt yesɛa weṛɛad igna n tirgaddiwin tudmisin, tussdiwin timettiyin dɣa tuqqla ɣer timɣiwan. == Tizmilin == {{Références|groupe=N|colonnes=2}} {{Timselɣa}} [[Taggayt:Tameddurt]] [[Taggayt:Tasertit]] tpn9rn3sxv1m1zk0qbgj70yui2y7prf 0 7180 117887 117881 2026-11-07T13:29:00Z Gurzil90x 14292 Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen 117887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''{{lang|en|Microsoft Corporation}}''''' d taṛmist n tsenselkimt d tamikṛusenselkimt agettaɣlant [[Iwunak idduklen n Marikan|tamarikanit]], tettwassebded sɣur [[Bill Gates]] d [[Paul Allen]]. Armud ines amezzwaru d taneflit d ussenzi n [[Anagraw n wammud|inagrawen n wammud]] akkw d [[aseɣẓan|iseɣẓanen]]. Tettwassen s waṭas n yifarisen-is am Windows, Microsoft 365, Azure, Xbox, GitHub, LinkedIn akked Microsoft Copilot. Tarmiṣt-a tettwasebded deg 4 Yebrir 1975 sɣur Bill Gates akked Paul Allen deg Marikan. Deg tazwara, leqdic-is yella ɣef yiznanen n usihel n yiselkimen, maca deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, tuɣal d yiwet seg teṛmisin i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef wamek i seqdacen yimdanen iselkimen deg tudert n yal ass. Microsoft ur teqqim ara kan deg usufeɣ n Windows. Tura, leqdic-is yebḍa ɣef waṭas n taɣulin: iseɣẓanen n tɣellist, aselkim n usigna, tigzi taragmawant, aselmed umḍin, tasenselkimt n teṛmisin, akked wuraren uvidyu. == 1. Amezruy n Microsoft == === 1.1. 1975–1980: Talalit n teṛmist === [[Tugna:Paul Allen and Bill Gates at Lakeside School in 1970.jpg|gauche|vignette|Bill Gates akked Paul Allen.]] Deg 1975, Bill Gates akked Paul Allen walant dakken iselkimen imeẓyanen ad uɣalen d afecku agejdan deg tudert n yimdanen. Sbedden Microsoft deg Albuquerque, New Mexico. Leqdic-nsen amezwaru yella d asnerni n tutlayt n usihel BASIC i uselkim Altair 8800. Deg tallit-nni, iselkimen llan s umata deg tesdawiyin, deg yixeddimen n unadi akked teṛmisin timeqqranin. Bill Gates akked Paul Allen bɣan ad d-snulfun Iseɣẓanen i yiselkimen imeẓyanen, akken ad yezmer yal yiwen ad ten-yesseqdec Isem Microsoft yekka-d seg usdukkel n sin wawalen s teglizit: microcomputer akked software. Deg 1979, tarmiṣt tessmutti tasɣimt-is ɣer Bellevue, Washington. === 2.2. 1980–1985: MS-DOS d umyekcam akked IBM === Deg 1980, Microsoft s umtawa akked IBM tebda asufeɣ n unagraw n wammud i yiselkimen IBM PC. Seg waya i d-yekka MS-DOS, anagraw n wammud yettwaseqdacen s waṭas deg yiselkimen imezwura n IBM PC akked wid i ten-yettcabin. MS-DOS yettawi-d agrudem s yizirigen n tiludna. Aseqdac yessefk ad yaru tiludna akken ad yeldi afaylu, ad yesmutti isefka neɣ ad iselkem ahil. [[Tugna:IBM PC 5150.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|IBM PC 5150 s MS-DOS.]]Ayen i yesɛan azal: Microsoft teḥrez tasiregt n useqdec n unagraw-is i waṭas n yimfarasen n yiselkimen, ayen i as-yefkan tagnit ad tesnerni aznuzu n yiseɣẓanen-is deg umaḍal. === 3.3. 1985–1995: Talalit n Windows === Deg 20 Wamber 1985, Microsoft tessufeɣ-d Windows 1.0, d anagraw yebana s ugrudem n yisfuyla yettwabnan ɣef MS-DOS. Windows yesseḥbes cwiṭ seg useqdec n tiludna yettwarun, yerna yesnerna aselkem s yisfuyla, tignatin akked ufus n uselkim. [[Tugna:Microsoft Windows 1.0 screenshot.png|centré|vignette|450x450px|Windows 1.0.]] Windows 3.0 deg 1990 akked Windows 3.1 deg 1992 fkan i Microsoft tagnit ad tili d tarmiṣt tagejdant deg uselkim n yiselkimen udmawanen. Deg 1995, Windows 95 yewwi-d kra n yiferdisen i yeqqimen d igejdanen ar ass-a, gar-asen: * Taqqefalt n Start. * Afeggag n twuriwin (taskbar). * Aseqdec n yifuyla s yisfuyla. * Asefrak ifazen n wahilen. * Asnerni n tuqqna ɣer Internet. === 3.4. 1995–2005: Tallit n Internet === Deg tallit-a, Microsoft tesnerna Internet Explorer, Windows NT, Windows 2000 akked Windows XP. Windows XP, i d-yeffɣen deg 2001, yuɣal d yiwen seg yinagrawen n wammud i yettwaseqdacen s waṭas deg umezruy n yiselkimen. Microsoft tesnerna daɣen Microsoft Office, i yesdukklen Word, Excel, PowerPoint akked Outlook, armi i d-uɣal d afecku agejdan deg teṛmisin, tisdawanin akked tdablin. Deg 2001, Microsoft tekcem ɣer taɣult n wuraren uvidyu s Xbox, i yuɣalen d amsizzel agejdan n PlayStation n Sony. === 3.5. 2005–2014: Asnifel n tṛmist === [[Tugna:Xbox-console.jpg|gauche|vignette|Xbox 360 n 2005.]] Deg tallit-a, Microsoft tesɛa kra n yisurifen i yelhan akked kra n wid ur nelli ara akken tebɣa. Windows 7, Xbox 360 akked Azure llan gar yifarisen i yesnernan tazrirt-is. Maca Windows Vista, Windows 8 akked Windows Phone ur d-wwin ara akk igemmaḍ i tettṛaǧu tṛmist. Deg 2014, Satya Nadella yuɣal d amsefrak amatu. Asnifel-a yebdel aɣanib n usefrak n Microsoft, s usentel ameqqran ɣef usigna, tigzi taragmawant akked useqdec n yiseɣẓan-is deg waṭas n yinagrawen. === 3.6. Seg 2014 ar 2026: Azure d tigzi taragmawant === Microsoft tesnerna Azure, Microsoft 365, Teams, GitHub akked Copilot, yerna tessnerna amyekcam-is akked teṛmisin n tigzi taragmawant. Deg 2016, Microsoft tuɣ LinkedIn, yerna deg 2018 terna diɣen GitHub. Deg 2022, tuɣ Nuance Communications, yerna deg 2023 tesmed asɣiwes n Activision Blizzard, yiwet seg teṛmisin timeqqranin n wuraren uvidyu. Seg 2023, Microsoft tesnerna s waṭas ifecka n Copilot, i yesseqdacen imudilen n tutlayt imeqqranen i tnufka n tallelt deg tira, asenqed n isefka, asihel akked uxeddim n yal ass. [[Category:Tasenselkimt]][[Category:Tarmist]] cn34lf0j5xn4azlad6stmzsfvi115d6 0 16771 117895 110611 2026-11-08T00:30:16Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 117895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''La casa de papel''''' (s [[taspenyult|tespenyulit]]), s [[Taqbaylit|teqbaylit]] '''''Axxam n lkaɣeḍ''''' neɣ '''''Axxam n tedrimt''''', d [[Amazrar|amazrar]] (feuilleton) Aspenyuli i yexdem [[Alex Pina]], yebda yettɛeddi-d deg tiliẓri '''''Antena 3''''' s tespenyulit gar 01 Mayyu 2017 d 23 Wamber 2017. Anda nniḍen deg umaḍal yella-d seg 20 Duǧember 2017 deg [[Netflix]]. ==Agzul== Yiwen n urgaz i iḥercen mačči d kra, qqaren-as (Apṛufisur), yexdem-as leḥsab i yiwwet n tukerḍa werǧin teḍra-d deg umezruy. Akken ad d-yeḍru waya, issawel-d i tmanya n yemdanen i iẓewren aṭas akken ad bdun tamhelt.<br> Iswi, ad kecmen ɣer uxxam aɣelnaw anda i d-xedmen tadrimt deg tmurt n [[Spenyul]] akken ad siggzen 2,4 n yimelyaṛen uṛu deg 11 n wussan mebla ma tuzzel tiqqit n yidammen. Amazrar itezzi ɣef temhelt-a, d wayen ara d-yeḍrun deffir tufɣa-nsen seg uxxam n tedrimt. ==Udmawen ittekkin deg umazrar== * [[Ursula Corbero]] : Silene Oliveira, qqaren-as « Tokyo » *[[Itziar Ituo]] : Raquel Murillo, qqaren-as « Lisbonne » *[[Alvaro Morte]]: Sergio Marquina / Salvador « Salva » Martin, qqaren-as « Professeur » *[[Paco Tous]]: Agustin Ramos, qqaren-as « Moscou » *[[Pedro Alonso]]: Andrés de Fonollosa, qqaren-as « Berlin » *[[Alba Flores]]: Agata Jimenez, qqaren-as « Nairobi » *[[Miguel Herrán]]: Anibal Cortés, qqaren-as « Rio » *[[Jaime Lorente]]: Ricardo Ramos, qqaren-as « Denver » *[[Esther Acebo]]: Monica Gaztambide, qqaren-as « Stockholm » *[[Enrique Arce]]: Arturo Roman *[[Maria Pedraza]] : Alison Parker *[[Darko Peric]]: Yashin Dasayev, qqaren-as « Helsinki » *[[Roberto Garcia]]: Dimitri Mostovoi, qqaren-as « Oslo » *[[Kiti Manver]]: Marivi, yemma-s n Raquel *[[Rodrigo de la Serna]]: Martin « Palerme » *[[Najwa Nimri]] : Alicia Sierra ==Ugar ɣef umazrar== === Iḥricen === {| class="wikitable left" style="text-align:center; font-size:100%" |- ! style="padding: 0 8px;" colspan="2" rowspan="2"| Tasemhuyt (saison) ! style="padding: 0 6px;" rowspan="2"| Aḥric (partie) ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | Iceqfan (épisodes) ! colspan="3" | Asnezwi (diffusion) |- | Beddu n usnezwi | Taggara n usnezwi | Anda |- | bgcolor="#A90712"| | rowspan="2" | 1 || 1 || rowspan="2" | 22 | 13 ||2 mayyu 2017 || 27 yunyu 2017 || rowspan="2" | [[Antena 3]] |- | bgcolor="#594022"| | 2 || 9 ||16 ṭuber 2017 || 23 wamber 2017 |- | bgcolor="#000000"| | rowspan="2" | 2 || 3 || rowspan="2" | 16 || 8 || colspan="2" | 19 yulyu 2019 || rowspan="2" | [[Netflix]] |- | bgcolor="#2C6576"| | 4 || 8 || colspan="2" | 3 yebrir 2020 |} == Iseɣwan == * [https://serie-lacasadepapel.com/ Asmel web unsib n umazrar]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=January 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [https://web.archive.org/web/20250122075341/https://instcams.org/ instcams] 56k6duz67cxzsmbi5jnjhoysyiombx7 0 22876 117900 116405 2026-11-08T01:21:46Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 117900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Distinguish|Boushaki}} {{Infobox city}} '''Yahia Boushaki''' (s taɛrabt: ''يحي بوسحاقي''), d tamdint tamecṭuḥt, tezga-d ɣef yiri n yilel, deg wegmuḍ (ccerq) n [[tawilayt n Lezzayer]] (teqqen ɣer tɣiwant n [[Bab Zzewwar]]).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/365548|title=Lotissement Boushaki (f) à Bab Ezzouar : un quartier dépourvu de revêtement|website=Djazairess|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405063132/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/365548|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lexpression/120135|title=Chinatown d'Alger inspire Rue 89|website=Djazairess|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402103427/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lexpression/120135|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/beijing-strengthens-its-presence-in-the-maghreb/</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/539785|title=Les Chinois en Algérie : Une intégration sans accroc|website=Djazairess}}{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/liberte/330148|title=L'immigration chinoise prend de l'ampleur dans le pays|website=Djazairess}}{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/485960|title=Des projets et des insuffisances|website=Djazairess|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-04-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220404065547/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/485960|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/427132|title=Bab Ezzouar, la commune aux innombrables cités-dortoirs|website=Djazairess|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402044452/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/427132|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/486626|title=Bab Ezzouar : des projets dans le cadre du programme de 2015|website=Djazairess|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-04-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403122453/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/486626|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lexpression/138515 |access-date=2022-03-31 |archive-date=2022-04-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220409035358/https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lexpression/138515 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.la-croix.com/Archives/2009-08-11/Les-Chinois-d-Alger-sont-toujours-en-mal-d-integration-_NP_-2009-08-11-351184</ref><ref>https://www.jeuneafrique.com/26441/economie/alger-la-chinoise/</ref><ref>https://www.lexpress.fr/actualite/monde/afrique/bazar-antichinois-en-algerie_786433.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nouvelobs.com/rue89/rue89-monde/20100708.RUE7431/le-chinatown-de-la-banlieue-d-alger-cree-des-embrouilles.html|title=L'Obs - Actualités du jour en direct|website=L'Obs}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.lexpression.dz/nationale/une-chinatown-a-lest-dalger-138515|title=L'Expression: Nationale - Une Chinatown à l'est d'Alger|website=L'Expression|access-date=2022-03-31|archive-date=2022-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220402161322/https://www.lexpression.dz/nationale/une-chinatown-a-lest-dalger-138515|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/lemidi/1103190201|title=La commune de tous les maux|website=Djazairess}}{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.djazairess.com/fr/elwatan/47970|title=Un projet et des controverses|website=Djazairess}}{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://www.elwatan.com/archives/alger-archives/lotissement-boushaki-f-a-bab-ezzouar-un-quartier-depourvu-de-revetement-05-04-2012 |access-date=2022-03-31 |archive-date=2022-03-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319114749/https://www.elwatan.com/archives/alger-archives/lotissement-boushaki-f-a-bab-ezzouar-un-quartier-depourvu-de-revetement-05-04-2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.researchgate.net/publication/283167096_L'immigration_chinoise_a_Alger_l'emergence_d'une_place_marchande_a_Bab_Ezzouar</ref><ref>https://algeria-watch.org/?p=29034</ref><ref>https://journals.openedition.org/emam/934</ref> == Tteswira == <gallery class="center" widths="200px" heights="160px"> File:Al Salam Banque مصرف السلام - panoramio.jpg|Yahia Boushaki File:Tramway - panoramio (1).jpg|Yahia Boushaki </gallery> == Walit daɣen == {{commons|Category:Yahia Boushaki Neighbourhood}} * [[Tawilayt n Lezzayer]] == Ẓeṛ daɣen == {{Reflist|2}} {{Tawilayt n Lezzayer}} [[Taggayt:Lezzayer]] [[Taggayt:Boushaki]] 3qks6pcj3p2tu541nagsa2sr8ll7pxi 0 23126 117892 110728 2026-11-07T23:39:37Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 117892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''2022''' d [[aseggas]] wis 22 deg lqern wis 21, d [[aseggas]] wis 3 deg umrawseggas 2020 - 2029. == Aseggas agraɣlan == * {{ill|Aseggas agraɣlan|fr|Année internationale}} n [[Tamzukt]]<ref>{{Fr}} [[Tuddsa n Yeɣlanen Yeddukklen]], ''Année internationale du verre'', 2021,([https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N21/123/58/PDF/N2112358.pdf?OpenElement taɣuṛi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115145624/https://documents-dds-ny.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N21/123/58/PDF/N2112358.pdf?OpenElement |date=2022-11-15 }} [pdf]).</ref>. ==Tiswasin-nniḍen== Aseggas 2022 deg {{ill|Teswast tagrigurit|en|Gregorian calendar}}, iwulem i useggas n : * 2972 deg [[taswast tamaziɣt]]<ref>{{Fr}} [https://www.espacemagh.be/projects/yennayer-nouvel-an-amazigh/ YENNAYER – NOUVEL AN AMAZIGH] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221115145624/https://www.espacemagh.be/projects/yennayer-nouvel-an-amazigh/ |date=2022-11-15 }}, deg ''espacemagh.be''.</ref>. * 1443 / 1444 deg [[taswast tineslemt]]<ref>{{Fr}} [http://www.patricklecoq.fr/convert/cnv_calendar.html Convertisseur / Temps / Calendrier], deg ''patricklecoq.fr''.</ref>. ==Ineḍruyen n 2022== ===Yennayer=== * [[5 yennayer]] : {{Ill|Amezyan Brahimi|en|Mohamed Hilmi}} (Mohamed Hilmi) yemmut. * [[24 yennayer]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Ṭṭelyan]]. ===Furar=== * [[4 furar]]-[[20 furar]] : [[Uraren ulempiyen]] n [[Tagrest]] deg [[Pekin]]. * [[24 furar]] : [[Rusya]] ẓedmen ɣef [[Ukrayin|Ukranya]]. ===Meɣres=== * [[9 meɣres]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Kurya n Wenẓul]]. ===Yebrir=== * [[10 yebrir]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Fransa]] (nnuba tamezwarut). * [[24 yebrir]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Fransa]] (nnuba tis snat). ===Mayyu=== * [[9 mayyu]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Filippin]]. * [[29 mayyu]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Kulumbya]] (nnuba tamezwarut). ===Yunyu=== * [[19 yunyu]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Kulumbya]] (nnuba tis snat). * [[25 yunyu]]-[[30 yunyu]] : {{Ill|Uraren n ugrakal|en|Mediterranean Games}} deg [[Wehran]]. ===Yulyu=== * {{ill|Times deg teẓgi|en|Wildfire}} deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa]] d [[Turuft]]. * [[1 yulyu]]-[[6 yulyu]] : {{Ill|Uraren n ugrakal|en|Mediterranean Games}} deg [[Wehran]]. * [[18 yulyu]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Lhend]]. ===Ɣuct=== * {{ill|Times deg teẓgi|en|Wildfire}} deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa]] d [[Turuft]]. ===Ctember=== * [[8 ctember]] : [[Elizabeth II]] tagellidt n [[Tagelda Yedduklen]] temmut. ===Tuber=== * [[2 tuber]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Busnya ed Hirziguvina]]. * [[2 tuber]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Brazil]] (nnuba tamezwarut). * [[9 tuber]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Tutrict]]. * [[13 tuber]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Ɛiraq]]. * [[23 tuber]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n {{ill|Sluvinya|en|Slovenia}} (nnuba tamezwarut). * [[30 tuber]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Brazil]] (nnuba tis snat). ===Wamber=== * [[13 wamber]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n {{ill|Sluvinya|en|Slovenia}} (nnuba tis snat). * [[20 wamber]] : {{ill|Tefranin n tselwit|en|Presidential election}} n [[Ginya Tasebgast]]. * [[21 wamber]]-[[30 wamber]] : Taẓrigt wis [[Taqbuct n dunnit n ddabex uḍar 2022|22]] n [[Taqbuct n dunnit (ddabex uḍar)|Taqbuct n dunnit n ddabex uḍar]] deg [[Qaṭar]]. ===Dujamber=== * [[1 dujamber]]-[[18 dujamber]] : Taẓrigt wis [[Taqbuct n dunnit n ddabex uḍar 2022|22]] n [[Taqbuct n dunnit (ddabex uḍar)|Taqbuct n dunnit n ddabex uḍar]] deg [[Qaṭar]]. == Tizmilin == <references /> [[Taggayt:Aseggas]] alonqp8j2r9528wvza4psm4tmj659wt 0 24005 117894 112909 2026-11-07T23:47:06Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 117894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox building|name=Tadukli n Tamazɣa|image=Stade de Béjaïa.jpg|location=Bgayet}}<mapframe text="Localisation du [[Stade de l'Unité Maghrébine]] par rapport à la ville de [[Béjaïa]]." latitude="36.749352" longitude="5.046297" zoom="13" width="300" height="300"> { "type": "FeatureCollection", "features": [ { "type": "Feature", "geometry": { "type": "Point", "coordinates": [5.046297,36.749352] }, "properties": { "title": "[[Stade de l'Unité maghrébine]]", "marker-color": "006A32", "marker-symbol": "soccer", "marker-size":"medium", "description": "[[File:Stade de Béjaïa.jpg|150px]]"}}, ] } </mapframe>Annar n '''Tdukli n Tamazɣa''' ([[Tifinaɣ|tiginaɣ]]: ⵜⴰⴷⵓⴽⵍⵉ ⵏ ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵖⴰ) d amkan n ddabex n uḍar i d-yefkan deg useggas n 1987 deg temdint n [[Bgayet]], deg tmurt n Leqbayel. Yesɛa azal n 17.500 n yemkanen. D axxam n temsal n tdukliwin n twilayt : [[Ilemẓiyen Inaddalen n Temdint n Bgayet|Ilemẓiyen n Bgayet]], Lmuludia n Bgayet d Olimplik n Akbu, akked kra n tdukkla n taddalt.<ref>https://www.ostadium.com/stadium/6787/stade-de-lunite-maghrebine</ref> == Isekkilen n beṛṛa == * [http://www.goalzz.com/main.aspx?showstadiums=1&searchcountry=DZ&stadium=370 Taɣra n tnaḍt - ''goalzz.com''] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20250607042828/https://mob-bejaia.com/stade.php Taɣawsa n tnaḍt - mob-bejaia.com] * [https://www.aps.dz/sport/118517-foot-infrastructures-le-stade-de-l-unite-maghrebine-de-bejaia-homologue Algérie Press Service] == Aɣbalu == {{Reflist}}{{Awwur|Ddabex uḍar|Tamurt Leqbayel}} 2bicrstfs4x93p0jtb1fz64iuaiy2cx 0 25106 117893 114456 2026-11-07T23:43:51Z InternetArchiveBot 10734 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead. #IABot (v2.0.9.7) 117893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography}} '''Alia Al Shamsi''' (tettwaled di [[1982]]) d taruḥt d tizegrarin [[Tigrawin Yedduklen n Timmura|timmurit]]. Tella-d d tamheslayt n wahil n tazmert di [[Louvre Abu Dhabi]]. == Tameddurt == Al Shamsi tettɛawal seg tazult timmurit d taliyant.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://uaebby.org.ae/en/alia-al-shamsi/ |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2024-04-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240408081031/https://uaebby.org.ae/en/alia-al-shamsi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Tettwaled di [[Dubay]] di 1982.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/al-shamsi-alia |access-date=2025-09-06 |archive-date=2024-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827024557/https://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/al-shamsi-alia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Deg 2008, tesɛa-d aselkim di tsura di [[tasdawit n Durham]].<ref>https://dunelm.org.uk/volunteer/alia-al-shamsi</ref> Di 2014, tesɛa-d tikelt-nniḍen aselkim di tsura di [[tasdawit Griffith]] deg Brisbane, Australia. Arbaɛ n yiseggasen deffir, tesɛa-d masṭer di tsdawit n Durham.<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/al-shamsi-alia |access-date=2024-08-27 |archive-date=2024-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827024557/https://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/al-shamsi-alia |url-status=dead}}</ref> Di 2019, tella-d d tamheslayt n wahil n tazmert deg [[Louvre Abu Dhabi]].<ref>{{Cite Web |title=Archive copy |url=https://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/al-shamsi-alia |access-date=2024-08-27 |archive-date=2024-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240827024557/https://sharjahart.org/sharjah-art-foundation/people/al-shamsi-alia |url-status=dead}}</ref> Di 2021, leɣzeta ''Harper’s Bazaar'' ixf taɛlayin tameṭṭutin i sen-ifka imendiren. Al Shamsi d yiwet seg-sent. Lwahda tettɣeṛṛiḍ i yefka tasiremt i tameslayt n tmeṭṭut. Deg uzmul n May 2021 n ''[[Harper's Bazaar]]'', tettwasuffeɣ daɣen di tɣeṛṛiḍ-agi.<ref>https://www.harpersbazaararabia.com/culture/culture-featured-news/alia-al-shamsi-on-female-empowerment-learning-from-failure-and-why-life-is-the-greatest-teacher-of-all</ref> Di yiwen ussan, leɣzeta ''[[Entrepreneur (magazine)|Entrepreneur]]'' tettwaseɣli-t am tameslayt tamezwarut n tamedyazt deg umnaṭiq MENA.<ref>https://www.entrepreneur.com/en-ae/growth-strategies/entrepreneur-middle-easts-achieving-women-2021-alia/393304</ref> Di 2024, tella-d yakan di Louvre Abu Dhabi am tamheslayt n wahil n tazmert.<ref>https://www.ithra.com/en/special-programs/learning-beyond/learning-beyond-2024/speakers/alia-al-shamsi{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Fichier:Alia Al Shamsi ELF x NLA - The Gulf Crossroads Panelists.jpg|thumb|left|Deg [[Archives nationales n Timmura n Tigrawin Yedduklen]] di 2023]] == Ixeddamen == Di 2014, tesuffeɣ adlis i ymeẓẓyan ''Alayah''. D adlis iɣef yesɛan tugniwin, ittekki-d ɣef tnekkit n yiṭfafen nniḍen.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=AcZHEAAAQBAJ&q=alia+al+shamsi</ref> Adlis-agi ttwasekcmen di wahil « Reading in Arabic Challenge » sɣur Dubai Culture.<ref>https://sailemagazine.com/author/alia-al-shamsi/{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tettwaferna-d kra n isnifel, gar-asen : * British Council Cultural Leadership International (2010) * Tafaṛast EDAAD (2007) * Tameslayt n useggas 2011 sɣur ''Emirates Woman''<ref>https://www.zu.ac.ae/main/en/mentorship/_mentor-bios/alia-al-shamsi</ref> == Tiwelhiwin == {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Shamsi, Alia Al}} [[Taggayt:Tlidt di 1982]] [[Taggayt:Tlidt di Dubaï]] [[Taggayt:Ameskar n tira timmuri]] [[Taggayt:Amal n tsdawit n Durham]] [[Taggayt:Amal n tsdawit Griffith]] [[Taggayt:Tameṭṭut timmurit]] e31nb5lvfmq93fn2udta5slj2b3fg9q 0 25639 117886 117880 2026-11-07T13:21:12Z Gurzil90x 14292 seɣtiɣ kra n tucdiwin, syin arniɣ aḍris amaynut 117886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q47426|image=[[File:Portrait Of Milton Friedman (cropped).jpg|thumb|Portrait Of Milton Friedman (cropped)]]|caption=Milton Friedman.|date of birth=31 Yulyu 1912.|nationality=Tamarikanit.|date of death=16 Wambeṛ 2006}} '''Milton Friedman''' d yiwen seg yimussnawen n tdamsa i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tikti tadamsant deg tasut tis 20. Yettwassen s unadi-ines ɣef yidrimen, asadur, annerni n wazalen, iɣimi war axeddim, akked wamek i tezmer tdamsa ad teddu s tlelli n ulzuz, war ma yessekcam uwanek iman-is deg yal armud. Friedman yella gar wid i d-yessuffɣen tiktiwin n tdamsa n tallit-nni seg yiberdan i tent-ttwalin s John Maynard Keynes, ɣer tarrayt-nniḍen i d-yettakken azal ameqqran i yidrimen, tamsizzelt deg ulzuz, d tlelli n umdan deg tiferniwin-is tidamsanin. Tiẓriyin-is ur qqiment ara deg tesdawit. Uɣalent d aḥric n umeslay asartan d udamsan deg Marikan, Britanya, Cili, akked waṭas n tmura-nniḍen. Maca ur yelli ara d amussnaw iɣef mtafan akk imazzagen. Kra n tiktiwin-is ttwasqeblent deg tussna n tdamsa tatrart, ma d kra nniḍen mazal fell-asent umeslay d uzɣan, ladɣa ayen yeɛnan tamlilt n uwanek, taɣdemt tamettit, tawziɛt n tbuɣar d tsertiyin tidamsanin. Deg useggas 1976, yewwi-d Arraz n Nobel n tussniwin tidamsanin ɣef leqdic-is deg tesleḍt n usadur, amezruy d teẓri n yidrimen, akked usegzi n wuguren n tsertit n usezdi n tdamsa. == 1. Tudert-is d umezruy-is == Deg temẓi-s, Friedman yesɛa leḥmala tameqqrant i tusnakt. Tazwara n ubrid-is asdawan tella deg tussniwin-a, uqbel ad yettwelleh ɣer tdamsa. === 1.2. Aɣerbaz d tesdawit === Timliliyin tigejdanin deg ubrid-is: * 1932: yemmug d anelmad i d-yeffɣen seg tesdawit n Rutgers, s ugerruj n tmusniwin deg tusnakt d tdamsa. * 1933: yewwi-d agerdas n Master deg tesdawit n Chicago. * 1933–1934: ikemmel tizrawin-is deg tesdawit n Columbia. * 1937: yebda assaɣ-is aɣezzfan d NBER, tasudut n unadi adamsan deg Marikan. * 1938: yuɣ '''''Rose Director''''', i d-yuɣalen d tameṭṭut-is, tamdakkelt-is deg unadi d tira. * 1946: yewwi-d agerdas n dukṭura deg Columbia, yerna yebda aselmed n tdamsa deg tesdawit n Chicago. * 1977: yemmed uḥric-is agejdan n uselmed deg Chicago, yernu yebda leqdic deg Hoover Institution ɣer Stanford. * 16 Nwanbir 2006: yemmut deg San Francisco, deg leɛmer n 94 n yiseggasen. === 1.3. Rose Friedman d twuri-ines deg tudert-is === ''Rose Director Friedman'' ur telli ara kan d tameṭṭut-is. Tella d tamassant n tdamsa, tecerek yid-s deg waṭas n yimahilen. Yid-s i d-yura Free to Choose deg 1980, akked Two Lucky People deg 1998. Sin-a sdukklen tiktiyin tidamsanin d tifelsafiyin ɣef tlelli n umdan. Rose tettɛawan daɣen deg usegzi n tmiḍranin tidamsanin yuɛren i tegzi, akken ad tent-fehmen ula d yimdanen ur nelli ara d imazzagen deg tdamsa. == 2. Tallit n Friedman: tamurt d umaḍal deg ubeddel == Iwakken ad negzu tiktiwin n Friedman, ilaq ad nissin amek tella tdamsa n umaḍal deg tasut tis 20. === 3.1. Tazɣent tameqqrant n 1929 === Deg 1929, tebda yiwet seg tezɣanin tidamsanin timeqqranin i yeẓra umezruy amaynut. Tazɣent-a tḥuza Marikan, syin tekcem ɣer waṭas n tmura. Tiṛmisin uɣalent ɣellqent, iɣimi war axeddim yugar ayen yellan uqbel, aṭas n yibankiyen rẓen, azal n yifarisen yuder. Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimussnawen n tdamsa bdan ttwalin belli ulzuz s yiman-is ur yezmir ara yal tikkelt ad d-yerr tadamsa ɣer waddad-is amagnu. === 3.2. Tazrirt n John Maynard Keynes === John Maynard Keynes yella gar yimussnawen i d-yefkan tifratin tatrarin i tezɣanin tidamsanin. Ɣur-s, mi ara yili usadur d yisuter n yifarisen s ddaw n wayen i yezmer ad d-yefk ufares, anerni n yirmad n uwanek yezmer ad yesseḥyu tadamsa. Amedya: ma ulac axeddim, awanek yezmer ad yesnerni lebni n yiberdan, isedduyen n waman d yiɣerbazen. S waya, ad d-yili uxeddim, ad nernun yidrimen i d-yettawin yimdanen, ad yernu usadur. Friedman ur yugi ara akk timlilt n uwanek, maca yella yesseḥsab belli aṭas n tsertiyin-a zemrent ad d-glunt s wuguren-nniḍen. === 3.3. Amgired agejdan === Gar Keynes d Friedman, yella umgired ɣef tarrayt ara yessexdem uwanek i wakken ad issezdi tadamsa. Keynes yefka azal ameqqran i usuter amatu, iseftiyen n uwanek d tsertit n tɣawsiwin tizayezin. Friedman, ma d netta, yesken-d azal n yidrimen d tsertit n '''uqarid''', yernu yessuter ad tili tsertit tamezdit, tettwassnen seg zik, ur tettbeddil ara yal tikkelt s tɣawla. Ihi, Friedman yesseḥsab belli aselḥu arurad n tdamsa sɣur uwanek yezmer ad yili d aɣbalu n tezɣanin deg kra n tegnatin. == 4. Tafelsafit-is tagejdant: tilelli n umdan d ulzuz ilelli == Yiwen seg yimenziyen igejdanen n Friedman d akken tlelli n umdan deg tdamsa d yiwen seg yizaduren n tlelli tasartant. === 4.1. D acu i d ulzuz ilelli? === Ulzuz ilelli d anagraw adamsan ideg imdanen d tiṛmisin zemren ad zenzun, ad sɣen, ad fersen, ad sseftin, war ma yella uwanek yettaǧǧa-d i yal yiwen acu ara yexdem. Amedya: ma yella yiwen yebɣa ad yeldi aɣsur(neɣ luzin) n ufares n yiḍebsiyen, yezmer ad t-yeldi, ad d-isnulfu ifarisen, ad ten-izenz i yimsaɣen. Ma yella ifarisen-is lhan, wid yettɣen zemren ad ten-fernen. Ma ur lhin ara, zemren ad rnun ɣer yiwen-nniḍen. Ɣer Friedman, tarrayt-a tesnernay tamsizzelt, tesseḥbibir ɣef tiferni n umsaɣ, yerna tettɛawan ɣef usnerni n ufares. === 4.2. Tamsizzelt d wazalen === Friedman yesseḥsab belli tamsizzelt gar tiṛmisin tesɛa azal ameqqran. Ma yella kra n yifarisen ur ttnuzun ara, neɣ ɣlayen aṭas, tiṛmisin-nniḍen zemrent ad d-fkent ifarisen am wigi s wazal yelhan ugar. Maca aya yella d ayen i yezmer ad yeḍru mi ara tili tamsizzelt s tidet. Ma yella ulzuz deg ufus n yiwet n termist kan, neɣ yella usdukkel gar tiṛmisin i usebɣes n wazalen, tiferni n yimsaɣen tezmer ad tenqes. Friedman ur yelli ara yesseḥsab belli yal ayen yellan deg ulzuz d ayen yelhan. Yesseḥseb belli tanekra n ulzuz tettili akken ilaq mi ara yilin izerfan n wayla yettwaseḥbibren, ilugan d tamsizzelt war tukerḍa. === 4.3. Tlelli tadamsant d tlelli tasartant === Deg udlis-is ''Capitalism and Freedom'', Friedman yessefhem-d amek i yezmer unagraw adamsan ilelli ad yesseḥbiber ɣef tlelli tasartant. Ɣur-s, ma yella akk iferdisen n tdamsa deg ufus n udabu, win yesɛan adabu yezmer ad yessexdem tazmert-nni i useḥbes n yimdanen i as-yemgaraden deg tikti. Ma yella imdanen zemren ad sseftin, ad snulfun tiṛmisin, ad ttwasekren i wakken ad awḍen ɣer yiswiyen-nsen, ad sɛun aṭas n yiberdan i wakken ad d-qeddcen war ma ḥwajen ad asen-yefk uwanek tasiregt deg yal tikkelt. Maca tella yiwet n temsalt: tlelli tadamsant iman-is ur tettak ara s wudem awurman tlelli tasartant. Yezmer unagraw n ulzuz ad yili deg tmurt i deg ur ttwaḥerzen ara izerfan n yimdanen. Amezruy n kra n tmura yessekna-d ugur-a. == 5. Tiẓri n tsmekta n yiqariden — Aẓar n teẓri n Friedman == Tiẓri tagejdant i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg leqdic-is d tiẓri n tsmekta n yiqariden, yefka azal ameqqran i tsmekta(tanecta) n yiqariden deg tdamsa d wamek i tettbeddil tasmekta-nni. Friedman yella gar wid i d-yessnernan tamiḍrant-a deg yiseggasen n 1950 d 1960. === 5.1. Acuɣer i d-ttawin yidrimen tazrirt ɣef tdamsa? === Ilaq ad nefhem belli iqariden s timmad-nsen ur d-ttaken ara afaris. Iqariden d allal n umbaddal, n uselken n wazal, d usegfer n tbuɣar. Ma tella tasmekta(neɣ tanecta) n yiqariden tettnerni s waṭas, maca afares n yifarisen d tnufa ur yettnerni ara s yiwet n tɣawla akked tsmekta n yiqariden, isuter amatu yezmer ad yernu deg wazal, ad d-yili usali n wazalen. Friedman yesɛa tamiḍrant-a d tagejdant deg usegzi n unerni n wazalen ɣef wakud aɣezzfan. === 5.2. Tagda n tsmekta n yiqariden === Deg tdamsa, tella yiwet n tegda yettwassnen: <math> M \times V = P \times Y </math> Anda: * M: tasmekta(tanecta) n yiqariden yellan deg tdamsa. * V: taɣawla n umussu n yiqariden deg tdamsa * P: aswir amatu n wazalen. * Y: afares adamsan ilaw. Tagda-a d assaɣ n usiḍen. Iwakken ad nessiweḍ ɣer tmiḍrant n Friedman ɣef unerni n wazalen, ilaq ad nernu turdiwin ɣef wamek yettbeddil V d wamek yettnerni Y. === 5.3. Asezdi n tsmekta n yiqariden === Friedman yessuter ad yili yiwen ulugen i tsmekta n yiqariden: ad yettnerni s yilugan ifrawanen yettwassnen seg zik, war ma yettbeddil uwanek tarrayt-is yal tikkelt. Tamezwarut, aya yessefk ad yesseḥbiber ɣef wazalen. Tis snat, alugen-a ad yessenqes tawaresnit i d-yettawin ubeddel arurad n tsertit n yiqariden, ladɣa mi ara tbeddel tegnit tadamsant. Tamiḍrant-a tettwasemma daɣen alugen n usnerni n tsemekta n yiqariden s yiwet n tɣawla Maca, akken ara nwali, tizrawin n yiseggasen n 1980 skanent-d belli assaɣ gar tsmekta n yiqariden d wazalen ur yezgi ara d yiwen, ladɣa mi ara beddlent tarrayin n yibankiyen d usadur. == 6. Annerni n wazalen d iɣimi war axeddim == === 6.1. Annerni amatu n wazalen === Friedman yella yeqqar belli asali ameɣlal(imezgi) n uswir amatu n yitigen yeqqen s waṭas ɣer tsertit n yiqariden. Ɣur-s, ma yella awanek yesnernay-d iqariden s wudem ur nettemṣada ara d tzemmar n ufares, aya yezmer ad d-yeglu s unerni aɣezzfan n watigen. Maca anerni n wazalen yezmer ad yili daɣen seg sebba n tazɣent n ufares, seg usali n watig n teẓwart am upitṛul, neɣ seg unerni arurad n yisuter. Timentilin-a zemrent ad d-fkent tazrirt tamenzut, ma d anerni aɣezzfan d ameɣlal yettwasleḍ deg assaɣ-is d tsertit n yiqariden. === 6.2. Azlig n Phillips === Deg yiseggasen n 1960, aṭas n yimussnawen ttwalin belli yella umgired gar iɣimi war axeddim d unerni n watigen: ma yuder iɣimi war axeddim, yezmer ad yali unerni n watigen, ma yuder unerni n watigen, yezmer ad yali iɣimi war axeddim. Friedman yessekcem-d da yiwet n tikti tagejdant: timentilin d wayen ttraǧun yimdanen deg tdamsa. Ma yella uwanek yesnerna tasmekta n yiqariden, tiṛmisin zemrent ad d-fkent axeddim ugar, imi ttwali-n-tt belli yesnerna asuter. Maca, mi ara fhamen yixeddamen belli aswir amatu n yitigen yettali, ad sutren asnerni n yiɣrad-nsen iwakken ad ḥerzen tazmert-nsen n usɣa. Tiṛmisin, s timmad-nsent, ad beddlent tiɣtasin-nsent deg wayen yerzan iɣrad d yitigen n yifarisen. S wakka, aswir n yiɣimi war axeddim yezmer ad d-yuɣal ɣer uswir-is amagan. Aya yeskan-d belli tasertit i yebnan ɣef usnerni n uswir amatu n yitigen ur tezmir ara ad tessider aswir n yiɣimi war axeddim ɣef lebda. === 6.3. Aswir agaman n yiɣimi war axeddim === Friedman yessekcem-d tamiḍrant n uswir agamann n yiɣimi war axeddim deg teẓri tadamsant. Ur d-yeqqar ara belli ilaq ad yili yiɣimi war axeddim, neɣ belli aswir-a d ayen ilhan i tmetti. D asegzi kan i d-yefka ɣef waddad i ɣer tettara tdamsa deg wakud aɣezzfan, ilmend n tuddsa n ulzuz n uxeddim, n tezmert n yimdanen, n wuguren n unadi ɣef uxeddim, d tmental-nniḍen. Deg teẓri-s, tasertit n yiqariden tezmer ad tbeddel iɣimi war axeddim deg wakud awezlan, maca ur tezmir ara ad t-tessider s wudem aimezgi war ma d-teg uguren-nniḍen. Tamiḍrant-a tesɛa azal ameqqran deg teẓriyin n tdamsa tatrart. Maca tarrayin n usiḍen n uswir agaman n yiɣimi war axeddim, akked tmental n ubeddel-is deg wakud, mazal d isental n unadi ussnan. == 7. Turda n umaduf imezgi deg usegzi n usadur == Deg 1957, Friedman yessuffeɣ-d adlis A Theory of the Consumption Function, i yellan d yiwen seg yimahilen-is ussnanen igejdanen. Deg-s, yesnerna tiẓri n umaduf imezgi(ameɣlal). === 7.1. D acu i d amaduf imezgi? === Tamiḍrant-a teskan-d belli imdanen ur ttaken ara tiɣtasin-nsen ɣef usadur ilmend kan n umaduf i d-ttawin deg yiwen waggur neɣ yiwen useggas, maca ḥessben daɣen amaduf i ttraǧun ad sɛun deg wakud aɣezzfan. Amedya: yiwen uxeddam yettawi 70 000 n dinar deg waggur. Ma yella deg yiwen waggur yewwi-d 100 000 n dinar s sebba n yiwet n tmerniwt ur nettɛawad ara, ur yessefk ara ad yernu asadur-is am wakken yuwweḍ umaduf-is ameɣlal ɣer 100 000 n dinar. Yezmer ad yessegfer kra seg tmerniwt-nni n umaduf-is, acku yessen belli tmerniwt-a d takudant, ur d-tettuɣal ara yal aggur. Ma yella, s wudem-nniḍen, yettwaɛhed belli aɣrud-is ad yernu s wudem imezgi, yezmer ad yesnerni asadur-is, acku tikti-s ɣef umaduf n yimal tbeddel. === 7.2. Azal n teẓri-a === Tamiḍrant-a tesɛa azal deg usegzi n wamek i ttidirent twaculin mi ara beddlen yiɣrad-nsent, tiwsiwin neɣ tazmert-nsent n usegfer. Tessefhem-d daɣen ayɣer asadur n yimdanen ur yettbeddil ara yal tikelt s yiwet n tɣawla akked ubeddel n umaduf-nsen amiran. Maca ur tella ara d tikti i d-yettawin ɣef yal tawacult s yiwen wudem. Twaculin ur nesɛi ara asegfer, ... neɣ twaculin ur nesɛi ara idrimen iwatan, ur nezmir ara daɣen ad d-ṛḍlent idrimen, zemrent ad ssidirent neɣ ad snernint asadur-nsent ilmend n ubeddel n umaduf-nsent deg wakud awezlan. == 8. Tazɣent n 1929: anadi n Friedman d Anna Schwartz == Yiwen seg yimahilen i d-yessuffɣen isem n Friedman deg umaḍal n tussna n tdamsa d adlis ''A Monetary History of the United States'', 1867–1960, i d-yura akked Anna J. Schwartz deg 1963. === 8.1. Tikti tagejdant n udlis === Friedman d Schwartz ẓran belli tazɣent tameqqrant n 1929 ur d-teḍri ara kan s sebba n uɣelluy n ulzuz n yisefriyen. Skanen-d belli aɣelluy ameqqran n tsemekta n yiqariden gar 1929 d 1933 yessnerna tazɣent tadamsant. Deg tallit-a, tasmekta n yiqariden deg tdamsa tamirikanit tuder s wazal n 30%. Aṭas n yibankiyen rẓen, imdanen ɛerḍen ad d-kkesn idrimen-nsen seg yibankiyen, tiṛmisin xussent-asent yidrimen i usefti d ufares. Friedman d Schwartz ẓran belli abanki alemmas n Marikan, Federal Reserve, ur yexdim ara ayen ilaqen iwakken ad yesseḥbiber ɣef unagraw n yiqariden d yibankiyen. === 8.2. Tazrirt n unadi-a === Ayen i d-fkan Friedman d Schwartz yebeddel aṭas tamuɣli ɣef tazɣent tameqqrant. Tizrawin-nsen skanent-d belli tasertit n yidrimen tezmer ad tesɛu tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef unerni neɣ uɣelluy n tdamsa. Maca imussnawen-nniḍen skanent-d belli tazɣent n 1929 tesɛa aṭas n tmental: iɣelluyen n wazalen n wayla, uguren n yibankiyen, ameskar neɣ amesnulfu n yimerwas, tiɣtasin n tsertit, d wazal n tmesɣiwelt tagraɣlant. Ihi, anadi n Friedman d Schwartz yesɛa azal ameqqran, maca ur d-yemmal ara belli idrimen kan i d-ssebba n yal tazɣent. == 9. Tamhelt n uwanek deg tdamsa == Friedman yella yettnadi amek ara tenqes tamlilt n uwanek deg waṭas n yirmad. Maca ur yessuter ara ad yeɣli uwanek s timmad-is. Ɣur-s, awanek ilaq ad yesɛu kra n twuriwin tigejdanin: aseḥbiber ɣef laman, azref, aseddu n teɣdemt, aseḥbiber ɣef wayla, d uselkem n yilugan i ilaqen i ulzuz. === 9.1. Adabu d tzemmar-is === Friedman yesseḥsab belli adabu yezmer ad yili d allal i useḥbiber ɣef tlelli, maca yezmer daɣen ad yuɣal d aɣbalu n tukksa n tlelli. Mi ara yessekcem uwanek iman-is deg waṭas n yirmad, yezmer ad yesnerni tadbelt, ad yessnerni tiferniwin n yimdanen, Ad d-yeglu s tarrayin n uselḥu i yuɛren i useqdec. Ma d wid i yemgaraden d Friedman, ttwalin belli awanek yesɛa tamlilt tagejdant deg uḥraz d usnerni n tnufa i yesɛan azal ametti ameqqran, am usegmi, tdawsa d uḥraz n ugama, ɣas ma ur d-ttakent ara tnufa-a tigenfit iwatan i tiṛmisin tusligin.. === 9.2. Tiwsiwin d uselḥu n tedbelt === Friedman yella yesseḥsab belli tiwsiwin timeqqranin zemrent ad ssidrent tazmert n yimdanen i usefti, i uxeddim d usnulfu n tiṛmisin. Ɣef waya, yesmenyif anagraw n tiwsiwin ifessusen, ifehmen yimdanen, ur nesɛi ara aṭas n yiferdisen i d-yettawin uguren. Ma d izɣanen i d-yettunefken i tmuɣli-ya, qqaren-d belli tiwsiwin zemrent daɣen ad ilin d aɣbalu n usegmi, tadawsa, lebni n yiberdan d tallalt i wid ur nesɛi ara aṭas n tbuɣar. 4dmvfndxk6edpk89fqw180pue5do1o4 0 25640 117889 2026-11-07T18:15:26Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 117889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q1409|image=[[File:Portrait Head of Caligula - Getty Museum (72.AA.155).jpg|thumb|Portrait Head of Caligula]]|caption=Amenkad Kaligula.|date of birth=31 Ɣuct 12 Seld Talalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit.|date of death=24 Yennayer 41 Seld Talalit n Ɛisa.}} '''Kaligula''' (Caligula), s yisem-is unṣib '''Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''', yella d amenkad arumani wis kraḍ. Yeḥkem Tamenkda Tarumanit seg 18 Meɣres n useggas 37 ar 24 Yennayer n useggas 41 M.B. (Milad Baɛd). Yella d mmi-s n Germanicus, d yiwen yellan d amasay arumani yettwasnen s waṭas, d Agrippina Tameqqrant, i d-yekkan seg twacult n [[Uɣustus]]. Kaligula yella gar yimenkaden irumanen i ɣef d-ttwarun waṭas n yiḥricen deg umezruy. Isallen i d-ǧǧan yimyura iqburen ɣef tudert-is d tsertit-is skanen-d amdan i ibeddlen seg umenkad yettwaḥemmlen deg tazwara ɣer uḥekkam yettwasnen s tkerkas, s tɣellist n yiman-is, s tɣawsiwin ur nettwaɛqal ara, akked useqdec n udabu s tarrayt tamihawt. Maca, ilaq ad nefhem belli aṭas n wayen yettwarun ɣef Kaligula yekka-d seg yimyura i yellan mgal-is, neɣ i yuran deffir n tmettant-is. Ɣef waya, imezrayen n wass-a ur ttqabalen ara akk isallen-nni am tidet yettwaseḥḥan. fxzl1ywd3ffigfekh0s03yykfixoa07 0 25641 117901 2026-11-08T10:43:59Z Gurzil90x 14292 Amagrad amaynut 117901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography|item=Q1541|image=[[File:Bust of Cicero (1st-cent. BC) - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016.jpg|thumb|Bust of Cicero]]|caption=Sisiṛun|date of birth=3 Yennayer 106 Send Talalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit.|date of death=7 Jamber 43 Send Talalit n Ɛisa.}} '''Sisiṛun''', s yisem-is ummid '''Marcus Tullius Cicero''', d amennay, d amusnaw n uzref, d argaz n tsertit, d amaru d afelsaf arumani. Ilul ass n 3 Yennayer 106 send talalit n Ɛisa deg Arpinum, temdint n Ṭṭelyan i wumi qqaren ass-a Arpino; yettwanɣa ass n 7 Dujember 43,ɣer Formiae. Yewweḍ 62 n yiseggasen. Tudert-is temlal-d d taggara n Tegduda tarumanit, mi ara yuɣal umennuɣ ɣef udabu gar yimeqqranen n tesreḍt d amihi ɣef tisuddiwin-is. Azal-is ur yeqqim ara deg tedyanin n tallit-is kan. Iḍrisen-is ḥerzen-d aḥric ameqqran n tfelsafit tagrigit, rnan-as tagnit ad tettwaru s tlaṭinit. Yura ɣef teɣdemt, ilugan, tamusni, tudert yelhan, tuqqna gar yimdanen, temɣer, lmut, iṛebbiten d tebɣest. Tibratin-is, ma dnitenti, sskenent-d argaz i yettargun, i yettḥiṛin, i yettaggaden, yerna i yettɛawaden asenqed n tiɣtas-is. Tagnit-is deg umezruy teṭṭef sin n yidisan: yebɣa ad iḥrez tagduda i yebnan ɣef ilugan d umeslay agdudan, maca yettidir deg tmetti ideg ur ɛdilen ara yimdanen deg yizerfan d udabu. D win i yettmeslayen ɣef teɣdemt, maca iqbel deg kra n tegnatin asɛeddi n yiɣunab n uzref s yisem n usellek n uwanek. Aya ur yettwattu ara deg usenqed n tsertit-is. == 1. Ruma deg tallit-is == Deg lqern amezwaru send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma tettḥekkim ɣef tmura d temnaḍin meqqren deg Ṭṭelyan d yidisan n Yilel agrakal. Tamenkda-a n tmura yettwaṭṭfen tettwaddem s ufus n Tegduda: ur tebdi ara kan mi d-yekcem [[Uɣustus]] deg udabu. Maca anagraw n udabu i yebnan ɣef umenkad ad d-yili mbeɛd lmut n Sisiṛun, ladɣa seg 27 send talalit n Ɛisa. Tagduda tesɛa sin iqenṣulen i yettwafernen yal aseggas, Asenat ideg ttnejmaɛen yimeqqranen n tsertit, d yigrawen n yimezdaɣ isɛan tizerfanin n Ruma. Ilugan d wansayen ttḥudun adabu n yal amdan. Maca aẓayer, ayla, tamurt n tlalit d tuqqna ɣer yimeqqranen ttseddun aṭas n temsal. Tilawin ur sɛint ara azref n ufran ɣer tuddsiwin-a; aklan ur sɛin ara tilelli; imezdaɣ n temnaḍin yettwaṭṭfen ur sɛin ara akk tizerfanin n warraw n Ruma. b0rn0g82s72q1cop7nkaf1jvbi84aic