Brahim Izri

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    <title>Brahim Izri</title>
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'''Brahim Izri''' d anaẓur n ccna atrar aqbayli, ilul ass n 12 yennayer 1954 deg taddart At Laḥsen deg [[At Yenni (taɣiwant)|At Yenni]], di temnaṭ d [[Tizi Wezzu]]. Yemmut ass n 3 yennayer 2005 si sbiṭar 'Hôtel-Dieu' di '[[Paris]]', s yiwen n lehlak n Cancer umhares.

== Tameddurt ==
Deg tagerda ines, Brahim Izri yawey-t-id jeddi-s ad yesmeḥses i ccnawi n tasɣanant n tazawiyat n Sidi Belqacem deg aẓi n [[At Yenni (taɣiwant)|At Yenni]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bgayet.net/musique-art/Brahim-Izri.html Brahim Izri] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015091437/http://www.bgayet.net/musique-art/Brahim-Izri.html |date=2012-10-15 }} ɣef uwwur unṣib n taɣiwant n [[Bgayet]].&lt;/ref&gt;. Deg tanuba, yessebded s sin imeddukkal n tasnawit, Nat Ɛabdelɛaziz d Aɛziz Berreḥma, tagrawt Igudar deg tallit nni aṭas tigrawin ḍḍfent imenɣi adelsan, asnilsi d n tmagit di [[Lezzayer]], am [[Isulas]], [[Inasliyen]], les [[Abranis]], [[Imaziɣen Imula]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.algerie-dz.com/article1410.html Anaẓur Brahim Izri yemmut] ɣef usmel ''www.algerie-dz.com''&lt;/ref&gt;. Yebedda-d sakkin amecwar iman-is dɣa yesuffɣed iseɣraz ines imezwura. Deg useggwas 1999, yecna s [[Yidir]] d [[Maxime Le Forestier]] tizlit yettwasemman ''Tizi-Uzzu''. Deg iḍrisen ines ad affem isental ɣef tamḥaddit n izerfan n tlawin dɣa ɣef tulut gar irgazen d tilawin.

== Aḍebsaru ==

{{Iseɣrez
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# Muḥ Aɛmran
# D Amedah
# Tiqubac
# Ass Amcum
# Dayenni
# Différends culturels
# Sacrifice pour un enfant
# Gujleɣ Fellak
# Iggul
# Iban
# Tura d Nnubaw
# Ula y ugadaɣ
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{{Iseɣrez
|Azwel=L'Enfant de la terre
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|agbur=
# L'Enfant de la terre
# Tizi Uzzu
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{{Iseɣrez
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|agbur=
# Amenguc
# Ayen Ayen
# Ayen idi huzen temzi
# Baba behri
# Dacuyi
# Dir ahnunef
# Nig tgalin
# Sliman Ɛazem
# Wid yaɛman
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# Tismin Ulac
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# Tsedker
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# In intri
# D ifrax i nella
# Yemma
# At Mangellat
# Semmeht iyi
# Titic des Montagnes
# A wid ur n ehric
# Baɛdeɣ Kem
# Itru out
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# Ament iyi
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# Yiḍem yiḍem
# Itegmats
# Naḍi-d lhaq
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== Izdayen uffiɣen  ==
* [http://www.makabylie.info/?article976 Brahim Izri] - 'D’une rive à l’autre, le passeur de lumière et d’espoir' (16-02-2006)
* Tugna n Brahim Izri sɣur https://web.archive.org/web/20070508185909/http://tawiza.nl/

== Tira d timselɣa ==
{{Timselɣa|tijga=1}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Izri}}

[[Taggayt:Acennay]]
[[Taggayt:Talalit deg yennayer 1954]]
[[Taggayt:Talalit di At Yenni]]
[[Taggayt:Tamettant di Paris]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Mahira Ɛbd AlƐziz</title>
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'''Mahira Ɛbd AlƐziz''' (مهيرة عبد العزيز) (d. 1989) d tamsɣafit n tasefsit, tameslayt n tiliɣri d tmeɣriya imaratenni. Bdu-tid di tamedyazt am tameslayt n tbeddert n tesɛuda di [[CNBC Arabia]] send ad temmerna-d ad tessebɣe ''Sabah Al Arabiya'' di [[Al Arabiya]]. Sakin tesɛa-d ahil n wahilen n tilawin d wamlak n uneqqis-nni ines di [[MBC]]; teṛbeḥ asseṭṭaf n “Yifassen n tbeddert n tesɛuda yefraren” di [[GCC]] u tfernes-d sɣur [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Knowledge Foundation]] i usneflay n taṭṭaft n ''Snat n lǧǧa''. Tetteddu akked [[Tiddukla n Tmura Yedduklen]] di kra n imsektayen, am tirza ɣer tɣumma n yimesran [[suriyen]] di Lebnan. Deg 2020, teɣli-d ɣer tmeɣri s wrole di ''Al-Manassa'' n [[Netflix]], sakin tṛuḥ ar film ameqran ''[[Al Kameen]]''. Tella-d tamezwarut yettwafernis sɣur [[TikTok]] ad tesbeddeḍ aḥedraw n tussiwt ddaw n usmekti ageldan #LearnOnTikTok.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite Web |title=Forbes ME Events – “Mahira Abdel Aziz” |url=https://forbesmiddleeastevents.com/team-members/mahira-abdel-aziz-2/ |access-date=2025-09-13 |archive-date=2025-09-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250912234106/https://forbesmiddleeastevents.com/team-members/mahira-abdel-aziz-2/ |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://me.mashable.com/culture/49961/excited-for-dubai-bling-season-3-heres-all-about-tv-anchor-and-actress-mahira-abdel-aziz Mashable ME – “Dubai Bling S3: Mahira Abdel Aziz”]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tamezdagnut ==
Tili-d di [[Dubay]] ɣer umazray imaratenni; baba d Imaratenni, imma-t d tMiṣrit. Tewwi Master di tsensla n tasefsit seg [[Royal Architectural Institute of Canada]] u teskebber s Wuzmez n ddheb RAIC i tikti-ines.&lt;ref&gt;[https://graziamagazine.com/me/articles/dubai-bling-season-3-new-cast-member-mahira-abdel-aziz/ Grazia ME – “Who Is Mahira Abdel Aziz?”]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lahamag.com/Details/4678-... Laha Magazine – amekkan n tmedyazt (2013)]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Tettzwedgeḍ s leggzim n tneǧra n Lebnani [[Xaled Ezzedine]]; wessnen-tid ta maṛṛa ''Yasma''. Deg Yennayer 2025, teblan-d abɛadu-nsen.&lt;ref&gt;[https://almashhad.com/article/459217420284850-... Almashhad – 11-01-2025]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://sa.elnassrnews.com/fan/18705/... EnNassr News – 10-01-2025]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.annahar.com/lifestyle/arts/186409/... AnNahar – abtalɣ n uṭṭalaq]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Amttekki n tamedyazt (Media) ==
Tebda-ted tamedyazt s [[CNBC Arabia]] am tameslayt n tesɛuda; sakin ɣur [[Al Arabiya]] tessari-d ''On the Spot'' ɣef [[lakriḍa]] n tnaḍt. Tesqedc isallen imeqqṛanen am [[World Economic Forum]] di [[Davos]], Anamur n Yili n Mmut (Dead Sea) d timlilit n [[OPEC]] di [[Vienna]], u yemyagaren ines ɣer yimanen am [[Mohamed Alabbar]], [[Chex Aḥmed bin Saʿid]], [[Dan Brown]], [[Taqalit Rania n Urdun]] d [[Taqalit Silvia n Swid]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://lite.almasryalyoum.com/lists/114818/ Al-Masry Al-Youm – 13 isallen ɣef Mahira]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://mbrf.ae/knowledgesummit/en/speaker/mahira-abdel-aziz MBRF – asebtar n tmeslayt]&lt;/ref&gt;

Seg 2012 tessebɣe ''Sabah Al Arabiya''; di 2017 teddemeṛ d-tameslayt tamyuga di ''[[Kalam Nawaem]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20180116175149/http://www.emaratalyoum.com/online/follow-ups/2017-11-10-1.1043046 Emarat Al Youm – Kalam Nawaem (2017)]&lt;/ref&gt; Di 2018 yettwafernes sɣur [[Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Knowledge Foundation]] ad tesbeddeḍ ''Snat n lǧǧa'' (''Hope Makers'') i tlata n useggasen d wass.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20210528110519/https://www.emaratalyoum.com/life/four-sides/2018-04-30-1.1094691 Emarat Al Youm – Hope Makers]&lt;/ref&gt;

Di 2019, tetteddu d amsawaḍ n uctu n yirḥi ''Ramez fi Ash-Shalal'' akked [[Ramez Galal]] di [[Bali]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/4152496 ElWatan – isallen ɣef Mahira]&lt;/ref&gt; Di 2020, tebdu ''Ghadan Ajmal'' di MBC s yiɣbula am [[Yousra]], [[Kosai Khauli]] d [[ʿAmr Youssef]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://al-akhbar.com/Celebrities/283206 Al-Akhbar – “Ghadan Ajmal”]&lt;/ref&gt; Di 2021, tella-d tamezwarut tameslayt taɛrabt i usbeddi n wahil n tussiwt ''Learn on TikTok'' ɣef [[TikTok]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.zahratalkhaleej.ae/article/4166286/... Zahrat Al Khaleej – ahil “TikTok”]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.lahamag.com/article/163248-... Laha Magazine – TikTok yettafernes Mahira]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.annahar.com/arabic/section/6-فن-ومجتمع/20022021044656578 AnNahar – ahil amezwaru ɣef TikTok]&lt;/ref&gt; Ɣer waya, tesbeddeḍ tamsirt n ''[[Ameqran n yisefra|Prince of Poets]]'' (tafsit 9) di [[TV Abu Dabi]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wam.ae/ar/article/hszrbysr-... WAM – “Ameer Ash-Shiʿaraʾ”]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tɣuri ==
Tebda-d s wrole am tameslayt di ''[[Selfie (musalsal)|Selfie]]'' (tafsitin 1 d 3). Deg 2019, tella-d ''Nora'' di ssaḍis ''Al Diva'' ɣef [[Shahid]]; sakin tettɣur ''Sheikha'' di ''Al-Manassa'' n [[Netflix]], u tettɛalla ''Khudra Ash-Sharifa'' di ''Al Waʿd'' (leqder n ''[[Siret Beni Hilal]]'').&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.elzmannews.com/473059 ElZman – Al-Waʿd]&lt;/ref&gt;

Di 2021, tḥebs-d s ''[[Al Kameen]]'' (''The Ambush'') i tserked [[Pierre Morel]]. Amezruy-agi yessekneɣ am yebbusen n wagdud n Imarat deg wadu.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.imagenationabudhabi.com/media-center/al-kameen-the-ambush-breaks-records-... Image Nation Abu Dhabi – nadi n tnila]&lt;/ref&gt;

Di 2022, tetteddu ɣer ufrux n teḍrurat s tɣuri di ''Casanova'' d [[Hassan El Raddad]] d ʿAmr Youssef di [[Riyadh Season]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.innfrad.com/News/38/2590751/... Innfrad – Casanova]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=September 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Di 2025, tettawi-d d tmeɣriya tameqqrant am ''Elaf'' di ''[[Xrif n wul|Khrif Al-Qalb]]'' (90 tḥeḍrin), n leqder n [[Paramparça]] n Turki, yebna ɣef [[MBC]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.elbalad.news/6473942 Sada El-Balad – “Tamṣalt n Elaf yernu-yiḍ adigen”]&lt;/ref&gt; Mi d-yilik, ttekki daɣen deg ''[[Dubai Bling]]'' n [[Netflix]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://me.mashable.com/culture/49961/... Mashable ME – Dubai Bling S3]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Tiwelhiwin ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abdel Aziz, Mahira}}
[[Taggayt:Imdanen yeddan]]
[[Taggayt:Tiwlidin n 1979]]
[[Taggayt:Imdanen n Dubay]]
[[Taggayt:Imimaraten seg teṣlilt taMiṣrit]]
[[Taggayt:Tiltawin tmeɣriyin n Imarat]]
[[Taggayt:Tilawin n tiliɣri n TV n Imarat]]
[[Taggayt:Imdanen n tamedyazt n Imarat]]</text>
      <sha1>2prbrxusad1jck1i0997ghq9ut7bhsh</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Hans Makart</title>
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      <text bytes="2357" sha1="am5454awogfzkoo566dcuqu7kguz9k0" xml:space="preserve">{{Awwur|histoire de l'art|peinture|Vienne (Autriche)}}'''Hans Makart''', ilul deg Salzbourg ass n 28 mai 1840 i yemmut deg Vienna ass 3 Tubeṛ 1884, d amesniles ed umesniles (décorateur) n [[:fr:Autriche-Hongrie|austro-hongrois]].

== Tamettant ==
Ilul deg 1840, yeṭṭef-d deg 1850 s Tkadimit n Tẓuriyin Tihuskayin n Vienna s ɣer Johann Fischbach yerna yella iqerreb i Fritz Schider&lt;ref&gt;''[[Journal de Rouen]]'', 3 janvier 1883, {{P.|3}} {{col.|1}}.&lt;/ref&gt;. Yezdeɣ sin n yiseggasen deg Munich, anda ay d-ijebbed lwelha n Karl von Piloty,  ay yuɣalen d aselmad-nnes deg wezgen amezwaru n yiseggasen n 1860. Syin yedda ɣer Urupa, yeqqim s tɣawla deg [[London]], [[Paris (Fransa)|Paris]] d [[Roma|Ruma]], akken ad ikemmel leqraya-s. Syin yuɣal ɣer Vienne deg useggas n 1869. Aseggas-nni, yezweǧ d Amalie Franziska Roithmayr n Munich, maca temmut deg useggas n 1873..

Hans Makart yesɛa azal ameqqran deg tẓuri, deg tmuɣli, deg ṣṣenf, deg tmeẓri n umezgun deg tallit n Tgelda n Awstrunya d Hungaria. D udem mucaɛen deg yedles n Vienne. Azal-is ttwalin-t yimdanen n tallit-is d akken d win n yiwen n Rubens kra n leqrun uqbel. Tazrirt-nnes taseklant tella d tin ay d-yettawin s tɣawla (conformiste) yerna sdeffir waya, tessekcem-d, deg tmuɣli-nnes, amussu [[:fr:Sécession_viennoise|Sécession viennoise]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;yettwasselḥay ladɣa sɣur Klimt (ɣas akken yebda-d d amesniles n tmezgunin deg terbaɛt n Hans Makart yerna yettwaḍḍef sɣur-s) .

Rebɛa n tfelwiyin n yiman ay d-yessuffeɣ unaẓur-a ttwassnent, gar-asent Tafelwit n Yiman ay d-yettmuqulen sdat n tfelwit (Easel), yerna ahat d tin ay d-yessuffeɣ deg tallit aydeg yella deg  [[Myunix|Munich]]. Aneggaru-a yettwasfeḍ s tmuɣli n tmeddurt n tbuhemit yerna war ccek, yettwaḍḍef s tɣimit-nnes deg Paris..{{Awwur|histoire de l'art|peinture|Vienne (Autriche)}}

* 1883: Les Cinq Sens à [[Rouen]] 
* 1972: ''Makart'', deg Staatliche Kunsthalle di Baden-Baden. 
* 2011: ''Makart. '' ''Maler der sinne'', deg lḥekma n Belvédère, deg Vienna. 

== Timura d isefra ==
{{Awwur|histoire de l'art|peinture|Vienne (Autriche)}}{{Liens}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20250519193115/https://www.stampsoftheworld.co.uk/wiki/Austria_1990_Makart_150th_Birth_Anniversary] Autoportrait sur un timbre autrichien de 1840{{Awwur|histoire de l'art|peinture|Vienne (Autriche)}}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Kaligula</title>
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      <text bytes="6967" sha1="qsxqmcy3q8pehcoifc1yqa2myppwkye" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1409|image=[[File:Portrait Head of Caligula - Getty Museum (72.AA.155).jpg|thumb|Portrait Head of Caligula]]|caption=Amenkad Kaligula.|date of birth=31 Ɣuct 12 Seld Talalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit.|date of death=24 Yennayer 41 Seld Talalit n Ɛisa.}}

'''Kaligula''' (Caligula), s yisem-is unṣib '''Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''', yella d amenkad arumani wis kraḍ. Yeḥkem Tamenkda Tarumanit seg 18 Meɣres n useggas 37 ar 24 Yennayer n useggas 41 M.B. (Milad Baɛd).

Yella d mmi-s n Germanicus, d yiwen yellan d amasay arumani yettwasnen s waṭas, d Agrippina Tameqqrant, i d-yekkan seg twacult n [[Uɣustus]].

Kaligula yella gar yimenkaden irumanen i ɣef d-ttwarun waṭas n yiḥricen deg umezruy. Isallen i d-ǧǧan yimyura iqburen ɣef tudert-is d tsertit-is skanen-d amdan i ibeddlen seg umenkad yettwaḥemmlen deg tazwara ɣer uḥekkam yettwasnen s tkerkas, s tɣellist n yiman-is, s tɣawsiwin ur nettwaɛqal ara, akked useqdec n udabu s tarrayt tamihawt.

Maca, ilaq ad nefhem belli aṭas n wayen yettwarun ɣef Kaligula yekka-d seg yimyura i yellan mgal-is, neɣ i yuran deffir n tmettant-is. Ɣef waya, imezrayen n wass-a ur ttqabalen ara akk isallen-nni am tidet yettwaseḥḥan.

== 1. Tallit n tlalit-is d temẓi-s (12–19 M.B.) ==
Kaligula ilul ass n 31 Ɣuct 12 M.B. deg temdint n Antium, i d-yezgan deg tmurt n ṭṭelyan, ur nebɛid ara ɣef Ruma.

Yella d mmi-s n Germanicus, amasay arumani i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg temnekda, akked Agrippina Tameqqrant, i d-yellan d yelli-s n Julia Tameẓẓyant, i d-yellan d yelli-s n Uɣustus.

Tawacult-is tella d yiwet seg twaculin i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit.

Germanicus yella d yiwen seg yimasayen yettwaḥemmlen s waṭas ɣer yiserdasen akked ugdud arumani. Yella yesɛa aṭas n tirmit deg ṭṭrad, ladɣa deg tmura n Germanie.

Deg useggas 14 M.B., mi yella Kaligula mazal d ameẓẓyan, yedda akked twacult-is ɣer yiserdasen n baba-s deg tmura n ugafa n Tamenkda Tarumanit.

Deg tallit-nni, Kaligula yella yettidir gar yiserdasen, yettwali tudert n yimasayen n tredsa akked tarrayt n uselḥu n yiserdasen irumanen.

== 2. Anamek n yisem «Kaligula» ==
Isem «Kaligula» ur yelli ara d isem-is unṣib, maca d isem i as-fkan yiserdasen irumanen mi yella d ameẓẓyan.

Yekka-d seg wawal alatini caliga, i d-yemmalen yiwen n ṣṣenf n yirkasen n ṭṭrad i ssemrasen yiserdasen irumanen.

Kaligula, deg temẓi-s, yella ileḥḥu s llebsa tameẓẓyant i d-yettbanen am tin n yiserdasen, gar-as irkasen imeẓẓyanen.

Ɣef waya, iserdasen bdan ttsemmin-as «Caligula», i yezmer ad d-yini «abbu n yirkasen n ṭṭrad» neɣ «win n yirkasen imeẓẓyanen».

Isem-a yuɣal yettwasnen ugar n yisem-is aṣli, Gaius.

== 3. Tamettant n Germanicus (19 M.B.) ==
Deg useggas 19 M.B., Germanicus yemmut deg Antiochia, deg tmurt n Surya.

Tamettant-is teǧǧa-d aṭas n yisteqsiyen, acku yella d amdan yettwaḥemmlen s waṭas, yerna aṭas n yimdanen ttwalin-t d win ara yuɣalen d amenkad deffir n Tiberyus.

Kra n yimdanen ttɣilen belli Germanicus yettwasemmem, maca ulac asentel amezwaru i izemren ad yesbadu s tidet belli tamettant-is tekka-d seg usemmem.

Tamettant n Germanicus tella d yiwet n twaɣiyin timeqqranin deg tudert n Kaligula.

Deffir n tmettant n baba-s, tawacult-is tebda tettidir deg tegnit tasertit iwaɛren.

== 4. Agrippina d wuguren n twacult-is ==
Agrippina Tameqqrant, yemma-s n Kaligula, tella d tameṭṭut i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg twacult n yimenkaden irumanen.

Deffir n tmettant n Germanicus, Agrippina tella deg ccwal asertan akked [[Tiberyus]] d kra n yimdanen i iqerrben ɣer udabu.

Tiberyus yella yettḥadar iman-is ɣef yimdanen i izemren ad d-kkren mgal tazmert-is n tewwḍin ar udabu, ladɣa wid i yesɛan azal deg ugdud neɣ deg yiserdasen. Deg useggas 29 M.B., Agrippina tettwasekcem deg uẓayar n tɣellist tasertant, syin tettwaceggeɛ ɣer uanejli.

Sin n watmaten n Kaligula, Nero Caesar akked Drusus Caesar, uɣalen daɣen d iswi n tsertit n Tiberyus.

Nero Caesar yemmut deg uanejli, ma d Drusus Caesar yemmut deg uḥbas deg useggas 33 M.B.

Agrippina temmut daɣen deg useggas 33 M.B., mi tella deg uanejli.

Tawaɣit-a n twacult-is tezmer ad tili tesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef Kaligula, maca ur nezmir ara ad nesbadu s tidet amek i tbeddel tafekka n uxemmem-is.

== 5. Kaligula deg uxxam n Tiberyus (31–37 M.B.) ==
Deg useggas 31 M.B., Kaligula yettwasekcem ɣer tallit tamaynut n tudert-is, mi yebda yettidir ddaw n tɣellist n [[Tiberyus]].

Deg useggas 32 M.B., Kaligula iruḥ ɣer tegzirt n Capri, anda yella yettidir Tiberyus. Capri tella d adig i deg yella Tiberyus yesseqdac adabu-is, ɣas akken Ruma tezga d tamdint tagejdant n temnekda. Kaligula yella yettidir deg tegnit iwaɛren, acku yella d mmi-s n Germanicus, yerna tawacult-is tella tettwaɛtab s waṭas.

Ilaq ad yili yettḥadar iman-is deg yal tagnit, acku kra n wawal neɣ n tigawt tezmer ad tettwafhem am tixidast tasertant.

Kra n yimyura iqburen ttmeslayen ɣef tarrayt n Kaligula deg Capri, maca aṭas n yisallen-nsen ur zemren ara ad tettwasenqden.

== 6. Kaligula d Macro ==
Naévius Sutorius Macro yella d aqerru n tserdast n ''Praetorians'', agraw n yiserdasen n tɛessast ɣef umenkad arumani. Macro yesɛa azal ameqqran deg tsertit n taggara n uḥekkem n Tiberyus.

Deg tallit-nni, Macro yebda yettqerrib ɣer Kaligula, acku yella yettwali-t d yiwen seg wid i izemren ad yuɣal d amenkad amaynut.

Tadukkli tasertant gar Macro akked Kaligula tella d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i yessishilen awweḍ n Kaligula ɣer udabu. Maca, mi yuɣal Kaligula d amenkad, assaɣ gar-asen ur yeqqim ara akken yella.

== 7. Tamettant n Tiberyus (37 M.B.) ==
Tiberyus yemmut ass n 16 Meɣres 37 M.B., deg Misenum, mi yesɛa 77 n yiseggasen. Tamettant-is teldi abrid i ubeddel n udabu deg Tamenkda Tarumanit.

Tiberyus yella yeǧǧa-d deg twacult-is sin n yimdanen i izemren ad warten adabu: Kaligula akked Tiberius Gemellus, ammi-s n mmi-s.

Maca, Kaligula yella yesɛa azal asertan ameqqran ugar n Gemellus. S tallelt n Macro, Kaligula yessaweḍ ad yeṭṭef adabu.

Ass n 18 Meɣres 37 M.B., Kaligula yettwasefren d amenkad arumani.

== 8. Tazwara n udabu-s (37 M.B.) ==
Mi yuɣal Kaligula d amenkad, agdud arumani yefreḥ s waṭas. Aṭas n yimdanen ttwalin-t d mmi-s n Germanicus, amassay i ḥemmlen, yerna ttwalin deg-s amdan ara d-yawin tallit tamaynut deffir n uḥekkem n Tiberyus.

Deg tazwara, Kaligula yessekna-d kra n tigawin i ḥemmlen yimdanen:

* Yessekna-d lḥerma i yerr-a ɣef iɛeggalen n twacult-is yemmutan.
* Yesseqdec amezruy n baba-s i wakken ad yesnerni azal-is.
* Yefka-d kra n yidrimen i yiserdasen akked ugdud.
* Yesseḥya kra n tmeɣriwin d tfaskiwin n ugdud.
* Yessekna-d belli yezmer ad yili d amenkad i iqerrben ɣer ugdud.

Tallit tamezwarut n udabu-s tettwasekna deg yidlisen iqburen am tallit n usirem. Maca, tagnit-a ur teqqim ara aṭas.</text>
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    <title>Sisiṛun</title>
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      <text bytes="7310" sha1="jeugcoho5w7ux1rh9a7rh066p78x8sr" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1541|image=[[File:Bust of Cicero (1st-cent. BC) - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016.jpg|thumb|Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Sisiṛun]]|caption=Sisiṛun|date of birth=3 Yennayer 106 Send Talalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit.|date of death=7 Jamber 43 Send Talalit n Ɛisa.}}

'''Sisiṛun''', s yisem-is ummid '''Marcus Tullius Cicero''', d amennay, d amusnaw n uzref, d argaz n tsertit, d amaru d afelsaf arumani. Ilul ass n 3 Yennayer 106 send talalit n Ɛisa deg Arpinum, temdint n Ṭṭelyan i wumi qqaren ass-a Arpino; yettwanɣa ass n 7 Dujember 43,ɣer Formiae. Yewweḍ 62 n yiseggasen. Tudert-is temlal-d d taggara n Tegduda tarumanit,

mi ara yuɣal umennuɣ ɣef udabu gar yimeqqranen n tesreḍt d amihi ɣef tisuddiwin-is.  Azal-is ur yeqqim ara deg tedyanin n tallit-is kan. Iḍrisen-is ḥerzen-d aḥric ameqqran n tfelsafit tagrigit, rnan-as tagnit ad tettwaru s tlaṭinit. Yura ɣef teɣdemt, ilugan, tamusni, tudert yelhan, tuqqna gar yimdanen, temɣer, lmut, iṛebbiten d tebɣest. Tibratin-is, ma dnitenti, sskenent-d argaz i yettargun, i yettḥiṛin, i yettaggaden, yerna i yettɛawaden asenqed n tiɣtas-is.

Tagnit-is deg umezruy teṭṭef sin n yidisan: yebɣa ad iḥrez tagduda i yebnan ɣef ilugan d umeslay agdudan, maca yettidir deg tmetti ideg ur ɛdilen ara yimdanen deg yizerfan d udabu. D win i yettmeslayen ɣef teɣdemt, maca iqbel deg kra n tegnatin asɛeddi n yiɣunab n uzref s yisem n usellek n uwanek. Aya ur yettwattu ara deg usenqed n tsertit-is.

== 1. Ruma deg tallit-is ==
Deg lqern amezwaru send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma tettḥekkim ɣef tmura d temnaḍin meqqren deg Ṭṭelyan d yidisan n Yilel agrakal. Tamenkda-a n tmura yettwaṭṭfen tettwaddem s ufus n Tegduda: ur tebdi ara kan mi d-yekcem [[Uɣustus]] deg udabu. Maca anagraw n udabu i yebnan ɣef umenkad ad d-yili mbeɛd lmut n Sisiṛun, ladɣa seg 27 send talalit n Ɛisa.

Tagduda tesɛa sin iqenṣulen i yettwafernen yal aseggas, Asenat ideg ttnejmaɛen yimeqqranen n tsertit, d yigrawen n yimezdaɣ isɛan tizerfanin n Ruma. Ilugan d wansayen ttḥudun adabu n yal amdan. Maca aẓayer, ayla, tamurt n tlalit d tuqqna ɣer yimeqqranen ttseddun aṭas n temsal. Tilawin ur sɛint ara azref n ufran ɣer tuddsiwin-a; aklan ur sɛin ara tilelli; imezdaɣ n temnaḍin yettwaṭṭfen ur sɛin ara akk tizerfanin n warraw n Ruma.

Anerni n tmura yettwaṭṭfen yerna-d ayla d yimeẓla, maca yerna-d daɣen tiwiɣiyen deg kra n taɣulin. Igrawen n yiserdasen qqnen ɣer yimeqqranen-nsen, aṭas n imezdaɣ llan deg lḥif, imrabah n tdamsa ur bḍin ara s yiwen wudem. Marius, Sulla, Pumpyus d Yulyus Qayṣar ssawḍen ad sbeddlen adabu s tekreḍt.

Deg unamek-a, aḥraz n Tegduda ɣer Sisiṛun d aḥraz n tmetti ideg ilugan d umeslay zemren ad gen tilas i lebɣi n yiwen n umdan. Maca amennuɣ-is ur yelli ara d asenfaṛ n tugdudt yecban tin n wass-a. Yettamen s umezwaru deg tzemmar n yimeqqranen n Senat d wid yesɛan ayla.

== 2. Tawacult, temẓi d ulmad ==
Sisiṛun yekka-d seg twacult n yimḍebbiṛen n yiɛudiwen, agraw aṛuman n yimdanen isɛan ayla d wazal, maca ur nelli ara d tawacult yettwasnen s yimeqqranen n Senat seg leqrun. D aya i t-yeǧǧan ad yettwaḥseb d « amdan amaynut » deg tsertit: d netta i d amezwaru deg twacult-is i yewwḍen ɣer uqenṣul. « Amaynut » dagi ur d-yemmal ara amdan ameẓyan neɣ win ur nesɛi ayla. 

Ilemmed deg Ruma azref, tameslayt, tasekla d tutlayt tagrigit. Yeqreb ɣer imusnawen n uzref am Scaevola, isel i yiselmaden n tfelsafit am Philo n Larissa. Yexdem daɣen aḥric awezlan deg tredsa deg tallit n ṭṭrad gar Ruma d yimdukal-is n Ṭelyan, maca abrid-is agejdan d win n yizerfan d umeslay agdud.

Deg yiseggasen 79-77, yerza ɣer tmura n Yigrigiyen d Asya tamecṭuḥt. Deg Atina, ilemmed ɣer Antiochus n Ascalon; deg Rodos, yesnerna tameslayt-is ɣer Apollonius Molon. Inigen-a snernan-as tamusni n tfelsafit d tesnukyest: ma d tamezwarut tettak-d isteqsiyen ɣef tidet d lxir, tis snat tezrew amek i nezmer ad nessegzi, ad nesqenneɛ d wamek ara nmeslay ilmend n wid i aɣ-d-yesmeḥsisen. 

Tamusni-is n tegrigit tesɛa azal ameqqran. Ur yettwarǧu ara tasuqilt i wakken ad yeɣṛu ifelsaf; yezmer ad iqabel iḍrisen, ad yeddu d yimselmaden, ad yefren awalen n tlaṭinit i tmiḍranin-nsen. Tira-s teqqen ɣer ulmad-a d yirmiten-is deg Ruma.

== 3. Seg yizerfan ɣer udabu ==
Deg 80, Sisiṛun yefka-d tameslayt deg uzmaẓ n Sextus Roscius, i yettwattehmen s tmenɣiwt n baba-s. Aḍris-a, ''Pro Roscio Amerino'', yesken amek i yesseqdec asenqed n turdiwin d uḥraz n yizerfan deg tallit n Sulla. Ur ilaq ara ad nerr yal anamek deg tmeslayt-a d asenqed usrid n Sulla; Sisiṛun yefren tameslayt s leḥder deg tegnit ideg adabu yezmer ad inɣ ayen i yellan mgal-is.

Deg 75, yuɣal d aqesṭuṛ deg Siqilya: d anedbal i yettɛassan kra n temsal n yidrimen n uwanek. Deg 70, imezdaɣ n Siqilya sutren-as ad yesseɣti temsalt n Verres, anedbal aqbur i yettwattehmen s tukerḍa, s uḥeqqer d usɛeddi n udabu. Sisiṛun yessemlal-d inagan d yisefka s zreb; Verres yeffeɣ ɣer unejli send taggara n uzmaẓ. Kra n tmeslayin yettwasnen s yisem Verrines ttwazuzrent mbeɛd, ur ttwanṭaqent ara akk deg teɣdemt. 

Sisiṛun yuɣal d anedbal n kra n temsal n temdint deg 69, d aprayṭuṛ deg 66, syin d aqenṣul deg 63. Deg Ruma, asɛeddi-a seg tɣawsiwin ɣer tayeḍ yettḥwaǧ ayla, imdukal, tawacult, aẓayer d tzemmar n tmeslayt. Sisiṛun yessnerna isem-is s teɣdemt d tuqqna ɣer yemdanen n tsertit.

Azmaẓ n Verres yesɛa daɣen talast: Sisiṛun ur yettnaɣ ara mgal ayen akk i txeddem Ruma deg tmura i teṭṭef. Yettnaɣ mgal uḥeqqer n unedbal deg unagraw arumani. Yebɣa tadbelt ilḥun s uqader n yizefan i rrumaniyen meṛṛa deg ṭṭelyan, maca ur yelli ara d asuter n tlelli n tmura yettwaṭṭfen.

== 5. Lqanṣulat d temsalt n Katilina ==
Aseggas 63 d akud i deg yewweḍ Sisiṛun ɣer uqerru n tsertit-is. Yettwafernen d aqenṣul            akked Gaius Antonius Hybrida. Deg useggas-a, Lucius Sergius Catilina, i wumi qqarenKatilina, yuɣal d amihi agejdan i udabu. Ilmend n yiɣbula i nsen, yella uheggi n umussu s yiɣallen i usɛeddi n udabu, akked yigen(taredsa) deg Etruria. Maca tameslayt n Sisiṛun ɣef yiman-is d yiɛdawen-is tettɛawen ad d-tban tɣara n yiɣbula-a: d win i yettekkin deg umennuɣ, mačči danagi ur nesɛi ara idis.

Sisiṛun yefka-d kuẓ n tmeslayin mgal Katilina, i yettwasnen s yisem Catilinariae.

Tamezwarut tella deg Asenat ass n 8 Wamber. Katilina yeffeɣ seg Ruma, iruḥ ɣer iserdasen-is. Deg Dujember, kra n wid yettwattehmen s uheggi n umussu deg temdint ttwaṭṭfen.

Ass n 5 Dujember, Asenat yemmeslay ɣef wamek ara ttwaḥasben. Qayṣar yebɣa amḥebbes

war lmut; Katu Amezẓyan yedda d tmenɣiwt. Sisiṛun, s usefrek n Senat, yessweḍ ad

ttwanɣen semmus n yimdanen war azmaẓ s wudem i yettḥerzen izerfan n yimezdaɣ n

Ruma. Katilina yemmut deg umennuɣ ɣer Pistoria deg 62. Tadyant-a tella d aɣbalu n cciɛa d wuguren-is. Imazdayen-is ḥesben-t d win i iselken tagduda; iɛdawen-is ḥesben-t d win i iɛeddan ɣef yizerfan. Asteqsi i d-yeǧǧa mazal yettḥaz tasertit: ma yella uwanek deg umihi, amek ara iḥrez ilugan-is war ma yessexser-iten s yisem n usellek-is?</text>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
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      <text bytes="7307" sha1="cqasgmimux87gpo3f69t6y1n3l402of" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1541|image=[[File:Bust of Cicero (1st-cent. BC) - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016.jpg|thumb|Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Sisiṛun]]|caption=Sisiṛun|date of birth=3 Yennayer 106 Send Talalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit.|date of death=7 Jamber 43 Send Talalit n Ɛisa.}}

'''Sisiṛun''', s yisem-is ummid '''Marcus Tullius Cicero''', d amennay, d amusnaw n uzref, d argaz n tsertit, d amaru d afelsaf arumani. Ilul ass n 3 Yennayer 106 send talalit n Ɛisa deg Arpinum, temdint n Ṭṭelyan i wumi qqaren ass-a Arpino; yettwanɣa ass n 7 Dujember 43,ɣer Formiae. Yewweḍ 62 n yiseggasen. Tudert-is temlal-d d taggara n Tegduda tarumanit,

mi ara yuɣal umennuɣ ɣef udabu gar yimeqqranen n tesreḍt d amihi ɣef tisuddiwin-is.  Azal-is ur yeqqim ara deg tedyanin n tallit-is kan. Iḍrisen-is ḥerzen-d aḥric ameqqran n tfelsafit tagrigit, rnan-as tagnit ad tettwaru s tlaṭinit. Yura ɣef teɣdemt, ilugan, tamusni, tudert yelhan, tuqqna gar yimdanen, temɣer, lmut, iṛebbiten d tebɣest. Tibratin-is, ma dnitenti, sskenent-d argaz i yettargun, i yettḥiṛin, i yettaggaden, yerna i yettɛawaden asenqed n tiɣtas-is.

Tagnit-is deg umezruy teṭṭef sin n yidisan: yebɣa ad iḥrez tagduda i yebnan ɣef ilugan d umeslay agdudan, maca yettidir deg tmetti ideg ur ɛdilen ara yimdanen deg yizerfan d udabu. D win i yettmeslayen ɣef teɣdemt, maca iqbel deg kra n tegnatin asɛeddi n yiɣunab n uzref s yisem n usellek n uwanek. Aya ur yettwattu ara deg usenqed n tsertit-is.

== 1. Ruma deg tallit-is ==
Deg lqern amezwaru send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma tettḥekkim ɣef tmura d temnaḍin meqqren deg Ṭṭelyan d yidisan n Yilel agrakal. Tamenkda-a n tmura yettwaṭṭfen tettwaddem s ufus n Tegduda: ur tebdi ara kan mi d-yekcem [[Uɣustus]] deg udabu. Maca anagraw n udabu i yebnan ɣef umenkad ad d-yili mbeɛd lmut n Sisiṛun, ladɣa seg 27 send talalit n Ɛisa.

Tagduda tesɛa sin iqenṣulen i yettwafernen yal aseggas, Asenat ideg ttnejmaɛen yimeqqranen n tsertit, d yigrawen n yimezdaɣ isɛan tizerfanin n Ruma. Ilugan d wansayen ttḥudun adabu n yal amdan. Maca aẓayer, ayla, tamurt n tlalit d tuqqna ɣer yimeqqranen ttseddun aṭas n temsal. Tilawin ur sɛint ara azref n ufran ɣer tuddsiwin-a; aklan ur sɛin ara tilelli; imezdaɣ n temnaḍin yettwaṭṭfen ur sɛin ara akk tizerfanin n warraw n Ruma.

Anerni n tmura yettwaṭṭfen yerna-d ayla d yimeẓla, maca yerna-d daɣen tiwiɣiyen deg kra n taɣulin. Igrawen n yiserdasen qqnen ɣer yimeqqranen-nsen, aṭas n imezdaɣ llan deg lḥif, imrabah n tdamsa ur bḍin ara s yiwen wudem. Marius, Sulla, Pumpyus d Yulyus Qayṣar ssawḍen ad sbeddlen adabu s tekreḍt.

Deg unamek-a, aḥraz n Tegduda ɣer Sisiṛun d aḥraz n tmetti ideg ilugan d umeslay zemren ad gen tilas i lebɣi n yiwen n umdan. Maca amennuɣ-is ur yelli ara d asenfaṛ n tugdudt yecban tin n wass-a. Yettamen s umezwaru deg tzemmar n yimeqqranen n Senat d wid yesɛan ayla.

== 2. Tawacult, temẓi d ulmad ==
Sisiṛun yekka-d seg twacult n yimḍebbiṛen n yiɛudiwen, agraw aṛuman n yimdanen isɛan ayla d wazal, maca ur nelli ara d tawacult yettwasnen s yimeqqranen n Senat seg leqrun. D aya i t-yeǧǧan ad yettwaḥseb d « amdan amaynut » deg tsertit: d netta i d amezwaru deg twacult-is i yewwḍen ɣer uqenṣul. « Amaynut » dagi ur d-yemmal ara amdan ameẓyan neɣ win ur nesɛi ayla. 

Ilemmed deg Ruma azref, tameslayt, tasekla d tutlayt tagrigit. Yeqreb ɣer imusnawen n uzref am Scaevola, isel i yiselmaden n tfelsafit am Philo n Larissa. Yexdem daɣen aḥric awezlan deg tredsa deg tallit n ṭṭrad gar Ruma d yimdukal-is n Ṭelyan, maca abrid-is agejdan d win n yizerfan d umeslay agdud.

Deg yiseggasen 79-77, yerza ɣer tmura n Yigrigiyen d Asya tamecṭuḥt. Deg Atina, ilemmed ɣer Antiochus n Ascalon; deg Rodos, yesnerna tameslayt-is ɣer Apollonius Molon. Inigen-a snernan-as tamusni n tfelsafit d tesnukyest: ma d tamezwarut tettak-d isteqsiyen ɣef tidet d lxir, tis snat tezrew amek i nezmer ad nessegzi, ad nesqenneɛ d wamek ara nmeslay ilmend n wid i aɣ-d-yesmeḥsisen. 

Tamusni-is n tegrigit tesɛa azal ameqqran. Ur yettwarǧu ara tasuqilt i wakken ad yeɣṛu ifelsaf; yezmer ad iqabel iḍrisen, ad yeddu d yimselmaden, ad yefren awalen n tlaṭinit i tmiḍranin-nsen. Tira-s teqqen ɣer ulmad-a d yirmiten-is deg Ruma.

== 3. Seg yizerfan ɣer udabu ==
Deg 80, Sisiṛun yefka-d tameslayt deg uzmaẓ n Sextus Roscius, i yettwattehmen s tmenɣiwt n baba-s. Aḍris-a, ''Pro Roscio Amerino'', yesken amek i yesseqdec asenqed n turdiwin d uḥraz n yizerfan deg tallit n Sulla. Ur ilaq ara ad nerr yal anamek deg tmeslayt-a d asenqed usrid n Sulla; Sisiṛun yefren tameslayt s leḥder deg tegnit ideg adabu yezmer ad inɣ ayen i yellan mgal-is.

Deg 75, yuɣal d aqesṭuṛ deg Siqilya: d anedbal i yettɛassan kra n temsal n yidrimen n uwanek. Deg 70, imezdaɣ n Siqilya sutren-as ad yesseɣti temsalt n Verres, anedbal aqbur i yettwattehmen s tukerḍa, s uḥeqqer d usɛeddi n udabu. Sisiṛun yessemlal-d inagan d yisefka s zreb; Verres yeffeɣ ɣer unejli send taggara n uzmaẓ. Kra n tmeslayin yettwasnen s yisem Verrines ttwazuzrent mbeɛd, ur ttwanṭaqent ara akk deg teɣdemt. 

Sisiṛun yuɣal d anedbal n kra n temsal n temdint deg 69, d aprayṭuṛ deg 66, syin d aqenṣul deg 63. Deg Ruma, asɛeddi-a seg tɣawsiwin ɣer tayeḍ yettḥwaǧ ayla, imdukal, tawacult, aẓayer d tzemmar n tmeslayt. Sisiṛun yessnerna isem-is s teɣdemt d tuqqna ɣer yemdanen n tsertit.

Azmaẓ n Verres yesɛa daɣen talast: Sisiṛun ur yettnaɣ ara mgal ayen akk i txeddem Ruma deg tmura i teṭṭef. Yettnaɣ mgal uḥeqqer n unedbal deg unagraw arumani. Yebɣa tadbelt ilḥun s uqader n yizefan i rrumaniyen meṛṛa deg ṭṭelyan, maca ur yelli ara d asuter n tlelli n tmura yettwaṭṭfen.

== 5. Lqanṣulat d temsalt n Katilina ==
Aseggas 63 d akud i deg yewweḍ Sisiṛun ɣer uqerru n tsertit-is. Yettwafernen d aqenṣul            akked Gaius Antonius Hybrida. Deg useggas-a, Lucius Sergius Catilina, i wumi qqarenKatilina, yuɣal d amihi agejdan i udabu. Ilmend n yiɣbula i nsen, yella uheggi n umussu s yiɣallen i usɛeddi n udabu, akked yigen(taredsa) deg Etruria. Maca tameslayt n Sisiṛun ɣef yiman-is d yiɛdawen-is tettɛawen ad d-tban tɣara n yiɣbula-a: d win i yettekkin deg umennuɣ, mačči danagi ur nesɛi ara idis.

Sisiṛun yefka-d kuẓ n tmeslayin mgal Katilina, i yettwasnen s yisem Catilinariae.

Tamezwarut tella deg Asenat ass n 8 Wamber. Katilina yeffeɣ seg Ruma, iruḥ ɣer iserdasen-is. Deg Dujember, kra n wid yettwattehmen s uheggi n umussu deg temdint ttwaṭṭfen.

Ass n 5 Dujember, Asenat yemmeslay ɣef wamek ara ttwaḥasben. Qayṣar yebɣa amḥebbes war lmut; Katu Amezẓyan yedda d tmenɣiwt. Sisiṛun, s usefrek n Senat, yessweḍ ad ttwanɣen semmus n yimdanen war azmaẓ s wudem i yettḥerzen izerfan n yimezdaɣ n Ruma. Katilina yemmut deg umennuɣ ɣer Pistoria deg 62. Tadyant-a tella d aɣbalu n cciɛa d wuguren-is. Imazdayen-is ḥesben-t d win i iselken tagduda; iɛdawen-is ḥesben-t d win i iɛeddan ɣef yizerfan. Asteqsi i d-yeǧǧa mazal yettḥaz tasertit: ma yella uwanek deg umihi, amek ara iḥrez ilugan-is war ma yessexser-iten s yisem n usellek-is?</text>
      <sha1>cqasgmimux87gpo3f69t6y1n3l402of</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Aɣelluy n Tmenkda tarumanit n utaram</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>25643</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117937</id>
      <parentid>117931</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:12:38Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117937</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4656" sha1="6aljtj5q78asjmhi082v3ea0k18q0og" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox political geography|map=[[File:Roman Republic Empire map.gif|thumb|Takarḍa tamrayent(ittembiwilen) n Tagduda Tarumanit akked Tmenkda Tarumanit]]}}

Tamenkda tarumanit n utaram ur teɣli ara s yiwet n tmentilt, ur teɣli ara deg yiwen n wass. Gar taggara n tasut tis ukkuẓ d taggara n tasut tis semmus, timenɣiwin ɣef udabu, asefsex n yiɣallen n udabu agejdan deg temnaḍin, tilin n yicenga izemren ad nnaɣen mgal Ruma, d lexṣaṣ n yidrimen n uwanak, dduklen-d gar-asen. Mi ruḥen yigran d temdinin ara d-yefken tiwsiwin, yenqes lexlaṣ n yiserdasen; mi ḍeɛfen yigenfa, teṣɛeb useḥrez n wayen i d-yeqqimen seg wakal. 

Aṭṭanen d ubeddel n unezwi zemren ad snernin taẓayt-a deg kra n talliyin d temnaḍin, maca ilaq ad ttwasenqden ilmend n wakud d wadeg.

== 1. «Aɣelluy n Ruma» mačči d yiwen n tedyant ==
Mi ara nettmeslay ɣef uɣelluy n Ruma, nezmer ad nebḍu ɣef kraḍ n yinumak yemgaraden.

Amezwaru d taggara n umenkad n utaram i yesɛan taserdast deg Ṭṭalyan. Wis sin d tifrat n uẓeṭṭa n udabu, tiwsiwin d yigen arumani i yellan yeṭṭef aṭas n temnaḍin. Wis kraḍ d abeddel n tɣerma, n tudert n temdint, n tnezzut d yidles. Yiwen seg-sen ur yeḍri ara s yiman-is deg yal amḍiq, u ur yeḍri ara deg yiwen n wakud. Asentel n umagrad-a d sebba n usefsex n udabu amenkadan deg utaram, s leqdic agejdan gar 376 d 480. Ad nernu tazwara n tasut tis kraḍ i wakken ad negzu amek i d-tebna tmenkda n tallit taneggarut; ad nernu daɣen tasut tis sḍis i wakken ur nesdukkul ara timental n uɣelluy d yigemmaḍ-is. Taɣerma tarumanit, tameslayt talatinit, kra n yilugan, tajaddit n yimezdaɣ d tudert tanasɣant kemmlen deg teglad timaynutin.

Tamenkda n usammar teqqim tedder, tettbeddil deg talliyin i d-iḍefren. Ihi, ula ma nessawal i tegnit-a «aɣelluy n Tmenkda tarumanit», ilaq ad nbeggen belli d amur n utaram i ɣef nettmeslay. Asteqsi ameqqran mačči kan «ayɣer i teɣli?», maca «ayɣer i ur yezmir ara udabu n utaram ad iḥrez yiman-is, mi yezmer win n usammar?».

== 2. 476 d 480: sin n yiseggasen i ilaq ad nefreq ==
Deg useggas 476, '''Udwaser''' yekkes '''Rumulus Uɣustulus''' seg uqeṛṛu n tmenkda n utaram. Rumulus yella d ilemẓi; baba-s '''Urestes''' i yeṭṭfen aṭas n udabu. Maca Zinu, amenkad n usammar, ur yeɛqil ara Rumulus d amenkad s wudem unṣib. Yulius Nipus, i yettwanfan seg Ṭṭalyan deg 475, yeqqim deg Dalmaṣya yettwaḥsab d amenkad n utaram almi yettwanɣa deg 480. 

Udwaser ur yebni ara taserdast tamenkadant tamaynut deg utaram; yuɣal d agellid n Ṭṭalyan, yerra-d azamul n tmenkda ɣer Qusṭantinubl. Maca agraw n yimeqqranen n Ruma, aṭas n yimeẓla n tdabalt d kra n yilugan qqimen. Asmi i ruḥ umenkad ur yelli ara d asmi iruḥ yal annar n tudert tarumanit. 

Azal n 476 d azal azamulan deg uɣelluy udabu n tmenkda utaram. Aṭas seg wakal n utaram yella yakan ddaw n yiduba nniḍen. Tadyant-a temmal-d tamsalt n yiserdasen d lexlaṣ-nsen, d wamek i yuɣal udabu n temnaḍt n Ṭṭalyan. Ur d-temmal ara belli kra n ugdud ilelli yekka-d seg beṛṛa u iɛedda tilist, yerra timdinin meṛṛa ddaw iɣallen-is, yessefsex taɣerma deg yiḍ-nni.

== 3. Azmaz tasnakudt n tedyanin tigejdanin ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!235-284
!Tizɣinin d umennuɣ gar yirumanen; aṭas n yibeddilen n yimenkaden; abrid ɣer
usuddes amaynut.
!
!
|-
|284-337
|Diyuklisyan d Qusṭantin snernan tadbalt, tiwsiwin d tarrayin n uḥraz; afud i usuddes,
mačči n uɣelluy kan.
|
|
|-
|376-382
|Inig n kra n Yigutiyen ɣer tama n Danub; timenɣiwt n Adryanubl deg 378; amtawa n 382
|
|
|-
|395
|Tamenkda tettwabḍa gar sin n yiduba n twacult tamenkadant; yiwen n umḍal aruman

deg tmuɣli tazayezt.
|
|
|-
|406-410
|Aɛeddi n ugraw n yibarbaren seg tlisa n Ṛin; ccwal ɣef udabu; yettwakkes uḥraz amenkadan seg
Briṭanya; Alarik yekcem Ruma deg 410.
|
|
|-
|418-439
|Asers n Yigutiyen deg Ukitania; Iwandalien ɛeddan ɣer Tefriqt deg 429; ṭṭfen Qarṭaj deg
439.
|
|
|-
|451-455
|Timenɣiwt mgal Atila deg 451; Atila yekcem Ṭṭalyan deg 452; yettwanɣa Aëtius deg 454
d Walintinyan wis kraḍ deg 455; Iwandalien kecmen Ruma.
|
|
|-
|461-468
|Majuryan yettwakkes seg udabu, yettwanɣa; tanekra tameqqrant mgal Iwandalien ur
tewwiḍ ara ɣer yiswi-s deg 468.
|
|
|-
|472-480
|Amgaru gar Riṣimir d Antimyus; aḥbas n umenkad Rumulus deg 476; tamettant n
Nipus deg 480
|
|
|-
|493-568
|Agellid Tiyudurik yeḥkem Ṭalyan; tuɣalin n yiserdasen n usammar(Ibiẓantiyen) ɣer Tefriqt deg 533-534
d uɛraḍ n unekcum-nsen ɣer Ṭṭalyan seg 535; aṭṭan amuqqran n 541; anekcum n Ilumbardiyen deg 568.
|
|
|}</text>
      <sha1>6aljtj5q78asjmhi082v3ea0k18q0og</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>117938</id>
      <parentid>117937</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T09:13:08Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
      <origin>117938</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4616" sha1="ci28rv43vqhobhizbusdrizcpegeq6b" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox political geography|map=[[File:Roman Republic Empire map.gif|thumb|Takarḍa tamrayent(ittembiwilen) n Tagduda Tarumanit akked Tmenkda Tarumanit]]}}

Tamenkda tarumanit n utaram ur teɣli ara s yiwet n tmentilt, ur teɣli ara deg yiwen n wass. Gar taggara n tasut tis ukkuẓ d taggara n tasut tis semmus, timenɣiwin ɣef udabu, asefsex n yiɣallen n udabu agejdan deg temnaḍin, tilin n yicenga izemren ad nnaɣen mgal Ruma, d lexṣaṣ n yidrimen n uwanak, dduklen-d gar-asen. Mi ruḥen yigran d temdinin ara d-yefken tiwsiwin, yenqes lexlaṣ n yiserdasen; mi ḍeɛfen yigenfa, teṣɛeb useḥrez n wayen i d-yeqqimen seg wakal. 

Aṭṭanen d ubeddel n unezwi zemren ad snernin taẓayt-a deg kra n talliyin d temnaḍin, maca ilaq ad ttwasenqden ilmend n wakud d wadeg.

== 1. «Aɣelluy n Ruma» mačči d yiwen n tedyant ==
Mi ara nettmeslay ɣef uɣelluy n Ruma, nezmer ad nebḍu ɣef kraḍ n yinumak yemgaraden.

Amezwaru d taggara n umenkad n utaram i yesɛan taserdast deg Ṭṭalyan. Wis sin d tifrat n uẓeṭṭa n udabu, tiwsiwin d yigen arumani i yellan yeṭṭef aṭas n temnaḍin. Wis kraḍ d abeddel n tɣerma, n tudert n temdint, n tnezzut d yidles. Yiwen seg-sen ur yeḍri ara s yiman-is deg yal amḍiq, u ur yeḍri ara deg yiwen n wakud. Asentel n umagrad-a d sebba n usefsex n udabu amenkadan deg utaram, s leqdic agejdan gar 376 d 480. Ad nernu tazwara n tasut tis kraḍ i wakken ad negzu amek i d-tebna tmenkda n tallit taneggarut; ad nernu daɣen tasut tis sḍis i wakken ur nesdukkul ara timental n uɣelluy d yigemmaḍ-is. Taɣerma tarumanit, tameslayt talatinit, kra n yilugan, tajaddit n yimezdaɣ d tudert tanasɣant kemmlen deg teglad timaynutin.

Tamenkda n usammar teqqim tedder, tettbeddil deg talliyin i d-iḍefren. Ihi, ula ma nessawal i tegnit-a «aɣelluy n Tmenkda tarumanit», ilaq ad nbeggen belli d amur n utaram i ɣef nettmeslay. Asteqsi ameqqran mačči kan «ayɣer i teɣli?», maca «ayɣer i ur yezmir ara udabu n utaram ad iḥrez yiman-is, mi yezmer win n usammar?».

== 2. 476 d 480: sin n yiseggasen i ilaq ad nefreq ==
Deg useggas 476, '''Udwaser''' yekkes '''Rumulus Uɣustulus''' seg uqeṛṛu n tmenkda n utaram. Rumulus yella d ilemẓi; baba-s '''Urestes''' i yeṭṭfen aṭas n udabu. Maca Zinu, amenkad n usammar, ur yeɛqil ara Rumulus d amenkad s wudem unṣib. Yulius Nipus, i yettwanfan seg Ṭṭalyan deg 475, yeqqim deg Dalmaṣya yettwaḥsab d amenkad n utaram almi yettwanɣa deg 480. 

Udwaser ur yebni ara taserdast tamenkadant tamaynut deg utaram; yuɣal d agellid n Ṭṭalyan, yerra-d azamul n tmenkda ɣer Qusṭantinubl. Maca agraw n yimeqqranen n Ruma, aṭas n yimeẓla n tdabalt d kra n yilugan qqimen. Asmi i ruḥ umenkad ur yelli ara d asmi iruḥ yal annar n tudert tarumanit. 

Azal n 476 d azal azamulan deg uɣelluy udabu n tmenkda utaram. Aṭas seg wakal n utaram yella yakan ddaw n yiduba nniḍen. Tadyant-a temmal-d tamsalt n yiserdasen d lexlaṣ-nsen, d wamek i yuɣal udabu n temnaḍt n Ṭṭalyan. Ur d-temmal ara belli kra n ugdud ilelli yekka-d seg beṛṛa u iɛedda tilist, yerra timdinin meṛṛa ddaw iɣallen-is, yessefsex taɣerma deg yiḍ-nni.

== 3. Azmaz tasnakudt n tedyanin tigejdanin ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!235-284
!Tizɣinin d umennuɣ gar yirumanen; aṭas n yibeddilen n yimenkaden; abrid ɣer
usuddes amaynut.
|-
|284-337
|Diyuklisyan d Qusṭantin snernan tadbalt, tiwsiwin d tarrayin n uḥraz; afud i usuddes,
mačči n uɣelluy kan.
|-
|376-382
|Inig n kra n Yigutiyen ɣer tama n Danub; timenɣiwt n Adryanubl deg 378; amtawa n 382
|-
|395
|Tamenkda tettwabḍa gar sin n yiduba n twacult tamenkadant; yiwen n umḍal aruman

deg tmuɣli tazayezt.
|-
|406-410
|Aɛeddi n ugraw n yibarbaren seg tlisa n Ṛin; ccwal ɣef udabu; yettwakkes uḥraz amenkadan seg
Briṭanya; Alarik yekcem Ruma deg 410.
|-
|418-439
|Asers n Yigutiyen deg Ukitania; Iwandalien ɛeddan ɣer Tefriqt deg 429; ṭṭfen Qarṭaj deg
439.
|-
|451-455
|Timenɣiwt mgal Atila deg 451; Atila yekcem Ṭṭalyan deg 452; yettwanɣa Aëtius deg 454
d Walintinyan wis kraḍ deg 455; Iwandalien kecmen Ruma.
|-
|461-468
|Majuryan yettwakkes seg udabu, yettwanɣa; tanekra tameqqrant mgal Iwandalien ur
tewwiḍ ara ɣer yiswi-s deg 468.
|-
|472-480
|Amgaru gar Riṣimir d Antimyus; aḥbas n umenkad Rumulus deg 476; tamettant n
Nipus deg 480
|-
|493-568
|Agellid Tiyudurik yeḥkem Ṭalyan; tuɣalin n yiserdasen n usammar(Ibiẓantiyen) ɣer Tefriqt deg 533-534
d uɛraḍ n unekcum-nsen ɣer Ṭṭalyan seg 535; aṭṭan amuqqran n 541; anekcum n Ilumbardiyen deg 568.
|}</text>
      <sha1>ci28rv43vqhobhizbusdrizcpegeq6b</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>