Tamurt n Leqbayel

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    <title>Tamurt n Leqbayel</title>
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      <text bytes="77339" sha1="lsam2f7r23veomqenjv1wgff23ryyse" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Tamnaḍt
| isem           = Tamurt n Leqbayel
| tiɣmi          = 0D5EAF
| isem adigan    = Tamurt n Iqbayliyen / Tamurt n Izwawen
| isem adigan 2  = ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ / ⵜⴰⵎⵓⵔⵜ ⵏ ⵢⵉⴳⴰⵡⴰⵡⴻⵏ
| alugu          = Tala_guilef.jpg
| lqedd alugu    = 255px
| azday alugu    = Tala Gilef, [[Buɣni|Vuɣni]].
| asenjaq        =  
| lqedd asenjaq  = 
| azday asenjaq  = 
| imseɣret       = Ad nerreẓ wala ad neknu
| takarḍa        = {{Switcher|[[File:Orthographic map of Kabylia 1.svg|frameless]]|Sken takarḍa deg umaḍal|[[File:Map of Kabylia 5.svg|frameless]]|Sken takarḍa n Tamurt n Leqbayel|default=1}}
| timdinin       = [[Bgayet]], [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Tubiret]], [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]] d [[Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]]
| tutlayin       = [[Taqvaylit]]&lt;/br&gt;[[Tafransist]]&lt;/br&gt;[[Taɛrabt]]
| imsidag        = 37°49′N 4°50′E 
| tajumma        = {{formatnum:32486}} km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| isem n umezdaɣ = [[Iqbayliyen]] (Aqvayli, Taqvaylit), Izwawen (Azwaw, Tazwawt), Igawawen (Agawaw, Tagawawt)
| imezdaɣ        = {{formatnum:3000000}}-{{formatnum:3500000}}
| taneẓẓi        = 92-108 imezdaɣ/km&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
 | tamawt = Amḍan n yimezdaɣ akked tneẓẓi n useggas 2025.
|tamurt=Lezzayer}}

[[Tugna:Djurjura, Algeria.jpg|alt=Idurar n Ǧerǧer|vignette|260px|Idurar n [[Ǧerǧer]]]]

'''Tamurt n Leqbayel''' ''(s tifinaɣ: ⵝⴰⵎⵓⵔⵝ ⵏ ⵉⵇⴲⴰⵢⵍⵉⵢⵢⴻⵏ, anamek-is &quot;Tamurt n Yiẓwawen&quot;)'', d tamnaḍt n yidurar yellan deg Ugafa-Agmuḍan n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg wenẓul-agmuḍan n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]]. Imawlan-is ssawalen-as &quot;Tamurt n Idurar&quot; neɣ &quot;Tamurt&quot; kan. Leqvayel ttmeslayen [[Taqbaylit|Taqvaylit]], yiwet si ger [[tutlayin timaziɣin]].  

S wazal n 40.000 km2 n wakal ''(am [[Danmaṛk]], neɣ [[Taswist]], neɣ [[Timura n Wadda|Tagelda n Tmura n Wadda]]),'' Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa azal n 10 imelyan n yimezdaɣ&lt;ref&gt;UNPO [https://unpo.org/downloads/2474.pdf Kabylia Briefing Note]. 2025 (s teglizit). &lt;/ref&gt; zdaxel n tlisa-s, tesɛa daɣen azal n sin n imelyan n leqvayel deg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], d wazal n sin n imelyan deg [[Fransa|Fṛansa]], akked azal 500 n imelyan nniḍen deg [[Amaḍal|umaḍal]], aya ad yessiweḍ agdud n Leqvayel ɣer wazal n 14 n yimelyunen d uzgen; aya d ayen yugaren amḍan n yimezdaɣ n tmurt n [[Tunes]]. 

Tamurt n Leqvayel tesɛa aṭas n temnaḍin d temdinin, gar-asent: [[Tizi Wezzu]], [[Bgayet]], d [[Tubiret]], akked yiḥricen seg [[Bumerdas]], [[Sṭif]], [[Burǧ Buɛririǧ|Burǧ Bu Ɛririǧ]]. 

Amezruy-iss yerra-tt d aɣerrabu n tmenɣiwt mgal yemḥaddiyen ay d-yeddan deffir-sen, maca daɣen d aɛekkaz n waṭas n tgeldiwin timaziɣin, yerna yerra-tt deg tazwara n wid ay yettnaɣen ɣef n westeɛṛef n tmaziɣt akk d tlelli deg Lezzayer d Tefriqt n Ugafa.

== '''Aẓar n yisem n Leqvayel''' ==
Isem n teqvaylit yusa-d seg wawal taqvilt. Deg useggas n 400 uqbel n Lmasiḥ (UL). Herodotus d netta i d-yessebdan ɣef wawal i tikelt tamezwarut (Adlis IV Melpomene, CLXXII); d aya i d-yesbeggnen belli awal &quot;Kabbalah&quot;—i d-yettcabin ɣer am wawal aɛrab (قبائل)—ur d-yekki ara seg taɛrabt (قبائل), ur yesɛi ara laṣel n Taɛṛabt, imi iɛraben bdan lestɛmar-nsen n tmurt n Imaziɣen deg 647 n tallit-nneɣ, 1046 iseggasen deffir n wayen i d-yenna Hirudutus. 

Ahat awal n &quot;Kabbalah&quot; n Herodotus d abeddel arumi n wawal n Taqvilt, tamaneɣt n zik n temnaḍt-a, neɣ abeddel n wawal n Aqbu; temnaḍt n waqbu ([[Aqbu]]) tettwasbedd deg lqern wis 6 UT sɣur Inumidiyen, deg yiwen n wumkan n ddeqs d yiberdan yesɛan azal. Ɣef waya tiɣziwin tisenzikanin ufan-d iɣerruba n yiwet n tiɣilt d tmeṣkiwin niḍen n zik deg Aqbu. Yezmer lḥal daɣen belli tamdint taqburt tella deg umkan yemgaraden ɣef win n Aqbu.

Yezmer lḥal d akken Iɛraben xtaren-d isem-nsen (قبائل) s useqdec n yisem agrigi &quot;Kabbalah&quot;, i yettcabin ɣer wawal-nsen yerna sḥeqren-t s wayen i llan ssawalen Yiṛumyen zik i yimaziɣen n temnaḍt-a, i yettwabnan s tdukliwin, s yisem n Quinquegentians neɣ xemsa n yegduden.

Akken i d-yettwassen ismawen-agi akk fkan-asen-ten-id yiɛdawen-nsen, maca d tidet, Leqvayel sɛan ismawen iqburen nniḍen i yiman-nsen: d Iẓwawen. Tamurt-nsen “Tamurt n Iẓwawen”&lt;ref&gt;Salem Chaker, « Note à propos du précédent article », Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée, vol. 26, no 1,‎ 1978, p. 103–104 ([https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1978_num_26_1_1826 ɣeṛ deg usebter-a s tefransist]  [archive], consulté le 11 janvier 2019)&lt;/ref&gt;.  

Daɣen, seg zik, Leqvayel ur ur smalen ara iman-nsen d “iqvayliyen”, maca d Iẓwawen. Akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yimezdaɣ n “tmurt n Leqvayel” deg unamek-is n tura, wid yettmeslayen Taɛrabt llan sseqdacen awal n Zuwawa (Zwawa), asuf. Zzwawi (Zwawi) i yellan, ɣef leḥsab n yiwet n tmuɣli, d asenqes n Agawa amaziɣ, d aɣerrabu yellan deg wul n “Tamurt n Leqvayel Tameqrant”, seg waya ay d-yekka wawal Igawawen&lt;ref&gt;Il semblerait que dans l'Antiquité, les Igawawen aient porté le nom de Quinquegentiens, appellation administrative désignant cinq tribus (''quinque gente''). Une vieille légende rapporte en effet que les montagnards descendent d'un géant qui eut cinq fils, lesquels formaient les cinq tribus antiques (Boulifa, 1925), les fameux Quinquegentiens qui se révoltèrent contre les Romains. (Leroux, 1857, p. 57.)&lt;/ref&gt; akken ad d-yesmekti “Iqvayliyen”, yerna d isem n yiwet n tamawya (tdukli) tazmertant n tmanya n yegduden i d-yezgan deg “tmurt n Leqvayel”: At Betrun (At Yenni, At Budrar, At Bu Ɛekkac, [[At Wasif]]) d At Menguellath (At Mengellat, [[At Bu Yusef]], At Weqbil, At Ɛeṭṭaf)&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot;&gt;Jacques Lanfry, «  », ''Revue de l'Occident musulman et de la Méditerranée'', &lt;abbr&gt;vol.&lt;/abbr&gt; 26, &lt;abbr&gt;n&lt;sup&gt;o&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt; 1,‎ 1978&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Ibn Xeldun]] yenna-d dakken Iẓwawen llan daɣen d aḥric seg Yikutamen&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. ''(Tameslayt-a ay d-yellan ɣef Ibn Xeldoun d akken kan ad d-nesmekti belli awal Iẓwawen yettwaseqdac-ed deg tallit-is)''

Isem “zwawa” yessekles akka akk “iqvayliyen” s umata; Izwawen deg tutlayt tamaziɣt. Ɣef leḥsab n imusnawen nniḍen, awal Aẓwaw d wawal Agawa/Agawaw ur sɛin ara yiwet n tmetti, Igawawen yettak-d anamek n tamawya n Yigawawen, ma d Iẓwawen yettak-d anamek n Iẓwawen, “Leqvayel”, akken ma llan.

Aselmad [[Salem Chaker]] yeqqar-d dakken awal Zwawa/Zwawi i d-sseqdacen wid yemeslayen taɛrabt ur ilaq ara ad yettwasemlil d agawa/igawawen, maca d Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen (isem aqvayli d yisem n lɛerc ay yettwassnen deg “Tmurt n Leqvayel”). Salem Chaker yeṭṭef deg tikti-ya belli Iẓwawen d isem n tidet aqbur n “Leqvayel” ay yellan,&quot;imi qrib ttun isem-nsen n tidet&quot;)&lt;ref name=&quot;:8&quot; /&gt;. Nnig waya, deg wegmuḍ n Lezzayer, iqvayliyen mazal-iten ttwasemman s yisem n Zouaoua/Zouaoui&lt;ref&gt;Malha Benbrahim, professeur à l'Inalco, ''Documents sur Fadhma N’Soumeur (1830-1861)'', Clio, numéro 9/1999, Femmes du Maghreb.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Ula d ass-a, “iqbayliyen” akk ssawalen i yiman-nsen s yisem Aẓwaw/Iẓwawen.

Deg usebter-a nesseqdac sin n wawalen-a, &quot;Leqvayel&quot; d &quot;Iẓwawen&quot; mebla amgired imi anamek-nsen d yiwen. Yettwafhem daɣen belli awal-a d win i d-yesdukklen deg-s Teqvayliyyin. 

== '''Amezruy''' ==
Seg zik n zik ittwassnen Iẓwawen gar igduden nniḍen n umaḍal. Di tallit taqburt, adrar n [[Ǧerǧer]] yella yettwasen ar Irumiyen s yisem n ''Muns Ferratus'' (&quot;adrar n wuzzal&quot;). Ibder-iten [[Aurelius Victor]] deg wedlis-is (''De Caesaribus'' 39.22: &quot;nationes Quinquegentanae&quot;) d [[Eutropius]] (''Breviarium'' 9.22: &quot;Quinquegentiani&quot;).

Tamurt n Imaziɣen iẓweren, Tamurt Taqbaylit, tella d aḥric seg tgelda n Numidya (202 UL- 46 UL). 

'''Ẓer:''' '''[[Numidya]]'''

Asnulfu n uwanek d unabaḍ n Yiẓwawen yebda deg azal n tallit n tlemmast.

== '''Tallit talemmast''' ==
Amezruy n Tamurt n Yiẓwawen yebda yettban deg yedlisen iklasikiyen deg lqern wis 4 n tallit-nneɣ, s tegrawla n umesbaṭli Firmus d gma-s Guildon mgal tagelda n Ṛuma.

Ivandalen, d agdud almani, sbedden tagelda deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]] deg 435. Anabaḍ-nsen yeqqim 99 n yiseggasen armi ay ten-teḍḍef Tgelda Tabizantit deg 534.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.britannica.com/place/North-Africa North Africa - The Vandal conques]t&quot;. Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 23 December 2020.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Day, Alan (July 2001). &quot;[https://dx.doi.org/10.1108/rr.2001.15.7.43.400 The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV:2001400Averil Cameron, Brian Ward-Perkins, Michael Whitby, editors. The Cambridge Ancient History, Vol. XIV: Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors, AD 425-600. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 2001. xx+1,166pp, ISBN: 0 521 32591 9]&quot;. ISSN 0950-4125.&lt;/ref&gt; Ivandaliyen i d-yeqqimen sfeḍḍen sakkin deg yimezdaɣen Imaziɣen.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&amp;context=L&amp;vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&amp;search_scope=MyInstitution&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;tab=LibraryCatalog&amp;query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&amp;offset=25&amp;lang=en Vandals, Romans and Berbers: new perspectives on late antique North Africa] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219133607/https://esploro.libs.uga.edu/discovery/fulldisplay?docid=alma9913904915702931&amp;context=L&amp;vid=01GALI_UGA:UGA&amp;search_scope=MyInstitution&amp;adaptor=Local%20Search%20Engine&amp;tab=LibraryCatalog&amp;query=sub,exact,Africa,%20North%20--%20History&amp;offset=25&amp;lang=en |date=2024-12-19 }}&quot;. esploro.libs.uga.edu. Yettwaṭṭef deg 11 Ɣuct 2024.&lt;/ref&gt; Deg tallit n udabu n Iṛumaniyen, n Yivandalen d Yibzantinyen, Iẓwawen llan d kra seg Imaziɣen deg Tefriqt n Ugafa i yeqqimen d ilelliyen.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=4CfBKvsiWeQC&amp;pg=PA156 The Middle East and North Africa: Pg 156]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=83koAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA118 Sketches of Algeria During the Kabyle War By Hugh Mulleneux: Pg 118]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=wqF8CgAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT167 The Kabyle People By Glora M. Wysner]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=pv80AQAAMAAJ The Encyclopedia Americana, Volume 1: Pg 568]&lt;/ref&gt;  Deg tallit n tuṭṭfa [[Tutlayt taɛrabt|Taɛrabt]] n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt Ugafa]], Iẓwawen ḥerzen ɣef kra n lweqt ɣef yidurar-nsen,&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4: Pg 45]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=JU5CAAAAIAAJ&amp;pg=PA93 The Barbary Coast By Henry Martyn Field: Pg 93]&lt;/ref&gt; Armi d aseggas n 1857 i d-teṭṭef Fransa akk tmurt n Yiẓwawen s lekmal-nnes.&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=tYtIAAAAYAAJ&amp;pg=PA186 Scottish Geographical Magazine, Volume 10; Volume 1894]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=f1pBAQAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA165 Walks in Algiers and Its Surrounding]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=GI5CAAAAcAAJ&amp;pg=PA45 The art journal London, Volume 4]&lt;/ref&gt;

Deg tallit yellan ger taɣellist-nsen Taɛrabt d tɣellist-nsenTafransist, Tamurt n Yiẓwawen tella deg tilellit acku tezga tezga tettnaɣ akken ad teqqim akken.

== '''Listiɛmar Aɛrab d umennuɣ mgal Aɛraben''' ==
[[Tugna:Dihya Berber Queen of the Aurès by Vernet-Lecomte.jpg|vignette|[[Dihya Tadmut|'''Dihya''' '''Tadmut''']] '''- Vernet-Lecomte''']]

Deg useggas n 647, imesfaren n Waɛraben gan-d tiɣriwin-nsen timezwura deg usamer n tefriqt n ugafa&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Meynier2010|Meynier 2010]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 195.&lt;/ref&gt;. Imi d tamurt n idurar i tella, yewεer-asen lḥal i Waɛraben ad mgalen Yiẓwawen, daymi i qqimen yiεeskaren n Waɛraben deg tilisa n tmurt, ur zmiren ara ad ɛeddin ugar, deg lqern amezwaru n taɣellist-nsen.

Isallen ɣef tallit-a drusen: ɣef Tmurt n  Yiẓwawen n usammar, d amedya kan, neẓra d akken Mila tettwaṭṭef deg 678, uqbel Qsenṭina, war ma nezmer ad d-nessiweḍ ad d-nini swaswa asmi i teɣli tneggarut-a, ɣas akken tella d yiwet n tlemmast tadelsant meqqren.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 46. &lt;/ref&gt;

Ɣer tama n umalu, deg idurar i d-yezzin i Saldae (Bgayet), timenɣiwt n Imaziɣen mgal listiɛmar aɛrab tella d tameqrant armi Iɛraben semman i temnaḍt-nni &quot;العدو&quot; taɛdawt&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 513.&lt;/ref&gt; Dagi, am wanda nniḍen, s uḥemmal n yimḍebbren am [[Aksel (agellid)|Aksel]] neɣ [[Dihya Tadmut]], iɣallen n lεesker n tmurt n Imaziɣen, tikwal tteddun-ed d Yibizantiyen, ḥerzen aṭas yiseggasen uqbel ma tezmer txellift n Umayya, deg 710, ad terr Tafriqt n Ugafa akk d yiwet seg temnaḍin-is.[[Tugna:Slavezanzibar2.JPG|vignette|Tugna n yiwen n weqcic d akli deg Tmurt n Zanzibar. &quot;Yettwaɛaqeb sɣur bab-is aɛrab.&quot; Azal n 1890. Seg iseggasen n 1860 ar deffir, tugna tettwaseqdac s waṭas deg yiznan i d-yettakken tiɣri i uḥemmal n tlelli.   ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']]Am wid ay t-id-yezwaren, anabaḍ amaynut Aɛrab yella yettḥettim aṭas deg tazwara ɣef yimezdaɣen n temdinin. D acu kan, ddin n yimeɣnasen yennerna s tɣawla 112. Lebɣi n watas n imaziɣen iwakken ur ttuɣalen ara d iklan yerna ur ttwazenzen ara akken akk d lebɣi daɣen mgal lexlaṣ n watas n yedrimen ''(جزية ǧizyah)'', ay d-yettwaḥettmen ɣef wid ur nelli d Inselmen ''(dmmya s taɛrabt : ذمّي)'', war ccek, yellan d ayen yesεan azal ameqqran deg ussemɣer n ddin n weɛraben, m'ara t-nwali deg umgarad n tidyanin-nniḍen akk yellan uqbel-nsen, deg tmurt n Imaziɣen.
[[Tugna:Meccan merchant and his Circassian slave.jpg|vignette|Yiwen n umerkanti aɛṛab seg Mekka (ayeffus) d wakli-s n tmurt n Ccirkas - Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje, azal n 1888. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']]
[[Tugna:IJzeren voetring voor gevangenen transparent background.png|vignette|Tasenselt n uḍar ssexdamen-tt akken ad ḥebsen imdanen deg taddart. S umata, ttwaseqdacen deg waklan deg yiḍ. Akli-nni yezmer kan ad iεeddi s ttawil. Mi ara ttwaqqnent ɣef yiḍarren, ala aḥeddad i izemren ad tent-yesfeḍ. ''(Tugna-a tefka-d amedya n tnezzut n waklan ɣur iɛraben)'']]

== '''Imenɣiyen n Tlelli &amp; Taggara n Listɛmar Aɛrab''' ==
Deg useggas n 740''',''' imaziɣen akk deg [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tafriqt n ugafa]] kkren-ed mgal tasertit n waklan d tedrimt Dimecq&lt;ref&gt;Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=865 Les Rustamides (761-909]) [archive] », sur Qantara, [[:fr:Institut_du_monde_arabe|Institut du monde arabe]], 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 19 Ctember 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; ; seg Lmerruk alamma d Libya, Iɣallen n lεeskaren n Imaziɣen snejmaɛen s yisem n tdukli s yisem n tegnawt n Txarijit, rran-d amur ameqran n Tefriqt n Ugafa rran deg ifassen-nsen, ssufɣen-d iεeskaren n Lxalifa Asunni; syin tuɣal temsalt Taɛrabt teεreq kra n lweqt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Plantade2007|Plantade 2007]], p. 83.&lt;/ref&gt; Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, tallit n lqern wis tmanya alamma d lqern wis 11, tezra-d deg-s kraḍ n tdukliwin n Imaziɣen ttidiren deg talwit seg yiwen n tmrut i d-yezgan seg Ilel alamma d [[Ɛennaba]], si tmurt n [[Lmerruk]] alamma d idurar imezwura n Teẓṛut: ɣer usammar n wasif n Sumam, d Ikutamen; ɣer umalu n Delles, llan Iẓnagen; gar-asen, Igawawen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#RedjalaSemmoud2011|Redjala 2011]], section 1 : « La Kabylie », « Formation et évolution du bloc kabyle ».&lt;/ref&gt; Aɣref n Kutama, i yesɛan aṭas n yimezdaɣen, yewwi-d amkan n wemḥaddi deg waṭṭas n yimennuɣen gar yiɣallen n Waɛraben neɣ n Imaziɣen, sakkin, sdat n lmirat n Yiɣlabiyen ''(ay d-yellan deg 800 d tezmert tamezwarut n tgelda tasertant  daxel n txelfa n Yiɛebbasiyen)''&lt;ref&gt;Y. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=866 Les Aghlabides (800-909]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D866 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 19 novembre 2014).&lt;/ref&gt;, yerna ssnen ad sfaydin seg liḥalat. S waya, ɣef leḥsab n [[Ibn Xeldun]]: &quot;Ulac acemma i ibeddlen deg umkan-is seg wasmi d-tekcem tineslemt arma d tallit n Yiɣlabiyen… S yimezdaɣ-is imeqranen, aɣref akutami werǧin i s-d-yella lḥal ad yeṭṭef taḥeqranit tamecṭuḥt ɣef yifassen n tgelda n Yiɣlabiyen&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Kitouni2013|Kitouni 2013]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 48-49. &lt;/ref&gt;

Sakkin, mi qeblen uselmed n Ismaɛili Abu Abd Allah, Ikutamen ɛawnen deg tazwara n lqern wis mraw tamendawt n txellift taciɛit n Yifaṭimiyen. Deg leqdic-agi, ṭṭfen usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, syin Maṣer.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 236.&lt;/ref&gt; Deg useggas n 969, sbedden-d Lqahira d lǧameɛ d lǧameɛ n Al-Azhar.&lt;ref&gt;D. B., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=597 Les Fatimides (909-1171]) [[https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qantara-med.org%2Fpublic%2Fshow_document.php%3Fdo_id%3D597 archive]] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (consulté le 18 septembre 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; Mi d-sbedden iman-nsen di [[Maṣer]], ifatimiyen ǧǧan Yiziriyen, tawacult-nni i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n tdukli n Iẓnagen, d taɛessast n uḥareb ɣef usamer n tefriqt n ugafa mgal leǧnas n Iznaten, imdukkal n Xlifa n Cordoba. Tagelda tamaynut teqqen ɣer Aḥir, syin ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa. Syin, aferdis-nnes n Ḥammadiyen yefra-d seg-s, yerna yeṭṭef tafult n walemmas tefriqt n ugafa, yerna yessers-itt ddaw n tmehla n Yiɛabbasiyen deg 1015. Deg useggas n 1048, Iziriyen n usamer n tefriqt n ugafa ɛeqlen-d tilelli n Kalifat n Bagdad, dɣa rẓan akk d Shiɛa.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;A. A., « [https://www.qantara-med.org/public/show_document.php?do_id=596 Les Zirides et les Hammadides (972-1152)] [archive] », sur Qantara, Institut du monde arabe, 2008 (Yettwaṭṭef deg 18 ctember 2012).&lt;/ref&gt; Deg wurrif, Ifaṭimiyen ssekren iɛraben Bni Hilal (Yihilaliyen) ɣer usamer n tefriqt n ugafa, i asen-fkan d tiɣremt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], p. 514.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Tugna:Fibonacci5.jpg|vignette|Tugna n Leonardo Fibonacci - mačči d tidet.]]
Deg 1067, i wakken ad ḥerzen iman-nsen seg yimenɣiyen n Bni Hilal, maca daɣen i wakken ad sfaydin xir seg wesnerni deg tnezzut i iɛawnen tanezzut n [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel Agrakal]], Iḥemmadiyen bnan tamdint n [[Bgayet]] deg wemkan n Saldae. Rran tamaneɣt-nsen, i d-yellan zik deg Qelɛa n Beni Hammad, i d-yellan setta iseggasen uqbel deg Hodna.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;  Akken ad qqnen snat-a n temdinin, bnan-d abrid, mazal qqaren-as  &quot;abrid n ugellid&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Djamel Alilat, « [http://rabahnaceri.unblog.fr/histoire-de-bgayet/triq-es-soltane-litineraire-du-roi-par-dj-alilat/ Triq Es Soltane (l’itinéraire du roi]) [archive] », 1re pub. El Watan, 2 septembre 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; S uḥraz n yizerfan n tnezzut akk d Turuft&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Dermenghem1954|Dermenghem 1954]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 95.&lt;/ref&gt;, tama n tsertit n &quot;tgelda n Bgayet&quot;, tettwassen s yisem n &quot;Imerǧan n Tefriqt&quot;, tella daɣen alemmas n tmussni d yidles i yesɛan tazmert-is tessaweḍ ɣer temnaḍt n Yilel Agrakal, yerna tettqabal Cordoba. D sɣur-s i d-yettwassen deg [[Turuft]], sɣur umedyaz n tusnak n Ṭṭelyan Fibonacci, i d-yusan ad iɣer dinna, i d-ttwaferqen yiḍrisen n Taɛrabt d tmeẓri n lǧibra deg [[Turuft]].&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Julien1966|Julien 1966]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 104.&lt;/ref&gt; Tella daɣen d yiwet n tlemmast tamezwarut n tmusni mbal lkerh ɣer wid ur nelli ara d inselmen, akken i d-tbeggen-t-id tebrat yellan gar agellid n Ḥammadiyen Al Nacir d ubaba Gregory VII.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; Dɣa deg tɣiwant n [[Bgayet]], azal n useggas n 1120, i d-yemlal Ɛebdelmumen ''(imir-nni d anelmad ameẓyan deg temdint-nni)'' d Miss n Tmurt, Ibn Toumert s taɛrabt'', (d amesbeddal n ddin i d-yettwakksen seg temdint-nni)'' yerna yuɣal d anelmad-nnes uqbel ma yeṭṭef adabu . tmehla n umussu n Imweḥḥden defir n lmut n Miss n Tmurt azal n useggas 1130.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Ɛebdelmumen yebda-d seg Lmerruk, yeṭṭef Bgayet deg 1151, yerna yeɣleb Iɛraben n Bni Hilal deg useggas 1152 ɣef yiri n Stif.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Mourre1996|Mourre 1996]], t. 1, article « Algérie », p. 162.&lt;/ref&gt; S ussehres n tgeldiwin yellan deg tama-nni, tagelda i d-yesbedd Ɛebdelmumen tesdukkel-d Tafriqt n Ugafa d yiwen n weḥric seg n Iberya ddaw n yiwet n tgelda.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache1992|Kaddache 1992]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 102.&lt;/ref&gt; Deg wezgen wis sin n lqern wis 13, tagelda n Imweḥḥden teɣli-d, yerna tefka abrid i tmenḍawt n Tafriqt n Ugafa s kraḍ gar Yimariniyen (Lmeṛṛuk n wass-a), Iziyaniyen (Tafriqt n Ugafa talemmast) d Yiḥafsiyen (usamer Tafriqt n Ugafa). Amḍiq yellan gar Bgayet ''(deg tmenna n tezmert taḥefsit n Tunes)'' d Dellys ''(i deg i d-ttwaḍḍfent tɣawsiwin n Yiziyaniyen seg Tlemsan)'' tuɣal d aḥric seg ccwal gar Iziyaniyen d Yiḥafsiyen.

Deg snat n leqrun i d-yeddan, iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa, deg yimenɣiyen ur nḥebbes, wwin-d lemɛawna n yimeɣnasen i d-yekkan seg Tuṛuft, tikwal s yeɣlanen n Waɛraben, ar imir-nni i d-twaḥebsen ugar deg wenẓul. Iduba n Tefriqt n Ugafa qqlen d irhifen ɣef ljal n ccwal-nsen d yimenɣiyen-nsen n daxel, yerna ssawḍen ad sɛun ilemmusa n udabu deg temdinin timeqranin yerna ur sɛin ara adabu ɣef tɣiwanin.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Feredj2002|Feredj 2002]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 16-17.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Tugna:Béjaïa 1551.jpg|vignette|Asekkil n temdint  n [[Bgayet|Vgayet]] sɣur Jan Vermeyen (1551), yettwaḥrez deg Tmezgunt Taɣelnawt n Fṛansa ''(La Bibliothèque nationale de France).'']]
Deg umata, tallit seg tazwara n lqern wis 11 ar lqern wis 14, ddaw n tɣawsiwin n tmenɣiwin n Yihilaliyen d tɣawsiwin n tgeldiwin ay d-yeddan deffir-sent, teẓra-d asenqes ur yettkemmilen deg tama i d-ḥekmen tlata n tdukliwin n yeɣlanen. Iɣeṛfan, unẓul d usammar n idurar n Yiẓwawen, i d-yeldin ugar, d wid i yettwaḥerken s tɣawla. Mi d-iqerreb useggas n 1400, anagar tiddukla talemmast, tin n Yizuwayen, i teṭṭef deg tilin-nnes. Tella texṣer akal-nnes deg Yigenni, maca teṭṭef-d amur seg wakal n lǧiran-is n zik, yerna tqebleḍ-d imeɣban-nsen. Seg yimir-nni d deg lqern i d-yusan, tazmert-is tettwasemres ɣef yiwen n wakal i d-yezgan, seg umalu ɣer usammar, gar yiɣezran n Vudwaw d Xerraṭa, seg Yilel Agrakal alamma d taɣult i d-yemmalen Sidi Ɛissa ɣer Stif.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;

Nnig waya, aṭas n yemnadiyen n umezruy i d-yufan deg yiẓuran n tallit talemmast, iḍrisen i d-yesskanayen dakken yella, gar yiɣlanen-a d udabu amaziɣ n Ḥammadiyen d Ḥafsiyen assaɣen &quot;iḥerzen&quot;, dɣa i d-yesbeggnen belli ur yelli ara d aɣref abeṛṛani i sen, yerna ttwalin Bgayet d &quot;tamanaɣt-nsen&quot; yerna fehmen belli d nutni i yellan d lsas n tezmert n tmurt. Aya iban-d daɣen deg ussebded-nsen akken ad ḥudden Bgayet n Yiḥemmadiyen mgal Yilmuhadiyen, sakkin, ɛawnen Iḥefsiyen akken ay ɛerḍen ad d-ssufɣen iman-nsen seg udabu n [[Tunes]], neɣ akken i nuɣen mgal Yiziyaniyen, Imariniyen, neɣ deg tgara imi nuɣen mgal lεeskeṛ n [[Spenyul]]. 

== '''Tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d ṭṭraḍ mgal Ispenyuliyen d Yiɛetmaniyen''' ==
[[Tugna:Kab 1500-1750.png|vignette|Tamurt n Yiẓwawen d Tgelda n Lezzayer, 1500-1750.]]
Deg 1510, deg tallit n Reconquista, Ispenyuliyen ṭṭfen Bgayet yerna ssuddsen-d tiɣriwin ɣer daxel n tmurt d temnaḍin i d-yezzin. Deg tallit-a&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 515&lt;/ref&gt;, neɣ deg uḥric aneggaru di rbeɛ n lqern-nni yezrin (101), i d-lulent di tmurt n  Yiẓwawen kraḍ n tgeldiwin, i wumi semman Ispanyulen &quot;tigeldiwin&quot; n Ayt Ɛebbas, Kuku, d Ɛeb-lǧǧebar. Tamezwarut tezdeɣ deg Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas, deg wul n tesnallunt n Iwanughen, uqbel ma tessaweḍ-itt twacult i tt-iḥekmen, Tawacult n Umeqran, ɣer wenẓul, ɣer Mejana, s waya i teqreb ɣer yimukan n laṣel n Ziṛi akk d tgeldiwin n Ḥmed miss n Buluɣin. Tis snat tettwasbedd-d deg wakal n Belkadi, d tarwa n lqaḍi Al Ɣobrini. Taneggarut tella tebɛed azal n tlatin n yikilumitren ɣef Bgayet, deg tala n Soummam.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; 

Lqelεa n Ayt Ɛebbas tuɣal-d d tamaneɣt tamaynut n yimezdaɣ n temnaḍt n Bgayet deffir ma ttwaṭṭfent temdint-nni dɣa ttnadin ɣef tɣellist ɣer daxel. Amḍiq-a, yellan d adeg aqbur n Yiḥemmadiyen yerna d amḍiq n usurif deg Abrid n Ulgid, i d-yefren Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yiwen n ugellid n Bgayet, ɣef ssebba n tɣellist. Deg tazwara, tagelda n Yiḥemmadiyen tella tetteddu d Yiḥefsiyen, maca, deffir kra n wakud, teṭṭef iman-is seg-sen. Ɛabdlεaziz, d mmi-s n mmi-s n Ɛbdeṛaḥman, yeṭṭef azwel amaziɣ n umeqran. Di tallit n tgelda-s, Lqelεa terna-d azal: deg wul n tgelda n Ayt Ɛebbas (yettwasnen daɣen s &quot;Mejana&quot;), tamdint-a tesɛa 70.000 imezdaɣ deg tallit-is tameqrant, yerna tettemcabi d [[Tunes (tamaneɣt)|Tunes]]; tesbedd-d tiẓrigin n leslaḥ, s tallelt n tmusni n yiminigen imasiḥiyen&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 139.&lt;/ref&gt;  d Yendalusiyen i d-yettwakksen seg Spenyul, i d-yusan s waṭas ɣer temdint.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;
[[Tugna:Koukou si Tefrawt.JPG|vignette|Tadart n [[Kuku]].]]
I wakken ad d-yerr Bgayet, agellid n Tunes, Abu Ɛebd Lah Muḥemmed IV al-Mutawakkil, yessawel i yiqeddacen yikursiyen, atmaten Ɛaruj ''(Oruç Reis, yettwassen daɣen s yisem n Baba Ɛaruj, awk-d'' Hızır (Khiḍr) Reis'', yettwassnen daɣen s yisem Khayr al-Dīn)''.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Ga%C3%AFd1976|Gaïd 1976]], « Depuis le &lt;abbr&gt;XI&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt; siècle », &lt;abbr&gt;3&lt;sup&gt;e&lt;/sup&gt;&lt;/abbr&gt; partie.&lt;/ref&gt; Aṭas n tmenɣiwin i d-yeḍran [134]: yiwet deg useggas n 1512, d tamenɣiwt n Bgayet, anda ɣas akken ur yessaweḍ ara, Ɛaruj yesteɛqel tabɣest n Yiẓwawen&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89-92.&lt;/ref&gt;, tayeḍ, tikelt-a mgal timnaḍt taspenyult, azal n useggas n 1515, i yefkan tagnit i Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, ageldun yellan di leqdic n uselṭan n Tunes, akken ad d-yessekles iman-is deg uqerru n yimeɣnasen n tlisa n Bgayet d [[Ǧiǧel]].&lt;ref&gt;Mechehed Djamel-Eddine, « [http://mechehed.free.fr/documents/Les_turcs___Bougie.doc Les Espagnols et les Turcs à Bougie] [archive] », Radio Soummam, Béjaïa, son histoire et son port, juin–septembre 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Maca, ur ssawḍen ara ad ssufɣen tahrest n ispenyulen.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Rotalier1841|Rotalier 1841]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 89-92.&lt;/ref&gt; Sakkin, Ahmed Belkadi yezdeɣ gar At Ɣebri, anda ay d-tekka twacult-nnes, yerna yeṭṭef aqerru n tamnaḍt-a d waya ara yettwassnen mbeɛd s yisem ntgelda n [[Kuku]]&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Leclerc1864|Leclerc 1864]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 61.&lt;/ref&gt; i d-yeddren sin n leqrun.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Lacoste-Dujardin2003|Lacoste-Dujardin 2003]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 70.&lt;/ref&gt; Bgayet ur tettwakkes ara seg yifassen n Yispenyuliyen armi d 1555 deg yimenɣi n Bgayet&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 152.&lt;/ref&gt;, s tɣawsiwin n tdukli n tkursit Saleḥ Raïs, yettnaɣen ɣef yisem tgelda n Lezzayer, d tgeldiwin n yeɣlanen.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Souidi2005|Souidi 2005]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 36.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Kahlouche2002|Kahlouche 2002]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 239.&lt;/ref&gt;

Di tallit-nni, Hafsiden ttwakksen seg wayen ay sɛan, deg tmurt n Leqvayel d wakk timnaḍin n Lezzayer n wegmuḍ. Seg wezgen amezwaru n lqern wis 16, Iɛetmaniyen sbedden-d aṭas n yiɣezfan (lbruj) deg temnaḍt-a akken ad tt-ḥekmen&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; maca mqabalen d tmenɣiwt seg yimezdaɣen, i d-yettwaheggin deg Tmurt n  Yiẓwawen ɣef tgelda n Kuku, d tin n Ayt Ɛebbas deg Iwanuggen d wasif n Sumam&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 76.&lt;/ref&gt;: tiddukliwin tiɣerfant, akken ttḥuddunt ɣef tmenɣiwt-nsent mgal timanit n tgeldiwin-agi, fkan afus n tallelt meqqren mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Lalmi2004|Lalmi 2004]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 516.&lt;/ref&gt; Deg useggas n 1520, Ḥmed Ayt Lqadi, i d-yeɣleb Hızır Reis, yerbeḥ-it deg umennuɣ n Iɣzer ''(''Isser), yerna yewwi Lezzayer. Iḥkem din acḥal n yiseggasen uqbel ad t-yeɣleb Hızır Reis s tallelt n Ayt Ɛebbas. 

Deg useggas n 1559, Ɛabdlεaziz, agellid n Ayt Ɛebbas, yettwanɣa deg yiwet n tmenɣiwt mgal yiɛetmaniyen: sseknen-as aqerruy-nnes,bedden-t ass kamel sdat tewwurt n Bab Ɛazzoun, deg Lezzayer taɛetmanit, uqbel ad t-ḍelmen deg yiwet n tbewwaṭ n lfeṭṭa.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Adli2004|Adli 2004]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 105.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Tugna:Kabyle Shepherd, by Eugène Fromentin.JPG|vignette|Ameksa deg idurar n tmurt n Yiẓwawen - Eugène Fromentin (1861).]]
Di Tmurt n Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt, tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teqqim s tazmert-is d tlelli deg tallit-nni akk ideg tella Tgelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit. Deg 1664, duc de Beaufort, i d-iceggeɛ Louis XIV, yebda yiwet n tuffɣa mgal [[Ǧiǧel]]. Deffir 4 wagguren n yimenɣiyen, Ifransisen ǧǧan tamdint-nni i d-yeɣlin sɣur yeɣallen yiserdasen Yiɛetmaniyen d yeɣallen n imaziɣen: jjan-d deffir-sen aṭas n tmeẓdiyin n lfeṭṭa i Ayt Ɛebbas, yerna yiwet seg-sent ufan-tt deg tallit tamaynut deg Lqelεa.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 24.&lt;/ref&gt; Tagelda n Ayt Ɛebbas teḍḍef-d Tiwwura n wuzzal (D amḍiq amatu deg ubrid seg Lezzayer ɣer [[Qsenṭina]] deg Iwanuggen) yerna tḥettmet-d ɣef Tmurt n Lezzayer ad txelleṣ akken ad ɛeddin yiserdasen-is, imḍebbren-is d yemsaɣen-is. D wa kan i d amkan deg tallit-nni, deg wayen yettwasnen assa s tamurt n Lezzayer, anda i d-tefka tezmert n iɛetmaniyen tabzert i yimezdaɣ ilelliyen.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Benoudjit1997|Benoudjit 1997]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 307.&lt;/ref&gt; 

Imi ur tezmir ara ad teḥkem srid ɣef tamnaḍt-nni meṛṛa, dɣa Tagduda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit tetturar ɣef tmenɣiwin n iderman akken ad tesbedd tazmert-is yerna ad iḥettem leɣramat seg kra n iderman. Ɣer 1674, deffir n usefcel n Ayt Lqadi n Kuku, tettkel ɣef yewet n twacult yettwasnen deg [[Buɣni]] i wakken akken ad d-tesnulfu yiwet n tmehla n tmurt. Deg tazwara n lqern wis 18, terna-d lebni n &quot;lbruj&quot;, gar-asen wid n wasif n Sebaw d Buɣni,yerna tettkel ɣef twaculin timanit, d iɣallen n waɛraben d yifriqiyen iberkanen akken ad tesnerni tilin-is.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 486.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Tugna:Chef Kabyle.jpg|vignette|Ameqran n Tamawya ''(teqbilt)'' Aẓwaw. 1846 - Amezruy n Lezzayer Tafransist ''(Histoire de l'Algérie française)'' - Camille Leynadier.|alt=Ameqran n Tamawya]]
S umata, tigeldiwin n Yiẓwawen, tid ay yesfaydin seg kra n tmusni d assaɣen idiplumasiyen akk d tmura i id-iqerben (am Spenyul, ladɣa) tid i d-yefkan afus i uḥrez n tlelli n temnaḍt.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 79.&lt;/ref&gt; Deg wayen yeɛnan Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, deffir tallit n ṭṭraḍ i d-yellan mgal Lezzayer taɛetmanit, assaɣen sbedden-d deg tallit n Dey yerna azarug n wegdud Aẓwaw yettwaqbel s tsusmi, d ayen i d-yefkan azal ameqran deg usnulfu n tadukli-ines taɣelnawt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Dɣa, ɣef lǧal n tigawin n Lezzayer taɛetmanit seg lqern wis 16, temdint n Lezzayer tuɣal meqqret ɣef Bgayet i d-ijebden aṭas imezdaɣ n tmurt Yiẓwawen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot; /&gt; Imezdaɣ Iẓwawen llan aṭas deg temdint Lezzayer imi znuzun deg-s ifarisen n lɣella n temnaḍt-nsen.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 526.&lt;/ref&gt; I wakken ad d-yesenqes d tezmert n yijenisariyen, Dey n Lezzayer, Ali Khodja, iqeddac-ed atas n yiserdasen n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen; yesbedd iman-is deg Lqesba s ddaw n tɣellist n yiserdasen Iẓwawen akka i yessaweḍ ad yessers tazmert-is mgal ijenisariyen.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 526, 407.&lt;/ref&gt; Tawacult n Ḥmed Bey, d bey aneggaru n Qsenṭina, teḍfer tasertit n tdukli n zzwaǧ akk d twaculin n Lmoqrani d twaculin nniḍen n temnaḍt-nni.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 477.&lt;/ref&gt;

D acu kan, ikemmel imenɣiyen  gar tgeldiwin n Yiẓwawen d tgelda n Lezzayer. Seg lqern wis 17 ar lqern wis 19, imenɣiyen imeqqranen ḍran-d deg useggas n 1609 (Iẓwawen snegren Mitidja yerna sḥassfen ɣef Lezzayer tamanaɣt), syin gar 1758 d 1770  (deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen meṛṛa, tagrawla n Iẓwawen n 1756), dɣa llan imennuɣen gar 1805 d 1813 ''(deg temnaḍt n Soummam)''.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Allioui2006|Allioui 2006]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 205.&lt;/ref&gt; Deg useggas n 1823, leǧnas n Iwanuggen d wid n Bgayet d-kkren, ṭṭfen lqayed n temdint. Aɣa Yeḥia, amḍebber aserdasi n tegduda, ur yessaweḍ ara ad yerbeḥ amennuɣ mgal agdud Aẓwaw.&lt;ref&gt;[[:fr:Kabylie#Kaddache2011|Kaddache 2011]], &lt;abbr&gt;p.&lt;/abbr&gt; 490.&lt;/ref&gt;

Ayagi yebɣa ad d-yini belli s teɣzi n tallit taɛetmanit, agdud Aẓwaw yeṭṭef awanek-is d tmurt-is d ilelliyen. Awanek Aẓwaw yella s talɣa n tfidiṛalit yecban tin n Sswis. Tilisa-nnes dima ttwasenqent, maca deg lsas-nnes yezga yeddukel armi d taggara n tallit-a.

== '''Anagraw asertan Aẓwaw seg 1512 ar 1857''' ==

==== '''Adabu Di Tmurt n Leqvayel''' ====
I wakken ad nefhem ayen i d-iteddun, ilaq ad d-nessegzi amgired yellan gar uwanak d unabaḍ imi ɣas akken qqnen gar-asen, ur llin ara d yiwen:

'''Awanek:''' d tadukli ay yesɛan azaglu ɣef yiwen n wakal yettwasbedden d yimezdaɣen-nnes yerna yettgensis-d lebɣi d lḥekma n medden i izedɣen deg tilisa-ines.

'''Anavad:''' yettmeslay-d ɣef tesdawiyin, ɣef tmeṣkiwt, ɣef tmuɣliwin ayyes yettḍafar uwanak tazmert-nnes yerna yettkemmil lecɣal-nnes.
[[Tugna:Sur les côtes de Kabylie par Frederick Arthur Bridgman.jpg|vignette|Tiɣilt n Yiẓwawen - Frederick Arthur Bridgman.]]
Anabaḍ yezmer ad yeɣli, maca awanak yezmer ad ikemmel ad ixeddem acḥal n yiseggasen sakkin, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna ad d-yesnulfu anabaḍ i wakken ad yefk awal i yiman-nnes. Émile Carrey yessumer-d d akken Ifransisen sneqsen awanak Aẓwaw, dɣa d aya ay t-yeǧǧan ad d-yesmekti d akken “Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli”&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt;  yerna ttgen tamuɣli-nnes, deg tegnit-a, yella yesɛa lḥeqq. Anda yeɣleḍ Émile Carrey, d akken ur yeẓri ara belli awanak mazal-it yedder, dɣa ur d-yettmeslay ara akken ilaq ɣef kra n lweqt.

Awalen i d-tenna Lalla [[Faḍma n Sumer|Faḍma n Sume]]&lt;nowiki/&gt;r i Jeneral Randon afransis mi tt-id-ṭṭfen: “Nexṣer imenɣi, d tidet, maca a wen-d-iniɣ: tzemrem ad ɣ-tenɣem akk, ad aɣ-tekksem akal d yexxamen-nneɣ, maca skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit. Ma yeqqim-d yiwen kan deg-neɣ, ula d idɣaɣen n wedrar-a ad kun-id-ḍeggren. Nekni d Ǧeṛǧer i nella, deg εecra n yiseggasen, deg meyya n yiseggasen, ad nekker, kunwi akk ad tuɣalem ɣer wanda i d-tekkem.”
[[Tugna:Chérif Boubaghla and Lalla Fatma n'Soumer, by Félix Philippoteaux.jpg|vignette|Lalla Faḍma n Sumer Tennaɣ armi d taggara - Philippoteaux, 1866.]]
[[Tugna:Portrait-Fatma N'Soumer.jpg|vignette|Tameṭṭut taẓwawt deg umennuɣ F. Filiput.]]
Amezruy yesskanay-d belli Faḍma n Sumer tefhem ugar amgired gar unabaḍ d uwanak yerna teẓra ugar deg tmuɣli-nnes tasertit. D aya i d-teqqar mi d-tenna: &quot;skud mazal yiwen deg-neɣ yedder ur tezmirem ara ad tesɛum talwit.”. &quot; Yiwen deg-neɣ yedder” d akemmel n uwanak, maca tuṭṭfa-nnes d taggara n unabaḍ aydeg tella tettqeddim, awanak n Ǧeṛǧer, seg tama niḍen, ur ifukk ara, yerna ur ɛeddan ara meyya n yiseggasen segmi d-tebda lgirra n tlelli n Lezzayer; awanak ɣef waya, yezmer ad ikemmel tudert-is s tuffra, ad yerr ad d-yesdukkel iman-nnes yerna sakkin ad d-yesbedd anabaḍ amanyut i umaḍal n beṛṛa akken ad t-iẓer. Awanek imir-nni d ayen i d-yettemcabin ɣer tarwiḥt d uṛṛuḥ akken llan deg tfekka; ma mmuten i sin, ihi d taggara dɣa d taggara n uwanak d unabaḍ, maca ma yeɣli-d unabaḍ kan, ihi anabaḍ ad ikemmel ad ixdem s wudem ibanen neɣ s tuffra; ayagi d ayen i d-sbeggnen yimennuɣen akk i yessawḍen ɣer tlelli deg umaḍal, gar-asen amennuɣ azzayri n tlelli.

Awanek Aẓwaw d udabu Aẓwaw seg wasmi d-wwḍen Yiɛetmaniyen di lqern wis 15 azal n 1500 ''(aɣelluy n Bgayet i Ispenyuliyen, asmi d-wwḍen watmaten Ɛaruj)'' armi d 1857 llan d anagraw n tugdut yebnan ɣef tsertit d tefranin n yimḍebbren deg uḍar aɣelnaw, syin deg uḍar n tdukli. 

Anabaḍ-a yella yettwassen s dduṛ n tmussni i yetturar Useqqamu-nnes ameqran deg ussuddes n temsal n tmurt. “Agraw-nni yella, d tidet, yefren amin d yifesyanen niḍen, maca tizemmar i asen-d-yettunefken llant d tizemmar meẓẓiyen ma nemger-itent d tin i d-y ttwawekklen yimaslaḍen i yineɣlafen deg unagraw n Briṭanya.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot;&gt;Hugh Roberts, Berber Government: [[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]. 2017. &lt;/ref&gt;

Anabaḍ-a ur d-yusi ara deg yiwet n yiḍ, yettwasbedden s tikli, yerna yerna yettwassen s yal abeddel n tsertit i d-yeḍran, gar-asen ayen i wumi qqaren tagelda n Kuku d At Abbas, yerna ikemmel-d ɣas d tagelda n Lezzayer taɛetmanit.
[[Tugna:Martinus Rørbye - A seated Kabyla.jpg|vignette|Aẓwaw yeqqimen - Martinus Rørbye. ]]
Anabaḍ-a yella yeqqim acḥal n leqrun yerna yessemgerrad Tamurt n Yiẓwawen ɣef umaḍal akk deg tallit-nni yerna akken ay d-yettwabder deg tallit-a tamaynut imi “Ulac ccek ɣef Wegraw Aẓwaw ay yellan s umata d anagraw n Wexxam n Yigensasen n Briṭanya Tameqrant.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; 

Akk leqrar ad d-ttwaqeblen s uskasi d ussemres asertan, yal yiwen ad yeṭṭef deg usaḍuf i d-yettawin deg leḥsab aɣbalu n ccan, maca asaḍuf yugar aɣbalu n ccan, imi d ayen yesɛan ccan daɣen win ara yeṭṭfen deg usaḍuf n lḥeqq d win i d-yettwaqabalen.&lt;ref&gt;Asebter seg udlis d tdiwennit n Hugh Roberts &quot;[[iarchive:library-of-middle-east-history-14.-hugh-roberts-berber-government-the-kabyle-pol/page/209/mode/2up|Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria]]&quot; &amp; Hugh Roberts: &quot;Les kabyles avaient une sorte d'État de Droit dans leurs arches et leurs villages. Video.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Tugna:A Kabyle Beauty.webp|vignette|Tameṭṭut taqvaylit ]]
Ɣas akken awanak Aẓwaw yella d aḥric-is amagdayi i wid yettwaḥesben d iɣermanen ''(ur d-yella ara s lekmal-nnes, imi d irgazen kan i izemren ad ṭṭfen leslaḥ i yesεan awal&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt;, yerna yiwen n uḥric ameqran n yimezdaɣ i d-yettwakkes, am imrabḍen, aklan, d wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella)''&lt;ref name=&quot;:7&quot; /&gt; d ayen i d-yesskanayen lxilaf i d-yettawin ccek. Deg yiwet n tama, yettak azal i tlelli yerna yeţnaɣ fell-as, deg tayeḍ, yeǧǧa taklit ad tili gar tdukli-ines.

D tidet, d ayen ur nettemsefham ara imi [[Imaziɣen]] akk ugin ad sqedcen aɣref-nsen d aklan sɣur imsettiyen Iɛraben yerna nnuɣen mgal-nsen deg 740, Ɣas akken, awanak Aẓwaw yeqbel tikli n taklit, sakkin yeǧǧa taklit ad teqqim deg wakal-is alamma tuɣal d ayen yettwaqeblen deg tmetti.

Awanak Aẓwaw yesbeggen-d daɣen amek zemren imdanen ad ḍeggren izerfan-nsen u ad ǧǧen wid ur nelli ara d ayla-nsen ad qqimen deg-s, am taklit. ad yeǧǧ taklit ad teṭṭef amkan ula deg yiwet n tmetti i d-yellan ɣef tlelli d umennuɣ mgal taklit d lḥebs acḥal n yiseggasen aya.

== '''Tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n''' '''Fransa''' &lt;ref&gt;Aḥric agi d tasuqilt n umgarad ifazen n https://wiki.amazigh.com. [https://wiki.amazigh.com/index.php/Kabyle_socio-political_structure#cite_note-:20-15 ɣeṛ-it deg internet] (s teglizit). &lt;/ref&gt; ==
[[Tugna:Tuddsa n uwanek aqbayli.png|vignette|Tuddsa n uwanek n tmurt Yiẓwawen uqbel asehres n Fransa]]
Deg tmurt n Yiẓwawen, uqbel asehres n n Fransa, lebni n tuddsa tadelsant d tsertit n tmurt yella-d s waṭas n yiswiren, yebdan seg win n wadda arma d win yugaren: '''axxam''', '''''taxerrubt'', ''adrum''''', '''taddart''', '''Ṣfuf''' d '''lɛerc''' &lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;Devaux, Charles. ''Les Kebaïles du Djerdjera''. Marseilles: Camoin, and Paris: Challamel, 1859, asebter. 2-3. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=GB&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot;&gt;Bourdieu, Pierre. ''The Algerians. Translated by Alan G. C. Ross. Beacon Press, 1962, p. 3. (S teglizit) (Izwel amezwaru s tefransist: Sociologie de l'Algérie''. Presses universitaires de France, 1958).&lt;/ref&gt;. Simal yettnerni uswir, simal tettnerni tdukli gar yiɛeggalen-is&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau, Adolphe, and Aristide Horace Letourneux. ''La Kabylie et les coutumes kabyles''. 1st ed, 3 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale, 1872-1873, vol. II, p. 5. ([https://books.google.fr/books?id=L7ZTAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false vol. 1], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=KxBbAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false vol. 2], [https://books.google.fr/books?id=gjA-AAAAYAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;hl=fr#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false vol. 3] (s tefransist)&lt;/ref&gt;. Anagraw asertan yella d win n tugdut&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 1. (s tefransist)&lt;/ref&gt;, deg-s yal argaz aqbayli yesɛan azref i wakken ad yeṭṭef leslaḥ yesɛa awal deg temsal n taddart s usarag n tajmalt n taddart&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;. Asdukel n snat neɣ ugar n tudrin d win i d-yefkan lɛerc, yerna mi ara d-dduklen aṭas n leɛruc-a, ad d-snulfun Tamawya ''(taqbilt)''&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot; /&gt;.

'''Taddart'''

'''Amezruy'''
[[Tugna:Maison des Kabyles.jpg|alt=Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882|vignette|Taxxamt n Iẓwawen - Charles farine 1882]]
Di tazwara, Iẓwawen llan zedɣen deg tudrin timecṭuḥin, qqaren-asent ixliǧen (asuf. taxliǧt). Ixliǧeni d-yezgan ɣef yiri-nsent, dduklent akken ad d-snulfun ayen iwumi qqaren tufiq (asget. tufeq), d awal i d-yekkan seg Taɛrabt i d-yettawin s wazal-is anamek n wemsefham neɣ n usselhu&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, Hugh. ''Berber Government: The Kabyle Polity in Pre-colonial Algeria'' ''(Anabaḍ amaziɣ : Tasertit taqbaylit di Lezzayer uqbel n usehres n Fransa)''. I. B. Tauris, 2014, p. 50-51. (s teglizit) &lt;/ref&gt;. Anagraw amezwaru yella deg ugafa-agmuḍan n tmurt n Yiẓwawen, ladɣa deg tdukliwin n At Wagnun d Iflisen Lebḥar, ma d anagraw wis sin yella deg yal amkan anagar deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 54.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tikwal, tufiq yettwasemma s yisem n taddart-is tamezwarut, ugar n tikwal d tin meqqren, am akken yella deg Taka n twacult n At Yaḥya&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot;&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 5.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Deg tlemmast n Ǧeṛǧer, anda i llant tuddar timeqranin, ixliǧen i d-yellan d aḥric seg twafeq msefhamen ad d-dduklen, s wakka i d-snulfan tudrin tiɣezzanin, yemgaraden ɣef twafeq imi llan d timnaḍin timeqqranin deg umkan n tid meẓẓiyen i d-yezzin, yerna llant d timnaḍin yemgaraden seg iẓuran yemgaraden gar-asent&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot;&gt;Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 58-59.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Imrabḍen zemren ad sɛun tiɣremt-nsen s tayeḍ s waṭas n telmas, zemren ad awḍen ar 400 n yimezdaɣen, am taddart n At Mraw n tamaya n At Iraten deg useggas n 1868&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 241.&lt;/ref&gt;. Aṭas n tikkal, tudrin-nsen ttilin ɣef yiri n tilisa n lecruc ur msefhamen ara gar-asen&lt;ref&gt;Roberts,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 236.&lt;/ref&gt;. Maca deg tudrin timeqqranin, ttilin-d d aḥric neɣ d abrid ur yettwaferqen ara ɣef wid nniḍen&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot;&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 244.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== '''Talɣa''' ===

==== '''Axxam &amp; Adrum''' ====
Tadukli tamecṭuḥt akk deg taddart d tawacult neɣ axxam. Tawacult, akk d twaculin-nniḍen swayes i sɛant yiwen n lejdud ucrik, tettawi-d yiwet n twaculin (taxerrubt, asget. tixerrubin; neɣ: taɛrift&lt;ref&gt;Mustapha Gahlouz, “[https://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle]”, ''Droit et cultures'', 60 | 2010-2 (s tefransist), Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025. Asebter: [http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359]&lt;/ref&gt; neɣ adrum), ssawalen i yiman-nsen d atmaten yerna ssuturen iman-nsen s yiwen n yisem&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;. Taxerrubt tezmer ad d-teqbel yiwet n twacult yesɛan laṣel yemgerraden i d-yettnadin ɣef tasdawit, deg tegnit-a iminig-nni imaynuten ad uɣalen d imselliyen (imsenden) yerna ad ttwaḥerzen (s Laɛnaya) &lt;ref&gt;Mustapha Gahlouz, “Droit coutumier et régulation dans la société kabyle de la fin du XIXe siècle”, ''Droit et cultures'' [Online], 60 | 2010-2. (s tefransist)  URL: http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359;&amp;#x20;DOI:&amp; {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216091055/http://journals.openedition.org/droitcultures/2359 |date=2017-12-16 }}#x20;https://doi.org/10.4000/droitcultures.2359&lt;/ref&gt;.
[[Tugna:Pittura famiglia Kabyle.jpg|alt=Tawacult taqbaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.|vignette|Tawacult taqvaylit deg tama n uxxam-nsen - 1870.]]
Tudrin n Yiẓwawen zemrent ad ilint deg-sent tixerrubin ur nettwaḥsab ara d Iẓwawen: imrabḍen d aklan. imrabḍen llan-d d yiwet n tarbaεt n imqeddsen n yimdanen i qqaren-d d akken ffɣen-d seg nnbi ineslem Muḥemmed. Ur d-ggaren ara iman-nsent deg lecɣal n taddart d yimennuɣen, ala akken ad d-rren talwit, acku ur ttekkan ara ɣer taddart neɣ ɣer yiwet n twacult. 

Seg tama niḍen, aklan d tawsit n yiqeddacen i d-yekkan si tmurt n Wenẓul n Tniri Tutrimt, wid yellan deg-s xeddmen lecɣal i yettwaḥeqren. D wid ixeddmen d imeskaren, wid yettmetalen tiɣect, igemmayen n lɣella&lt;ref&gt;Robert,  ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.&lt;/ref&gt;. Aẓwaw yellan ddaw n tmenɣiwt, yezmer ad yeqbel ad yuɣal d akli, s wakka ad yeǧǧ izerfan-is d aɣerman, akken ad iḥrez iman-is seg tmenɣiwt, imi ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḥettem ɣef aklan, maca kan ɣef yimdanen yesɛan yiwen n uswir anmetti. Imrabḍen llan d tawsit tamecṭuḥt deg yal amkan, maca deg teqbilt n At Itsuraɣ, ur llan ddaw n 40% seg wakk imezdaɣen&lt;ref name=&quot;:14&quot; /&gt;.

==== '''Adrum''' ====
Tixerrubin-nni i d-yellan deg yiwet n taddart, ttwaqqnen ɣer sin neɣ ugar n  Tixerrubin (iderma, asuf. adrum), yal yiwen deg-sen yesεa amkan-is deg taddart, yezmer ad yesɛu agraw-is, tamesgida-ines d tmeqbert-ines. Tixerrubin yemgaraden n yiwet n twacult, s tidett, ttemsefhament s wazal n yidammen&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 25.&lt;/ref&gt;, mebla ma swaswa ad d-kkren seg yiwen n lejdud&lt;ref name=&quot;:13&quot; /&gt;. Tiwaculin tibeṛṛaniyin zemrent ad ttwaseddant deg yiwet seg Tixerrubin-nni yellan uqbel.

==== Ṣfuf ====
Iderma n tudrin tiqbayliyin tilemmasin d timqranin llant ttwaseddant s waṭas degs sin ṣfuf. Deg kra n tudrin, ṣfuf ur zeddigen ara deg wazal-nsen, dɣa d aya i d-yeǧǧan akabar-nni ixuṣṣen ad d-inadi ɣef yimeddukal deg yimukan niḍen&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13-14.&lt;/ref&gt;. Aya yessawḍ-d ɣer ussebded nyiwen n uẓeṭṭa n tdukliwin i d-yeffɣen s yal tama. A ṣeff yezmer ad yili d win ixuṣṣen deg waṭṭas deg yiwet n taddart, ma deg tayeḍ yezmer ad yili d win i d-yessersen deg tayeḍ&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 13.&lt;/ref&gt;. Aɣbel meẓẓiyen kan yezmer ad d-yeǧǧ lgirra gar sin ṣfuf, yerna ma yebɣa yiwen ṣfuf ad yessers lebɣi-s ɣef wayeḍ, s waṭas ay yettɛedday ɣef ccwal. 

Ilaq  ad d-nini belli ṣeff d kra i yettbeddilen, yerna yezmer ad yernu neɣ ad yenqes deg tezmert-nnes, yerna wid i t-id-yeḍḍfen zemren ad beddlen tama&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot;&gt;Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 38. ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Les_Keba%C3%AFles_du_Djerdjera.html?id=tSJXAAAAcAAJ&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=GB&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 12.&lt;/ref&gt;. . 

Isem-nsen yemgerrad seg teqbilt ɣer tayeḍ, win i d-yettwassen akk d ṣeff ufella ('akabar n ufella') d ṣeff n wadda ('akabar n ddaw') yerna, d ɣer yiwen n weḥric ameẓyan, icerqiyen d iɣerbiyen [19]. Ismawen-a, ɣas akken d ismawen i d-yeffɣen seg umḍiq, ur sɛin ara assaɣ d tgemmi n ṣeff. Ṣfuf nniḍen ttwasemman-asen s yisem n twacult neɣ n uqerru-nsen&lt;ref name=&quot;:15&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel.'', vol. II, asebter. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;.

=== '''Asqamu n taddart''' ===

==== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' ====
Taddart tẓwawt tella d awanek akk d d temdint, tasudut i tt-yesselḥayen d agraw* ''(tajmaɛt)'' n taddart. Yella yeṭṭef tazmert tasertant, tasertant, tadbelt d teɣdemt&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot;&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 10, 25.&lt;/ref&gt;, yerna yesɛa Ameqran, i d-yefren imezdaɣ n taddart, d aselway-is. Yiwet n tikelt deg yal ddurt neɣ sin, ad d-tili yiwet n temlilit akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef temsal n taddart. Aberraḥ d netta ay d-yettbecciren ɣef lebda n temlilit, yerna yal argaz meqqren yessefk fell-as ad d-yeḥḍer. Amḍiq n temlilit d d lebni yeldin, deg daxel-nnes yella sin n yimukan n uẓru i d-yettmuqulen yiwen ɣef wayeḍ&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;Roberts, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, asebter. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;. Timlilit tezmer daɣen ad tili deg imukan-nniḍen, am tmesgidiwin, neɣ zdat n tteǧra.

Agraw n taddart d netta i d-yelhan s usnulfu n usaḍuf d usseḍru-nsen, yerna ad d-yeṭṭef tiɣriwin deg tegnit n tuccḍa&lt;ref name=&quot;:16&quot; /&gt;. Aselway-is, ameqran neɣ amɣar (da amin) n taddart, d netta daɣen i d-yettawin leqdic amatu, am usseqdec n yiberdan, tiliwa d tmesgidiwin, neɣ lebni n yixxamen&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau and Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tettili-d daɣen tikwal ayen i wumi qqaren timecret s Taẓwawt, anda i d-yettunefken wulli neɣ iɣersiwen-nniḍen, dɣa aksum-nsen yettwafreq s lbaṭel ɣer yal tawacult&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot;&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 29.&lt;/ref&gt;. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, agraw n taddart yettarra-d iserdan d lbarud i wid ur nezmir ara ad ten-id-aɣen&lt;ref name=&quot;:18&quot; /&gt;.

&lt;nowiki/&gt;* Ɣur Twareg, agraw qqaren-as ameni neɣ ameney, aẓar &quot;mny&quot; ay d-yeqqaren &quot;ad nwali gar-aneɣ, ad nemlil&quot;, yesskanay-d deg Tuareg &quot;tadiwennit, timlilit&quot; s unamek amatu am wakken ay d-yesmektay &quot;timlilit&quot; neɣ &quot;taɣimit&quot; n wegraw asertan.

==== '''Talɣa''' ====
[[Tugna:Maison du marabout et mosquée à Koukou.jpg|vignette|Taxxamt n imrabḍen d lǧameɛ deg tagelda n [[Kuku]]. Tugna n  Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]]
Asemres n usqamu n taddart deg-s i d-iteddun: lamin, yettwafren s tefranin tiɣelnawin neɣ yettefran sɣur imḍebbren, yettgen ukil n lǧameɛ, yerna aneggaru-a d netta i d amḍebber n tedrimt n lǧameɛ&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.&lt;/ref&gt;. Yal adrum n taddart yettferriḍ yiwen n wergaz seg yiman-nsen d agensas-nsen deg usqamu n taddart. Ṭamen d win i d-yezgan gar adrum-is d lamin, akk d win i d-yettεawanen aneggaru-a&lt;ref name=&quot;:11&quot; /&gt;. Ɣef leḥsab n Hanoteau, d lamin i d-yettwafernen ṭamen&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;. Daɣen, kra n yergazen yettwaḥesben d imusnawen (d lɛuqqal) ttekkin ula d nutni deg usqamu&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot;&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;. Irgazen-nniḍen ttɣimen zzin-d i umḍiq n temlilit, sellen, mmeslayen tikwal kan, ma ulac ur mmeslayen akk&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 93.&lt;/ref&gt;. Imrabḍen d iklan ur ttilin ara deg usarag&lt;ref&gt;Robert, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 110.&lt;/ref&gt;.

===== '''Ameqqran (lamin) n Taddart''' =====
Ismawen yemgaraden i yettwaseqdacen i usemres-a, ɣef leḥsab n temnaḍt, win ay d-yettwassnen yerna yettwassen aṭas d lamin. Ismawen-nniḍen, ur ttwasseqdacen ara mliḥ, d “ameqqran” d “amɣar”&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Yal argaz aqbayli, ma yella yezmer ad yeddem leslaḥ, yezmer ad yuɣal d lamin n taddart-is, di tiẓri meqqar. Maca deg tuget n tegnatin, amin s umata yettas-d seg twacult yesɛan tazmert deg taddart. Deg twafeq, amur ameqran n wakud, seg terbaɛt tameqrant n yimezdaɣ&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 26.&lt;/ref&gt;. Lamin yella yesɛa cwiṭ n tezmert d aselway n temlilit, yerna yeṭṭef kan amkan-is skud yettwaḥsab d win yezmeren ad yexxdem ccɣel-nnes&lt;ref&gt;Devaux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'',asebter. 4-5.&lt;/ref&gt;. Deg yiwet n taddart n At Mangellat, Tawrirt Mangellat, amen yettwafernen seg yal taxerrubt s nnuba&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 33&lt;/ref&gt;.

Gar lecɣal n lamin, d aɛessas n wayla&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 44.&lt;/ref&gt;, am wakken daɣen ay d-yella uḍman n uqader n usaḍuf d ussefqed n tmenɣiwin. D netta daɣen i d-yettaṭṭafen tifin d leɣlaḍ. Ma yella amin yexdem lbaṭel, ilaq-as ad ixelleṣ yerna ad yeṭṭef taggara&lt;ref&gt;Liorel, Jules. ''Races berbères: Kabylie du Djurdjura''. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1893, 315. (s tefransist) ([https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Kabylie_du_Jurjura.html?id=msThiy2egeAC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;newbks=1&amp;newbks_redir=0&amp;source=gb_mobile_entity&amp;hl=en&amp;gl=GB&amp;redir_esc=y#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false ɣeṛ-it deg internet])&lt;/ref&gt;, ma yella yeṭṭef taggara mebla agraw n imezdaɣ n taddart, ad ixelleṣ ula d netta (qanun n yiwet n taddart n tmurt Aqbil, At Mangellat)&lt;ref&gt;Liorel, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 316.&lt;/ref&gt;. Lamin ilaq ad yili d aḥerfi yerna ilaq ad yesɛu tamusni taserdast, imi ad d-yawi irgazen-is deg umennuɣ&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 27.&lt;/ref&gt;.

===== Ukil n lǧameɛ =====
Ukil n lǧameɛ, i d-yettunefken sɣur Ameqran n taddart, yezmer ad yili d Aẓwaw neɣ d amṛabti, yerna yettwafernen seg twacult yesɛan aṭas n yedrimen yerna yesɛa tazmert&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 35.&lt;/ref&gt;. D netta i d-yettḥekkmen ɣef ussefrek n ugerruj n lǧameɛ i yellan yemsefraq ɣef ugerruj n taddart. Ma yella lǧameɛ-nni d ayla n yiwet n tmesgida mačči d ayla n taddart, ukil n lǧameɛ yettwafren sɣur taxerrubt-nni ay yesɛan lǧameɛ-nni mačči sɣur Ameqran n taddart&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux,''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 36.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Segmi i d-teṭṭef Fransa tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tadbelt tamesbaṭlit, ɣas akken teǧǧa timḍebbrin tiqbayliyin akken llan, tesnulfa-d amḍiq amaynut, d win n ukil, yettwafren sɣur agraw n taddart, yerna yesɛa tiɣbula am ukil n lǧameɛ, maca mačči am ineggura-agi, yessedday lxezna n taddart deg umḍiq n lǧameɛ-nni&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot;&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 134.&lt;/ref&gt;.

===== Ṭamen =====
[[Tugna:Élection à Koukou.jpg|alt=Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen - Tugna n Duhousset, leqern wis 19.|vignette|Afran deg Tamurt n Yiẓwawen -  Tugna n  Duhousset, leqern wis 19.]]
Yal taxerubt tesεa yiwen n umseqdac deg tejmaɛt, iwumi qqaren ṭamen, d awal n taɛrabt yesεan anamek n 'aḍman'&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.&lt;/ref&gt;. Yal taxerubt n taddart tettak-d yiwen seg yergazen-is d ṭamen[2], maca ɣef wakken i d-yenna Hanoteau, d Ameqran i t-yettunefken&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 9.&lt;/ref&gt;. D netta i d amsalay gar taxerubt d tejmaɛt, yerna daɣen d amεiwen n Ameqran. Deg kra n teqbilin, am At Fliq, ṭamen, imi d netta i d aqerru n twacult-is, tikwal ttwakelfen-as tazmert n ṭamen &lt;ref&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100.&lt;/ref&gt;. Deg kra n tudrin, ṭamen mačči kan d win i d-yeskanen taxerubt-is, d lɛerc-is s lekmal-is&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 101.&lt;/ref&gt;. Gar lecɣal-is, ad d-yerr s yisem n taxerubt-is (neɣ n lɛerc-is) deg tejmaɛt n taddart, ad ixelleṣ tiɣrifin i d-yexdem iɛeggalen n txerubt-is, yerna ad d-yefk isallen ineggura i Ameqran&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot;&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel,''. asebter. 100-101.&lt;/ref&gt;. Tikwal, d ṭamen i d-yettawin ticcetkiwin uqbel ad awḍen ɣer Ameqran. Deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ, yettak-d iɣallen-is i Ameqran&lt;ref name=&quot;:21&quot; /&gt;.

===== Ɛuqqal =====
Awal ɛuqqal, n laṣel aɛrab, anamek-is d 'amussnaw', 'afehhem'&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 92.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ur yelli ara lḥedd ɣef wacḥal n ɛuqqal ay yezmer ad teṭṭef  agraw n taddart, maca s umata llan gar 5 ar 10 deg wazal-nsen. Ttwafernen s rray n medden&lt;ref name=&quot;:19&quot; /&gt;.

Iɛuqqalen d imɣaren, aya i ten-yeǧǧan ad ttwaḥesben d wid yesɛan tamusni d tmussni deg wallen n Yiqbayliyen, imi Aqbayli, mi ara yili yid-s yiwen seg twacult-is meqqren, qlil ma yettmeslay (s leqder), daymi i d nutni, Ameqran d ṭemman, i d-yettḥekmen ɣef tejmaɛt&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot; /&gt;. Ttwaqadren aṭas, yerna d ccbaḥa-nsen kan i asen-yefkan azwel-nsen&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 95.&lt;/ref&gt;. Awal-nsen yesεa azal deg temsirin n wagraw.

==== '''Lɛerc''' ====
Tiddukla n waṭas n tudrin (neɣ twafeq) d tin i d-yettakken lɛerc (anamek-is d 'akersi' am win yesseqdac ugellid). Deg kra n tegnatin, lɛerc yezmer ad yili seg yiwet n taddart kan, am Iɣil Imula&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot;&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel''. asebter. 47.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Imdanen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n lɛerc ur ttekkan dima deg yiwen n lejdud, yerna aṭas n leɛruc ur sɛin ara ismawen i d-yettawin ɣer lejdud-nsen, am At Wasif (imdanen n wasif) d At Budrar (imdanen yesɛan adrar), At Umalu d At Usammer (imdanen n tama n wedrar ay yesɛan tili d yiṭij, s tɣawla) n At Iraten&lt;ref name=&quot;:22&quot; /&gt;.

Asemres n lɛerc yezmer daɣen ad ibeddel. Aya yezmer ad d-yili s usdukkel n taddart n teqbilt niḍen, neɣ s lɛerc n taddart. Deg tdukli n At Ɛisi, taddart n At Maḥmud, Tala Xellil, tettwaqqen ɣer At Dwala. Amedya nniḍen d taddart n Tagemmunt Leǧdid, i d-yekkan di tazwara ɣer At Ɛmer u-Fayed n tdukli n At Ɛisi, dɣa teqqen ɣer Iwaḍiyen deffir n ṭṭraḍ&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot;&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Llan sin n yimedyaten i d-yettwaseknen deg umezruy n leɛruc i yedduklen tudrin-nsen ɣer leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer tama-nsen ɣef ddemma n ṭṭrad aɣelnaw, am wakken i yella deg tegnit n Isemmaḍiyen n tdukli n At Iraten, d At u-Belqasem n At Betrun&lt;ref name=&quot;:23&quot; /&gt;. Tiddukliwin-a ur tent-id-yeḍfer ara umussu n yimezdaɣen, imezdaɣen n tuddar yettwaqqnen qqimen ttwaḥerzen.

Mi llan deg wakal aberrani, iqbayliyen ttwasnen s teqbilt-nsen neɣ s tdukli-nsen kan, werǧin s tudrin-nsen, yerna ttemɛawanen waygar-asen mebla lxilaf. Yal yiwen deg-sen yella ddaw laɛnaya-s, dɣa d lwaǧeb i yal yiwen ad iḥareb ɣef teqbilt-is, xas ma yella d ayen ara d-yeǧǧen tudert-is deg lḥif. Win i d-yesbeggnen isekkilen n tkerkas, ur d-yettekki ara deg uɛiwen neɣ deg uḥareb n teqbilt-is, ad ixelleṣ, yerna ad yexṣer ccan-is ger wegdud-is&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel, vol. II, asebter. 59.&lt;/ref&gt;.

S umata, leɛruc llan ttwabḍan ɣef sin n ṣfuf, yerna yal taddart tesɛa sin-nni n leɛruc. Ṣfuf-a zemren ad awḍen ula nnig n tdukli. Naqal, snulfun leɛruc s lekmal-nsen, akk d leɛruc niḍen neɣ d tiddukla, ṣeff. Akka i yella lḥal di lqern wis XVIII di tmurt n Leqvayel, anda tamnaḍt-a merra tebḍa ɣef sin n ṣfuf imeqqranen: ṣeff ufella d ṣeff n wadda. Ɣef leḥsab n wansay adigant, timliliyin-a llant-d deffir yiwen n ccwal gar sin n watmaten, Urxu d Buxtuc, seg Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ n lɛerc n At Frawsen&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 17-19.&lt;/ref&gt;. Sin-a llan deg yiwen n weḥric seg twacult i iḥekmen ɣef tagelda n Kuku, yerna tamezwarut tella tettɛawan-itt ṣeff ufella, ma d tis snat d ṣeff n wadda. D wagi i d asemres n sin n ṣfuf&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 19.&lt;/ref&gt;:

* '''Ṣeff ufella:''' At	Yaḥya, xemsa n yegduden n Igawawen (At Mangellat, At bu-Yusef, At	Wasif, At Ɛeṭṭaf, At bu-Ɛekkac), sin n leɛruc	n At Sedqa (Ugdal, At Hmed), tlata n leɛruc	n Igucdal (At bu-Addu, At Mendas, At Smaɛel), Iflisen Umlil, yiwen	n lɛerc	n At Ɛisi (At Abdelmumen), At Ǧennad, Iɛeẓẓugen (aḥric n At	Ɣebri), At Fliq, Ilulen Usammer, At Mlikec, Ifnayen, At bu-Mesudɛ,	Imezzayen, Iẓnagen, d ugar n uzgen n At Ɛebbas.
* '''Ṣeff n wadda:'''	At Iraten, Iɛemrawen, At Wagnun, At Frawsen, At Xellili, At	bu-Cɛayeb, At Itsuraɣ, Illilten, Ilulen Umalu, At Iǧǧer, At	Ziki, At Ɣebri, Iflisen Lebḥar, Asif Lḥemmam, xemsa n leɛruc	At Ɛisi (At Dwala, At Meḥmud, Iferdiwen, At Ɛmer u-Fayed, At	Zmenzer), Lemɛatqa, tlata n leɛruc	n Igawa (At Yenni, At Budrar, Aqbil), yiwen At Sedqa (Iwaḍiyen),	sin n leɛruc	n Igucdal (At bu-Ɣerdan, At Amefi), Kucras, At Temẓalt, Ɛella,	Uzgen, Icenbaber, At Sidel, Ɛliman, At Waɣlis.

===== '''Agraw''' ''(Tajmaɛt)'' '''n Lɛerc''' =====

===== '''Tiẓri taɣelnawt''' =====
Agraw n Lɛerc, mačči am win n taddart, yettili-d kan di kra n tegnatin, yerna imedyaten yettwasqedcen qlilet aṭas. Yiwen seg umedya-a d win n lɛerc n At Frawsen, i yemlalen deg useggas n 1752 neɣ deg useggas-nniḍen deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, Ǧemɛa n Sariǧ (Bida n zik), i wakken ad d-sbedden ttaggara n yizerfan n tlawin ɣer tmanegt &lt;ref&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 224.&lt;/ref&gt;. Ahat ayagi yettwaxdem akken ad ḥebsen leɛruc nniḍen ad d-ssutren akal d wayla ɣef tmettant n wergaz s yizerfan n tmeṭṭut-is izemren ad tili seg lɛerc-nsen yerna ad ḥebsen timcewwekt i izemren ad d-yeḍru ɣef waya. Asefhem-iḍen yella-d akken ad ḥebsen irgazen Iɛetmaniyen ad d-rren ula d nutni tiɣawsiwin am tin, dɣa ad rnun ad snerniyen akal-nsen ddaw n tiɣawsiwin am tin.

Amedya nniḍen d win n At Yanni (Asdukel n At Betrun), i d-yeṭṭfen deg useggas n 1818 yiwet n temlilit deg taddart-nsen tameqqrant, At Laḥsen, i wakken ad d-rren i tlawin azref i tmanegt-nsent, ay d-yekkes usdukel i deg tella deg useggas n 1749&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 226.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Agraw n Lɛerc, am win n taddart, yezmer ad d-yessuffeɣ izerfan i d-yettwafernen ɣef tudrin akk yellan deg-s. D ccɣel n yimḍebbren n tuddar ''(s umata sin neɣ tlata)'' ad sεelmen imezdaɣ-nsen ɣef tseddarin timaynutin i d-yettwaddmen. Naqal, kra n leɛruc ttwaɛaqben ɣef tmenɣiwin timeqranin i ttgen, am tukerḍa d tmenɣiwt&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 65.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Idrimen n lɛerc i yettwaḥwajen i yisenfaren am usnerni neɣ aseḥbiber n yiberdan, n tmesgidiwin, n ssuq d d wayen-nniḍen, ttwabḍan gar-asen gar wakk tuddar, yerna yal yiwet seg-sent yessefk ad ttekkin s lqidar n yimezdaɣen-nsent. Ma yella lɛerc yesεa aɣbalu n tedrimt i d-yettakken azal ugar n wiyaḍ, yettwabḍa gar tudrin s yiwen n ubrid&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter 64-65.&lt;/ref&gt;.

===== '''Ameqran''' ''(Amin)'' '''n lumna''' =====
Amɣar n lumna deg tuget n leɛruc yettwafernen kan deg tallit n ṭṭraḍ. Yettwafren seg yemdanen niḍen, Imɣaren n leɛruc, i sɛan azwel am wa akken ad yessuddes iɣallen n leɛruc d ttawilat-nsen, akken daɣen ad d-yefk lewṣayat i Imɣaren n leɛruc deg yimenɣi, yerna d nitni i ten-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen. Lxedma-s tettḥebbis deffir ma ttwaḥebsent tmenɣiwin&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot;&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 68-69.&lt;/ref&gt;. Leɛruc-nni kan i yeṭṭfen Amɣar n lumna-nsent deg talwit, d tid-nni i d-yezgan ɣer yidis n yiɣemmiwen n maxzen deg tallit n talwit d wid ay d-yezzin ɣef yiɣerfan n Iɛetmaniyen deg tallit n Ṭṭerk, imi llan ttnaɣen dima yid-sen&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Mi d-teṭṭef Fransa Tamurt n Yiẓwawen, tagnit n Ameqran n lumna tuɣal d tin n dayem. Argaz-nni yettwafren ad yeṭṭef amkan-nni yella d aselway n lɛerc-is, yerna yessefk ad t-teqbel tedbelt tafṛensist&lt;ref name=&quot;:20&quot; /&gt;.

==== Tamawya (''Takufidṛalit/taqbilt'') ====
Leɛruc yedduklen akk ttgent akk Tamawya. Timawya akk Iẓwawen llant deg Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, ma d ayen nniḍen qqimen war Tamawya, tteklen kan ɣef tdukliwin&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot;&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 67-68.&lt;/ref&gt;. Iswi n Tamawya yella s umata s ṣṣenf aserdasi, anamek-is dakken leɛruc i d-yeṭṭfen tamawya ttemḥuddun (maca mačči dima) wway gar-asen m'ara mgerradent d Timawya-nniḍen. Timawya yemgaraden qlil ma msefhament akk, yerna mi ara msefhament, dima d ayen ara mqabalen d iɣallen ibeṛṛaniyen, am Yiṭerkiyen neɣ Ifṛensisen&lt;ref name=&quot;:12&quot; /&gt;. Tadukli-nsen temgarad seg tamawya ɣer tayeḍ. Leɛruc ur nelli ara deg tamawya, i yesɛan imukan imeqranen, am At Ɛebbas n wasif Wad Saḥel d At Ɛidel n temnaṭ n Summam, bḍan-d ɣef waṭas n yiḥricen, yerna anagraw-nsen yecba win n tamawya n tmurt n Yiẓwawen Meqqren. 

Tamawya tesɛa daɣen agraw-is d Ameqran n Tamawya (Amin n Tamawya)&lt;ref name=&quot;:25&quot; /&gt;.

Timawya n Tmurt n Yiẓwawen ttwaḥsabent s umata: Iflisen Umlil, At Wagnun, Iflisen Lebḥar, At Jennad, At Iǧǧer, At Mangellat, At Betrun, At Iraten, At Sedqa, At Ɛisi, Lemɛatqa d Igucdal&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot;&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. I, asebter. 238-300.&lt;/ref&gt;. Gar timawya-a, sin, At Betrun d At Mangellat, i yettusemman Igawawen (Zwawa s taɛrabt)&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 251.&lt;/ref&gt;, d isem swayes Iẓwawen n Tmurt Yiẓwawen tamecṭuḥt ssexdamen akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk leɛruc n Tmurt n Iẓwawen Meqqren, yerna tasuqilt-is s taɛrabt tettwaseqdac akken ad d-mmeslayen ɣef yakk Yiẓwawen akken yebɣu ad yilin.

&quot;Akken ara yettbeɛḍ yiwen ɣef Ǧeṛǧer, Iẓwawen ttaken isem n Igawawen i leɛruc i ten-yessefran seg tdukli-nni i d-nebder akka kan [At Betrun d At Mangellat]. Ɣef waya, i “Guechoula”, At Sedqa d Igawawen, ma d Guechtoula s timmad-is ttwaqqaren Iflissen Umellil d At Xelfun. Aqbayli seg Waṭlas abliḏi neɣ d Ichenwiyen ad d-yernu s yisem n Agawa yakk leɛruc i d-yezgan ɣer usammar n wasif Isser&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau, Adolphe. ''Essai de grammaire Kabyle''. Alger: Bastide; Constantine: Bastide et Amavet; Paris: Challamel and Benjamin Duprat, 1858, p. xxij. (s tefransist) ([https://www.google.nl/books/edition/Essai_de_grammaire_Kabyle_renfermant_les/qG6TfIMgibMC?hl=en&amp;gbpv=1 ɣeṛ-it deg interne]t)&lt;/ref&gt;&quot;. ― Adolphe Hanoteau, Essai de grammaire kabyle (1858) ''(Adolphe Hanoteau, Aḍris n tjerrumt taqbaylit)''. 

Lqedd n tamawya d leɛruc-is tettbeddil aṭas. Amqqran deg-sen, Iflisen Umlil, yesεa tlata n leɛruc. Deg umḍiq wis sin i d-iteddun At Wagnun d Igawawen, yal yiwen deg-sen yesɛa tmanya. Tamawya i yesɛan aṭas n leɛruc d tin n Lemɛatqa, i yesɛan kan kraḍ&lt;ref name=&quot;:26&quot; /&gt;. Iẓwawen i d-yezgan deg yiwet n tamawya, mi ara ilin deg berra n tmurt-nsen, zemren ad ttwassen s lɛerc-nsen akk d tamawya-nsen, maca werǧin s taddart-nsen.

&quot;Deg yiberdan n Lezzayer tamenaɣt, yezmer yiwen ad iẓer Iẓwawen seg lɛerc n At Ǧennad i d-yettasen akken ad sqedcen izerfan-nsen... ma yesteqsa-ten ḥedd, deg Lezzayer, ansi i d-kkren, ad d-rren: &quot;At Ǧennad&quot;. ttun tudrin-nsen yerna ttnadin kan ɣef teqbilt-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin....Yeshel ad nefhem belli, mi ara ilin deg temnaḍin i yellan d tiberraniyin fell-asen, At εakache akk tettu tudrin-nsen yerna ad d-inin kan d lɛerc-nsen mi ara ten-steqsin. Ttṛuḥun ugar, ad d-inin kan Agawaw. D aya, imi di tazwara d Igawawen akk i llan, i ttεawnen wway gar-asen  yerna ad d-rren ttar ...&lt;ref&gt;Liorel, ''Asebter seg 29 meɣres 2011, aseɣwen deg 19 meɣres 2025'', asebter. 354-356.&lt;/ref&gt;&quot; ― Jules Liorel, ''Races berbères, Kabylie du Jurjura'' (1892).

'''Agraw n Tamawya'''

'''Tiẓri taɣelnawt'''

Agraw n Tamawya qlil ma yettemlili, yerna am Tamawya n Leɛruc, ur nesɛi ara imedyaten i d-yettwasqedcen ɣef waya. Sin-nni n yimedyaten i d-yettbanen s wazal-nsen i d-yettunefken deg At Iraten akk d At Betrun. Amezwaru yexdem timlilit-is deg yiwen n wass ur ur nettwassen deg tlemmast n lqern wis 18, deg taddart n Tizra Wagemun&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 223.&lt;/ref&gt;, anda yal lɛerc n Tamawya yesbedd-d aẓru-ines n usmekti&lt;ref&gt;Hanoteau d Letourneux, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', vol. II, asebter. 8.&lt;/ref&gt;. Amedya wis sin yexdem timlilit-is deg useggas n 1749 d wid i ten-iɛawnen, leɛrac n usammar n At Sedqa, deg ssuq n At Wasif. Sin-nni n yigrawen, fsbedden-d iṣuḍaf imaynuten, yerna kksen-d azref n tlawin ad weṛten&lt;ref&gt;Roberts, ''deg uḍris-nni i d-yettwasemman uqbel'', asebter. 124.&lt;/ref&gt;.

Timawya zemren daɣen ad d-mlalen mi ara d-kkren yimenɣiyen, i wakk-n ad meslayen ɣef ṭṭraḍ.

'''Ameqran''' ''(lamin)'' '''n Tamawya''' 

Tikwal, mi ara gzun leɛruc i d-yesbedden Tamawya ad ttgent akk ccɣel n yiserdasen, ttfernin yiwen n &quot;Ameqran n Tamawya&quot; akken ad d-yesselḥu timhal-nni. Ahil-is am win n Ameqran n lumna, anagar aneggaru-a yettuɣal d amɛiwen-is. Ameqran n lumna, deg tilin n Ameqran n Tamawya, yettwaḥettem fell-as ad d-yessiwḍ lewṣayat n uqerruy-is ɣer yimdanen-nsen, dɣa d nitni ay ten-id-yettawin ɣer yergazen-nsen&lt;ref name=&quot;:24&quot; /&gt;.

== '''Anekcum n Fransa ɣef Tefriqt n Ugafa''' ==
Tawayt taserdasit tafransist n 1830 tella deg tazwara mgal tgelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tamaneɣt imi Fṛansa ur tesɛa ara lfayda deg ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel neɣ ad tkemmel ad teqqim d timziregt. Mi i ṭṭfen Yifṛensisen tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer, semman-as i tama-nni, i wumi qqaren deg tazwara n ussehres d ayla amaynut n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa, Lezzayer; aya yeḍra-d s yiwet n lewṣayat n uneɣlaf afṛensis n ṭṭraḍ, Jeneral Schneider, deg tebrat-is n 14 Tubeṛ 1838 i Marshall Valée, imi yura-d:

“Ar ass-a, akal-nni i d-neṭṭef deg Tefriqt n Ugafa llan qqaren-as d ayla n Fṛansa deg Tefriqt n Ugafa neɣ s yisem n tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart, neɣ s yisem n Lezzayer. Imesli-a aneggaru, d win yezzin, yeshel, yerna d win i d-yeqqnen ɣef wiyaḍ [...], i d-yettbanen akka tura d win am i d-irebḥen ɣef imesliyen niḍen [...] Ihi ad k-id-iniɣ [...] ad tesbeddleḍ (ad tesqedceḍ) awal &quot;Lezzayer&quot; deg yismawen-nniḍen i yellan uqbel.” (Yettwabder-d sɣur Guiral, 1992: 45)&lt;ref&gt;Bernand Lugan [https://ia903405.us.archive.org/25/items/histoire-de-l-afrique-du-nord-des-origines-a-nos-jours-bernard-lugan_edition-2016/Histoire%20de%20l%27Afrique%20du%20Nord%20-%28Des%20origines%20%C3%A0%20nos%20jours%29-%20Bernard%20Lugan_%C3%A9dition-2016.pdf – Histoire de l’Afrique du Nord. Chapitre III]{{Assaɣ yerrẓen|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} – Algérie : de l’« encombrante conquete » au « royaume arabe »&lt;/ref&gt;

Tamnaḍt-nni akk yellan seddaw n Tmurt n Lezzayer, tettwasbedd-d aḥric n yiwen n uɣlif amaynut n Fransa iwumi qqaren Lezzayer deg 14 Tubeṛ 1839, sɣur ujiniṛal afṛensis Schneider. Lmirat n Limir Ɛebdelqade terna-d ɣer weḥric-a ass n 23 Dujembeṛ 1847, asmi ay d-yefka iman-nnes s lɛahed n webrid n laman ɣer [[Surya]] netta, tawacult-nnes d yiqeddacen-nnes. Ɣef leqdic-is i Fransa, rran-as-t-id Fransa s waṭas n yidrimen i netta d tarwa-s i ixeddmen i lɛesker afransis.[[Tugna:Reddition d abd el kader 1847.jpg|vignette|Asellem n Limir Ɛebdelqader, 23 Dujembeṛ 1847.  Augustin Regis.]]Lezzayer tafṛensist d tmurt n Leqvayel ttkemmilent tteddunt yiwet ɣer tama n wayeḍ, dɣa deg wass n 3 Meɣres 1854, Napoléon wis 3 yessuffeɣ-d &quot;sénatus-consulte&quot; (lqanun n Useqqamu n Senat) i d-yesbeggnen lebɣi ameqqran n Fransa i wakken ad tkemmel tilin n uwanak n tmurt n Leqvayel. Tamuɣli-ya tella-d daɣen sɣur ujiniṛal Bugeaud (Ajiniṛal n Lezzayer seg 1840 arma d 1847) i yufa d ayen yesεa sswab ad ikemmel ad iqabel tmurt taqbaylit tilellit, wala ad yebdu ṭṭraḍ mgal-is. Tamurt n Leqvayel deg tallit-a mazal-itt tettwaḥder seg lebɛid sɣur lɛesker afṛansis imi ugaden ad ten-awḍen yiɣallen n Leqvayel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot;&gt;Jean-Pierre Frapolli - [https://cdha.fr/sites/default/files/kcfinder/files/Club_Kabylie/conquête_kabylie_1_JPF_120115.pdf La Conquête De La Kabylie - (1ère Partie) Une conquête fortuite] - Centre de documentation historique sur l’Algérie - Club Kabylie&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Tugna:Discussion sous la tente des chefs Kabyle avec le général Randon.jpg|alt=Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqbayel akk-d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal n 1853.|vignette|Ameslay ddaw uqiḍun -imḍebbren n Leqvayel akk d ujiniṛal Randon. Tugna azal  n 1853.]]
Win i d-yeṭṭfen amkan n Bugeaud, Jeneral Jacques Randon (1795-1871), yella yesɛa rray nniḍen. Yeqqneɛ Napoléon wis tlata ɣef lḥeṛs n ussehres n tmurt n Leqvayel, yerna yenna-d dakken tamurt n Leqvayel timziregt ad tili dima d azaglu i yiɣlanen imaynuten n Fransa deg Tefriqt ugafa, yerna lemmer ad d-yili ṭṭraḍ di Turuft, Leqvayel zemrent ad d-ssiwḍent isallen iserdasiyen s lebḥer u ad bdun tagrawla deg temnaḍt-nni akk. Aẓdam n tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d deg 19 maggu 1857, s ddaw n Jeneral Randon s 4 n tseddarin s 37.000 n yergazen; Aẓdam n Fransa ɣef tmurt n Leqvayel yebda-d 27 n yiseggasen deffir n umenɣi n Fransa mgal tagelda taɛetmanit n Lezzayer tatrart deg 1830 d 19 n yiseggasen deffir n usnulfu n Lezzayer. Deg taggara, Fransa teqqen-ed Tamurt n Leqvayel ɣer Lezzayer deg useggas n 1857.&lt;ref name=&quot;:9&quot; /&gt;

Ihi, Awanek Aẓwaw yekfa deg useggas n 1857: &quot;Tamurt n Yiẓwawen n Ǧeṛǧer ur teqqim ara deg uwanak n wegdud ilelli&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;Émile Carrey - [[iarchive:bub_gb_9LaPjz173RgC/page/n135/mode/2up|Récit de Kabylie, compagne de 185]]7. Chapitre X -  Dissolution de l'armée expéditionnaire. “La Kabylie du Djurjura n’existe plus à l’état de nation indépendante.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; Dɣa tmurt n Yiẓwawen tettwasdukkel ɣer Lezzayer akken i tt-nessin assa.

== Tasertit ==
* Sin ikabaren isertiyen i llan di Tmurt n Leqvayel, ɣas akken bɣan ad illin d ikabaren iɣelnawen maca imeɣnasen nsen ttekkin seg Leqvayel kan : [[Tirni Iɣallen Inemlayen]] (FFS) n [[Ḥusin At Ḥmed]], d [[Agraw i Yedles d Tugdut|Wegraw i Yedles d Tugdut]] (RCD) n duktur [[Saɛid Saɛdi]].
* leɛrac bannen-d di [[Tafsut Taberkant]] (2001) maca am nutni ama FFS d RCD lhan d wayen i ceɣben izayriyen s umata, ttun tamurt.
* [[Timanit i Tmurt n Iqbayliyen]] (MAK) yesbed [[Ferḥat Mhenni]] iban-ed daɣen di tefsut taberkant, d amussu ikkaten s webrid n talwit akken ad isiweḍ ar timanit n tmurt n Leqvayel.

== Iẓwawen ittwasnen ==
: ɣer ''[[Iqbayliyen ittwasnen]]'' 

== Udmawen Iqbayliyen==
: ɣer ''[[Idmawen iqbayliyen]]'' 

== Wali daɣen==
* [[Imaziɣen]] 

== Ismal n Internet ==
* '''[http://www.imyura.net www.imyura.net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812220445/http://www.imyura.net/ |date=2013-08-12 }}''' : asmel n tsekla tazwawt, s teqbaylit akk.
* '''[http://www.kabyle.com www.kabyle.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist
* '''[http://www.acaoh.ca http://www.acaoh.ca]''' : asmel n [[Tidukkla Tadelsant Tamaziɣt di Uṭṭawa-Ḥull]] di Kanada.
* '''[http://www.kabyles.com www.kabyles.com]''' : asmel n Leqvayel, s tefransist
* '''[http://www.tamazgha.org www.tamazgha.org]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Marikan ugafa.
* '''[http://www.racines-izuran.com www.racines-izuran.com]''' : asmel n weɣmis s snat n tutlayin: taqbaylit d tafransist.
* '''[http://www.tamazgha.fr www.tamazgha.fr]''' : asmel n Leqvayel n Franṣa.
*'''[http://tameddit.com www.tameddit.com] aɣmis  s tmaziɣt'''
* '''[http://www.tussna.blogspot.com www.tussna.blogspot.com]''' tussna i yibujaden, s teqvaylit

== Iɣbula ==


[[Taggayt:Tamurt n Leqbayel|*]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Microsoft</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>117942</id>
      <parentid>117924</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T12:18:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>arniɣ ayen ilaqen</comment>
      <origin>117942</origin>
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      <text bytes="9481" sha1="dces8pc5n2dyh16rua5ill7sxmktly4" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox}}
'''''{{lang|en|Microsoft Corporation}}''''' d taṛmist n tsenselkimt d tamikṛusenselkimt agettaɣlant [[Iwunak idduklen n Marikan|tamarikanit]], tettwassebded sɣur [[Bill Gates]] d [[Paul Allen]]. Armud ines amezzwaru d taneflit d ussenzi n [[Anagraw n wammud|inagrawen n wammud]] akkw d [[aseɣẓan|iseɣẓanen]].

Tettwassen s waṭas n yifarisen-is am Windows, Microsoft 365, Azure, Xbox, GitHub, LinkedIn akked Microsoft Copilot.

Tarmiṣt-a tettwasebded deg 4 Yebrir 1975 sɣur Bill Gates akked Paul Allen deg Marikan. Deg tazwara, leqdic-is yella ɣef yiznanen n usihel n yiselkimen, maca deg yiseggasen i d-iteddun, tuɣal d yiwet seg teṛmisin i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef wamek i seqdacen yimdanen iselkimen deg tudert n yal ass.

Microsoft ur teqqim ara kan deg usufeɣ n Windows. Tura, leqdic-is yebḍa ɣef waṭas n taɣulin: iseɣẓanen n tɣellist, aselkim n usigna, tigzi taragmawant, aselmed umḍin, tasenselkimt n teṛmisin, akked wuraren uvidyu.

== 1. Amezruy n Microsoft ==

=== 1.1. 1975–1980: Talalit n teṛmist ===
[[Tugna:Paul Allen and Bill Gates at Lakeside School in 1970.jpg|gauche|vignette|Bill Gates akked Paul Allen.]]
Deg 1975, Bill Gates akked Paul Allen walant dakken iselkimen imeẓyanen ad uɣalen d afecku agejdan deg tudert n yimdanen.

Sbedden Microsoft deg Albuquerque, New Mexico. Leqdic-nsen amezwaru yella d asnerni n tutlayt n usihel BASIC i uselkim Altair 8800.

Deg tallit-nni, iselkimen llan s umata deg tesdawiyin, deg yixeddimen n unadi akked teṛmisin timeqqranin. Bill Gates akked Paul Allen bɣan ad d-snulfun Iseɣẓanen i yiselkimen imeẓyanen, akken ad yezmer yal yiwen ad ten-yesseqdec

Isem Microsoft yekka-d seg usdukkel n sin wawalen s teglizit: microcomputer akked software.

Deg 1979, tarmiṣt tessmutti tasɣimt-is ɣer Bellevue, Washington.

=== 2.2. 1980–1985: MS-DOS d umyekcam akked IBM ===
Deg 1980, Microsoft s umtawa akked IBM tebda asufeɣ n unagraw n wammud i yiselkimen IBM PC.

Seg waya i d-yekka MS-DOS, anagraw n wammud yettwaseqdacen s waṭas deg yiselkimen imezwura n IBM PC akked wid i ten-yettcabin.

MS-DOS yettawi-d agrudem s yizirigen n tiludna. Aseqdac yessefk ad yaru tiludna akken ad yeldi afaylu, ad yesmutti isefka neɣ ad iselkem ahil.
[[Tugna:IBM PC 5150.jpg|centré|vignette|550x550px|IBM PC 5150 s MS-DOS.]]Ayen i yesɛan azal: Microsoft teḥrez tasiregt n useqdec n unagraw-is i waṭas n yimfarasen n yiselkimen, ayen i as-yefkan tagnit ad tesnerni aznuzu n yiseɣẓanen-is deg umaḍal.

=== 3.3. 1985–1995: Talalit n Windows ===
Deg 20 Wamber 1985, Microsoft tessufeɣ-d Windows 1.0, d anagraw yebana s ugrudem n yisfuyla yettwabnan ɣef MS-DOS.

Windows yesseḥbes cwiṭ seg useqdec n tiludna yettwarun, yerna yesnerna aselkem s yisfuyla, tignatin akked ufus n uselkim.
[[Tugna:Microsoft Windows 1.0 screenshot.png|centré|vignette|450x450px|Windows 1.0.]]
Windows 3.0 deg 1990 akked Windows 3.1 deg 1992 fkan i Microsoft tagnit ad tili d tarmiṣt tagejdant deg uselkim n yiselkimen udmawanen.

Deg 1995, Windows 95 yewwi-d kra n yiferdisen i yeqqimen d igejdanen ar ass-a, gar-asen:

* Taqqefalt n Start.
* Afeggag n twuriwin (taskbar).
* Aseqdec n yifuyla s yisfuyla.
* Asefrak ifazen n wahilen.
* Asnerni n tuqqna ɣer Internet.

=== 3.4. 1995–2005: Tallit n Internet ===
Deg tallit-a, Microsoft tesnerna Internet Explorer, Windows NT, Windows 2000 akked Windows XP.

Windows XP, i d-yeffɣen deg 2001, yuɣal d yiwen seg yinagrawen n wammud i yettwaseqdacen s waṭas deg umezruy n yiselkimen.

Microsoft tesnerna daɣen Microsoft Office, i yesdukklen Word, Excel, PowerPoint akked Outlook, armi i d-uɣal d afecku agejdan deg teṛmisin, tisdawanin akked tdablin.

Deg 2001, Microsoft tekcem ɣer taɣult n wuraren uvidyu s Xbox, i yuɣalen d amsizzel agejdan n PlayStation n Sony.

=== 3.5. 2005–2014: Asnifel n tṛmist ===
[[Tugna:Xbox-console.jpg|gauche|vignette|Xbox 360 n 2005.]]
Deg tallit-a, Microsoft tesɛa kra n yisurifen i yelhan akked kra n wid ur nelli ara akken tebɣa.

Windows 7, Xbox 360 akked Azure llan gar yifarisen i yesnernan tazrirt-is.

Maca Windows Vista, Windows 8 akked Windows Phone ur d-wwin ara akk igemmaḍ i tettṛaǧu tṛmist.

Deg 2014, Satya Nadella yuɣal d amsefrak amatu. Asnifel-a yebdel aɣanib n usefrak n Microsoft, s usentel ameqqran ɣef usigna, tigzi taragmawant akked useqdec n yiseɣẓan-is deg waṭas n yinagrawen.

=== 3.6. Seg 2014 ar 2026: Azure d tigzi taragmawant ===
Microsoft tesnerna Azure, Microsoft 365, Teams, GitHub akked Copilot, yerna tessnerna amyekcam-is akked teṛmisin n tigzi taragmawant.

Deg 2016, Microsoft tuɣ LinkedIn, yerna deg 2018 terna diɣen GitHub.

Deg 2022, tuɣ Nuance Communications, yerna deg 2023 tesmed asɣiwes n Activision Blizzard, yiwet seg teṛmisin timeqqranin n wuraren uvidyu.

Seg 2023, Microsoft tesnerna s waṭas ifecka n Copilot, i yesseqdacen imudilen n tutlayt imeqqranen i tnufka n tallelt deg tira, asenqed n isefka, asihel akked uxeddim n yal ass.

== 4. Ifarisen igejdanen n Microsoft ==

=== 4.1. Windows — Anagraw n wammud ===
Windows d yiwen seg yifarisen n Microsoft i yettwasnn ugar deg umaḍal.

Anagraw-a yessefrak iselkimen, isefka, iznanen akked wahilen. Yessefk i uselkem n waṭas n twuriwin deg yiwen wakud.

Seg Windows 1.0 ar Windows 11, anagraw-a ibeddel s waṭas. Yuɣal d allal agejdan gar useqdac d uselkim.

Microsoft tesnerna daɣen Windows Server i yiselkimen n teṛmisin akked tdbelt.

=== 4.2. Microsoft 365 — Ifecka n uxeddim ===
Microsoft 365 d tagruma n wahilen akked imeẓla i useqdec n yisefka d uxeddim amatu.
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Ahil
!Tawuri tagejdant
|-
|Word
|Tira d useggem n isemliyen
|-
|Excel
|Asefrak n tfelwin, isiḍanen d useḍfer n isefka
|-
|PowerPoint
|Asileɣ n yineḍruyen n uskan
|-
|Outlook
|Asefrak n yimaylen d uwitay
|-
|Teams
|Amyawaḍ, timliliyin s uvidyu d uxeddim amezdi
|-
|OneDrive
|Aḥraz n yifuyla deg usigna
|-
|OneNote
|Aḥraz d usefrak n tezmilin
|}
Microsoft tbeddel s wakud seg uznuzu n wahilen s tsirag n yiwet n tikelt ɣer unagraw n ujerred (abonnement), anda aseqdac yettxelliṣ yal ayyur neɣ yal aseggas.

Asnifel-a yefka-as imadufen yettɛawaden yal tallit, maca yesseḥwaj daɣen iseqdacen ad kemmlen lexlaṣ akken ad ḥerzen kra n imeẓla.

=== 4.3. Azure — Aselkim n usigna ===
Microsoft Azure d yiwen seg yifarisen igejdanen n tṛmist deg tallit tamirant.

D tagruma n imeẓla n usigna i yettaǧǧan tiṛmisin ad sqedcent iselkimen, akufi n isefka, iznanen d tigzi taragmawant war ma sbedden akk tiɣerɣaṛin-a deg yixxamen-nsent.

Amedya: tarmiṣt n tnezzut tezmer ad tesɛu asmel web, akufi n isefka n yimsaɣen d unagraw n lexlaṣ deg Azure, deg umḍiq n useqdec n yiselkimen-is iman-is.
[[Tugna:Tuṭṭfa n ugdil seg 2026-11-08 15-46-18.png|centré]]
Azure yemgarad ɣef Windows: Windows d anagraw n wammud, ma d Azure d tagruma n yimeẓla i d-yettunefken seg yiselkimen n usigna.

=== 4.4. Xbox — Uraren uvidyu ===
Microsoft tekcem ɣer taɣult n wuraren uvidyu deg 2001 s Xbox. Tesnerna syin akkin Xbox 360, Xbox One akked Xbox Series X/S.

Tarmiṣt tesɛa daɣen kra n termiṣin tinaddawin n usnerni n wuraren, am Bethesda, Mojang akked Activision Blizzard. Xbox Game Pass d ameẓlu n ujerred i yettaǧǧan aseqdac ad yurar deg tɣessa n wuraren i d-yettunefken deg ujerred-is.

=== 4.5. GitHub — Tiɣimit n yimsihlen ===
[[Tugna:Github neu.jpg|centré|vignette|650x650px]]
Deg 2018, Microsoft tuɣ GitHub s azal n 7.5 milyar n idular.

GitHub d tiɣimit i yettaǧǧan imsihlen ad xedmen deg yiwen usenfaṛ, ad ḥerzen tangalt-nsen, ad ḍefren ibeddilen, ad sbedden ''pull requests'' akked useɣti n tuccḍiwin.

GitHub yesɛa azal ameqqran deg umaḍal n uɣbalu ilelli (open source). Microsoft tesnerna daɣen GitHub Copilot i useɛwen deg tira n tengalt.

=== 4.6. LinkedIn, Bing, Edge d Surface ===
Microsoft tesɛa daɣen ifarisen nniḍen:

LinkedIn d aẓeṭṭa anmetti n yimahilen, i yettaǧǧan imdanen ad nadin ɣef teṛmisin, ad afen leqdic neɣ ad snernin assaɣen imahilanen.

Bing d amsedday n unadi deg Internet, yettemsizzilen akked Google Search.

Microsoft Edge d iminig web i yettwabnan ɣef Chromium.

Surface d tawacult n yiselkimen d yifecka n uselkim i d-tessufeɣ Microsoft s yisem-is.

== 5. Microsoft d tigzi taragmawant ==
Seg 2023, tigzi taragmawant tuɣal d yiwet seg yisental igejdanen n tsertit n Microsoft.

Tarmiṣt tessnerna Microsoft Copilot, d amɛiwen umḍin i yezmer ad yefhem tutlayt n umdan, ad d-yerr ɣef yisteqsiyen, ad yessegzi isefka neɣ ad iɛiwen deg usihel.

=== 5.1. Microsoft Copilot ===
Copilot yezmer ad yettwaseqdec deg waṭas n yimeḍqan:

* Deg Word, i usumer n uḍris d useggem-is.
* Deg Excel, i tesleḍt n yisefka.
* Deg PowerPoint, i usileɣ n yiskan.
* Deg Teams, i ugzul n timliliyin.
* Deg GitHub, i useɛwen deg usihel.
* Deg Windows, i useɛwen deg kra n twuriwin n unagraw.

=== 5.2. Assaɣ n Microsoft akked OpenAI ===
Microsoft d yiwet seg teṛmisin i d-yefkan afus n tallelt tameqqrant i [[OpenAI]].

Akken i d-yettnerni umyekcam gar-asent, Microsoft tesnerna Azure AI akked yimeẓla i yettaǧǧan tiṛmisin ad sqedcent timudmin(imudilen) n tigzi taragmawant.

Maca Microsoft ur teqqim ara ɣef yiwen n umsefrak n yimudilen. Deg 2026, tesnerna daɣen aseqdec n yimudilen nniḍen, gar-asen wid n Anthropic, yerna tesnerna anadi-is iman-is ɣef yimudilen imaynuten.
[[Category:Tasenselkimt]][[Category:Tarmist]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Ludwig Feuerbach</title>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
        <id>14292</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>seɣtiɣ kra n tuccḍiwin</comment>
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      <text bytes="15102" sha1="o8eobmj858vr3mn5dy38d8tb89fii0y" xml:space="preserve">[[Tugna:Ludwig Feuerbach-1.2 V01-1.1.1 cropped and rotated.jpg|vignette|Ludwing Feurebach.]]
'''Ludwig Andreas von Feuerbach''' (1804–1872) d yiwen seg ifelsafen n [[Lalman]] imeqqranen n lqern wis 19. Tafelsafit-is tbedd ɣef sin yigejda: azɣan n tefelsafit n wuktu n [[Hegel]], d uselmed belli amdan d tumast n yal tikti, n yal asɣan, d yal tussna. Deg umahil-is ameqqran « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » (Das Wesen des Christentums, 1841), yesken-d belli Yakuc(Ṛebbi) ur yelli ara d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, maca d asenẓer(tigri) n wemdan(neɣ d asenẓer n wayen ixuṣṣen amdan s wudem imitti) i yessuli ɣer yigenni. S wannect-a, Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tefelsafit tatrart n tenga, yerna yesbedd lsas i tmusni talsant ara d-yawin [[Karl Marks|Marks]], Engels, d waṭas n yifelsafen niḍen ɣer ubrid n tengat d tmetti.

== I. Tudert d Uselmed n Feuerbach ==

=== 1.1. Talalit d twacult ===
Ludwig Feuerbach ilul-d deg 1804 deg ''Landshut'', di ''Bavaria'', deg twacult n yimfelsafen d yimusnawen. Baba-s, ''Paul Johann Anselm von Feuerbach'', d yiwen seg yimusnawen imeqqranen n uzref deg lqern wis 19. Gma-s, ''Karl Wilhelm Feuerbach'', d amusnaw n tusnakt. Ihi, Ludwig yekker-d deg twennaḍt n tmusni d uselmed, anda tiktiwin timaynutin d yinadiyen yeṭṭfen adeg ameqqran deg tudert-is n yal ass.

=== 1.2. Aselmed deg Berlin d Erlangen ===
Deg 1823, Feuerbach yekcem ɣer tesdawit n Heidelberg akken ad yelmed tasnakuct (théologie). Maca, seg 1824, yezger ɣer Berlin, anda i yefka tameẓẓuɣt i yiselmaden n Hegel. Din, yelmed tafelsafit n [[Hegel]] s telqayt, yerna yuɣal d yiwen seg yinelmaden-is imeqqranen. Deg 1828, yekfa aselmed-is deg Erlangen s tezrigt ɣef « Tmusni n wallaɣ » (De ratione una, universali, infinita). Seg 1829 armi 1835, yesselmed tafelsafit deg Erlangen.

=== 1.3. Abaɣur d unadi ===
Deg 1830, yeffeɣ-d wedlis-is amezwaru « Tidmi ɣef tmettant d tmeɣlalt » (Gedanken über Tod und Unsterblichkeit), anda yenna belli tamettant d taggara n tudert, ur telli ara tmeɣlalt n yiman. Aya yegla-d s uɣilif: aselmed-is yettwagdel, yerna yettwakkes seg tesdawit. Seg imir-n, yedder deg ''Bruckberg'', deg lɛerc n tmeṭṭut-is, anda yura aṭas n yidlisen. Deg 1848–1849, yefka-d timsirin ɣef tumast n tmasiḥit deg Heidelberg. Yemmut deg 1872 deg ''Rechenberg'', qrib ''Nuremberg''.

== II. Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel ==

=== 2.1. Seg uḍfar ɣer uzɣan ===
Feuerbach yebda d aḍefran n [[Hegel]]. Yesseqdac tarrayt n Hegel, yettamen belli « iziɣer » (Geist) d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Maca, seg iseggasen n 1839–1843, yebda yettwali belli tefelsafit n Hegel tbeddel tilawt: deg waddad n Hegel, Tidmi d nettat i d-yessawalayen amdan d ddunit, maca Feuerbach yenna belli amdan d ddunit i d-yessawalayen tidmi. Aya d abeddel ameqqran: seg « Tidmi tesselmad amdan » ɣer « Amdan i d-yessawalayen tidmi ».

=== 2.2. « Tafelsafit n uzekka » (1843) ===
Deg wedlis-is « Imenzayen n Tfelsafit n Uzekka » (Grundsätze der Philosophie der Zukunft), Feuerbach yura s wawal izgan:

« Tifelsafit n Hegel tessuli iziɣer neɣ tidmi ɣer udabu, maca tidmi ur tezmir ara ad tili mebla amdan i yettmeyyizen. D amdan i d-yettaken anamek i tidmi, mačči d tidmi i d-yettaken amdan. »

Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tafelsafit seg yigenni n tiktiwin timadwanen ɣer tmurt n tilawt, n yiḥulfan, d tegnatin n wemdan. Yenna belli tefelsafit ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan n tidet, amdan n uɣrum, n tmeddurt, n tayri, n lmeḥna — mačči seg « Tidmi tamagdezt » ur nesɛi udem.

=== 2.3. Abddel n uselmed ===
Feuerbach yessers-d abddel ameqqran deg tefelsafit:

Hegel yeqqar: « Tilin d tin i d-yettawin tikti neɣ tafrit» (Sein bestimmt das Bewusstsein).

Feuerbach yeqqar: « Tikti d tin i d-yettawin seg tilin » — maca tilin-agi d tilin n wemdan n tidet, n ugama, n yiḥulfan.

Aya d abrid i d-yeldin i [[Karl Marks|Marks]], i d-yennan seg imir-n: « Mačči tikti i d-yessawalayen tilin n tmetti, maca tilin n tmetti i d-yessawalayen tikti. »

== III. Tasleṭ n Wesɣan: « Tumast n Tmasiḥit » ==

=== 3.1. Tikti tagejdant: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » ===
[[Tugna:Nuremberg L.A.Feuerbach Memoria Monument f ne.jpg|vignette|Asmektay n Feuerbach deg Nuremberg.]]
Tikti tameqqrant akk n Feuerbach d tinna: « Tasnakuct d tessnalsa » (Theologie ist Anthropologie). Aya anamek-is: yal ayen i d-neqqar ɣef Yakuc, deg tidet, d ayen i d-neqqar ɣef wemdan(dayen i d-yekkan seg wamek yella wemdan) — maca s talɣa yettwasemɣren, yettwasbedden berra n wemdan.

Feuerbach yenna:

« '''Yakuc(Ṛebbi) d tumast n wemdan yettwaberrzen seg wemdan, yettwasbedden deg yigenni, yettwaɛeẓzen amzun d ayen nniḍen.''' ».

Deg udlis-is agejdan i wumi isemma &quot;Tumast n Tmasiḥit&quot;, i d-yeffɣen deg useggas n 1841, Feuerbach yessefhem-d s telqayt belli asɣan d asenẓer n tumast talsant. S unamek nniḍen, d amdan s timmad-is i d-yesnulfan Yakuc (Ṛebbi). yeḥseb-it d imezgi n uktuyen-is d yisirmen-is yelhan akk, am tayri, tamusni, taɣdemt, d tnezzmart tameɣlalt. Feuerbach yeqqar-d belli amdan, mi ara yefk akk tiɣariwin-a i yiwet n tɣawsa n beṛṛa i t-yugaren, yettak-as azal i nettat d tnezzmart-is, yettu iman-is d wayen yezmer ad t-ixdem. Ayagi d ayen i d-igellun s tkufḍa, imi amdan yettwali iman-is d aleqqaq zdat n tesmekta n usugen i d-ixleq yiman-is. Akken ad d-yerr amdan azal-is d tilelli-s, issefk fell-as ad yegzu belli ayen akk i yettnadi deg usɣan yella deg tumast-is talsant d ugama-s. S wakka, Feuerbach yerra tasnakuca d tasnalsa, imi ɣur-s tuffirt n usɣan d amdan d tilawt-is.

=== 3.2. Tigri(asenẓer) n tumast n wemdan ===
Feuerbach yessefhem amek i yettxemmem wemdan asɣan:

'''Amdan yettwali''' '''asenẓer-is(isnefren-is)''': isnefren-is d tayri, d tamusni, d tezmert, d leḥnana, d tanezmart.

'''Yessemɣar-iten:''' Yessuli isnefren-is ɣer udabu ameqqran, yerra-ten d ayen ur nesɛi talast.

'''Yesbedd-iten berra-s:''' Yefka-asen isem « Yakuc », yerra-ten d ayen yellan deg yigenni, ur nelli deg wemdan.

'''Yeɛbed-iten:''' Yuɣal yettɛebbid ayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is, yettwali-t d ameqqran, netta d ameẓẓyan.

Feuerbach yura: « Amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg Yakuc, syin yettwali Yakuc d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as. »

=== 3.3. Asɣan d takufḍa ===
Deg tmuɣli n Feuerbach, asɣan d talɣa n tkufḍa: amdan yettak afus-is i wayen i d-yexleq, syin yettuɣal d aqeddac n wayen i d-yexleq s yiman-is. Aya yecba wayen i d-yenna ɣef tedrimt: amdan ixeddem, yessewjed-d lɣella, maca lɣella-ines tuɣal d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as.

=== 3.4. Acu i d-yewwi usɣan i wemdan? ===
Feuerbach ur yeqqer ara asɣan ur nesɛi anamek. Yenna belli asɣan yesɛa anamek: d asirem n wemdan, d tayri-s i leḥnana, d tazmert i yettnadi. Maca asɣan yesker-d takufḍa imi yessekcem isnefren-agi berra n wemdan, deg wemkan ad yettilint deg wemdan s timmad-is.

== IV. Takufḍa: Tikti Tagejdant ==

=== 4.1. Anamek n tkufḍa ɣer Feuerbach ===
Takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach d tadyant ideg amdan yessekcem tumast-is deg ayen nniḍen, syin yettwali ayen-nni amzun d ayen yeffɣen i wemdan, yettḥekkem fell-as. Llant kraḍ n talɣiwin n takufḍa ɣer Feuerbach:

'''Takufḍa tasɣanant''': Amdan yessekcem isnefren-is deg Yakuc, syin yeɛbed Yakuc amzun d ameqqran fell-as.

'''Takufḍa tafelsafant''': Tefelsafit n Hegel tessekcem amdan deg « Tidmi tamagdezt », tesseɣli-t d aqeddac n tiktiwin timugdaz.

'''Takufḍa tasertant''': Udabu d yilugan yettwasbedden beṛṛa n wemdan, yettḥekkmen fell-as.

=== 4.2. Abrid n usellek seg tkufḍa ===
Feuerbach yenna belli asellek seg tkufḍa yettili s '''tmusni''': mi ara yissin wemdan belli Rebbi(Yakuc, Illu) d tigri n tumast-is, ad yeḥbes ad yeɛbed ayen i d-yexleq, ad yuɣal ɣer yiman-is, ad yeɛbed tumast-is deg yiman-is.

« Mi ara yissin wemdan belli isnefren n Yakuc d isnefren-is, ad yuɣal d ilelli. Ad yeḥbes ad yettnadi beṛṛa-s ayen yellan deg-s. »

=== 4.3. Asemdu ɣef Marks ===
[[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti-agi n takufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣef tmetti d tedamsa: takufḍa ur telli ara kan deg wesɣan, maca deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan yettxeddem lɣella-s syin ttuɣalen d ayen yettḥekkmen fell-as.

== V. Talsawit: Amdan d Tumast n Yal Ayen Yellan ==

=== 5.1. « Amdan d aḥric ameqqran i wemdan » ===
Feuerbach yura: « Homo homini Deus est » — « Amdan d Yakuc i wemdan ». Aya anamek-is: ur nesɛi ara ḥedd nniḍen i d-yettaken anamek i tudert-nneɣ, i d-yettaken tayri, i d-yettakan leḥnana — d amdan kan i izemren ad yeg aya i wemdan nniḍen.

=== 5.2. Tumast n wemdan deg tmetti ===
Feuerbach ur yettwali ara amdan d yiwen kan, yettwali-t deg temetti. Yenna:

« Tumastt n wemdan ur telli ara deg yiwen kan, tettili deg tmetti, deg ussaɣ ger Nekk d Kečč, ger Nekk d Kemm. Amdan ur yezmir ara ad yili mebla wayeḍ. »

Aya d tikti tameqqrant: amdan d amdan kan s wayeḍ. Tayri, tamidit, timetti — akk-a d isnefren n wemdan n tidet.

=== 5.3. Asentel n « Nekk d Kečč » ===
Feuerbach yessefhem belli tumast n wemdan ur telli ara deg « Nekk » kan, maca deg ussaɣ ger « Nekk » d « Kečč/Kemm ». Aya yecba tikti n Martin Buber (i d-yusan deffir-s) ɣef « I-Thou ». Feuerbach yenna:

« Amdan n yiwen ur yelli ara d amdan n tidet. Amdan n tidet yettili kan deg sin: Nekk d Kečč. ».

== VI. Tenga d Yiḥulfan: Tefelsafit n Tilawt ==

=== 6.1. Tanga d tumast ===
Feuerbach yenna belli tanga d tumast n yal ayen yellan. Ur telli ara « Tidmi » ur nesɛi tenga, ur telli ara tumast ur nesɛi udem. Tenga ur telli ara d ayen n dir, d ayen ur nesɛi anamek — d ayen yettɛicin, i d-yettaken tudert, d ayen i nessawal s yiḥulfan-nneɣ.

« Tanga ur telli ara d ayen n dir. D ayen i d-yettaken tumast i yal ayen. Mebla tanga, ur telli ara tidmi, ur telli ara tikti, ur telli ara tmeddurt. ».

Uqbel ad d-isbedd tafelsafit-is timziregt, Feuerbach yella d anelmad n Hegel, yettiki deg tarbaɛt n yimhegaliyen iẓelmaḍen (hégéliens de gauche). Maca, s tmuɣli-s tamaynut, yeffeɣ i webrid n tiktiwt i yebnan ɣef tikti n &quot;Iziɣer amagdaz&quot; i d-ixelqen tilawt d umaḍal angawan. Feuerbach yeqleb tamuɣli-ya s lǧedra-s; ɣur-s, tilawt tangawant d ugama d nutenti i d aẓar n kullec, ma d tiktiwin, timuɣliwin, d yisɣanen d ayen i d-yekkan seg umdan yettidiren deg tilawt-a. Ihi, tangeẓṛi n Feuerbach tebna ɣef wayen yettwaḥulfan s wallalen n tnefsit, ɣef tfekka d wemdan amuddir, win yettidiren deg tmetti d ugama. Ɣer uflusuf-a, amdan ur yelli ara kan d asugen neɣ d tikti tamadwant, maca d tafekka i yesɛan iḥulfan, tayri, d israyen yeqqnen ɣer tudert-a.

=== 6.2. Iḥulfan d abrid n tmusni ===
Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesseɣli tefelsafit seg « tidmi iḥekkun ɣef yiman-is » ɣer « yiḥulfan i d-yettakan tilawt ». Yenna:

« Iḥulfan ur ttekksen ara. D nitni i d-yettakan tilawt i wallaɣ. Mi ara waliɣ, mi ara sleɣ, mi ara ḥulfuɣ — din i yettili tilawt n tidet. »

Aya d azɣan n « tefelsafit tamagdezt » i yettwalin tilawt s tikti kan. Feuerbach yebɣa tafelsafit i d-yebdan seg tfekka, seg yiḥulfan, seg tegnatin n wemdan.

=== 6.3. Agama d tumast ===
Feuerbach yettwali agama d ayen yezwaren i wemdan. Amdan yekka-d seg ugama, yettidir deg ugama, yettɛic s ugama. Agama ur yelli ara d « asenẓer n Tidmi », d ayen yellan s timmad-is, ur yeḥwaǧ ara ḥedd i t-id-ixellqen.

== VII. Tafelsafit n Uzekka: Abrid n Feuerbach ==

=== 7.1. Tafelsafit ilaq ad tili s wudem n talsawit ===
Feuerbach yebɣa ad yesbedd tafelsafit tamaynut: tafelsafit ur nettwali ara « Tidmi tamagdezt », maca tafelsafit i yettwalin amdan n tidet, s tfekka-s, s yiḥulfan-is, s tayri-s, s lmeḥna-s. Yura:

« Tifelsafit n uzekka ilaq ad tebdu seg wemdan, mačči seg tikta. Ilaq ad tessers amdan deg tlemmast, ad t-twali s yiḥulfan, s tayri, s temetti. »

=== 7.2. Asenfal n wesɣan s talsawit ===
Feuerbach ur yebɣi ara ad yekkes asɣan s ufus. Yebɣa ad yessker asenfal: ad nessker tifsar i yettɛebbid wemdan deg Yakuc (tayri, leḥnana, tazmert, tamusni) ad tent-nessers deg wemdan s timmad-is. Aya d asenfal seg « tasnakuct » ɣer « talsawit », seg « tefelsafit n yigenni » ɣer « tefelsafit n tmurt ».

=== 7.3. Tumast n tmusni tatrart ===
Tafelsafit n Feuerbach tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tmusni tatrart:

'''Deg tesnilsit''': Tefham belli tutlayt d aḥric n wemdan, n temetti.

'''Deg tefelsafit n tmetti''': Tesbedd amdan d tumastt, mačči udabu.

'''Deg tedamsa''': Teldi abrid i uzɣan n tedrimt d uxeddim.

'''Deg tussna n tnefsit''': Tesken belli asɣan d aḥulfu, d asirem, mačči d tidet n berra.

== VIII. Asemdu ɣef Marks d Engels ==

=== 8.1. Marks d Feuerbach ===
[[Karl Marks]] yebda s tfelsafit n Feuerbach. Deg 1843–1844, yura « Azɣan n Tefelsafit n Hegel » d « agemmir ɣef Feuerbach » (Thesen über Feuerbach). [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yeṭṭef-d tikti n tkufḍa, maca yesbedd-itt ɣer tmetti d tedamsa:

Feuerbach yenna: Takufḍa tella deg wesɣan.

Marks yenna: Takufḍa tella deg uxeddim, deg tedrimt, deg wayen akk ideg amdan ixeddem-it syin ittuɣal d ayen yettḥekkimen fell-as.

=== 8.2. Azɣan n Marks ɣef Feuerbach ===
Deg ugemmir wis 11, [[Karl Marks|Marks]] yura: « Imeflasufen ḥekkan-d kan ɣef ddunit s talɣa yemxalafen; ayen yesɛan azal d abeddel-is. » Marks yenna belli Feuerbach yeḥbes deg uselmed, ur yewwiḍ ara ɣer ubeddel n tmetti. Feuerbach yettwali amdan s tmuɣli tamagdezt, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti, n tedamsa, n udabu i yettbeddilen amdan.

=== 8.3. Engels d Feuerbach ===
Friedrich Engels yura deg « Ludwig Feuerbach d Tagara n Tefelsafit Talmanit Tamagdezt(taklasikit) » (1886) belli Feuerbach yeldi abrid, maca ur yekfi ara. Yenna:

« Feuerbach yesseɣli tefelsafit seg yigenni ɣer tmurt. Maca yettḥebes din: yettwali amdan s tmuɣli, ur yettwali ara tignatin n tmetti i yettbeddilen amdan. ».

== XIX. Asemdu n Tefelsafit n Feuerbach ɣer Tussna Tatrart ==

=== 10.1. Deg tfelsafit n wesɣan ===
Feuerbach yeldi abrid i tfelsafit tatrart n wesɣan: [[Friedrich Nietzsche|Nietzsche]], Freud, Sartre — akk-a ssnen belli Feuerbach d win i d-yennan belli asɣan d axeddim n wemdan. Freud yenna belli asɣan d « lmarur » (illusion), Nietzsche yenna belli « Yakuc yemmut », Sartre yenna belli amdan d ilelli, ur yesɛi ḥedd i s-d-yettaken anamek.

=== 10.2. Deg tassnalsa ===
Tefelsafit n Feuerbach tesɛa azal ameqqran deg tassnalsa (anthropologie) tatrart. Yesbedd amdan d tumast n yal anadi, n yal tamusni. Aya d lsas n tassnalsa tatrart i yettwalin amdan s tmuɣli n tmetti, n yidles, n tutlayt.

=== 10.3. Deg tfelsafit n tmetti ===
Tikti n Feuerbach ɣef tayri, leḥnana, d temetti tebna lsas i tfelsafit n tmetti tatrart. Yenna belli tmetti ur tebni ara ɣef yilugan kan, tebni ɣef wassaɣ ger yemdanen, ɣef tayri, ɣef leḥnana.

=== 10.4. Deg tfelsafit n tutlayt ===
Feuerbach yenna belli tutlayt d aḥric n wemdan, n temetti. Tutlayt ur telli ara d ayen n berra, d ayen i d-yekkan seg wemdan, seg wassaɣ ger yemdanen. Aya yeldi abrid i tfelsafit n tutlayt tatrart.</text>
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    <title>Milton Friedman</title>
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      <text bytes="21054" sha1="6nacuo5tkpymiiogik0qmupwnmgw9zf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q47426|image=[[File:Portrait Of Milton Friedman (cropped).jpg|thumb|Portrait Of Milton Friedman (cropped)]]|caption=Milton Friedman.|date of birth=31 Yulyu 1912.|nationality=Tamarikanit.|date of death=16 Wambeṛ 2006}}

'''Milton Friedman''' d yiwen seg yimussnawen n tdamsa i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef tikti tadamsant deg tasut tis 20. Yettwassen s unadi-ines ɣef yidrimen, asadur, annerni n wazalen, iɣimi war axeddim, akked wamek i tezmer tdamsa ad teddu s tlelli n ulzuz, war ma yessekcam uwanek iman-is deg yal armud.

Friedman yella gar wid i d-yessuffɣen tiktiwin n tdamsa n tallit-nni seg yiberdan i tent-ttwalin s John Maynard Keynes, ɣer tarrayt-nniḍen i d-yettakken azal ameqqran i yidrimen, tamsizzelt deg ulzuz, d tlelli n umdan deg tiferniwin-is tidamsanin.

Tiẓriyin-is ur qqiment ara deg tesdawit. Uɣalent d aḥric n umeslay asartan d udamsan deg Marikan, Britanya, Cili, akked waṭas n tmura-nniḍen.

Maca ur yelli ara d amussnaw iɣef mtafan akk imazzagen. Kra n tiktiwin-is ttwasqeblent deg tussna n tdamsa tatrart, ma d kra nniḍen mazal fell-asent umeslay d uzɣan, ladɣa ayen yeɛnan tamlilt n uwanek, taɣdemt tamettit, tawziɛt n tbuɣar d tsertiyin tidamsanin.

Deg useggas 1976, yewwi-d Arraz n Nobel n tussniwin tidamsanin ɣef leqdic-is deg tesleḍt n usadur, amezruy d teẓri n yidrimen, akked usegzi n wuguren n tsertit n usezdi n tdamsa.

== 1. Tudert-is d umezruy-is ==
Deg temẓi-s, Friedman yesɛa leḥmala tameqqrant i tusnakt. Tazwara n ubrid-is asdawan tella deg tussniwin-a, uqbel ad yettwelleh ɣer tdamsa.

=== 1.2. Aɣerbaz d tesdawit ===
Timliliyin tigejdanin deg ubrid-is:

* 1932: yemmug d anelmad i d-yeffɣen seg tesdawit n Rutgers, s ugerruj n tmusniwin deg tusnakt d tdamsa.
* 1933: yewwi-d agerdas n Master deg tesdawit n Chicago.
* 1933–1934: ikemmel tizrawin-is deg tesdawit n Columbia.
* 1937: yebda assaɣ-is aɣezzfan d NBER, tasudut n unadi adamsan deg Marikan.
* 1938: yuɣ '''''Rose Director''''', i d-yuɣalen d tameṭṭut-is, tamdakkelt-is deg unadi d tira.
* 1946: yewwi-d agerdas n dukṭura deg Columbia, yerna yebda aselmed n tdamsa deg tesdawit n Chicago.
* 1977: yemmed uḥric-is agejdan n uselmed deg Chicago, yernu yebda leqdic deg Hoover Institution ɣer Stanford.
* 16 Nwanbir 2006: yemmut deg San Francisco, deg leɛmer n 94 n yiseggasen.

=== 1.3. Rose Friedman d twuri-ines deg tudert-is ===
''Rose Director Friedman'' ur telli ara kan d tameṭṭut-is. Tella d tamassant n tdamsa, tecerek yid-s deg waṭas n yimahilen.

Yid-s i d-yura Free to Choose deg 1980, akked Two Lucky People deg 1998. Sin-a sdukklen tiktiyin tidamsanin d tifelsafiyin ɣef tlelli n umdan. Rose tettɛawan daɣen deg usegzi n tmiḍranin tidamsanin yuɛren i tegzi, akken ad tent-fehmen ula d yimdanen ur nelli ara d imazzagen deg tdamsa.

== 2. Tallit n Friedman: tamurt d umaḍal deg ubeddel ==
Iwakken ad negzu tiktiwin n Friedman, ilaq ad nissin amek tella tdamsa n umaḍal deg tasut tis 20.

=== 3.1. Tazɣent tameqqrant n 1929 ===
Deg 1929, tebda yiwet seg tezɣanin tidamsanin timeqqranin i yeẓra umezruy amaynut. Tazɣent-a tḥuza Marikan, syin tekcem ɣer waṭas n tmura.

Tiṛmisin uɣalent ɣellqent, iɣimi war axeddim yugar ayen yellan uqbel, aṭas n yibankiyen rẓen, azal n yifarisen yuder.

Deg tallit-a, aṭas n yimussnawen n tdamsa bdan ttwalin belli ulzuz s yiman-is ur yezmir ara yal tikkelt ad d-yerr tadamsa ɣer waddad-is amagnu.

=== 3.2. Tazrirt n John Maynard Keynes ===
John Maynard Keynes yella gar yimussnawen i d-yefkan tifratin tatrarin i tezɣanin tidamsanin.

Ɣur-s, mi ara yili usadur d yisuter n yifarisen s ddaw n wayen i yezmer ad d-yefk ufares, anerni n yirmad n uwanek yezmer ad yesseḥyu tadamsa.

Amedya: ma ulac axeddim, awanek yezmer ad yesnerni lebni n yiberdan, isedduyen n waman d yiɣerbazen. S waya, ad d-yili uxeddim, ad nernun yidrimen i d-yettawin yimdanen, ad yernu usadur.

Friedman ur yugi ara akk timlilt n uwanek, maca yella yesseḥsab belli aṭas n tsertiyin-a zemrent ad d-glunt s wuguren-nniḍen.

=== 3.3. Amgired agejdan ===
Gar Keynes d Friedman, yella umgired ɣef tarrayt ara yessexdem uwanek i wakken ad issezdi tadamsa.

Keynes yefka azal ameqqran i usuter amatu, iseftiyen n uwanek d tsertit n tɣawsiwin tizayezin. Friedman, ma d netta, yesken-d azal n yidrimen d tsertit n '''uqarid''', yernu yessuter ad tili tsertit tamezdit, tettwassnen seg zik, ur tettbeddil ara yal tikkelt s tɣawla.

Ihi, Friedman yesseḥsab belli aselḥu arurad n tdamsa sɣur uwanek yezmer ad yili d aɣbalu n tezɣanin deg kra n tegnatin.

== 4. Tafelsafit-is tagejdant: tilelli n umdan d ulzuz ilelli ==
Yiwen seg yimenziyen igejdanen n Friedman d akken tlelli n umdan deg tdamsa d yiwen seg yizaduren n tlelli tasartant.

=== 4.1. D acu i d ulzuz ilelli? ===
Ulzuz ilelli d anagraw adamsan ideg imdanen d tiṛmisin zemren ad zenzun, ad sɣen, ad fersen, ad sseftin, war ma yella uwanek yettaǧǧa-d i yal yiwen acu ara yexdem.

Amedya: ma yella yiwen yebɣa ad yeldi aɣsur(neɣ luzin) n ufares n yiḍebsiyen, yezmer ad t-yeldi, ad d-isnulfu ifarisen, ad ten-izenz i yimsaɣen.

Ma yella ifarisen-is lhan, wid yettɣen zemren ad ten-fernen. Ma ur lhin ara, zemren ad rnun ɣer yiwen-nniḍen.

Ɣer Friedman, tarrayt-a tesnernay tamsizzelt, tesseḥbibir ɣef tiferni n umsaɣ, yerna tettɛawan ɣef usnerni n ufares.

=== 4.2. Tamsizzelt d wazalen ===
Friedman yesseḥsab belli tamsizzelt gar tiṛmisin tesɛa azal ameqqran.

Ma yella kra n yifarisen ur ttnuzun ara, neɣ ɣlayen aṭas, tiṛmisin-nniḍen zemrent ad d-fkent ifarisen am wigi s wazal yelhan ugar.

Maca aya yella d ayen i yezmer ad yeḍru mi ara tili tamsizzelt s tidet. Ma yella ulzuz deg ufus n yiwet n termist kan, neɣ yella usdukkel gar tiṛmisin i usebɣes n wazalen, tiferni n yimsaɣen tezmer ad tenqes.

Friedman ur yelli ara yesseḥsab belli yal ayen yellan deg ulzuz d ayen yelhan. Yesseḥseb belli tanekra n ulzuz tettili akken ilaq mi ara yilin izerfan n wayla yettwaseḥbibren, ilugan d tamsizzelt war tukerḍa.

=== 4.3. Tlelli tadamsant d tlelli tasartant ===
Deg udlis-is ''Capitalism and Freedom'', Friedman yessefhem-d amek i yezmer unagraw adamsan ilelli ad yesseḥbiber ɣef tlelli tasartant.

Ɣur-s, ma yella akk iferdisen n tdamsa deg ufus n udabu, win yesɛan adabu yezmer ad yessexdem tazmert-nni i useḥbes n yimdanen i as-yemgaraden deg tikti.

Ma yella imdanen zemren ad sseftin, ad snulfun tiṛmisin, ad ttwasekren i wakken ad awḍen ɣer yiswiyen-nsen, ad sɛun aṭas n yiberdan i wakken ad d-qeddcen war ma ḥwajen ad asen-yefk uwanek tasiregt deg yal tikkelt.

Maca tella yiwet n temsalt: tlelli tadamsant iman-is ur tettak ara s wudem awurman tlelli tasartant. Yezmer unagraw n ulzuz ad yili deg tmurt i deg ur ttwaḥerzen ara izerfan n yimdanen. Amezruy n kra n tmura yessekna-d ugur-a.

== 5. Tiẓri n tsmekta n yiqariden — Aẓar n teẓri n Friedman ==
Tiẓri tagejdant i yesɛan tazrirt tameqqrant deg leqdic-is d tiẓri n tsmekta n yiqariden, yefka azal ameqqran i tsmekta(tanecta) n yiqariden deg tdamsa d wamek i tettbeddil tasmekta-nni.

Friedman yella gar wid i d-yessnernan tamiḍrant-a deg yiseggasen n 1950 d 1960.

=== 5.1. Acuɣer i d-ttawin yidrimen tazrirt ɣef tdamsa? ===
Ilaq ad nefhem belli iqariden s timmad-nsen ur d-ttaken ara afaris. Iqariden d allal n umbaddal, n uselken n wazal, d usegfer n tbuɣar.

Ma tella tasmekta(neɣ tanecta) n yiqariden tettnerni s waṭas, maca afares n yifarisen d tnufa ur yettnerni ara s yiwet n tɣawla akked tsmekta n yiqariden, isuter amatu yezmer ad yernu deg wazal, ad d-yili usali n wazalen.

Friedman yesɛa tamiḍrant-a d tagejdant deg usegzi n unerni n wazalen ɣef wakud aɣezzfan.

=== 5.2. Tagda n tsmekta n yiqariden ===
Deg tdamsa, tella yiwet n tegda yettwassnen:

&lt;math&gt;

M \times V = P \times Y


&lt;/math&gt;

Anda:

* M: tasmekta(tanecta) n yiqariden yellan deg tdamsa.
* V: taɣawla n umussu n yiqariden deg tdamsa
* P: aswir amatu n wazalen.
* Y: afares adamsan ilaw.

Tagda-a d assaɣ n usiḍen. Iwakken ad nessiweḍ ɣer tmiḍrant n Friedman ɣef unerni n wazalen, ilaq ad nernu turdiwin ɣef wamek yettbeddil V d wamek yettnerni Y.

=== 5.3. Asezdi n tsmekta n yiqariden ===
Friedman yessuter ad yili yiwen ulugen i tsmekta n yiqariden: ad yettnerni s yilugan ifrawanen yettwassnen seg zik, war ma yettbeddil uwanek tarrayt-is yal tikkelt.

Tamezwarut, aya yessefk ad yesseḥbiber ɣef wazalen. Tis snat, alugen-a ad yessenqes tawaresnit i d-yettawin ubeddel arurad n tsertit n yiqariden, ladɣa mi ara tbeddel tegnit tadamsant.

Tamiḍrant-a tettwasemma daɣen alugen n usnerni n tsemekta n yiqariden s yiwet n tɣawla

Maca, akken ara nwali, tizrawin n yiseggasen n 1980 skanent-d belli assaɣ gar tsmekta n yiqariden d wazalen ur yezgi ara d yiwen, ladɣa mi ara beddlent tarrayin n yibankiyen d usadur.

== 6. Annerni n wazalen d iɣimi war axeddim ==

=== 6.1. Annerni amatu n wazalen ===
Friedman yella yeqqar belli asali ameɣlal(imezgi) n uswir amatu n yitigen yeqqen s waṭas ɣer tsertit n yiqariden.

Ɣur-s, ma yella awanek yesnernay-d iqariden s wudem ur nettemṣada ara d tzemmar n ufares, aya yezmer ad d-yeglu s unerni aɣezzfan n watigen.

Maca anerni n wazalen yezmer ad yili daɣen seg sebba n tazɣent n ufares, seg usali n watig n teẓwart am upitṛul, neɣ seg unerni arurad n yisuter. Timentilin-a zemrent ad d-fkent tazrirt tamenzut, ma d anerni aɣezzfan d ameɣlal yettwasleḍ deg assaɣ-is d tsertit n yiqariden.

=== 6.2. Azlig n Phillips ===
Deg yiseggasen n 1960, aṭas n yimussnawen ttwalin belli yella umgired gar iɣimi war axeddim d unerni n watigen: ma yuder iɣimi war axeddim, yezmer ad yali unerni n watigen, ma yuder unerni n watigen, yezmer ad yali iɣimi war axeddim.

Friedman yessekcem-d da yiwet n tikti tagejdant: timentilin d wayen ttraǧun yimdanen deg tdamsa.

Ma yella uwanek yesnerna tasmekta n yiqariden, tiṛmisin zemrent ad d-fkent axeddim ugar, imi ttwali-n-tt belli yesnerna asuter.

Maca, mi ara fhamen yixeddamen belli aswir amatu n yitigen yettali, ad sutren asnerni n yiɣrad-nsen iwakken ad ḥerzen tazmert-nsen n usɣa. Tiṛmisin, s timmad-nsent, ad beddlent tiɣtasin-nsent deg wayen yerzan iɣrad d yitigen n yifarisen. S wakka, aswir n yiɣimi war axeddim yezmer ad d-yuɣal ɣer uswir-is amagan.

Aya yeskan-d belli tasertit i yebnan ɣef usnerni n uswir amatu n yitigen ur tezmir ara ad tessider aswir n yiɣimi war axeddim ɣef lebda.

=== 6.3. Aswir agaman n yiɣimi war axeddim ===
Friedman yessekcem-d tamiḍrant n uswir agamann n yiɣimi war axeddim deg teẓri tadamsant.

Ur d-yeqqar ara belli ilaq ad yili yiɣimi war axeddim, neɣ belli aswir-a d ayen ilhan i tmetti. D asegzi kan i d-yefka ɣef waddad i ɣer tettara tdamsa deg wakud aɣezzfan, ilmend n tuddsa n ulzuz n uxeddim, n tezmert n yimdanen, n wuguren n unadi ɣef uxeddim, d tmental-nniḍen.

Deg teẓri-s, tasertit n yiqariden tezmer ad tbeddel iɣimi war axeddim deg wakud awezlan, maca ur tezmir ara ad t-tessider s wudem aimezgi war ma d-teg uguren-nniḍen.

Tamiḍrant-a tesɛa azal ameqqran deg teẓriyin n tdamsa tatrart. Maca tarrayin n usiḍen n uswir agaman n yiɣimi war axeddim, akked tmental n ubeddel-is deg wakud, mazal d isental n unadi ussnan.

== 7. Turda n umaduf imezgi deg usegzi n usadur ==
Deg 1957, Friedman yessuffeɣ-d adlis A Theory of the Consumption Function, i yellan d yiwen seg yimahilen-is ussnanen igejdanen.

Deg-s, yesnerna tiẓri n umaduf imezgi(ameɣlal).

=== 7.1. D acu i d amaduf imezgi? ===
Tamiḍrant-a teskan-d belli imdanen ur ttaken ara tiɣtasin-nsen ɣef usadur ilmend kan n umaduf i d-ttawin deg yiwen waggur neɣ yiwen useggas, maca ḥessben daɣen amaduf i ttraǧun ad sɛun deg wakud aɣezzfan.

Amedya: yiwen uxeddam yettawi 70 000 n dinar deg waggur. Ma yella deg yiwen waggur yewwi-d 100 000 n dinar s sebba n yiwet n tmerniwt ur nettɛawad ara, ur yessefk ara ad yernu asadur-is am wakken yuwweḍ umaduf-is ameɣlal ɣer 100 000 n dinar.

Yezmer ad yessegfer kra seg tmerniwt-nni n umaduf-is, acku yessen belli tmerniwt-a d takudant, ur d-tettuɣal ara yal aggur.

Ma yella, s wudem-nniḍen, yettwaɛhed belli aɣrud-is ad yernu s wudem imezgi, yezmer ad yesnerni asadur-is, acku tikti-s ɣef umaduf n yimal tbeddel.

=== 7.2. Azal n teẓri-a ===
Tamiḍrant-a tesɛa azal deg usegzi n wamek i ttidirent twaculin mi ara beddlen yiɣrad-nsent, tiwsiwin neɣ tazmert-nsent n usegfer.

Tessefhem-d daɣen ayɣer asadur n yimdanen ur yettbeddil ara yal tikelt s yiwet n tɣawla akked ubeddel n umaduf-nsen amiran.

Maca ur tella ara d tikti i d-yettawin ɣef yal tawacult s yiwen wudem. Twaculin ur nesɛi ara asegfer, ... neɣ twaculin ur nesɛi ara idrimen iwatan, ur nezmir ara daɣen ad d-ṛḍlent idrimen, zemrent ad ssidirent neɣ ad snernint asadur-nsent ilmend n ubeddel n umaduf-nsent deg wakud awezlan.

== 8. Tazɣent n 1929: anadi n Friedman d Anna Schwartz ==
Yiwen seg yimahilen i d-yessuffɣen isem n Friedman deg umaḍal n tussna n tdamsa d adlis ''A Monetary History of the United States'', 1867–1960, i d-yura akked Anna J. Schwartz deg 1963.

=== 8.1. Tikti tagejdant n udlis ===
Friedman d Schwartz ẓran belli tazɣent tameqqrant n 1929 ur d-teḍri ara kan s sebba n uɣelluy n ulzuz n yisefriyen.

Skanen-d belli aɣelluy ameqqran n tsemekta n yiqariden gar 1929 d 1933 yessnerna tazɣent tadamsant.

Deg tallit-a, tasmekta n yiqariden deg tdamsa tamirikanit tuder s wazal n 30%. Aṭas n yibankiyen rẓen, imdanen ɛerḍen ad d-kkesn idrimen-nsen seg yibankiyen, tiṛmisin xussent-asent yidrimen i usefti d ufares.

Friedman d Schwartz ẓran belli abanki alemmas n Marikan, Federal Reserve, ur yexdim ara ayen ilaqen iwakken ad yesseḥbiber ɣef unagraw n yiqariden d yibankiyen.

=== 8.2. Tazrirt n unadi-a ===
Ayen i d-fkan Friedman d Schwartz yebeddel aṭas tamuɣli ɣef tazɣent tameqqrant. Tizrawin-nsen skanent-d belli tasertit n yidrimen tezmer ad tesɛu tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef unerni neɣ uɣelluy n tdamsa.

Maca imussnawen-nniḍen skanent-d belli tazɣent n 1929 tesɛa aṭas n tmental: iɣelluyen n wazalen n wayla, uguren n yibankiyen, ameskar neɣ amesnulfu n yimerwas, tiɣtasin n tsertit, d wazal n tmesɣiwelt tagraɣlant.

Ihi, anadi n Friedman d Schwartz yesɛa azal ameqqran, maca ur d-yemmal ara belli idrimen kan i d-ssebba n yal tazɣent.

== 9. Tamhelt n uwanek deg tdamsa ==
Friedman yella yettnadi amek ara tenqes tamlilt n uwanek deg waṭas n yirmad. Maca ur yessuter ara ad yeɣli uwanek s timmad-is.

Ɣur-s, awanek ilaq ad yesɛu kra n twuriwin tigejdanin: aseḥbiber ɣef laman, azref, aseddu n teɣdemt, aseḥbiber ɣef wayla, d uselkem n yilugan i ilaqen i ulzuz.

=== 9.1. Adabu d tzemmar-is ===
Friedman yesseḥsab belli adabu yezmer ad yili d allal i useḥbiber ɣef tlelli, maca yezmer daɣen ad yuɣal d aɣbalu n tukksa n tlelli.

Mi ara yessekcem uwanek iman-is deg waṭas n yirmad, yezmer ad yesnerni tadbelt, ad yessnerni tiferniwin n yimdanen, Ad d-yeglu s tarrayin n uselḥu i yuɛren i useqdec.

Ma d wid i yemgaraden d Friedman, ttwalin belli awanek yesɛa tamlilt tagejdant deg uḥraz d usnerni n tnufa i yesɛan azal ametti ameqqran, am usegmi, tdawsa d uḥraz n ugama, ɣas ma ur d-ttakent ara tnufa-a tigenfit iwatan i tiṛmisin tusligin..

=== 9.2. Tiwsiwin d uselḥu n tedbelt ===
Friedman yella yesseḥsab belli tiwsiwin timeqqranin zemrent ad ssidrent tazmert n yimdanen i usefti, i uxeddim d usnulfu n tiṛmisin.

Ɣef waya, yesmenyif anagraw n tiwsiwin ifessusen, ifehmen yimdanen, ur nesɛi ara aṭas n yiferdisen i d-yettawin uguren.

Ma d izɣanen i d-yettunefken i tmuɣli-ya, qqaren-d belli tiwsiwin zemrent daɣen ad ilin d aɣbalu n usegmi, tadawsa, lebni n yiberdan d tallalt i wid ur nesɛi ara aṭas n tbuɣar.

== 10. Tamettit, lexṣas d tallalt i yimdanen ==
Yiwen seg yiḥricen n tiktiwin n Friedman i yezmer ad yessewham imeɣri d tikti-s ɣef tallalt i yimdanen ur nesɛi ara aṭas n yidrimen.

Ɣas akken yella yettekki deg wid i d-yettmeslayen ɣef usenqes n tamlilt n uwanek, yessumer-d yiwet n tarrayt i useḥbiber ɣef wid yellan deg lexṣas.

=== 10.1. Tiwsi tawahant ɣef umaduf ===
Friedman yessumer-d anagraw n tiwsi tawahant ɣef umaduf, i d-yettakken tallalt s yidrimen i wid yesɛan amadufl adday.

Tikti-a teskan-d belli mačči yal amdan i ilaq ad yefru tiwsi i uwanek. Deg unagraw n tiwsi tawahant ɣef umaduf, awanek yezmer ad yefk tallalt s yidrimen i yimdanen i yesɛan amaduf ddaw n talast yettwassbedden. Mi ara yernu umaduf-nsen, tallalt-nni ad tettneqqis s kra s kra.

Amedya afessus: ma yella uwanek yesbedd talast n umaduf ɣef 100 000 n dinar deg useggas, yerna yefren ad yefk tallalt i yellan d 50% seg wayen i ixuṣṣen umdan iwakken ad yaweḍ ɣer talast-nni, asiḍen ad d-yili akka:
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!Amaduf n umdan
!Tallalt n uwanek
!Amaduf amatu
|-
|0 DA
|50 000 DA
|50 000 DA
|-
|40 000 DA
|30 000 DA
|70 000 DA
|-
|80 000 DA
|10 000 DA
|90 000 DA
|-
|100 000 DA
|0 DA
|100 000 DA
|}
Amedya-a d asegzi usnaktan n wamek yezmer ad yeddu unagraw. Imḍanen ur d-ttwakkisen ara seg yiwen uɣawas amatu n Friedman.

Tarrayt-a teǧǧa win yesnernan amaduf-is s uxeddim ad yesɛu idrimen ugar, ɣas ma tenqes tallalt i d-yettawi seg uwanek.

=== 10.2. Ayɣer yessumer tarrayt-a? ===
Friedman yesɛa kra n yiswiyen:

Yebɣa ad yessewzel tadbelt n tallalt tamettit, ad yessefk tallalt s yidrimen deg ufus n yimdanen i tt-yeḥwaǧen, ad yernu ad yeǧǧ imdanen ad ferẓen s timmad-nsen amek ara sɛeddin idrimen-nni.

Yesseḥsab belli tarrayt-a tezmer ad tesɛu tigenfit ugar ɣef kra n yinagrawen n tallalt yebḍan ɣef waṭas n yiduba.

Maca tikti-a tesɛa daɣen uguren: amek ara yettwaḥsab umaduf, acḥal ara tefk tallalt, wi ara tt-yawin, d wamek ara tettwasexdem war ma d-tegga-d s lexṣas deg yimeẓla n tadawsa d usegmi.

Friedman yella yebɣa ad yili unagraw-a d abeddel i waṭas n yiɣawasen n tallalt, mačči d timerna kan fell-asen.

== 11. Tiktiwin-is ɣef usegmi d yiɣerbazen ==
Friedman yella yesseḥsab belli aselmed d yiwen seg yiḥricen i deg ilaq ad tili tlelli n tiferni.

Deg 1955, yessuffeɣ-d amagrad ''The Role of Government in Education'', anda i d-yessumer tarrayt tamaynut i usefti n usegmi.

=== 11.1. Tifratiwin n yiɣerbazen ===
Ɣur Friedman, ilaq ad nefreq gar kraḍ n temsal: awanek ad yesbedd ilugan n usegmi, ad yesɛu tamlilt deg usefti-ines, maca ur d-yettunefk ara s timmad-is belli ilaq ad yili d netta kan ara yeselmeden.

Yessumer-d belli imawlan zemren ad awin tallalt n uwanek s umasal n tallelt tadamsant n usefti n usegmi, ad ferẓen aɣerbaz i deg ara sɣaren arraw-nsen.

Aɣerbaz yezmer ad yili d azayez neɣ d uslig, ma yella yewwi-d ɣef yiman-is ilugan i d-yettwasbedden.

Ɣur-s, tarrayt-a tesnernay tamsizzelt gar yiɣerbazen, tettɛawan imawlan deg tiferni, yerna tezmer ad tesnerni taɣara n uselmed.

=== 11.2. Izɣanen ɣef tikti-ya ===
Wid i as-yemgaraden ttwalin belli tiferni n yiɣerbazen tezmer ad tesɛu kra n yiɣeblan d umgired gar twaculin yesɛan aṭas n yidrimen d tid ur nesɛi ara.

Ma yella kra n yiɣerbazen zemren ad ferẓen inelmaden-nsen, neɣ ma yella wid ur nesɛi ara tazmert n ussikel ur zmiren ara ad awḍen ɣer yiɣerbazen i bɣan, tamsizzelt-nni tezmer ad d-teglu s ubḍu ametti.

Ɣef waya, iswi n tiferni n yiɣerbazen d ayen i yesɛan imawalen yemgaraden: llan wid i tt-ḥesben d allal n usnerni, llan wid i tt-ḥesben d aɣbalu n ugdil n teɣdemt deg usegmi.

== 12. Tanzzut tagraɣlant d ubeddel n wazal n yiqariden ==
Friedman yella d amḥemmel n tanzzut tilellit gar tmura, akked unagraw ideg azal n uqarid yezmer ad yettbeddil ilmend n usuter d wayen yellan deg ulzuz.

=== 12.1. Tanzzut tilellit ===
Friedman yesseḥsab belli tiwsiwin timeqqranin ɣef yifarisen i d-ttawin seg tmura tiberraniyin, d yilugan i d-yessewɛiren tanzzut(ttjara), zemren ad senqsen tafrara n tamsizzelt.

Ɣur-s, ma yella yiwen n ufaris yettwafares s wazal adday deg yiwet n tmurt, yezmer ad yettwazenz deg tmura-nniḍen s wazal-nni, ma yella yumtawa gar yimsaɣen d yimzenzan.

Maca timura zemrent ad sɛunt iswiyen-nniḍen am useḥbiber ɣef uxeddim, ɣef tzemmar n ufares agensan, neɣ ɣef laman adamsan.

=== 12.2. Azal n uqarid i yettbeddilen(aselkatan) ===
Deg 1953, Friedman yessefhem-d ayɣer i yesmenyif azalen n yiqariden ara yettbeddilen ilmend n ulzuz ɣef yizalen yettwasbedden s wudem usbiḍ sɣur lbanka talemmast neɣ adabu asertan.

Amedya: ma yella tadamsa n yiwet n tmurt tegla-d s usali ameqqran n wazalen(neɣ n watigen) i yimezdaɣen-is, azal n uqarid-is yezmer ad yader ɣer yiquariden n tmura-nniḍen yella deg uswir adamsan i ccuban tamurt-a .

Deg unagraw ilelli, abeddel-a yezmer ad yili s cwiṭ cwiṭ. Ma yella azal yettwaḥbes s lbanka talemmas n tmurt, tazɣent tezmer ad d-teglu s yiwen n ubeddel ameqqran deg yiwet n tikkelt.

Tazrirt n tikti-a tella-d ɣef umezruy n unagraw agraɣlan n yiqariden, ladɣa mbaɛd abeddel n unagraw n Bretton Woods deg yiseggasen n 1970.</text>
      <sha1>6nacuo5tkpymiiogik0qmupwnmgw9zf</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Kaligula</title>
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    <id>25640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>117945</id>
      <parentid>117933</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-11-11T21:07:45Z</timestamp>
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        <username>Gurzil90x</username>
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      <comment>Arniɣ-d ayen ilaqen</comment>
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      <text bytes="8556" sha1="1sl1wm73obgeuk1jrrfd8mcsx1p1vyf" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1409|image=[[File:Portrait Head of Caligula - Getty Museum (72.AA.155).jpg|thumb|Portrait Head of Caligula]]|caption=Amenkad Kaligula.|date of birth=31 Ɣuct 12 Seld Talalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit.|date of death=24 Yennayer 41 Seld Talalit n Ɛisa.}}

'''Kaligula''' (Caligula), s yisem-is unṣib '''Gaius Julius Caesar Augustus Germanicus''', yella d amenkad arumani wis kraḍ. Yeḥkem Tamenkda Tarumanit seg 18 Meɣres n useggas 37 ar 24 Yennayer n useggas 41 M.B. (Milad Baɛd).

Yella d mmi-s n Germanicus, d yiwen yellan d amasay arumani yettwasnen s waṭas, d Agrippina Tameqqrant, i d-yekkan seg twacult n [[Uɣustus]].

Kaligula yella gar yimenkaden irumanen i ɣef d-ttwarun waṭas n yiḥricen deg umezruy. Isallen i d-ǧǧan yimyura iqburen ɣef tudert-is d tsertit-is skanen-d amdan i ibeddlen seg umenkad yettwaḥemmlen deg tazwara ɣer uḥekkam yettwasnen s tkerkas, s tɣellist n yiman-is, s tɣawsiwin ur nettwaɛqal ara, akked useqdec n udabu s tarrayt tamihawt.

Maca, ilaq ad nefhem belli aṭas n wayen yettwarun ɣef Kaligula yekka-d seg yimyura i yellan mgal-is, neɣ i yuran deffir n tmettant-is. Ɣef waya, imezrayen n wass-a ur ttqabalen ara akk isallen-nni am tidet yettwaseḥḥan.

== 1. Tallit n tlalit-is d temẓi-s (12–19 M.B.) ==
Kaligula ilul ass n 31 Ɣuct 12 M.B. deg temdint n Antium, i d-yezgan deg tmurt n ṭṭelyan, ur nebɛid ara ɣef Ruma.

Yella d mmi-s n Germanicus, amasay arumani i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg temnekda, akked Agrippina Tameqqrant, i d-yellan d yelli-s n Julia Tameẓẓyant, i d-yellan d yelli-s n Uɣustus.

Tawacult-is tella d yiwet seg twaculin i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg tsertit tarumanit.

Germanicus yella d yiwen seg yimasayen yettwaḥemmlen s waṭas ɣer yiserdasen akked ugdud arumani. Yella yesɛa aṭas n tirmit deg ṭṭrad, ladɣa deg tmura n Germanie.

Deg useggas 14 M.B., mi yella Kaligula mazal d ameẓẓyan, yedda akked twacult-is ɣer yiserdasen n baba-s deg tmura n ugafa n Tamenkda Tarumanit.

Deg tallit-nni, Kaligula yella yettidir gar yiserdasen, yettwali tudert n yimasayen n tredsa akked tarrayt n uselḥu n yiserdasen irumanen.

== 2. Anamek n yisem «Kaligula» ==
Isem «Kaligula» ur yelli ara d isem-is unṣib, maca d isem i as-fkan yiserdasen irumanen mi yella d ameẓẓyan.

Yekka-d seg wawal alatini caliga, i d-yemmalen yiwen n ṣṣenf n yirkasen n ṭṭrad i ssemrasen yiserdasen irumanen.

Kaligula, deg temẓi-s, yella ileḥḥu s llebsa tameẓẓyant i d-yettbanen am tin n yiserdasen, gar-as irkasen imeẓẓyanen.

Ɣef waya, iserdasen bdan ttsemmin-as «Caligula», i yezmer ad d-yini «abbu n yirkasen n ṭṭrad» neɣ «win n yirkasen imeẓẓyanen».

Isem-a yuɣal yettwasnen ugar n yisem-is aṣli, Gaius.

== 3. Tamettant n Germanicus (19 M.B.) ==
Deg useggas 19 M.B., Germanicus yemmut deg Antiochia, deg tmurt n Surya.

Tamettant-is teǧǧa-d aṭas n yisteqsiyen, acku yella d amdan yettwaḥemmlen s waṭas, yerna aṭas n yimdanen ttwalin-t d win ara yuɣalen d amenkad deffir n Tiberyus.

Kra n yimdanen ttɣilen belli Germanicus yettwasemmem, maca ulac asentel amezwaru i izemren ad yesbadu s tidet belli tamettant-is tekka-d seg usemmem.

Tamettant n Germanicus tella d yiwet n twaɣiyin timeqqranin deg tudert n Kaligula.

Deffir n tmettant n baba-s, tawacult-is tebda tettidir deg tegnit tasertit iwaɛren.

== 4. Agrippina d wuguren n twacult-is ==
Agrippina Tameqqrant, yemma-s n Kaligula, tella d tameṭṭut i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg twacult n yimenkaden irumanen.

Deffir n tmettant n Germanicus, Agrippina tella deg ccwal asertan akked [[Tiberyus]] d kra n yimdanen i iqerrben ɣer udabu.

Tiberyus yella yettḥadar iman-is ɣef yimdanen i izemren ad d-kkren mgal tazmert-is n tewwḍin ar udabu, ladɣa wid i yesɛan azal deg ugdud neɣ deg yiserdasen. Deg useggas 29 M.B., Agrippina tettwasekcem deg uẓayar n tɣellist tasertant, syin tettwaceggeɛ ɣer uanejli.

Sin n watmaten n Kaligula, Nero Caesar akked Drusus Caesar, uɣalen daɣen d iswi n tsertit n Tiberyus.

Nero Caesar yemmut deg uanejli, ma d Drusus Caesar yemmut deg uḥbas deg useggas 33 M.B.

Agrippina temmut daɣen deg useggas 33 M.B., mi tella deg uanejli.

Tawaɣit-a n twacult-is tezmer ad tili tesɛa tazrirt tameqqrant ɣef Kaligula, maca ur nezmir ara ad nesbadu s tidet amek i tbeddel tafekka n uxemmem-is.

== 5. Kaligula deg uxxam n Tiberyus (31–37 M.B.) ==
Deg useggas 31 M.B., Kaligula yettwasekcem ɣer tallit tamaynut n tudert-is, mi yebda yettidir ddaw n tɣellist n [[Tiberyus]].

Deg useggas 32 M.B., Kaligula iruḥ ɣer tegzirt n Capri, anda yella yettidir Tiberyus. Capri tella d adig i deg yella Tiberyus yesseqdac adabu-is, ɣas akken Ruma tezga d tamdint tagejdant n temnekda. Kaligula yella yettidir deg tegnit iwaɛren, acku yella d mmi-s n Germanicus, yerna tawacult-is tella tettwaɛtab s waṭas.

Ilaq ad yili yettḥadar iman-is deg yal tagnit, acku kra n wawal neɣ n tigawt tezmer ad tettwafhem am tixidast tasertant.

Kra n yimyura iqburen ttmeslayen ɣef tarrayt n Kaligula deg Capri, maca aṭas n yisallen-nsen ur zemren ara ad tettwasenqden.

== 6. Kaligula d Macro ==
Naévius Sutorius Macro yella d aqerru n tserdast n ''Praetorians'', agraw n yiserdasen n tɛessast ɣef umenkad arumani. Macro yesɛa azal ameqqran deg tsertit n taggara n uḥekkem n Tiberyus.

Deg tallit-nni, Macro yebda yettqerrib ɣer Kaligula, acku yella yettwali-t d yiwen seg wid i izemren ad yuɣal d amenkad amaynut.

Tadukkli tasertant gar Macro akked Kaligula tella d yiwet seg tɣawsiwin i yessishilen awweḍ n Kaligula ɣer udabu. Maca, mi yuɣal Kaligula d amenkad, assaɣ gar-asen ur yeqqim ara akken yella.

== 7. Tamettant n Tiberyus (37 M.B.) ==
Tiberyus yemmut ass n 16 Meɣres 37 M.B., deg Misenum, mi yesɛa 77 n yiseggasen. Tamettant-is teldi abrid i ubeddel n udabu deg Tamenkda Tarumanit.

Tiberyus yella yeǧǧa-d deg twacult-is sin n yimdanen i izemren ad warten adabu: Kaligula akked Tiberius Gemellus, ammi-s n mmi-s.

Maca, Kaligula yella yesɛa azal asertan ameqqran ugar n Gemellus. S tallelt n Macro, Kaligula yessaweḍ ad yeṭṭef adabu.

Ass n 18 Meɣres 37 M.B., Kaligula yettwasefren d amenkad arumani.

== 8. Tazwara n udabu-s (37 M.B.) ==
Mi yuɣal Kaligula d amenkad, agdud arumani yefreḥ s waṭas. Aṭas n yimdanen ttwalin-t d mmi-s n Germanicus, amassay i ḥemmlen, yerna ttwalin deg-s amdan ara d-yawin tallit tamaynut deffir n uḥekkem n Tiberyus.

Deg tazwara, Kaligula yessekna-d kra n tigawin i ḥemmlen yimdanen:

* Yessekna-d lḥerma i yerr-a ɣef iɛeggalen n twacult-is yemmutan.
* Yesseqdec amezruy n baba-s i wakken ad yesnerni azal-is.
* Yefka-d kra n yidrimen i yiserdasen akked ugdud.
* Yesseḥya kra n tmeɣriwin d tfaskiwin n ugdud.
* Yessekna-d belli yezmer ad yili d amenkad i iqerrben ɣer ugdud.

Tallit tamezwarut n udabu-s tettwasekna deg yidlisen iqburen am tallit n usirem. Maca, tagnit-a ur teqqim ara aṭas.

== 9. Aṭṭan n Kaligula deg useggas 37 ==
Deg Tuber 37 M.B., Kaligula yuḍen s waṭas. Aṭṭan-is yella d yiwen n yisallen i d-yettwabedren deg waṭas n yiɣbula iqburen.

Aṭas n yimdanen deg Ruma ttɣilen belli amenkad yezmer ad yemmet. Maca, Kaligula yessaweḍ ad yeḥlu. Deffir n uḥluy-is, kra n yimyura iqburen ttmeslayen ɣef ubeddel ameqqran deg tarrayt-is n uḥekkem.

Ɣef waya, kra n yimdanen ttɣilen belli aṭṭan-nni yesɛa tazrirt ɣef uxemmem-is neɣ ɣef waddad-is n wallaɣ. Maca, imezrayen n wass-a ur sɛin ara isefka i zemren ad sbadun belli aṭṭan-nni yessexreb-as allaɣ neɣ yesnulfa-d aṭṭan n wallaɣ. Ihi, ur ilaq ara ad neḥseb abeddel-is asertan d agmuḍ n yiwen n waṭṭan war isefka iwulmen.

== 12. Tasertit n Kaligula akked Senat ==
Senat arumani yella d agraw asertan aqbur i yesɛan azal ameqqran deg Tmenkda Tarumanit. Deg tallit n Tagduda Tarumanit, Senat yella yettɛawan deg uselḥu n tmura akked usenqed n kra n tɣawsiwin tisertanin.

Maca, seg tallit n [[Uɣustus]], adabu amenkadan yebda yettnerni ɣef wazal n Senat. Kaligula yessekna-d deg tazwara belli yezmer ad yili d amdan i yettqadaren Senat.

Maca, assaɣ gar-asen ibeddel s zreb. Kaligula yebda yettḥeqqir kra n yiɛeggalen n Senat, yettḥasab-iten d imdanen i izemren ad d-kren mgal-is.

Kra n yiɛeggalen ttwaseḥbasen neɣ ttwaneɣan ɣef sebba n tixidas tisertanin, maca ur nezmir ara ad nesbadu belli yal tamessalt tella d tidet.

Tixidas tisertanin gar yimdanen i iqerrben ɣer umenkad uɣalent d yiwet n tɣawsa tagejdant deg tallit n uḥekkem-is.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sisiṛun</title>
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      <text bytes="8815" sha1="0qfuywhok3n7cpdivqu4p2b1zuc3jnz" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox biography|item=Q1541|image=[[File:Bust of Cicero (1st-cent. BC) - Palazzo Nuovo - Musei Capitolini - Rome 2016.jpg|thumb|Asebdad n uqeṛṛu n Sisiṛun]]|caption=Sisiṛun|date of birth=3 Yennayer 106 Send Talalit n Ɛisa.|nationality=Tarumanit.|date of death=7 Jamber 43 Send Talalit n Ɛisa.}}

'''Sisiṛun''', s yisem-is ummid '''Marcus Tullius Cicero''', d amennay, d amusnaw n uzref, d argaz n tsertit, d amaru d afelsaf arumani. Ilul ass n 3 Yennayer 106 send talalit n Ɛisa deg Arpinum, temdint n Ṭṭelyan i wumi qqaren ass-a Arpino; yettwanɣa ass n 7 Dujember 43,ɣer Formiae. Yewweḍ 62 n yiseggasen. Tudert-is temlal-d d taggara n Tegduda tarumanit,

mi ara yuɣal umennuɣ ɣef udabu gar yimeqqranen n tesreḍt d amihi ɣef tisuddiwin-is.  Azal-is ur yeqqim ara deg tedyanin n tallit-is kan. Iḍrisen-is ḥerzen-d aḥric ameqqran n tfelsafit tagrigit, rnan-as tagnit ad tettwaru s tlaṭinit. Yura ɣef teɣdemt, ilugan, tamusni, tudert yelhan, tuqqna gar yimdanen, temɣer, lmut, iṛebbiten d tebɣest. Tibratin-is, ma dnitenti, sskenent-d argaz i yettargun, i yettḥiṛin, i yettaggaden, yerna i yettɛawaden asenqed n tiɣtas-is.

Tagnit-is deg umezruy teṭṭef sin n yidisan: yebɣa ad iḥrez tagduda i yebnan ɣef ilugan d umeslay agdudan, maca yettidir deg tmetti ideg ur ɛdilen ara yimdanen deg yizerfan d udabu. D win i yettmeslayen ɣef teɣdemt, maca iqbel deg kra n tegnatin asɛeddi n yiɣunab n uzref s yisem n usellek n uwanek. Aya ur yettwattu ara deg usenqed n tsertit-is.

== 1. Ruma deg tallit-is ==
Deg lqern amezwaru send talalit n Ɛisa, Ruma tettḥekkim ɣef tmura d temnaḍin meqqren deg Ṭṭelyan d yidisan n Yilel agrakal. Tamenkda-a n tmura yettwaṭṭfen tettwaddem s ufus n Tegduda: ur tebdi ara kan mi d-yekcem [[Uɣustus]] deg udabu. Maca anagraw n udabu i yebnan ɣef umenkad ad d-yili mbeɛd lmut n Sisiṛun, ladɣa seg 27 send talalit n Ɛisa.

Tagduda tesɛa sin iqenṣulen i yettwafernen yal aseggas, Asenat ideg ttnejmaɛen yimeqqranen n tsertit, d yigrawen n yimezdaɣ isɛan tizerfanin n Ruma. Ilugan d wansayen ttḥudun adabu n yal amdan. Maca aẓayer, ayla, tamurt n tlalit d tuqqna ɣer yimeqqranen ttseddun aṭas n temsal. Tilawin ur sɛint ara azref n ufran ɣer tuddsiwin-a; aklan ur sɛin ara tilelli; imezdaɣ n temnaḍin yettwaṭṭfen ur sɛin ara akk tizerfanin n warraw n Ruma.

Anerni n tmura yettwaṭṭfen yerna-d ayla d yimeẓla, maca yerna-d daɣen tiwiɣiyen deg kra n taɣulin. Igrawen n yiserdasen qqnen ɣer yimeqqranen-nsen, aṭas n imezdaɣ llan deg lḥif, imrabah n tdamsa ur bḍin ara s yiwen wudem. Marius, Sulla, Pumpyus d Yulyus Qayṣar ssawḍen ad sbeddlen adabu s tekreḍt.

Deg unamek-a, aḥraz n Tegduda ɣer Sisiṛun d aḥraz n tmetti ideg ilugan d umeslay zemren ad gen tilas i lebɣi n yiwen n umdan. Maca amennuɣ-is ur yelli ara d asenfaṛ n tugdudt yecban tin n wass-a. Yettamen s umezwaru deg tzemmar n yimeqqranen n Senat d wid yesɛan ayla.

== 2. Tawacult, temẓi d ulmad ==
Sisiṛun yekka-d seg twacult n yimḍebbiṛen n yiɛudiwen, agraw aṛuman n yimdanen isɛan ayla d wazal, maca ur nelli ara d tawacult yettwasnen s yimeqqranen n Senat seg leqrun. D aya i t-yeǧǧan ad yettwaḥseb d « amdan amaynut » deg tsertit: d netta i d amezwaru deg twacult-is i yewwḍen ɣer uqenṣul. « Amaynut » dagi ur d-yemmal ara amdan ameẓyan neɣ win ur nesɛi ayla. 

Ilemmed deg Ruma azref, tameslayt, tasekla d tutlayt tagrigit. Yeqreb ɣer imusnawen n uzref am Scaevola, isel i yiselmaden n tfelsafit am Philo n Larissa. Yexdem daɣen aḥric awezlan deg tredsa deg tallit n ṭṭrad gar Ruma d yimdukal-is n Ṭelyan, maca abrid-is agejdan d win n yizerfan d umeslay agdud.

Deg yiseggasen 79-77, yerza ɣer tmura n Yigrigiyen d Asya tamecṭuḥt. Deg Atina, ilemmed ɣer Antiochus n Ascalon; deg Rodos, yesnerna tameslayt-is ɣer Apollonius Molon. Inigen-a snernan-as tamusni n tfelsafit d tesnukyest: ma d tamezwarut tettak-d isteqsiyen ɣef tidet d lxir, tis snat tezrew amek i nezmer ad nessegzi, ad nesqenneɛ d wamek ara nmeslay ilmend n wid i aɣ-d-yesmeḥsisen. 

Tamusni-is n tegrigit tesɛa azal ameqqran. Ur yettwarǧu ara tasuqilt i wakken ad yeɣṛu ifelsaf; yezmer ad iqabel iḍrisen, ad yeddu d yimselmaden, ad yefren awalen n tlaṭinit i tmiḍranin-nsen. Tira-s teqqen ɣer ulmad-a d yirmiten-is deg Ruma.

== 3. Seg yizerfan ɣer udabu ==
Deg 80, Sisiṛun yefka-d tameslayt deg uzmaẓ n Sextus Roscius, i yettwattehmen s tmenɣiwt n baba-s. Aḍris-a, ''Pro Roscio Amerino'', yesken amek i yesseqdec asenqed n turdiwin d uḥraz n yizerfan deg tallit n Sulla. Ur ilaq ara ad nerr yal anamek deg tmeslayt-a d asenqed usrid n Sulla; Sisiṛun yefren tameslayt s leḥder deg tegnit ideg adabu yezmer ad inɣ ayen i yellan mgal-is.

Deg 75, yuɣal d aqesṭuṛ deg Siqilya: d anedbal i yettɛassan kra n temsal n yidrimen n uwanek. Deg 70, imezdaɣ n Siqilya sutren-as ad yesseɣti temsalt n Verres, anedbal aqbur i yettwattehmen s tukerḍa, s uḥeqqer d usɛeddi n udabu. Sisiṛun yessemlal-d inagan d yisefka s zreb; Verres yeffeɣ ɣer unejli send taggara n uzmaẓ. Kra n tmeslayin yettwasnen s yisem Verrines ttwazuzrent mbeɛd, ur ttwanṭaqent ara akk deg teɣdemt. 

Sisiṛun yuɣal d anedbal n kra n temsal n temdint deg 69, d aprayṭuṛ deg 66, syin d aqenṣul deg 63. Deg Ruma, asɛeddi-a seg tɣawsiwin ɣer tayeḍ yettḥwaǧ ayla, imdukal, tawacult, aẓayer d tzemmar n tmeslayt. Sisiṛun yessnerna isem-is s teɣdemt d tuqqna ɣer yemdanen n tsertit.

Azmaẓ n Verres yesɛa daɣen talast: Sisiṛun ur yettnaɣ ara mgal ayen akk i txeddem Ruma deg tmura i teṭṭef. Yettnaɣ mgal uḥeqqer n unedbal deg unagraw arumani. Yebɣa tadbelt ilḥun s uqader n yizefan i rrumaniyen meṛṛa deg ṭṭelyan, maca ur yelli ara d asuter n tlelli n tmura yettwaṭṭfen.

== 5. Lqanṣulat d temsalt n Katilina ==
Aseggas 63 d akud i deg yewweḍ Sisiṛun ɣer uqerru n tsertit-is. Yettwafernen d aqenṣul            akked Gaius Antonius Hybrida. Deg useggas-a, Lucius Sergius Catilina, i wumi qqarenKatilina, yuɣal d amihi agejdan i udabu. Ilmend n yiɣbula i nsen, yella-d uheggi sɣur-s n yiwet n txazabit s umussu s yiɣallen n kra iserdasen i tuṭṭfa n udabu deg Etruria. Maca tameslayt n Sisiṛun ɣef yiman-is d yiɛdawen-is tettɛawen ad d-tban tɣara n yiɣbula-a: d win i yettekkin deg umennuɣ, mačči danagi ur nesɛi ara idis.

Sisiṛun yefka-d kuẓ n tmeslayin mgal Katilina, i yettwasnen s yisem Catilinariae.

Tamezwarut tella deg Asenat ass n 8 Wamber. Katilina yeffeɣ seg Ruma, iruḥ ɣer iserdasen-is. Deg Dujember, kra n wid yettwattehmen s uheggi n umussu deg temdint ttwaṭṭfen.

Ass n 5 Dujember, Asenat yemmeslay ɣef wamek ara ttwaḥasben. Qayṣar yebɣa amḥebbes war lmut; Katu Amezẓyan yedda d tmenɣiwt. Sisiṛun, s usefrek n Senat, yessweḍ ad ttwanɣen semmus n yimdanen war azmaẓ s wudem i yettḥerzen izerfan n yimezdaɣ n Ruma. Katilina yemmut deg umennuɣ ɣer Pistoria deg 62. Tadyant-a tella d aɣbalu n cciɛa d wuguren-is. Imazdayen-is ḥesben-t d win i iselken tagduda; iɛdawen-is ḥesben-t d win i iɛeddan ɣef yizerfan. Asteqsi i d-yeǧǧa mazal yettḥaz tasertit: ma yella uwanek deg umihi, amek ara iḥrez ilugan-is war ma yessexser-iten s yisem n usellek-is?

== 6. Anejli d tuɣalin ɣer Ruma ==
Deg 60, Qayṣar, Pumpyus d Crassus sddukklen tazmert-nsen deg umtawa n tsertit i wumi semman imazrayen « tadukli n kraḍ imezwura ». Ur telli ara d tasudut unṣib yecban lqenṣulat. Sisiṛun ur yedda ara deg-s, ur yessaweḍ ara ad iḥrez tagnit-is mgal tzemmar timaynutin.

Deg 58, Publius Clodius Pulcher, anemhal n ugdud d aɛdaw n Sisiṛun, yesseɛda alugen mgal win i yenɣan imezdaɣ n Ruma war azmaẓ iwulmen iqqudran izerfan d ilugan yellan yakan. Sisiṛun yeffeɣ seg Ṭṭelyan, yuɣal ɣer unejli, ayla-s yettwakkes-as, axxam-is deg Ruma yettwahdem. Tibratin-is seg tallit-a sskenent-d aḥulfu n uɣelluy, tugdi d lḥif n ufraq d twacult. 

Tuɣalin-is tella deg 57, s tallelt n imdukal-is d Pumpyus. Yuɣal s cciɛa, maca ur d-yuɣal ara ɣer yiwen udabu i yesɛa zik. Imeqqranen n tredsa uɣalen d wid i yessefraken aṭas n temsal, ma d tzemmar n umennay, ma d imusnawen n uzref ttuɣalent ɣer deffir.

Deg tallit-a yura kra n yidlisen-is imeqqranen ɣef umeslay, tagduda d yilugan. Ur yelli ara d amḍiq i tfelsafit yebḍan ɣef tudert. Tirmit n unejli, uasɛeddi n udabu d yir tagnit n tisuddiwin teǧǧa-t ad yesteqsi ɣef lsas n uwanek yelhan.

Deg 52, yemestan Milo deg temsalt n tmenɣiwt n Clodius. Milo yettwaḥkem-as ɣer unejli. Aḍris n Pro Milone i d-yewwḍen ɣer-neɣ d talɣa yettwaheggan i uzuzer; ur yezmir ara ad yettwaḥseb d anɣal n yal awal i d-yenṭeq Sisiṛun deg wass n uzmaẓ-nni.</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Aɣelluy n Tmenkda tarumanit n utaram</title>
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      <text bytes="7294" sha1="9kisenw0esyaigkwbw93b4utpc7l7z9" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox political geography|map=[[File:Roman Republic Empire map.gif|thumb|Takarḍa tamrayent(ittembiwilen) n Tagduda Tarumanit akked Tmenkda Tarumanit]]}}

Tamenkda tarumanit n utaram ur teɣli ara s yiwet n tmentilt, ur teɣli ara deg yiwen n wass. Gar taggara n tasut tis ukkuẓ d taggara n tasut tis semmus, timenɣiwin ɣef udabu, asefsex n yiɣallen n udabu agejdan deg temnaḍin, tilin n yicenga izemren ad nnaɣen mgal Ruma, d lexṣaṣ n yidrimen n uwanak, dduklen-d gar-asen. Mi ruḥen yigran d temdinin ara d-yefken tiwsiwin, yenqes lexlaṣ n yiserdasen; mi ḍeɛfen yigenfa, teṣɛeb useḥrez n wayen i d-yeqqimen seg wakal. 

Aṭṭanen d ubeddel n unezwi zemren ad snernin taẓayt-a deg kra n talliyin d temnaḍin, maca ilaq ad ttwasenqden ilmend n wakud d wadeg.

== 1. «Aɣelluy n Ruma» mačči d yiwen n tedyant ==
Mi ara nettmeslay ɣef uɣelluy n Ruma, nezmer ad nebḍu ɣef kraḍ n yinumak yemgaraden.

Amezwaru d taggara n umenkad n utaram i yesɛan taserdast deg Ṭṭalyan. Wis sin d tifrat n uẓeṭṭa n udabu, tiwsiwin d yigen arumani i yellan yeṭṭef aṭas n temnaḍin. Wis kraḍ d abeddel n tɣerma, n tudert n temdint, n tnezzut d yidles. Yiwen seg-sen ur yeḍri ara s yiman-is deg yal amḍiq, u ur yeḍri ara deg yiwen n wakud. Asentel n umagrad-a d sebba n usefsex n udabu amenkadan deg utaram, s leqdic agejdan gar 376 d 480. Ad nernu tazwara n tasut tis kraḍ i wakken ad negzu amek i d-tebna tmenkda n tallit taneggarut; ad nernu daɣen tasut tis sḍis i wakken ur nesdukkul ara timental n uɣelluy d yigemmaḍ-is. Taɣerma tarumanit, tameslayt talatinit, kra n yilugan, tajaddit n yimezdaɣ d tudert tanasɣant kemmlen deg teglad timaynutin.

Tamenkda n usammar teqqim tedder, tettbeddil deg talliyin i d-iḍefren. Ihi, ula ma nessawal i tegnit-a «aɣelluy n Tmenkda tarumanit», ilaq ad nbeggen belli d amur n utaram i ɣef nettmeslay. Asteqsi ameqqran mačči kan «ayɣer i teɣli?», maca «ayɣer i ur yezmir ara udabu n utaram ad iḥrez yiman-is, mi yezmer win n usammar?».

== 2. 476 d 480: sin n yiseggasen i ilaq ad nefreq ==
Deg useggas 476, '''Udwaser''' yekkes '''Rumulus Uɣustulus''' seg uqeṛṛu n tmenkda n utaram. Rumulus yella d ilemẓi; baba-s '''Urestes''' i yeṭṭfen aṭas n udabu. Maca Zinu, amenkad n usammar, ur yeɛqil ara Rumulus d amenkad s wudem unṣib. Yulius Nipus, i yettwanfan seg Ṭṭalyan deg 475, yeqqim deg Dalmaṣya yettwaḥsab d amenkad n utaram almi yettwanɣa deg 480. 

Udwaser ur yebni ara taserdast tamenkadant tamaynut deg utaram; yuɣal d agellid n Ṭṭalyan, yerra-d azamul n tmenkda ɣer Qusṭantinubl. Maca agraw n yimeqqranen n Ruma, aṭas n yimeẓla n tdabalt d kra n yilugan qqimen. Asmi i ruḥ umenkad ur yelli ara d asmi iruḥ yal annar n tudert tarumanit. 

Azal n 476 d azal azamulan deg uɣelluy udabu n tmenkda utaram. Aṭas seg wakal n utaram yella yakan ddaw n yiduba nniḍen. Tadyant-a temmal-d tamsalt n yiserdasen d lexlaṣ-nsen, d wamek i yuɣal udabu n temnaḍt n Ṭṭalyan. Ur d-temmal ara belli kra n ugdud ilelli yekka-d seg beṛṛa u iɛedda tilist, yerra timdinin meṛṛa ddaw iɣallen-is, yessefsex taɣerma deg yiḍ-nni.

== 3. Azmaz tasnakudt n tedyanin tigejdanin ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+
!235-284
!Tizɣinin d umennuɣ gar yirumanen; aṭas n yibeddilen n yimenkaden; abrid ɣer
usuddes amaynut.
|-
|284-337
|Diyuklisyan d Qusṭantin snernan tadbalt, tiwsiwin d tarrayin n uḥraz; afud i usuddes,
mačči n uɣelluy kan.
|-
|376-382
|Inig n kra n Yigutiyen ɣer tama n Danub; timenɣiwt n Adryanubl deg 378; amtawa n 382
|-
|395
|Tamenkda tettwabḍa gar sin n yiduba n twacult tamenkadant; yiwen n umḍal aruman

deg tmuɣli tazayezt.
|-
|406-410
|Aɛeddi n ugraw n yibarbaren seg tlisa n Ṛin; ccwal ɣef udabu; yettwakkes uḥraz amenkadan seg
Briṭanya; Alarik yekcem Ruma deg 410.
|-
|418-439
|Asers n Yigutiyen deg Ukitania; Iwandalien ɛeddan ɣer Tefriqt deg 429; ṭṭfen Qarṭaj deg
439.
|-
|451-455
|Timenɣiwt mgal Atila deg 451; Atila yekcem Ṭṭalyan deg 452; yettwanɣa Aëtius deg 454
d Walintinyan wis kraḍ deg 455; Iwandalien kecmen Ruma.
|-
|461-468
|Majuryan yettwakkes seg udabu, yettwanɣa; tanekra tameqqrant mgal Iwandalien ur
tewwiḍ ara ɣer yiswi-s deg 468.
|-
|472-480
|Amgaru gar Riṣimir d Antimyus; aḥbas n umenkad Rumulus deg 476; tamettant n
Nipus deg 480
|-
|493-568
|Agellid Tiyudurik yeḥkem Ṭalyan; tuɣalin n yiserdasen n usammar(Ibiẓantiyen) ɣer Tefriqt deg 533-534
d uɛraḍ n unekcum-nsen ɣer Ṭṭalyan seg 535; aṭṭan amuqqran n 541; anekcum n Ilumbardiyen deg 568.
|}
Tafelwit-a tesdukkel kra n tedyanin, ur teskanay ara abrid i yellan yettwaru seg tazwara. Yal tallit tesɛa tignatin n useggem d tid n usefsex. Iseggasen n tazwara n tasut tis semmus sɛan kra n tedyanin ur nemtawa ara fell-asen meṛṛa yimusnawen.

== II. Tamenkda uqbel aɣelluy n utaram ==

=== 4. Taẓayt n usefrek n wakal meqqren ===
Tamenkda tesɛa amur ameqqran n yidisan n Yilel agrakal. Aḥraz n tlisa ɣef Ṛin d Danub, aḥraz n usammar mgal Ifarisiyen, d usuddes n tnezzut d yimezdaɣ yesran aṭas n wučči(lqut), n yiserdasen d yidrimen. Inig d tuzzna n yisallen d imeẓla i yettawin ussan neɣ tikkwal d ayyuren; amenkad ur yezmir ara ad yili deg yal amḍiq. Aya yessefk-d ad illin imasayen yesɛan iduba meqqren deg yemnaḍin-nsen, maca widak zemren ad uɣalen ɣer zdat d iqqera n teserdast deg temnaḍin i ḥekmen.

Tizɣinin n tasut tis kraḍ sɛant aṭas n ṭṭradat(imgura) n daxel d n berra. Maca Tamenkda tuɣal teṭṭef iman-is. [[Dyuklisyan]] d [[Qusṭantin Amezwaru|Qusṭantin]] beddlen tadbalt, tarrayin n uḥraz d ujemmeɛ n tiwsiwin. Aya d anagi belli tazɣent ur tesseɣlay ara awanak s wudem awurman. Yezmer ad ibeddel tisuda-s, u ad yedder akken iwata deg kra n wakud. 

Ihi, taẓayt n wakal ur tezmir ara ad tesɛu azal n tmentilt i useggas 476 s yiman-is. Tamenkda yellan d tameqqrant teqqim aṭas n tsuta. Ilaq ad negzu d acu i ibeddlen deg uẓeṭṭa n uḥraz, n ujemmeɛ n tiwsiwin d usenfel n teserdast, akked d acu i ibeddlen deg yiduba n yiɣerfan n berra.

=== 5. Abḍu n 395: d acu i ibeddel s tidet? ===
Mi yemmut Tiyudus amezwaru deg 395, Arkadyus yeṭṭef asammar, Unuryus deg utaram. Maca amur aneggaru n tasut tis kraḍ yessen yakan aṭas n yibḍuyen n udabu. Ur yelli ara deg 395 uwanak yettwaḥesben s umata d yiwen i yeqqer-d s wudem unṣib: «tura nefraq ar taggara». Imir-a yella yiwen n usenqed n tmenkda, sin n yimenkaden, akked tudert n umɛawan d timsizzelt gar yiduba-nsen.

Abḍu yerna lexṣaṣ n usemsawi n yiɣallen. Kra n tikkal, yal tama txeddem ɣef uḥraz-is; kra n tikkal, iserdasen-nsen ssexdamen iɣerfan nniḍen(beṛṛa n tlisa) deg uḥuddu n tlisa n tmenkda. Maca sin n yiduba kemmlen ttɛawanen daɣen: tanekdra mgal Iwandalien deg 468 d amedya agejdan. 

Yettban-d daɣen umgired n tɣawsiwin i nezmer ad naḥrez. Asammar yesɛa timnaḍin n uneẓẓul d usammar n Yilel agrakal, d timdinin timeqqranin d uẓeṭṭa n tdamsa i yezmer ad d-yefk tiwsiwin. Qusṭantinubl tesɛa tagnit n uḥraz iggarzen. Ataram yesɛa tilisa ɣezzifen n wakal, maca ur ilaq ara ad t-neḥseb d amur yemmuten deg 395: tifrat-is teḍra deg ṭṭradat d yibeddilen i d-iḍefren.</text>
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