A̱ga̱ra

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{{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}}
{{Databox}}
'''A̱ga̱ra''' ba yet nwap hwa ma̱ a̱byin [[Naijeriya]]. A̱tsakgbangbang a̱byin mba ka, [[A̱byintyok A̱ga̱ra]] ka, byia̱ shi ku shyia̱ kpa̱mkpaan ma̱ng kyai a̱byin kilomita a̱ma̱ntaa̱naai 14,000 (met a̱ma̱ntaa̱naai 5,400) di̱ kyung hu nang a̱ka̱ghyui [[A̱ghyui Benuwe|Benuwe]] ma̱ng [[A̱ghyui Naija|Naija]] ku mun a̱ni. Á̱ ku ngyei a̱vwuo ka ''Igala Division'' ku za̱ ma nshyia̱ provin Kaba a̱ni, a̱wot mi̱ di̱ yong huni, ka̱ yet kap [[A̱byin Kogi]] hwa. A̱cyian nka, kikya si̱ yet Ida.

[[Fail:Igala.jpeg|thumb|Kyai a̱byin A̱ga̱ra]]

==A̱ca̱cet A̱ga̱ra ba==
*Abubakar Audu&lt;ref&gt;[https://guardian.ng/politics/my-fathers-death-altered-kogi-politics/ 'My father's death altered Kogi politics' {{!}} The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News — Politics — The Guardian Nigeria News – Nigeria and World News] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211019223611/https://guardian.ng/politics/my-fathers-death-altered-kogi-politics/ |date=2021-10-19 }} (di̱n Shong). Guardian.ng (27 Zwat Swak ma̱ng Jhyiung 2018).&lt;/ref&gt;
*Aliyu Obaje&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/93511-attah_igala_aliyu_obaje_dies.html Attah Igala, Aliyu Obaje dies at 102 {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria] (di̱n Shong).&lt;/ref&gt;
*Emmanuel Santana Ocheja
*Ogwu James Onoja
*Praiz
*Jeremiah Attaochu
*Lucy Jumeyi Ogbadu
*Joseph Benjamin

==A̱ya̱fang==
{{reflist}}

==Fang a̱pyia̱==
*Akinkugbe, O. O. (1976). &quot;An Internal Classification of the Yoruboid Group&quot;. J.W.A.L. XI. 1–2, pp.&amp;nbsp;1–17
* (1978). A Comparative Phonology of Yoruba Dialects, Isekiri and Igala. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Ibadan
*Boston, J. (1967). &quot;Igala Political Organisation&quot; African Notes 4.2
* (1968). The Igala Kingdom. Ibadan: OUP
*Gordon, Raymond G., Jr. (ed.), 2005. Ethnologue: Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International.
*Silverstein, R. (1973). Igala Historical Phonology. PhD thesis, University of California, Los Angeles
*Tokula, Lillian (2008). Re-Duplication in Igala: An Autosegmental Approach. Master's thesis, Department of Linguistics, University of Ibadan, Nigeria.

==A̱ka̱fwuop nta==
*[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=igl Nwuai Ethnologue] (di̱n Shong)
&lt;br&gt;

[[Sa:Naijeriya]]
[[Sa:Nnwap_swanta]]
[[Sa:Nnwap_Afrika]]
[[Sa:Nnwap mi̱ Naijeriya]]
[[Sa:Á̱niet_lilyem_Nija–Konggo]]
[[Sa:A̱byin_Kogi]]</text>
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    <title>A̱ga̱swan</title>
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{{Databox}}
'''A̱ga̱swan''' ''ka'' (á̱kpa: '''á̱ga̱swan''' ''na'') yet a̱da̱dei kyang cet wa a̱ cong ma̱ng a̱ti̱tak a̱byin ma̱ a̱ta̱i a̱ni, a̱ shyia̱ ma̱ kyangbwak nkyangcet ''Formicadae'' nia&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Franks |first1=Nigel R. |title=Chapter 7 - Ants |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia of Insects (Second Edition) |date=2009 |pages=24–27 |doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-374144-8.00007-2 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-374144-8 |editor1-last=Resh |editor1-first=Vincent H.|editor2-last=Cardé |editor2-first=Ring T.}}&lt;/ref&gt;. á̱ga̱swan mi̱n á̱ kyia̱i ma̱ng vespoid swai a̱yaatyia̱-a̱ghwop mi̱ a̱bibyia̱ njen. Ba̱ng swak 13,800 di mun tyan si̱ tat 22,000 kwái ma̱nang á̱ khap a̱ni. Ba̱ vwuan a̱khwu di̱ khap bah á̱ ni ndyen mba da̱ a̱ti̱ta̱m a̱za̱ngwan mba bi bya a̱wot a̱cucuk kyang á̱ nswak a̱ni wa yet ka̱gbang-ntai mba ji kap ku mun a̱dung a̱fa ka ma̱ng didyang ji a̱ni.

A̱ga̱swan ni̱ nok ntyok na̱ tak mi̱ shi a̱ni da̱ a̱vwuo a̱kum a̱cwuang a̱ghyiang ba ni̱ jen jhyang cong mi̱ ce a̱cyuang li si̱ nat tyok muna̱pyia̱ ku mi̱n jen jhyang san a̱kpa ka ma̱ng á̱ a̱baka̱lee na kyok shyia̱ a̱nyanyin mba a̱ ka̱ milyon, mi̱ a̱ka̱wat njhyang ba̱ ni̱ ntat milyon cyicyi di̱ a̱nyanyin mba mi̱ tyok shi a̱ga̱swan hu. 

[[File:Ants and aphids.ogv |thumb| a̱ga̱swan shyia̱ di̱ cat yak]]

==A̱ya̱fang==
{{reflist}}

{{Swánga̱lyiatwuki}}

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A̱byin '''Gana''' (Shong: Ghana), á̱ lyen ma̱ng a̱lyoot a̱gwomna̱ti nka ka nang '''Ri̱pobi̱lik Gana''' wu (Shong: Republic of Ghana) a̱ni, yet a̱byin kya di̱ fam-a̱byin [[Jenshyung Afrika]] hu. Ka̱ myiai da̱ [[A̱ngam A̱sa̱khwot Gini]] wu ma̱ng [[Kyai A̱sa̱khwot Ati̱lantik]] hu di̱ fam a̱tak hu, ka̱ si̱ byia̱ a̱gi̱gak ma̱ng bibyin [[Khwong A̱ta̱m Nzwuom]] di̱ fam jenshyung hu, [[Burkina Faso]] di̱ fam a̱za hu, ma̱ng [[Togo]] di̱ fam a̱tyin hu.&lt;ref name=&quot;warriorking&quot;&gt;Jackson, John G. (2001) ''Introduction to African Civilizations'', Citadel Press, p. 201, ISBN 0-8065-2189-9.&lt;/ref&gt; A̱byin Gana kup shi kyai a̱byin kilomita a̱ma̱ntaa̱naai 238,535 (met a̱ma̱ntaa̱naai 92,099), ka̱ si̱ ka ngaat ka̱ si̱ myiai di̱ nfam a̱byin ma̱ng ikoliji ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t kyiak neet di̱ a̱yaasavana fam khwong kyai a̱sakhwot ba nat di̱ sóp a̱za tropik ji. A̱byin Gana byia̱ shu á̱niet ku swak miliyon 31 a̱ni, si̱ ku tyia̱ ka̱ yet a̱feang mi̱ shi á̱niet di̱ fam a̱byin Jenshyung Afrika hu a̱ni, lilyim [[Naijeriya]]. A̱keangtung nka ka ma̱ng a̱gba̱ndang a̱keang wu a̱ swak mi̱ shi a̱ni wa yet Akra; á̱ghyang a̱ca̱cet a̱ka̱keang nka na, ni̱nia yet Kumasi, Tamale, ma̱ng Sekondi-Takoradi

==A̱bwom a̱byin==
'''A̱bwom a̱byin''': &quot;God Bless Our Homeland Ghana&quot; (&quot;A̱gwaza Gu Nang Nda A̱byin-mbyin Nzi̱t Ka&quot;)&lt;br&gt;[[File:National Anthem of Ghana.ogg]]

==A̱ya̱fang==
{{reflist}}

{{Bibyin Afrika}}

[[Sa:Bibyin_swanta]]
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[[Sa:Bibyin_Jenshyung_Afrika]]
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&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;background:#0C57A8; border:2px solid white; color: White; font-weight:bold; padding:.3em;&quot;&gt;Da̱ zi̱ yan myim ma̱ng a̱ghyang la!&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

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[[Fail:Image from Tyap Wiki Bootcamp, August 2024 maiden edition 103.jpg|220px|Mi̱ Ka̱duna, Zwat A̱ni̱nai a̱lyia̱ 2024]]

'''Foo!''' Á̱ ngyei nung ''Camy'', á̱ ku byin nung n si̱ ndaai shi ma̱ a̱byin [[Naijeriya]]. Gbangbang n ku swan a̱ka̱vwuo vwuon ma̱ a̱byin ka a̱wot n si̱ fi̱k nkyang ma̱ a̱di̱di̱t tazwa lili a̱ka̱vwuo a̱byin hu ma̱ng á̱niet nka ba.

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&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;background:#308557; border:2px solid white; color: White; font-weight:bold; padding:.3em;&quot;&gt;Za̱nang&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

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[[File:Punica granatum 282849708.jpg|100px|[[A‌̱lyiat a‌̱tyunta‌̱m:Kambai Akau#Flower of the month|Kywat Zwat Hu (Zwat A‌̱taa 2024)]]]] 

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&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;background:#F0BC00; border:2px solid white; color: White; font-weight:bold; padding:.3em;&quot;&gt;A̱tsatsak a̱ka̱fwuop&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

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* [https://starterkit.toolforge.org/dashboard Starter Kit Dashboard]
* [https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/kcg.wikipedia.org/reading/total-page-views/normal|table|2023-01-01~2026-06-30|(agent)~user|monthly Fang jhyuk nzwat Wuki - WikiStats]

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&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;h2 style=&quot;background:#970302; border:2px solid white; color: White; font-weight:bold; padding:.3em;&quot;&gt;Li̱la̱n ghyáng&lt;/h2&gt;&lt;/div&gt;

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* [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Kambai_Akau Kambai A̱ka̱u] mi̱ Wukipedia nShong
* [https://commons.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kambai_Akau#Other_Wikimedia_accounts Kambai Akau] mi̱ [[Wikimedia Commons]]
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* [https://incubator.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/User:Kambai_Akau Kambai Akau] mi̱ [[Wikimedia Incubator]]
* [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/User:Kambai_Akau Kambai Akau] mi̱ [[Translatewiki]]
* [https://en.m.wikibooks.org/wiki/User:Kambai_Akau# Kambai Akau] mi̱ [[Wikibooks]]

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[[de:Benutzer:Kambai Akau]]
[[en:User:Kambai Akau]]</text>
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      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Turkiya]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Turkiya]]</comment>
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      <text bytes="8762" sha1="0qnzfki84efober1ttb879udzrpbwi9" xml:space="preserve">{{IPA key|H:IPA-TR}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Turkish language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-tr}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

For a more in-depth coverage of the sounds of Turkish, see [[Turkish phonology]].
{|
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Consonants
|-
! IPA
! Example
! English&lt;br /&gt;approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|b}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr tr bebek.ogg|'''b'''e'''b'''ek|help=no}}
| a'''b'''out
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|β}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Vücut-turkish.ogg|'''v'''ücut|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;v&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/v/}} surfaces as {{IPAblink|β}} when either preceded or followed by a rounded vowel (but not when intervocalic).&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''like'' '''v'''ase, ''but with both lips''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|c}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr tr şekil.ogg|şe'''k'''il|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;velar&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[c~k]}},  {{IPA|[ɟ~ɡ]}}, and {{IPA|[l~ɫ]}} contrast only in loanwords before {{angbr|â, û}} vs. {{angbr|a, u}}. In native words, {{IPA|[c, ɟ, l]}} occur before front vowels ({{IPA|[æ, e, i, œ, y]}}) and {{IPA|[k, ɡ, ɫ]}} occur before back vowels ({{IPA|[a, o, u, ɯ]}}); word-finally or preconsonantally, {{IPA|[c, ɟ, l]}} occur after front vowels and {{IPA|[k, ɡ, ɫ]}} occur after back vowels.&lt;/ref&gt;
| s'''k'''ew
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d̪|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tur-madde.ogg|ma'''dd'''e|help=no}}
| a'''d'''o
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|dʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Ocak.ogg|o'''c'''ak|help=no}}
| '''j'''ump
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Far-turkish.ogg|'''f'''ar|help=no}}
| '''f'''ood
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Gam-turkish.ogg|'''g'''am|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;velar&quot; /&gt;
| a'''g'''o
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɟ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr tr gerçek.ogg|'''g'''erçek|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;velar&quot; /&gt;
| ar'''g'''ue
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|h}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Anahtar.ogg|ana'''h'''tar|help=no}}
| '''h'''ome
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr tr hayat.ogg|ha'''y'''at|help=no}}, e'''ğ'''ri&lt;ref name=&quot;soft g&quot;&gt;In Turkish, the letter {{angbr|[[Ğ#Turkish use|ğ]]}} (also called ''yumuşak g'', 'soft g') indicates a number of different sounds, depending on context:

* in syllable-initial positions, is silent and indicates a syllable break, for example: ''ağır'' ('heavy') {{IPA|[aˈɯɾ]}}, ''ağa'' ('[[Agha (title)|Agha]]') {{IPA|[aˈa]}}.
* in other positions, indicates the lengthening of the preceding vowel, for example: ''dağ'' ('mountain') {{IPA|[daː]}}, ''doğru'' ('true') {{IPA|[doːɾu]}}.
** if the lengthened vowel is /e/, it sounds like [j], for example: ''eğlence'' ('fun') {{IPA|[ejlænˈdʒe]}}
* in proper names where it may appear following a consonant, it is treated as a {{angbr|g}}, for example: ''Olğun'' {{IPA|[oɫˈɡun]}} &lt;/ref&gt;
| '''y'''es
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Kabak.ogg|'''k'''aba'''k'''|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;velar&quot; /&gt;
| '''c'''ore
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʎ̟|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr-bilinç.oga|bi'''l'''inç|help=no}}&lt;ref&gt;{{IPA|[l]}} is more accurately described as palatalized postalveolar {{IPAblink|ʎ̟}}, but it is conventionally transcribed with {{angbr IPA|l}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''l'''ate
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɫ̪|ɫ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr-kulak.ogg|ku'''l'''ak|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;velar&quot; /&gt;
| tai'''l'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|m}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr-cuma.ogg|cu'''m'''a|help=no}}
| '''m'''uch
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|n}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr tr nesne.ogg|'''n'''es'''n'''e|help=no}}
| '''n'''ot
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Engin-turkish.ogg|e'''n'''gin|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ny&quot;&gt;{{IPAblink|ɲ}} appears as an allophone of {{IPAslink|n}} before the consonants {{IPAblink|ɟ}} and {{IPAblink|c}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ca'''ny'''on
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ŋ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Yangın-turkish.ogg|ya'''n'''gın|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ng&quot;&gt;{{IPAblink|ŋ}} appears as an allophone of {{IPAslink|n}} before the consonants {{IPAblink|ɡ}} and {{IPAblink|k}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| wi'''ng'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr-pazar.ogg|'''p'''azar|help=no}}
| '''p'''an
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɾ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Anahtarlar.ogg|anahta'''r'''la'''r'''|help=no}}
| ''[[American English|AmE]]'' a'''t'''om
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tur-sinek.ogg|'''s'''inek|help=no}}
| '''s'''end
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr-kişi.ogg|ki'''ş'''i|help=no}}
| '''sh'''oe
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t̪|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr-Türkçe.oga|'''T'''ürkçe|help=no}}
| '''t'''able
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|tʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Çivi.ogg|'''ç'''ivi|help=no}}
| '''ch'''ange
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|v}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Çivi.ogg|çi'''v'''i|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;v&quot;/&gt;
| '''v'''ase
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|z}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr-pazar.ogg|pa'''z'''ar|help=no}}
| '''z'''one
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Jilet-turkish.ogg|'''j'''ilet|help=no}}
| lei'''s'''ure
|}
| style=&quot;padding-left: 1em; vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ Vowels
|-
! IPA
! Example
! English&lt;br /&gt;approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Kabak.ogg|k'''a'''b'''a'''k|help=no}}
| f'''a'''ther
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|æ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr tr erkek.ogg|'''e'''rkek|help=no}}&lt;ref&gt;Allophone of {{IPA|/e/}} before sonorants {{IPA|[l, m, n, ɾ]}} in the same syllable, and in the suffix ''-mez''.&lt;/ref&gt;
| c'''a'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|e̞|e}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr tr erkek.ogg|erk'''e'''k|help=no}}
| b'''e'''d
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Çivi.ogg|ç'''i'''v'''i'''|help=no}}
| cr'''ee'''k
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|o̞|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr-tokmak.ogg|t'''o'''kmak|help=no}}
| st'''o'''ry
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ø̞|œ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr tr özgürlük.ogg|'''ö'''zgürlük|help=no}}
| ''somewhat like''  b'''ir'''d
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr tr ruh.ogg|r'''u'''h|help=no}}
| s'''ou'''p
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɯ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tur-kış.ogg|k'''ı'''ş|help=no}}
| ''somewhat like'' ros'''e'''s
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|y}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio|Tr-Türkçe.oga|T'''ü'''rkçe|help=no}}
| ''somewhat like'' c'''ue'''
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ [[Suprasegmental]]s
|-
! IPA
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Examples
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ˈ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''torbalı'' {{IPA|[toɾbaˈɫɯ]}} 'with bag'&lt;br /&gt;''[[Torbalı]]'' {{IPA|[ˈtoɾbaɫɯ]}} (a place name)&lt;ref&gt;In Turkish proper, proper nouns are typically stressed on the second or third last syllable (see [[Sezer stress]]), and other words (excepting certain unstressed suffixes and stressed verb tenses) are stressed on the last syllable.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''â, î, û'',&lt;ref name=&quot;sapka&quot;&gt;[[circumflex|''Düzeltme işareti'']] (Turkish for &quot;correction mark&quot;) {{angbr|ˆ}} is a sign which indicates both the vowel length and indicates if the letter {{angbr|k}} represents {{IPAblink|c}}, the letter {{angbr|g}} represents {{IPAblink|ɟ}} or the letter {{angbr|l}} represents {{IPAblink|l}} before back vowels {{IPAblink|ä|a}} and {{IPAblink|u}}.&lt;br&gt;Yet the ''düzeltme işareti'' is used primarily to indicate palatalization, instead of length. For example, the word {{wikt-lang|tr|katil}} means &quot;murder&quot; when it is pronounced as {{IPA|[kaˈtil]}}, but it means &quot;killer&quot; when it is pronounced as {{IPA|[kaːˈtil]}}. The letter {{angbr|a}} is left unmarked even if it is long because the sound {{IPAslink|k}} does not become {{IPAslink|c}} in this case.&lt;br&gt;{{angbr|î}} is an exception, as it indicates only the vowel length.&lt;/ref&gt; ''ğ''&lt;ref name=&quot;soft g&quot; /&gt;
| '''''oğ'''lan'' {{Audio-IPA|Tr tr oğlan.ogg|[oːˈɫan]|help=no}} 'boy'
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{IPA keys}}</text>
      <sha1>0qnzfki84efober1ttb879udzrpbwi9</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Turkish</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>2002</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:IPA/Turkiya" />
    <revision>
      <id>46598</id>
      <parentid>15850</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Turkish]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Turkish]]</comment>
      <origin>15850</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" sha1="t2b0cqsmbfh7u7y7b6juo6o6kxg2x0a" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:IPA/Turkiya]]</text>
      <sha1>t2b0cqsmbfh7u7y7b6juo6o6kxg2x0a</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Italiya</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>2021</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46582</id>
      <parentid>15877</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Italiya]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Italiya]]</comment>
      <origin>15874</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12031" sha1="1r2oqonj7p83q4bmlqrahoxj4nx2ts4" xml:space="preserve">{{about|IPA for Standard Italian|the help page regarding IPA for Italian dialects|Help:IPA/Italian dialects}}
{{IPA key|H:IPA-IT|H:IPAIT|H:IPAITA}}

The charts below show how the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] represents pronunciations of [[Italian language|Standard Italian]] in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-it}}, {{tl|IPAc-it}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Italian phonology]] and [[Italian orthography]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Italian.

{| style=&quot;background: none&quot;
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Consonant]]s&lt;ref&gt;Except {{IPAslink|z}}, all consonants after a vowel and before {{IPA|/r/}}, {{IPA|/l/}}, a vowel or a semivowel may be [[geminated]]. Gemination in IPA is represented by doubling the consonant (''fatto'' {{IPA|[ˈfatto]}}, ''mezzo'' {{IPA|[ˈmɛddzo]}}), and can usually be told from orthography. After stressed vowels and certain prepositions and conjunctions, word-initial consonants become geminated too ([[syntactic gemination]]): ''va '''v'''ia'' {{IPA|[ˌva vˈviːa]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|b}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''b'''anca, ci'''b'''o
| a'''b'''out
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d̪|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''d'''ove, i'''d'''ra
| to'''d'''ay
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d̪͡z̪|dz}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''z'''aino, a'''z'''alea, me'''zz'''o&lt;ref name=&quot;z&quot;&gt;{{angbr|z}} represents both {{IPA|/ts/}} and {{IPA|/dz/}}. The article on [[Italian orthography#S and Z|Italian orthography]] explains how they are used.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;geminated&quot;/&gt;
| da'''ds'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d͡ʒ|dʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''g'''elo, '''gi'''ù, ma'''g'''ia, '''j'''udo, ga'''dg'''et
| '''j'''ob
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''f'''atto, ci'''f'''ra, '''ph'''on
| '''f'''ast
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''g'''atto, a'''g'''ro, '''gh'''etto, '''g'''licosio&lt;ref name=gli&gt;{{angbr|gli}} represents {{IPA|/ʎ/}} or {{IPA|/ʎi/}}, except in roots of Greek origin, when preceded by another consonant, and in a few other words, where it represents {{IPA|/ɡli/}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| a'''g'''ain
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''i'''eri, sa'''i'''o, p'''i'''ù, '''J'''esi, '''y'''acht, n'''e'''ws
| '''y'''es
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''c'''osa, a'''c'''uto, fin'''ch'''é, '''q'''uei, '''k'''iwi, '''k'''oala
| s'''c'''ar
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''l'''ato, te'''l'''a, g'''l'''icosio&lt;ref name=gli/&gt;
| '''l'''adder
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʎ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| fi'''gl'''i, '''gli'''elo, ma'''gli'''a&lt;ref name=&quot;geminated&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/ts, dz, ʃ, ɲ, ʎ/}} are always [[geminated]] after a vowel.&lt;/ref&gt;
| bi'''lli'''on
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|m}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''m'''ano, a'''m'''are, i'''n'''put&lt;ref name=&quot;nasal&quot;&gt;A [[nasal consonant|nasal]] always [[Assimilation (phonology)|assimilates]] to the [[place of articulation]] of the following consonant. It is [[bilabial consonant|bilabial]] {{IPA|[m]}} before {{IPA|/p, b, m/}}, [[labiodental consonant|labiodental]] {{IPA|[ɱ]}} before {{IPA|/f, v/}}, [[dental consonant|dental]], [[alveolar consonant|alveolar]] or [[postalveolar consonant|postalveolar]] {{IPA|[n]}} before {{IPA|/t, d, ts, dz, tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, l, r/}}, and [[velar consonant|velar]] {{IPA|[ŋ]}} before {{IPA|/k, ɡ/}}. Utterance-finally, it is always {{IPA|[n]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''m'''other
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɱ}}&lt;/big&gt;
|a'''n'''fibio, i'''n'''vece&lt;ref name=nasal/&gt;
|co'''m'''fort
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|n}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''n'''a'''n'''o, pu'''n'''to, pe'''n'''sare, ma'''n'''giare&lt;ref name=&quot;nasal&quot;/&gt;
| '''n'''est
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ŋ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| u'''n'''ghia, a'''n'''che, du'''n'''que&lt;ref name=&quot;nasal&quot;/&gt;
| si'''ng'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''gn'''occo, o'''gn'''i&lt;ref name=&quot;geminated&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nasal&quot;/&gt;
| ca'''ny'''on
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''p'''rimo, am'''p'''io, a'''p'''ertura
| s'''p'''in
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|r}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''R'''oma, quatt'''r'''o, mo'''r'''te&lt;ref&gt;Non-geminate {{IPA|/r/}} is generally realised with a single strike, as a monovibrant trill or tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, particularly in unstressed syllables.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[alveolar trill|trilled r]]''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|s̪|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''s'''ano, '''s'''cusa, pre'''s'''entire, pa'''s'''to&lt;ref name=&quot;s-z&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} contrast only intervocalically. Word-initially, after consonants, when geminated, and before voiceless consonants, only {{IPA|[s]}} is found. Before voiced consonants, only {{IPA|[z]}} is found.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''s'''orry
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''sc'''ena, '''sci'''à, pe'''sc'''i, fla'''sh''', '''ch'''ic&lt;ref name=&quot;geminated&quot;/&gt;
| '''sh'''oe
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t̪|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''t'''ranne, mi'''t'''o, al'''t'''ro, '''th'''ai
| s'''t'''ar
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t̪͡s̪|ts}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''z'''io, so'''zz'''o, mar'''z'''o&lt;ref name=&quot;z&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;geminated&quot;/&gt;
| ca'''ts'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t͡ʃ|tʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''c'''erto, '''ci'''ao, farma'''c'''ia, '''ch'''ip
| '''ch'''eck
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|v}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''v'''ado, po'''v'''ero, '''w'''att
| '''v'''ent
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|w}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''u'''ova, g'''u'''ado, q'''u'''i, '''w'''eek-end
| '''w'''ine
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|z̪|z}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''s'''birro, pre'''s'''entare, a'''s'''ma&lt;ref name=&quot;s-z&quot;/&gt;
| ama'''z'''on
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Non-native consonants
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|h}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''h'''obby, '''h'''ertz&lt;ref&gt;{{IPA|/h/}} is usually dropped.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''h'''ouse
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|θ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''Th'''atcher, Pére'''z'''&lt;ref&gt;{{IPA|/θ/}} is usually pronounced as {{IPAblink|t̪|t}} in [[English language|English]] loanwords, and {{IPAblink|d̪͡z̪|dz}}, {{IPAblink|t̪͡s̪|ts}} (if spelled {{angbr|z}}) or {{IPAblink|s̪|s}} (if spelled {{angbr|c}} or {{angbr|z}}) in [[Spanish language|Spanish]] ones.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''th'''ing
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|x}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''j'''ota, Ba'''ch''', '''kh'''amsin&lt;ref&gt;In Spanish loanwords, {{IPA|/x/}} is usually pronounced as {{IPAblink|h}} or {{IPAblink|k}} or dropped. In [[German language|German]], [[Arabic]] and [[Russian language|Russian]] ones, it is usually pronounced {{IPAblink|k}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| lo'''ch''' (''[[Scottish English]]'')
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| Fu'''j'''i, gara'''ge''', ca'''s'''ual
| vi'''si'''on
|}
&lt;!---------- Vowels ----------&gt;
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 2em;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Vowel]]s&lt;ref&gt;Italian contrasts seven [[monophthong]]s in stressed syllables. Open-mid vowels {{IPA|/ɛ, ɔ/}} can appear only if the syllable is stressed (''cop'''e'''rto'' {{IPA|[koˈpɛrto]}}, ''qu'''o'''ta'' {{IPA|[ˈkwɔːta]}}), close-mid vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} are found elsewhere (''B'''o'''ccacci'''o''''' {{IPA|[bokˈkattʃo]}}, ''am'''o'''r'''e''''' {{IPA|[aˈmoːre]}}). Close and open vowels {{IPA|/i, u, a/}} are unchanged in unstressed syllables, but word-final unstressed {{IPA|/i/}} may become approximant {{IPAblink|j}} before vowels, which is known as [[synalepha]] (''par'''i''' età'' {{IPA|[ˌparj eˈta]}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''a'''lto, s'''a'''r'''à''', m'''u'''st
| f'''a'''st (''[[Scottish English]]'')
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|e}}&lt;/big&gt;
| v'''e'''ro, p'''e'''rch'''é''', li'''ai'''son
| f'''a'''de 
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɛ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''e'''tto, cio'''è''', spr'''ea'''d
| b'''e'''d
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| v'''i'''so, s'''ì''', z'''i'''a, f'''ee'''d, t'''ea'''m, sex'''y'''
| sk'''i'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''o'''mbra, ott'''o''', sh'''ow''', c'''oa'''ch
| st'''o'''ry
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɔ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''o'''tto, sar'''ò''', S'''ea'''n
| '''o'''ff
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''u'''si, rag'''ù''', t'''u'''o, t'''ou'''r
| r'''u'''le
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Non-native vowels
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ø}}&lt;/big&gt;
| viv'''eu'''r, g'''oe'''thiano, Ch'''u'''rchill&lt;ref&gt;Open-mid {{IPAblink|œ}} or close-mid {{IPAblink|ø}} if it is stressed but usually {{IPAblink|ø}} if it is unstressed. May be replaced by {{IPAblink|ɛ}} (stressed) or {{IPAblink|e}} (stressed or unstressed).&lt;/ref&gt;
| m'''ur'''der (''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'')
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|y}}&lt;/big&gt;
| par'''u'''re, br'''û'''lé, F'''üh'''rer&lt;ref&gt;{{IPA|/y/}} is often pronounced as {{IPAblink|u}} or [{{IPA link|j}}{{IPA link|u}}].&lt;/ref&gt;
| f'''u'''ture (''[[Scottish English]]'')
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Suprasegmentals|Suprasegmentals]]
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! Explanation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ˈ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| Cen'''ni'''ni {{IPA|[tʃenˈniːni]}}
| [[Stress (linguistics)#Levels of stress|primary stress]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ˌ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''al'''tamente {{IPA|[ˌaltaˈmente]}}
| [[secondary stress]]&lt;ref&gt;Since Italian has no distinction between heavier or lighter vowels (like the English ''o'' in ''c'''o'''nclusion'' vs ''o'' in ''n'''o'''mination''), a defined secondary stress, even in long words, is extremely rare.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|.}}&lt;/big&gt;
| contin'''uo''' {{IPA|[konˈtiːnu.o]}}
| [[Syllabification|syllable break]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| pr'''i'''mo {{IPA|[ˈpriːmo]}}
| [[Vowel length|long vowel]]&lt;ref&gt;Primarily stressed vowels are long in non-final open syllables: ''fato'' {{IPA|[ˈfaːto]}}, ''fatto'' {{IPA|[ˈfatto]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite journal
|last1=Bertinetto
|first1=Pier Marco
|last2=Loporcaro
|first2=Michele
|year=2005
|title=The sound pattern of Standard Italian, as compared with the varieties spoken in Florence, Milan and Rome
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=35
|issue=2
|pages=131–151
|doi=10.1017/S0025100305002148
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/3BD6A21BBF1225A1ED46F6E984131AD3/S0025100305002148a.pdf/sound_pattern_of_standard_italian_as_compared_with_the_varieties_spoken_in_florence_milan_and_rome.pdf
}}
*{{cite journal
|last1=Rogers
|first1=Derek
|last2=d'Arcangeli
|first2=Luciana
|year=2004
|title=Italian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=34
|issue=1
|pages=117–121
|doi=10.1017/S0025100304001628
|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/426259D72EEC9F71664AC2F2D3A0FD30/S0025100304001628a.pdf/italian.pdf
}}

==External links==
* {{lang|it|[https://dop.netadcom.com/ Dizionario italiano multimediale e multilingue d'ortografia e di pronunzia]}} {{In lang|it}} {{registration required}} [not based on IPA]
* {{lang|it|[http://www.dipionline.it/ Dizionario di pronuncia italiana online]}} by [[Luciano Canepari]] {{In lang|it}} [phonemic, based on IPA]

{{IPA keys}}</text>
      <sha1>1r2oqonj7p83q4bmlqrahoxj4nx2ts4</sha1>
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    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Italian</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Italian]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Italian]]</comment>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/English]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/English]]</comment>
      <origin>16842</origin>
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      <text bytes="45293" sha1="cx9fbv24i0m6w071bl6983wcedfhkhb" xml:space="preserve">{{this|the pronunciation of words in English|sounds not found in English|Help:IPA|a basic introduction to the IPA|Help:IPA/Introduction|a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}
{{pp-template|small=yes}}
{{IPA key|H:IPA-EN|H:IPAE|H:IPAEN}}
Throughout Wikipedia, the pronunciation of words is indicated by means of the '''[[International Phonetic Alphabet]]''' ('''IPA'''). The following tables list the IPA symbols used for English words and pronunciations. Please note that several of these symbols are used in ways that are specific to Wikipedia and differ from those used by dictionaries.

If the IPA symbols are not displayed properly by your browser, see the [[#See also|links below]].

If you are adding a pronunciation using this key, such pronunciations should generally be formatted using the template {{t|IPAc-en}}. The template provides tooltips for each symbol in the pronunciation. See the template page for instructions.

{{Horizontal TOC|nonum=y}}

==Key==
If there is an IPA symbol you are looking for that you do not see here, see [[Help:IPA]], which is a more complete list. For a table listing all spellings of the sounds on this page, see {{section link|English orthography|Sound-to-spelling correspondences}}. For help converting spelling to pronunciation, see {{section link|English orthography|Spelling-to-sound correspondences}}.

The words given as examples for two different symbols may sound the same to you. For example, you may pronounce [[Cot–caught merger|''cot'' and ''caught'' the same]], ''do'' and ''dew'', or ''marry'' and ''merry''. This often happens because of dialect variation (see our articles [[English phonology]] and [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects]]). If this is the case, you will pronounce those symbols the same for other words as well.{{refn|name=localterms|This rule is generally employed in the pronunciation guide of our articles, even for local terms such as place names. However, be aware that not all editors may have followed this consistently, so for example if a pronunciation of an English town ending in ‑ford reads /‑fəd/, it doesn't mean that the /r/ would be absent in a rhotic dialect.}} Whether this is true for all words, or just when the sounds occur in the same context, depends on the merger.&lt;ref&gt;For example, if you have the ''marry–merry'' merger, you probably only merge {{IPA|/æ/}} and {{IPA|/ɛ/}} before {{IPA|/r/}}. You would still distinguish ''man'' and ''men''.&lt;/ref&gt; The footnotes explain some of these cases. 

{| style=&quot;background:none&quot;
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:90%&quot;
! colspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Consonant]]s
|-
! style=&quot;width:3em&quot; | IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|b}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''b'''uy, ca'''b'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|d}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''d'''ye, ca'''d''', la'''dd'''er{{refn|name=flapping|In varieties with [[flapping]], {{IPA|/t/}} and sometimes also {{IPA|/d/}} between a vowel and a weak or word-initial vowel may be pronounced with a voiced tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, making ''latter'' sound similar or identical to ''ladder''. Some dictionaries transcribe {{IPA|/t/}} subject to this process as {{angbr IPA|d}} or {{angbr IPA|t̬}}, but they are not distinguished in this transcription system. In those varieties, the sequence {{IPA|/nt/}} in the same environment may also be realized as a [[nasalized]] tap {{IPAblink|ɾ̃}}, making ''winter'' sound similar or identical to ''winner''. This is also not distinguished in this system.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|dj}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''d'''ew{{refn|name=yod|In dialects with [[yod dropping]], {{IPA|/j/}} in {{IPA|/juː/}}, {{IPA|/ju/}}, or {{IPA|/jʊər/}} is not pronounced after [[coronal consonant]]s ({{IPA|/t/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/θ/}}, and {{IPA|/l/}}) in the same syllable, so that ''dew'' {{IPA|/djuː/}} is pronounced the same as ''do'' {{IPA|/duː/}}. In dialects with [[yod coalescence]], {{IPA|/tj/}} and {{IPA|/dj/}} mostly merge with {{IPA|/tʃ/}} and {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, so that the first syllable in ''Tuesday'' is pronounced the same as ''choose''. In some dialects {{IPA|/sj/}} and {{IPA|/zj/}} are also affected and frequently merge with {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}}. Where {{IPA|/j/}} in {{IPA|/juː/}}, {{IPA|/ju/}}, or {{IPA|/jʊər/}} following a coronal is still pronounced in yod-dropping accents, place a syllable break before it: ''menu'' {{IPA|/ˈmɛn.juː/}}.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|dʒ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''g'''iant, ba'''dg'''e
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ð}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''th'''y, brea'''th'''e, fa'''th'''er
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|f}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''f'''ind, lea'''f'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɡ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''g'''uy, ba'''g'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|h}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''h'''igh, a'''h'''ead
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|hw}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''wh'''ine{{refn|The phoneme {{IPA|/hw/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/w/}} in the many dialects with the [[Wine–whine merger|''wine''–''whine'' merger]], such as RP and most varieties of General American. For more information on this sound, see [[voiceless labialized velar approximant]].}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|j}}}}{{refn|The IPA value of the letter {{angbr IPA|j}} may be counterintuitive to English speakers, but the spelling is found even in some common English words like ''[[hallelujah]]'' and ''[[fjord]]''.}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''y'''es, hallelu'''j'''ah
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|k}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''k'''ind, s'''k'''y, '''c'''ra'''ck'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|l}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{Not a typo|'''l'''ie, p'''l'''y, ga'''l'''}}{{refn|{{IPA|/l/}} in the [[syllable coda]], as in the words ''all'', ''cold'', or ''bottle'', is pronounced as {{IPAblink|o}}, {{IPAblink|u}}, {{IPAblink|w}} or a similar sound in many dialects through [[L-vocalization]].}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|lj}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''l'''ute{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|m}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''m'''y, s'''m'''ile, ca'''m'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|n}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''n'''igh, s'''n'''ide, ca'''n'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|nj}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''n'''ew{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ŋ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | sa'''ng''', si'''n'''k, si'''ng'''er
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|p}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{Not a typo|'''p'''ie, s'''p'''y, ca'''p'''}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|r}}}}{{refn|In most varieties of English, {{IPA|/r/}} is pronounced as an approximant {{IPA|[ɹ]}}. Although the IPA symbol {{angbr IPA|r}} represents the [[alveolar trill]], {{angbr IPA|r}} is widely used instead of {{angbr IPA|ɹ}} in broad transcriptions of English.}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''r'''ye, t'''r'''y, ve'''r'''y
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|s}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''s'''igh, ma'''ss'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|sj}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | con'''s'''ume{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʃ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''sh'''y, ca'''sh''', emo'''ti'''on
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|t}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{Not a typo|'''t'''ie, s'''t'''y, ca'''t''', la'''tt'''er}}{{refn|name=flapping}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|tj}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''t'''une{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|tʃ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''Ch'''ina, ca'''tch'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|θ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''th'''igh, pa'''th'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|θj}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | en'''th'''use{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|v}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{Not a typo|'''v'''ie, lea'''v'''e}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|w}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''w'''ine, s'''w'''ine
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|z}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''z'''oo, ha'''s'''
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|zj}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | '''Z'''eus{{refn|name=yod}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʒ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | plea'''s'''ure, bei'''g'''e{{refn|A number of English words, such as ''genre'' and ''garage'', may be pronounced with either {{IPA|/ʒ/}} or {{IPA|/dʒ/}}.}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px; background: #fff&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Marginal phoneme|Marginal segments]]
|-
! IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|x}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | lo'''ch''', '''Ch'''anukah{{refn|In most dialects, {{IPA|/x/}} can also be replaced by {{IPA|/k/}} in most words, including ''loch''. It is also replaced with {{IPA|/h/}} in some words, particularly of Yiddish origin, such as ''Chanukah''.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʔ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | uh'''-'''oh {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈʔʌʔoʊ/}}}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɒ̃}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | b'''on''' viv'''an'''t{{refn|name=nasalvowel|{{IPA|/ɒ̃, æ̃/}} are only found in French loanwords and often replaced by another vowel and a nasal consonant: ''bon vivant'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˌbɒn viːˈvɒnt/}}}}, ''ensemble'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ɒnˈsɒmbəl/}}}}, etc.{{efn|{{harvp|Jones|2011}}.}}}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|æ̃}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | f'''in''' de siècle{{refn|name=nasalvowel}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɜː}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | M'''ö'''bius {{small|(UK only)}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ɜː/}} is only found in loanwords and represents a situation where such an ''r''-less vowel is used only in British or Southern Hemisphere accents, and therefore a transcription that includes it must always be prefaced with a label indicating the variety of English. It is to be used only when a reliable source shows that General American has a different vowel in the same position. If ''r''-ful {{sc2|NURSE}} is used even in GA, even if spelled without {{angbr|r}}, as in ''Goethe'' and ''hors d'oeuvre'', use {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}. {{IPA|/ɜː/}} is also not the same as {{angbr|œ}} seen in some American dictionaries. {{angbr|œ}} in those dictionaries is merely a notational convention and does not correspond to any vowel in any accent of English, so a transcription containing {{angbr|œ}} cannot be converted to one that uses this key.}}
|}

| style=&quot;vertical-align: top&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot;| [[Vowel]]s
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Strong vowels !! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ...followed by R{{refn|In [[Rhotic and non-rhotic accents|non-rhotic accents]] like RP, {{IPA|/r/}} is not pronounced unless followed by a vowel.}}
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɑː}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|P'''A'''LM}}, br'''a'''
| {{big|{{IPA|ɑːr}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|ST'''AR'''T}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɒ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|L'''O'''T}}, bl'''o'''ckade{{refn|In dialects with the [[Father–bother merger|''father''–''bother'' merger]] such as General American, {{IPA|/ɒ/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɑː/}}.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɒr}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | m'''or'''al{{refn|In most of the United States, {{IPA|/ɒr/}} is merged with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}, except for a handful of words such as ''borrow'', ''tomorrow'' and ''sorry'', which instead have {{IPA|/ɑːr/}}. In some parts of the Southern and Northeastern US, it is always merged with {{IPA|/ɑːr/}}. In Canada, it is always merged with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|æ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|TR'''A'''P}}, t'''a'''ttoo, s'''a'''ng{{refn|In North America, {{IPA|/æ/}} is often pronounced like a diphthong {{IPA|[eə~ɛə]}} before nasal consonants and, in some particular regional dialects, other environments. See [[:/æ/ raising|{{IPA|/æ/}} raising]].}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ær}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | m'''arr'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry|Many North American accents have the [[Mary–marry–merry merger|''Mary''–''marry''–''merry'' merger]] and therefore don't distinguish between the corresponding sounds {{IPA|/ɛər/}}, {{IPA|/ær/}}, and {{IPA|/ɛr/}}. Some speakers merge only two of the sounds (most typically {{IPA|/ɛər/}} with one of the short vowels), and less than a fifth of speakers of American English make a full three-way distinction like in RP and similar accents.{{efn|{{cite web|last1=Vaux|first1=Bert|last2=Golder|first2=Scott|year=2003|url=http://dialect.redlog.net/staticmaps/q_15.html|title=How do you pronounce Mary/merry/marry?|work=Harvard Dialect Survey|publisher=Harvard University Linguistics Department}}}}}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|aɪ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|PR'''I'''CE}}, p'''ie'''{{refn|name=CanadianRaising|In much of North America, {{IPA|/aɪ/}} or {{IPA|/aʊ/}} may have a slightly different quality when it precedes a [[voiceless]] consonant, as in ''price'' or ''mouth'', from that in ''ride/pie'' or ''loud/how'', a phenomenon known as [[Canadian raising]]. Since this occurs in a predictable fashion, it is not distinguished in this transcription system.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|aɪər}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | h'''ire'''{{refn|name=triphthong|Some speakers pronounce ''higher, flower'' and ''coyer'' (&quot;more coy&quot;) with two syllables, and ''hire, flour'' and ''coir'' with one. Most pronounce them the same. For the former group of words, make use of syllable breaks, as in {{IPA|/ˈhaɪ.ər/, /ˈflaʊ.ər/, /ˈkɔɪ.ər/}}, to differentiate from the latter. Before vowels, the distinction between {{IPA|/aɪər, aʊər, ɔɪər/}} and {{IPA|/aɪr, aʊr, ɔɪr/}} is not always clear; choose the former if the second element may be omitted (as in {{IPA|[ˈdaəri]}} ''diary'').}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|aʊ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|M'''OU'''TH}}, h'''ow'''{{refn|name=CanadianRaising}}
| {{big|{{IPA|aʊər}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | fl'''our'''{{refn|name=triphthong}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|DR'''E'''SS}}, pr'''e'''stige, l'''e'''ngth{{refn|{{IPA|/ɛ/}} is transcribed with {{angbr IPA|e}} in many dictionaries. However, {{IPA|/eɪ/}} is also sometimes transcribed with {{angbr IPA|e}}, especially in North American literature, so {{angbr IPA|ɛ}} is chosen here.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛr}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | m'''err'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|eɪ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|F'''A'''CE}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɛər}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|SQU'''ARE'''}}, M'''ar'''y{{refn|name=marymarrymerry}}{{refn|name=centering|{{IPA|/ɛə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪə/}}, or {{IPA|/ʊə/}} may be separated from {{IPA|/r/}} only when a stress follows it. The [[Template:IPAc-en|IPAc-en]] template supports {{IPA|/ɛəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ʊəˈr/}}, {{IPA|/ɛəˌr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪəˌr/}}, and {{IPA|/ʊəˌr/}} as distinct diaphonemes for such occasions.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|K'''I'''T}}, h'''i'''storic, s'''i'''ng{{refn|name=strong-weak|{{angbr IPA|ɪ}} and {{angbr IPA|oʊ}} represent strong vowels in some words and weak vowels in others. It will not always be clear which they are.{{efn|{{harvp|Flemming|Johnson|2007|pp=91–2}}.}}{{efn|{{cite web|last=Wells|first=John|date=25 March 2011|url=http://phonetic-blog.blogspot.com/2011/03/strong-and-weak.html|title=strong and weak|work=John Wells's phonetic blog}}}}}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪr}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | m'''irr'''or, S'''ir'''ius
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|iː}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|FL'''EE'''CE}}, pedigr'''ee''', id'''e'''a{{refn|name=smoothing|Words like ''idea, real,'' and ''theatre'' may be pronounced with {{IPA|/ɪə/}} and ''cruel'' with {{IPA|/ʊə/}} in non-rhotic accents such as Received Pronunciation, and some dictionaries transcribe them with {{IPA|/ɪə, ʊə/}},{{efn|name=wells-smoothing|{{harvp|Wells|1982|p=240}}.}} but since they are not pronounced with {{IPA|/r/}} in rhotic accents, they are transcribed with {{IPA|/iːə, uːə/}}, not with {{IPA|/ɪə, ʊə/}}, in this transcription system.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪər}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|N'''EAR'''}}, s'''er'''ious{{refn|name=centering}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|oʊ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|G'''OA'''T}}{{refn|{{IPA|/oʊ/}} is often transcribed with {{angbr IPA|əʊ}}, particularly in British literature, based on its modern realization in Received Pronunciation. It is also transcribed with {{angbr IPA|o}}, particularly in North American literature.}}{{refn|name=strong-weak}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{big|{{IPA|ɔːr}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|F'''OR'''CE}}, h'''oar'''se{{refn|name=horse|Some conservative dialects make a distinction between the vowels in ''horse'' and ''hoarse'', but the number of speakers who make this distinction any longer is very small and many dictionaries do not differentiate between them ([[horse–hoarse merger|''horse''–''hoarse'' merger]]).}}

|-
| | {{big|{{IPA|ɔː}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|TH'''OUGH'''T}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ɔː/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɒ/}} in dialects with the [[Cot–caught merger|''cot''–''caught'' merger]] such as Scottish English, Canadian English and many varieties of General American. In North America, the two vowels most often fall together with {{IPA|/ɑː/}}.}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|N'''OR'''TH}}, h'''or'''se{{refn|name=horse}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɔɪ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|CH'''OI'''CE}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɔɪər}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | c'''oir'''{{refn|name=triphthong}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʊ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|F'''OO'''T}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ʊr}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | c'''our'''ier
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|uː}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|G'''OO'''SE}}, cr'''u'''el{{refn|name=smoothing}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ʊər}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | t'''our''', {{nowrap|{{sc2|C'''URE'''}} {{small|({{IPA|/ˈkjʊər/}})}}}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ʊər/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} in dialects with the [[cure–force merger|''cure''–''force'' merger]], including many younger speakers. In England, the merger may not be fully consistent and may only apply to more common words. In conservative RP and Northern England English {{IPA|/ʊər/}} is much more commonly preserved than in modern RP and Southern England English. In Australia and New Zealand, {{IPA|/ʊər/}} does not exist as a separate phoneme and is replaced either by the sequence {{IPA|/uːər/}} ({{IPA|/uːr/}} before vowels within the same word, save for some compounds) or the monophthong {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.}}{{refn|name=centering}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{big|{{IPA|ʌ}}}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|STR'''U'''T}}, '''u'''ntidy, tr'''u'''stee, s'''u'''ng{{refn|Some, particularly North American, dictionaries notate {{IPA|/ʌ/}} with the same symbol as {{IPA|/ə/}}, which is found only in unstressed syllables, and distinguish it from {{IPA|/ə/}} by marking the syllable as stressed. Also note that although {{angbr IPA|ʌ}}, the IPA symbol for the [[open-mid back unrounded vowel|open-mid back vowel]], is used, the typical modern pronunciation is rather close to the [[near-open central unrounded vowel|near-open central vowel]] {{IPA|[ɐ]}} in some dialects, including Received Pronunciation.}}{{refn|{{IPA|/ʌ/}} is not used in the dialects of the northern half of England, some bordering parts of Wales, and some broad eastern Ireland accents. These words would take the {{IPA|/ʊ/}} vowel: there is no [[Foot–strut split|''foot''–''strut'' split]].}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ɜːr}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|N'''UR'''SE}}, bl'''urr'''y, '''ur'''bane, forew'''or'''d{{refn|In Received Pronunciation, {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} is pronounced as a lengthened schwa, {{IPA|[əː]}}. In General American, it is phonetically identical to {{IPA|/ər/}}. Some dictionaries therefore use {{angbr IPA|əː, ər}} instead of the conventional notations {{angbr IPA|ɜː, ɜr}}. When {{angbr IPA|ər}} is used for {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}, it is distinguished from {{IPA|/ər/}} by marking the syllable as stressed.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ʌr}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | h'''urr'''y{{refn|{{IPA|/ʌr/}} is not distinguished from {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} in dialects with the [[Hurry–furry merger|''hurry''–''furry'' merger]] such as General American.}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; |[[Stress and vowel reduction in English|Weak vowels]]
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ə}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|COMM'''A'''}}, abb'''o'''t, b'''a'''zaar
| {{big|{{IPA|ər}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|LETT'''ER'''}}, forw'''ar'''d, hist'''or'''y{{refn|name=syllabic}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ɪ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | rabb'''i'''t, b'''i'''zarre, Lat'''i'''n{{refn|name=strong-weak}}{{refn|{{angbr IPA|ɪ}} represents a strong vowel in some contexts and a weak vowel in others. In accents with the [[weak vowel merger]] such as most Australian and American accents, weak {{IPA|/ɪ/}} is not distinguished from schwa {{IPA|/ə/}}, making ''rabbit'' and ''abbot'' rhyme and ''Lenin'' and ''Lennon'' homophonous. (Pairs like ''roses'' and ''Rosa's'' are kept distinct in American accents because of the difference in morphological structure,{{efn|{{harvp|Flemming|Johnson|2007|pp=94–5}}.}} but may be homophonous in Australian.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|p=601}}.}}) In these accents, weak {{IPA|/ɪl, ɪn, ɪm/}} merge with {{IPA|/əl, ən, əm/}}, so that the second vowel in ''Latin'' may be lost and ''cabinet'' may be disyllabic (see the previous note).}}
| {{big|{{IPA|oʊ}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | mott'''o''', retr'''o'''active, foll'''ow'''er{{refn|name=strong-weak}}{{refn|name=schwa-w|{{IPA|/oʊ/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} in unstressed, prevocalic positions are transcribed as {{IPA|/əw/}} by Merriam-Webster, but no other dictionary uniformly follows this practice.{{efn|{{cite web |last=Windsor Lewis |first=Jack |author-link=Jack Windsor Lewis |date=10 April 2009 |url=http://www.yek.me.uk/archive18.html#blog174 |title=The Elephant in the Room |work=PhonetiBlog}}}} Hence the difference between {{IPA|/əw/}} in Merriam-Webster and {{IPA|/oʊ/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} in another source is most likely one in notation, not in pronunciation, so {{IPA|/əw/}} in such cases may be better replaced with {{IPA|/oʊ/}} or {{IPA|/u/}} accordingly, to minimize confusion: {{IPA|/ˌsɪtʃəˈweɪʃən/}} → {{IPA|/ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃən/}}, {{IPA|/ˈfɒləwər/}} → {{IPA|/ˈfɒloʊər/}}.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|i}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{sc2|HAPP'''Y'''}}, med'''i'''ocre{{refn|name=i-u|{{angbr IPA|i}} represents variation between {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in unstressed prevocalic or morpheme-final positions. It is realized with a quality closer to {{IPA|/iː/}} in accents with [[Happy tensing|''happy'' tensing]], such as Australian English, General American, and modern RP, and to {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in others. {{angbr IPA|u}} likewise represents variation between {{IPA|/uː/}} and {{IPA|/ʊ/}} in unstressed prevocalic positions.}}
| {{big|{{IPA|iə}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | Californ'''ia'''{{refn|The sequence {{angbr IPA|iə}} may be pronounced as two syllables, {{IPA|[i.ə]}} or {{IPA|[ɪ.ə]}}, or as one, {{IPA|[jə]}} or {{IPA|[ɪə̯]}}. When pronounced as one syllable in a non-rhotic accent, it may be indistinguishable from, and identified as, the {{sc2|NEAR}} vowel ({{IPA|/ɪər/}}).{{efn|name=wells-smoothing}} This transcription system uses {{angbr IPA|iə}}, not {{angbr IPA|i.ə}}, {{angbr IPA|ɪə}}, etc., to cover all these possibilities.}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|u}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | fr'''u'''ition{{refn|name=schwa-w}}{{refn|name=i-u}}
| {{big|{{IPA|uə}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | infl'''ue'''nce{{refn|The sequence {{angbr IPA|uə}} may be pronounced as two syllables, {{IPA|[u.ə]}} or {{IPA|[ʊ.ə]}}, or as one, {{IPA|[wə]}} or {{IPA|[ʊə̯]}}. When pronounced as one syllable in a non-rhotic accent, it may be indistinguishable from, and identified as, the {{sc2|CURE}} vowel ({{IPA|/ʊər/}}).{{efn|name=wells-smoothing}} This transcription system uses {{angbr IPA|uə}}, not {{angbr IPA|u.ə}}, {{angbr IPA|ʊə}}, etc., to cover all these possibilities.}}
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Syllabic consonant]]s{{refn|name=syllabic|In a number of contexts, {{IPA|/ə/}} in {{IPA|/ər/}}, {{IPA|/əl/}}, {{IPA|/ən/}}, or {{IPA|/əm/}} is often omitted, resulting in a syllable with no vowel. Some dictionaries show {{IPA|/ə/}} in those contexts in parentheses, superscript, or italics to indicate this possibility, or simply omit {{IPA|/ə/}}. When followed by a weak vowel, the syllable may be lost altogether, with the consonant moving to the next syllable, so that ''doubling'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈdʌb.əl.ɪŋ/}}}} may alternatively be pronounced as {{nowrap|{{IPA|[ˈdʌb.lɪŋ]}}}}, and ''Edinburgh'' {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈɛd.ɪn.bər.ə/}}}} as {{nowrap|{{IPA|[ˈɛd.ɪn.brə]}}}}.&lt;!-- Symbols are deliberately kept diaphonemic since their realizations vary. --&gt;{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|2008|pp=173, 799}}.}} When not followed by a vowel, {{IPA|/ər/}} merges with {{IPA|/ə/}} in non-rhotic accents.}}
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! IPA !! Examples
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{big|{{IPA|əl}}}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | bott'''le''' {{small|(either {{IPA|[əl]}} or {{IPA|[l̩]}})}}
| {{big|{{IPA|ən}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | butt'''on''' {{small|(either {{IPA|[ən]}} or {{IPA|[n̩]}})}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|əm}}}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | rhyth'''m''' {{small|(either {{IPA|[əm]}} or {{IPA|[m̩]}})}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px; background:#fff&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]{{refn|The IPA stress mark {{angbr IPA|ˈ}} comes ''before'' the syllable that has the stress, in contrast to stress marking in [[Pronunciation respelling for English|pronunciation keys of some dictionaries published in the United States]].}}
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Syllabification]]
|-
! IPA !! Examples
! IPA !! Examples
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ˈ}}}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{nowrap|'''in'''to'''na'''tion {{IPA|/ˌɪntəˈneɪʃən/}}}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{big|{{IPA|.}}}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left&quot; | {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈhaɪər/}} hire}}, {{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈhaɪ.ər/}} higher{{refn|Syllable divisions are not usually marked, but the IPA dot {{angbr IPA|.}} may be used when it is wished to make explicit where a division between syllables is (or may be) made.}}}}&lt;br&gt;{{nowrap|{{IPA|/ˈtæks.peɪər/}} taxpayer}}
|-
| {{big|{{IPA|ˌ}}}}
|}
|}

'''Notes'''
* Words in {{sc2|SMALL CAPITALS}} are the standard [[lexical set]]s. Not all of the sets are used here. In particular, we excluded words in the lexical sets {{sc2|BATH}} and {{sc2|CLOTH}}, which may be given two transcriptions, the former either with {{IPA|/ɑː/}} or {{IPA|/æ/}}, the latter with {{IPA|/ɒ/}} or {{IPA|/ɔː/}}.
* The length mark {{angbr IPA|ː}} does not mean that the vowels transcribed with it are always longer than those without it. When unstressed, followed by a voiceless consonant, or in a [[polysyllabic]] word, a vowel in the former group is frequently shorter than the latter in other environments (see {{section link|Clipping (phonetics)|English}}).

==Dialect variation==
{{further|English phonology|International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects}}
This key represents [[diaphoneme]]s, abstractions of speech sounds that accommodate &lt;!--&quot;standard ... English ... pronunciations&quot; is not OK, so &quot;English&quot; alone is not OK--&gt;[[General American]], [[Received Pronunciation]] (RP) and to a large extent also [[Australian English|Australian]], [[Canadian English|Canadian]], [[Irish English|Irish]] (including [[Ulster English|Ulster]]), [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]], [[Scottish English|Scottish]], [[South African English|South African]] and [[Welsh English|Welsh]] pronunciations. Therefore, not all of the distinctions shown here are relevant to a particular dialect:
* {{angbr IPA|i}} does not represent a phoneme but a variation between {{IPA|/iː/}} and {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in unstressed positions. Speakers of dialects with [[happy tensing|''happy'' tensing]] (Australian English, General American, modern RP) should read it as an unstressed {{IPA|/iː/}}, whereas speakers of other dialects (e.g. some Northern England English) should treat it the same as {{IPA|/ɪ/}}. In Scotland, this vowel can be considered the same as the short allophone of {{IPA|/eɪ/}}, as in ''take''. Before {{IPA|/ə/}} within the same word, another possible pronunciation is {{IPA|/j/}} as in '''''y'''et''.
* Many speakers of American and Canadian English pronounce ''cot'' {{IPA|/ˈkɒt/}} and ''caught'' {{IPA|/ˈkɔːt/}} the same.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=473–6, 493, 499}}.}} You may simply ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɒ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔː/}},  just as you ignore the distinction between the written vowels ''o'' and ''au'' when pronouncing them.
* Speakers of some rhotic dialects, for instance in Ireland and Scotland, may not distinguish between the vowels of ''near'' {{IPA|/ˈnɪər/}}, ''cure'' {{IPA|/ˈkjʊər/}} and ''square'' {{IPA|/ˈskwɛər/}} on the one hand and ''fr'''eer'''unning'' {{IPA|/ˈfriːrʌnɪŋ/}}, '''''Q-r'''ating'' {{IPA|/ˈkjuːreɪtɪŋ/}} and ''d'''ayr'''oom'' {{IPA|/ˈdeɪruːm/}} on the other. If you speak such a dialect, read {{IPA|/ɪər, ʊər, ɛər/}} as {{IPA|/iːr, uːr, eɪr/}}.
* In Northern Ireland, Scotland and many North American dialects the distinction between {{IPA|/ʊr/}} as in ''c'''our'''ier'' and the aforementioned {{IPA|/ʊər/}} and {{IPA|/uːr/}} does not exist. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between {{IPA|/ʊr/}}, {{IPA|/ʊər/}} and {{IPA|/uːr/}}.
** In Northern Ireland and Scotland this merger occurs in all environments, which means that ''foot'' {{IPA|/ˈfʊt/}} and ''goose'' {{IPA|/ˈɡuːs/}} also have the same vowel.{{efn|{{harvp|Stuart-Smith|2004|p=58}}.}}{{efn|{{harvp|Corrigan|2010|pp=33–5}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between {{IPA|/ʊ/}} and {{IPA|/uː/}} in all contexts.
** In North America, the {{IPA|/ʊr/}} of ''c'''our'''ier'' and the {{IPA|/ʊər/}} of ''cure'' may instead merge with {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} as in ''north'' or {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} as in ''nurse''. No such merger is possible in the case of the sequence which we transcribe as {{IPA|/uːr/}} as there is an implied morpheme boundary after the length mark.
** In North American dialects that do not distinguish between {{IPA|/ʊr/}}, {{IPA|/ʊər/}} and {{IPA|/uːr/}} there is also no distinction between the {{IPA|/ɪr/}} of ''m'''irr'''or'' and the aforementioned {{IPA|/ɪər/}} and {{IPA|/iːr/}}. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between {{IPA|/ɪr/}}, {{IPA|/ɪər/}} and {{IPA|/iːr/}}.
** In many North American dialects there is also no distinction between the vowels in ''m'''err'''y'' {{IPA|/ˈmɛri/}}, ''M'''ar'''y'' {{IPA|/ˈmɛəri/}} and ''m'''arr'''y'' {{IPA|/ˈmæri/}}. If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between {{IPA|/ɛr/}}, {{IPA|/ɛər/}} and {{IPA|/ær/}}. Some speakers keep ''m'''arr'''y'' and/or ''m'''err'''y'' separate from the rest, but in the General American accent all three vowels are the same and may not be distinct from {{IPA|/eɪr/}} as in ''d'''ayr'''oom'' {{IPA|/ˈdeɪruːm/}}.
** In rhotic North American English there is no distinction between the vowels in ''nurse'' {{IPA|/ˈnɜːrs/}} and ''lett'''er''''' {{IPA|/ˈlɛtər/}}. If you speak such a dialect, read {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} as {{IPA|/ər/}}. The {{IPA|/ʌr/}} of ''hurry'' often joins this neutralization; if you have it in your speech, read {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}, {{IPA|/ər/}} and {{IPA|/ʌr/}} as {{IPA|/ər/}}.
* Some speakers from Northern England do not distinguish the vowel of ''square'' {{IPA|/ˈskwɛər/}} and ''nurse'' {{IPA|/ˈnɜːrs/}}.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=361, 372}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɛər/}} and {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}.
* In New Zealand English, the vowels of ''kit'' {{IPA|/ˈkɪt/}} and ''foc'''u'''s'' {{IPA|/ˈfoʊkəs/}} have the same [[schwa]]-like quality.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=605–7}}.}}{{efn|{{harvp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|pp=98–9}}.}} If you are from New Zealand, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɪ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}.
* In contemporary New Zealand English and some other dialects, the vowels of ''near'' {{IPA|/ˈnɪər/}} and ''square'' {{IPA|/ˈskwɛər/}} are not distinguished.{{efn|{{harvp|Bauer|Warren|Bardsley|Kennedy|2007|p=98}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ɪər/}} and {{IPA|/ɛər/}}.
* In Northern England English and some varieties of Irish and Welsh English, the vowels of ''foot'' {{IPA|/ˈfʊt/}} and ''strut'' {{IPA|/ˈstrʌt/}} are not distinguished.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=351–3, 363–4}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ʊ/}} and {{IPA|/ʌ/}}.
* In Welsh English and some other dialects, the vowels of '''''u'''northodoxy'' {{IPA|/ʌnˈɔːrθədɒksi/}} and '''''a'''n orthodoxy'' {{IPA|/ən ˈɔːrθədɒksi/}} are not distinguished.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=380–1}}.}} If you speak such a dialect, ignore the difference between the symbols {{IPA|/ʌ/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}}.
* Depending on the dialect, vowels can be subject to various mergers before {{IPA|/l/}}, so that e.g. ''fill'' {{IPA|/ˈfɪl/}} and ''feel'' {{IPA|/ˈfiːl/}} or ''pull'' {{IPA|/ˈpʊl/}} and ''pool'' {{IPA|/ˈpuːl/}} may not be distinguished. [[L-vocalization]] may trigger even more mergers, so that e.g. ''cord'' {{IPA|/ˈkɔːrd/}} and ''called'' {{IPA|/ˈkɔːld/}} may be homophonous as {{IPA|/ˈkɔːd/}} in non-rhotic dialects of South East England. See [[English-language vowel changes before historic /l/]] for more information.
* In many dialects, {{IPA|/r/}} occurs only before a vowel; if you speak such a dialect, simply ignore {{IPA|/r/}} in the pronunciation guides where you would not pronounce it, as in ''cart'' {{IPA|/kɑːrt/}}.
* In other dialects, {{IPA|/j/}} ('''y'''es) cannot occur after {{IPA|/t, d, n/}}, etc., within the same syllable; if you speak such a dialect, then ignore the {{IPA|/j/}} in transcriptions such as ''new'' {{IPA|/njuː/}}. For example, ''New York'' is transcribed {{IPA|/njuː ˈjɔːrk/}}. For most people from England and for some New Yorkers, the {{IPA|/r/}} in {{IPA|/jɔːrk/}} is not pronounced; for most people from the United States, including some New Yorkers, the {{IPA|/j/}} in {{IPA|/njuː/}} is not pronounced and may be ignored. (See ''[[yod-dropping]]''.)

On the other hand, there are some distinctions which you might make but which this key does not encode, as they are seldom reflected in the dictionaries used as sources for Wikipedia articles:
* The vowels of ''kit'' and ''bit'', distinguished in South Africa.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=612–3}}.}} Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/ɪ/}} in stressed syllables and as {{IPA|/ɪ/}} or {{IPA|/ə/}} in unstressed syllables.
* The difference between the vowels of ''fir'', ''fur'' and ''fern'', maintained in some [[Scottish English|Scottish]] and [[Hiberno-English|Irish English]] but lost elsewhere.{{efn|name=scottishprer|{{harvp|Stuart-Smith|2004|p=56}}.}} All of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/ɜːr/}}.
* The vowels of ''north'' and ''force'', distinguished in Scottish English, Irish English and by a minority of American speakers.{{efn|name=scottishprer}} Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/ɔːr/}}.
* The vowels of ''pause'' and ''paws'', distinguished in Cockney and by some Estuary English speakers.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=304, 310–1}}.}} Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/ɔː/}} when the spelling does not contain {{angbr|r}} and {{IPA|/ɔːr/}} or {{IPA|/ʊər/}} (depending on the word) when it does.
* The vowels of ''manning'' and ''Manning'', distinguished in some parts of the United States (see [[:/æ/ raising|{{IPA|/æ/}} raising]]). Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/æ/}}.
* The difference between the vowels of ''pain'' and ''pane'' found in some English, Welsh, and Newfoundland dialects. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/eɪ/}}.
* The difference between the vowels of ''holy'' and ''wholly'' found in Cockney and many Estuary English speakers.{{efn|{{harvp|Wells|1982|pp=304, 312–3}}.}} Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/oʊ/}}.
* Any [[allophone|allophonic]] distinctions, such as:
** The vowels of ''bad'' and ''lad'', distinguished in many parts of [[Australian English|Australia]] and [[English language in Southern England|Southern England]]. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/æ/}}.
** The vowels of ''spider'' and ''spied her'', distinguished in many parts of Scotland,{{efn|{{harvp|Stuart-Smith|2004|p=57}}.}} plus many parts of North America. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/aɪ/}}.
** The vowels of ''rider'' and ''writer'', distinguished in most parts of Canada and many parts of the United States. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/aɪ/}}.
** The vowels of ''powder'' and ''pouter'' distinguished in most parts of Canada and some parts of the United States. Both of them are transcribed as {{IPA|/aʊ/}}.
** Allophonic vowel length (including the [[Scottish vowel length rule]]), as in ''knife'' {{IPA|/ˈnaɪf/}} vs. ''knives'' {{IPA|/ˈnaɪvz/}}. Phonemic vowel length, which exists in some dialects and involves pairs such as {{IPA|/ɛ/}} vs. {{IPA|/ɛər/}} and {{IPA|/ə/}} vs. {{IPA|/ɜːr/}} is also not marked explicitly. {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} do not represent phonemes; see above.
** [[Flapping]] in words such as ''better'', which we write {{IPA|/ˈbɛtər/}}, rather than {{IPA|/ˈbɛdər/}}.
** [[Glottalization]] in words such as ''jetlag'' and, in some accents, ''daughter'', which we write {{IPA|/ˈdʒɛtlæɡ/}} and {{IPA|/ˈdɔːtər/}}, rather than {{IPA|/ˈdʒɛʔlæɡ/}} and {{IPA|/ˈdɔːʔər/}}. In this system, {{IPA|/ʔ/}} is used only for [[paralanguage]] or in loanwords where it occurs phonemically in the original language.
** [[L-vocalization]] in words such as ''bottle'' and ''Alps'', which we write {{IPA|/ˈbɒtəl/}} and {{IPA|/ˈælps/}}, rather than {{IPA|/ˈbɒtʊ/}} and {{IPA|/ˈæwps/}}.
** The difference between allophones of {{IPA|/ə/}} in ''bal'''a'''nce'' ({{IPAblink|ə}}) vs. the ones in '''''a'''bout'' and ''Russi'''a''''' (and, in non-rhotic dialects, ''bett'''er'''''), both of which may be closer to {{IPA|/ʌ/}} in dialects with the foot-strut split (that is, {{IPAblink|ɐ}}) vs. the one in ''butt'''o'''n'' (the [[syllabic consonant|syllabicity]] of the following consonant). All are transcribed as {{IPA|/ə/}} in our system.
** The difference between the phonetic realization of English sounds (mostly vowels) in various dialects. ''Let's pick some grapes for Betty'' should be transcribed {{IPA|/lɛts ˈpɪk səm ˈɡreɪps fər ˈbɛti/}} regardless of the variety of English and everyone should interpret that transcription according to their own dialect. Thus, a person from South East England will read it as something like {{IPA|[lɛʔs ˈpʰɪk səm ˈɡɹɛɪps fə ˈbɛtˢɪi]}}, a Scot as {{IPA|[ɫɛts ˈpʰɪk səm ˈɡɾeps fɚ ˈbɛte]}}, whereas someone from New Zealand will interpret that transcription as {{IPA|[ɫɪts ˈpʰək səm ˈɡɹæɪps fə ˈbɪɾi]}}. Because we are transcribing [[diaphoneme]]s rather than [[Phone_(phonetics)|phones]] (actual sounds), it is irrelevant that, for example, the vowel in ''let's'' as pronounced by someone from New Zealand overlaps with how people with England and Scotland typically pronounce the first vowel in ''pick'', or that the Scottish realization of {{IPA|/r/}} after {{IPA|/ɡ/}} overlaps with the New Zealand realization of {{IPA|/t/}} between vowels. In other words, the symbol {{angbr IPA|ɛ}} does not stand specifically for the [[open-mid front unrounded vowel]] in our system but ''any'' vowel that can be identified as the vowel in ''let's'', depending on the accent. This is also why we use the simple symbol {{angbr IPA|r}} for the second sound in ''grapes''.

Other words may have different vowels depending on the speaker.

The pronunciation of the {{IPA|/æ/}} vowel in most dialects of Scotland, Northern Ireland, Northern England and Wales has always been closer to {{IPAblink|a}}. Received Pronunciation has moved away from the traditional near-open front realization {{IPAblink|æ}} towards almost fully open front realization {{IPAblink|a}}, and both the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' and the 2014 edition of ''Gimson's Pronunciation of English'' transcribe the vowel in ''lad'', ''bad'', ''cat'', ''trap'' with {{IPA|/a/}}.{{efn|{{harvp|Cruttenden|2014|pp=119–20}}.}}

For more extensive information on dialect variations, you may wish to see the [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects|IPA chart for English dialects]].

Note that place names are not generally exempted from being transcribed in this abstracted system, so rules such as the above must be applied in order to recover the local pronunciation. Examples include place names in much of England ending ''-{{zwj}}ford'', which although locally pronounced {{IPA|[-{{zwj}}fəd]}} are transcribed {{IPA|/-{{zwj}}fərd/}}. This is best practice for editors. However, readers should be aware that not all editors may have followed this consistently, so for example if {{IPA|/-{{zwj}}fəd/}} is encountered for such a place name, it should not be interpreted as a claim that the {{IPA|/r/}} would be absent even in a [[rhoticity in English|rhotic]] dialect.

==Other transcriptions==
If you feel it is necessary to add a pronunciation respelling using another convention, then please use the conventions of [[Help:Pronunciation respelling key|Wikipedia's pronunciation respelling key]].
* To compare the following IPA symbols with non-IPA American dictionary conventions that may be more familiar, see [[Pronunciation respelling for English]], which lists the pronunciation guides of fourteen English dictionaries published in the United States.
* To compare the following IPA symbols with other IPA conventions that may be more familiar, see [[Help:IPA/Conventions for English]], which lists the conventions of eight English dictionaries published in Britain, Australia, and the United States.

==See also==
* If your browser does not display IPA symbols, you probably need to install a font that includes the IPA (for good, free IPA fonts, see the download links in the articles for [[Gentium]] and the more complete [[Charis SIL]]; for a monospaced font, see the complete [[Everson Mono]])
* To add IPA pronunciations to Wikipedia articles, see the {{tl|IPA}} template
* For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation|Entering IPA characters}}.
* [[Help:IPA/Conventions for English]]
* [[Help:Pronunciation respelling key]]
* [[Pronunciation respelling for English]]

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{notelist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Bauer
|first1=Laurie
|last2=Warren
|first2=Paul
|last3=Bardsley
|first3=Dianne
|last4=Kennedy
|first4=Marianna
|last5=Major
|first5=George
|title=New Zealand English
|journal=[[Journal of the International Phonetic Association]]
|year=2007
|volume=37
|issue=1
|pages=97–102
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002830
|s2cid=145584883
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Corrigan
|first=Karen P.
|year=2010
|title=Irish English, volume 1 – Northern Ireland
|publisher=Edinburgh University Press
|isbn=978-0-7486-3429-3
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zv2qBgAAQBAJ
}}
* {{cite book
|last=Cruttenden
|first=Alan
|year=2014
|title=Gimson's Pronunciation of English
|edition=8th
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=978-1-4441-8309-2
}}
* {{cite journal
|last1=Flemming
|first1=Edward
|last2=Johnson
|first2=Stephanie
|year=2007
|title=''Rosa's roses'': reduced vowels in American English
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=37
|issue=1
|pages=83–96
|doi=10.1017/S0025100306002817
|s2cid=145535175
|url=http://web.mit.edu/flemming/www/paper/rosasroses.pdf
}}
* {{Cite EPD|18}}
* {{cite book
|last=Stuart-Smith
|first=Jane
|chapter=Scottish English: phonology
|year=2004
|editor-last=Schneider
|editor-first=Edgar W.
|editor2-last=Burridge
|editor2-first=Kate
|editor3-last=Kortmann
|editor3-first=Bernd
|editor4-last=Mesthrie
|editor4-first=Rajend
|editor5-last=Upton
|editor5-first=Clive
|title=A Handbook of Varieties of English
|volume=1: Phonology
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|pages=47–67
|doi=10.1515/9783110175325.1.47
|isbn=3-11-017532-0
}}
* {{Accents of English}}
* {{cite book
|last=Wells
|first=John C.
|year=2008
|title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary
|edition=3rd
|publisher=Longman
|isbn=978-1-4058-8118-0
}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.personal.psu.edu/ejp10/blogs/gotunicode/2008/09/getting-jaws-61-to-recognize-e.html Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize &quot;exotic&quot; Unicode symbols] – for help on getting the [[screen reader]] [[JAWS (screen reader)|JAWS]] to read IPA symbols
* [http://ipa-reader.xyz/ IPA Reader] – web-based IPA synthesizer using [[Amazon Polly]]
* [https://itinerarium.github.io/phoneme-synthesis/ Phoneme Synthesis] – web-based IPA synthesizer using [[eSpeak]]

{{IPA keys}}
{{IPA templates|state=collapsed}} 
{{Wikipedia help pages}}</text>
      <sha1>cx9fbv24i0m6w071bl6983wcedfhkhb</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/French</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>2870</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46574</id>
      <parentid>18030</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/French]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/French]]</comment>
      <origin>18030</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7854" sha1="5cmaqr4z4aqlx2ztam4fvh4wkej3mlq" xml:space="preserve">{{IPA key|H:IPA-FR|H:IPAFR}} 
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[French language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-fr}}, {{tl|IPAc-fr}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

French has no word-level [[stress (linguistics)|stress]] so stress marks should not be used in transcribing French words. See [[French phonology]] and [[French orthography]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of French.

{| style=&quot;background:none;&quot;
| style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; | 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em;&quot;
|+ [[Consonant]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|b}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''b'''on
| a'''b'''out
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''d'''eux, gran'''d'''e
| to'''d'''ay
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''f'''aire, vi'''f'''
| '''f'''estival
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''g'''arçon, lon'''gu'''e
| a'''g'''ain
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''c'''orps, ave'''c'''
| s'''k'''y
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''l'''aisser, possib'''l'''e, seu'''l'''
| '''l'''oo
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|m}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''m'''ê'''m'''e
| '''m'''oo
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|n̪|n}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''n'''ous, bo'''nn'''e
| '''n'''o
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ga'''gn'''er, champa'''gn'''e&lt;ref&gt;In European French, {{IPAslink|ɲ}} is merging with {{IPA|/nj/}}, but in [[Quebec French|Quebec]], {{IPA|/ɲ/}} is distinguished from {{IPA|/nj/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ca'''ny'''on; nothi'''ng y'''et
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ŋ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| campi'''ng''', fu'''n'''k&lt;ref&gt;In European French, {{IPAslink|ŋ}} is often pronounced {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}}. In Quebec, some speakers merge it with {{IPA|/ɲ/}} and some speakers pronounce it exactly as in English.&lt;/ref&gt;
| campi'''ng'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''p'''ère, grou'''p'''e
| s'''p'''y
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʁ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''r'''ega'''r'''der, nôt'''r'''e&lt;ref&gt;The French rhotic {{IPA|/ʁ/}} is usually [[guttural R#French|uvular]], but it varies by region. For example, in Quebec, {{IPAblink|ʁ}}, {{IPAblink|r}} and {{IPAblink|ʀ}} are all used, but nowadays, most speakers pronounce {{IPA|[ʁ]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| [[Guttural R]], ''Scottish English'' lo'''ch''', but [[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''s'''ans, '''ç'''a, a'''ss'''ez
| '''s'''ir
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''ch'''ance
| '''sh'''oe
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''t'''out, '''th'''é, gran'''d'''-oncle
| s'''t'''y
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|v}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''v'''ous, '''w'''agon, neu'''f''' heures
| '''v'''ein
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|z}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''z'''éro, rai'''s'''on, cho'''s'''e
| '''z'''eal
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''j'''amais, visa'''g'''e
| mea'''s'''ure
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Semivowel]]s
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
| f'''i'''ef, pa'''y'''er, fi'''ll'''e, trava'''il''', '''hi'''er
| '''y'''et
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|w}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''ou'''i, l'''o'''i, m'''o'''yen, '''w'''eb, '''w'''hisky
| '''w'''et
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɥ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| h'''u'''it, P'''u'''y
| Hu'''ey'''
|}
| style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 2em;&quot;
|+ [[Vowel]]s
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Oral vowels
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| p'''a'''tte, l'''à''', f'''e'''mme
| tr'''a'''p
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɑ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| p'''â'''te, gl'''a'''s&lt;ref name=&quot;merger&quot;&gt;In Parisian French, {{IPA|/œ̃/}} is usually merged with {{IPA|/ɛ̃/}}, {{IPA|/ɑ/}} is often merged with {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/ɛː/}} is normally merged with {{IPA|/ɛ/}}. These pairs are always distinguished in Belgian, Swiss and Quebec French.&lt;/ref&gt;
| br'''a'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|e}}&lt;/big&gt;
| cl'''é''', l'''e'''s, ch'''e'''z, all'''e'''r, pi'''e'''d, journ'''ée''', '''et'''
| m'''a'''ce
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɛ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| b'''aie''', f'''ai'''te, m'''e'''ttre, r'''e'''nne, cr'''è'''me, p'''ei'''ne, viol'''et'''
| b'''e'''st 
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɛː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| f'''ê'''te, m'''aî'''tre, r'''ei'''ne, r'''eî'''tre, c'''ai'''sse, pr'''e'''sse, Lév'''es'''que&lt;ref name=&quot;merger&quot; /&gt;
| f'''ai'''ry
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ə}}&lt;/big&gt;
| r'''e'''poser, m'''on'''sieur, f'''ai'''sons&lt;ref&gt;In French French, while {{IPA|/ə/}} is phonologically distinct, its phonetic quality tends to coincide with either {{IPA|/ø/}} or {{IPA|/œ/}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''a'''gain ''(often [[elision|elided]], see [[e muet]])''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| s'''i''', '''î'''le, rég'''ie''', pa'''y'''s, f'''i'''ls 
| s'''ea'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|œ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| s'''œu'''r, j'''eu'''ne, cl'''u'''b (Europe)
| b'''ir'''d (British)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ø}}&lt;/big&gt;
| c'''eu'''x, j'''eû'''ner, qu'''eue'''
| b'''ur'''n (British)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| s'''au'''t, h'''au'''t, bur'''eau''', ch'''o'''se, t'''ô'''t, c'''ô'''ne
| st'''o'''ry
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɔ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| s'''o'''rt, minim'''u'''m, p'''o'''mme
| '''o'''ff
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| c'''ou'''p, r'''oue'''
| sh'''oo'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|y}}&lt;/big&gt;
| t'''u''', s'''û'''r, r'''ue'''
| ''roughly like'' t'''oo''' in Australian English
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Nasal vowel]]s
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɑ̃}}&lt;/big&gt;
| s'''an'''s, ch'''am'''p, v'''en'''t, t'''em'''ps, J'''ean''', t'''aon'''
| ''roughly like'' s'''ong'''''; nasalized'' {{IPAblink|ɒ}} (Europe) ''or'' {{IPAblink|a}} (Quebec)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɛ̃}}&lt;/big&gt;
| v'''in''', '''im'''pair, p'''ain''', d'''aim''', pl'''ein''', R'''eim'''s, s'''yn'''thèse, s'''ym'''pathique, bi'''en'''
| ''roughly like'' h'''ang'''''; nasalized'' {{IPAblink|æ}} (Europe) ''or'' {{IPAblink|ei̯}} (Quebec)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|œ̃}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''un''', parf'''um'''&lt;ref name=&quot;merger&quot; /&gt;
| ''roughly like'' b'''urn'''''; nasalized'' {{IPAblink|œ}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɔ̃}}&lt;/big&gt;
| s'''on''', n'''om'''
| ''roughly like'' dr'''awn''''' (Australian); nasalized'' {{IPAblink|o}} (France) or {{IPAblink|ou̯}} (Quebec)
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 2em;&quot;
|+ [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Suprasegmentals|Suprasegmentals]]
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Example !! Description
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|.}}&lt;/big&gt;
| p'''ay'''s {{IPA|[pe.i]}}&lt;ref&gt;The syllable break {{angbr IPA|.}} is used sparingly.&lt;/ref&gt;
| syllable boundary
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|‿}}&lt;/big&gt;
| le'''s a'''gneaux {{IPA|[lez‿aɲo]}}
| [[Liaison (French)|liaison]]&lt;ref&gt;In liaison, the latent final consonant is pronounced before a following vowel sound, but ''s'' and ''x'' are voiced and pronounced {{IPAblink|z}}, and ''d'' is unvoiced and pronounced {{IPAblink|t}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|}
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

{{IPA keys}}</text>
      <sha1>5cmaqr4z4aqlx2ztam4fvh4wkej3mlq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Portuguese</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>3182</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46586</id>
      <parentid>19956</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Portuguese]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Portuguese]]</comment>
      <origin>19956</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23091" sha1="3ehj4g5tt8tb5gomcxaqizgewosw39h" xml:space="preserve">{{IPA key|H:IPA-PT|H:IPAPOR|H:IPAPT}}

The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Portuguese language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-pt}}, {{tl|IPAc-pt}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

Distinction is made between the two major standards of the language—[[European Portuguese|Portugal]] (European Portuguese, {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}; broadly the standard also used [[Portuguese language in Africa|in Africa]] and [[Portuguese language in Asia|in Asia]]) and [[Brazilian Portuguese|Brazil]] (Brazilian Portuguese, {{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}). Neither variant is preferred at Wikipedia, except in cases where a local pronunciation is clearly more relevant, such as a place in Brazil or an individual from Portugal.

National variant differences should be noted with discretion. When there are differing dialectal Brazilian Portuguese pronunciations, the one closest to European Portuguese should generally be preferred, as this guide is intended to help native speakers of other languages.

See [[Portuguese phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Portuguese.

{| style=&quot;background: none&quot;
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em; text-align: center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Consonant]]s 
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Examples !! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | English approximation
|-
! {{flagicon|Portugal}}&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}} !! {{flagicon|Brazil}}&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|b}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|b}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''b'''eiço, âm'''b'''ar, so'''b'''
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | a'''b'''out
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|β}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ca'''b'''eça, so'''b'''re&lt;ref name=&quot;Lenition&quot;&gt;In northern and central Portugal, {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}}, and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} are [[lenition|lenited]] to [[fricative consonant|fricatives]] of the same [[place of articulation]] ({{IPAblink|β}}, {{IPAblink|ð}}, and {{IPAblink|ɣ}}, respectively) in all places except after a pause, a [[nasal vowel]], or (for {{IPA|/d/}}) {{IPA|/l/}}, when they are stops {{IPA|[{{IPAlink|b}}, {{IPAlink|d̪|d}}, {{IPAlink|ɡ}}]}}, not dissimilar from English ''b, d, g'' {{Harvcol|Mateus|d'Andrade|2000|p=11}}. In southern and insular Portugal and in Brazil, this most often occurs only in some unstressed syllables, generally in relaxed speech, but that is by no means universal.&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{nowrap|{{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: ''between'' ba'''b'''y ''and'' be'''v'''y}}&lt;br/&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: a'''b'''out
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ð}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ce'''d'''o, i'''d'''ade&lt;ref name=&quot;Lenition&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: o'''th'''er&lt;br/&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: to'''d'''ay
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''d'''edo, len'''d'''a
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | to'''d'''ay
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|dʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''d'''igo, an'''d'''e, bal'''d'''e&lt;ref name=&quot;affrication&quot;&gt;In most varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, {{IPA|/d, t/}} are palatalized and affricated to post-alveolar before high front vowels {{IPA|/i, ĩ/}} except for certain dialects of [[Northeast Region, Brazil]], such as [[Central northeastern Portuguese]] {{IPA|/d, t/}} are more often pronounced as alveolar or dental before high front vowels ({{IPA|/i, ĩ/}}). Furthermore, the full palatalization of {{IPA|/d, t/}} in all positions before {{IPA|/i, ĩ/}} (including in most loanwords) is truly complete only in the state of Rio de Janeiro.&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: to'''d'''ay&lt;br/&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: '''j'''ig
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''f'''ado, ca'''f'''é
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''f'''ace
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''g'''ato, si'''g'''no, bin'''g'''o, '''gu'''erra
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | a'''g'''ain
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɣ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | fo'''g'''o, fi'''gu'''eira&lt;ref name=&quot;Lenition&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: ''between'' a'''g'''o ''and'' a'''h'''old&lt;br/&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: a'''g'''ain
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''c'''or, di'''c'''a, '''qu'''ente, '''''k'''iwi''
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | s'''c'''an
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɫ|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɫ|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''l'''ua, a'''l'''ô
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | to'''ll'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|w}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ma'''l'''&lt;ref name=&quot;l&quot;&gt;Final {{IPA|/l/}} is [[ɫ|velarized]] in along the Brazilian-Uruguayan border. In European Portuguese, it is velarized in all positions.&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: to'''ll'''&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: to'''w'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʎ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''lh'''e, ve'''lh'''o&lt;ref&gt;{{IPA|/ʎ/}} has merged with {{IPAblink|j}} in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, such as the [[Caipira dialect]].&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | mi'''lli'''on
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|m}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''m'''ês, so'''m'''o
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''m'''ight
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|n̪|n}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''n'''ão, so'''n'''o
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''n'''ot
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''nh'''oque, so'''nh'''o
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ca'''ny'''on
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''p'''ó, so'''p'''a, a'''p'''to
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | s'''p'''ouse
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʁ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʁ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''r'''io, ca'''rr'''o, en'''r'''ascado&lt;ref name=&quot;guttural r&quot;&gt;The [[rhotic consonant]] represented as {{IPA|/ʁ/}} has considerable variation across different variants, being pronounced as {{IPAblink|x}}, {{IPAblink|h}}, {{IPAblink|χ}}, {{IPAblink|ɦ}}, {{IPAblink|ʀ}}, {{IPAblink|r}} etc. See also [[Guttural R#Portuguese|Guttural R in Portuguese]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rhotics&quot;&gt;The rhotic consonants {{IPA|/ɾ/}} {{angbr|r}} and {{IPA|/ʁ/}} {{angbr|rr}} contrast only between vowels. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution as {{angbr|r}}, with {{IPA|/ʁ/}} occurring word-initially, after {{angbr|l}}, {{angbr|n}}, and {{angbr|s}} and in compounds; {{IPA|/ɾ/}} is found elsewhere.&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--, '''''J'''uan''--&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ''French'' '''r'''ouge
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɾ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | pô'''r''', po'''r'''to, po'''r''' favo'''r'''&lt;ref name=&quot;guttural r&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;rhotics&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;final r&quot;&gt;The realization of syllable-final {{angbr|r}} varies by dialect but is generally pronounced as an alveolar tap {{IPAblink|ɾ}} in European Portuguese and some Brazilian dialects (e.g. Rio Grande do Sul state and São Paulo city), as a coronal approximant ({{IPAblink|ɹ}} or {{IPAblink|ɻ}}) in various other Brazilian dialects, and as a [[guttural R]] in all others (such as the city of Rio de Janeiro and almost all the Northeast). In some Brazilian Portuguese dialects, word-final {{angbr|r}} may also be completely [[elision|elided]] in infinitives; e.g. ''fica'''r''''' {{IPA|[fiˈka]}} (no {{angbr|r}} is pronounced as a tap {{IPA|[ɾ]}} only if it is followed by a vowel sound in the same phrase or prosodic unit: ''fica'''r''' ao léu'' {{IPA|[fiˈkaɾ aw ˈlɛw]}}). That is very similar to the [[linking and intrusive R|linking R]] used in some accents of English, such as [[Received Pronunciation]] or [[Australian English]].&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: a'''t'''om ([[General American|GA]])&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: ''French'' '''r'''ouge
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɾ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | f'''r'''io, ca'''r'''o, po'''r''' acaso&lt;ref name=&quot;rhotics&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;final r&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | a'''t'''om ([[General American|GA]])
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''s'''aco, i'''ss'''o, bra'''ç'''o, má'''x'''imo
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''s'''ack
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | e'''s'''cola, a'''s''' porta'''s''', de'''z''', te'''x'''to&lt;ref name=&quot;palatalization of fricatives&quot;&gt;Mostly in Brazil, the fricatives {{IPA|/s/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} are not palatalized between syllables or coda positions, but there is a strong palatalization of them in some dialects, such as ''[[Rio de Janeiro (state)|fluminense]]'', ''[[North Region, Brazil|northern]]'', ''[[Recife metropolitan area|recifense]]'', ''[[Salvador, Bahia|soteropolitan]]'' and ''[[Florianopolitan dialect|florianopolitan]]'' (coda {{IPA|/s/}} merges with {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/z/}} merges with {{IPA|/ʒ/}}). In the ''[[carioca]]'' dialect (southern coast of the state Rio de Janeiro, including all of [[Greater Rio de Janeiro]], coda sibilants are almost always palatalized ({{IPA|[ʃ, ʒ]}}), but in most dialects of the [[Northeast Region, Brazil|northeast region of Brazil]], palatalization of fricatives occurs only before stop or affricate consonants ({{IPA|/d, t, dʒ, tʃ/}}), such in as the word ''texto'' {{IPA|[ˈteʃtu]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: '''sh'''eep&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: '''s'''ack
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''ch'''ave, a'''ch'''ar, '''x'''arope, bai'''x'''o, ''su'''sh'''i''
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''sh'''eep
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|tʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|tʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''tch'''au, a'''tch'''im
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''ch'''ip
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''t'''ipo, ri'''t'''mo, pon'''t'''e&lt;ref name=affrication /&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: s'''t'''and&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: '''ch'''ip
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''t'''empo, á'''t'''omo
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | s'''t'''and
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|v}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''v'''ela, li'''v'''ro
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''v'''est
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''j'''á, '''g'''ente
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | plea'''s'''ure
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|z}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ra'''s'''go, o'''s''' meus&lt;ref name=&quot;palatalization of fricatives&quot; /&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: plea'''s'''ure&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: '''z'''ebra
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|z}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ca'''s'''a, o'''s''' amigos, do'''z'''e, e'''x'''istir
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''z'''ebra
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Semivowel]]s&lt;ref&gt;Intervocalic glides are ambisyllabic, they are part of previous falling diphthongs and they are geminated to next syllable onset. Examples of such pronunciations are ''go'''i'''aba'' {{IPA|[ɡojˈjabɐ]}} and ''Ca'''u'''ã'' for {{IPA|[kawˈwɐ̃]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Examples !! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | English approximation
|-
! {{flagicon|Portugal}}&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}} !! {{flagicon|Brazil}}&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | sa'''i'''a, pa'''i'''s
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''y'''ou, bo'''y'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|w}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | freq'''u'''ente, q'''u'''ã'''o''', ma'''u''', Ca'''u'''ã
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | q'''u'''ick, glo'''w'''
|}

| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stressed]] [[vowel]]s
|-
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Examples !! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | English approximation
|-
! {{flagicon|Portugal}}&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}} !! {{flagicon|Brazil}}&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ''alzh'''e'''imer'', J'''a'''ime,&lt;ref name=&quot;closed ai&quot; /&gt; d'''á''', l'''á'''men,  '''à'''quele
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | f'''a'''ther
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɐ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | fal'''á'''mos, fal'''a'''mos,&lt;ref&gt;First-person plural past tense in European Portuguese has open {{angbr|a}}, and present tense has closed {{angbr|a}}. Both conjugated with closed {{angbr|a}} in Brazilian Portuguese&lt;/ref&gt; and'''a'''ime&lt;ref name=&quot;closed ai&quot;&gt;Most Brazilian dialects have closed {{angbr|a}} for stressed sequences {{angbr|ai}} before {{IPA|/m/}} and {{IPA|/n/}}. In many dialects it is also nasalized. Many speakers of those dialects, including [[broadcast media]], use open {{angbr|a}} for some words like ''Jaime'' and ''[[Roraima]]''.&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: f'''a'''ther&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: p'''ur'''se ([[Received Pronunciation|RP]])
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɐ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | fal'''a'''mos, c'''â'''mera, ''b'''u'''g''
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | p'''ur'''se ([[Received Pronunciation|RP]])
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|e}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | ab'''e'''lha, v'''e'''nho, j'''e'''ito&lt;ref&gt;In the dialect of Lisbon, {{IPA|/e/}} merges with {{IPA|/ɐ/}} when it comes before palatal sounds.&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: p'''ur'''se ([[Received Pronunciation|RP]])&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: th'''e'''y
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|e}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | m'''e'''to, s'''ê'''
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | th'''e'''y
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɛ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | pr'''é'''mio, pr'''ê'''mio
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: s'''e'''t&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: th'''e'''y
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɛ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | m'''e'''ta, s'''é''', '''É'''merson,&lt;!--Émerson is a rare example of pre-nasal /ɛ/ in BP--&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;unstressed vocalism&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; caf'''e'''zinho
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | s'''e'''t
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | s'''i''', d'''i'''a, pa'''í'''s, su'''í'''ço, ra'''i'''nha,&lt;ref&gt;There is no diphthong before palatal consonant, so hiatuses are not indicated before {{IPA|/ɲ/}} (e.g. ''rainha'' {{IPA|/ʁaˈiɲɐ/}}).&lt;/ref&gt; ''d'''ie'''sel''
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | s'''ee'''
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɔ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɔ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | form'''o'''sa, form'''o'''sos, av'''ó''', s'''o'''mente
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''o'''ff
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ant'''ô'''nio, Ant'''ó'''nio
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: '''o'''ff&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: r'''o'''w ([[General American|GA]])
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | av'''ô''', form'''o'''so, al'''ô'''
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | r'''o'''w ([[General American|GA]])
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | r'''u'''a, l'''ú'''cido, sa'''ú'''de
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | b'''oo'''t
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Unstressed vowels
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɐ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɐ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | taç'''a''', m'''a'''nhã&lt;ref&gt;In Brazilian Portuguese, pre-stressed close {{angbr|a}} is obligatory only before {{IPA|/ɲ/}} and has a tendency to be raised before other nasal consonants. In many dialects, nasalization is obligatory also before {{IPA|/ɲ/}}, [[Leo Wetzels]] proposes such nasalized dialects have phonemic palatal gemination (e.g. canhoto {{IPA|/kaɲˈɲotu/}} {{IPA|[kɐ̃ˈɲotu]}}). See [http://www.periodicos.letras.ufmg.br/index.php/relin/article/download/2323/2272 Consoantes palatais como geminadas fonológicas no Português Brasileiro*]&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''a'''bout
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | m'''a'''ior, '''a'''quele, d'''a'''
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: '''a'''bout&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: grandm'''a'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | C'''a'''mões, c'''a'''veira
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | grandm'''a'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɛ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|e}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | incrív'''e'''l, s'''e'''gmento&lt;ref name=&quot;unstressed vocalism&gt;The &quot;northern dialects&quot; (restricted to [[North Region, Brazil|North]] and [[Northeast Region, Brazil|Northeast]] Brazil) do not follow the Standard Brazilian Portuguese pronunciation in terms of unstressed vocalism. The standard pronunciations of those vowels are always closed {{IPA|/e, o/}}, as in &quot;perereca&quot; {{IPA|[peɾeˈɾɛkɐ]}} and &quot;horário&quot; {{IPA|[oˈɾaɾju]}}, but in those dialects, they are open vowels {{IPA|/ɛ, ɔ/}}, and the those words are pronounced {{IPA|[pɛɾɛˈɾɛkɐ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔˈɾaɾju]}}. That is also true to but to a lesser extent for most speakers from the state of [[Rio de Janeiro (state)|Rio de Janeiro]] and from the [[Brazilian Federal District|Federal District]], as local dialects are also greatly affected by [[vowel harmony]], and the same is true for many speakers from [[Minas Gerais]], [[Mato Grosso]], [[Goiás]], and [[Espírito Santo]]. In many cases, the distinction between {{IPA|/ɛ, e/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ, o/}} are unclear, with a tendency for neutralization to {{IPA|[e̞, o̞]}} (that happens in almost all of Brazil). Brazilian Portuguese {{IPA|/ẽ, õ/}} can also vary between close-mid, mid, and open-mid positions, depending on the dialect, the speaker, and the word.&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: acc'''e'''ss&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: surv'''e'''y
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɯ̽|ɨ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | s'''e'''máforo
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: '''e'''mission&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: surv'''e'''y
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɪ|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | jur'''e''', p'''e'''queno,&lt;ref name=&quot;pre-stressed syllables&quot;&gt;In words such as &quot;perigo&quot; {{IPA|[pɪˈɾiɡu]}} and &quot;boneco&quot; {{IPA|[bʊˈnɛku]}}, for example, vowels {{angbr|e, o}} pre-stressed syllables may be pronounced, respectively, as {{IPA|[ɪ, ʊ]}} in some varieties of Brazilian Portuguese, instead of {{IPA|[i, u]}}.&lt;/ref&gt; s'''e'''
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: '''e'''mission&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: happ'''y'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | júr'''i''', m'''e'''andro, '''e''', do'''e'''&lt;ref name=&quot;unstressed hiatus&quot;&gt;Some of the post-stressed high vowels in hiatuses, as in ''fri'''o''''' ('cold') and ''ri'''o''''' ('river'), may vary between a reduced vowel {{IPA|[ˈfɾi.u]}} and a glide {{IPA|[ˈfɾiw]}}, exceptions are verbal conjugations, forming pairs like ''eu ri'''o''''' {{IPA|[ˈew ˈʁi.u]}} (I laugh) and ''ele ri'''u''''' {{IPA|[ˈelɨ ˈʁiw]}} (he laughed).&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | happ'''y''' 
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɔ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | h'''o'''spital&lt;ref name=&quot;unstressed vocalism&quot; /&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: r'''o'''yale&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: arr'''o'''w ([[General American|GA]])
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | s'''o'''rtudo
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | {{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}: outl'''oo'''k&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}: &amp;nbsp;arr'''o'''w ([[General American|GA]])
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʊ|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | evac'''u'''ar, b'''o'''nec'''o''',&lt;ref name=&quot;pre-stressed syllables&quot; /&gt; vi-'''o''', vo'''o''', fri'''o'''&lt;ref name=&quot;unstressed hiatus&quot; /&gt;, '''o'''s
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | outl'''oo'''k
|-
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Suprasegmentals|Suprasegmentals]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Stress and syllabification
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Examples !! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Explanation
|-
! {{flagicon|Portugal}}&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}} !! {{flagicon|Brazil}}&lt;br&gt;{{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ˈ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Jo'''ão''' {{IPA|[ʒuˈɐ̃w]}} ({{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}, {{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}})
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | lexical stress
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ˌ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''Vi'''la-Chã {{IPA|[ˌvilɐˈʃɐ̃]}} ({{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}, {{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}})
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | secondary stress
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|.}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | '''Rio''' {{IPA|[ˈʁi.u]}} ({{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}, {{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}})
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | syllable break
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Diacritics
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|◌̃}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Ch'''ã''' {{IPA|[ˈʃɐ̃]}} ({{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}, {{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}})&lt;ref&gt;Nasal vowels in Portuguese are {{IPA|/ɐ̃/}}, {{IPA|/ẽ/}}, {{IPA|/ĩ/}}, {{IPA|/õ/}} and {{IPA|/ũ/}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | nasal vowel
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|◌̥}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | 
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | devoiced vowel
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot;| Other representations
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot;| &lt;big&gt;( )&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | Do'''u'''ro {{IPA|[ˈdo(w)ɾu]}} ({{abbr|EP|European Portuguese}}, {{abbr|BP|Brazilian Portuguese}})
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; | optional sound
|}
|}

== Notes ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua-portuguesa/ Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa com Acordo Ortográfico]. An on-line dictionary with IPA phonetic transcription. {{in lang|pt}}
* [https://www.infopedia.pt/dicionarios/lingua-portuguesa-aao/ Dicionário da Língua Portuguesa anterior ao Acordo Ortográfico de 1990]. An online dictionary of European Portuguese that corresponds to the Orthography used before the [[Orthographic Agreement of 1990]].

{{IPA keys}}</text>
      <sha1>3ehj4g5tt8tb5gomcxaqizgewosw39h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Si̱pen</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>3784</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46592</id>
      <parentid>22814</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Si̱pen]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Si̱pen]]</comment>
      <origin>22814</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="12988" sha1="j86n3an8rj6g30yulubum0bif6y8bxt" xml:space="preserve">__NOTOC__
{{IPA key|H:IPA-ES}}
The charts below show how the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Spanish language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-es}}, {{tl|IPAc-es}}, and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

For terms that are more relevant to regions that have not undergone [[yeísmo]] (where words such as ''haya'' and ''halla'' are pronounced differently), words spelled with {{angle bracket|ll}} can be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|ʎ}}. This unmerged pronunciation predominates in the Andes, lowland Bolivia, Paraguay, some rural regions of Spain and some of northern Spain's urban upper class.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harvcoltxt|Penny|2000|p=120, 132, 147}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For terms that are more relevant to regions that have [[phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives|seseo]] (where words such as ''caza'' and ''casa'' are pronounced the same), words spelled with {{angle bracket|z}} or {{angle bracket|c}} (the latter only before {{angle bracket|i}} or {{angle bracket|e}}) can be transcribed in IPA with {{angbr IPA|s}}. This pronunciation is most commonly found outside mainland Spain.

In all other cases, if a local pronunciation is made, it should be labeled as &quot;local&quot; (e.g. &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{IPA-es|...|local}}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;). 

See [[Spanish phonology]] for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Spanish, and [[Spanish dialects and varieties]] for regional variation.

{| style=&quot;background: none&quot;
|-
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Consonant]]s
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Examples !! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | English approximation
|-
! {{abbr|EU|European Spanish}}!! {{abbr|LA|Latin American Spanish}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|b}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Approximant&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/b, d, ɡ, ʝ/}} are pronounced as [[fricative consonant|fricatives]] or [[approximant consonant|approximants]] {{IPA|[β, ð, ɣ, ʝ]}} in all places (except after a pause, {{IPA|/n/}} or {{IPA|/m/}}, or in the case of {{IPA|/d/}} and {{IPA|/ʝ/}} after {{IPA|/l/}}). In the latter environments they are stops {{IPA|[b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ]}} like English ''b, d, g, j'', but are fully voiced in all positions, unlike in English. When it is distinct from {{IPA|/ʝ/}}, {{IPA|/ʎ/}} is realized as an approximant {{IPA|[ʎ]}} in all positions {{Harvcol|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=257-8}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''b'''estia, em'''b'''uste, '''v'''aca, en'''v'''idia
| a'''b'''out
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|β̞|β}}&lt;/big&gt;
|be'''b'''é, vi'''v'''a, cur'''v'''a, o'''b'''tuso, fút'''b'''ol, a'''p'''to&lt;ref name=&quot;coda&quot;&gt;The distinction between {{IPA|/p, t, k/}} and {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}} is lost in word-internal syllable-final positions. The resulting realization varies from {{IPA|[p, t, k]}} to {{IPA|[b, d, ɡ]}} to {{IPA|[β, ð, ɣ]}}, with the latter being the usual form in conversational style {{harvcol|Hualde|2005|p=146}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| a'''b'''out, ''but without lips completely closed''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d̪|d}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Approximant&quot;/&gt;
|'''d'''edo, cuan'''d'''o, al'''d'''aba
|to'''d'''ay
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ð̞|ð}}&lt;/big&gt;
|dá'''d'''iva, ar'''d'''er, a'''d'''mirar, a'''t'''mósfera,&lt;ref name=&quot;coda&quot;/&gt; juventu'''d'''
|'''th'''is
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
|'''f'''ase, a'''f'''gano&lt;ref name=&quot;voicing&quot;/&gt;
|'''f'''ace
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Approximant&quot;/&gt;
|'''g'''ato, '''gu'''erra, len'''g'''ua
|a'''g'''ain
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɣ˕|ɣ}}&lt;/big&gt;
|tri'''g'''o, amar'''g'''o, si'''g'''no, do'''c'''tor&lt;ref name=&quot;coda&quot;/&gt;
| a'''g'''ain, ''but without the tongue touching the roof of the mouth''
|-	
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʝ˕|ʝ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Approximant&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=yeismo/&gt;
|a'''y'''uno
| '''y'''ou
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɟʝ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Approximant&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=yeismo/&gt;
|'''y'''ermo, cón'''y'''uge
| '''j'''eep
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
|'''c'''aña, '''qu'''ise, '''k'''ilo
|s'''c'''an
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
|'''l'''ino
|'''l'''ean
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|m}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=nasal&gt;[[Nasal consonant|Nasals]] always [[Assimilation (phonology)|assimilate]] their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Before [[Velar consonant|velars]], they are {{IPAblink|ŋ}} and before [[labial consonant]]s, they are {{IPAblink|m}}. The labiodental {{IPAblink|ɱ}} appears before {{IPA|/f/}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''m'''adre, ca'''m'''po
|'''m'''other
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɱ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=nasal/&gt;
|a'''n'''fibio
|co'''m'''fort
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|n}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=nasal/&gt;
|'''n'''ido, si'''n''', álbu'''m'''
|'''n'''eed
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɲ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=nasal/&gt;
|'''ñ'''andú, có'''n'''yuge
| ca'''ny'''on
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ŋ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=nasal/&gt;
|ci'''n'''co, te'''n'''go
|si'''ng'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''p'''ozo
| s'''p'''ouse
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|r}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=rhotic&gt;The [[rhotic consonant]]s, {{IPAblink|r}} and {{IPAblink|ɾ}}, only contrast word-medially between vowels, where they are usually spelled {{angle bracket|rr}} and {{angle bracket|r}}, respectively. Otherwise, they are in [[complementary distribution]]: Word-initially, stem-initially, and after {{IPA|/l, n, s/}}, only {{IPA|[r]}} is found; before a consonant or pause, the two are interchangeable, but {{IPA|[ɾ]}} is more common (hence so represented here). Elsewhere, only {{IPA|[ɾ]}} is found. When two rhotics occur consecutively across a word or prefix boundary they result in one long trill, which is transcribed with {{angbr IPA|ɾr}} in this key: ''dar rocas'' {{IPA|[daɾ ˈrokas]}}, ''super-rápido'' {{IPA|[supeɾˈrapiðo]}} {{harvcol|Hualde|2005|p=184}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''r'''umbo, ca'''rr'''o, hon'''r'''a, sub'''r'''ayar
|''[[Alveolar trill|trilled r]]''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɾ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=rhotic/&gt;
|ca'''r'''o, b'''r'''avo, pa'''r'''ti'''r'''
|a'''t'''om ''(with [[flapping]])''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|s}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aspiration&quot;&gt;In much of Hispanic America and in the southern half of Spain, {{IPA|/s/}} in syllable-final positions is either pronounced as {{IPAblink|h}} or not pronounced at all. In transcriptions linked to this key, however, it is always represented by {{angbr IPA|s}}. The same applies to {{IPA|/θ/}} in Southern European Spanish (represented by {{angbr IPA|θ}} in transcriptions linked to this key).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;seseo&quot;&gt;Northern and Central Spain distinguish between {{angbr|s}} ({{IPAslink|s}}) and soft {{angbr|c}} or {{angbr|z}} ({{IPAslink|θ}}). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called ''seseo'') and pronounce them as {{IPAslink|s}}. In areas with the distinction, the alveolar sibilant is typically more [[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Retracted alveolar|retracted]] (often perceived as closer to the ''sh'' sound in '''''sh'''ip'') than in areas with seseo. Contrary to ''yeísmo'', ''seseo'' is not a [[phonemic merger]] but the outcome of a different evolution of sibilants in southern Spain in comparison with northern and central dialects. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft {{angbr|c}}, {{angbr|z}} and even {{angbr|s}} as {{IPAslink|θ}} (a phenomenon called ''ceceo''). See [[phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives]] and {{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}} for more information.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;voicing&quot;&gt;When preceding a voiced consonant, {{IPA|/s, θ, f/}} may be voiced ({{IPA|[{{IPAplink|z}}, {{IPAplink|ð|θ̬}}, {{IPAplink|v}}]}}), but since this is variable {{harvcoltxt|Campos-Astorkiza|2018|p=174}}, {{IPA|/s, θ, f/}} are always transcribed with {{angbr IPA|s, θ, f}} in this system.&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''s'''aco, e'''s'''pita, '''x'''enón
| ''between'' '''s'''ip ''and'' '''sh'''ip ''([[Voiceless alveolar fricative#Retracted alveolar|retracted]]) ({{abbr|EU|European Spanish}})'', '''s'''ip ''({{abbr|LA|Latin American Spanish}})''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|θ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;aspiration&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;seseo&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;voicing&quot;/&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|s}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;seseo&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;voicing&quot;/&gt;
|'''c'''ereal, '''z'''orro, ja'''z'''mín, ju'''z'''gar
|'''th'''ing ''({{abbr|EU|European Spanish}})'', '''s'''ip ''({{abbr|LA|Latin American Spanish}})''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{IPA|/ʃ/}} is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as {{IPAblink|tʃ}} or {{IPAblink|s}}; e.g. '''''sh'''ow'' {{IPA|[tʃow]~[sow]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''sh'''ow, Ro'''ch'''er&lt;!-- as in &quot;Ferrero Rocher&quot; --&gt;, Frei'''x'''enet
|'''sh'''ack
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t̪|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''t'''amiz
|s'''t'''and
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|tʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
|'''ch'''ubasco
|'''ch'''oose
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|x}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{IPA|/x/}} is pronounced as {{IPAblink|h}} in many accents such as those in the Caribbean, Central America, Colombia, Andalusia, and the Canary Islands {{harvcol|Hualde|2005|p=156}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''j'''amón, '''g'''eneral, Mé'''x'''ico,&lt;ref&gt;The letter {{angbr|x}} represents {{IPA|/x/}} only in certain proper names like ''Ximena'' and some placenames in current or former Mexico (e.g. ''[[Oaxaca]]'' and ''[[Texas]]'').&lt;/ref&gt; '''h'''ámster&lt;ref&gt;The letter {{angbr|h}} represents {{IPA|/x/}} only in loanwords; in native words it is always silent.&lt;/ref&gt;
|''Scottish'' lo'''ch'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʎ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Approximant&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=yeismo&gt;Most speakers no longer distinguish {{IPA|/ʎ/}} from {{IPA|/ʝ/}}; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See ''[[yeísmo]]'' and {{Harvcoltxt|Martínez-Celdrán|Fernández-Planas|Carrera-Sabaté|2003|p=258}} for more information.&lt;/ref&gt;
|'''ll'''ave
| mi'''lli'''on
|}
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; | 
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Vowel]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| m'''a'''l
| f'''a'''ther
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|e̞|e}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''e'''s
| b'''e'''rry
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| d'''i''', '''y'''
| s'''ee'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|o̞|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| s'''o'''l
| m'''o'''re
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| s'''u'''
| f'''oo'''d
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Semivowel]]s&lt;ref&gt;{{IPA|[j, w]}} are allophones of {{IPA|/i, u/}} that manifest when unstressed and adjacent to another vowel. Mid vowels {{IPA|/e, o/}} may also be realized as semivowels, as in {{IPA|[ˈpo̯eta, ˈmae̯stɾo]}} (''poeta, maestro''). Semivocalic realizations of {{IPA|/e, o/}} may in addition be raised to {{IPA|[j, w]}}, as in {{IPA|[ˈpweta, ˈmajstɾo]}}, which is common in Latin America, but stigmatized in Spain {{harvcol|Hualde|Simonet|Torreira|2008|p=1911}}. Since both these phenomena are optional and predictable, they are not reflected in transcription ({{IPA|[poˈeta, maˈestɾo]}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples  !! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
|c'''i'''udad, re'''y'''
|'''y'''et
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|w}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Some speakers may pronounce word-initial {{IPA|[w]}} with an [[epenthesis|epenthetic]] {{IPA|[ɡ]}} (e.g. ''H'''u'''ila'' {{IPA|[ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila]}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
| c'''u'''atro, H'''u'''ila, a'''u'''to
|'''w'''ine
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]] and [[syllabification]]
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ˈ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ciu'''dad''' {{IPA|[θjuˈðað]}}
| do'''main'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|.}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''mí'''o {{IPA|[ˈmi.o]}}
| '''Le'''o
|}
|}</text>
      <sha1>j86n3an8rj6g30yulubum0bif6y8bxt</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Spanish</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>3785</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:IPA/Si̱pen" />
    <revision>
      <id>46594</id>
      <parentid>22815</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Spanish]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Spanish]]</comment>
      <origin>22815</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" sha1="qpbxthouxr6hgdal7kqmy7j6jqwgfh5" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:IPA/Si̱pen]]</text>
      <sha1>qpbxthouxr6hgdal7kqmy7j6jqwgfh5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Wusi̱ka̱ra</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>3786</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46606</id>
      <parentid>22817</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Wusi̱ka̱ra]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Wusi̱ka̱ra]]</comment>
      <origin>22816</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8082" sha1="bmnxb6rgv56ccxz83u6ag3i8ji5sb1j" xml:space="preserve">{{IPA key|H:IPA-EU}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]] (IPA) represents [[Basque language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-eu}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Basque dialects]] for a more thorough discussion of regional variation.

{|
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ [[Consonant]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|b}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''b'''at}}
| '''b'''est
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|β}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|ala'''b'''a}}&lt;ref name=lenition&gt;[[Lenition]] of {{IPA|/b d g/}} occurs in regular speech in most [[Southern Basque Country|Southern Basque dialects]]. {{Harvcoltxt|Hualde|1991|p=99-100}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''between'' ba'''b'''y ''and'' be'''v'''y
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|c}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|ku'''tt'''un}}
| s'''k'''ew
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''d'''oa}}
| '''d'''ead
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ð}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|a'''d'''ar}}&lt;ref name=lenition /&gt;
| '''th'''is
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''f'''oru}}
| '''f'''ace
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''g'''auak}}
| '''g'''ot
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɣ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|he'''g'''o}}&lt;ref name=lenition /&gt;
| ''between'' '''g'''old ''and'' a'''h'''old
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|h}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''h'''amar}}&lt;ref&gt;Silent in [[Southern Basque Country|Southern Basque]] dialects.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''h'''ot
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''j'''akintsu}}&lt;ref&gt;The realisation of the [[grapheme]] ''j'' varies depending on dialect and can be {{IPA|[{{IPAlink|j}}, {{IPAlink|ʝ}}, {{IPAlink|ɟ}}, {{IPAlink|dʒ}}, {{IPAlink|ʒ}}, {{IPAlink|ʃ}}, {{IPAlink|χ}}]}}. The last, resembling [[Scottish English]] ''lo'''ch''''', is typical of [[Gipuzkoan dialect|Gipuzkoan]], and it has also become common in eastern varieties of [[Biscayan dialect|Biscayan]] and the [[Sakana]] variety of the [[Upper Navarrese dialect|Upper Navarrese]]. However, the standard pronunciation ruled by [[Euskaltzaindia]] is {{IPA|[j]}}, and is the one followed in this help.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''y'''ou
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɟ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|on'''dd'''o}}
| ar'''g'''ue
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''k'''e}}
| s'''c'''an
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''l'''agun}}
| '''l'''ean
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʎ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|za'''il'''enak}}
| mi'''lli'''on
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|m}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''m'''aixu}}
| '''m'''other
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|n}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''n'''aharo}}
| '''n'''eed
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|ikurr'''in'''a}}
| ca'''ny'''on
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''p'''iztu}}
| s'''p'''ouse
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|r}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{lang|eu|u'''rr'''e}}&lt;ref&gt;The double ''rr'' is pronounced as a [[trill consonant|trill]] {{IPAblink|r}} in [[Southern Basque Country|Southern Basque]] dialects but is often a [[guttural R|guttural]] {{IPAblink|ʁ}} in [[French Basque Country|Northern Basque]] dialects, especially among younger speakers. {{Harvcoltxt|Trask|1978|p=77}} {{Harvcoltxt|Egurtzegi|Carignan|2020|pp=2794, 2800}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[Spanish language|Spanish]]'' {{lang|es|'''r'''ojo|i=no}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʁ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''[[French language|French]]'' {{lang|fr|Pa'''r'''is|i=no}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɾ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|zau'''r'''i}}
| ''[[American English]]'' a'''t'''om
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|s|s̻}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''z'''eru}}&lt;ref name=&quot;sibilants&quot;/&gt;
| '''s'''ip, ''[[Polish language|Polish]]'' {{lang|pl|'''s'''yty|i=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;sibilants&quot;/&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|s|s̺}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|u'''s'''o}}
| ''between'' '''s'''ip ''and'' '''sh'''ip (''retracted''), ''Polish'' {{lang|pl|'''sz'''yć|i=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;sibilants&quot;&gt;Basque contrasts two consonants that sound similar to the {{IPA|/s/}} of Englishː {{IPA|/s̻/}}, which is [[laminal consonant|laminal]], and {{IPA|/s̺/}}, which is [[apical consonant|apical]]. {{IPA|/ts̻/}} and {{IPA|/ts̺/}} are contrasted the same way. The contrast between {{IPA|/s̻, ts̻/}}, {{IPA|/s̺, ts̺/}} and {{IPA|/ʃ, tʃ/}} is similar to the contrast between {{IPA|/s, ts/}}, {{IPA|/ʂ, tʂ/}} and {{IPA|/ɕ, tɕ/}} in [[Polish language|Polish]].&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''x'''ehe}}
| '''sh'''ip, ''Polish'' {{lang|pl|'''ś'''nieg|i=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;sibilants&quot;/&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''t'''alde}}
| s'''t'''and
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ts|ts̻}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|ai'''tz'''in}}
| ca'''ts''', ''Polish'' {{lang|pl|'''c'''ena|i=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;sibilants&quot;/&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ts|ts̺}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|urre'''ts'''u}}
| ''between'' ca'''ts''' ''and'' ca'''tch''' (''retracted''), ''Polish'' {{lang|pl|'''cz'''ekać|i=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;sibilants&quot; /&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|tʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''tx'''imist}}
| ca'''tch''', ''Polish'' {{lang|pl|'''ć'''ma|i=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;sibilants&quot;/&gt;
|}
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ [[Vowel]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|gel'''a'''}}
| f'''a'''ther
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|e̞|e}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''e'''d'''e'''r}}
| b'''e'''d
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|n'''i'''re}}
| s'''ee'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|o̞|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|ah'''o'''}}
| b'''o'''re
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|hir'''u'''}}
| f'''oo'''d
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|y}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|hir'''ü'''}}&lt;ref&gt;Only occurring in [[Souletin dialect|Souletin]].&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''roughly like'' c'''u'''te
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ [[Diphthong]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ai}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|b'''ai'''}}
| '''eye'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|oi}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|d'''oi'''nu}}
| b'''oy'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ei}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|l'''ei'''ho}}
| r'''ay'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|au}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|h'''au'''}}
| h'''ou'''se
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|eu}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|'''eu'''ri}}
| ''[[Italian language|Italian]] / Spanish'' {{lang|it|'''Eu'''ropa|i=no}}
|}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+ [[International Phonetic Alphabet#Suprasegmentals|Suprasegmentals]]
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|.}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|g'''aua'''k}} {{IPA|[ɡau.ak]}}
| m'''oai'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ˈ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|eu|eus'''ka'''ra}} {{IPA|[eusˈkaɾa]}}&lt;ref&gt;Stress in Basque is complex and varies between regions, the [[Euskaltzaindia]] broadly recommends high-pitched weak stress on the second syllable of a syntagma.&lt;/ref&gt;
| re'''cy'''cle (''[[primary stress]]'')
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ˌ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{example needed}}&lt;ref&gt;Secondary stress is low-pitched and weaker than primary stress, with the recommendation being for it to be the last syllable broadly speaking.&lt;/ref&gt;
| motor'''cy'''cle (''[[secondary stress]]'')
|}
|}

{{clear}}</text>
      <sha1>bmnxb6rgv56ccxz83u6ag3i8ji5sb1j</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Basque</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>3787</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:IPA/Wusi̱ka̱ra" />
    <revision>
      <id>46570</id>
      <parentid>22818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Basque]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Basque]]</comment>
      <origin>22818</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="53nqkr23mm180e4by0e8v84wcxo6y1c" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:IPA/Wusi̱ka̱ra]]</text>
      <sha1>53nqkr23mm180e4by0e8v84wcxo6y1c</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Wali̱t</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>3788</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46602</id>
      <parentid>23431</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Wali̱t]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Wali̱t]]</comment>
      <origin>22819</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8996" sha1="p66gzmov3cdpwk7i8bxzwokc0xr5uv1" xml:space="preserve">{{IPA key|H:IPA-CY}}

The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Welsh language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-cy}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Welsh phonology]] and [[Welsh orthography]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Welsh.

&lt;table border=0 style=&quot;background: none&quot;&gt;
&lt;tr&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
! colspan=3| [[Consonant]]s
|-
! IPA !! Examples !! English approximations
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|b}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''b'''ach, cw'''b'''l, ma'''b'''}}
| '''b'''e
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''d'''ydd, ca'''d'''w, ta'''d'''}}
| '''d'''o
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|dʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''j'''oio, gare'''j''', '''di'''engyd (colloquial)}}
| '''j'''ust
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ð}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''dd'''oe, deu'''dd'''eg, be'''dd'''}}
| wi'''th'''er
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''ff'''enest, ei '''ph'''en, cy'''ff'''ro, cor'''ff'''}}
| '''f'''ind
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''g'''lân, ce'''g'''in, ci'''g'''}}
| '''g'''et
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|h}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''h'''aul, gwa'''h'''anol}}
| '''h'''ave
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''i'''aith, geir'''i'''adur}}
| '''y'''ou
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''c'''ig, a'''c'''w, a'''c'''}}
| s'''k'''y, '''c'''ool
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''l'''eicio, A'''l'''ban, bo'''l'''}}
| '''l'''ike
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɬ}}&lt;/big&gt;
|{{lang|cy|'''ll'''aw, cy'''ll'''e'''ll'''}}
| No English equivalent; somewhat like a ''[[Voicelessness|whispered]]'' '''l'''ike but '' [[Fricative|fricated]]''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|m}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''m'''ab, cy'''m'''aint, di'''m'''}}
| '''m'''e
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|m̥}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|fy '''mh'''en, ym '''Mh'''en-y-bont}}
| '''m'''e ''but [[Voicelessness|whispered]]''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|n}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''n'''erth, a'''n'''adlu, gwy'''n'''}}
| '''n'''o
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|n̥}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|fy '''nh'''ad, yn '''Nh'''ywyn}}
| '''n'''o, ''but [[Voicelessness|whispered]]''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ŋ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|fy '''ng'''wely, tre'''ng'''i, rhw'''ng'''}}
| thi'''ng'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ŋ̊}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|fy '''ngh'''ŵn, yng '''Ngh'''ymru}}
| thi'''ng''' ''but [[Voicelessness|whispered]]''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''p'''en, co'''p'''a, ma'''p'''}}
| o'''p'''en
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|r}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''r'''adio, ga'''r'''w, dŵ'''r'''}}
| '''r'''ight ''but trilled''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|r̥}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''rh'''estr, an'''rh'''eg}}
| '''r'''ight ''but trilled'' and ''[[Voicelessness|whispered]]''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''S'''ae'''s'''ne'''s''', '''s'''w'''s'''u'''s'''}}
| '''s'''ee
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''si'''arad, '''si'''op, brw'''sh'''}}
| '''sh'''e
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''t'''a'''t'''ws, a'''t'''}}
| s'''t'''op
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|tʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''tsi'''eini, wa'''ts'''}}
| '''ch'''ance
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|θ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''th'''us, a'''th'''ro, pe'''th'''}}
| '''th'''ink
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|v}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''f'''aint, a'''f'''al, ar'''f'''}}
| '''v'''ery
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|w}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''w'''edyn, ei '''w'''raig, g'''w'''lân}}
| '''w'''as
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|χ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|'''ch'''waer, tu'''ch'''an, bwl'''ch'''}}
| ''[[Scottish English|Scottish]]'' lo'''ch''' ''but [[Uvular consonant|further back]]''
|}

&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td width=2em&gt;&lt;/td&gt;&lt;td style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Vowel]]s
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Monophthong]]s
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; |IPA
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |Examples
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; |English approximations
|-
!{{abbr|NW|North Wales Welsh}}
!{{abbr|SW|South Wales Welsh}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|s'''a'''nt, p'''à'''s}}
| s'''a'''t
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ä|aː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|m'''a'''b, s'''â'''l}}
| f'''a'''ther
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɛ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|p'''e'''rth, m'''è'''s}}
| w'''e'''ll
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|eː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|p'''e'''th, tr'''ê'''n}}
| ''Scottish'' m'''ay'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ə}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|c'''y'''m'''y'''dog, r'''ỳ'''g}}
| '''a'''bout
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɪ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |  &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɪ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|t'''i'''pyn, sg'''ì'''l}}
| '''i'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɨ̞|ɨ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|p'''u'''nt, gw'''y'''n}}
| ros'''e'''s
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|iː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |  &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|iː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|h'''i'''r, t'''î'''m}}
| b'''e'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɨː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|ll'''u'''n, b'''û'''m, rh'''y''', t'''ŷ'''}}
|ros'''e'''s ''but longer''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɔ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|br'''o'''n, gl'''ò'''s}}
| '''o'''ff
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|oː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|br'''o''', '''ô'''l}}
| r'''aw'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʊ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|c'''w'''m, m'''ẁ'''g}}
| p'''u'''t
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|uː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|c'''w'''ch, d'''ŵ'''r}}
| p'''oo'''l
|-
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Diphthong]]s
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ai}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |  &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ai}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|t'''ai'''}}
| '''eye'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|aɨ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|c'''au''', nes'''áu'''}}
| p'''ie'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|aːɨ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|h'''ae'''l, c'''ae'''}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Y'''ae'''l 
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|aːi}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|Cymr'''ae'''g}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|au}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|ll'''aw'''}}
| ar'''ou'''nd 
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɛu}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|ll'''ew'''}}
| Italian, Portuguese and Spanish '''''Eu'''ropa''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɛi}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mid&quot;&gt;The diphthongs that were historically {{IPA|[əi, əɨ]}} now begin with a more [[front vowel|front]] vowel {{IPA|[ɛ ~ e]}} for most speakers. Transcription styles in sources vary but are most often transcribed with {{IPA|[ɛi, ɛɨ]}} on Wikipedia.&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɛi}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;mid&quot;/&gt;
| {{lang|cy|S'''ei'''snig}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|p'''ai'''n
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|eɨ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|gwn'''eu'''d}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|əu}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|b'''yw'''yd}}
| ''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' t'''oe'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɪu}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |  &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɪu}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|ll'''iw'''}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| ''[[Cockney English|Cockney]]'' t'''ill'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɨu}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|D'''uw''', men'''yw'''}}
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɔi}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |  &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɔi}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|osg'''oi'''}}
| b'''oy'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɔɨ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|c'''oe'''den}}
| s'''oi'''l
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ʊɨ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ʊi}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|cy|m'''wy''', g'''ŵy'''l}}
| L'''ouie'''
|}
&lt;/td&gt;&lt;/tr&gt;&lt;/table&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=3 | Other symbols used in transcription of Welsh pronunciation
|-
! IPA !! Explanation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ˈ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| Primary stress (placed before the stressed syllable, for example {{lang|cy|cymydog}} {{IPA|[kəˈmədɔɡ]}})
|}</text>
      <sha1>p66gzmov3cdpwk7i8bxzwokc0xr5uv1</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Welsh</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>3789</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:IPA/Wali̱t" />
    <revision>
      <id>46604</id>
      <parentid>23433</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Welsh]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Welsh]]</comment>
      <origin>23433</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="31" sha1="c0a60yz88sfai9xwwh53gusho62yxev" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:IPA/Wali̱t]]</text>
      <sha1>c0a60yz88sfai9xwwh53gusho62yxev</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>3910</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46566</id>
      <parentid>23363</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS]]</comment>
      <origin>23363</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="41581" sha1="m04lqb769votge957eynsqgbjfzve4f" xml:space="preserve">{{for|help installing IPA-compatible fonts|Help:Special characters#IPA symbols}}
{{for|a basic introduction to using IPA written for English readers|Help:IPA/Introduction}}
{{redirect|WP:IPA|India-Pakistan affairs|WP:ARBIPA}}
{{pp-semi|small=yes}}
{{Information page|H:IPA|WP:IPA}}
{{Inline audio}}
[[File:IPA chart 2020.svg|thumb|upright=1.2|The latest official IPA chart, revised in 2020]]

Here is a basic key to the symbols of the [[International Phonetic Alphabet]]. For the smaller set of symbols that is sufficient for English, see [[Help:IPA/English]]. Several rare IPA symbols are not included; these are found in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|main IPA article]] or on the [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart|extensive IPA chart]]. For the Manual of Style guideline for pronunciation, see [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation]].

For each IPA symbol, an English example is given where possible; here &quot;RP&quot; stands for [[Received Pronunciation]]. The foreign languages that are used to illustrate additional sounds are primarily the ones most likely to be familiar to English speakers: [[French phonology|French]], [[Standard German phonology|Standard German]] and [[Spanish phonology|Spanish]]. For symbols not covered by those, recourse is taken to the populous languages [[Standard Chinese#Phonology|Standard Chinese]], [[Hindustani phonology|Hindustani]], [[Arabic phonology|Arabic]] and [[Russian phonology|Russian]]. For sounds still not covered, other well-analyzed languages are used, such as [[Swahili language#Sounds|Swahili]], [[Zulu language#phonology|Zulu]] and [[Turkish phonology|Turkish]].

The left-hand column displays the individual symbols in square brackets ({{IPAblink|a|audio=y}}.) Click on &quot;listen&quot; to hear the sound; click on the symbol itself for a dedicated article with a more complete description and examples from multiple languages. Consonant sounds are spoken once followed by a vowel and once between vowels.

If the characters do not display, you may need to install a supporting font. Free fonts with good IPA support include [[Gentium]] Plus (serif) and [[Andika (typeface)|Andika]] (sans-serif).

{{Compact ToC |center=yes |custom1=Others |custom1name=Others |custom2=Marks added to letters |custom2name=Diacritic marks |custom3=Brackets |custom4=Rendering issues|custom5=Computer input using on-screen keyboard |custom5name=Computer input |custom6=See also |custom7=External links}}

==Main symbols==
&lt;!-- PLEASE READ BEFORE ADDING EXAMPLES OR LANGUAGES TO THE KEY
This key is intended for newbies to the IPA and should therefore be kept as short and sweet as possible. Descriptions should be brief, without technical terms like &quot;back vowel&quot; or &quot;labial&quot; or &quot;fricative&quot;; and examples should be from familiar languages that are ''well described phonetically''.
--&gt;

The symbols are arranged by similarity to letters of the [[Latin alphabet]]. Symbols which do not resemble any Latin letter are placed at the end, the others section.

{{clear}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em&quot;
! Symbol !! Examples !! Description

|- id=&quot;A&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; A
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|a|audio=y}}
| German ''M'''a'''nn'', French ''g'''a'''re''
| For many English speakers, the first part of the ''ow'' sound in ''cow''. Found in some dialects of English in ''c'''a'''t'' or ''f'''a'''ther''.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ä|audio=y}}
| Mandarin 他 ''t'''ā''''', American English ''f'''a'''ther'', Spanish ''c'''a'''s'''a''''', French ''p'''a'''tte''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɐ|audio=y}}
| RP ''c'''u'''t'', German ''Kais'''er'''slaut'''er'''n''
| (In transcriptions of English, {{IPA|[ɐ]}} is usually written {{angbr IPA|ʌ}}.)
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɑ|audio=y}}
| RP ''f'''a'''ther,'' French ''p'''â'''te'', Dutch ''b'''a'''d''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɑ̃|audio=Fr-en.ogg}}
| French ''C'''aen''''', ''s'''an'''s'', ''t'''em'''ps''
| Nasalized {{IPA|[ɑ]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɒ|audio=y}}
| RP ''c'''o'''t''
| Like {{IPA|[ɑ]}}, but with the lips slightly rounded.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʌ|audio=y}}
| American English ''c'''u'''t''
| Like {{IPA|[ɔ]}}, but without the lips being rounded. (When {{angbr IPA|ʌ}} is used for English, it may really be {{IPA|[ɐ]}} or {{IPA|[ɜ]}}.)
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|æ|audio=y}}
| GA and Conservative RP ''c'''a'''t''
|

|- id=&quot;B&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; B
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|b|audio=y}}
| English '''''b'''a'''bb'''le''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɓ|audio=y}}
| Swahili '''''b'''wana''
| Like a {{IPA|[b]}} said with a gulp. See [[implosive consonant]]s.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|β|audio=y}}
| Spanish ''la '''B'''amba'', Kinyarwanda ''a'''b'''ana'' &quot;children&quot;, Korean 무궁화 [muɡuŋβwa̠] ''mugung'''h'''wa''
| Like {{IPA|[b]}}, but with the lips not quite closed.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʙ|audio=y}}
|Nias ''si'''mb'''i'' [siʙi] &quot;lower jaw&quot;
|Sputtering.

|- id=&quot;C&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; C
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|c|audio=y}}
| Turkish '''''k'''ebap'' &quot;[[kebab]]&quot;, Czech s'''t'''ín &quot;shadow&quot;, Greek '''''κ'''αι'' &quot;and&quot;
| Between English '''''t'''une'' (RP) and '''''c'''ute.'' Sometimes used instead for {{IPA|[tʃ]}} in languages like Hindi.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ç|audio=y}}
| German ''I'''ch'''''
| More of a y-coloration (more palatal) than {{IPA|[x]}}. Some English speakers have a similar sound in '''''h'''uge''. To produce this sound, try whispering loudly the word &quot;ye&quot; as in &quot;Hear ye!&quot;.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɕ|audio=y}}
| Mandarin 西安 '''''X'''i'an'', Polish '''''ś'''ciana''
| More y-like than {{IPA|[ʃ]}}; something like English '''''sh'''e.''
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɔ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#O|O]]
|

|- id=&quot;D&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; D
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|d|audio=y}}
| English '''''d'''a'''d'''''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɗ|audio=y}}
| Swahili '''''D'''o'''d'''oma''
| Like {{IPA|[d]}} said with a gulp.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɖ|audio=y}}
| American English ''har'''d'''er''
| Like {{IPA|[d]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ð|audio=y}}
| English '''''th'''e, ba'''th'''e''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|dz|audio=y}}
| English ''a'''dds''''', Italian '''''z'''ero''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|dʒ|audio=y}}
| English '''''j'''u'''dg'''e''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|dʑ|audio=y}}
| [[Polish phonology|Polish]] ''nie'''dź'''wiedź'' &quot;bear&quot;
| Like {{IPA|[dʒ]}}, but with more of a y-sound.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|dʐ|audio=y}}
| Polish '''''dż'''em'' &quot;jam&quot;
| Like {{IPA|[dʒ]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.

|- id=&quot;E&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; E
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|e|audio=y}}
| Spanish ''f'''e''';'' French ''cl'''é''''', German ''Kl'''ee'''''
|Similar to English ''h'''e'''y'', before the y sets in.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɘ|audio=y}}
| Australian English ''b'''ir'''d''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ə|audio=y}}
| English '''''a'''bove,'' Hindi ठग {{IPA|[ʈʰəɡ]}} ''(thug)'' &quot;thief&quot;
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɚ|audio=y}}
| American English ''runn'''er'''''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɛ|audio=y}}
| English ''b'''e'''t''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɛ̃|audio=Fr-Un-fr FR-Paris.ogg}}
| French ''S'''ain'''t-Étienne'', ''v'''in''''', ''m'''ain'''''
| Nasalized {{IPA|[ɛ]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɜ|audio=y}}
| RP ''b'''ir'''d'' (long)
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɝ|audio=y}}
| American English ''b'''ir'''d''
|

|- id=&quot;F&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; F
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|f|audio=y}}
| English '''''f'''un''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɟ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#J|J]]
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʄ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#J|J]]
|

|- id=&quot;G&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; G
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɡ|audio=y}}
| English '''''g'''a'''g'''''
| (Should look like [[file:opentail_g.svg|6px]]. No different from a Latin &quot;g&quot;)
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɠ|audio=y}}
| Swahili ''U'''g'''anda''
| Like {{IPA|[ɡ]}} said with a gulp.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɢ|audio=y}}
|
| Like {{IPA|[ɡ]}}, but further back, in the throat. Found in [[Persian phonology|Persian]] and some Arabic dialects for {{IPA|/q/}}, as in ''[[Muammar Gaddafi]].''&lt;!-- Needs verification --&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʒ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#Z|Z]]
| English ''bei'''g'''e.''

|- id=&quot;H&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; H
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|h|audio=y}}
| American English '''''h'''ouse''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɦ|audio=y}}
| English ''a'''h'''ead,'' when said quickly.
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʰ|audio=y}}
|
| The extra puff of air in English ''top'' {{IPA|[tʰɒp]}} compared to ''stop'' [stɒp], or to French or Spanish {{IPA|[t]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ħ|audio=y}}
| Arabic {{wikt-lang|ar|مُحَمَّد}} ''Mu'''h'''ammad''
| Far down in the throat, like {{IPA|[h]}}, but stronger.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɥ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#Y|Y]]
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɮ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#L|L]]
|

|- id=&quot;I&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; I
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|i|audio=y}}
| English ''s'''ea''''', French ''v'''i'''lle'', Spanish ''Valladol'''i'''d''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɪ|audio=y}}
| English ''s'''i'''t''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɨ|audio=y}}
| Russian т'''ы''' &quot;you&quot;
| Often used for unstressed English ''ros'''e'''s.''

|- id=&quot;J&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; J
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|j|audio=y}}
| English '''''y'''es, hallelu'''j'''ah,'' German '''''J'''unge''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʲ|audio=y}}
| In Russian '''Л'''е'''н'''ин {{IPA|[ˈlʲenʲɪn]}}
| Indicates a sound is more y-like.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʝ|audio=y}}
| Spanish ''ca'''y'''o'' (some dialects)
| Like {{IPA|[j]}}, but stronger.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɟ|audio=y}}
| Turkish '''''g'''ör'' &quot;see&quot;, Czech '''d'''íra &quot;hole&quot;
| Between English '''''d'''ew'' (RP) and ''ar'''g'''ue.'' Sometimes used instead for {{IPA|[dʒ]}} in languages like Hindi.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʄ|audio=y}}
| Swahili '''''j'''ambo''
| Like {{IPA|[ɟ]}} said with a gulp.

|- id=&quot;K&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; K
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|k|audio=y}}
| English '''''k'''i'''ck''''', ''s'''k'''ip''
|

|- id=&quot;L&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; L
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|l|audio=y}}
| English '''''l'''eaf''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɫ|audio=y}}
| English ''woo'''l'''''&lt;br&gt;Russian ма'''л'''ый {{IPA|[ˈmɑɫɨj]}} &quot;small&quot;
| &quot;Dark&quot; el.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɬ|audio=y}}
| Welsh '''''ll'''wyd'' {{IPA|[ɬʊɪd]}} &quot;grey&quot;&lt;br&gt;Zulu '''''hl'''ala'' {{IPA|[ɬaːla]}} &quot;sit&quot;
| By touching roof of mouth with tongue and giving a quick breath out. Found in [[Welsh language|Welsh]] placenames like '''''Ll'''ango'''ll'''en'' and '''''Ll'''ane'''ll'''i'' and [[Nelson Mandela]]'s Xhosa name ''Roli'''hl'''a'''hl'''a.''
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɭ|audio=y}}
|
| Like {{IPA|[l]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɺ|audio=y}}
|
| A flapped {{IPA|[l]}}, like {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ɾ]}} said together.&lt;!--This sound is not found in Japanese, so please don't use that language as an example.--&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɮ|audio=y}}
| Zulu '''''dl'''a'' &quot;eat&quot;
| Rather like {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, or {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ð]}}, said together.
|-
|{{IPAblink|ʟ|audio=y}}
|
|
|- id=&quot;M&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; M
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|m|audio=y}}
| English '''''m'''i'''m'''e''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɱ|audio=y}}
| English ''sy'''m'''phony''
| Like {{IPA|[m]}}, but lips touch teeth as they do in {{IPA|[f]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɯ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#W|W]]
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʍ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#W|W]]
|

|- id=&quot;N&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; N
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|n|audio=y}}
| English '''''n'''u'''n'''''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ŋ|audio=y}}
| English ''si'''ng''''', Māori '''''ng'''a''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɲ|audio=y}}
| Spanish ''Pe'''ñ'''a,'' French ''champa'''gn'''e''
| Rather like English ''ca'''ny'''on'' ({{IPA|/nj/}} said quickly).
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɳ|audio=y}}
| Hindi वरुण {{IPA|[ʋəruɳ]}} ''Varu'''n'''a''
| Like {{IPA|[n]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɴ|audio=y}}
| Castilian Spanish ''Do'''n''' Juan'' {{IPA|[doɴˈχwan]}}
| Like {{IPA|[ŋ]}}, but further back, in the throat.

|- id=&quot;O&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; O
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|o|audio=y}}
| Spanish ''n'''o''','' French '''''eau''''', German ''B'''o'''den''
| Somewhat reminiscent of American English ''n'''o'''.''
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɔ|audio=y}}
| German '''''O'''ldenburg'', French ''Gar'''o'''nne''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɔ̃|audio=Fr-on.ogg}}
| French ''Ly'''on''''', ''s'''on'''''
| Nasalized {{IPA|[ɔ]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ø|audio=y}}
| French ''f'''eu''''', ''b'''œu'''fs'', German ''G'''oe'''the''
| Like {{IPA|[e]}}, but with the lips rounded like {{IPA|[o]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɵ|audio=y}}
| Dutch ''h'''u'''t'', French ''j'''e''''', Swedish ''d'''u'''m''
| Halfway between {{IPA|[o]}} and {{IPA|[ø]}}. Similar to {{IPA|[ʊ]}} but with the tongue slightly more down and front. The Dutch vowel is often transcribed with {{angbr IPA|ʏ}} or {{angbr IPA|œ}}, whereas the French vowel is typically transcribed with {{angbr IPA|ə}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|œ|audio=y}}
| French ''b'''œu'''f'', ''s'''eu'''l'', German ''G'''ö'''ttingen''
| Like {{IPA|[ɛ]}}, but with the lips rounded like {{IPA|[ɔ]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|œ̃|audio=Fr-un-fr BE.ogg}}
| French ''br'''un''''', ''parf'''um'''''
| Nasalized {{IPA|[œ]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɶ|audio=y}}
| 
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|θ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#Others|Others]]
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɸ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#Others|Others]]
|
|- id=&quot;P&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; P
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|p|audio=y}}
| English ''pi'''p'''''
|

|- id=&quot;Q&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; Q
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|q|audio=y}}
| Arabic {{wikt-lang|ar|قُرْآن}} '''''Q'''ur’ān''
| Like {{IPA|[k]}}, but further back, in the throat.

|- id=&quot;R&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; R
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|r|audio=y}}
| Spanish ''pe'''rr'''o,'' Scottish English ''bo'''rr'''ow''
| &quot;Rolled R&quot;. (Often used for other rhotics, such as English {{IPA|[ɹ]}}, when there's no ambiguity.)
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɾ|audio=y}}
| Spanish ''pe'''r'''o,'' Tagalog ''dali'''r'''i'', Malay ''kaba'''r''''', American English ''ki'''tt'''y/ki'''dd'''ie''
| &quot;Flapped R&quot;.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʀ|audio=y}}
| Dutch '''''r'''ood'' and German '''''r'''ot'' (some speakers)
| A trill in the back of the throat. Found for /r/ in some conservative registers of French.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɽ|audio=y}}
| [[Urdu]] ساڑی {{IPA|[sə.ɽək]}} &quot;road&quot;
| Like flapped {{IPA|[ɾ]}}, but with the tongue curled back.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɹ|audio=y}}
| most English accents ''bo'''rr'''ow''
| &lt;!--This is not the sound or ''run,'' which is [ɹʷ].--&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɻ|audio=y}}
| Tamil புழு ''Pu'''ḻ'''u'' &quot;Worm&quot;, Mandarin 人民日报 '''''R'''énmín '''R'''ìbào'' &quot;People's Daily&quot;, American English ''bo'''rr'''ow, butt'''er'''''
| Like {{IPA|[ɹ]}}, but with the tongue curled or pulled back, as pronounced by many English speakers.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʁ|audio=y}}
| French ''Pa'''r'''is'', German '''''R'''iemann (some dialects)''
| Said back in the throat, but not trilled.

|- id=&quot;S&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; S
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|s|audio=y}}
| English '''''s'''a'''ss'''''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʃ|audio=y}}
| English '''''sh'''oe''&lt;!--italicized 2008-10-03--&gt;
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʂ|audio=y}}
| Mandarin 少林 ''('''Sh'''àolín)'', Russian Пу'''ш'''кин ''(Pu'''sh'''kin)''
| Acoustically similar to {{IPA|[ʃ]}}, but with the tongue curled or pulled back.&lt;br&gt;

|- id=&quot;T&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; T
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|t|audio=y}}
| English ''to'''t''', s'''t'''op''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʈ|audio=y}}
| Hindi ठग {{IPA|[ʈʰəɡ]}} ''(thug)'' &quot;thief&quot;
| Like {{IPA|[t]}}, but with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ts|audio=y}}
| English ''ca'''ts''','' Russian '''ц'''арь '''''ts'''ar''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|tʃ|audio=y}}
| English '''''ch'''ur'''ch'''''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|tɕ|audio=y}}
| Mandarin 北京 Běi'''j'''īng ({{audio|Zh-Beijing.ogg|listen|help=no}}), Polish '''''ci'''ebie'' &quot;you&quot;
| Like {{IPA|[tʃ]}}, but with more of a y-sound.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|tʂ|audio=y}}
| Mandarin 真正 '''''zh'''ēn'''zh'''èng'', Polish '''''cz'''as''
| Like {{IPA|[tʃ]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.

|- id=&quot;U&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; U
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|u|audio=y}}
| American English ''f'''oo'''d'', French ''v'''ou'''s'' &quot;you&quot;, German ''Sch'''u'''macher''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʊ|audio=y}}
| English ''f'''oo'''t'', German ''B'''u'''ndesrepublik''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʉ|audio=y}}
| Australian English ''f'''oo'''d'' (long)
| Like {{IPA|[ɨ]}}, but with the lips rounded as for {{IPA|[u]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɥ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#Y|Y]]
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɯ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#W|W]]
|

|- id=&quot;V&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; V
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|v|audio=y}}
| English '''''v'''er'''ve'''''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʋ|audio=y}}
| Hindi वरुण {{IPA|[ʋəruɳə]}} &quot;Varuna&quot;
| Between {{IPA|[v]}} and {{IPA|[w]}}. Used by some Germans and Russians for ''v/w'', and by some speakers of British English for ''r''.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɤ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#Y|Y]]
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɣ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#Y|Y]]
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʌ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#A|A]]
|

|- id=&quot;W&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; W
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|w|audio=y}}
| English '''''w'''ow''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʷ|audio=y}}
| 
| Indicates a sound has lip rounding, as in English '''''r'''ain'' 
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʍ|audio=y}}
| '''''wh'''at'' (some dialects)
| like {{IPA|[h]}} and {{IPA|[w]}} said together
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɯ|audio=y}}
| Turkish ''kay'''ı'''k'' &quot;caïque&quot;, [[Scottish Gaelic]] ''gaol''
| Like {{IPA|[u]}}, but with the lips flat; something like {{IPA|[ʊ]}}.&lt;!--This sound is not found in Japanese, so please don't use that language as an example--&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɰ|audio=y}}
| Spanish ''a'''gu'''a''
|Like [w], but with the lips flat.

|- id=&quot;X&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; X
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|x|audio=y}}
| Scottish English ''lo'''ch''''', German ''Ba'''ch''','' Russian '''х'''леб {{IPA|[xlʲep]}} &quot;bread&quot;, Spanish '''''j'''oven''
| between {{IPA|[k]}} and {{IPA|[h]}}
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|χ|audio=y}}
| [[Dutch phonology|northern Standard Dutch]] ''S'''ch'''eveningen'', Castilian Spanish ''Don '''J'''uan'' {{IPA|[doɴˈχwan]}}
| Like {{IPA|[x]}}, but further back, in the throat. Some German and Arabic speakers have {{IPA|[χ]}} for {{IPA|[x]}}.

|- id=&quot;Y&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; Y
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|y|audio=y}}
| French ''r'''u'''e'', German ''B'''ü'''low''
| Like {{IPA|[i]}}, but with the lips rounded as for {{IPA|[u]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʏ|audio=y}}
| German ''D'''ü'''sseldorf''
| Like {{IPA|[ɪ]}}, but with the lips rounded as for {{IPA|[ʊ]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɣ|audio=y}}
| Arabic {{wikt-lang|ar|غَالِي}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|ghālī}}'' and Swahili '''''gh'''ali'' &quot;expensive&quot;, Spanish ''sue'''g'''ro''
| Sounds rather like French {{IPA|[ʁ]}} or between {{IPA|[ɡ]}} and {{IPA|[h]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɤ|audio=y}}
| Mandarin 河南 ''H'''é'''nán'', [[Scottish Gaelic]] ''taigh''
| Like {{IPA|[o]}} but without the lips rounded, something like a cross of {{IPA|[ʊ]}} and {{IPA|[ʌ]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʎ|audio=y}}
| Italian ''ta'''gli'''atelle'', Portuguese ''mu'''lh'''er''
| Like {{IPA|[l]}}, but more y-like. Rather like English ''vo'''l'''ume.''
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɥ|audio=y}}
| French ''l'''u'''i''
| Like {{IPA|[j]}} and {{IPA|[w]}} said together.
|-

|- id=&quot;Z&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; Z
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|z|audio=y}}
| English '''''z'''oo''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʒ|audio=y}}
| English ''vi'''si'''on,'' French '''''j'''ournal''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʑ|audio=y}}
| old-styled Russian по'''зж'''е {{IPA|[ˈpoʑːe]}} &quot;later&quot;, Polish '''''ź'''le''
| More y-like than {{IPA|[ʒ]}}, something like ''bei'''ge'''y.''
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʐ|audio=y}}
| Russian '''ж'''ир &quot;fat&quot;
| Like {{IPA|[ʒ]}} with the tongue curled or pulled back.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɮ|audio=y}}
| see under [[#L|L]]
|

|- id=&quot;Others&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;[[#top|^ top]]&lt;/div&gt; Others
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|θ|audio=y}}
| English '''''th'''igh, ba'''th'''''
|
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ɸ|audio=y}}
| Japanese 富士 {{IPA|[ɸɯdʑi]}} '''''F'''uji'', Māori {{IPA|[ˌɸaːɾeːˈnuiː]}} '''''wh'''arenui''
| Like {{IPA|[p]}}, but with the lips not quite touching
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʔ|audio=y}}
| English ''uh-oh, Hawai'''‘'''i,'' German ''die Angst''
| The 'glottal stop', a catch in the breath. For some people, found in ''bu'''tt'''on'' {{IPA|[ˈbʌʔn̩]}}, or between vowels across words: ''Deus ex machina'' {{IPA|[ˌdeɪəsˌʔɛksˈmɑːkɪnə]}}; in some nonstandard dialects, in ''a apple'' {{IPA|[əˈʔæpl̩]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʕ|audio=y}}
| Arabic {{wikt-lang|ar|عَرَبِيّ}} ''{{transl|ar|ALA|'''ʻ'''arabī}}'' &quot;Arabic&quot;
| A light, voiced sound deep in the throat, articulated with the root of the tongue against the pharynx (back of the throat).
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ǀ|audio=y}}
| English ''tsk-tsk!'' or ''tut-tut!,'' Zulu ''i'''c'''i'''c'''i'' &quot;earring&quot;
| (The English click used for disapproval.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including {{IPA|[kǀ], [ɡǀ], [ŋǀ]}}. The Zimbabwean MP [[Welshman Ncube|N'''c'''ube]] has this click in his name, as did [[Cetshwayo kaMpande|'''C'''etshwayo]].
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ǁ|audio=y}}
| English ''tchick! tchick!,'' Zulu ''i'''x'''o'''x'''o'' &quot;frog&quot;
| (The English click used to urge on a horse.) Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including {{IPA|[kǁ], [ɡǁ], [ŋǁ]}}. Found in the name of the [[Xhosa people|'''X'''hosa]].
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ǃ|audio=y}}
| Zulu ''i'''q'''a'''q'''a'' &quot;polecat&quot;
| (The English click used to imitate the trotting of a horse.) A hollow popping sound, like a cork pulled from a bottle. Several distinct sounds, written as digraphs, including {{IPA|[kǃ], [ɡǃ], [ŋǃ]}}.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ʘ|audio=y}}
| ǂ’Amkoe '''''ʘ'''oa'' &quot;two&quot;
| Like a kissing sound.
|-
| class=&quot;nowrap&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 120%;&quot; | {{IPAblink|ǂ|audio=y}}
| Khoekhoe '''''ǂg'''ā-amǃnâ'' [ǂàʔám̀ᵑǃã̀] &quot;to put in the mouth&quot;
|Like an imitation of a chewing sound.
|}

==Marks added to letters==
Several marks can be added above, below, before or after letters. These are here shown on a carrier letter such as the vowel ''a.'' A more complete list is given at {{Section link|International Phonetic Alphabet|Diacritics and prosodic notation}}.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin: 1em&quot;
! Symbol !! Example !! Description
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Signs above a letter
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Nasal vowel|[ã]]]}}
| French ''vi'''n''' bla'''n'''c'' {{IPA|[vɛ̃ blɑ̃]}} &quot;white wine&quot;
| A [[nasalization|nasal]] vowel, as with a Texas twang
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Central vowel|[ä]]]}}
| Portuguese ''v'''á''''' {{IPA|[vä]}} &quot;go&quot;
| A [[central vowel]] pronounced with the tongue position in the middle of the mouth; neither forward nor back
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Extra-shortness|[ă]]]}}
| English ''p'''o'''lice'' {{IPA|[pə̆ˈliˑs]}}
| An [[extra-short]] speech sound (usually a vowel)
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Signs below a letter
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Diphthong|[a̯]]]}}
| English ''co'''w''''' {{IPA|[kʰaʊ̯]}}, ''ko'''i''''' {{IPA|[kʰɔɪ̯]}}
| This vowel does not form a syllable of its own, but runs into the vowel next to it. (In English, the diacritic is generally left off: {{IPA|[kaʊ]}}.)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Voicelessness|[n̥]]]}}
|English '''''b'''oy'' [b̥ɔɪ̯], '''''d'''oe'' [d̥oʊ̯]
([[Fortis and lenis#Characteristics|see also]])
| Sounds like a loud whisper; {{IPA|[n̥]}} is like a whispered breath through the nose. {{IPA|[l̥]}} is found in Tibetan '''''Lh'''asa.''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Syllabic consonant|[n̩]]]}}
| English ''butt'''on'''''
| A consonant without a vowel (English {{IPA|[n̩]}} is often transcribed {{IPA|/ən/}}.)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Dental consonant|[d̪]]]}}
| Spanish '''''d'''os,'' French '''''d'''eux''
| The tongue touches the teeth more than it does in English.
|-
&lt;!-- There is no point in distinguishing left and right, since a user can't tell the difference. --&gt;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | &lt;div style=&quot;font-weight: normal; float: right;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; Signs next to a letter
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Aspirated consonant|[kʰ]]]}}
| English '''''c'''ome''
| Aspirated consonant, pronounced with a puff of air. Similarly {{IPA|[tʰ pʰ tsʰ tʃʰ tɕʰ]}}.
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Ejective consonant|[k’]]]}}
| Zulu ''u'''k'''uza'' &quot;come&quot;
| Ejective. Like a popped {{IPA|[k]}}, pushed from the throat. Similarly {{IPA|[tʼ pʼ qʼ tʃʼ tsʼ tɬʼ]}}.
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Length (phonetics)|[aː]]]}}
| English ''shh!'' {{IPA|[ʃː]}}
| Long. Often used with English vowels or diphthongs: ''Mayo'' {{IPA|/ˈmeːoː/}} for {{IPA|[ˈmeɪ̯ɜʊ̯]}}, ''etc.''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Length (phonetics)|[aˑ]]]}}
| RP ''caught'' {{IPA|[ˈkʰɔˑt]}}
| Semi-long. (Although the vowel is different, this is also longer than ''cot'' {{IPA|[ˈkʰɒt]}}.)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Stress (linguistics)|[ˈa]]]}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | ''pronunciation''&lt;br&gt;{{IPA|[pɹ̥əʊ̯ˌnɐnsiˈeɪʃn̩]}}
| Main stress. The mark denotes the stress of the ''following'' syllable.
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Secondary stress|[ˌa]]]}}
| Weaker stress. The mark denotes the stress of the ''following'' syllable.
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; font-size:120%&quot; | {{IPA|[[Syllable|[.]]]}}
| English ''courtship'' {{IPA|[ˈkʰɔrt.ʃɪp]}}
| [[Syllable]] break (this is often redundant and therefore left off)
|}

==Brackets==

Two types of brackets are commonly used to enclose transcriptions in the IPA:
*/Slashes/ indicate sounds that are distinguished as the basic units of words in a language by native speakers; these are called [[phoneme]]s. Changing the symbols between these slashes would either change the identity of the word or produce nonsense. For example, since there is no meaningful difference to a native speaker between the two sounds written with the letter L in the word ''lulls,'' they are considered the same phoneme, and so, using slashes, they are given the same symbol in IPA: {{IPA|/ˈlʌlz/}}. Similarly, Spanish ''la bamba'' is transcribed phonemically with two instances of the same ''b'' sound, {{IPA|/la ˈbamba/}}, despite the fact that they sound different to a speaker of English. Thus a reader who is not familiar with the language in question might not know how to interpret these transcriptions more narrowly.
*[Square brackets] indicate the narrower or more detailed [[phonetics|phonetic]] qualities of a pronunciation, not taking into account the norms of the language to which it belongs; therefore, such transcriptions do not regard whether subtly different sounds in the pronunciation are actually noticeable or distinguishable to a native speaker of the language. Within square brackets is what a foreigner who does not know the structure of a language might hear as discrete units of sound. For instance, the English word ''lulls'' may be pronounced in a particular dialect more specifically as {{IPA|[ˈlɐɫz]}}, with different letter L sounds at the beginning and end. This may be obvious to speakers of languages that differentiate between the sounds {{IPA|[l]}} and {{IPA|[ɫ]}}. Likewise, Spanish ''la bamba'' (pronounced without a pause) has two different b-sounds to the ears of foreigners or linguists—{{IPA|[la ˈβamba]}}—though a native Spanish speaker might not be able to hear it. Omitting or adding such detail does not make a difference to the identity of the word, but helps to give a more precise pronunciation.

A third kind of bracket is occasionally seen:
*Either //double slashes// or |pipes| (or occasionally other conventions) show that the enclosed sounds are theoretical constructs that are not actually heard. (This is part of [[morphophonology]].) For instance, most phonologists argue that the ''-s'' at the ends of verbs, which surfaces as either {{IPA|/s/}} in ''talks'' {{IPA|/tɔːks/}} or as {{IPA|/z/}} in ''lulls'' {{IPA|/lʌlz/}}, has a single underlying form. If they decide this form is an ''s,'' they would write it //s// (or |s|) to claim that phonemic {{IPA|/tɔːks/}} and {{IPA|/lʌlz/}} are essentially {{IPA|//tɔːks//}} and {{IPA|//lʌls//}} underneath. If they were to decide it was essentially the latter, //z//, they would transcribe these words {{IPA|//tɔːkz//}} and {{IPA|//lʌlz//}}.

Lastly,
*{{angbr|Angle brackets}} are used to set off [[orthography]], as well as [[transliteration]] from non-Latin scripts.  Thus {{angbr|lulls}}, {{angbr|la bamba}}, the letter {{angbr|a}}.  Angle brackets are not supported by all fonts, so a template {{tl|angle bracket}} (shortcut {{tl|angbr}}) is used to ensure maximal compatibility. (Comment there if you're having problems.)

==Rendering issues==
&lt;!-- linked from [[Help:IPA/English]] --&gt;
IPA [[typeface]] support is increasing, and is now included in several typefaces such as the [[Times New Roman]] versions that come with various recent computer [[operating systems]]. [[Diacritic|Diacritics]] are not always properly rendered, however. IPA typefaces that are freely available online include [[Gentium]], several from the [[Summer Institute of Linguistics|SIL]] (such as [[Charis SIL]], and [[Doulos SIL]]), [[Dehuti]], [[DejaVu fonts|DejaVu Sans]], and [[Bitstream Cyberbit|TITUS Cyberbit]], which are all [[Free software Unicode typefaces|freely available]]; as well as commercial typefaces such as Brill, available from [[Brill Publishers]], and  [[Lucida Sans Unicode]] and [[Arial Unicode MS]], shipping with various [[Microsoft]] products. These all include several ranges of characters in addition to the IPA. Modern [[Web browser]]s generally do not need any configuration to display these symbols, provided that a typeface capable of doing so is available to the operating system.

Particularly, the following symbols may be shown improperly depending on your font:

{{Collapse top|title=Open-tail G}}
These two characters should look similar:
:{|class=wikitable
|-textalign=top
|&lt;big&gt;&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;/big&gt;
|[[file:opentail_g.svg|8px]]
|}
If in the box to the left you see the symbol [[File:ꞬMSReferenceSansSerif.png|12px]] rather than a lower-case open-tail g, you may be experiencing a well-known bug in the font ''MS Reference Sans Serif''; switching to another font may fix it.

On your current font: {{IPA|[ɡ]}},

and in several other fonts:
{{MFSample|[ɡ]}}
{{Collapse bottom}}

{{Collapse top|title=Small capital OE ligature}}
On macOS, iOS, and iPadOS, {{angbr IPA|ɶ}}, which is in small caps and represents an [[open front rounded vowel]], may appear the same as {{angbr IPA|œ}}, which is lowercase and represents a [[open-mid front rounded vowel]]. This occurs with the font [[Helvetica]] (which Apple users see on desktop) but not with [[San Francisco (sans-serif typeface)|San Francisco]] (the font Apple users see on mobile) as of iOS/iPadOS 16.
{{MFSample|ɶ}}
{{Collapse bottom}}

{{Collapse top|title=Greek chi}}
Some Android devices show {{angbr IPA|χ}}, the [[Chi (letter)|Greek chi]], which represents a [[voiceless uvular fricative]], as the same as {{angbr IPA|x}}, which represents a [[voiceless velar fricative]]:
{{MFSample|χ}}
{{Collapse bottom}}

{{Collapse top|title=Small capital inverted R}}
Apple's system font [[San Francisco (sans-serif typeface)|San Francisco]] has a bug that shows {{angbr IPA|ʁ}}, an inverted small capital R, which represents a [[voiced uvular fricative]], as a turned small capital R {{angbr IPA|ᴚ}}.
{{MFSample|ʁ}}
{{Collapse bottom}}

{{Collapse top|title=Tie bar}}
The ''tie bar'' is intended to cover both letters of an affricate or doubly articulated consonant. However, if your browser uses Arial Unicode MS to display IPA characters, the following incorrectly formed sequences (letter, letter, tie bar) may look better than the correct order (letter, tie bar, letter) due to a bug in that font:
:ts͡, tʃ͡, tɕ͡, dz͡, dʒ͡, dʑ͡, tɬ͡, kp͡, ɡb͡, ŋm͡.
Here is how the proper configuration displays in your default IPA font:
:{{IPA|t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m}},
and in several other fonts:
{{MFSample|t͡s, d͡z, t͡ʃ, d͡ʒ, t͡ɕ, d͡ʑ, t͡ɬ, k͡p, ɡ͡b, ŋ͡m}}
{{Collapse bottom}}

{{Collapse top|title=Angle brackets}}
True angle brackets, &amp;#x27E8; &amp;#x27E9;, are unsupported by several common fonts. Here is how they display in your default settings:
:⟨...⟩ (unformatted)
:{{IPA|⟨...⟩}} (default IPA font)
:⟨...⟩ (default Unicode font),
and in several specific fonts:
{{MFSample|⟨...⟩}}
{{Collapse bottom}}

==Computer input using on-screen keyboard==
Online IPA keyboard utilities are available and they cover a range of IPA symbols and diacritics:
*[https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/inter_chart_2018/IPA_2018.html IPA i-charts (2018)]
*[https://r12a.github.io/pickers/ipa/ IPA character picker]
*[http://ipa.typeit.org/full/ TypeIt.org]
*[https://westonruter.github.io/ipa-chart/keyboard/ IPA Chart Keyboard]

For [[iOS]] there are free IPA keyboard layouts, e.g. [https://apps.apple.com/de/app/ipa-phonetic-keyboard/id1440241497 IPA Phonetic Keyboard].

==See also==
*[[Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet]]
*[[Diphthong#Diphthongs in various languages|IPA charts for diphthongs in various languages]]
*[[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (pronunciation)#Entering IPA characters]]

==External links==
*[https://www.internationalphoneticassociation.org/IPAcharts/inter_chart_2018/IPA_2018.html Official interactive IPA chart with letter descriptions, audio, and input assist] {{spoken}}
*[http://web.uvic.ca/ling/resources/ipa/charts/IPAlab/IPAlab.htm IPA pronunciation chart with audio] {{spoken}}
*[https://sail.usc.edu/span/rtmri_ipa/ MRI videos of production of the sounds of the IPA charts] {{spoken}}
*[https://www.seeingspeech.ac.uk/ipa-charts/ Ultrasound and MRI videos of production of the sounds of the IPA charts] {{spoken}}
*[http://www.personal.psu.edu/ejp10/blogs/gotunicode/2008/09/getting-jaws-61-to-recognize-e.html Getting JAWS 6.1 to recognize &quot;exotic&quot; Unicode symbols] – for help on getting the [[screen reader]] [[JAWS (screen reader)|JAWS]] to read IPA symbols
*[http://ipa-reader.xyz/ IPA Reader] – web-based IPA synthesizer using [[Amazon Polly]]
**[[User:IagoQnsi/ipareader]] – user script using IPA Reader
*[https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/wikipedia-ipa-speaker/jkgihpigffcfeebgedpklldebdibbnne Wikipedia IPA Speaker] – Chrome extension

{{IPA keys}}
{{IPA navigation}}

[[Category:International Phonetic Alphabet help| ]]</text>
      <sha1>m04lqb769votge957eynsqgbjfzve4f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Russian</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>3924</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46590</id>
      <parentid>23397</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Russian]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Russian]]</comment>
      <origin>23397</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="25250" sha1="ggm8vjthx8n4chqy8ynca8hi8ubf8uw" xml:space="preserve">{{IPA key|H:IPA-RU}}
{{inline audio}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Russian language|Russian]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-ru}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft ([[palatalization (phonetics)|palatalized]]) consonants (both phonetically and orthographically). Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript ''j'', {{angbr IPA|ʲ}}, are pronounced with the body of the [[tongue]] raised toward the [[hard palate]], like the articulation of the ''y'' sound in ''yes''. In native words {{IPA|/j, ɕː, tɕ/}} are always soft, whereas {{IPA|/ʐ, ʂ, ts/}} are always hard.&lt;ref name=&quot;cdz&quot;/&gt;

See [[Russian phonology]] and [[Russian alphabet]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian. 

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align: top;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Consonant]]s
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Hard
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Palatalization (phonetics)|Soft]]
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|b}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-бок.ogg|ru|'''б'''ок|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|а'''п'''де́йт}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;
| '''b'''oot
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|bʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-белый.ogg|ru|'''б'''е́лый|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-бью.ogg|ru|'''бь'''ю|help=no}}
| '''b'''eautiful
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d̪|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-дать.ogg|ru|'''д'''ать|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-футбол.ogg|ru|фу'''т'''бо́л|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;
| '''d'''o
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|dʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-дело.ogg|ru|'''д'''е́ло|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-ходьба.ogg|ru|хо'''дь'''ба́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-женитьба.ogg|ru|жени́'''ть'''ба|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;
| me'''di'''a
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|dʐ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tie&quot;/&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-джип.ogg|ru|'''дж'''ип|help=no}}
| '''j'''ug
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|dʑ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tie&quot;/&gt;
| {{lang|ru|на'''ч'''ди́в}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-дочь бы.ogg|ru|до'''чь''' бы|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;
| '''j'''ig
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|dz}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tie&quot;/&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-плацдарм.ogg|ru|пла'''ц'''да́рм|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;
| la'''ds'''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|dzʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tie&quot;/&gt;
| {{lang|ru|'''дз'''юдо́}}&lt;ref name=&quot;cdz&quot;&gt;Even though {{IPA|/ts/}} and its voicing {{IPA|[dz]}} are considered to be exclusively hard consonants, they may be palatalized in certain words of foreign origin.&lt;/ref&gt;
| la'''d's''' young
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-форма.ogg|ru|'''ф'''о́рма|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-выставка.ogg|ru|вы́ста'''в'''ка|help=no}};&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt; {{audio-lang|Ru-боров.ogg|ru|бо́ро'''в'''|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;devoice&quot;/&gt;
| '''f'''ool
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|fʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-финал.ogg|ru|'''ф'''ина́л|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-верфь.ogg|ru|вер'''фь'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-кровь.ogg|ru|кро'''вь'''|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;devoice&quot;/&gt;
| '''f'''ew
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-год.ogg|ru|'''г'''од|help=no}};&lt;ref name=&quot;g2&quot;&gt;{{angbr|{{lang|ru|г}}}} is usually pronounced {{IPAblink|ɣ}} or (word-finally) {{IPAblink|x}} in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as {{lang|ru|'''Г'''оспо́дь}} {{IPA|[ɣɐsˈpotʲ]}} and {{audio-lang|Ru-бог.ogg|ru|Бо'''г'''|help=no}} {{IPA|[box]}}, and in the interjections {{audio-lang|Ru-ага.ogg|ru|а'''г'''а́|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-ого.ogg|ru|о'''г'''о́|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg|ru|'''Г'''о́споди|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-ей-богу_(ɣ).ogg|ru|ей-бо́'''г'''у|help=no}}, and also in {{audio-lang|LL-Q7737 (rus)-Cinemantique-бухгалтер.wav|ru|бу'''хг'''а́лтер|help=no}} {{IPA|[bʊˈɣaltʲɪr]}} {{Harvcol|Timberlake|2004|p=23}}. {{IPA|/ɡ/}} devoices and [[lenition|lenites]] to {{IPA|[x]}} before voiceless obstruents ([[dissimilation]]) in the word roots {{lang|ru|-мягк-}} or {{lang|ru|-мягч-}}, {{lang|ru|-легк-}} or {{lang|ru|-легч-}}, {{lang|ru|-тягч-}}, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of {{lang|ru|-ногт-}}, {{lang|ru|-когт-}}, {{lang|ru|кто}}. Speakers of the [[Southern Russian dialects]] may pronounce {{angbr|{{lang|ru|г}}}} as {{IPAblink|ɣ}} (soft {{IPAblink|ɣ̟|ɣʲ}}, devoiced {{IPAblink|x}} and {{IPAblink|x̟|xʲ}}) throughout.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;g&quot; /&gt; {{audio-lang|Ru-анекдот.ogg|ru|ане'''к'''до́т|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;
| '''g'''ood
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɡ˖|ɡʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-герой.ogg|ru|'''г'''еро́й|help=no}}
| ar'''g'''ue
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɣ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-господи (ɣ).ogg|ru|'''Г'''о́споди|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-ага.ogg|ru|а'''г'''а́|help=no}};&lt;ref name=&quot;g2&quot;/&gt; {{lang|ru|Бо'''г''' даст}}; {{lang|ru|ду'''х''' бодр}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;
| lo'''ch''' (''[[Scottish English|Scottish]]'') ''but voiced''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɣ̟|ɣʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|ru|дву'''х'''дверный}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;
| Lo'''ch''' Ewe (''[[Scottish English|Scottish]]'') ''but voiced''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; {{n/a}}
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-есть.ogg|ru|'''е'''сть|help=no}} {{IPA|[je-]}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-ёж.ogg|ru|'''ё'''ж|help=no}} {{IPA|[jɵ-]}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-юг.ogg|ru|'''ю'''г|help=no}} {{IPA|[ju-]}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-я.ogg|ru|'''я'''|help=no}} {{IPA|[ja]}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-майор.ogg|ru|ма'''й'''о́р|help=no}}&lt;ref&gt;The soft vowel letters {{angbr|{{lang|ru|е, ё, ю, я}}}} represent [[Iotation|iotated]] vowels {{IPA|/je, jo, ju, ja/}}, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for {{angbr|{{lang|ru|ё}}}}, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the {{IPA|/j/}} may not be present. The letter {{angbr|{{lang|ru|и}}}} produces iotated sound {{IPA|/ji/}} only after {{lang|ru|ь}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''y'''es
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-кость.ogg|ru|'''к'''ость|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-бегство.ogg|ru|бе́'''г'''ство|help=no}};&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt; {{audio-lang|Ru-флаг.ogg|ru|фла'''г'''|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;devoice&quot;/&gt;
| s'''c'''ar
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|k̟|kʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-кино.ogg|ru|'''к'''ино́|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|се'''кь'''ю́рити}}
| s'''k'''ew
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-луна.ogg|ru|'''л'''уна́|help=no}}&lt;ref&gt;{{IPA|/l/}} is often strongly [[pharyngealization|pharyngealized]] {{IPAblink|ɫ}}, but that feature is not distinctive {{Harvcol|Ladefoged|Maddieson|1996|p=187-188}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| pi'''ll'''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|lʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-лес.ogg|ru|'''л'''ес|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-боль.ogg|ru|бо'''ль'''|help=no}}
| fai'''l'''ure
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|m}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-мыло.ogg|ru|'''м'''ы́ло|help=no}}
| '''m'''oot
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|mʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-мясо.ogg|ru|'''м'''я́со|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-семь.ogg|ru|се'''мь'''|help=no}}
| '''m'''ute
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|n̪|n}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-нос.ogg|ru|'''н'''ос|help=no}}
| '''n'''oon
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|nʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-нёс.ogg|ru|'''н'''ёс|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-день.ogg|ru|де'''нь'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-кончик.ogg|ru|ко́'''н'''чик|help=no}}&lt;ref&gt;Alveolo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.&lt;/ref&gt;
| vi'''n'''yard
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-под.ogg|ru|'''п'''од|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-рыбка.ogg|ru|ры́'''б'''ка|help=no}};&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt; {{audio-lang|Ru-зуб.ogg|ru|зу'''б'''|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;devoice&quot;&gt;The voiced obstruents {{IPA|/b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/}}&lt;!-- ʑː can't be word-final --&gt; are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent {{Harvcol|Halle|1959|p=22}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| s'''p'''an
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|pʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-пепел.ogg|ru|'''п'''е́'''п'''ел|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-цепь.ogg|ru|це'''пь'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-зыбь.ogg|ru|зы'''бь'''|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;devoice&quot;/&gt;
| s'''p'''ew
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɾ|r}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-раз.ogg|ru|'''р'''аз|help=no}}
| ''[[Alveolar flap|flapped]] or [[alveolar trill|trilled r]], like in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|rʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-ряд.ogg|ru|'''р'''яд|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-зверь.ogg|ru|зве'''рь'''|help=no}}
| ''flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|s̪|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-собака.ogg|ru|'''с'''оба́ка|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-сказка.ogg|ru|ска́'''з'''ка|help=no}};&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt; {{audio-lang|Ru-глаз.ogg|ru|гла'''з'''|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;devoice&quot;/&gt;
| '''s'''oup
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|sʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-синий.ogg|ru|'''с'''и́ний|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-здесь.ogg|ru|зде'''сь'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-есть.ogg|ru|е'''с'''ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-грызть.ogg|ru|гры'''з'''ть|help=no}};&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt; {{audio-lang|Ru-резь.ogg|ru|ре'''зь'''|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;devoice&quot;/&gt;
| a'''ss'''ume (''RP'')
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʂ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-широкий.ogg|ru|'''ш'''иро́кий|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-книжка.ogg|ru|кни́'''ж'''ка|help=no}};&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt; {{audio-lang|Ru-муж.ogg|ru|му'''ж'''|help=no}};&lt;ref name=&quot;devoice&quot;/&gt; {{audio-lang|Ru-что (што).ogg|ru|'''ч'''то|help=no}}&lt;ref&gt;Most speakers pronounce {{angbr|{{lang|ru|ч}}}} in the pronoun {{lang|ru|что}} and its derivatives as {{IPA|[ʂ]}}. All other occurrences of {{lang|ru|чт}} cluster stay as affricate and stop.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ru'''sh'''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɕ|ɕː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-щека.ogg|ru|'''щ'''ека́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-считать.ogg|ru|'''сч'''ита́ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-мужчина.ogg|ru|му'''жч'''и́на|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;щ&quot;&gt;{{angbr|{{lang|ru|щ}}}} is sometimes pronounced as {{IPA|[ɕː]}} or {{IPA|[ɕɕ]}} and sometimes as {{IPA|[ɕtɕ]}}, but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. This generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word {{lang|ru|'''сч'''и́тывать}} sometimes has {{IPA|[ɕtɕ]}} because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix {{angbr|{{lang|ru|с-}}}} and the root {{angbr|{{lang|ru|-чит-}}}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| wi'''sh sh'''eep&lt;!-- Not fre'''sh ch'''eese, which is a &quot;clearly obsolete&quot; pronunciation (Yanushevskaya &amp; Bunčić (2015:223–224)). --&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t̪|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-то.ogg|ru|'''т'''о|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-водка.ogg|ru|во́'''д'''ка|help=no}};&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;&gt;Consonants in consonant clusters are [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilated]] in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except {{IPA|[v, vʲ]}}). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced {{Harvcol|Halle|1959|p=31}}.&lt;/ref&gt; {{audio-lang|Ru-лёд.ogg|ru|лё'''д'''|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;devoice&quot;/&gt;
| s'''t'''and
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|tʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-тень.ogg|ru|'''т'''ень|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-дитя.ogg|ru|ди'''т'''я́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-путь.ogg|ru|пу'''ть'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-грудь.ogg|ru|гру'''дь'''|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;devoice&quot;/&gt;
| s'''t'''ew (''RP'')
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ts}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tie&quot;&gt;The [[affricate]]s {{IPA|[ts]}}, {{IPA|[tɕ]}}, and {{IPA|[tʂ]}} (and their voiced counterparts {{IPA|[dz]}}, {{IPA|[dʑ]}}, and {{IPA|[dʐ]}}) are sometimes written with [[ligature tie]]s: {{IPA|[t͡s]}}, {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}, and {{IPA|[t͡ʂ]}} ({{IPA|[d͡z]}}, {{IPA|[d͡ʑ]}}, and {{IPA|[d͡ʐ]}}). Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-цена.ogg|ru|'''ц'''ена́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-нравиться.ogg|ru|нра́ви'''тьс'''я|help=no}}
| ca'''ts'''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|tsʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tie&quot;/&gt;
| {{lang|ru|'''Ц'''ю́рих}}&lt;ref name=&quot;cdz&quot;/&gt;
| ca'''t's''' young
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|tʂ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tie&quot;/&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-колледж.ogg|ru|ко́лле'''дж'''|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;devoice&quot;/&gt;
| '''ch'''op
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|tɕ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tie&quot;/&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-чай.ogg|ru|'''ч'''ай|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-течь.ogg|ru|те'''чь'''|help=no}}
| '''ch'''ip
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|v}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-вы.ogg|ru|'''в'''ы|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|е'''г'''о́}};&lt;ref name=&quot;g&quot;&gt;Intervocalic {{angbr|{{lang|ru|г}}}} represents {{IPA|/v/}} in certain words ({{audio-lang|Ru-сегодня.ogg|ru|се'''г'''о́дня|help=no}}, {{audio-lang|Ru-сегодняшний.ogg|ru|се'''г'''о́дняшний|help=no}}, {{lang|ru|ито'''г'''о́}} &lt;!-- audio needed {{audio-lang|Ru-итого.ogg|ru|ито'''г'''о́|help=no}} --&gt;), and in the genitive suffix {{lang|ru|-ого/-его}} {{Harvcol|Timberlake|2004|p=23}}.&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang|ru|а'''ф'''га́н}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;
| '''v'''oodoo
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|vʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-весь.ogg|ru|'''в'''есь|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-вьюга.ogg|ru|'''вь'''ю́га|help=no}}
| '''v'''iew
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|x}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-ход.ogg|ru|'''х'''од|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-бог.ogg|ru|Бо'''г'''|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;g2&quot;/&gt;
| lo'''ch''' (''[[Scottish English|Scottish]]''); u'''gh'''
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|x̟|xʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-хитрый.ogg|ru|'''х'''и́трый|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|'''Хь'''ю́стон}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-лёгкий.ogg|ru|лё'''г'''кий|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;g2&quot;/&gt;
| '''h'''uge (''for some dialects'')
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|z̪|z}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-зуб.ogg|ru|'''з'''уб|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-сбор.ogg|ru|'''с'''бор|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;
| '''z'''oo
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|zʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-зима.ogg|ru|'''з'''има́|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|ре'''зь'''ба́}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-жизнь.ogg|ru|жи'''з'''нь|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-просьба.ogg|ru|про́'''сь'''ба|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;
| pre'''s'''ume (''RP'')
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʐ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-жест.ogg|ru|'''ж'''ест|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|ке'''ш'''бэ́к}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;
| ''roughly like'' rou'''g'''e
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʑ|ʑː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;!-- not geminate: {{audio-lang|Ru-жюри.ogg|ru|'''ж'''юри|help=no}}; --&gt;{{audio-lang|Ru-позже.ogg|ru|по́'''зж'''е|help=no}};&lt;ref&gt;Geminated {{IPAblink|ʐ|ʐː}} is pronounced as soft {{IPAblink|ʑ|ʑː}}, the voiced counterpart to {{IPAblink|ɕ|ɕː}}, in a few lexical items (such as {{lang|ru|дро́'''жж'''и}} or {{lang|ru|зае'''зж'''а́ть}}) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete ({{Harvcoltxt|Yanushevskaya|Bunčić|2015|p=224}}).&lt;/ref&gt; {{lang|ru|ве'''щ'''до́к}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot;/&gt;
| presti'''ge g'''enre
|-
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | Stressed [[vowel]]s
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{abbr|[-soft]|Not surrounded by soft consonants}}
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{abbr|[+soft]|After and/or before soft consonants}}
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-трава.ogg|ru|трав'''а́'''|help=no}}
| f'''a'''ther ([[Australian English]])
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|æ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-пять.ogg|ru|п'''я'''ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-часть.ogg|ru|ч'''а́'''сть|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;palatalized vowel&quot;&gt;Vowels are [[Relative articulation#Advanced and retracted|fronted]] and/or [[Relative articulation#Raised and lowered vowels|raised]] in the context of palatalized consonants: {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} become {{IPA|[æ]}} and {{IPA|[ʉ]}}, respectively between palatalized consonants, {{IPA|/e/}} is realized as {{IPA|[e]}} before and between palatalized consonants and {{IPA|/o/}} becomes {{IPA|[ɵ]}} after and between palatalized consonants.&lt;/ref&gt;
| p'''a'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɛ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;!-- Linking to a vowel article isn't appropriate here since this character is used here to represent both an open-mid and a mid vowel, depending on context --&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-жест.ogg|ru|ж'''е'''ст|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-этот.ogg|ru|'''э́'''тот|help=no}}
| m'''e'''t
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|e}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-пень.ogg|ru|п'''е'''нь|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-этика.ogg|ru|'''э́'''тика|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;palatalized vowel&quot; /&gt;
|  m'''a'''ce
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɨ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-ты.ogg|ru|т'''ы'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-шишка.ogg|ru|ш'''и́'''шка|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|с{{nbsp}}'''и́'''грами}}
| ros'''e'''s (''for some [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects|dialects]]'')
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-линия.ogg|ru|л'''и́'''ния|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-или.ogg|ru|'''и́'''ли|help=no}} 
| m'''ee'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|o̞|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-облако.ogg|ru|'''о́'''блако|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-шёпот.ogg|ru|ш'''ё'''пот|help=no}}
| ch'''o'''re
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɵ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-тётя.ogg|ru|т'''ё'''тя|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-плечо.ogg|ru|плеч'''о́'''|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;palatalized vowel&quot; /&gt;
| f'''oo'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-пуля.ogg|ru|п'''у́'''ля|help=no}}
| c'''oo'''l
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʉ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-чуть.ogg|ru|ч'''у'''ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-люди.ogg|ru|л'''ю́'''ди|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;palatalized vowel&quot; /&gt;
| ch'''oo'''se
|-
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; |  [[Vowel reduction in Russian|Unstressed vowels]]
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{abbr|[-soft]|Not surrounded by soft consonants}}
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{abbr|[+soft]|After and/or before soft consonants}}
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ə}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-кожа.ogg|ru|ко́ж'''а'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-облако.ogg|ru|о́бл'''а'''к'''о'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-сердце.ogg|ru|се́рдц'''е'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-собирать.ogg|ru|с'''о'''бира́ть|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ao&quot;&gt;Unstressed {{IPA|/a/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} regularly lose their contrast, being pronounced {{IPA|[ɐ]}} in word-initial position, as well as when in a sequence, and {{IPA|[ə]}} in posttonic position (i.e. after the stress); in non-initial pretonic position (i.e. before the stress) they are reduced to {{IPA|[ɐ]}} only immediately before the stress, being realized {{IPA|[ə]}} otherwise.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''a'''bout
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ə}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;!-- {{audio-lang|Ru-шея.ogg|ru|ше́'''я'''|help=no}}; --&gt;{{audio-lang|Ru-воля.ogg|ru|во́л'''я'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-сегодня.ogg|ru|сего́дн'''я'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-куча.ogg|ru|ку́ч'''а'''|help=no}}&lt;ref&gt;Only in certain word-final morphemes {{Harvcol|Timberlake|2004|p=48-51}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| lasagn'''a'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɐ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-облака.ogg&lt;!-- This filename is ambiguous with the genitive singular form, о́блака. --&gt;|ru|'''о'''бл'''а'''ка́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-какой.ogg|ru|к'''а'''ко́й|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-соображать.ogg|ru|с'''оо'''бр'''а'''жа́ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-тропа.ogg|ru|тр'''о'''па́|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ao&quot;/&gt;
| b'''u'''d
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɪ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | {{audio-lang|Ru-лиса.ogg|ru|л'''и'''са́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-четыре.ogg|ru|ч'''е'''ты́р'''е'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-тяжёлый.ogg|ru|т'''я'''жёлый|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-девять.ogg|ru|де́в'''я'''ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-часы.ogg|ru|ч'''а'''сы́|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;a&quot;&gt;Unstressed {{IPA|/a/}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[ɪ]}} after {{angbr|{{lang|ru|ч}}}} and {{angbr|{{lang|ru|щ}}}} except when word-final.{{Citation needed|reason=Apart from the missing source: there are «йа» and «йя» cases like «Ма́йя»; then word final ones like «ку́ча, гу́ща». None have [ɪ]. OTOH, there is «чистота́/частота́» homophones pair.|date=July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | b'''i'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɛ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|ru|т'''е'''тра́'''э'''др; по'''э'''те́сса}}&lt;ref name=&quot;foreign&quot;&gt;In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/o/}} in words of foreign origin may be pronounced with little or no reduction.&lt;/ref&gt;
| m'''e'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɨ̞|ɨ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-дышать.ogg|ru|д'''ы'''ша́ть|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-жена.ogg|ru|ж'''е'''на́|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-воды.ogg|ru|во́д'''ы'''|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-этап.ogg|ru|'''э'''та́п|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|к{{nbsp}}'''И'''ва́ну}}
| ros'''e'''s (''for some [[International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects|dialects]]'')
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|o̞|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-радио.ogg|ru|ра́ди'''о'''|help=no}}; {{lang|ru|п'''о'''эте́сса}}&lt;ref name=&quot;foreign&quot; /&gt;
| ch'''o'''re
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɵ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|ru|ма́ч'''о'''}}; {{lang|ru|с'''ё'''рфинги́ст}}&lt;ref name=&quot;palatalized vowel&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;foreign2&quot;&gt;Unstressed {{IPA|[ɵ]}} only occurs in words of foreign origin.&lt;/ref&gt;
| f'''oo'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʊ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-мужчина.ogg|ru|м'''у'''жчи́на|help=no}}
| p'''u'''ll
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʉ̞|ʉ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{audio-lang|Ru-чудесный.ogg|ru|ч'''у'''де́сный|help=no}}; {{audio-lang|Ru-любить.ogg|ru|л'''ю'''би́ть|help=no}}&lt;ref name=&quot;palatalized vowel&quot; /&gt;
| '''you'''th
|-
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Segment (linguistics)#Suprasegmentals|Suprasegmental]]
|-
! IPA
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Example
! colspan=&quot;4&quot; | Explanation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ˈ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{audio-lang|Ru-четыре.ogg|ru|четы'''́'''ре|help=no}} {{IPA|[tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ]}}
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Stress (linguistics)|stress mark]], placed before the stressed syllable
|-
| style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{audio-lang|Ru-сзади.ogg|ru|'''сз'''а́ди|help=no}} {{IPA|[ˈzːadʲɪ]}}&lt;ref name=&quot;voice&quot; /&gt;
| colspan=&quot;4&quot; | [[Gemination|consonant length mark]], placed after the geminated consonant
|}</text>
      <sha1>ggm8vjthx8n4chqy8ynca8hi8ubf8uw</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>A̱sari̱diniya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>3949</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46611</id>
      <parentid>43939</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:49:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>46611</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="2852" sha1="bdy0h0nopxsotw83ujxen45ogdtpt96" xml:space="preserve">{{1}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Ca̱caat|[[A̱sari̱diniya/Ca̱crak|Ca̱crak]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[A̱sari̱diniya/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[A̱sari̱diniya/Gworog|Gworog]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[A̱sari̱diniya/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Ta̱kad|[[A̱sari̱diniya/Ta̱kad|Ta̱kad]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tuku|[[A̱sari̱diniya/Tuku|Tuku]]}}
{{2}}
{{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}}
{{Databox}} 
'''A̱sari̱diniya''' ba,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sardinia {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/spain-portugal-italy-greece-and-balkans/italian-political-geography/sardinia |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; ({{lang-sc|Sardos}} or {{Lang|sc|Sardus}}; [[Italya (a̱lyem)|Italya]] ma̱ng [[Sassarese (a̱lyem)|Sassarese]]: ''Sardi''; [[Gallurese (a̱balyem)|Gallurese]]: ''Saldi''), yet [[nwap]] ja ji̱ lyiat [[Roman (a̱lyem)|a̱lyem Roman]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Minahan&quot; /&gt; ji̱ neet ma̱ a̱byin [[Sari̱diniya]] a̱ni,&lt;ref&gt;«Sardi: indigeni, qui in Sardinia nati sunt.» (&quot;Sardinians: the indigenous people who are born on the island of Sardinia.&quot;) Robert Estienne, 1583, ''Dictionarium, seu Latinae linguae Thesaurus, Robert Estienne'', Q-Z, v.III&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;«From the strictly anthropological point of view, namely, an ethnic group distinguished by language, characteristics and culture.» {{cite book|title=Ethnic culture, language and poetry in Sardinia, part one. Scripta Mediterranea. Bulletin of the Society for Mediterranean Studies|year=1980|page=46}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;«Sardinians form an ethnic minority since they show a strong awareness of being an indigenous group with a language and culture of their own.» {{cite book|title=Aspects of multilingualism in European language history|author=Kurt Braunmüller, Gisella Ferraresi|page=238|year=2003|publisher=University of Hamburg. John Benjamins Publishing Company|place=Amsterdam/Philadelphia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Danver, Steven L. ''Native Peoples of the World: An Encyclopedia of Groups, Cultures and Contemporary Issues'', 2012, pp.370-371&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Lang, Peter; Petricioli, Marta. ''L’Europe Méditerranéenne'', pp.201-254&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Masti&quot; /&gt; a̱ji wa a̱byin kyai a̱sa̱khwot ka̱ shyia̱ di̱ fam jenshyung [[Kyai A̱sa̱khwot Meditaroniya|Meditaroniya]] hu ma̱ng fam ku nyia̱ tyok a̱pyia̱ nhu mi̱ [[Italiya]] ku shyia̱ a̱lyoot nhu ka.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Sardinia {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/places/spain-portugal-italy-greece-and-balkans/italian-political-geography/sardinia |access-date=2022-03-16 |website=www.encyclopedia.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[[Jeffrey Cole|Cole, Jeffrey]]. ''Ethnic Groups of Europe: An Encyclopedia'', pp.321-325&lt;/ref&gt;

==A̱ya̱fang==
{{Reflist}}

[[Sa:Italiya]]
[[Sa:Nnwap Yurop]]</text>
      <sha1>bdy0h0nopxsotw83ujxen45ogdtpt96</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Romanian</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>3959</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46588</id>
      <parentid>23593</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Romanian]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Romanian]]</comment>
      <origin>23593</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7772" sha1="1gub54sr9241jjvxm9io2qpdz1rotvk" xml:space="preserve">{{IPA key|H:IPA-RO|H:IPANR}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Romanian language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA-ro}}, {{tl|IPAc-ro}} and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Romanian phonology]] and [[Romanian alphabet]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Romanian.

{| style=&quot;background: none&quot;
|
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=3 | [[Consonant]]s
|-
![[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples in Romanian || English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|b}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''b'''an'' || a'''b'''out
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''d'''op'' || to'''d'''ay
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|dʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;affricate&quot;&gt;The [[affricate]]s may be written more precisely with tie-bars: {{IPAblink|t͡s}}, {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}}, {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}, but they are omitted in transcriptions as they do not display correctly in all browsers. However, the affricates contrast with the plosive–fricative sequences: {{IPA|[}}{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}{{IPAlink|s}}{{IPA|]}}, {{IPA|[}}{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}{{IPAlink|ʃ}}{{IPA|]}} and {{IPA|[}}{{IPAlink|d̪|d}}{{IPAlink|ʒ}}{{IPA|]}}. Usually, the spelling of the Romanian word indicates the pronunciation, with the affricates spelled ''ț, c, g'', with one letter, and the sequences spelled ''ts, tș, dj'', with two. However, personal names are the most common exceptions.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''''g'''er'' || '''g'''ender
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''f'''oc'' || '''f'''ace
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''g'''ol'', ''un'''gh'''ie'' || a'''g'''ain
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|h}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''h'''orn'' || '''h'''at
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''c'''al'', '''''ch'''ip'', '''''k'''ilogram'', '''''q'''uasar'' || s'''k'''ip
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''l'''ună'' || '''l'''ove
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|m}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''m'''ic'' || '''m'''oon
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|n̪|n}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''n'''or'' || '''n'''ame
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ŋ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Not a separate phoneme but an allophone of {{IPA|/n/}} before [[velar consonant|velars]].&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''lu'''n'''g'' || lo'''ng'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''p'''as'' || s'''p'''an
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|r}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''r'''ac'', ''ma'''r'''e''
|| cu'''r'''d (''[[Scottish English]]'')
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|s̪|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''s'''are'' || '''s'''un
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''ș'''arpe'' || '''sh'''ape
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|t̪|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''t'''are'' || s'''t'''op
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|t̪͡s̪|ts}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;affricate&quot;/&gt;
| '''''ț'''ară'' || ca'''ts'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|tʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;affricate&quot;/&gt;
| '''''c'''er'' || '''ch'''oose
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|v}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''v'''al'', '''''w'''att'' || '''v'''oice
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|z̪|z}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''z'''id'' || '''z'''one
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''j'''ar'' || mea'''s'''ure
|-
! colspan=3 | Non-native consonants
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''Sali'''gn'''y'' || ''roughly like'' ca'''ny'''on
|}
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
!colspan=3 | [[Vowel]]s
|-
![[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples in Romanian || English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''a'''pă'' || ''roughly like'' f'''a'''ther
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|e̞|e}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''e'''rou'' || ''roughly like'' b'''e'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ə}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''român'''ă''''' || '''a'''bout
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''i'''nel'', ''m'''i'''e'' || b'''ee'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɨ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''î'''nspre'', ''c'''â'''rnat'' || ros'''e'''s (''for some [[IPA chart for English dialects|English dialects]]'')
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|o̞|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''''o'''raș'' || l'''aw''' (''[[British English]]'')
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|u}}&lt;/big&gt;|| '''''u'''da'', ''d'''u'''al'' || f'''oo'''l
|-
!colspan=3 | Non-native vowels
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɑ̃}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''H'''en'''ri'' || r'''en'''dez-vous, ''roughly like'' '''on'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɛ̃}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''chem'''in''' de fer'' || coq au v'''in''', ''roughly like'' m'''an'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ø̞|ø}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''bl'''eu''''', ''l'''oe'''ss'', ''chemin d'''e''' fer'' || ''roughly like'' s'''i'''r
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|y}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''ecr'''u''''', ''f'''ü'''rer'' || ''roughly like'' f'''ew'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Semivowel]]s&lt;ref name=&quot;semivowels&quot;&gt;The approximants {{IPA|/j/}} and {{IPA|/w/}} can appear before and after vowels, including the diphthongs {{IPA|/e̯a/}} and {{IPA|/o̯a/}}, in almost any combination.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
![[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! Examples in Romanian || English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
|'''''i'''arnă'', ''cre'''i'''oane'', ''ra'''i''''', '''''y'''oga''
|'''y'''ou ''or'' bo'''y'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|w}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''băcă'''u'''an'', ''dulă'''u''''', [[Twitter|''T'''w'''itter'']]
|'''w'''ine ''or'' co'''w'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Diphthong]]s&lt;ref name=&quot;semivowels&quot;/&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|e̯a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''b'''ea'''tă'', [[Andreea|''Andre'''ea''''']]
|[[non-syllabic|short]] {{IPAblink|e̞|e}} followed by full {{IPAblink|ä|a}}; similar to '''''ya'''rd''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|e̯o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''vr'''eo'''''
|[[non-syllabic|short]] {{IPAblink|e̞|e}} followed by full {{IPAblink|o̞|o}}; similar to '''''yaw'''n''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|o̯a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''f'''oa'''rte'', ''gă'''oa'''ce''
|[[non-syllabic|short]] {{IPAblink|o̞|o}} followed by full {{IPAblink|ä|a}}; similar to '''''wa'''gon''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right:  #fff solid 1px&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
|-
!colspan=3| Other symbols
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples !! Explanation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ˈ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''dulău'' {{IPA|[duˈləw]}}
| [[Stress (linguistics)|primary stress]] (placed before the stressed syllable)
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ˌ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''extraordinar'' {{IPA|[ˌekstra.ordiˈnar]}}
| [[secondary stress]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|.}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ''mie'' {{IPA|[ˈmi.e]}}
| syllable marker, generally used between vowels in [[hiatus (linguistics)|hiatus]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; |&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʲ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pal&quot;&gt;Palatalization occurs only with a single final ''i''.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''rup'''i''''' {{IPA|[ˈrupʲ]}}
| [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]] (placed after the palatalized consonant)
|}
|}

==Notes==
&lt;references/&gt;

==References==
*{{citation
|last=Chițoran
|first=Ioana
|year=2001
|title=The Phonology of Romanian: A Constraint-based Approach
|place=Berlin &amp; New York
|publisher=Mouton de Gruyter
|isbn=3110167662
}}

{{IPA keys}}</text>
      <sha1>1gub54sr9241jjvxm9io2qpdz1rotvk</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Standard German</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>5192</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46596</id>
      <parentid>30021</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Standard German]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Standard German]]</comment>
      <origin>30021</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="21185" sha1="5rhbaj6pmtztrecw4wh5pzlyectzm0g" xml:space="preserve">{{IPA key|H:IPA-DE|H:IPAG|sort=German}}

The charts below show the way [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents Standard [[German language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]] and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Standard German phonology]] and {{section link|German orthography|Grapheme-to-phoneme correspondences}} for a more thorough look at the sounds of German.

{| style=&quot;background:none&quot;
|- style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot;
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Consonant]]s
|-
! {{abbr|DE|German Standard German}} !! {{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}} !! {{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}
! Examples !! English approximation
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|b}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''b'''ei;&lt;ref name=&quot;fortislenis&quot;&gt;In Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German, the lenis obstruents {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ, dʒ, ʒ/}} are voiceless {{IPA|[b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊]}} and are distinguished from {{IPA|/p, t, k, tʃ, ʃ/}} only by articulatory strength ({{IPA|/v/}} is really voiced, and {{IPA|/s/}} is the only alveolar fricative). The distinction is also retained word-finally. In German Standard German, voiceless {{IPA|[b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, z̥, d̥ʒ̊, ʒ̊]}} as well as {{IPA|[v̥]}} occur allophonically after fortis obstruents and, for {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}}, often also word-initially. See [[fortis and lenis]].&lt;/ref&gt; a'''b'''}} ({{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}})&lt;ref name=&quot;devoicing&quot;/&gt;
| '''b'''all
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center; background:gray&quot; |
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|c}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''Ch'''ina, Leipzi'''g'''}} ({{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}})
| '''c'''ute
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ç}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|i'''ch''', dur'''ch''';&lt;ref name=&quot;dorsalfricatives&quot;&gt;{{IPAblink|ç}} and {{IPAblink|x}} belong to one phoneme traditionally transcribed {{IPA|/x/}}. The velar allophone appears after back vowels and {{IPA|/a, aː/}} and it may instead be uvular {{IPAblink|χ}}, depending on the variety and speaker. In this guide, the difference between velar and uvular allophones is ignored and both are written with {{angbr IPA|x}}.&lt;/ref&gt; '''Ch'''ina, Leipzi'''g'''}} ({{abbr|DE|German Standard German}})
| '''h'''ue
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''d'''ann; Klei'''d'''}} ({{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}})&lt;ref name=&quot;devoicing&quot;/&gt;
| '''d'''one
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''f'''ür, '''v'''on, '''Ph'''änomen}}
| '''f'''uss
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''g'''ut; Ta'''g'''}} ({{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}})&lt;ref name=&quot;devoicing&quot;/&gt;
| '''g'''uest
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|h}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''h'''at}}
| '''h'''ut
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''J'''ahr, '''Y'''o-'''Y'''o}}
| '''y'''ard
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''k'''ann, '''c'''remen, se'''ch'''s; Ta'''g'''}} ({{abbr|DE|German Standard German}});&lt;ref name=&quot;devoicing&quot;&gt;In German Standard German, voiced stops {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ/}} are devoiced to {{IPA|[p, t, k]}} at the end of a syllable.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''c'''old
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''L'''eben}}
| '''l'''ast
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|l̩}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Mant'''el'''}}
| bott'''le'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|m}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''M'''ann}}
| '''m'''ust
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|m̩}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|groß'''em'''}}
| rhyth'''m'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|n}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''N'''ame}}
| '''n'''ot
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|n̩}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|beid'''en'''}}
| sudd'''en'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ŋ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|la'''ng'''}}
| lo'''ng'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''P'''erson, a'''b'''}} ({{abbr|DE|German Standard German}})&lt;ref name=&quot;devoicing&quot; /&gt;
| '''p'''uck
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|pf}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''Pf'''effer}}
| cu'''pf'''ul
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʁ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|r}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''r'''eden}}&lt;ref name=&quot;r-allophones&quot;&gt;Pronunciation of {{IPA|/r/}} in German varies according to region and speaker. While older prescriptive pronunciation dictionaries allowed only {{IPA|[r]}}, that pronunciation is now found mainly in Switzerland, [[Bavaria]] and Austria. In other regions, the uvular pronunciation prevails, mainly as a fricative/approximant {{IPA|[ʁ]}}. In many regions except for most parts of Switzerland, the {{IPA|/r/}} in the [[syllable coda]] is vocalized to {{IPA|[ɐ̯]}} after long vowels or after all vowels (in this guide {{IPA|[ɐ̯]}} is used only after long vowels, following the pronunciation dictionaries), and {{IPA|/ər/}} is pronounced as {{IPA|[ɐ]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{abbr|DE|German Standard German}}: ''French'' '''r'''ouge&lt;br/&gt;{{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: ''[[Scottish English|Scottish]]'' '''r'''ed
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|la'''ss'''en, gro'''ß''', Hau'''s'''}}
| fa'''s'''t
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''sch'''on, '''S'''tadt, '''s'''pitz, '''Ch'''ampagner, '''Sk'''i}}
| '''sh'''all
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''T'''ag, Sta'''dt'''; Klei'''d'''}} ({{abbr|DE|German Standard German}})&lt;ref name=&quot;devoicing&quot; /&gt;
| '''t'''all
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ts}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''Z'''eit, Pla'''tz''', Po'''ts'''dam, '''C'''elle}}
| ca'''ts'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|tʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Ma'''tsch''', '''C'''ello}}
| ma'''tch'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|v}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''w'''as, '''V'''ase}}&lt;ref name=&quot;fortislenis&quot;/&gt;
| '''v'''anish
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|x}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|na'''ch'''}}&lt;ref name=&quot;dorsalfricatives&quot;/&gt;
| ''Scottish'' lo'''ch'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|z}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''S'''ie, die'''s'''e}}&lt;ref name=&quot;fortislenis&quot; /&gt;
| {{abbr|DE|Standard German}}: '''z'''ebra&lt;br /&gt;{{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}, {{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: '''s'''oup
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; background:gray&quot; |
| {{lang|de|beamtet}} {{IPA|[bəˈʔamtət]}}&lt;ref&gt;The glottal stop occurs in [[German Standard German]]. It is not transcribed phrase-initially, where it is just as likely to be used in English as it is in German. Word- and phrase-internal glottal stops are transcribed. [[Austrian German|Austrian]] or [[Swiss Standard German]] do not have glottal stops ({{harvnb|Krech et al.|2009|pp=236, 262}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
| uh'''-'''oh!
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Non-native consonants
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|dʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''Dsch'''ungel, Pi'''dg'''in}}&lt;ref name=&quot;fortislenis&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;postalveolarlenis&quot;&gt;Many speakers lack the lenis {{IPA|/ʒ/}} and replace it with its fortis counterpart {{IPA|/ʃ/}} ({{harvnb|Hall|2003|p=42}}). The same applies to the corresponding lenis {{IPA|/dʒ/}}, which also tends to be replaced with its fortis counterpart {{IPA|/tʃ/}}. According to the prescriptive standard, such pronunciations are not correct.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''j'''ungle
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ð}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Mo'''th'''erboard}}&lt;ref name=&quot;th&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/ð/}} and {{IPA|/θ/}}, occurring in English loans, may be substituted with any of {{IPA|/d, z, v/}} and {{IPA|/t, s, f/}}, respectively.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''th'''is
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɹ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Sp'''r'''ay}}&lt;ref&gt;Used in some loanwords from English, especially by younger speakers.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''r'''ice
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|θ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''Th'''atcherismus}}&lt;ref name=&quot;th&quot;/&gt;
| '''th'''ink
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|w}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''W'''eb, '''W'''hiskey, Sq'''u'''ash}}&lt;ref&gt;Often replaced with {{IPA|/v/}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| '''w'''eb
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''G'''enie, Entoura'''g'''e}}&lt;ref name=&quot;fortislenis&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;postalveolarlenis&quot;/&gt;
| plea'''s'''ure
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ˈ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | {{lang|de|'''Bahn'''hof'''stra'''ße}}&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|[ˈbaːnhoːfˌʃtʁaːsə]}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | battleship {{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|æ|t|əl|ˌ|ʃ|ɪ|p}}
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ˌ}}&lt;/big&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Syllabification|Syllable break]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|.}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Ephr'''ai'''m}}&lt;br /&gt;{{IPA|[ˈeːfra.ɪm]}}
| flower {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|l|aʊ|.|ər}} ''(contrasting with'' flour {{IPAc-en|ˈ|f|l|aʊr}}'')''
|}
|
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Vowel]]s
|-
! {{abbr|DE|German Standard German}} !! {{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}} !! {{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}
! Examples !! English approximation
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Monophthong]]s
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''a'''lles, K'''a'''lender}}
| f'''a'''ther, ''but short''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ä|aː}}&lt;/big&gt; 
| {{lang|de|'''a'''ber, s'''ah''', St'''aa'''t}}
| f'''a'''ther
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɛ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''E'''nde, h'''ä'''tte}}
| b'''e'''t
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɛː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|sp'''ä'''t, w'''äh'''len}}&lt;ref&gt;In [[Northern Germany]], {{IPA|/ɛː/}} often merges with {{IPA|/eː/}} to {{IPAblink|eː}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' h'''air'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|eː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''e'''ben, g'''eh'''en, M'''ee'''r}}
| m'''a'''te
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɪ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''i'''st}}
| s'''i'''t
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|iː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|l'''ie'''be, Berl'''i'''n, '''ih'''m}}
| s'''ee'''d
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɔ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|k'''o'''mmen}}
| '''o'''ff
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|oː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''o'''der, h'''oh'''e, B'''oo'''t}}
| st'''o'''ry
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|œ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''ö'''ffnen}}
| ''somewhat like'' h'''ur'''t; ''[[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' '''ugh'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|øː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''Ö'''sterreich, M'''öh'''re, adi'''eu'''}}
| ''somewhat like'' h'''ear'''d
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʊ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''u'''nd}}
| p'''u'''ll
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|uː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|H'''u'''t, K'''uh'''}}
| t'''oo'''l
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʏ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|m'''ü'''ssen, '''Y'''psilon}}
| ''somewhat like'' c'''u'''te
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|yː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''ü'''ber, M'''üh'''e, ps'''y'''chisch}}
| ''somewhat like'' f'''ew'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Diphthong]]s
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|aɪ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''ei'''n, K'''ai'''ser, H'''ay'''dn, Verl'''eih''', Sp'''ey'''er}}
| h'''igh'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|aʊ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''au'''f}}
| v'''ow'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɔʏ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''Eu'''ro, H'''äu'''ser}}
| ch'''oi'''ce
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Vowel reduction|Reduced vowels]]
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɐ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ər}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|imm'''er'''}}&lt;ref name=&quot;r-allophones&quot; /&gt;
| {{abbr|DE|German Standard German}}, {{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}: fr'''u'''stration&lt;br/&gt;{{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: ''Scottish'' lett'''er'''&lt;ref name=&quot;schwas&quot;&gt;As several other Germanic languages, Standard German has mid {{IPAblink|ə}} and open {{IPAblink|ɐ}} schwas. Care must be taken to clearly distinguish between the two. In English, the former appears in words such as ''bal'''a'''nce'', ''cann'''o'''n'' and ''chairm'''a'''n'' and the latter variably in ''sof'''a''''', ''Chin'''a''''' (especially at the very end of utterance) and, in some dialects, also in '''''a'''go'' and '''''a'''gain'', but one needs to remember that Standard German {{IPAblink|ɐ}} has no such free variation and is always open, just as {{IPAblink|ə}} is always mid. In some English dialects, an unstressed {{IPA|/ʌ/}} in words such as ''fr'''u'''stration'' and ''j'''u'''sticiable'' is a perfect replacement for Standard German {{IPAblink|ɐ}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ə}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Nam'''e'''}}
| bal'''a'''nce ''(but not'' sof'''a''''')''&lt;ref name=&quot;schwas&quot;/&gt;
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Semivowel]]s
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɐ̯}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|r}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Uh'''r'''}}&lt;ref name=&quot;r-allophones&quot; /&gt;
| {{abbr|DE|German Standard German}}, {{abbr|AT|Austrian Standard German}}: sof'''a'''&lt;br/&gt;{{abbr|CH|Swiss Standard German}}: ''Scottish'' fa'''r'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|i|i̯}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Stud'''i'''e, Ital'''i'''en}}
| '''y'''ard
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|o|o̯}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|P'''o'''inte}}&lt;ref name=&quot;semivowels&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/o̯, u̯, y̑/}} only occur in certain unadapted or partly unadapted loanwords.&lt;/ref&gt;
| q'''u'''ite
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|u|u̯}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Ling'''u'''ist, G'''ou'''ache}}&lt;ref name=&quot;semivowels&quot;/&gt;
| '''w'''ould
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|y|y̑}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Et'''u'''i}}&lt;ref name=&quot;semivowels&quot;/&gt;
| ''somewhat like'' eval'''u'''ation
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Non-native vowels
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ãː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Gourm'''and''', Engagem'''ent''', Restaur'''ant''', Ch'''an'''ce}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nasalV&quot;&gt;The nasal vowels occur in French loans. They are long {{IPA|[ãː, ɛ̃ː, õː, œ̃ː]}} when stressed and short {{IPA|[ã, ɛ̃, õ, œ̃]}} when unstressed. In colloquial speech they may be replaced with {{IPA|[aŋ, ɛŋ, ɔŋ, œŋ]}} irrespective of length, and the {{IPA|[ŋ]}} in these sequences may optionally be [[assimilation (linguistics)|assimilated]] to the [[place of articulation]] of a following consonant, e.g. {{Lang|de|Ensemble}} {{IPA|[aŋˈsaŋbl̩]}} or {{IPA|[anˈsambl̩]}} for {{IPA|[ãˈsãːbl̩]}} ({{harvnb|Mangold|2005|p=65}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''French'' Prov'''en'''ce
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɛ̃ː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Po'''in'''te}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nasalV&quot;/&gt;
| ''French'' qu'''in'''ze
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɛɪ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|M'''ai'''l}}&lt;ref name=&quot;middiphthongs&quot;&gt;The diphthongs {{IPA|/ɛɪ, ɔʊ/}} occur only in loanwords (mostly from English), such as ''okay''. Depending on the speaker and the region, they may be monophthongized to {{IPA|[eː, oː]}} (or {{IPA|[e, o]}} in an unstressed syllable-final position). Thus, the aforementioned word ''okay'' can be pronounced as either {{IPA|[ɔʊˈkɛɪ]}} or {{IPA|[oˈkeː]}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| f'''a'''ce
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|õː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Garç'''on'''}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nasalV&quot;/&gt;
| ''French'' Le M'''on'''de
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɔː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|st'''al'''ken, Motherb'''oa'''rd}}&lt;ref&gt;The long vowel {{IPA|/ɔː/}} occurs only in English loanwords, and is often replaced with the native short {{IPA|/ɔ/}} or long {{IPA|/oː/}}, according to the speaker and where it occurs in a word.&lt;/ref&gt;
| d'''o'''g
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɔʊ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|C'''o'''de}}&lt;ref name=&quot;middiphthongs&quot;/&gt;
| ''American'' g'''oa'''t
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|œ̃ː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Parf'''um'''}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nasalV&quot;/&gt;
| ''French'' empr'''un'''te
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|œːɐ̯}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|øːr}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|s'''ur'''fen, Gouvern'''eur'''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{IPA|[œːɐ̯]}} or {{IPA|[øːr]}} is the German rendering of the English {{sc2|NURSE}} vowel {{IPAc-en|ɜːr}} and the French stressed {{IPA-fr|œʁ|}} ({{harvnb|Krech et al.|2009|pp=64, 142}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''roughly like [[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' b'''ir'''d
|-
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Shortened vowels
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ã}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''en'''gagieren}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nasalV&quot;/&gt;
| ''French'' ch'''an'''son
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɛ̃}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''im'''pair}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nasalV&quot;/&gt;
| ''French'' v'''ing'''t-et-un
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|e}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''E'''l'''e'''ment}}&lt;ref name=&quot;shorttense&quot;&gt;{{IPA|[e, i, o, ø, u, y]}}, the short versions of the long vowels {{IPA|[eː, iː, oː, øː, uː, yː]}}, are used at the end of unstressed syllables before the accented syllable and occur mainly in loanwords. In native words, the accent is generally on the first syllable, and syllables before the accent other than prepositional prefixes are rare but occasionally occur, e.g. in {{Lang|de|jedoch}} {{IPA|[jeˈdɔx]}}, {{Lang|de|soeben}} {{IPA|[zoˈʔeːbn̩]}}, {{Lang|de|vielleicht}} {{IPA|[fiˈlaɪçt]}} etc. In casual speech short {{IPA|[e, i, o, ø, u, y]}} preceding a phonemic consonant (i.e., not a {{IPA|[ʔ]}}) may be replaced with {{IPA|[ɛ, ɪ, ɔ, œ, ʊ, ʏ]}}, e.g. {{IPA|[jɛˈdɔx]}}, {{IPA|[fɪˈlaɪçt]}} ({{harvnb|Mangold|2005|p=65}}).&lt;/ref&gt;
| ''roughly like'' dr'''e'''ss
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''I'''talien}}&lt;ref name=&quot;shorttense&quot;/&gt;
| s'''ea'''t
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''o'''riginell}}&lt;ref name=&quot;shorttense&quot;/&gt;
| st'''o'''ry, ''but short''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|õ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|f'''on'''cé}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nasalV&quot;/&gt;
| ''French'' M'''on'''t Blanc
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|œ̃}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|L'''un'''dist}}&lt;ref name=&quot;nasalV&quot;/&gt;
| ''French'' vingt-et-'''un'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ø}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''Ö'''konom}}&lt;ref name=&quot;shorttense&quot;/&gt;
| ''roughly like'' h'''ur'''t
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|'''U'''niversität, S'''ou'''venir}}&lt;ref name=&quot;shorttense&quot;/&gt;
| tr'''u'''th
|-
| colspan=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|y}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{lang|de|Ps'''y'''chologie}}&lt;ref name=&quot;shorttense&quot;/&gt;
| ''like'' m'''ee'''t, ''but with the lips rounded''
|}
|}

==See also==
* {{clc|Pages with German IPA|pages}}
* {{clc|Pages with Austrian German IPA|pages}}
* {{clc|Pages with Swiss Standard German IPA|pages}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist}}

== General and cited references ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{Citation
|last=Hall
|first=Christopher
|year=2003
|orig-year=First published 1992
|title=Modern German pronunciation: An introduction for speakers of English
|edition=2nd
|publisher=Manchester University Press
|place=Manchester, UK
|isbn=0-7190-6689-1
}}
* {{Citation
|last1=Krech
|first1=Eva Maria
|last2=Stock
|first2=Eberhard
|last3=Hirschfeld
|first3=Ursula
|last4=Anders
|first4=Lutz-Christian
|year=2009
|title={{Lang|de|Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch}}
|location=Berlin; New York
|publisher=Walter de Gruyter
|isbn=978-3-11-018202-6
|ref={{harvid|Krech et al.|2009}}
}}
* {{Citation
|last=Mangold
|first=Max
|authorlink=Max Mangold
|year=2005
|title={{Lang|de|Das Aussprachewörterbuch}}
|publisher=Duden
|edition=6th
|ISBN=978-3411040667
}}
{{Refend}}

{{IPA keys}}</text>
      <sha1>5rhbaj6pmtztrecw4wh5pzlyectzm0g</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ta̱gwai Sa̱mbo</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5221</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46542</id>
      <parentid>35173</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:03:35Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Genesis shan</username>
        <id>44</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>46542</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1575" sha1="eh4mw7q860cauw2yv66h3bakx584ejj" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|A̱gwam A̱sholyia̱ (1966-2024)}}
{{1}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Ta̱gwai Sa̱mbo/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Təgwai Sa̱mbo/Gworog|Gworog]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Ta̱gwai Sa̱mbo/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Takad|[[Ta̱gwai Sa̱mbo/Takad|Takad]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyecaat|[[Ta̱gwai Sa̱mbo/Tyeca̱rak|Tyeca̱rak]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyuku|[[Ta̱gwai Sa̱mbo/Tyuku|Tyuku]]}}
{{2}}
{{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}}
{{Databox}}

'''Ta̱gwai Sambo''' (24 Zwat Swak ma̱ng Sweang 1936 - 14 Zwat A̱taa 2024) wa ku nyia̱ tyok ma̱ A̱byintyok [[A̱sholyia̱ (nwap)|A̱sholyia̱]] ka̱ shyia̱ ma̱ a̱keang [[Tsok (a̱keang)|Tsok]] a̱ni. Tsok yet a̱keang tyok kya ka̱ shyia̱ di̱n fam [[A̱tak Ka̱duna]] ma̱ a̱byin [[Naijeriya]] a̱ni. A̱gwam Sa̱mbo wa á̱ bu ngyei A̱gwam A̱sholyio nang a̱ ntsa byia̱ a̱gba̱ndang A̱gwam mi̱ a̱byin a̱sholyia̱ ka a̱mgbam.

A̱ ku byin A̱tyoli Ta̱gwai Sa̱mbo ma̱ a̱bakeang á̱ ngyei Tsok a̱ni. A̱keang a̱kya shyia̱ di̱ fam [[A̱za Naijeriya]] di̱n jen tyok A̱shong Nggi̱lan ja.

A̱gwam Sambo ku shyia̱ tyok yet A̱gwam A̱sholyia̱ wu nang A̱sholyia̱ ba shyia̱ mbwak á̱nietntyok Ja̱maa bya. Á̱nietntyok a̱bya bya ku yet a̱ca̱cat ntyok A̱li A̱za-Naijeriya ba̱ ku shyia̱ mi̱ [[Ka̱duna]] a̱ni, ma̱ a̱lyia̱ 1966.

==Ya̱fang==
{{Reflist}}

[[Sa:Byin 1936]]
[[Sa:Kwi 2024]]
[[Sa:A̱sholyia̱]]
[[Sa:Á̱gwam A̱sholyia̱]]
[[Sa:Á̱niet A̱tak Ka̱duna]]</text>
      <sha1>eh4mw7q860cauw2yv66h3bakx584ejj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Arabic</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>5307</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/La̱ra̱ba" />
    <revision>
      <id>46568</id>
      <parentid>30813</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Arabic]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Arabic]]</comment>
      <origin>30813</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38" sha1="ndffbkv3muv9pmzwjep85fgpfz6wuf6" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/La̱ra̱ba]]</text>
      <sha1>ndffbkv3muv9pmzwjep85fgpfz6wuf6</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Lafiya</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>5346</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46612</id>
      <parentid>35042</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:51:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>46612</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="813" sha1="fmjxmgy5m4iid13iyz1cbxv5i56b4ns" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|a̱keangtung A̱byin Na̱sa̱rawa, Naijeriya}}
{{1}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tyap-Maba̱ta̱do|[[{{FULLPAGENAME}}|Maba̱ta̱do]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Ca̱caat|[[Lafiya/Ca̱crak|Ca̱crak]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Fantswam|[[Lafiya/Fantswam|Fantswam]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Gworog|[[Lafiya/Gworog|Gworog]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Sholyia̱|[[Lafiya/Sholyia̱|Sholyia̱]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Ta̱kad|[[Lafiya/Ta̱kad|Ta̱kad]]}}
{{Zwa-a̱lyiat-Tuku|[[Lafiya/Tuku|Tuku]]}}
{{2}}
{{A̱lyem Maba̱ta̱do|a̱lyem=Maba̱ta̱do}}
{{Databox}}

'''Lafiya''' yet a̱keang kya ma̱ng a̱keangtung [[Si̱tet Na̱sa̱rawa]], [[Fam A̱ka̱wa̱tyia̱]], [[Naijeriya]]. A̱keang ka byia̱ shi á̱niet ku bai 330,712 mi̱ fang á̱niet a̱byin a̱lyia̱ 2006.

==A̱ya̱fang==
{{Reflist}}

[[Sa:Lafiya]]
[[Sa:A̱ka̱keangtung sí̱tet Naijeriya]]</text>
      <sha1>fmjxmgy5m4iid13iyz1cbxv5i56b4ns</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Hebrew</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>6856</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46576</id>
      <parentid>40656</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Hebrew]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Hebrew]]</comment>
      <origin>40656</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19705" sha1="r9e9hqnmnehd5t038e64tkkffqic8j5" xml:space="preserve">{{IPA key|H:IPA-HE}}
{{split|discuss=Help Talk:IPA/Hebrew#Split|date=September 2024}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Biblical Hebrew|Biblical]] and [[Modern Hebrew|Modern]] [[Hebrew language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see [[Template:IPA]] and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

Since Modern Hebrew has different pronunciations in Israel, certain letters may be transcribed differently depending on the background of the speaker. See [[Biblical Hebrew#Phonology|Biblical Hebrew phonology]] and [[Modern Hebrew phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Hebrew.

&lt;div style=&quot;width: 48%; display: inline-block; margin-right: auto;&quot;&gt;
{{sort under}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable sort-under&quot;
|+[[Consonant]]s
! {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}} !! {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}!! Letter(s) !! &lt;small&gt;[[Romanization of Hebrew|Romanization]]&lt;/small&gt; !! English approximation
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|b}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;בּ&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Bet (letter)|Beť dǝgušah]])
| b
| '''b'''et
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;דּ&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Dalet (letter)|Daleť dǝgušah]])
| d
| '''d'''ark
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ð}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ד&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Dalet (letter)|Ďaleť rafah]])
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ḏ&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: d
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: '''th'''is&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: '''d'''ark
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: darkgray&quot; |
|&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|dʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tie-bar&quot;&gt;{{IPA|/dʒ, ts, tʃ/}} are officially written with a tie-bar in the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] {{IPA|/d͡ʒ, t͡s, t͡ʃ/}} respectively, but the tie-bar is here omitted for simplicity.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;/dʒ/ and /ʒ/ are sometimes confused by speakers who don't hear a distinction between them (mostly [[Russian language|Russian]] and [[Arabic language|Arabic]] speakers).&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ג׳&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Gimel]] with [[geresh]])
| j
| '''j'''oy
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɸ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;פ ף&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Fe (letter)|Fei rafah]])
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: {{transliteration|he|p̄|italic=no}}&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: f 
| '''f'''ool
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;גּ&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Gimmel (letter)|Gimel dǝgušah]])
| g
| '''g'''o
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɣ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ג&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Gimmel (letter)|Ǧimel rafah]])
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ḡ&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: g
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ''No English equivalent''; [[Arabic]] [[Ghayn]] (غ‎‎‎)&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: '''g'''o
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|h}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ה&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[He (letter)|He]]), {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;הּ&lt;/span&gt;}} (He [[Mappiq|mappiq]])
| h
| '''h'''en
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ħ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|χ}}&lt;/big&gt; (&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ħ}}&lt;/big&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;phar&quot; /&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ח&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Heth (letter)|Ḥeť]])
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ḥ&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: h ''or'' ch/kh
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ''No English equivalent''; [[Heth#Arabic ḥāʾ|Arabic ḥāʾ]] (ح‎‎)&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: [[Scottish English|Scottish]] lo'''ch'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;י&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Yodh|Yoď]])
| y
| '''y'''es
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;כּ ךּ&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Kaph|Kaf dǝgušah]])&lt;br/&gt;
| k
| s'''k'''in
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ל&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Lamedh|Lameď]])
| l
| '''l'''eft
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɬ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;שׂ&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Shin (letter)|Sin semalith]])
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ś&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: s
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ''No English equivalent''; [[Welsh language|Welsh]] '''ll'''wyd &lt;br/&gt;{{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: '''s'''ee
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|m}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;מ ם&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Mem (letter)|Mem]])
| m
| '''m'''an
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|n}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;נ ן&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Nun (letter)|Nun]])
| n
| '''n'''o
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;פּ&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Pei (letter)|Pei dǝgušah]])
| p
| s'''p'''in
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|q}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ק&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Qoph|Qof]])
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: q&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: k
|{{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ''No English equivalent''; [[Qoph#Arabic qāf|Arabic qāf]] (ق‎‎‎).&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}:  s'''k'''in.
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|r}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʁ}}&lt;/big&gt; (&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|r}}&lt;/big&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;Rhotic&quot;&gt;The sound is [[Voiced uvular fricative|uvular]] for most speakers, but some speakers, mostly [[Sefardim]], [[Mizrahim]], [[Arab Israelis]], [[History of the Jews in the Soviet Union|Jews from the former USSR]] and [[Ethiopian Jews]] (in the 20th century also news broadcasters and singers) retain an [[Alveolar trill|alveolar]] pronunciation: {{IPAblink|r}}~{{IPAblink|ɾ}}.&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ר&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Resh]])
| r
|{{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}:  ''trilled or tapped'' '''r'''un.&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: [[French language|French]] '''''r'''ouge''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ס&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Samekh]])
| s
| '''s'''ee
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|sˤ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ts}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tie-bar&quot;/&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;צ ץ&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Tsade|Ṣadi]])
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ṣ&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: ts/tz
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ''No English equivalent''; [[Tsade#Arabic ṣād|Arabic ṣād]] (ص‎) &lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: ca'''ts'''
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;שׁ&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Shin (letter)|Šin Yemanit]])
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: š&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: sh
| '''sh'''e
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;תּ&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Tav (letter)|Taw]])
| t
| s'''t'''ing
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|tˤ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ט&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Tet (letter)|Ṭeť]])
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ṭ&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: t
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ''No English equivalent''; [[Teth#Arabic ṭāʾ|Arabic ṭāʾ]] (ط‎)&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: s'''t'''ing
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|θ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ת&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Tav (letter)|Ťaw]])
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ṯ&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: t
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: '''th'''ing&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: s'''t'''ing
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: darkgray&quot; |
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|tʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tie-bar&quot;/&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;צ׳ ץ׳&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Tsade]] with [[geresh]])
| ch
| '''ch'''air
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|β}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|v}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ב&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Vet (letter)|Veť rafah]])&lt;br /&gt;
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ḇ&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: v
| '''v'''oice
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|w}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|v}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ו&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Waw (letter)|Vav]])
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: w&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: v
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: '''w'''ould &lt;br/&gt;{{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: '''v'''oice
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: darkgray&quot; |
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|w}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Appears in new loanwords: {{lang|he|[[wikt:ואללה|וואלה]]}} /wala/ &quot;Wow!, really?, you don't say!, no kidding!&quot;. In some old loanwords that originally had {{IPAslink|w}}, it was approximated to {{IPA|/v/}}: {{lang|he|[[wikt:ואדי|ואדי]]}} /vadi/ &quot;[[Wadi]]&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;וו&lt;/span&gt;}} (double [[Waw (letter)|Vav]]) or {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ו&lt;/span&gt;}} (single [[Waw (letter)|Vav]])
| w
| '''w'''e
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|x}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|χ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;כ ך&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Kaph (letter)|Ḵaf rafah]])
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ḵ&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: ch/kh
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | Scottish lo'''ch'''
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: darkgray&quot; |
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ח׳&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;kh&quot;&gt;Only appears in transliterations from [[Arabic script]] to transliterate the letter [[Ḫāʾ]] (خ)&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Heth]] with [[geresh]])
| kh
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|z}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ז&lt;/span&gt;}}  ([[Zayin]])
| z
| '''z'''oo
|-
| style=&quot;background-color: darkgray&quot; |
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ז׳&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Zayin]] with [[geresh]])
| zh
| bei'''ge'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʕ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt; (&lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʕ}}&lt;/big&gt;)&lt;ref name=&quot;phar&quot;&gt;In [[Modern Israeli Hebrew]], {{IPA|/ħ, ʕ/}} have merged with {{IPA|/χ, ʔ/}} respectively, but are still distinguished by some [[Sephardi Hebrew|Sephardi]],  [[Mizrahi Hebrew|Mizrahi]] and [[Arab Israelis|Arab]] speakers.&lt;/ref&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ע&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Ayin]])
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: &lt;span title=&quot;Modifier letter left half ring&quot; class=&quot;Unicode&quot; style=&quot;font-size:150%&quot;&gt;ʿ&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: &lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 140%;&quot;&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: ''No English equivalent''; [[Arabic]] [[Ayin|'ayn]] (ع) &lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: uh-('''ʔ''')oh
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʔ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;א&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Alef]])&lt;br /&gt;
| {{abbr|BH|Biblical Hebrew}}: &lt;span title=&quot;Modifier letter right half ring&quot; class=&quot;Unicode&quot; style=&quot;font-size:150%&quot;&gt;ʾ&lt;/span&gt; &lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}:&lt;span style=&quot;font-size: 140%;&quot;&gt;'&lt;/span&gt;
| uh-('''ʔ''')oh
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable sort-under&quot;
|+Marginal consonants of Modern Hebrew in transliteration and loanwords (used only by some speakers)
|-
! IPA !! Usual pronunciation !! Letter(s) !! &lt;small&gt;[[Romanization of Hebrew|Romanisation]]&lt;/small&gt; !! English
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ð}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|d}}&lt;/big&gt; / &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|z}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ד׳&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Dalet]] with [[geresh]])
| dh
| '''th'''e
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɣ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ʁ}}&lt;/big&gt; / &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ע׳&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Only appears in transliterations from [[Arabic script]] to transliterate the letter [[Ghayn]] (غ‎‎‎).&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Ayin]] with [[geresh]]) or {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ר׳&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;Only appears in transliterations from [[Arabic script]] to transliterate the letter [[Ghayn]] (غ‎‎‎).&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Resh]] with [[geresh]])
| gh
| ''No English equivalent''; [[Arabic]] [[Ghayn]] (غ‎‎‎)
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ŋ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ŋɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;נג&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Nun (letter)|Nun]]-[[Gimel]])
| ng
| ri'''ng'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|θ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|t}}&lt;/big&gt; / &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;ת׳&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;ת׳ is sometimes used for both /ð/ and /θ/ (in words from English) either by speakers who don't hear a distinction between them or as an equivalent to the [[Th (digraph)|Th]] digraph of English which is also used for both sounds.&lt;/ref&gt; ([[Taw|Tav]] with [[geresh]])
| th
| '''th'''ing
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div style=&quot;float: right; width: 48%;&quot;&gt;
{{sort under}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable sort-under&quot;
|+[[Vowel]]s
! colspan=&quot;1&quot;| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}} 
! colspan=&quot;1&quot;| {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}
! colspan=&quot;1&quot;| Letter(s)
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| &lt;small&gt;[[Romanization of Hebrew|Romanization]]&lt;/small&gt; 
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| English approximation
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| [[Image:Hebrew Patah.svg|35px]]&amp;nbsp;([[Patach]]), [[Image:Hataf Patah.svg|35px]]&amp;nbsp;(Hataf Patach)
| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: a, ă&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: a
| Scottish b'''a'''th
|-
| Rowspan=2| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|eː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ej}}&lt;/big&gt;&amp;nbsp;(&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|e}})&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref9&quot;&gt;Some conservative speakers pronounce it /e/ like in [[Sephardi Hebrew]]&lt;/ref&gt;
| Rowspan=2| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;י&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:-6px&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[Image:Hebrew Zeire.svg|35px]]([[Tzere]]-[[Yodh]]), [[Image:Hebrew Zeire.svg|35px]]&amp;nbsp;([[Zeire]])
| Rowspan=2| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: ē&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: e ''or'' ei/ey
| | {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: Scottish b'''ay'''&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: b'''ay'''
|-
| rowspan=2| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|e̞}}&lt;/big&gt;
| Scottish b'''ay'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɛ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| [[Image:Hebrew Segol.svg|35px]]&amp;nbsp;([[Segol]]), [[Image:Hataf Segol.svg|35px]]&amp;nbsp;(Hataf Segol)
| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: e, ĕ&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: e
| b'''e'''d
|-
| Rowspan=2| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ə}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|e̞}}&lt;/big&gt; (&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|e}})&lt;/big&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ref9&quot; /&gt;
| Rowspan=2| [[Image:Tilde Schwa.svg|35px]]&amp;nbsp;([[Shva]])
| Rowspan=2| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: e/ĕ&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: e ''or'' unwritten 
| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: comm'''a'''&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: b'''e'''d
|-
| ∅&lt;ref&gt;Modern Hebrew typically [[Elision|elides]] shva in situations where it can be comfortably omitted in common speech, creating consonant clusters that would otherwise not be permitted in older varieties of Hebrew.&lt;/ref&gt; 
| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: comm'''a'''&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: silent
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| [[Image:Hebrew Hiriq.svg|35px]]([[Hiriq]])
| i
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | s'''ee'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|iː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;י&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:-6px&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[Image:Hebrew Hiriq.svg|35px]]([[Hiriq]]-[[Yodh|Yud]])
| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: ī&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: i
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|oː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|o̞|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| [[File:Hebrew Holam.svg|23px]]&amp;nbsp;([[Holam]] alone), {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;וֹ&lt;/span&gt;}} (with any ''[[mater lectionis]]'')
| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: ō&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: o
| st'''o'''ry
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ɔ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| [[Image:Hebrew Qamaz.svg|35px]]&amp;nbsp;(Kamatz katan), [[Image:Hataf Qamaz.svg|35px]]&amp;nbsp;(Hataf Kamatz)
| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: o, ŏ&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: o
| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: '''o'''ff&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: st'''o'''ry
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɔː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| [[Image:Hebrew Qamaz.svg|35px]]&amp;nbsp;([[Kamatz]])
| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: ā&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: a
| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: '''o'''ff&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: Scottish b'''a'''th
|-
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| [[Image:Hebrew Backslash Qubuz.svg|35px]] ([[Kubutz]])
| u
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | c'''oo'''l
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|uː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;וּ&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Waw (letter)|Vav]] with [[shuruk]])
| {{abbr|TH|Tiberian Hebrew}}: ū&lt;br/&gt; {{abbr|MH|Modern Hebrew}}: u
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
{{sort under}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable sort-under&quot;
|+[[Diphthong]]s in Modern Hebrew (used in transliteration and loanwords)
! colspan=&quot;1&quot;| IPA
! colspan=&quot;1&quot;| Letter(s)
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| &lt;small&gt;[[Romanization of Hebrew|Romanization]]&lt;/small&gt;
! rowspan=&quot;1&quot;| English approximation
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ao}}&lt;/big&gt; 
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;אוֹ&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:-6px&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[Image:Hebrew Patah.svg|35px]] ([[Patach]]-[[Holam]]), {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;אוֹ&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:-6px&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Hebrew Qamaz.svg|35px]] ([[Kamatz]]-[[Holam]])
| ao
| Rowspan=2| c'''ow'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|au}}&lt;/big&gt; 
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;אוּ&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:-6px&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[Image:Hebrew Patah.svg|35px]] ([[Patach]]-[[Shuruk]]), {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;אוּ&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:-6px&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Hebrew Qamaz.svg|35px]] ([[Kamatz]]-[[Shuruk]])
| au
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|eu}}&lt;/big&gt; 
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;אוּ&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:-6px&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[Image:Hebrew Segol.svg|35px]] ([[Segol]]-[[Shuruk]]), {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;אוּ&lt;/span&gt;}}&lt;span style=&quot;margin-left:-6px&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;[[File:Hebrew Zeire.svg|35px]] ([[Tzere]]-[[Shuruk]])
| eu
|n'''o''' (''some dialects''&lt;ref&gt;These dialects include [[Southern England English|Southern England]] (including [[Received Pronunciation]]), [[Midlands English|English Midlands]], [[Australian English|Australian]], [[New Zealand English|New Zealand]], the [[Southern American English|Southern American]], [[Midland American English|Midland American]], [[Philadelphia English|Philadelphia]], [[Baltimore English|Baltimore]], [[Western Pennsylvania English|Western Pennsylvania]] and younger [[California English|Californian]] English. Other dialects of English, such as most other forms of [[American English|American]], [[Northern England English|Northern England]], [[Welsh English|Welsh]], [[Scottish English|Scottish]] and [[Hiberno-English|Irish]] English, have no close equivalent vowel.&lt;/ref&gt;)
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ou}}&lt;/big&gt; 
| {{Script/Hebrew|1=&lt;span style=&quot;font-size:150%;&quot;&gt;וֹאוּ&lt;/span&gt;}} ([[Holam]]-[[Shuruk]])
| ou
|g'''oa'''l
|}
&lt;br /&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+Other symbols
! IPA!! Explanation
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ˈ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| Primary stress (placed ''before'' the stressed syllable): {{Script/Hebrew|אֹכֶל}} ('food') {{IPA|/ˈʔoχel/}}, {{Script/Hebrew|אוֹכֵל‏}} ('eating' [participle]) {{IPA|/ʔoˈχel/}}
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ˌ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| Secondary stress, e.g. {{Script/Hebrew|הַאֻמְנָם?}} ('oh, really?') {{IPA|/ˌhaʔumˈnam/}}
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPAlink|ː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| Long vowels (in [[Tiberian Hebrew]]) can be transcribed using the IPA gemination sign &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ː}}&lt;/big&gt;: the word for &quot;hand&quot; would be {{Script/Hebrew|יָד}} {{IPA|/jɔːð/}} in absolute state and {{Script/Hebrew|יַד־}} {{IPA|/jað/}} in construct state.&lt;ref&gt;Vowel length and quality in Tiberian Hebrew is a matter of debate, and that is just one possible example.&lt;/ref&gt; Indicating normative consonant gemination uses a double consonant: {{Script/Hebrew|גַּנָּב}} ('a thief') {{IPA|/ɡanˈnav/}} ''not'' {{IPA|/ɡaˈnːav/}}
|}
&lt;/div&gt;

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==See also==
*{{clc|Pages with Hebrew IPA|pages}}

{{IPA keys}}</text>
      <sha1>r9e9hqnmnehd5t038e64tkkffqic8j5</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Hungarian</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7000</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46578</id>
      <parentid>41148</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Hungarian]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Hungarian]]</comment>
      <origin>41148</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="6547" sha1="3h9zrp7wke9fiteougsnz6iqwp51j6i" xml:space="preserve">{{IPA key|H:IPA-HU}}
The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Hungarian language]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA}}, {{tl|IPAc-hu}}, and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Hungarian phonology]] for a more thorough look at the sounds of Hungarian.

{| style=&quot;background: none&quot;
|-----
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Consonant]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|b}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''b'''ot, ké'''p'''zés
| '''b'''oat
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|c}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''ty'''úk, á'''gy'''tól, &lt;br&gt;lá'''tj'''a
| ''roughly like [[Received Pronunciation|RP]]'' s'''t'''ew
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d̪|d}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''d'''ob, hé'''t'''ből
| '''d'''uck
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d͡z̪|d͡z}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ma'''dz'''ag, ketre'''c'''ben
| la'''ds'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''dzs'''essz, á'''cs'''ból
| '''j'''ug
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''f'''a, szí'''v'''tam
| '''f'''ast
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɡ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''g'''ép, zsá'''k'''ból
|'''g'''o
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|h}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''h'''ó
| '''h'''appy
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''j'''ó, '''ly'''uk
| '''y'''es
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɟ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''gy'''ár, pin'''ty'''ből, a'''dj'''a, na'''gy'''
| ''roughly like RP'' '''d'''ue
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''k'''ép, fo'''g'''tam
| s'''k'''ip
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''l'''ó
| '''l'''ip
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|m}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''m'''a, szí'''n'''pad
| '''m'''an
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|n̪|n}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''n'''em
| '''n'''ap
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ŋ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| mu'''n'''ka
| raci'''ng'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɲ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''ny'''ár, pi'''n'''ty
| ca'''ny'''on
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''p'''i'''p'''a, do'''b'''tam
| s'''p'''un
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|r̪|r}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''r'''ó, ba'''l'''ra
| ''[[American English|American]]'' a'''t'''om
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|s̪|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''sz'''ó, mé'''z'''től
| '''s'''un
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''s'''ó, '''s'''apka, futá'''s'''
| '''sh'''ip
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t̪|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''t'''oll, a'''d'''hat, á'''t'''nyúl
| s'''t'''one
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t͡s̪|t͡s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''c'''él, e'''dz'''het
| ca'''ts'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''cs'''ak, bri'''dzs'''től, segí'''ts'''ég
| '''ch'''op
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|v}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''v'''ág, szé'''f'''ben
| '''v'''at
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|z̪|z}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''z'''öld, mé'''sz'''ből
| '''z'''ipper
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''zs'''eb, ha'''s'''ba
| rou'''g'''e
|}
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Vowel]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]]
! Examples
! English approximation
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɒ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| h'''a'''t
| ''Conservative RP'' h'''o'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ä|aː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| v'''á'''r
| ''[[Australian English|Australian]]'' f'''a'''ther
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|æ|ɛ}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;!--The link is correct - this vowel is near-open (Szende (1994:92)).--&gt;
| '''e'''z
| b'''e'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|e̞|eː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''é'''l
| ''[[South Asian English|Indic]]'' p'''ay'''&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Hungarian An Essential Grammar|last=Rounds|first=Carol H.|publisher=Routledge|year=2009|isbn=978-0415777377|location=[[Routledge]]|pages=8}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɪ|i}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;!--The link is correct - this vowel is near-close (Szende (1994:92)).--&gt;
| v'''i'''sz
| happ'''y'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|iː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| v'''í'''z
| kn'''ee'''
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|o̞|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
|'''o'''k
| [[General American English|GA]] f'''o'''rce
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|oː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| t'''ó'''
| Indic g'''oa'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ø̞|ø}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''ö'''l
| ''Somewhat like'' n'''u'''rse
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|øː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| l'''ő'''
| ''[[South African English|South African]]'' b'''ir'''d
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʊ|u}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;!--The link is correct - this vowel is near-close (Szende (1994:92)).--&gt;
| '''u'''jj
| p'''u'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|uː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''ú'''t
| sch'''oo'''l
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʏ|y}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;!--The link is correct - this vowel is near-close (Szende (1994:92)).--&gt;
| '''ü'''t
| ''[[West Country English|West Country]]'' f'''oo'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|yː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| t'''ű'''z
| ''South African'' f'''ew'''
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Marginal vowels
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɒː}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''A'''
| ''Conservative RP'' n'''o'''d
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| k'''a'''lcium, Sv'''á'''jc
| ''Australian'' b'''u'''t
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|æ|ɛː}}&lt;/big&gt;&lt;!--The link is correct - this vowel is near-open (Szende (1994:92)).--&gt;
| '''E'''
| f'''ai'''ry
|-
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | [[Stress (linguistics)|Stress]]
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ˈ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; | Stress falls on the first syllable of the word
|}
|}

==See also==
*{{clc|Pages with Hungarian IPA|pages}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==Bibliography==
{{refbegin}}
* {{citation
|last=Szende
|first=Tamás
|year=1994
|title=Illustrations of the IPA: Hungarian
|journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association
|volume=24
|issue=2
|pages=91–94
|doi=10.1017/s0025100300005090
}}
{{refend}}

{{IPA keys}}</text>
      <sha1>3h9zrp7wke9fiteougsnz6iqwp51j6i</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:Za̱FBS/Mandarin</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46584</id>
      <parentid>42860</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Mandarin]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Mandarin]]</comment>
      <origin>42860</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="14167" sha1="isf1fszsi4tjncops4o0h5w5pmupsgq" xml:space="preserve">{{Expand Chinese|Help:现代标准汉语国际音标|date=June 2023}}
{{IPA key|H:IPA-CMN}}

The charts below show the way in which the [[International Phonetic Alphabet|International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)]] represents [[Standard Chinese|Standard Mandarin]] pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{tl|IPA}}, [[Template:IPA]]  and {{section link|Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation#Entering IPA characters}}.

See [[Standard Chinese phonology]] for more detail on the sounds of Mandarin Chinese.

{{horizontal TOC|nonum=yes}}

{| style=&quot;background: none&quot;
|-----
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Consonant]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! [[Pinyin]] !! [[Wade–Giles]] !! [[Bopomofo]] !! Chinese example !! English approximation
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɕ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| x
| hs
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄒ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-x-晓.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|晓}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|曉}}/xiǎo|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |'''sh'''eep,{{efn|name=palatal}} but more [[Palatal consonant|y-like]] (without lip rounding)
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|f}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | f
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄈ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-f-非.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|非}}/fēi|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | '''f'''an
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|j}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | y-/-i-
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-y-牙.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|牙}}/yá|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | '''y'''es
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|k}}&lt;/big&gt;
| g
| k
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄍ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-g-干.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|干}}/gān|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | s'''k'''in
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|kʰ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| k
| k'
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄎ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-k-口-pronunciation.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|口}}/kǒu|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | '''k'''in
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|l}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | l
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄌ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-l-来-pronunciation.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|来}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|來}}/lái|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | '''l'''eaf
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|m}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | m
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄇ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-m-明.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|明}}/míng|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | '''m'''oon
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|n}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=2| n
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄋ，ㄣ，ㄢ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-n-泥.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|泥}}/ní|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | '''n'''oo'''n'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ŋ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | -ng
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄥ，ㄤ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-j-江.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|江}}/jiāng|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | so'''ng'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|p}}&lt;/big&gt;
| b
| p
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄅ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-b-帮.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|帮}}/{{lang|zh-Hant|幫}}/bāng|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | s'''p'''an
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|pʰ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| p
| p'
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄆ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-p-滂.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|滂}}/páng|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | '''p'''an
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʐ}}{{efn|name=r sym|Also transcribed as {{IPA link|ɻ}} in some literature.}}&lt;/big&gt;
| r-
| j
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄖ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-日.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|日}}/rì|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | plea'''s'''ure, but with [[Retroflex consonant|tongue curled or pulled back]]
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|s}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | s
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄙ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-私.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|私}}/sī|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | '''s'''ame
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʂ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | sh
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄕ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-矢.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|矢}}/shǐ|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |'''sh'''ow, but without lip rounding and with [[Retroflex consonant|tongue curled or pulled back]]
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|t}}&lt;/big&gt;
| d
| t
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄉ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-d-端.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|端}}/duān|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | s'''t'''op
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|tʰ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| t
| t'
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄊ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-t-透.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|透}}/tòu|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | '''t'''op
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|tɕ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| j
| ch
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄐ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-j-叫.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|叫}}/jiào|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |'''ch'''eap,{{efn|name=palatal|{{IPA|[ɕ, tɕ, tɕʰ]}} are always followed by {{IPA|[i]}} {{IPA|[j]}}, {{IPA|[y]}}, or {{IPA|[ɥ]}}.}} but more [[Palatal consonant|y-like]] (without lip rounding)
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|tɕʰ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| q
| ch'
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄑ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-q-去.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|去}}/qù|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Above, but with a [[Aspirated consonant|strong burst of breath]] (aspiration)
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ts}}&lt;/big&gt;
| z
| ts
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄗ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-z-子.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|子}}/zǐ|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ou'''ts'''et
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|tsʰ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| c
| ts'
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄘ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-此.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|此}}/cǐ|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | le'''t's h'''elp
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʈʂ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| zh
| ch
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄓ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-zh-之.wav|{{Lang|zh|之/zhī}}|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |Below, but [[unaspirated]]
|-
|&lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ʈʂʰ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ch
| ch'
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄔ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-ch-吃-pronunciation.wav|{{Lang|zh|吃/chī}}|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |'''ch'''eer, but without lip rounding and with [[Retroflex consonant|tongue curled or pulled back]], with a [[Aspirated consonant|strong burst of breath]] (aspiration)
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|w}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | w-/-u-
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-w-我.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|我}}/wǒ|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | '''w'''ater
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|x}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | h
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄏ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese pronunciation-h-火.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|火}}/huǒ|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; |lo'''ch''' (Scottish English)
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɥ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| yu-/-ü-{{efn|name=v|''ü'' ({{IPAslink|y}}) is spelled ''u'' after j, q, x in pinyin since {{IPAslink|u}} cannot occur after them.}}
| yü-/-ü-
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-ü-月-pronunciation.wav|{{lang|zh-Hans|月}}/yuè|help=no}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | between '''w'''et and '''y'''et
|-
|}
| style=&quot;vertical-align:top;&quot; |
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Vowel]]s
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! [[Pinyin]] !! [[Wade–Giles]] !! [[Bopomofo]] !! Chinese example !! English approximation
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ä|a}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | a
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄚ，ㄢ}}
| {{Lang|zh|阿，安}}
| rowspan=2  style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | pl'''a'''stic (UK Received Pronunciation)
|-
| '''e'''r
| '''ê'''rh
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄦ}}
| {{Lang|zh|二，兒（儿）}}
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɑ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; |y'''a'''ng/-i'''a'''ng
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄤ}}
| {{Lang|zh|亮}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | f'''a'''rther
|-
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɛ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| y'''a'''n/-i'''a'''n
| y'''e'''n/-i'''e'''n
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧㄢ}}
| {{Lang|zh|言}}
| rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | s'''e'''t
|-
| colspan=2 | yu'''a'''n/-ü'''a'''n
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩㄢ}}
| {{Lang|zh|元}}
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|e̞|e}}&lt;/big&gt;
| y'''e'''/-i'''e''', yu'''e'''/-ü'''e'''
| eh
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄝ}}
| {{Lang|zh|也，月}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | h'''e'''y
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ə}}&lt;/big&gt;
| '''e'''n,{{efn|name=short form}} '''e'''ng
| '''ê'''n, '''ê'''ng
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄣ，ㄥ}}
| {{Lang|zh|本，冷}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | '''a'''top
|-
|&lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɚ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| er
| êrh
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄦ}}
| {{Lang|zh|二，兒（儿）}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | f'''urr'''y{{efn|The rhotic vowel also appears in [[erhua]].}}
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ɤ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| e
| ê / o{{efn|name=eo|This sound is spelled ⟨o⟩ after ⟨k, k', h⟩ in Wade-Giles.}}
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄜ}}
| {{Lang|zh|厄，餓}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | between b'''u'''sh and b'''u'''t
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|o̞|o}}&lt;/big&gt;
| w'''o'''/-u'''o'''{{efn|name=py-o| This sound is spelled ⟨o⟩ after ⟨b, p, m, f⟩ in Pinyin.}}
| o{{efn|name=wg-o|{{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄛ}} is spelled as ⟨o⟩, except for ⟨k, k', h, sh⟩ (as ⟨kuo, k'uo, huo, shuo⟩) in Wade-Giles.}}
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄛ}}
| {{Lang|zh|果}}，{{Lang|zh|我}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | st'''o'''ry
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|i}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | yi/-i
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄧ}}
| {{Lang|zh|李}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | cit'''y'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɻ̩}}&lt;/big&gt;
| zh'''i''', ch'''i''', sh'''i''', r'''i'''
| ih
| rowspan=2 | {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄭ}}{{efn|name=rare sym|This symbol is rarely used and usually omitted during writing.}}
| {{Lang|zh|之，吃，師（师），日}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | Below, but with [[Retroflex consonant|tongue curled or pulled back]]{{efn|Voiced continuants (also transcribed {{IPA|[ɨ, ɯ]}} or {{IPA|[ʐ̩, z̩]}}) reflecting the character of the preceding consonant{{clarify}}}}
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|ɹ̩}}&lt;/big&gt;
| z'''i''', c'''i''', s'''i'''
| ŭ
| {{Lang|zh|子，次，私}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ros'''e'''s, cou'''si'''n
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|u}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | wu/-u
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨ}}
| {{Lang|zh|土}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | c'''oo'''l
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|ʊ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| -'''o'''ng
| -'''u'''ng
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄨㄥ，ㄩㄥ}}
| {{Lang|zh|冬，用}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | b'''oo'''k
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA link|y}}&lt;/big&gt;
| yu/-ü{{efn|name=v}}
| yü/-ü
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄩ}}
| {{Lang|zh|雨}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | ref'''u'''te, b'''ee'''t, but with the lips rounded as for b'''oo'''t
|-
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | [[Diphthong]]s
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|aɪ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ai
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄞ}}
| {{Lang|zh|艾}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | t'''i'''me
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|aʊ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ao
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄠ}}
| {{Lang|zh|凹}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | c'''ow'''
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|eɪ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ei{{efn|name=short form|In Pinyin/Wade-Giles ''wei'', ''you''/''yu'', ''wen''/''wên'' are spelled ''ui'', ''iu'', ''un'' respectively when they are preceded by a consonant. It doesn't affect the pronunciation.}}
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄟ}}
| {{Lang|zh|杯}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | f'''a'''ce
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|oʊ}}&lt;/big&gt;
| colspan=&quot;2&quot; | ou{{efn|name=short form}}
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄡ}}
| {{Lang|zh|又，狗，歐（欧）}}
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | g'''oa'''l or g'''o''' (modern UK), realized with or without backing
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;7&quot; | [[Tone (linguistics)|Tones]]
|-
! [[Help:IPA|IPA]] !! [[Pinyin]] !! [[Wade–Giles]] !! [[Bopomofo]] !! Chinese example !! [[Tone number]] !! Description
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|[[Tone (linguistics)#Phonetic notation|á]]}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ā
| a&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt;
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄚ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-巴-pronunciation.wav|{{Lang|zh|巴/bā}}|help=no}}
| tone 1
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | high level {{IPA|[˥]}}
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|[[Tone (linguistics)#Phonetic notation|ǎ]]}}&lt;/big&gt;
| á
| a&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄚˊ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-拔.wav|{{Lang|zh-Hans|拔}}/{{Lang|zh-Hant|拔}}/bá|help=no}}
| tone 2
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | mid rising {{IPA|[˧˥]}}
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|[[Tone (linguistics)#Phonetic notation|à]]}}&lt;/big&gt;
| ǎ
| a&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt;
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄚˇ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-third tone-把-pronunciation.wav|{{Lang|zh|把/bǎ}}|help=no}}
| tone 3
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | medially, low {{IPA|[˩]}}; initially, mid falling {{IPA|[˧˩]}}; finally, low rising {{IPA|[˩˧]}}; in isolation, dipping {{IPA|[˧˩˧]}}&lt;!--This is a dipping tone only when it is spoken in isolation. In context, it is pronounced like a phonetic low tone.--&gt;
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|[[Tone (linguistics)#Phonetic notation|â]]}}&lt;/big&gt;
| à
| a&lt;sup&gt;4&lt;/sup&gt;
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|ㄚˋ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-爸-pronunciation.wav|{{Lang|zh|爸/bà}}|help=no}}
| tone 4
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | high falling {{IPA|[˥˩]}}
|-
| &lt;big&gt;{{IPA|[[Tone (linguistics)#Phonetic notation|a]]}}&lt;/big&gt;
| a
| a&lt;sup&gt;0&lt;/sup&gt;
| {{Lang|zh-Bopo|˙&lt;!--Placed before the symbol--&gt;ㄚ}}
| {{audio|Mandarin Chinese-fourth tone-吧-pronunciation.wav|{{Lang|zh|吧/ba}}|help=no}}
| tone 0 or 5&lt;br&gt;(toneless)
| style=&quot;text-align: left;&quot; | mid {{IPA|[˧]}} after all tones but 4, where it is low {{IPA|[˩]}}&lt;!--The syllable is phonemically toneless but, after a high tone, is phonetically mid.--&gt;
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; | '''Note:''' Pinyin uses three of the same diacritics as IPA but with different values.
|}
|}

==See also==
*{{clc|Pages with Mandarin IPA|pages}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |given = San |surname = Duanmu |title = The Phonology of Standard Chinese |edition = 2nd |location = Oxford |publisher = Oxford University Press |year = 2007  }}
* {{cite journal |surname1 = Lee |given1 = Wai-Sum |surname2 = Zee |given2 = Eric |year = 2003 |title = Standard Chinese (Beijing) |journal = Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume = 33 |issue = 1 |pages = 109–112 |doi = 10.1017/S0025100303001208 |url = https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/050A393AF2D3C325E3C6796FE8CA99A3/S0025100303001208a.pdf/standard_chinese_beijing.pdf}}
* {{cite book |given = Yen-Hwei |surname = Lin |title = The Sounds of Chinese |location = Cambridge |publisher = Cambridge University Press |year = 2007  }}
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
* [http://project-modelino.com/chinese-phonetic-transcription-converter.php?site_language=english Chinese Phonetic Transcription Converter]—Free Online Tool to convert Chinese Text to Pinyin and International Phonetic Transcription

{{IPA keys}}</text>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Yet a̱vwuo kya namg á̱ tyei á̱niet-á̱faiku a̱nietcen aba̱n/a̱la̱baa ma̱ng a̱vwuo ka ba̱ cong a̱ni ba̱ myiam nkyang tazwa ta̱m nzi̱t hu.&quot;</comment>
      <origin>46554</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="153" sha1="4m3zv9zfp6y5ibay2xxbklszq3ho6p2" xml:space="preserve">Yet a̱vwuo kya namg á̱ tyei á̱niet-á̱faiku a̱nietcen aba̱n/a̱la̱baa ma̱ng a̱vwuo ka ba̱ cong a̱ni ba̱ myiam nkyang tazwa ta̱m nzi̱t hu.</text>
      <sha1>4m3zv9zfp6y5ibay2xxbklszq3ho6p2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ta‌̱mpi‌̱let:CURRENTCENTURY</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>7809</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46555</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:17:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{#if:{{{roman|}}}|{{#time:xrY|{{padleft:{{#expr:ceil({{CURRENTYEAR}}/100)}}|4}}-01-01 00:00:00}}|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{1}}}}}|roman|{{#time:xrY|{{padleft:{{#expr:ceil({{CURRENTYEAR}}/100)}}|4}}-01-01 00:00:00}}|{{#expr:ceil({{CURRENTYEAR}}/100)}}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&quot;</comment>
      <origin>46555</origin>
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      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="285" sha1="apgyj14ulzchy3by1et1zlawb0o9w4e" xml:space="preserve">{{#if:{{{roman|}}}|{{#time:xrY|{{padleft:{{#expr:ceil({{CURRENTYEAR}}/100)}}|4}}-01-01 00:00:00}}|{{#ifeq:{{lc:{{{1}}}}}|roman|{{#time:xrY|{{padleft:{{#expr:ceil({{CURRENTYEAR}}/100)}}|4}}-01-01 00:00:00}}|{{#expr:ceil({{CURRENTYEAR}}/100)}}}}}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>apgyj14ulzchy3by1et1zlawb0o9w4e</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ta‌̱mpi‌̱let:DECADE</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>7810</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46556</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:18:14Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}&lt;!--     --&gt;|&lt;!--        # We have a parameter         --&gt;{{#ifexpr: {{#invoke:String|find|{{{1}}}|BC|plain=false}} &gt; 0&lt;!--            # The year is BC             --&gt;|{{#expr:floor({{#invoke:String|replace|{{{1}}}|pattern=^(%d+) ?B?C?$|%1|1|false}} / 10) * 10}}s BC&lt;!--            # The year is AD             --&gt;|{{#ifexpr: {{#invoke:String|find|{{{1}}}|AD|plain=false}} &gt; 0&lt;!--                 --&gt;|{{#expr:floor({{#invoke:String|replace|{{{1}}}|...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>46556</origin>
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      <text bytes="738" sha1="c2jtqazi2do3pa6o05mahlbqtospvt4" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{#if:{{{1|}}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;|&lt;!--
       # We have a parameter
        --&gt;{{#ifexpr: {{#invoke:String|find|{{{1}}}|BC|plain=false}} &gt; 0&lt;!--
           # The year is BC
            --&gt;|{{#expr:floor({{#invoke:String|replace|{{{1}}}|pattern=^(%d+) ?B?C?$|%1|1|false}} / 10) * 10}}s BC&lt;!--
           # The year is AD
            --&gt;|{{#ifexpr: {{#invoke:String|find|{{{1}}}|AD|plain=false}} &gt; 0&lt;!--
                --&gt;|{{#expr:floor({{#invoke:String|replace|{{{1}}}|pattern=^A?D? ?(%d+)$|%1|1|false}} / 10) * 10}}s&lt;!--
                --&gt;|{{#expr:floor({{{1}}} / 10) * 10}}s&lt;!--
            --&gt;}}&lt;!--
        --&gt;}}&lt;!--
    --&gt;|Parameter 1=''year'' required!}}&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;!--
--&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>c2jtqazi2do3pa6o05mahlbqtospvt4</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ta‌̱mpi‌̱let:CENTURY</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>7811</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46557</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:18:43Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#expr:floor(({{{1|200}}}-1)/100+1){{#ifexpr:{{{1}}}&lt;1|-1}}}}|Parameter 1=''year'' required!}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="211" sha1="8bafe3lyl12f14l79wplnjl2hyna2fv" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#expr:floor(({{{1|200}}}-1)/100+1){{#ifexpr:{{{1}}}&lt;1|-1}}}}|Parameter 1=''year'' required!}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8bafe3lyl12f14l79wplnjl2hyna2fv</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ta‌̱mpi‌̱let:MILLENNIUM</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>7812</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46558</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:19:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#iferror:{{#expr:{{{1|}}} &gt; 0}} | |{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{abbr|}}}   | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}Ordinal|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#expr:floor((abs({{{1}}})-1)/1000)+1}}}} {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifexpr:{{{1}}} &lt; 0|BC}}   | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}Ordinal|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#expr:floor((abs({{{1}}})-1)/1000)+1}}}}{{#ifeq: {{{2|}}}|dash&lt;!--                 --&gt;|&amp;#45;&lt;!-- Dash                 --&gt;|&amp;#32;&lt;!-- Space             --&gt;}}&lt;!--             --&gt;millennium {{{{{|safesubst...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>46558</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="550" sha1="bh081evnj961n1qwcv4c6zsfy97mahd" xml:space="preserve">{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#iferror:{{#expr:{{{1|}}} &gt; 0}}
|
|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#if:{{{abbr|}}}
  | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}Ordinal|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#expr:floor((abs({{{1}}})-1)/1000)+1}}}} {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifexpr:{{{1}}} &lt; 0|BC}}
  | {{{{{|safesubst:}}}Ordinal|{{{{{|safesubst:}}}#expr:floor((abs({{{1}}})-1)/1000)+1}}}}{{#ifeq: {{{2|}}}|dash&lt;!--
                --&gt;|&amp;#45;&lt;!-- Dash
                --&gt;|&amp;#32;&lt;!-- Space
            --&gt;}}&lt;!--
            --&gt;millennium {{{{{|safesubst:}}}#ifexpr:{{{1}}} &lt; 0|BC}}
 }}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{Documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>bh081evnj961n1qwcv4c6zsfy97mahd</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Ta‌̱mpi‌̱let:Pronunciation needed</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>7813</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46559</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:29:10Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__|$B= &lt;!--{{Pronunciation needed}} begin--&gt;{{Fix | subst = &lt;includeonly&gt;{{subst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;substcheck}}&lt;/includeonly&gt; | link  = Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation | text  = yei? | title = Ku myim swanga̱lyiat jini ji̱ byia̱ lyuut yei ku rekwot a̱nwuat. | date  = {{{date|}}} | cat   = [[Sa:A̱yaati̱Kut ba̱ cat yei a̱ni]] }}&lt;!--{{Pronunciation needed}} end--&gt; }}&lt;noinclude&gt; {{Documentation}} &lt;/noin...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>46559</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="481" sha1="ljyid01m76oct803l4dwpu0u5v1rjy8" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__|$B=
&lt;!--{{Pronunciation needed}} begin--&gt;{{Fix
| subst = &lt;includeonly&gt;{{subst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;substcheck}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
| link  = Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation
| text  = yei?
| title = Ku myim swanga̱lyiat jini ji̱ byia̱ lyuut yei ku rekwot a̱nwuat.
| date  = {{{date|}}}
| cat   = [[Sa:A̱yaati̱Kut ba̱ cat yei a̱ni]]
}}&lt;!--{{Pronunciation needed}} end--&gt;
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;
{{Documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>ljyid01m76oct803l4dwpu0u5v1rjy8</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ta‌̱mpi‌̱let:Category-inline</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>7814</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46560</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:30:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Icon|Sa}}&amp;nbsp;[[:Sa:{{{1}}}|{{#if:{{{notext|}}}|Sa|{{{2|Sa: {{{1}}} }}} }}]]&lt;noinclude&gt;  {{documentation}} &lt;/noinclude&gt;&quot;</comment>
      <origin>46560</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="122" sha1="e36k3e3t2zcc1xnhjdwid9tpp14b6hi" xml:space="preserve">{{Icon|Sa}}&amp;nbsp;[[:Sa:{{{1}}}|{{#if:{{{notext|}}}|Sa|{{{2|Sa: {{{1}}} }}} }}]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

{{documentation}}
&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>e36k3e3t2zcc1xnhjdwid9tpp14b6hi</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ta‌̱mpi‌̱let:IPAplink</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>7815</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46561</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:32:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{#invoke:IPA symbol|link|symbol={{{1|}}}|text={{{2|}}}|span=no|audio={{{audio|}}}|errortext={{{errortext|}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;&quot;</comment>
      <origin>46561</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="188" sha1="d591rn9aehiy5dklw1lvtyxus1xy71r" xml:space="preserve">&lt;includeonly&gt;&lt;nowiki /&gt;{{#invoke:IPA symbol|link|symbol={{{1|}}}|text={{{2|}}}|span=no|audio={{{audio|}}}|errortext={{{errortext|}}}}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>d591rn9aehiy5dklw1lvtyxus1xy71r</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ta‌̱mpi‌̱let:Needs IPA</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>7816</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46562</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:33:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__|$B= {{Needs IPA/core |subst=&lt;includeonly&gt;{{subst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;substcheck}}&lt;/includeonly&gt; |qualifier={{{1|}}} |lang={{#if:{{{lang|}}}|{{Needs IPA/lang|{{#invoke:lang|name_from_tag|{{{lang}}}}}|{{{lang}}}}}}} |lang2={{#if:{{{lang2|}}}|{{Needs IPA/lang|{{#invoke:lang|name_from_tag|{{{lang2}}}}}|{{{lang2}}}}}}} |lang3={{#if:{{{lang3|}}}|{{Needs IPA/lang|{{#invoke:lang|name_from_tag|{{{lang3}}}}}|{{{lang3}}}}}}}...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>46562</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="561" sha1="7gibbweuq8afx60cz5oklsijbnh1dwr" xml:space="preserve">{{ {{{|safesubst:}}}#invoke:Unsubst||date=__DATE__|$B=
{{Needs IPA/core
|subst=&lt;includeonly&gt;{{subst:&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;includeonly&gt;substcheck}}&lt;/includeonly&gt;
|qualifier={{{1|}}}
|lang={{#if:{{{lang|}}}|{{Needs IPA/lang|{{#invoke:lang|name_from_tag|{{{lang}}}}}|{{{lang}}}}}}}
|lang2={{#if:{{{lang2|}}}|{{Needs IPA/lang|{{#invoke:lang|name_from_tag|{{{lang2}}}}}|{{{lang2}}}}}}}
|lang3={{#if:{{{lang3|}}}|{{Needs IPA/lang|{{#invoke:lang|name_from_tag|{{{lang3}}}}}|{{{lang3}}}}}}}
|reason={{{reason|}}}
|date={{{date|}}}
}}
}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7gibbweuq8afx60cz5oklsijbnh1dwr</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ta‌̱mpi‌̱let:Needs IPA/core</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>7817</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46563</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:34:30Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{Fix |subst={{{subst|}}} |link=Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation |text=á̱ cat {{{qualifier|}}} Za̱FBS |title={{#invoke:Separated entries|main|{{{lang|}}}|{{{lang2|}}}|{{{lang3|}}}|separator=,&amp;#32;|conjunction=&amp;#32;and&amp;#32;}}&lt;!--        --&gt; IPA transcription needed for this term{{#if:{{{reason|}}}|&amp;#32;because {{{reason}}}}}. |date={{{date|}}} |cat={{Needs IPA/cat|{{{lang|}}}}} |cat2={{#if:{{{lang2|}}}|{{Needs IPA/cat|{{{lang2}}}}}}} |cat3={{#if:{{{lang3|}}}|{{N...&quot;</comment>
      <origin>46563</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="506" sha1="6lc8lksos7bsrop582k5fx6j0jwjos2" xml:space="preserve">{{Fix
|subst={{{subst|}}}
|link=Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation
|text=á̱ cat {{{qualifier|}}} Za̱FBS
|title={{#invoke:Separated entries|main|{{{lang|}}}|{{{lang2|}}}|{{{lang3|}}}|separator=,&amp;#32;|conjunction=&amp;#32;and&amp;#32;}}&lt;!--
       --&gt; IPA transcription needed for this term{{#if:{{{reason|}}}|&amp;#32;because {{{reason}}}}}.
|date={{{date|}}}
|cat={{Needs IPA/cat|{{{lang|}}}}}
|cat2={{#if:{{{lang2|}}}|{{Needs IPA/cat|{{{lang2}}}}}}}
|cat3={{#if:{{{lang3|}}}|{{Needs IPA/cat|{{{lang3}}}}}}}
}}</text>
      <sha1>6lc8lksos7bsrop582k5fx6j0jwjos2</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Ta‌̱mpi‌̱let:IPA notice/msg</title>
    <ns>10</ns>
    <id>7818</id>
    <revision>
      <id>46564</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:44:17Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Created page with &quot;{{yesno|{{{preamble|yes}}}|no=|yes={{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{main other|Ati̱kut wuni|Wat huni}}}} byia̱ '''lyuut a̱nwuat yei mi̱ [[Zwunzwuo-a̱lyem Fonetik Bibyin Swanta]] (Za̱FBS) ji'''.&amp;#32;}}Mat a̱son tyai kwak a̱son tazwa nyian ta̱m ma̱ng a̱yaalama Za̱FBS ba, nwuan [[Beang:IPA]] a li.{{yesno|{{{brackets|yes}}}|no=|yes=&amp;#32;Mat vwuon hu tsi̱tsak {{IPA|[&amp;nbsp;]}}, {{IPA|/&amp;nbsp;/}} ma̱ng {{angbr IPA|&amp;nbsp;}}, nwuan Za̱FBS §&amp;nbsp;Nkyangtakgak zwúnzwuo-a̱t...&quot;</comment>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="539" sha1="qi2q2tzje5cs39z8lttombadmyewkvj" xml:space="preserve">{{yesno|{{{preamble|yes}}}|no=|yes={{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{main other|Ati̱kut wuni|Wat huni}}}} byia̱ '''lyuut a̱nwuat yei mi̱ [[Zwunzwuo-a̱lyem Fonetik Bibyin Swanta]] (Za̱FBS) ji'''.&amp;#32;}}Mat a̱son tyai kwak a̱son tazwa nyian ta̱m ma̱ng a̱yaalama Za̱FBS ba, nwuan [[Beang:IPA]] a li.{{yesno|{{{brackets|yes}}}|no=|yes=&amp;#32;Mat vwuon hu tsi̱tsak {{IPA|[&amp;nbsp;]}}, {{IPA|/&amp;nbsp;/}} ma̱ng {{angbr IPA|&amp;nbsp;}}, nwuan Za̱FBS §&amp;nbsp;Nkyangtakgak zwúnzwuo-a̱ta ma̱ng bwan-lyuut]].}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>qi2q2tzje5cs39z8lttombadmyewkvj</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>46565</id>
      <parentid>46564</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:44:54Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>46565</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="537" sha1="tr2csvkcmmz56jq2f3qdrd0ud0u2ijs" xml:space="preserve">{{yesno|{{{preamble|yes}}}|no=|yes={{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{main other|Ati̱kut wuni|Wat huni}}}} byia̱ '''lyuut a̱nwuat yei mi̱ [[Zwunzwuo-a̱lyem Fonetik Bibyin Swanta]] (Za̱FBS) ji'''.&amp;#32;}}Mat a̱son tyai kwak a̱son tazwa nyian ta̱m ma̱ng a̱yaalama Za̱FBS ba, nwuan [[Beang:IPA]] a li.{{yesno|{{{brackets|yes}}}|no=|yes=&amp;#32;Mat vwuon hu tsi̱tsak {{IPA|[&amp;nbsp;]}}, {{IPA|/&amp;nbsp;/}} ma̱ng {{angbr IPA|&amp;nbsp;}}, nwuan Za̱FBS §&amp;nbsp;Nkyangtakgak zwúnzwuo-a̱ta ma̱ng bwan-lyuut.}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tr2csvkcmmz56jq2f3qdrd0ud0u2ijs</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>46609</id>
      <parentid>46565</parentid>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:46:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <origin>46609</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="541" sha1="8oj62eoxxudpa81x9iofslyr28e1iwt" xml:space="preserve">{{yesno|{{{preamble|yes}}}|no=|yes={{#if:{{{1|}}}|{{{1}}}|{{main other|Ati̱kut wuni|Wat huni}}}} byia̱ '''lyuut a̱nwuat yei mi̱ [[Zwunzwuo-a̱lyem Fonetik Bibyin Swanta]] (Za̱FBS) ji'''.&amp;#32;}}Mat a̱son tyai kwak a̱son tazwa nyian ta̱m ma̱ng a̱yaalama Za̱FBS ba, nwuan [[Beang:Za̱FBS]] a li.{{yesno|{{{brackets|yes}}}|no=|yes=&amp;#32;Mat vwuon hu tsi̱tsak {{IPA|[&amp;nbsp;]}}, {{IPA|/&amp;nbsp;/}} ma̱ng {{angbr IPA|&amp;nbsp;}}, nwuan Za̱FBS §&amp;nbsp;Nkyangtakgak zwúnzwuo-a̱ta ma̱ng bwan-lyuut.}}&lt;noinclude&gt;{{documentation}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
      <sha1>8oj62eoxxudpa81x9iofslyr28e1iwt</sha1>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7819</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS" />
    <revision>
      <id>46567</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS]]</comment>
      <origin>46567</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="27" sha1="18aoidlunmmq8ls7ulu9abmw1ta1n10" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS]]</text>
      <sha1>18aoidlunmmq8ls7ulu9abmw1ta1n10</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Arabic</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7820</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Arabic" />
    <revision>
      <id>46569</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Arabic]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Arabic]]</comment>
      <origin>46569</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="17jwlpka8o2wzop732q62dpgamfg5b4" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Arabic]]</text>
      <sha1>17jwlpka8o2wzop732q62dpgamfg5b4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Basque</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7821</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Basque" />
    <revision>
      <id>46571</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Basque]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Basque]]</comment>
      <origin>46571</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="k0v7z63wh36wcouxftjsgicahhxd2h4" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Basque]]</text>
      <sha1>k0v7z63wh36wcouxftjsgicahhxd2h4</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/English</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7822</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/English" />
    <revision>
      <id>46573</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/English]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/English]]</comment>
      <origin>46573</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="8mxf2q57fmnj584mvjn9s27jbh98xyj" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/English]]</text>
      <sha1>8mxf2q57fmnj584mvjn9s27jbh98xyj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/French</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7823</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/French" />
    <revision>
      <id>46575</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:19Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/French]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/French]]</comment>
      <origin>46575</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="o478owefwcd0l79956sntax09xbyd1f" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/French]]</text>
      <sha1>o478owefwcd0l79956sntax09xbyd1f</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Hebrew</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7824</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Hebrew" />
    <revision>
      <id>46577</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Hebrew]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Hebrew]]</comment>
      <origin>46577</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="34" sha1="0g9i374tbnytjq65nqygwfmh3kxpwax" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Hebrew]]</text>
      <sha1>0g9i374tbnytjq65nqygwfmh3kxpwax</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Hungarian</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7825</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Hungarian" />
    <revision>
      <id>46579</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Hungarian]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Hungarian]]</comment>
      <origin>46579</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="37" sha1="e3kesojghbet25uxf1o4brunkwkvn4m" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Hungarian]]</text>
      <sha1>e3kesojghbet25uxf1o4brunkwkvn4m</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Italian</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7826</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Italian" />
    <revision>
      <id>46581</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Italian]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Italian]]</comment>
      <origin>46581</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="lkdiwuaxjsedlg0s6bsfwfb0nv6n62x" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Italian]]</text>
      <sha1>lkdiwuaxjsedlg0s6bsfwfb0nv6n62x</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Italiya</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7827</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Italiya" />
    <revision>
      <id>46583</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Italiya]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Italiya]]</comment>
      <origin>46583</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="pihm4jtcwzez9xts9ay1h355cfq1j8t" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Italiya]]</text>
      <sha1>pihm4jtcwzez9xts9ay1h355cfq1j8t</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Mandarin</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7828</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Mandarin" />
    <revision>
      <id>46585</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:22Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Mandarin]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Mandarin]]</comment>
      <origin>46585</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="96i4eqeahb8yiu1no5dc4rikacb25lu" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Mandarin]]</text>
      <sha1>96i4eqeahb8yiu1no5dc4rikacb25lu</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Portuguese</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7829</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Portuguese" />
    <revision>
      <id>46587</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Portuguese]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Portuguese]]</comment>
      <origin>46587</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="38" sha1="t4amxqfesn6ziqpnmq952zqd68sg9xe" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Portuguese]]</text>
      <sha1>t4amxqfesn6ziqpnmq952zqd68sg9xe</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Romanian</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7830</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Romanian" />
    <revision>
      <id>46589</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Romanian]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Romanian]]</comment>
      <origin>46589</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="36" sha1="2y1dkqnngxq4k16b2hq3hydj8w6dc1s" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Romanian]]</text>
      <sha1>2y1dkqnngxq4k16b2hq3hydj8w6dc1s</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Russian</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7831</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Russian" />
    <revision>
      <id>46591</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Russian]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Russian]]</comment>
      <origin>46591</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="hmkiecp49zdjs49plu2pf70gqxxe4wm" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Russian]]</text>
      <sha1>hmkiecp49zdjs49plu2pf70gqxxe4wm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Si̱pen</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7832</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Si̱pen" />
    <revision>
      <id>46593</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Si̱pen]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Si̱pen]]</comment>
      <origin>46593</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="n86km48si0tkk4uqgau3hux9mrw6ihm" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Si̱pen]]</text>
      <sha1>n86km48si0tkk4uqgau3hux9mrw6ihm</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Spanish</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7833</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Spanish" />
    <revision>
      <id>46595</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:24Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Spanish]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Spanish]]</comment>
      <origin>46595</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="m93updt5t7tq9337yye3v8cvu82iuah" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Spanish]]</text>
      <sha1>m93updt5t7tq9337yye3v8cvu82iuah</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Standard German</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7834</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Standard German" />
    <revision>
      <id>46597</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Standard German]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Standard German]]</comment>
      <origin>46597</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="43" sha1="2qk5f851pohco2eqo3q276jbl2iuydo" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Standard German]]</text>
      <sha1>2qk5f851pohco2eqo3q276jbl2iuydo</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Turkish</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7835</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Turkish" />
    <revision>
      <id>46599</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:25Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Turkish]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Turkish]]</comment>
      <origin>46599</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="nkrzga2mbysclzimh44ml7kwx9yrm7h" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Turkish]]</text>
      <sha1>nkrzga2mbysclzimh44ml7kwx9yrm7h</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Turkiya</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7836</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Turkiya" />
    <revision>
      <id>46601</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Turkiya]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Turkiya]]</comment>
      <origin>46601</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="cr8guraxr5je9qu7z2eni9rxbwwjv33" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Turkiya]]</text>
      <sha1>cr8guraxr5je9qu7z2eni9rxbwwjv33</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Wali̱t</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7837</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Wali̱t" />
    <revision>
      <id>46603</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Wali̱t]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Wali̱t]]</comment>
      <origin>46603</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="35" sha1="98sqogi11edmudjqk0x5v3qpwajftig" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Wali̱t]]</text>
      <sha1>98sqogi11edmudjqk0x5v3qpwajftig</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Welsh</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7838</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Welsh" />
    <revision>
      <id>46605</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Welsh]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Welsh]]</comment>
      <origin>46605</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="33" sha1="du8cecr3flpjcqm701lhhvw1pq8e2fj" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Welsh]]</text>
      <sha1>du8cecr3flpjcqm701lhhvw1pq8e2fj</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Beang:IPA/Wusi̱ka̱ra</title>
    <ns>12</ns>
    <id>7839</id>
    <redirect title="Beang:Za̱FBS/Wusi̱ka̱ra" />
    <revision>
      <id>46607</id>
      <timestamp>2026-07-04T01:45:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Kambai Akau</username>
        <id>15</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Kambai Akau shyei wat hu [[Beang:IPA/Wusi̱ka̱ra]] nat [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Wusi̱ka̱ra]]</comment>
      <origin>46607</origin>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="40" sha1="sj8683dwc1gkn7zag8syq0sqi3swak2" xml:space="preserve">#REDIRECT [[Beang:Za̱FBS/Wusi̱ka̱ra]]</text>
      <sha1>sj8683dwc1gkn7zag8syq0sqi3swak2</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>