Wikipidiya kgewiki https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipidiya:Garang MediaWiki 1.48.0-wmf.3 first-letter Sarana Usus Rombakan Pamakay Rombakan Pamakay Wikipidiya Rombakan Wikipidiya Bondol Rombakan Bondol MediaWiki Rombakan MediaWiki Citakan Rombakan Citakan Katulungan Rombakan Katulungan Kaban Rombakan Kaban TimedText TimedText talk Modul Pembicaraan Modul Acara Pembicaraan Acara 0 679 38323 38202 2026-11-07T04:46:04Z Es Krim 5 juta Rasa 8 /* */ 38323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sumangko|[[Basa Shina Kohistani|Shina Kohistani]]}} {{Infobox language | name = Shina | pronunciation = {{IPA|scl|ʂiɳjá|}} | image = [[Bondol:Shina in Nastaliq.png|150px]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[India]] | region = [[Gilgit-Baltistan]], [[Distrik Kohistan, Pakistan|Kohistan]], [[Drass, Ladakh|Drass]], [[Gurez]] | ethnicity = [[Jolma Shina|Shina]] | speakers = {{sigfig|720.200|4}} Shina | date = 2018 | ref = <ref>{{cite web |title=Shina |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl |website=Ethnologue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190606010248/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=2019-06-06 |language=en}}</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Rumpun basa Indo-Iran|Indo-Iran]] | fam3 = [[Rumpun basa Indo-Arya|Indo-Arya]] | fam4 = [[Rumpun basa Dardik|Dardik]] | fam5 = [[Rumpun basa Dardik|Dardik Darak]] | fam6 = Shinaik | lc1 = scl | ld1 = Shina Standar | lc2 = plk | ld2 = [[Kohistani Shina]] | script = [[Huruf Hijaiyah|Arab]] ([[Nastaliq]])<ref>{{cite web|title= Ethnologue report for Shina |url= http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=scl|website=Ethnologue}}</ref> | map = Shina language.png | mapcaption = Distribution of Shina language in Dark Orange | notice = IPA | glotto = shin1264 | glottoname = Shina | glotto2 = kohi1248 | glottoname2 = Kohistani Shina | imagecaption = Kata {{lang|scl-Latn|Ṣiṇyaá}} titulis dilom huruf [[Huruf Hijaiyah|Arab]] dilom gaya [[Nastaliq]]. | nativename = {{lang|scl|ݜݨیاٗ زبان}} / {{lang|scl|ݜݨیاٗ گلیتوࣿ زبان}}<br/>''{{transliteration|scl|Ṣiṇyaá}}'' | speakers2 = rik Shina, Kohistani 458.000 (2018)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Shina, Kohistani|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/plk |website=Ethnologue |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190605212655/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/plk |access-date=25 June 2019 |archive-date=2019-06-05 |language=en}}</ref> }} '''Basa Shina''' joda da salah osay basa say dituturko [[Jolma Shina]] di nagara [[Pakistan]].<ref>Danesh Jain, [https://books.google.com/books?id=iUHfBQAAQBAJ&dq=shina+gilgit+ladakh&pg=PT1018 ''The Indo-Aryan Languages''] George Cardona, 26 Juni 2007, Routledge, ISBN 978-1-135-79710-2, hal 1018 dilom [[Bahasa Inggris]]</ref> Di [[Pakistan]], joda da basa mayoritas di [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] say sabagiyan balak dituturko jolma say ngaman di [[Gilgit-Baltistan]] rik [[Distrik Kohistan, Pakistan|Kohistan]].<ref name=":2">Anju Saxena, [https://books.google.com/books?id=g8DAmULPQU0C&dq=shina+gilgit+ladakh&pg=PA137 ''Lesser-Known Languages of South Asia: Status and Policies, Case Studies and Applications of Information Technology''] Lars Borin, 22 Agustus 2008, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-019778-5, hal 137 dilom [[Bahasa Inggris]] {{Quote|''Shina is an Indo-Aryan language of the Dardic group, spoken in the Karakorams and the western Himalayas: Gilgit, Hunza, the Astor Valley, the Tangir-Darel valleys, Chilas and Indus Kohistan, as well as in the upper Neelam Valley and Dras. Outliers of Shina are found in Ladakh (Brokskat), Chitral (Palula and Sawi), Swat (Ushojo; Bashir 2003: 878) and Dir (Kalkoti).''}}</ref><ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl ''Shina''], Ethnologue [https://web.archive.org/web/20190606010248/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/scl dilom Bahasa Inggris]</ref> == Huruf == ==== Konsonan ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! Golar ! colspan="4" | Bontuk ! rowspan=2 | [[Huruf Fonetik Internasional|IPA]] ! rowspan=2 | [[Huruf Latin|Latin]]<ref name="transliteration">Radloff, Carla F. with Shakil Ahmad Shakil.1998.'' Folktales in the Shina of Gilgit''. Islamabad: The National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. [https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/82/56/138256623622760949003113935743299913976/742_CRadloff_Folktales_Gilgit_of_Shina_1998.pdf]</ref> ! rowspan=2 | [[Unicode]] ! rowspan=2 | Catatan |- ! Shina ! Posay ! Uncuk ! Tongah ! Pangkal |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| الڦ }}</span><br>''aliv'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ا]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـا }} | style="font-size:120%;" |{{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـا }} | style="font-size:120%;" |{{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|ا / آ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʌ}}, {{IPAblink|∅}}, ''silent'' | style="border-right:none;" | ''– / aa'' | [[:wiktionary: ا|U+0627]]<Br>[[:wiktionary: ا|U+0627]] | At the beginning of a word it can either come with diacritic, or it can come in form of ''aliv-madda'' ({{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| آ}}), or it can be stand-alone and silent, succeeded by a vowel letter. Diacritics {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| اَ اِ، اُ}} can be omitted in writing. |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بےࣿ }}</span><br>''be'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ب]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـب }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـبـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|b}} | ''b'' | [[:wiktionary: ب|U+0628]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پےࣿ }}</span><br>''pe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[پ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|p}} | ''p'' | [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تےࣿ }}</span><br>''te'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ت]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـت }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـتـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t̪}} | ''t'' | [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹےࣿ }}</span><br>''te'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ٹ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʈ}} | ''ṭ'' | [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]] | |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ثےࣿ }}</span><br>''se'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ث]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـث }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـثـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ثـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|s}} | ''s'' | [[:wiktionary: ث|U+062B]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''siin'' {{lang|scl| س }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جوࣿم }}</span><br>''ǰom'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ج]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـج }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـجـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} | ''ǰ'' | [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چےࣿ }}</span><br>''če'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[چ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} | ''č'' | [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څےࣿ }}</span><br>''tse'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[څ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t͡s}} | ''ts'' | [[:wiktionary: څ|U+0685]] | Letter borrowed from [[Pashto alphabet]]. |-bgcolor="#d0dead" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇےࣿ }}</span><br>''c̣e'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڇ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʈ͡ʂ}} | ''c̣'' | [[:wiktionary: ڇ|U+0687]] | Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| حٍـ }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇـ }}. |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| حےࣿ }}</span><br>''he'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ح]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـح }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـحـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| حـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|h}} | ''h'' | [[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''hay'' {{lang|scl| ہ }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| خےࣿ }}</span><br>''khe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[خ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـخ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـخـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| خـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|x}}~{{IPAblink|◌ʰ|kʰ}} | ''kh'' | [[:wiktionary: خ|U+062E]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with digraph letter ''khe'' {{lang|scl| کھ }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| دال }}</span><br>''daal'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[د]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـد }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|d̪}} | ''d'' | [[:wiktionary: د|U+062F]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڈال }}</span><br>''ḍaal'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڈ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڈ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɖ}} | ''ḍ'' | [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]] | |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ذال }}</span><br>''zaal'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ذ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـذ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}} | ''z'' | [[:wiktionary: ذ|U+0630]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''ze'' {{lang|scl| ز }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رےࣿ }}</span><br>''re'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ر]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـر }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|r}} | ''r'' | [[:wiktionary: ر|U+0631]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڑےࣿ }}</span><br>''ṛe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڑ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڑ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɽ}} | ''ṛ'' | [[:wiktionary: ڑ|U+0691]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| زےࣿ }}</span><br>''ze'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ز]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـز }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}} | ''z'' | [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]] | |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ژےࣿ }}</span><br>''že / ǰe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ژ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـژ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʒ}}‍~{{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}‍ | ''ž / ǰ'' | [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]] | Only used in loanwords of Persian and European origin. Can be replaced with letter ''jom'' {{lang|scl| ج }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#d0dead" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙےࣿ }}</span><br>''ẓe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڙ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڙ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʐ}} | ''ẓ'' | [[:wiktionary: ڙ|U+0699]] | Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رً }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙ }}. |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| سِین }}</span><br>''siin'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[س]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـس }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـسـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| سـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|s}} | ''s'' | [[:wiktionary: س|U+0633]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| شِین }}</span><br>''šiin'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ش]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـش }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـشـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| شـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʃ}} | ''š'' | [[:wiktionary: ش|U+0634]] | |-bgcolor="#d0dead" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݜِین }}</span><br>''ṣiin'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ݜ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݜ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݜـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݜـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʂ}} | ''ṣ'' | [[:wiktionary: ڇ|U+0687]] | Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| سً }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݜ }}. |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| صواد }}</span><br>''swaad'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ص]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـص }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـصـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| صـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|s}} | ''s'' | [[:wiktionary: ص|U+0635]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''siin'' {{lang|scl| س }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ضواد }}</span><br>''zwaad'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ض]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـض }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـضـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ضـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}} | ''z'' | [[:wiktionary: ض|U+0636]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''ze'' {{lang|scl| ز }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| طوے }}</span><br>''tooy'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ط]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـط }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـطـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| طـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t̪}} | ''t'' | [[:wiktionary: ط|U+0637]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''te'' {{lang|scl| ت }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ظوے }}</span><br>''zooy'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ظ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـظ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـظـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ظـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}} | ''z'' | [[:wiktionary: ظ|U+0638]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''ze'' {{lang|scl| ز }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| عَین }}</span><br>''ayn'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ع]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـع }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـعـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| عـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʔ}}, ''silent'' | ''-'' | [[:wiktionary: ع|U+0639]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''aliv'' {{lang|scl| ا }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| غَین }}</span><br>''gayn'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[غ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـغ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـغـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| غـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɣ}}~{{IPAblink|ɡ}} | ''g'' | [[:wiktionary: غ|U+063A]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''gaaf'' {{lang|scl| گ}}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| فےࣿ }}</span><br>''fe / phe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ف]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـف }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـفـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| فـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|f}}~{{IPAblink|pʰ}} | ''f / ph'' | [[:wiktionary: ف|U+0641]] | Only used in loanwords. Can be replaced with digraph letter ''phe'' {{lang|scl| پھ }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#d0dead" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڦےࣿ }}</span><br>''ve'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڦ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڦ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڦـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڦـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|v}} | ''v'' | [[:wiktionary: ڦ|U+06A6]] | Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڡً }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڦ }}. |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| قاف }}</span><br>''qaaf / kaaf'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ق]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـق }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـقـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| قـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|q}}~{{IPAblink|k}} | ''q / k'' | [[:wiktionary: ق|U+0642]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''kaaf'' {{lang|scl| ک }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کاف }}</span><br>''kaaf'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ک]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـک }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـکـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|k}} | ''k'' | [[:wiktionary: ک|U+0643]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گاف }}</span><br>''gaaf'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[گ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɡ}} | ''g'' | [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]] | |-bgcolor="#d0dead" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڱاف / گاف گُنَہ }}</span><br>''ngaaf / gaaf gunna'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڱ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڱ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڱـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڱـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ŋ/}} | ''ng'' | [[:wiktionary: ڱ|U+06B1]] | Unique letter for Kohistani Shina language.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لام }}</span><br>''laam'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ل]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـل }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـلـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|l}} | ''l'' | [[:wiktionary: ل|U+0644]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مِیم }}</span><br>''miim'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[م]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـم }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـمـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|m}} | ''m'' | [[:wiktionary: م|U+0645]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نُون }}</span><br>''n'' {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|pʰ}} | ''ph'' | [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھےࣿ }}</span><br>''the'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـتھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـتھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|t̪ʰ}} | ''th'' | [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹھےࣿ }}</span><br>''ṭhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ʈʰ}} | ''ṭh'' | [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جھوࣿم }}</span><br>''ǰhom'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـجھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـجھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|d͡ʒʱ}} | ''ǰh'' | [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]] <br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چھےࣿ }}</span><br>''čhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|t͡ʃʰ}} | ''čh'' | [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څھےࣿ }}</span><br>''tshe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|t͡sʰ}} | ''tsh'' | [[:wiktionary: څ|U+0685]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇھےࣿ }}</span><br>''c̣he'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ʈ͡ʂʰ}} | ''c̣h'' | [[:wiktionary: ڇ|U+0687]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| دھےࣿ }}</span><br>''dhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| دھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـدھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـدھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| دھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|d̪ʱ}} | ''dh'' | [[:wiktionary: د|U+062F]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڈھےࣿ }}</span><br>''ḍhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڈھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڈھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڈھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڈھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ɖʱ}} | ''ḍh'' | [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رھےࣿ }}</span><br>''rhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـرھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـرھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|rʱ}} | ''rh'' | [[:wiktionary: ر|U+0631]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| زھےࣿ }}</span><br>''zhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| زھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـزھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـزھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| زھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|zʱ}} | ''zh'' | [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙھےࣿ }}</span><br>''ẓhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڙھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڙھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|zʱ}} | ''ẓh'' | [[:wiktionary: ڙ|U+0699]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کھےࣿ }}</span><br>''khe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـکھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـکھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|kʰ}} | ''kh'' | [[:wiktionary: ک|U+0643]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گھےࣿ }}</span><br>''ghe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ɡʱ}} | ''gh'' | [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لھےࣿ }}</span><br>''lhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـلھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـلھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|lʱ}} | ''lh'' | [[:wiktionary: ل|U+0644]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مھےࣿ }}</span><br>''mhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـمھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـمھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|mʱ}} | ''mh'' | [[:wiktionary: م|U+0645]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نھےࣿ }}</span><br>''nhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـنھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـنھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|nʱ}} | ''nh'' | [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |} ==== Vokal ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; !colspan=5| Vokal di pangkal kata |- ! a || e || i || o || u |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اَ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ایࣿـ / اےࣿ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اِ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اوࣿ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اُ}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di tongah kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ـَ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|یࣿـ / ـیࣿـ }}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ـِ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وࣿ / ـوࣿ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ـُ}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di uncuk kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َہ / ـَہ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ےࣿ / ـےࣿ }}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِہ / ـِہ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وࣿ / ـوࣿ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُہ / ـُہ}}</span> |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; !colspan=5| Vokal di pangkal kata |- ! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|آ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ایـ / اے}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اِیـ / اِی}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|او}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اُو}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di tongah kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ا / ـا}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|یـ / ـیـ }}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیـ / ـِیـ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|و / ـو}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُو / ـُو}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di uncuk kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ا / ـا}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ے / ـے}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِی / ـِی}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|و / ـو}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُو / ـُو}}</span> |- |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; !colspan=5| Vokal di pangkal kata |- ! aá || eé || ií || oó || uú |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|آٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ایٗـ / اےٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اِیٗـ / اِیٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اوٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اُوٗ}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di tongah kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اٗ / ـاٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|یٗـ / ـیٗـ }}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٗـ / ـِیٗـ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وٗ / ـوٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di uncuk kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اٗ / ـاٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ےٗ / ـےٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٗ / ـِی}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وٗ / ـوٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ}}</span> |- |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; !colspan=5| Vokal di pangkal kata |- ! áa || ée || íi || óo || úu |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|آٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ایٰـ / اےٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اِیٰـ / اِیٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اوٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اُوٰ}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di tongah kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اٰ / ـاٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|یٰـ / ـیٰـ }}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٰـ / ـِیٰـ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وٰ / ـوٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di uncuk kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اٰ / ـاٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ےٰ / ـےٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٰ / ـِیٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وٰ / ـوٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ}}</span> |- |} == Cuntuh Tulisan == * '''[[Huruf Hijaiyah|Arab]]''' <div dir="rtl"><span style="font-size:130%;line-height:1.35;">{{Quote|{{Script/Arabic|اَساٰ ایࣿک سَنِیٰلو گوٰݜ پَشیٰس. اَساٰ دَہِیٰلو گوٰݜ پَشیٰس. گوٰݜ جیٰجِہ دَہِیٰلوࣿ لیٰل بِیٰنوࣿ. گوٰݜ وَزِیٗ نَہ دِتوباٰلو.}}}} </span></div> * '''[[Huruf Latin|Latin]]''' {{Quote|''Asáa ek saníilo góoṣ pašées. Asáa dahíilo góoṣ pašées. Góoṣ jéeji dahíilo léel bíino. Góoṣ wazií na ditobáalo.''}} * '''[[Basa Kumoring|Horti]]''' {{Quote|''Sikam ngaliyak lombahan say kok radu tiguway. Sikam ngaliyak lombahan sina mutung. Lombahan sina pocakna kona suwah. Lombahan sina mak mungkin rubuh unyin.''}} == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} [[Kaban:Basa]] tuerje64bkemg442bh0fjcy8u1qkgmo 0 680 38324 36996 2026-11-07T04:46:53Z Es Krim 5 juta Rasa 8 /* */ 38324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Sumangko|[[Basa Shina]]}} {{Infobox language | name = Shina Kohistani | nativename = {{lang|plk|{{nq|ݜݨیاٗ کستِین٘و زبان}} / {{nq|ݜݨیاٗ زبان}}}} | image = | states = [[Pakistan]] | region = [[Distrik Kohistan, Pakistan]] | ethnicity = [[Jolma Kolai]] | speakers = 458,000 | date = 2018 | ref = <ref name="auto">{{cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/plk | title=Shina,jalkutia Kohistani }}</ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Rumpun basa Indo-Iran|Indo-Iran]] | fam3 = [[Rumpun basa Indo-Arya|Indo-Arya]] | fam4 = [[Rumpun basa Dardik|Dardik Darak]] | fam5 = Shinaik rik jalkot | fam6 = Kohistani–[[Basa Ushoji|Ushoji]] Shina.jalkutia<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kohi1247 |title=Glottolog 4.8 - Kohistanic Shina |date=2023-07-10 |access-date=2023-11-05 |website=[[Glottolog]] |last=Hammarström |first=Harald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231106021321/https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kohi1247 |archive-date=2023-11-06 |url-status=live |publisher=[[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]] |author-link=Harald Hammarström |last2=Forkel |first2=Robert |publication-place=[[Leipzig]] |doi=10.5281/zenodo.7398962 |last3=Haspelmath |first3=Martin |author-link3=Martin Haspelmath |last4=Bank |first4=Sebastian |doi-access=free}}</ref> | dia1 = [[Lombak Palas|Palas, lombak jalkot suppat]] | dia2 = [[Kuz Jalkot|Jalkoti]] | dia3 = [[Kolai]] | script = [[Huruf Hijaiyah|Arab]] ([[Nastaliq]]) | iso3 = plk | glotto = kohi1248 | glottorefname = Kohistani Shina }} '''Basa Shina Kohistani''' joda da salah osay basa say dituturko [[Jolma Kolai]] di nagara [[Pakistan]]. Panutur [[Bahasa Bateri|Bateri]] rik [[Bahasa Kalkoti|Kalkoti]] makay Basa Kohistani Shina sabagay basa keduwa.<ref>[https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270479560 doi 10.1349/PS1.1537-0852.A.423 ''Notes on Kalkoti: A Shina Language with Strong Kohistani Influences''] 2013, Henrik Liljegren, Linguistic Discovery, volume 11</ref> Kata injaman jak [[Basa Hindus Kohistani]] pacak tihaluko dilom basa sa. Tata basa rik kamus basa sija sa kok radu tipublikasiko.<ref>Ruth Laila Schmidt, Razval Kohistani, Mohammad Manzar Zarin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=mZzD86umtbAC ''A Grammar of the Shina Language of Indus Kohistan''] 2008, Otto Harrassowitz Verlag, ISBN 9783447056762, hal 264</ref><ref name="Primer1">Razval Kohistani, [https://archive.org/details/complete-shina-kohistani-qaida-by-razwal-kohistani_202009/page/n5/mode/2up ''Complete Shina Kohistani Qaida By Razwal Kohistani''] 2020, isu 2 [https://archive.org/details/complete-shina-kohistani-qaida-by-razwal-kohistani_202009/page/n5/mode/2up dilom Bahasa Urdu]</ref><ref>[https://pamirtimes.net/2021/10/22/dictionary-of-kohistani-shina-urdu-published/ ''Kohistani Shina-Urdu dictionary published'']</ref> == Huruf == ==== Konsonan ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! Golar ! colspan="4" | Bontuk ! rowspan=2 | [[Huruf Fonetik Internasional|IPA]] ! rowspan=2 | [[Huruf Latin|Latin]]<ref name="transliteration">Radloff, Carla F. with Shakil Ahmad Shakil.1998.'' Folktales in the Shina of Gilgit''. Islamabad: The National Institute of Pakistan Studies and Summer Institute of Linguistics. [https://www.sil.org/system/files/reapdata/13/82/56/138256623622760949003113935743299913976/742_CRadloff_Folktales_Gilgit_of_Shina_1998.pdf]</ref> ! rowspan=2 | [[Unicode]] ! rowspan=2 | Catatan |- ! Shina ! Posay ! Uncuk ! Tongah ! Pangkal |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| الڦ }}</span><br>''aliv'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ا]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـا }} | style="font-size:120%;" |{{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـا }} | style="font-size:120%;" |{{#invoke:lang|lang|scl|ا / آ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʌ}}, {{IPAblink|∅}}, ''silent'' | style="border-right:none;" | ''– / aa'' | [[:wiktionary: ا|U+0627]]<Br>[[:wiktionary: ا|U+0627]] | At the beginning of a word it can either come with diacritic, or it can come in form of ''aliv-madda'' ({{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| آ}}), or it can be stand-alone and silent, succeeded by a vowel letter. Diacritics {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| اَ اِ، اُ}} can be omitted in writing. |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بےࣿ }}</span><br>''be'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ب]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـب }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـبـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|b}} | ''b'' | [[:wiktionary: ب|U+0628]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پےࣿ }}</span><br>''pe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[پ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|p}} | ''p'' | [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تےࣿ }}</span><br>''te'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ت]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـت }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـتـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t̪}} | ''t'' | [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹےࣿ }}</span><br>''te'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ٹ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʈ}} | ''ṭ'' | [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]] | |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ثےࣿ }}</span><br>''se'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ث]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـث }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـثـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ثـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|s}} | ''s'' | [[:wiktionary: ث|U+062B]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''siin'' {{lang|scl| س }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جوࣿم }}</span><br>''ǰom'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ج]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـج }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـجـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}} | ''ǰ'' | [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چےࣿ }}</span><br>''če'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[چ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t͡ʃ}} | ''č'' | [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څےࣿ }}</span><br>''tse'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[څ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t͡s}} | ''ts'' | [[:wiktionary: څ|U+0685]] | Letter borrowed from [[Pashto alphabet]]. |-bgcolor="#d0dead" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇےࣿ }}</span><br>''c̣e'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڇ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʈ͡ʂ}} | ''c̣'' | [[:wiktionary: ڇ|U+0687]] | Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| حٍـ }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇـ }}. |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| حےࣿ }}</span><br>''he'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ح]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـح }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـحـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| حـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|h}} | ''h'' | [[:wiktionary: ح|U+062D]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''hay'' {{lang|scl| ہ }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| خےࣿ }}</span><br>''khe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[خ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـخ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـخـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| خـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|x}}~{{IPAblink|◌ʰ|kʰ}} | ''kh'' | [[:wiktionary: خ|U+062E]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with digraph letter ''khe'' {{lang|scl| کھ }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| دال }}</span><br>''daal'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[د]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـد }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|d̪}} | ''d'' | [[:wiktionary: د|U+062F]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڈال }}</span><br>''ḍaal'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڈ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڈ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɖ}} | ''ḍ'' | [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]] | |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ذال }}</span><br>''zaal'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ذ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـذ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}} | ''z'' | [[:wiktionary: ذ|U+0630]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''ze'' {{lang|scl| ز }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رےࣿ }}</span><br>''re'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ر]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـر }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|r}} | ''r'' | [[:wiktionary: ر|U+0631]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڑےࣿ }}</span><br>''ṛe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڑ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڑ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɽ}} | ''ṛ'' | [[:wiktionary: ڑ|U+0691]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| زےࣿ }}</span><br>''ze'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ز]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـز }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}} | ''z'' | [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]] | |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ژےࣿ }}</span><br>''že / ǰe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ژ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـژ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʒ}}‍~{{IPAblink|d͡ʒ}}‍ | ''ž / ǰ'' | [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]] | Only used in loanwords of Persian and European origin. Can be replaced with letter ''jom'' {{lang|scl| ج }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#d0dead" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙےࣿ }}</span><br>''ẓe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڙ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڙ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʐ}} | ''ẓ'' | [[:wiktionary: ڙ|U+0699]] | Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رً }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙ }}. |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| سِین }}</span><br>''siin'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[س]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـس }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـسـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| سـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|s}} | ''s'' | [[:wiktionary: س|U+0633]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| شِین }}</span><br>''šiin'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ش]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـش }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـشـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| شـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʃ}} | ''š'' | [[:wiktionary: ش|U+0634]] | |-bgcolor="#d0dead" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݜِین }}</span><br>''ṣiin'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ݜ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݜ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݜـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݜـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʂ}} | ''ṣ'' | [[:wiktionary: ڇ|U+0687]] | Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| سً }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݜ }}. |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| صواد }}</span><br>''swaad'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ص]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـص }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـصـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| صـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|s}} | ''s'' | [[:wiktionary: ص|U+0635]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''siin'' {{lang|scl| س }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ضواد }}</span><br>''zwaad'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ض]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـض }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـضـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ضـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}} | ''z'' | [[:wiktionary: ض|U+0636]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''ze'' {{lang|scl| ز }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| طوے }}</span><br>''tooy'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ط]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـط }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـطـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| طـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|t̪}} | ''t'' | [[:wiktionary: ط|U+0637]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''te'' {{lang|scl| ت }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ظوے }}</span><br>''zooy'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ظ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـظ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـظـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ظـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|z}} | ''z'' | [[:wiktionary: ظ|U+0638]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''ze'' {{lang|scl| ز }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| عَین }}</span><br>''ayn'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ع]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـع }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـعـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| عـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʔ}}, ''silent'' | ''-'' | [[:wiktionary: ع|U+0639]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''aliv'' {{lang|scl| ا }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| غَین }}</span><br>''gayn'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[غ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـغ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـغـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| غـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɣ}}~{{IPAblink|ɡ}} | ''g'' | [[:wiktionary: غ|U+063A]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''gaaf'' {{lang|scl| گ}}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| فےࣿ }}</span><br>''fe / phe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ف]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـف }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـفـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| فـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|f}}~{{IPAblink|pʰ}} | ''f / ph'' | [[:wiktionary: ف|U+0641]] | Only used in loanwords. Can be replaced with digraph letter ''phe'' {{lang|scl| پھ }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |-bgcolor="#d0dead" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڦےࣿ }}</span><br>''ve'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ڦ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڦ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڦـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڦـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|v}} | ''v'' | [[:wiktionary: ڦ|U+06A6]] | Unique letter for Shina language. Some Shina literatures and documents use two horizontal lines instead of four dots, use {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڡً }} instead of {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڦ }}. |-bgcolor="#FFEFD5" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| قاف }}</span><br>''qaaf / kaaf'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ق]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـق }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـقـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| قـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|q}}~{{IPAblink|k}} | ''q / k'' | [[:wiktionary: ق|U+0642]] | Only used in loanwords of Arabic and Turkic origin. Can be replaced with letter ''kaaf'' {{lang|scl| ک }}.<ref name="Dictionary"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کاف }}</span><br>''kaaf'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ک]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـک }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـکـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|k}} | ''k'' | [[:wiktionary: ک|U+0643]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گاف }}</span><br>''gaaf'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[گ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɡ}} | ''g'' | [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]] | |-bgcolor="#d0dead" | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڱاف / گاف گُنَہ }}</span><br>''ngaaf / gaaf gunna'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڱ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڱ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڱـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڱـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /ŋ/}} | ''ng'' | [[:wiktionary: ڱ|U+06B1]] | Unique letter for Kohistani Shina language.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لام }}</span><br>''laam'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ل]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـل }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـلـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|l}} | ''l'' | [[:wiktionary: ل|U+0644]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مِیم }}</span><br>''miim'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[م]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـم }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـمـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|m}} | ''m'' | [[:wiktionary: م|U+0645]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نُون }}</span><br>''nuun'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ن]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـن }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـنـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|n}} | ''n'' | [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نُوݨ }}</span><br>''nuuṇ'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ݨ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݨ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـݨـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ݨـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ɳ}} | ''ṇ'' | [[:wiktionary: ݨ|U+0768]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نُوں / نُون گُنَہ }}</span><br>''nū̃ / nūn gunna'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ں]] / [[ن٘]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـں }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـن٘ـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ن٘ـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPA| /◌̃/}} | ''◌̃'' | For middle of word:<Br>[[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]]<br>plus<br>[[:wiktionary: ٘|U+0658]]<br>For end of word:<br>[[:wiktionary: ں|U+06BA]] | |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| واؤ }}</span><br>''waaw'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[و]] / او }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـو }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|oː}} / {{IPAblink|w}} | ''w / ō'' | [[:wiktionary: و|U+0648]] | The letter ''waaw'' can either represent consonant ([w/v]) or vowel ([oo]). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels. At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letter ''waaw'' will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letter ''waaw'' needs to be preceded by an ''aliv'' {{lang|scl| ا }}. When the letter ''waaw'' comes at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [w], a ''hamza'' is used {{lang|scl| ؤ }} to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel.<ref name="shinateaching"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ہَے }}</span><br>''hai'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ہ]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـہ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـہـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ہـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|h}} | ''h'' | [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]] | This letter differs from ''do-ac̣hi'ii hay'' (ھ) and they are not interchangeable. Similar to Urdu,''do-chashmi hē'' (ھ) is exclusively used as a second part of [[Digraph (orthography)|digraphs]] for representing [[aspirated consonant]]s. In initial and medial position, the letter ''hē'' always represents the consonant [h]. In final position, The letter ''hē'' can either represent consonant ([h]) or it can demonstrate that the word ends with short vowels ''a'' {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ◌َہ / ـَہ }}, ''i'' {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ◌ِہ / ـِہ }}, ''u'' {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ◌ُہ / ـُہ }}.<ref name="shinateaching"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ہَمزَہ }}</span><br>''hamza'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ء]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|ʔ}}, ''silent'' | ''’'' | [[:wiktionary: ء|U+0621]] | Used mid-word to indicate separation between a syllable and another that starts with a vowel. ''hamza'' on top of letters ''waaw'' and ''ye'' at end of a word serves a function too. When the letter ''waaw'' or ''ye'' come at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [w] or [y], a ''hamza'' is used {{lang|scl| ؤ / ئ / ـئ }} to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel.<ref name="Dictionary"/><ref name="shinateaching"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| یےࣿ / لیکھی یےࣿ }}</span><br>''ye / leekhii ye'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ی]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـی }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـیـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| یـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|j}} / {{IPAblink|e}} / {{IPAblink|i}} | ''y / e / i'' | [[:wiktionary: ی|U+06CC]] | The letter ''ye'' can either represent consonant ([j]) or vowels ([e]/[i]). It can also act as a carrier of vowel diacritics, representing several other vowels. At the beginning of a word, when representing a consonant, the letter ''ye'' will appear as a standalone character, followed by the appropriate vowel. If representing a vowel at the beginning of a word, the letter ''ye'' needs to be preceded by an ''aliv'' {{lang|scl| ا }}. When the letter ''ye'' comes at the end of the word representing a consonant sound [j], a ''hamza'' is used {{lang|scl| ئ }} to label it as such and avoid mispronunciation as a vowel. When representing a vowel at the end of a word, it can only be [i]. For vowel [e], the letter ''buṛi ye'' {{lang|scl| ے }} is used. <ref name="shinateaching"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بُڑیࣿ یےࣿ }}</span><br>''buṛi ye'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| [[ے]] }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـے }} | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="font-size:120%;" | - | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|e}} / {{IPAblink|j}} | ''e / y'' | [[:wiktionary: ے|U+06D2]] | The letter ''buṛi ye'' only occurs in final position. The letter ''buṛi ye'' represents the vowel "ē" [eː] or the consonant "y" [j]. |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بھےࣿ }}</span><br>''bhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـبھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـبھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| بھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|bʱ}} | ''bh'' | [[:wiktionary: ب|U+0628]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پھےࣿ }}</span><br>''phe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـپھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| پھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|pʰ}} | ''ph'' | [[:wiktionary: پ|U+067E]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھےࣿ }}</span><br>''the'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـتھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـتھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| تھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|t̪ʰ}} | ''th'' | [[:wiktionary: ت|U+062A]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹھےࣿ }}</span><br>''ṭhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـٹھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ٹھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ʈʰ}} | ''ṭh'' | [[:wiktionary: ٹ|U+0679]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جھوࣿم }}</span><br>''ǰhom'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـجھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـجھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| جھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|d͡ʒʱ}} | ''ǰh'' | [[:wiktionary: ج|U+062C]] <br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چھےࣿ }}</span><br>''čhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـچھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| چھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|t͡ʃʰ}} | ''čh'' | [[:wiktionary: چ|U+0686]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څھےࣿ }}</span><br>''tshe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڅھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| څھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|t͡sʰ}} | ''tsh'' | [[:wiktionary: څ|U+0685]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇھےࣿ }}</span><br>''c̣he'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڇھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڇھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ʈ͡ʂʰ}} | ''c̣h'' | [[:wiktionary: ڇ|U+0687]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| دھےࣿ }}</span><br>''dhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| دھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـدھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـدھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| دھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|d̪ʱ}} | ''dh'' | [[:wiktionary: د|U+062F]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڈھےࣿ }}</span><br>''ḍhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڈھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڈھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڈھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڈھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ɖʱ}} | ''ḍh'' | [[:wiktionary: ڈ|U+0688]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رھےࣿ }}</span><br>''rhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـرھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـرھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| رھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|rʱ}} | ''rh'' | [[:wiktionary: ر|U+0631]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| زھےࣿ }}</span><br>''zhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| زھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـزھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـزھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| زھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|zʱ}} | ''zh'' | [[:wiktionary: ز|U+0632]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙھےࣿ }}</span><br>''ẓhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڙھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـڙھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ڙھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|zʱ}} | ''ẓh'' | [[:wiktionary: ڙ|U+0699]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کھےࣿ }}</span><br>''khe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـکھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـکھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| کھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|kʰ}} | ''kh'' | [[:wiktionary: ک|U+0643]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گھےࣿ }}</span><br>''ghe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـگھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| گھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|ɡʱ}} | ''gh'' | [[:wiktionary: گ|U+06AF]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لھےࣿ }}</span><br>''lhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـلھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـلھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| لھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|lʱ}} | ''lh'' | [[:wiktionary: ل|U+0644]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مھےࣿ }}</span><br>''mhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـمھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـمھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| مھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|mʱ}} | ''mh'' | [[:wiktionary: م|U+0645]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |- | style="white-space:nowrap" | <span style="font-size:80%;"> {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نھےࣿ }}</span><br>''nhe'' | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـنھ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| ـنھـ }} | style="font-size:120%;" | {{#invoke:lang|lang|scl| نھـ }} | style="white-space:nowrap;" | {{IPAblink|◌ʰ|nʱ}} | ''nh'' | [[:wiktionary: ن|U+0646]]<br>and<br>[[:wiktionary: ھ|U+06BE]] | A [[Digraph (orthography)|digraph]], counted as a letter.<ref name="Primer1"/> |} ==== Vokal ==== {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; !colspan=5| Vokal di pangkal kata |- ! a || e || i || o || u |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اَ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ایࣿـ / اےࣿ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اِ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اوࣿ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اُ}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di tongah kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ـَ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|یࣿـ / ـیࣿـ }}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ـِ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وࣿ / ـوࣿ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ـُ}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di uncuk kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌َہ / ـَہ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ےࣿ / ـےࣿ }}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِہ / ـِہ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وࣿ / ـوࣿ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُہ / ـُہ}}</span> |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; !colspan=5| Vokal di pangkal kata |- ! aa || ee || ii || oo || uu |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|آ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ایـ / اے}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اِیـ / اِی}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|او}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اُو}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di tongah kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ا / ـا}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|یـ / ـیـ }}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیـ / ـِیـ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|و / ـو}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُو / ـُو}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di uncuk kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ا / ـا}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ے / ـے}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِی / ـِی}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|و / ـو}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُو / ـُو}}</span> |- |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; !colspan=5| Vokal di pangkal kata |- ! aá || eé || ií || oó || uú |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|آٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ایٗـ / اےٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اِیٗـ / اِیٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اوٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اُوٗ}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di tongah kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اٗ / ـاٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|یٗـ / ـیٗـ }}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٗـ / ـِیٗـ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وٗ / ـوٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di uncuk kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اٗ / ـاٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ےٗ / ـےٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٗ / ـِی}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وٗ / ـوٗ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٗ / ـُوٗ}}</span> |- |} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; !colspan=5| Vokal di pangkal kata |- ! áa || ée || íi || óo || úu |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|آٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ایٰـ / اےٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اِیٰـ / اِیٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اوٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اُوٰ}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di tongah kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اٰ / ـاٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|یٰـ / ـیٰـ }}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٰـ / ـِیٰـ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وٰ / ـوٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ}}</span> |- !colspan=5| Vokal di uncuk kata |-dir="rtl" | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|اٰ / ـاٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|ےٰ / ـےٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ِیٰ / ـِیٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|وٰ / ـوٰ}}</span> | <span style="font-size:200%;line-height:1.15;">{{Script/Arabic|◌ُوٰ / ـُوٰ}}</span> |- |} ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kaban:Basa]] dw4fg14rszyl3a57xbhxcflq5civ1w8 0 730 38318 38312 2026-11-07T04:07:57Z Es Krim 5 juta Rasa 8 /* */ 38318 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Udmurt | nativename = {{lang|udm|удмурт кыл}}<br>''{{lang|udm-Latn|udmurt kyl}}'' | states = [[Rusia]] | region = [[Udmurtia]] | ethnicity = [[Jolma Udmurt|Udmurt]] | speakers = {{sigfig|271.882|2}} | date = 2020 sensus | ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку. |trans-title=Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=2020-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |url-status=dead }}</ref> | familycolor = Uralic | fam2 = [[Rumpun basa Permik|Permik]] | nation = {{flag|Rusia}} *{{flag|Udmurtia}} | iso2 = udm | iso3 = udm | glotto = udmu1245 | glottorefname = Udmurt | notice = IPA | map = 5.2-Udmurt.png | mapcaption = Distribution of Udmurt dialects at the beginning of 21st century<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648|doi-access=free |pmid=35675367 |pmc=9176854 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref> | map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Udmurt is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}} }} '''Basa Udmurt''' joda da salah osay basa jak rumpun [[Rumpun basa Uralik|Uralik]] say dipakay bak [[Jolma Udmurt]] di nagara [[Rusia]]. ==Huruf== {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2.5em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |А а | style=«width:3em;» |Б б | style=«width:3em;» |В в | style=«width:3em;» |Г г | style=«width:3em;» |Д д | style=«width:3em;» |Е е | style=«width:3em;» |Ё ё | style=«width:3em;» |Ж ж | style=«width:3em;» |Ӝ ӝ | style=«width:3em;» |З з |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ӟ ӟ | style=«width:3em;» |И и | style=«width:3em;» |Ӥ ӥ | style=«width:3em;» |Й й | style=«width:3em;» |К к | style=«width:3em;» |Л л | style=«width:3em;» |М м | style=«width:3em;» |Н н | style=«width:3em;» |О о | style=«width:3em;» |Ӧ ӧ |- | style=«width:3em;» |П п | style=«width:3em;» |Р р | style=«width:3em;» |С с | style=«width:3em;» |Т т | style=«width:3em;» |У у | style=«width:3em;» |Ф ф | style=«width:3em;» |Х х | style=«width:3em;» |Ц ц | style=«width:3em;» |Ч ч | style=«width:3em;» |Ӵ ӵ |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ш ш | style=«width:3em;» |Щ щ | style=«width:3em;» |Ъ ъ | style=«width:3em;» |Ы ы | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь | style=«width:3em;» |Э э | style=«width:3em;» |Ю ю | style=«width:3em;» |Я я |} {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Sirilik!!Latin!!IPA!! Golar Huruf!! Catatan |- | А а || A a || {{IPA|[a]}} || а || |- | Б б || B b || {{IPA|[b]}} || бэ || |- | В в || V v || {{IPA|[v]}} || вэ || |- | Г г || G g || {{IPA|[ɡ]}} || гэ || |- | Д д || D d<br>Ď ď || {{IPA|[d]}}<br>{{IPA|[dʲ~ɟ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || дэ || |- | Е е || JE je<br>E e|| {{IPA|[je]}}{{IPA|[ʲe]}}saradu koronal д, т, з, с, л, н || е || |- | Ё ё || JO jo<br>O o || {{IPA|[jo]}}{{IPA|[ʲo]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ё || |- | Ж ж || Ž ž || {{IPA|[ʒ]}} || жэ || |- | Ӝ ӝ || DŽ dž || {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} || ӝэ || Д + Ж |- | З з || Z z<br>Ź ź || {{IPA|[z]}{{IPA|[ʑ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || зэ || |- | Ӟ ӟ || DŹ dź || {{IPA|[d͡ʑ]}} || ӟе || Дь + Зь |- | И и || I i || {{IPA|[i]}}{{IPA|[ʲi]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || и || |- | Ӥ ӥ || I i || {{IPA|[i]}}harak dihonai bak д, т, з, с, л, н || точкаен и, точкаосын и ("i butitik") || Goh-goh rik [[Bahasa Komi|Komi]] і. Bontuk Non-palatalisasi jak и. |- | Й й || J j || {{IPA|[j]}} || вакчи и ("i buntak") || |- | К к || K k || {{IPA|[k]}} || ка || |- | Л л || Ł ł<br>L l || {{IPA|[ɫ]}}{{IPA|[ʎ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эл || |- | М м || M m || {{IPA|[m]}} || эм || |- | Н н || N n<br>Ň ň || {{IPA|[n]}}{{IPA|[ɲ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эн || |- | О о || O o || {{IPA|[o]}} || о || |- | Ӧ ӧ || Õ õ || {{IPA|[ɜ~ə]}} || ӧ || |- | П п || P p || {{IPA|[p]}} || пэ || |- | Р р || R r || {{IPA|[r]}} || эр || |- | С с || S s<br>Ś ś || {{IPA|[s]}}{{IPA|[ɕ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эс || |- | Т т || T t<br>Ť ť || {{IPA|[t]}}{{IPA|[tʲ~c]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || тэ || |- | У у || U u || {{IPA|[u]}} || у || |- | Ф ф || F f || {{IPA|[f]}} || эф || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Х х || H h || {{IPA|[x]}} || ха || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ц ц || C c || {{IPA|[t͡s]}} || цэ || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ч ч || Ć ć || {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}|| чэ || Ть + Сь |- | Ӵ ӵ || Č č || {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} || ӵэ || Т + Ш |- | Ш ш || Š š || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || ша || |- | Щ щ || ŠČ šč || {{IPA|[ɕ(ː)]}} || ща || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ъ ъ || – || – || чурыт пус ("tanda pangoras") || Nyumangko Konsonan Palatal ({{IPA|/dʲ tʲ zʲ sʲ lʲ n/}}) jak konsonan mak tipalatalisasi ditutul bak /j/ man ditutul bak vokal; sabagay cuntuh, {{IPA|/zʲo/}}rik {{IPA|/zjo/}}titulis зё (''źo'') rik masing-masing зъё (''zjo''). |- | Ы ы || Y y || {{IPA|[ɨ~ɯ]}} || ы || |- | Ь ь || – || {{IPA|[ʲ]}} || небыт пус ("tanda palombut") || |- | Э э || E e || {{IPA|[e]}} || э || |- | Ю ю || JU ju || {{IPA|[ju]}}{{IPA|[ʲu]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ю || |- | Я я || JA ja || {{IPA|[ja]}}{{IPA|[ʲa]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || я || |} == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} s60ncugx6o75cfch0y2z7v3lchx36io 38319 38318 2026-11-07T04:10:01Z Es Krim 5 juta Rasa 8 /* */ 38319 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Udmurt | nativename = {{lang|udm|удмурт кыл}}<br>''{{lang|udm-Latn|udmurt kyl}}'' | states = [[Rusia]] | region = [[Udmurtia]] | ethnicity = [[Jolma Udmurt|Udmurt]] | speakers = {{sigfig|271.882|2}} | date = 2020 sensus | ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку. |trans-title=Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=2020-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |url-status=dead }}</ref> | familycolor = Uralic | fam2 = [[Rumpun basa Permik|Permik]] | nation = {{flag|Rusia}} *{{flag|Udmurtia}} | iso2 = udm | iso3 = udm | glotto = udmu1245 | glottorefname = Udmurt | notice = IPA | map = 5.2-Udmurt.png | mapcaption = Pasobaran diyalik-diyalik basa Udmurt di awal abad ka'21<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648|doi-access=free |pmid=35675367 |pmc=9176854 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref> | map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Udmurt is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}} }} '''Basa Udmurt''' joda da salah osay basa jak rumpun [[Rumpun basa Uralik|Uralik]] say dipakay bak [[Jolma Udmurt]] di nagara [[Rusia]]. ==Huruf== {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2.5em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |А а | style=«width:3em;» |Б б | style=«width:3em;» |В в | style=«width:3em;» |Г г | style=«width:3em;» |Д д | style=«width:3em;» |Е е | style=«width:3em;» |Ё ё | style=«width:3em;» |Ж ж | style=«width:3em;» |Ӝ ӝ | style=«width:3em;» |З з |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ӟ ӟ | style=«width:3em;» |И и | style=«width:3em;» |Ӥ ӥ | style=«width:3em;» |Й й | style=«width:3em;» |К к | style=«width:3em;» |Л л | style=«width:3em;» |М м | style=«width:3em;» |Н н | style=«width:3em;» |О о | style=«width:3em;» |Ӧ ӧ |- | style=«width:3em;» |П п | style=«width:3em;» |Р р | style=«width:3em;» |С с | style=«width:3em;» |Т т | style=«width:3em;» |У у | style=«width:3em;» |Ф ф | style=«width:3em;» |Х х | style=«width:3em;» |Ц ц | style=«width:3em;» |Ч ч | style=«width:3em;» |Ӵ ӵ |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ш ш | style=«width:3em;» |Щ щ | style=«width:3em;» |Ъ ъ | style=«width:3em;» |Ы ы | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь | style=«width:3em;» |Э э | style=«width:3em;» |Ю ю | style=«width:3em;» |Я я |} {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Sirilik!!Latin!!IPA!! Golar Huruf!! Catatan |- | А а || A a || {{IPA|[a]}} || а || |- | Б б || B b || {{IPA|[b]}} || бэ || |- | В в || V v || {{IPA|[v]}} || вэ || |- | Г г || G g || {{IPA|[ɡ]}} || гэ || |- | Д д || D d<br>Ď ď || {{IPA|[d]}}<br>{{IPA|[dʲ~ɟ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || дэ || |- | Е е || JE je<br>E e|| {{IPA|[je]}}{{IPA|[ʲe]}}saradu koronal д, т, з, с, л, н || е || |- | Ё ё || JO jo<br>O o || {{IPA|[jo]}}{{IPA|[ʲo]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ё || |- | Ж ж || Ž ž || {{IPA|[ʒ]}} || жэ || |- | Ӝ ӝ || DŽ dž || {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} || ӝэ || Д + Ж |- | З з || Z z<br>Ź ź || {{IPA|[z]}{{IPA|[ʑ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || зэ || |- | Ӟ ӟ || DŹ dź || {{IPA|[d͡ʑ]}} || ӟе || Дь + Зь |- | И и || I i || {{IPA|[i]}}{{IPA|[ʲi]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || и || |- | Ӥ ӥ || I i || {{IPA|[i]}}harak dihonai bak д, т, з, с, л, н || точкаен и, точкаосын и ("i butitik") || Goh-goh rik [[Bahasa Komi|Komi]] і. Bontuk Non-palatalisasi jak и. |- | Й й || J j || {{IPA|[j]}} || вакчи и ("i buntak") || |- | К к || K k || {{IPA|[k]}} || ка || |- | Л л || Ł ł<br>L l || {{IPA|[ɫ]}}{{IPA|[ʎ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эл || |- | М м || M m || {{IPA|[m]}} || эм || |- | Н н || N n<br>Ň ň || {{IPA|[n]}}{{IPA|[ɲ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эн || |- | О о || O o || {{IPA|[o]}} || о || |- | Ӧ ӧ || Õ õ || {{IPA|[ɜ~ə]}} || ӧ || |- | П п || P p || {{IPA|[p]}} || пэ || |- | Р р || R r || {{IPA|[r]}} || эр || |- | С с || S s<br>Ś ś || {{IPA|[s]}}{{IPA|[ɕ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эс || |- | Т т || T t<br>Ť ť || {{IPA|[t]}}{{IPA|[tʲ~c]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || тэ || |- | У у || U u || {{IPA|[u]}} || у || |- | Ф ф || F f || {{IPA|[f]}} || эф || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Х х || H h || {{IPA|[x]}} || ха || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ц ц || C c || {{IPA|[t͡s]}} || цэ || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ч ч || Ć ć || {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}|| чэ || Ть + Сь |- | Ӵ ӵ || Č č || {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} || ӵэ || Т + Ш |- | Ш ш || Š š || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || ша || |- | Щ щ || ŠČ šč || {{IPA|[ɕ(ː)]}} || ща || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ъ ъ || – || – || чурыт пус ("tanda pangoras") || Nyumangko Konsonan Palatal ({{IPA|/dʲ tʲ zʲ sʲ lʲ n/}}) jak konsonan mak tipalatalisasi ditutul bak /j/ man ditutul bak vokal; sabagay cuntuh, {{IPA|/zʲo/}}rik {{IPA|/zjo/}}titulis зё (''źo'') rik masing-masing зъё (''zjo''). |- | Ы ы || Y y || {{IPA|[ɨ~ɯ]}} || ы || |- | Ь ь || – || {{IPA|[ʲ]}} || небыт пус ("tanda palombut") || |- | Э э || E e || {{IPA|[e]}} || э || |- | Ю ю || JU ju || {{IPA|[ju]}}{{IPA|[ʲu]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ю || |- | Я я || JA ja || {{IPA|[ja]}}{{IPA|[ʲa]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || я || |} == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} s2tv89nfsyiw9dzmn6q722ovz9sqkyj 38320 38319 2026-11-07T04:26:44Z Es Krim 5 juta Rasa 8 /* Huruf */ 38320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Udmurt | nativename = {{lang|udm|удмурт кыл}}<br>''{{lang|udm-Latn|udmurt kyl}}'' | states = [[Rusia]] | region = [[Udmurtia]] | ethnicity = [[Jolma Udmurt|Udmurt]] | speakers = {{sigfig|271.882|2}} | date = 2020 sensus | ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку. |trans-title=Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=2020-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |url-status=dead }}</ref> | familycolor = Uralic | fam2 = [[Rumpun basa Permik|Permik]] | nation = {{flag|Rusia}} *{{flag|Udmurtia}} | iso2 = udm | iso3 = udm | glotto = udmu1245 | glottorefname = Udmurt | notice = IPA | map = 5.2-Udmurt.png | mapcaption = Pasobaran diyalik-diyalik basa Udmurt di awal abad ka'21<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648|doi-access=free |pmid=35675367 |pmc=9176854 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref> | map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Udmurt is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}} }} '''Basa Udmurt''' joda da salah osay basa jak rumpun [[Rumpun basa Uralik|Uralik]] say dipakay bak [[Jolma Udmurt]] di nagara [[Rusia]]. ==Huruf== {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2.5em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |А а | style=«width:3em;» |Б б | style=«width:3em;» |В в | style=«width:3em;» |Г г | style=«width:3em;» |Д д | style=«width:3em;» |Е е | style=«width:3em;» |Ё ё | style=«width:3em;» |Ж ж | style=«width:3em;» |Ӝ ӝ | style=«width:3em;» |З з |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ӟ ӟ | style=«width:3em;» |И и | style=«width:3em;» |Ӥ ӥ | style=«width:3em;» |Й й | style=«width:3em;» |К к | style=«width:3em;» |Л л | style=«width:3em;» |М м | style=«width:3em;» |Н н | style=«width:3em;» |О о | style=«width:3em;» |Ӧ ӧ |- | style=«width:3em;» |П п | style=«width:3em;» |Р р | style=«width:3em;» |С с | style=«width:3em;» |Т т | style=«width:3em;» |У у | style=«width:3em;» |Ф ф | style=«width:3em;» |Х х | style=«width:3em;» |Ц ц | style=«width:3em;» |Ч ч | style=«width:3em;» |Ӵ ӵ |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ш ш | style=«width:3em;» |Щ щ | style=«width:3em;» |Ъ ъ | style=«width:3em;» |Ы ы | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь | style=«width:3em;» |Э э | style=«width:3em;» |Ю ю | style=«width:3em;» |Я я |} {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Sirilik!!Sirilik {{br}}''{{Script/Unyin|Italic}}''!!Latin!!IPA!! Golar Huruf!! Catatan |- | А а ||''{{Script/Unyin|А а}}''|| A a || {{IPA|[a]}} || а || |- | Б б ||''{{Script/Unyin|Б б}}''|| B b || {{IPA|[b]}} || бэ || |- | В в ||''{{Script/Unyin|В в}}''|| V v || {{IPA|[v]}} || вэ || |- | Г г ||''{{Script/Unyin|Г г}}''|| G g || {{IPA|[ɡ]}} || гэ || |- | Д д ||''{{Script/Unyin|Д д}}''|| D d<br>Ď ď || {{IPA|[d]}}<br>{{IPA|[dʲ~ɟ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || дэ || |- | Е е ||''{{Script/Unyin|Е е}}''|| JE je<br>E e|| {{IPA|[je]}}{{IPA|[ʲe]}}saradu koronal д, т, з, с, л, н || е || |- | Ё ё ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ё ё}}''|| JO jo<br>O o || {{IPA|[jo]}}{{IPA|[ʲo]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ё || |- | Ж ж ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ж ж}}''|| Ž ž || {{IPA|[ʒ]}} || жэ || |- | Ӝ ӝ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӝ ӝ}}''|| DŽ dž || {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} || ӝэ || Д + Ж |- | З з ||''{{Script/Unyin|З з}}''|| Z z<br>Ź ź || {{IPA|[z]}{{IPA|[ʑ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || зэ || |- | Ӟ ӟ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӟ ӟ}}''|| DŹ dź || {{IPA|[d͡ʑ]}} || ӟе || Дь + Зь |- | И и ||''{{Script/Unyin|И и}}''|| I i || {{IPA|[i]}}{{IPA|[ʲi]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || и || |- | Ӥ ӥ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӥ ӥ}}''|| I i || {{IPA|[i]}}harak dihonai bak д, т, з, с, л, н || точкаен и, точкаосын и ("i butitik") || Goh-goh rik [[Bahasa Komi|Komi]] і. Bontuk Non-palatalisasi jak и. |- | Й й ||''{{Script/Unyin|Й й}}''|| J j || {{IPA|[j]}} || вакчи и ("i buntak") || |- | К к ||''{{Script/Unyin|К к}}''|| K k || {{IPA|[k]}} || ка || |- | Л л ||''{{Script/Unyin|Л л}}''|| Ł ł<br>L l || {{IPA|[ɫ]}}{{IPA|[ʎ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эл || |- | М м ||''{{Script/Unyin|М м}}''|| M m || {{IPA|[m]}} || эм || |- | Н н ||''{{Script/Unyin|Н н}}''|| N n<br>Ň ň || {{IPA|[n]}}{{IPA|[ɲ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эн || |- | О о ||''{{Script/Unyin|О о}}''|| O o || {{IPA|[o]}} || о || |- | Ӧ ӧ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӧ ӧ}}''|| Õ õ || {{IPA|[ɜ~ə]}} || ӧ || |- | П п ||''{{Script/Unyin|П п}}''|| P p || {{IPA|[p]}} || пэ || |- | Р р ||''{{Script/Unyin|Р р}}''|| R r || {{IPA|[r]}} || эр || |- | С с ||''{{Script/Unyin|С с}}''|| S s<br>Ś ś || {{IPA|[s]}}{{IPA|[ɕ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эс || |- | Т т ||''{{Script/Unyin|Т т}}''|| T t<br>Ť ť || {{IPA|[t]}}{{IPA|[tʲ~c]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || тэ || |- | У у ||''{{Script/Unyin|У у}}''|| U u || {{IPA|[u]}} || у || |- | Ф ф ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ф ф}}''|| F f || {{IPA|[f]}} || эф || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Х х ||''{{Script/Unyin|Х х}}''|| H h || {{IPA|[x]}} || ха || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ц ц ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ц ц}}''|| C c || {{IPA|[t͡s]}} || цэ || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ч ч ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ч ч}}''|| Ć ć || {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}|| чэ || Ть + Сь |- | Ӵ ӵ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӵ ӵ}}''|| Č č || {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} || ӵэ || Т + Ш |- | Ш ш ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ш ш}}''|| Š š || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || ша || |- | Щ щ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Щ щ}}''|| ŠČ šč || {{IPA|[ɕ(ː)]}} || ща || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ъ ъ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ъ ъ}}''|| – || – || чурыт пус ("tanda pangoras") || Nyumangko Konsonan Palatal ({{IPA|/dʲ tʲ zʲ sʲ lʲ n/}}) jak konsonan mak tipalatalisasi ditutul bak /j/ man ditutul bak vokal; sabagay cuntuh, {{IPA|/zʲo/}}rik {{IPA|/zjo/}}titulis зё (''źo'') rik masing-masing зъё (''zjo''). |- | Ы ы ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ы ы}}''|| Y y || {{IPA|[ɨ~ɯ]}} || ы || |- | Ь ь ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ь ь}}''|| – || {{IPA|[ʲ]}} || небыт пус ("tanda palombut") || |- | Э э ||''{{Script/Unyin|Э э}}''|| E e || {{IPA|[e]}} || э || |- | Ю ю ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ю ю}}''|| JU ju || {{IPA|[ju]}}{{IPA|[ʲu]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ю || |- | Я я ||''{{Script/Unyin|Я я}}''|| JA ja || {{IPA|[ja]}}{{IPA|[ʲa]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || я || |} == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} hk7f24pla96n97jnwiyft16vdl4fkrd 38321 38320 2026-11-07T04:31:21Z Es Krim 5 juta Rasa 8 /* */ 38321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Udmurt | nativename = {{lang|udm|удмурт кыл}}<br>''{{lang|udm-Latn|udmurt kyl}}'' | states = [[Rusia]] | region = [[Udmurtia]] | ethnicity = [[Jolma Udmurt|Udmurt]] | speakers = {{sigfig|271.882|2}} | date = 2020 sensus | ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку. |trans-title=Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=2020-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |url-status=dead }}</ref> | familycolor = Uralic | fam2 = [[Rumpun basa Permik|Permik]] | nation = {{flag|Rusia}} *{{flag|Udmurtia}} | iso2 = udm | iso3 = udm | glotto = udmu1245 | glottorefname = Udmurt | notice = IPA | map = 5.2-Udmurt.png | mapcaption = Pasobaran diyalik-diyalik basa Udmurt di awal abad ka'21<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648|doi-access=free |pmid=35675367 |pmc=9176854 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref> | map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Udmurt is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}} }} '''Basa Udmurt''' joda da salah osay basa jak rumpun [[Rumpun basa Uralik|Uralik]] jak cawang [[Rumpun basa Permik|Permik]] say dipakay bak [[Jolma Udmurt]] di nagara [[Rusia]], basa hasa lokok sanga tangkay rik basa [[Basa Finlandia|Finlandia]], [[Basa Estonia|Estonia]] rik [[Basa Hungaria|Hungaria]]. ==Huruf== {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2.5em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |А а | style=«width:3em;» |Б б | style=«width:3em;» |В в | style=«width:3em;» |Г г | style=«width:3em;» |Д д | style=«width:3em;» |Е е | style=«width:3em;» |Ё ё | style=«width:3em;» |Ж ж | style=«width:3em;» |Ӝ ӝ | style=«width:3em;» |З з |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ӟ ӟ | style=«width:3em;» |И и | style=«width:3em;» |Ӥ ӥ | style=«width:3em;» |Й й | style=«width:3em;» |К к | style=«width:3em;» |Л л | style=«width:3em;» |М м | style=«width:3em;» |Н н | style=«width:3em;» |О о | style=«width:3em;» |Ӧ ӧ |- | style=«width:3em;» |П п | style=«width:3em;» |Р р | style=«width:3em;» |С с | style=«width:3em;» |Т т | style=«width:3em;» |У у | style=«width:3em;» |Ф ф | style=«width:3em;» |Х х | style=«width:3em;» |Ц ц | style=«width:3em;» |Ч ч | style=«width:3em;» |Ӵ ӵ |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ш ш | style=«width:3em;» |Щ щ | style=«width:3em;» |Ъ ъ | style=«width:3em;» |Ы ы | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь | style=«width:3em;» |Э э | style=«width:3em;» |Ю ю | style=«width:3em;» |Я я |} {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Sirilik!!Sirilik {{br}}''{{Script/Unyin|Italic}}''!!Latin!!IPA!! Golar Huruf!! Catatan |- | А а ||''{{Script/Unyin|А а}}''|| A a || {{IPA|[a]}} || а || |- | Б б ||''{{Script/Unyin|Б б}}''|| B b || {{IPA|[b]}} || бэ || |- | В в ||''{{Script/Unyin|В в}}''|| V v || {{IPA|[v]}} || вэ || |- | Г г ||''{{Script/Unyin|Г г}}''|| G g || {{IPA|[ɡ]}} || гэ || |- | Д д ||''{{Script/Unyin|Д д}}''|| D d<br>Ď ď || {{IPA|[d]}}<br>{{IPA|[dʲ~ɟ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || дэ || |- | Е е ||''{{Script/Unyin|Е е}}''|| JE je<br>E e|| {{IPA|[je]}}{{IPA|[ʲe]}}saradu koronal д, т, з, с, л, н || е || |- | Ё ё ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ё ё}}''|| JO jo<br>O o || {{IPA|[jo]}}{{IPA|[ʲo]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ё || |- | Ж ж ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ж ж}}''|| Ž ž || {{IPA|[ʒ]}} || жэ || |- | Ӝ ӝ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӝ ӝ}}''|| DŽ dž || {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} || ӝэ || Д + Ж |- | З з ||''{{Script/Unyin|З з}}''|| Z z<br>Ź ź || {{IPA|[z]}{{IPA|[ʑ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || зэ || |- | Ӟ ӟ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӟ ӟ}}''|| DŹ dź || {{IPA|[d͡ʑ]}} || ӟе || Дь + Зь |- | И и ||''{{Script/Unyin|И и}}''|| I i || {{IPA|[i]}}{{IPA|[ʲi]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || и || |- | Ӥ ӥ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӥ ӥ}}''|| I i || {{IPA|[i]}}harak dihonai bak д, т, з, с, л, н || точкаен и, точкаосын и ("i butitik") || Goh-goh rik [[Bahasa Komi|Komi]] і. Bontuk Non-palatalisasi jak и. |- | Й й ||''{{Script/Unyin|Й й}}''|| J j || {{IPA|[j]}} || вакчи и ("i buntak") || |- | К к ||''{{Script/Unyin|К к}}''|| K k || {{IPA|[k]}} || ка || |- | Л л ||''{{Script/Unyin|Л л}}''|| Ł ł<br>L l || {{IPA|[ɫ]}}{{IPA|[ʎ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эл || |- | М м ||''{{Script/Unyin|М м}}''|| M m || {{IPA|[m]}} || эм || |- | Н н ||''{{Script/Unyin|Н н}}''|| N n<br>Ň ň || {{IPA|[n]}}{{IPA|[ɲ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эн || |- | О о ||''{{Script/Unyin|О о}}''|| O o || {{IPA|[o]}} || о || |- | Ӧ ӧ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӧ ӧ}}''|| Õ õ || {{IPA|[ɜ~ə]}} || ӧ || |- | П п ||''{{Script/Unyin|П п}}''|| P p || {{IPA|[p]}} || пэ || |- | Р р ||''{{Script/Unyin|Р р}}''|| R r || {{IPA|[r]}} || эр || |- | С с ||''{{Script/Unyin|С с}}''|| S s<br>Ś ś || {{IPA|[s]}}{{IPA|[ɕ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эс || |- | Т т ||''{{Script/Unyin|Т т}}''|| T t<br>Ť ť || {{IPA|[t]}}{{IPA|[tʲ~c]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || тэ || |- | У у ||''{{Script/Unyin|У у}}''|| U u || {{IPA|[u]}} || у || |- | Ф ф ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ф ф}}''|| F f || {{IPA|[f]}} || эф || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Х х ||''{{Script/Unyin|Х х}}''|| H h || {{IPA|[x]}} || ха || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ц ц ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ц ц}}''|| C c || {{IPA|[t͡s]}} || цэ || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ч ч ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ч ч}}''|| Ć ć || {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}|| чэ || Ть + Сь |- | Ӵ ӵ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӵ ӵ}}''|| Č č || {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} || ӵэ || Т + Ш |- | Ш ш ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ш ш}}''|| Š š || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || ша || |- | Щ щ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Щ щ}}''|| ŠČ šč || {{IPA|[ɕ(ː)]}} || ща || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ъ ъ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ъ ъ}}''|| – || – || чурыт пус ("tanda pangoras") || Nyumangko Konsonan Palatal ({{IPA|/dʲ tʲ zʲ sʲ lʲ n/}}) jak konsonan mak tipalatalisasi ditutul bak /j/ man ditutul bak vokal; sabagay cuntuh, {{IPA|/zʲo/}}rik {{IPA|/zjo/}}titulis зё (''źo'') rik masing-masing зъё (''zjo''). |- | Ы ы ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ы ы}}''|| Y y || {{IPA|[ɨ~ɯ]}} || ы || |- | Ь ь ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ь ь}}''|| – || {{IPA|[ʲ]}} || небыт пус ("tanda palombut") || |- | Э э ||''{{Script/Unyin|Э э}}''|| E e || {{IPA|[e]}} || э || |- | Ю ю ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ю ю}}''|| JU ju || {{IPA|[ju]}}{{IPA|[ʲu]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ю || |- | Я я ||''{{Script/Unyin|Я я}}''|| JA ja || {{IPA|[ja]}}{{IPA|[ʲa]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || я || |} == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} p198ehg4z0w6h82j647gj34rk6y1si4 38322 38321 2026-11-07T04:44:38Z Es Krim 5 juta Rasa 8 /* Huruf */ 38322 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Udmurt | nativename = {{lang|udm|удмурт кыл}}<br>''{{lang|udm-Latn|udmurt kyl}}'' | states = [[Rusia]] | region = [[Udmurtia]] | ethnicity = [[Jolma Udmurt|Udmurt]] | speakers = {{sigfig|271.882|2}} | date = 2020 sensus | ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку. |trans-title=Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=2020-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |url-status=dead }}</ref> | familycolor = Uralic | fam2 = [[Rumpun basa Permik|Permik]] | nation = {{flag|Rusia}} *{{flag|Udmurtia}} | iso2 = udm | iso3 = udm | glotto = udmu1245 | glottorefname = Udmurt | notice = IPA | map = 5.2-Udmurt.png | mapcaption = Pasobaran diyalik-diyalik basa Udmurt di awal abad ka'21<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648|doi-access=free |pmid=35675367 |pmc=9176854 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref> | map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Udmurt is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}} }} '''Basa Udmurt''' joda da salah osay basa jak rumpun [[Rumpun basa Uralik|Uralik]] jak cawang [[Rumpun basa Permik|Permik]] say dipakay bak [[Jolma Udmurt]] di nagara [[Rusia]], basa hasa lokok sanga tangkay rik basa [[Basa Finlandia|Finlandia]], [[Basa Estonia|Estonia]] rik [[Basa Hungaria|Hungaria]]. ==Huruf== {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2.5em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |А а | style=«width:3em;» |Б б | style=«width:3em;» |В в | style=«width:3em;» |Г г | style=«width:3em;» |Д д | style=«width:3em;» |Е е | style=«width:3em;» |Ё ё | style=«width:3em;» |Ж ж | style=«width:3em;» |Ӝ ӝ | style=«width:3em;» |З з |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ӟ ӟ | style=«width:3em;» |И и | style=«width:3em;» |Ӥ ӥ | style=«width:3em;» |Й й | style=«width:3em;» |К к | style=«width:3em;» |Л л | style=«width:3em;» |М м | style=«width:3em;» |Н н | style=«width:3em;» |О о | style=«width:3em;» |Ӧ ӧ |- | style=«width:3em;» |П п | style=«width:3em;» |Р р | style=«width:3em;» |С с | style=«width:3em;» |Т т | style=«width:3em;» |У у | style=«width:3em;» |Ф ф | style=«width:3em;» |Х х | style=«width:3em;» |Ц ц | style=«width:3em;» |Ч ч | style=«width:3em;» |Ӵ ӵ |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ш ш | style=«width:3em;» |Щ щ | style=«width:3em;» |Ъ ъ | style=«width:3em;» |Ы ы | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь | style=«width:3em;» |Э э | style=«width:3em;» |Ю ю | style=«width:3em;» |Я я |} {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Sirilik!!Sirilik {{br}}''{{Script/Unyin|Italic}}''!!Latin!!IPA!! Golar Huruf!! Catatan |- | А а ||''{{Script/Unyin|А а}}''|| A a || {{IPA|[a]}} || а || |- | Б б ||''{{Script/Unyin|Б б}}''|| B b || {{IPA|[b]}} || бэ || |- | В в ||''{{Script/Unyin|В в}}''|| V v || {{IPA|[v]}} || вэ || |- | Г г ||''{{Script/Unyin|Г г}}''|| G g || {{IPA|[ɡ]}} || гэ || |- | Д д ||''{{Script/Unyin|Д д}}''|| D d<br>Ď ď || {{IPA|[d]}}<br>{{IPA|[dʲ~ɟ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || дэ || |- | Е е ||''{{Script/Unyin|Е е}}''|| JE je<br>E e|| {{IPA|[je]}}{{IPA|[ʲe]}}saradu koronal д, т, з, с, л, н || е || |- | Ё ё ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ё ё}}''|| JO jo<br>O o || {{IPA|[jo]}}{{IPA|[ʲo]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ё || |- | Ж ж ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ж ж}}''|| Ž ž || {{IPA|[ʒ]}} || жэ || |- | Ӝ ӝ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӝ ӝ}}''|| DŽ dž || {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} || ӝэ || Д + Ж |- | З з ||''{{Script/Unyin|З з}}''|| Z z<br>Ź ź || {{IPA|[z]}{{IPA|[ʑ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || зэ || |- | Ӟ ӟ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӟ ӟ}}''|| DŹ dź || {{IPA|[d͡ʑ]}} || ӟе || Дь + Зь |- | И и ||''{{Script/Unyin|И и}}''|| I i || {{IPA|[i]}}{{IPA|[ʲi]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || и || |- | Ӥ ӥ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӥ ӥ}}''|| I i || {{IPA|[i]}}harak dihonai bak д, т, з, с, л, н || точкаен и, точкаосын и ("i butitik") || Goh-goh rik [[Bahasa Komi|Komi]] і. Bontuk Non-palatalisasi jak и. |- | Й й ||''{{Script/Unyin|Й й}}''|| J j || {{IPA|[j]}} || вакчи и ("i buntak") || |- | К к ||''{{Script/Unyin|К к}}''|| K k || {{IPA|[k]}} || ка || |- | Л л ||''{{Script/Unyin|Л л}}''|| Ł ł<br>L l || {{IPA|[ɫ]}}{{IPA|[ʎ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эл || |- | М м ||''{{Script/Unyin|М м}}''|| M m || {{IPA|[m]}} || эм || |- | Н н ||''{{Script/Unyin|Н н}}''|| N n<br>Ň ň || {{IPA|[n]}}{{IPA|[ɲ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эн || |- | О о ||''{{Script/Unyin|О о}}''|| O o || {{IPA|[o]}} || о || |- | Ӧ ӧ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӧ ӧ}}''|| Õ õ || {{IPA|[ɜ~ə]}} || ӧ || |- | П п ||''{{Script/Unyin|П п}}''|| P p || {{IPA|[p]}} || пэ || |- | Р р ||''{{Script/Unyin|Р р}}''|| R r || {{IPA|[r]}} || эр || |- | С с ||''{{Script/Unyin|С с}}''|| S s<br>Ś ś || {{IPA|[s]}}{{IPA|[ɕ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эс || |- | Т т ||''{{Script/Unyin|Т т}}''|| T t<br>Ť ť || {{IPA|[t]}}{{IPA|[tʲ~c]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || тэ || |- | У у ||''{{Script/Unyin|У у}}''|| U u || {{IPA|[u]}} || у || |- | Ф ф ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ф ф}}''|| F f || {{IPA|[f]}} || эф || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Х х ||''{{Script/Unyin|Х х}}''|| H h || {{IPA|[x]}} || ха || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ц ц ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ц ц}}''|| C c || {{IPA|[t͡s]}} || цэ || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ч ч ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ч ч}}''|| Ć ć || {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}|| чэ || Ть + Сь |- | Ӵ ӵ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӵ ӵ}}''|| Č č || {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} || ӵэ || Т + Ш |- | Ш ш ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ш ш}}''|| Š š || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || ша || |- | Щ щ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Щ щ}}''|| ŠČ šč || {{IPA|[ɕ(ː)]}} || ща || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ъ ъ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ъ ъ}}''|| – || – || чурыт пус ("tanda pangoras") || Nyumangko Konsonan Palatal ({{IPA|/dʲ tʲ zʲ sʲ lʲ n/}}) jak konsonan mak tipalatalisasi ditutul bak /j/ man ditutul bak vokal; sabagay cuntuh, {{IPA|/zʲo/}}rik {{IPA|/zjo/}}titulis зё (''źo'') rik masing-masing зъё (''zjo''). |- | Ы ы ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ы ы}}''|| Y y || {{IPA|[ɨ~ɯ]}} || ы || |- | Ь ь ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ь ь}}''|| – || {{IPA|[ʲ]}} || небыт пус ("tanda palombut") || |- | Э э ||''{{Script/Unyin|Э э}}''|| E e || {{IPA|[e]}} || э || |- | Ю ю ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ю ю}}''|| JU ju || {{IPA|[ju]}}{{IPA|[ʲu]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ю || |- | Я я ||''{{Script/Unyin|Я я}}''|| JA ja || {{IPA|[ja]}}{{IPA|[ʲa]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || я || |} == Ilmu Suwara == === Vokal === {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |- ! ! [[Vokal mukak|Mukak]] ! [[Vokal Tongah|Tongah]] ! [[Vokal Buri|Buri]] |- ! [[Vokal kobok|Kobok]] | {{IPA link|i}} | {{IPA link|ɨ}} | {{IPA link|u}} |- ! [[Vokal nongah|Nongah]] | {{IPA link|e}} | {{IPA link|ə}} | {{IPA link|o}} |- ! [[Vokal bukak|Bukak]] | | {{IPA link|a}} | |} === Konsonan === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! colspan="2" | ! [[Konsonan labial|Labial]] ! [[Konsonan alveolar|Alveolar]] ! [[Konsonan postalveolar|Post-<br />alveolar]] ! ([[Konsonan alveolo-palatal|Alveolo-]])<br />[[Konsonan palatal|palatal]] ! [[Konsonan velar|Velar]] |- ! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan Nasal|Nasal]] | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | {{IPA link|ŋ}} |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Plosif]] ! <small>[[mak busuwara]]</small> | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | |{{IPA link|t̠ʲ|tʲ}} | {{IPA link|k}} |- ! <small>[[Suwara (fonetik)|busuwara]]</small> | {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|d}} | |{{IPA link|d̠ʲ|dʲ}} | {{IPA link|ɡ}} |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Affrikat]] ! <small>[[mak busuwara]]</small> | | ({{IPA link|t͡s}}) | {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}} | |- ! <small>[[Suwara (fonetik)|busuwara]]</small> | | ({{IPA link|d͡z}}) | {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} | {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Frikatif]] ! <small>[[mak busuwara]]</small> | ({{IPA link|f}}) | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | {{IPA link|ɕ}} | ({{IPA link|x}}) |- ! <small>[[Suwara (fonetik)|busuwara]]</small> | {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|z}} | {{IPA link|ʒ}} | {{IPA link|ʑ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Approksiman]] ! <small>[[Konsonan median|median]]</small> | | | | {{IPA link|j}} | |- ! <small>[[Konsonan lateral|lateral]]</small> | | {{IPA link|l}} | | {{IPA link|ʎ}} | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan Gotor|Gotor]] | | {{IPA link|r}} | | | |} Konsonan {{IPA|/f x t͡s/}} bih tipakay di kata injaman, rik masing-masing tigonti rik {{IPA|/p k t͡ɕ/}}. Goh-goh rik basa [[basa Hungaria|Hungaria]], basa Udmurt munih uwat asimilasi panyuwaraan regresif rik ngalobonko suwara (elemen tarakhir namtuko asimilasi), tapi rik samungkal-ruwa pangacuwalian (kalamonan untuk nyumangko pasangan minimal budasarko panyuwaraan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://udmurt.info/udmurt/lekcii/02.htm|title=2. Фонетика.|website=Удмуртология|access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} cu4lnd389s7yxh2rdeg2s8el6rpoy6e 38327 38322 2026-11-07T04:54:25Z Es Krim 5 juta Rasa 8 38327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Udmurt | nativename = {{lang|udm|удмурт кыл}}<br>''{{lang|udm-Latn|udmurt kyl}}'' | states = [[Rusia]] | region = [[Udmurtia]] | ethnicity = [[Jolma Udmurt|Udmurt]] | speakers = {{sigfig|271.882|2}} | date = 2020 sensus | ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку. |trans-title=Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=2020-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |url-status=dead }}</ref> | familycolor = Uralic | fam2 = [[Rumpun basa Permik|Permik]] | nation = {{flag|Rusia}} *{{flag|Udmurtia}} | iso2 = udm | iso3 = udm | glotto = udmu1245 | glottorefname = Udmurt | notice = IPA | map = 5.2-Udmurt.png | mapcaption = Pasobaran diyalik-diyalik basa Udmurt di awal abad ka'21<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648|doi-access=free |pmid=35675367 |pmc=9176854 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref> | map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Udmurt is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}} }} '''Basa Udmurt''' joda da salah osay basa jak rumpun [[Rumpun basa Uralik|Uralik]] jak cawang [[Rumpun basa Permik|Permik]] say dipakay bak [[Jolma Udmurt]] di nagara [[Rusia]], basa hasa lokok sanga tangkay rik basa [[Basa Finlandia|Finlandia]], [[Basa Estonia|Estonia]] rik [[Basa Hungaria|Hungaria]]. ==Huruf== {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2.5em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |А а | style=«width:3em;» |Б б | style=«width:3em;» |В в | style=«width:3em;» |Г г | style=«width:3em;» |Д д | style=«width:3em;» |Е е | style=«width:3em;» |Ё ё | style=«width:3em;» |Ж ж | style=«width:3em;» |Ӝ ӝ | style=«width:3em;» |З з |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ӟ ӟ | style=«width:3em;» |И и | style=«width:3em;» |Ӥ ӥ | style=«width:3em;» |Й й | style=«width:3em;» |К к | style=«width:3em;» |Л л | style=«width:3em;» |М м | style=«width:3em;» |Н н | style=«width:3em;» |О о | style=«width:3em;» |Ӧ ӧ |- | style=«width:3em;» |П п | style=«width:3em;» |Р р | style=«width:3em;» |С с | style=«width:3em;» |Т т | style=«width:3em;» |У у | style=«width:3em;» |Ф ф | style=«width:3em;» |Х х | style=«width:3em;» |Ц ц | style=«width:3em;» |Ч ч | style=«width:3em;» |Ӵ ӵ |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ш ш | style=«width:3em;» |Щ щ | style=«width:3em;» |Ъ ъ | style=«width:3em;» |Ы ы | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь | style=«width:3em;» |Э э | style=«width:3em;» |Ю ю | style=«width:3em;» |Я я |} {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Sirilik!!Sirilik {{br}}''{{Script/Unyin|Italic}}''!!Latin!!IPA!! Golar Huruf!! Catatan |- | А а ||''{{Script/Unyin|А а}}''|| A a || {{IPA|[a]}} || а || |- | Б б ||''{{Script/Unyin|Б б}}''|| B b || {{IPA|[b]}} || бэ || |- | В в ||''{{Script/Unyin|В в}}''|| V v || {{IPA|[v]}} || вэ || |- | Г г ||''{{Script/Unyin|Г г}}''|| G g || {{IPA|[ɡ]}} || гэ || |- | Д д ||''{{Script/Unyin|Д д}}''|| D d<br>Ď ď || {{IPA|[d]}}<br>{{IPA|[dʲ~ɟ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || дэ || |- | Е е ||''{{Script/Unyin|Е е}}''|| JE je<br>E e|| {{IPA|[je]}}{{IPA|[ʲe]}}saradu koronal д, т, з, с, л, н || е || |- | Ё ё ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ё ё}}''|| JO jo<br>O o || {{IPA|[jo]}}{{IPA|[ʲo]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ё || |- | Ж ж ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ж ж}}''|| Ž ž || {{IPA|[ʒ]}} || жэ || |- | Ӝ ӝ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӝ ӝ}}''|| DŽ dž || {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} || ӝэ || Д + Ж |- | З з ||''{{Script/Unyin|З з}}''|| Z z<br>Ź ź || {{IPA|[z]}{{IPA|[ʑ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || зэ || |- | Ӟ ӟ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӟ ӟ}}''|| DŹ dź || {{IPA|[d͡ʑ]}} || ӟе || Дь + Зь |- | И и ||''{{Script/Unyin|И и}}''|| I i || {{IPA|[i]}}{{IPA|[ʲi]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || и || |- | Ӥ ӥ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӥ ӥ}}''|| I i || {{IPA|[i]}}harak dihonai bak д, т, з, с, л, н || точкаен и, точкаосын и ("i butitik") || Goh-goh rik [[Bahasa Komi|Komi]] і. Bontuk Non-palatalisasi jak и. |- | Й й ||''{{Script/Unyin|Й й}}''|| J j || {{IPA|[j]}} || вакчи и ("i buntak") || |- | К к ||''{{Script/Unyin|К к}}''|| K k || {{IPA|[k]}} || ка || |- | Л л ||''{{Script/Unyin|Л л}}''|| Ł ł<br>L l || {{IPA|[ɫ]}}{{IPA|[ʎ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эл || |- | М м ||''{{Script/Unyin|М м}}''|| M m || {{IPA|[m]}} || эм || |- | Н н ||''{{Script/Unyin|Н н}}''|| N n<br>Ň ň || {{IPA|[n]}}{{IPA|[ɲ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эн || |- | О о ||''{{Script/Unyin|О о}}''|| O o || {{IPA|[o]}} || о || |- | Ӧ ӧ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӧ ӧ}}''|| Õ õ || {{IPA|[ɜ~ə]}} || ӧ || |- | П п ||''{{Script/Unyin|П п}}''|| P p || {{IPA|[p]}} || пэ || |- | Р р ||''{{Script/Unyin|Р р}}''|| R r || {{IPA|[r]}} || эр || |- | С с ||''{{Script/Unyin|С с}}''|| S s<br>Ś ś || {{IPA|[s]}}{{IPA|[ɕ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эс || |- | Т т ||''{{Script/Unyin|Т т}}''|| T t<br>Ť ť || {{IPA|[t]}}{{IPA|[tʲ~c]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || тэ || |- | У у ||''{{Script/Unyin|У у}}''|| U u || {{IPA|[u]}} || у || |- | Ф ф ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ф ф}}''|| F f || {{IPA|[f]}} || эф || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Х х ||''{{Script/Unyin|Х х}}''|| H h || {{IPA|[x]}} || ха || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ц ц ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ц ц}}''|| C c || {{IPA|[t͡s]}} || цэ || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ч ч ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ч ч}}''|| Ć ć || {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}|| чэ || Ть + Сь |- | Ӵ ӵ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӵ ӵ}}''|| Č č || {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} || ӵэ || Т + Ш |- | Ш ш ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ш ш}}''|| Š š || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || ша || |- | Щ щ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Щ щ}}''|| ŠČ šč || {{IPA|[ɕ(ː)]}} || ща || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ъ ъ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ъ ъ}}''|| – || – || чурыт пус ("tanda pangoras") || Nyumangko Konsonan Palatal ({{IPA|/dʲ tʲ zʲ sʲ lʲ n/}}) jak konsonan mak tipalatalisasi ditutul bak /j/ man ditutul bak vokal; sabagay cuntuh, {{IPA|/zʲo/}}rik {{IPA|/zjo/}}titulis зё (''źo'') rik masing-masing зъё (''zjo''). |- | Ы ы ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ы ы}}''|| Y y || {{IPA|[ɨ~ɯ]}} || ы || |- | Ь ь ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ь ь}}''|| – || {{IPA|[ʲ]}} || небыт пус ("tanda palombut") || |- | Э э ||''{{Script/Unyin|Э э}}''|| E e || {{IPA|[e]}} || э || |- | Ю ю ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ю ю}}''|| JU ju || {{IPA|[ju]}}{{IPA|[ʲu]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ю || |- | Я я ||''{{Script/Unyin|Я я}}''|| JA ja || {{IPA|[ja]}}{{IPA|[ʲa]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || я || |} == Ilmu Suwara == === Vokal === {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |- ! ! [[Vokal mukak|Mukak]] ! [[Vokal tongah|Tongah]] ! [[Vokal buri|Buri]] |- ! [[Vokal kobok|Kobok]] | {{IPA link|i}} | {{IPA link|ɨ}} | {{IPA link|u}} |- ! [[Vokal nongah|Nongah]] | {{IPA link|e}} | {{IPA link|ə}} | {{IPA link|o}} |- ! [[Vokal bukak|Bukak]] | | {{IPA link|a}} | |} === Konsonan === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! colspan="2" | ! [[Konsonan labial|Labial]] ! [[Konsonan alveolar|Alveolar]] ! [[Konsonan postalveolar|Post-<br />alveolar]] ! ([[Konsonan alveolo-palatal|Alveolo-]])<br />[[Konsonan palatal|palatal]] ! [[Konsonan velar|Velar]] |- ! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan Nasal|Nasal]] | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | {{IPA link|ŋ}} |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Plosif]] ! <small>[[mak busuwara]]</small> | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | |{{IPA link|t̠ʲ|tʲ}} | {{IPA link|k}} |- ! <small>[[Suwara (fonetik)|busuwara]]</small> | {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|d}} | |{{IPA link|d̠ʲ|dʲ}} | {{IPA link|ɡ}} |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Affrikat]] ! <small>[[mak busuwara]]</small> | | ({{IPA link|t͡s}}) | {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}} | |- ! <small>[[Suwara (fonetik)|busuwara]]</small> | | ({{IPA link|d͡z}}) | {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} | {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Frikatif]] ! <small>[[mak busuwara]]</small> | ({{IPA link|f}}) | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | {{IPA link|ɕ}} | ({{IPA link|x}}) |- ! <small>[[Suwara (fonetik)|busuwara]]</small> | {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|z}} | {{IPA link|ʒ}} | {{IPA link|ʑ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Approksiman]] ! <small>[[Konsonan median|median]]</small> | | | | {{IPA link|j}} | |- ! <small>[[Konsonan lateral|lateral]]</small> | | {{IPA link|l}} | | {{IPA link|ʎ}} | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan Gotor|Gotor]] | | {{IPA link|r}} | | | |} Konsonan {{IPA|/f x t͡s/}} bih tipakay di kata injaman, rik masing-masing tigonti rik {{IPA|/p k t͡ɕ/}}. Goh-goh rik basa [[basa Hungaria|Hungaria]], basa Udmurt munih uwat asimilasi panyuwaraan regresif rik ngalobonko suwara (elemen tarakhir namtuko asimilasi), tapi rik samungkal-ruwa pangacuwalian (kalamonan untuk nyumangko pasangan minimal budasarko panyuwaraan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://udmurt.info/udmurt/lekcii/02.htm|title=2. Фонетика.|website=Удмуртология|access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} rrpn2qa942nw0bk5zvxqt4hnm0bzf7a 38328 38327 2026-11-07T04:55:11Z Es Krim 5 juta Rasa 8 38328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Udmurt | nativename = {{lang|udm|удмурт кыл}}<br>''{{lang|udm-Latn|udmurt kyl}}'' | states = [[Rusia]] | region = [[Udmurtia]] | ethnicity = [[Jolma Udmurt|Udmurt]] | speakers = {{sigfig|271.882|2}} | date = 2020 sensus | ref = <ref>{{Cite web |title=Итоги Всероссийской переписи населения 2020 года. Таблица 6. Население по родному языку. |trans-title=Results of the All-Russian population census 2020. Table 6. population according to native language. |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru |archive-date=2020-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200124160257/http://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |url-status=dead }}</ref> | familycolor = Uralic | fam2 = [[Rumpun basa Permik|Permik]] | nation = {{flag|Rusia}} *{{flag|Udmurtia}} | iso2 = udm | iso3 = udm | glotto = udmu1245 | glottorefname = Udmurt | notice = IPA | map = 5.2-Udmurt.png | mapcaption = Pasobaran diyalik-diyalik basa Udmurt di awal abad ka'21<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648|doi-access=free |pmid=35675367 |pmc=9176854 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref> | map2 = Lang Status 60-DE.svg | mapcaption2 = {{center|{{small|Udmurt is classified as Definitely Endangered by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''}}}} }} '''Basa Udmurt''' joda da salah osay basa jak rumpun [[Rumpun basa Uralik|Uralik]] jak cawang [[Rumpun basa Permik|Permik]] say dipakay bak [[Jolma Udmurt]] di nagara [[Rusia]], basa hasa lokok sanga tangkay rik basa [[Basa Finlandia|Finlandia]], [[Basa Estonia|Estonia]] rik [[Basa Hungaria|Hungaria]]. ==Huruf== {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2.5em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |А а | style=«width:3em;» |Б б | style=«width:3em;» |В в | style=«width:3em;» |Г г | style=«width:3em;» |Д д | style=«width:3em;» |Е е | style=«width:3em;» |Ё ё | style=«width:3em;» |Ж ж | style=«width:3em;» |Ӝ ӝ | style=«width:3em;» |З з |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ӟ ӟ | style=«width:3em;» |И и | style=«width:3em;» |Ӥ ӥ | style=«width:3em;» |Й й | style=«width:3em;» |К к | style=«width:3em;» |Л л | style=«width:3em;» |М м | style=«width:3em;» |Н н | style=«width:3em;» |О о | style=«width:3em;» |Ӧ ӧ |- | style=«width:3em;» |П п | style=«width:3em;» |Р р | style=«width:3em;» |С с | style=«width:3em;» |Т т | style=«width:3em;» |У у | style=«width:3em;» |Ф ф | style=«width:3em;» |Х х | style=«width:3em;» |Ц ц | style=«width:3em;» |Ч ч | style=«width:3em;» |Ӵ ӵ |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ш ш | style=«width:3em;» |Щ щ | style=«width:3em;» |Ъ ъ | style=«width:3em;» |Ы ы | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь | style=«width:3em;» |Э э | style=«width:3em;» |Ю ю | style=«width:3em;» |Я я |} {|class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- ! Sirilik!!Sirilik {{br}}''{{Script/Unyin|Italic}}''!!Latin!!IPA!! Golar Huruf!! Catatan |- | А а ||''{{Script/Unyin|А а}}''|| A a || {{IPA|[a]}} || а || |- | Б б ||''{{Script/Unyin|Б б}}''|| B b || {{IPA|[b]}} || бэ || |- | В в ||''{{Script/Unyin|В в}}''|| V v || {{IPA|[v]}} || вэ || |- | Г г ||''{{Script/Unyin|Г г}}''|| G g || {{IPA|[ɡ]}} || гэ || |- | Д д ||''{{Script/Unyin|Д д}}''|| D d<br>Ď ď || {{IPA|[d]}}<br>{{IPA|[dʲ~ɟ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || дэ || |- | Е е ||''{{Script/Unyin|Е е}}''|| JE je<br>E e|| {{IPA|[je]}}{{IPA|[ʲe]}}saradu koronal д, т, з, с, л, н || е || |- | Ё ё ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ё ё}}''|| JO jo<br>O o || {{IPA|[jo]}}{{IPA|[ʲo]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ё || |- | Ж ж ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ж ж}}''|| Ž ž || {{IPA|[ʒ]}} || жэ || |- | Ӝ ӝ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӝ ӝ}}''|| DŽ dž || {{IPA|[d͡ʒ]}} || ӝэ || Д + Ж |- | З з ||''{{Script/Unyin|З з}}''|| Z z<br>Ź ź || {{IPA|[z]}{{IPA|[ʑ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || зэ || |- | Ӟ ӟ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӟ ӟ}}''|| DŹ dź || {{IPA|[d͡ʑ]}} || ӟе || Дь + Зь |- | И и ||''{{Script/Unyin|И и}}''|| I i || {{IPA|[i]}}{{IPA|[ʲi]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || и || |- | Ӥ ӥ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӥ ӥ}}''|| I i || {{IPA|[i]}}harak dihonai bak д, т, з, с, л, н || точкаен и, точкаосын и ("i butitik") || Goh-goh rik [[Bahasa Komi|Komi]] і. Bontuk Non-palatalisasi jak и. |- | Й й ||''{{Script/Unyin|Й й}}''|| J j || {{IPA|[j]}} || вакчи и ("i buntak") || |- | К к ||''{{Script/Unyin|К к}}''|| K k || {{IPA|[k]}} || ка || |- | Л л ||''{{Script/Unyin|Л л}}''|| Ł ł<br>L l || {{IPA|[ɫ]}}{{IPA|[ʎ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эл || |- | М м ||''{{Script/Unyin|М м}}''|| M m || {{IPA|[m]}} || эм || |- | Н н ||''{{Script/Unyin|Н н}}''|| N n<br>Ň ň || {{IPA|[n]}}{{IPA|[ɲ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эн || |- | О о ||''{{Script/Unyin|О о}}''|| O o || {{IPA|[o]}} || о || |- | Ӧ ӧ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӧ ӧ}}''|| Õ õ || {{IPA|[ɜ~ə]}} || ӧ || |- | П п ||''{{Script/Unyin|П п}}''|| P p || {{IPA|[p]}} || пэ || |- | Р р ||''{{Script/Unyin|Р р}}''|| R r || {{IPA|[r]}} || эр || |- | С с ||''{{Script/Unyin|С с}}''|| S s<br>Ś ś || {{IPA|[s]}}{{IPA|[ɕ]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || эс || |- | Т т ||''{{Script/Unyin|Т т}}''|| T t<br>Ť ť || {{IPA|[t]}}{{IPA|[tʲ~c]}}samakkung е, ё, и, ю, я, ь || тэ || |- | У у ||''{{Script/Unyin|У у}}''|| U u || {{IPA|[u]}} || у || |- | Ф ф ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ф ф}}''|| F f || {{IPA|[f]}} || эф || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Х х ||''{{Script/Unyin|Х х}}''|| H h || {{IPA|[x]}} || ха || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ц ц ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ц ц}}''|| C c || {{IPA|[t͡s]}} || цэ || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ч ч ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ч ч}}''|| Ć ć || {{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}}|| чэ || Ть + Сь |- | Ӵ ӵ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ӵ ӵ}}''|| Č č || {{IPA|[t͡ʃ]}} || ӵэ || Т + Ш |- | Ш ш ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ш ш}}''|| Š š || {{IPA|[ʃ]}} || ша || |- | Щ щ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Щ щ}}''|| ŠČ šč || {{IPA|[ɕ(ː)]}} || ща || Dilom kata injaman. |- | Ъ ъ ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ъ ъ}}''|| – || – || чурыт пус ("tanda pangoras") || Nyumangko Konsonan Palatal ({{IPA|/dʲ tʲ zʲ sʲ lʲ n/}}) jak konsonan mak tipalatalisasi ditutul bak /j/ man ditutul bak vokal; sabagay cuntuh, {{IPA|/zʲo/}}rik {{IPA|/zjo/}}titulis зё (''źo'') rik masing-masing зъё (''zjo''). |- | Ы ы ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ы ы}}''|| Y y || {{IPA|[ɨ~ɯ]}} || ы || |- | Ь ь ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ь ь}}''|| – || {{IPA|[ʲ]}} || небыт пус ("tanda palombut") || |- | Э э ||''{{Script/Unyin|Э э}}''|| E e || {{IPA|[e]}} || э || |- | Ю ю ||''{{Script/Unyin|Ю ю}}''|| JU ju || {{IPA|[ju]}}{{IPA|[ʲu]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || ю || |- | Я я ||''{{Script/Unyin|Я я}}''|| JA ja || {{IPA|[ja]}}{{IPA|[ʲa]}}saradu д, т, з, с, л, н || я || |} == Ilmu Suwara == === Vokal === {| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center |- ! ! [[Vokal mukak|Mukak]] ! [[Vokal tongah|Tongah]] ! [[Vokal buri|Buri]] |- ! [[Vokal kobok|Kobok]] | {{IPA link|i}} | {{IPA link|ɨ}} | {{IPA link|u}} |- ! [[Vokal nongah|Nongah]] | {{IPA link|e}} | {{IPA link|ə}} | {{IPA link|o}} |- ! [[Vokal bukak|Bukak]] | | {{IPA link|a}} | |} === Konsonan === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" |- ! colspan="2" | ! [[Konsonan labial|Labial]] ! [[Konsonan alveolar|Alveolar]] ! [[Konsonan postalveolar|Post-<br />alveolar]] ! ([[Konsonan alveolo-palatal|Alveolo-]])<br />[[Konsonan palatal|palatal]] ! [[Konsonan velar|Velar]] |- ! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan nasal|Nasal]] | {{IPA link|m}} | {{IPA link|n}} | | {{IPA link|ɲ}} | {{IPA link|ŋ}} |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Plosif]] ! <small>[[mak busuwara]]</small> | {{IPA link|p}} | {{IPA link|t}} | |{{IPA link|t̠ʲ|tʲ}} | {{IPA link|k}} |- ! <small>[[Suwara (fonetik)|busuwara]]</small> | {{IPA link|b}} | {{IPA link|d}} | |{{IPA link|d̠ʲ|dʲ}} | {{IPA link|ɡ}} |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Affrikat]] ! <small>[[mak busuwara]]</small> | | ({{IPA link|t͡s}}) | {{IPA link|t͡ʃ}} | {{IPA link|t͡ɕ}} | |- ! <small>[[Suwara (fonetik)|busuwara]]</small> | | ({{IPA link|d͡z}}) | {{IPA link|d͡ʒ}} | {{IPA link|d͡ʑ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Frikatif]] ! <small>[[mak busuwara]]</small> | ({{IPA link|f}}) | {{IPA link|s}} | {{IPA link|ʃ}} | {{IPA link|ɕ}} | ({{IPA link|x}}) |- ! <small>[[Suwara (fonetik)|busuwara]]</small> | {{IPA link|v}} | {{IPA link|z}} | {{IPA link|ʒ}} | {{IPA link|ʑ}} | |- ! rowspan="2" | [[Approksiman]] ! <small>[[Konsonan median|median]]</small> | | | | {{IPA link|j}} | |- ! <small>[[Konsonan lateral|lateral]]</small> | | {{IPA link|l}} | | {{IPA link|ʎ}} | |- ! colspan="2" | [[Konsonan gotor|Gotor]] | | {{IPA link|r}} | | | |} Konsonan {{IPA|/f x t͡s/}} bih tipakay di kata injaman, rik masing-masing tigonti rik {{IPA|/p k t͡ɕ/}}. Goh-goh rik basa [[basa Hungaria|Hungaria]], basa Udmurt munih uwat asimilasi panyuwaraan regresif rik ngalobonko suwara (elemen tarakhir namtuko asimilasi), tapi rik samungkal-ruwa pangacuwalian (kalamonan untuk nyumangko pasangan minimal budasarko panyuwaraan).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://udmurt.info/udmurt/lekcii/02.htm|title=2. Фонетика.|website=Удмуртология|access-date=3 April 2022}}</ref> == Rujukan == {{Reflist}} dihult4ornzolee0wkmr09vfoh6zylz 0 785 38325 38314 2026-11-07T04:51:59Z Es Krim 5 juta Rasa 8 /* Konsonan */ 38325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Halaman dilom lamon huruf}} {{A1}} {{P1|Latin}} {{P2|[[باس كوموريڠ|Arab]]}} {{A2}} {{Infobox language |name=Komering |nativename=''{{lang|kge|Basa Kumoring}}''<br/>''{{lang|kge-Arab|باس كوموريڠ}}'' |image=Basa Kumoring.png |pronunciation= {{IPA|kge|baˈsa ku.mo.ɣiŋ|}} |states=[[Indonesia]] |region=[[Sumatera Hulu]] |ethnicity=[[Jolma Kumoring|Kumoring]] |speakers={{formatnum:470000}} |date = 2000 sensus |ref=e18 |familycolor=Austronesia |fam2=[[Rumpun basa Malayu-Pulinisiya|Malayu-Pulinisiya]] |fam3=[[Rumpun basa Lampung|Lampungik]] |script=[[Huruf Lampung|Lampung]] (payja, tarutama untuk diyalik Kumoring Hulu (unggak)) <br>[[Huruf Latin|Latin]] (ganta rik kalamonan)<br>[[Huruf Kumoring|Kumoring]] (ganta rik cutik, biyasona untuk diyalik Komering Ilir (liba))<br>[[Huruf Arab Malayu Jawi|Jawi]] (ganta rik cutik) | minority={{flag|Sumatera Hulu}} |iso3=kge |glotto=kome1238 |glottorefname=Komering |notice=IPA }} '''Basa Kumoring''' atawa '''Basa Komering'''<ref>Adelaar, 2005, p. 22.</ref><ref>Walker, 1976, p. 1.</ref> joda da basa say dipakay bak [[Jolma Komering]] say ngaman di Ogan Komering Raya ([[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Timur]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Ilir]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu]], rik [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan]]).<ref>From Walker, 1975, pp. 14-17.</ref><ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kge Ethnologue.com]</ref> ==Lokasi rik Klasifikasi== [[Bondol:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Drie ongehuwde jonge vrouwen uit Komering TMnr 10005250.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Tolu Morli Kumoring]] Basa Kumoring sa tituturko di daerah Ogan Komering Raya say buhorti tituturko di 5 kabupaten say uwat di hulu [[Palimbang|Pulimbang]], 5 kabupaten sina joda da Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Ogan Ilir|Ogan Ilir (OI)]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir|Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI)]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Timur|Ogan Komering Ulu Timur (OKU Timur)]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan|Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan (OKU Selatan)]], rik [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu|Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU)]]. Basa Kumoring sa tikuruk dilom [[Rumpun basa Austrunisiya]] say ngaliyu'i cabang [[Basa Lampung Api|Bahasa Lampung]] rik [[Rumpun basa Malayu-Pulinisiya|Melayu Polinesia]]. ==Huruf== Dilom satijang sajarah Basa Kumoring, tolu tulisan kok tipakay untuk nulisko basa sija, say sipa [[Huruf Komering]] atawa [[Aksara Surat Ulu|Aksara Surat Ulu Komering]] kok saka tipakay, raduna tulisan [[Huruf Arab Malayu Jawi|Arab Melayu/Jawi]] tipakay sa'uni panyebaran agama [[Islam]] di tanoh Kumoring. Say tarakhir joda da huruf [[Alfabet Latin|Latin]] say sipa samenjak [[Indonesia]] mardeka huruf hasa kok sacara luwas tipakay sampay-sampay kaunyin basa ngalih makay huruf [[Alfabet Latin|Latin]] katimbang aksara daerah masing-masing, say jadina aksara-aksara daerah sina posisina ngalih jadi tisingkirko bak [[Alfabet Latin]] sa. ====[[Alfabet Latin]]==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! '''[[Alfabet Latin|Huruf]]''' || '''[[Alfabet Latin|Pangucapan]]''' || '''[[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|IPA]]''' |- | '''A''' || A || [a] |- | '''B''' || Bi || [b] |- | '''C''' || Ci || [t͡ʃ] |- | '''D''' || Di || [d] |- | '''E''' || E/I || [e/ɛ/ə/i] |- | '''F''' || Ef/Ep || [f/p] |- | '''G''' || Gi || [ɡ] |- | '''H''' || Ha || [h] |- | '''I''' || I || [i] |- | '''J''' || Ji || [d͡ʒ] |- | '''K''' || Ka || [ʔ/k] |- | '''L''' || El || [l] |- | '''M''' || Em || [m] |- | '''N''' || En || [n] |- | '''O''' || O || [o] |- | '''P''' || Pi || [p] |- | '''Q''' || Qiyu || [q/k] |- | '''R''' || Er || [ɣ/r] |- | '''S''' || Es || [s] |- | '''T''' || Ti || [t] |- | '''U''' || U || [u] |- | '''V''' || Vi || [v/p] |- | '''W''' || Wi || [w] |- | '''X''' || Eks || [ks] |- | '''Y''' || Yi || [j] |- | '''Z''' || Zed || [z] |- | '''Ng''' || Eng || [ŋ] |- | '''Ny''' || Nya || [ɲ] |- | '''Kh''' || Kha || [x] |- | '''Sy''' || Sya || [ʃ] |} ====[[Huruf Hijaiyah|Arab]]==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! '''[[Alfabet Latin|Huruf]]''' || '''[[Alfabet Latin|Pangucapan]]''' || '''[[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|IPA]]''' |- | '''ا''' || Alif || [a/ə] |- | '''ب''' || Ba || [b] |- | '''ت''' || Ta || [t] |- | '''ث''' || Tsa || [s] |- | '''ج''' || Jim || [d͡ʒ] |- | '''ح''' || Ha || [h] |- | '''خ''' || Kho || [x] |- | '''د''' || Dal || [d] |- | '''ذ''' || Zal || [z] |- | '''ر''' || Ro || [r] |- |‌‌ '''ز''' || Zay || [z] |- | '''س''' || Sin || [s] |- | '''ش''' || Syin || [ʃ] |- | '''ص''' ‌|| Sod || [s] |- | '''ض''' || Dod || [d] |- | '''ط''' || To || [t] |- | '''ظ''' || Zo || [z] |- | '''ع''' || ayn || [ʔ] |- | '''غ''' || Ghayn || [ɣ] |- | '''ف''' || Fa || [f] |- | '''ق''' || Qof || [q] |- | '''ك''' || Kaf || [k] |- | '''ل''' || Lam || [l] |- | '''م''' || Mim || [m] |- | '''ن''' || Nun || [n] |- | '''و''' || Waw || [w/u/o] |- | '''ه/ه‍''' || Ha || [h] |- | '''لا''' || Lam Alif || [l] |- | '''ء''' || Hamzah || [ʔ] |- | '''ي''' || Ya || [j/i/e/ɛ] |- | '''چ''' || Ca || [t͡ʃ] |- | '''ڤ''' || Pa || [p] |- | '''ڬ/گ''' || Ga || [ɡ] |- | '''ڠ''' || Nga || [ŋ] |- | '''ڽ/ݧ''' || Nya || [ɲ] |- | '''ۏ''' || Va || [v] |- | '''ة''' || Ta Marbutoh || [t] |} ====Catatan==== *:Dilom basa Kumoring sa huruf /E/ jarang tipakay kacuwali di pira ngabungkal diyalek, rik untuk kata injaman jak [[Basa Indonesia]] atawa Basa barihna. *:[[Jolma Kumoring]] rik [[Jolma Palimbang|Melayu Palembang]] uwat ciri khas say sipa mak panday ngucakko /r/ sacara jolas, tapi kadongihanna juk bunyi /ɣ/ atawa dilom [[bahasa Arab]] tiwakilko bak huruf /غ/ walawpun uwat samungkal ruwa diyalek say panday ngucakko huruf R sacara jolas, cuntuhna diyalek Kutabumi. *:[[Jolma Kumoring]] jarang munih ngucakko huruf /f/ atawa /v/ karuwana goh-goh da tibaca /p/. *:Di akhir kata huruf /k/ kalamonan tiucakko sabagay glottal stop /ʔ/ rik /k/ diwik bih uwat di kata-kata titamtu, kacuwali di pangkal kalimat rik tongah kalimat /k/ matuh tiucakko sabagay /k/. ==Ilmu Suwara== === Konsonan === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | ![[Konsonan Labial|Labial]] ![[Konsonan Alveolar|Alveolar]] ![[Konsonan Palatal|Palatal]] ![[Konsonan Velar|Velar]] ![[Konsonan Glottal|Glottal]] |- ! colspan="2" |[[Konsonan Nasal|Nasal]] | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Plosif]]/<br>[[Affrikat]] !<small>mak busuwara</small> | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |- !<small>busuwara</small> | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Frikatif]] | | s | | | h |- ! colspan="2" |[[Konsonan Lateral|Lateral]] | | l | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Konsonan Gotor|Gotor]] | | r | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approksiman]] | w | | j | | |} Frikatif busuwara "z" uwat munih, tapi bih sabagay bak jak kata pinjaman asing. === Vokal === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ![[Front vowel|Front]] ![[Central vowel|Central]] ![[Back vowel|Back]] |- ![[Close vowel|Close]] | i | | u |- ![[Mid vowel|Mid]] | | | o |- ![[Open vowel|Open]] | | a | |} ==Cuntuh Tulisan== ===UDHR pasal 1=== Di bah sa uwat ruwa cuntuh tulisan dilom basa Kumoring say makay teks UDHR pasal 1 say titulis dilom ruwa sistem tulisan say kok jak tipakay untuk nulisko Basa Komering joda da [[Huruf Arab Malayu Jawi|Tulisan Jawi]], [[Alfabet Latin]], rik [[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|Transliterasi IPA]] juk sa cuntuhna; *'''[[Alfabet Latin|Latin]]''' {{Quote|''Kaunyin jolma tilahirko mardeka rik uwat pi'il rik hak-hak sai goh-goh. Tiyan tiunjuk akal pikiran rik hati nurani mari tiyan dapok nyampur rik sai barihna dilom semangat bukolpah.''}} *'''[[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|IPA]]''' {{Quote|''kaʔuɲin d͡ʒolma tilaˈhiɣko maɣdeka ɣiʔ uwat piʔil ɣiʔ haʔ-haʔ saj ɡoh-ɡoh. tijan tiʔund͡ʒuʔ akal pikiˈɣan ɣiʔ hati nuɣani maɣi tijan dapoʔ ɲampuɣ ɣiʔ saj baɣihna diˈlom səˈmaŋat buˈkolpah.''}} *'''[[Huruf Hijaiyah|عرب/Arab]]''' <div lang="kge" dir=rtl> {{Quote|{{Script/Arabic|كأوݧين جولما تيلاحيركو مرديكا ريک اوت ڤيئيل ريک حق-حق سي گوه-گوه. تيان تيئونجوک اكل ڤيكيرن ريک هاتي نوراني ماري تيان داڤوک ݧامڤور ريک سي باريه ن ديلوم سماڠت بوكولڤه.}}}} </div> *'''[[Bahasa Palembang|Horti (Palembang)]]''' {{Quote|''Galo-galo uwong metu ke dunio bebas, ngan kehormatan dan hak-hak yang samo pulo. Galo-galonyo la dienjuk akal utak jugo raso ati, kendaknyo tu gawe sesamo laennyo pecak wong seduluran.''}} *'''[[Basa Indonesia|Horti (Indonesia)]]''' {{Quote|''Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.''}} *'''[[Bahasa Inggris|Horti (Inggris)]]''' {{Quote|''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''}} ===Si Pahit Lidah=== *'''[[Alfabet Latin|Latin]]''' {{Quote|''Paija, hurik da maranai sai golarna Serunting. Suatu harani Serunting kahwin rik morli ditiuh na. Morli tiyuh sina ho uwat adik golarna Arya Tebing. Arya Tebing rik Serunting ngaduh kobun sai borak, kobun sina tibagi jadi rua. Suatu harani Arya Tebing tihuwang ngaliak kulak emas di kobun na, Tapi di bagian Serunting bih ditumbuhi kulak biaso.''}} *'''[[Huruf Arab Malayu Jawi|Arab Jawi]]''' <div dir="rtl"> {{Quote|{{Script/Arabic|ڤايجا حوريک دا مراناي سي گولار ن سرونتيڠ. سواتو حاراني سرونتيڠ کحوین ريک مورلي دي تيوه ن. مورلي تيوه سينا وات اديک گولار ن اريا تبيڠ. اريا تبيڠ ريک سرونتيڠ ڠادوه كوبون سي بوراک، كوبون سينا تيباگي جادي روا. سواتو حاراني اريا تبيڠ تيحواڠ ڠالياک كولاک ماس دي كوبون ن، تاڤي دي باگيان سرونتيڠ بيه دي تومبوهي كولاک بياسو.}}}} </div> *'''[[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|IPA]]''' {{Quote|/paid͡ʒa huɣiʔ da maɣanai sai ɡolaɣna səɣuntiŋ. suwatu haɣani səɣuntiŋ kahwin ɣiʔ moɣli di tijuh na. moɣli tijuh sina ho uwat adiʔ ɡolaɣna aɣja tɛbiŋ. aɣja tɛbiŋ ɣiʔ səɣuntiŋ ŋɡaduh kobun sai boɣaʔ kobun sina tibaɡi d͡ʒadi ɣuwa. suwatu haɣani aɣja tɛbiŋ tihuwaŋ ŋalijaʔ kulaʔ əmas di kobun na tapi di baɡian səɣuntiŋ bih ditumbuhi kulaʔ biaso/}} ==Liyak Munih== *[[Rumpun basa Lampung]] **[[Basa Lampung Api]] **[[Basa Lampung Nyo]] *[[Basa Palimbang]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kaban:Basa]] [[Kaban:Indonesia]] [[Kaban:Kumoring]] mo202v20w3b2v0665p45yyc57rt57uy 38326 38325 2026-11-07T04:53:23Z Es Krim 5 juta Rasa 8 38326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Halaman dilom lamon huruf}} {{A1}} {{P1|Latin}} {{P2|[[باس كوموريڠ|Arab]]}} {{A2}} {{Infobox language |name=Komering |nativename=''{{lang|kge|Basa Kumoring}}''<br/>''{{lang|kge-Arab|باس كوموريڠ}}'' |image=Basa Kumoring.png |pronunciation= {{IPA|kge|baˈsa ku.mo.ɣiŋ|}} |states=[[Indonesia]] |region=[[Sumatera Hulu]] |ethnicity=[[Jolma Kumoring|Kumoring]] |speakers={{formatnum:470000}} |date = 2000 sensus |ref=e18 |familycolor=Austronesia |fam2=[[Rumpun basa Malayu-Pulinisiya|Malayu-Pulinisiya]] |fam3=[[Rumpun basa Lampung|Lampungik]] |script=[[Huruf Lampung|Lampung]] (payja, tarutama untuk diyalik Kumoring Hulu (unggak)) <br>[[Huruf Latin|Latin]] (ganta rik kalamonan)<br>[[Huruf Kumoring|Kumoring]] (ganta rik cutik, biyasona untuk diyalik Komering Ilir (liba))<br>[[Huruf Arab Malayu Jawi|Jawi]] (ganta rik cutik) | minority={{flag|Sumatera Hulu}} |iso3=kge |glotto=kome1238 |glottorefname=Komering |notice=IPA }} '''Basa Kumoring''' atawa '''Basa Komering'''<ref>Adelaar, 2005, p. 22.</ref><ref>Walker, 1976, p. 1.</ref> joda da basa say dipakay bak [[Jolma Komering]] say ngaman di Ogan Komering Raya ([[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Timur]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Ilir]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu]], rik [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan]]).<ref>From Walker, 1975, pp. 14-17.</ref><ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kge Ethnologue.com]</ref> ==Lokasi rik Klasifikasi== [[Bondol:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Drie ongehuwde jonge vrouwen uit Komering TMnr 10005250.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Tolu Morli Kumoring]] Basa Kumoring sa tituturko di daerah Ogan Komering Raya say buhorti tituturko di 5 kabupaten say uwat di hulu [[Palimbang|Pulimbang]], 5 kabupaten sina joda da Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Ogan Ilir|Ogan Ilir (OI)]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir|Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI)]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Timur|Ogan Komering Ulu Timur (OKU Timur)]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan|Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan (OKU Selatan)]], rik [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu|Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU)]]. Basa Kumoring sa tikuruk dilom [[Rumpun basa Austrunisiya]] say ngaliyu'i cabang [[Basa Lampung Api|Bahasa Lampung]] rik [[Rumpun basa Malayu-Pulinisiya|Melayu Polinesia]]. ==Huruf== Dilom satijang sajarah Basa Kumoring, tolu tulisan kok tipakay untuk nulisko basa sija, say sipa [[Huruf Komering]] atawa [[Aksara Surat Ulu|Aksara Surat Ulu Komering]] kok saka tipakay, raduna tulisan [[Huruf Arab Malayu Jawi|Arab Melayu/Jawi]] tipakay sa'uni panyebaran agama [[Islam]] di tanoh Kumoring. Say tarakhir joda da huruf [[Alfabet Latin|Latin]] say sipa samenjak [[Indonesia]] mardeka huruf hasa kok sacara luwas tipakay sampay-sampay kaunyin basa ngalih makay huruf [[Alfabet Latin|Latin]] katimbang aksara daerah masing-masing, say jadina aksara-aksara daerah sina posisina ngalih jadi tisingkirko bak [[Alfabet Latin]] sa. ====[[Alfabet Latin]]==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! '''[[Alfabet Latin|Huruf]]''' || '''[[Alfabet Latin|Pangucapan]]''' || '''[[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|IPA]]''' |- | '''A''' || A || [a] |- | '''B''' || Bi || [b] |- | '''C''' || Ci || [t͡ʃ] |- | '''D''' || Di || [d] |- | '''E''' || E/I || [e/ɛ/ə/i] |- | '''F''' || Ef/Ep || [f/p] |- | '''G''' || Gi || [ɡ] |- | '''H''' || Ha || [h] |- | '''I''' || I || [i] |- | '''J''' || Ji || [d͡ʒ] |- | '''K''' || Ka || [ʔ/k] |- | '''L''' || El || [l] |- | '''M''' || Em || [m] |- | '''N''' || En || [n] |- | '''O''' || O || [o] |- | '''P''' || Pi || [p] |- | '''Q''' || Qiyu || [q/k] |- | '''R''' || Er || [ɣ/r] |- | '''S''' || Es || [s] |- | '''T''' || Ti || [t] |- | '''U''' || U || [u] |- | '''V''' || Vi || [v/p] |- | '''W''' || Wi || [w] |- | '''X''' || Eks || [ks] |- | '''Y''' || Yi || [j] |- | '''Z''' || Zed || [z] |- | '''Ng''' || Eng || [ŋ] |- | '''Ny''' || Nya || [ɲ] |- | '''Kh''' || Kha || [x] |- | '''Sy''' || Sya || [ʃ] |} ====[[Huruf Hijaiyah|Arab]]==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! '''[[Alfabet Latin|Huruf]]''' || '''[[Alfabet Latin|Pangucapan]]''' || '''[[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|IPA]]''' |- | '''ا''' || Alif || [a/ə] |- | '''ب''' || Ba || [b] |- | '''ت''' || Ta || [t] |- | '''ث''' || Tsa || [s] |- | '''ج''' || Jim || [d͡ʒ] |- | '''ح''' || Ha || [h] |- | '''خ''' || Kho || [x] |- | '''د''' || Dal || [d] |- | '''ذ''' || Zal || [z] |- | '''ر''' || Ro || [r] |- |‌‌ '''ز''' || Zay || [z] |- | '''س''' || Sin || [s] |- | '''ش''' || Syin || [ʃ] |- | '''ص''' ‌|| Sod || [s] |- | '''ض''' || Dod || [d] |- | '''ط''' || To || [t] |- | '''ظ''' || Zo || [z] |- | '''ع''' || ayn || [ʔ] |- | '''غ''' || Ghayn || [ɣ] |- | '''ف''' || Fa || [f] |- | '''ق''' || Qof || [q] |- | '''ك''' || Kaf || [k] |- | '''ل''' || Lam || [l] |- | '''م''' || Mim || [m] |- | '''ن''' || Nun || [n] |- | '''و''' || Waw || [w/u/o] |- | '''ه/ه‍''' || Ha || [h] |- | '''لا''' || Lam Alif || [l] |- | '''ء''' || Hamzah || [ʔ] |- | '''ي''' || Ya || [j/i/e/ɛ] |- | '''چ''' || Ca || [t͡ʃ] |- | '''ڤ''' || Pa || [p] |- | '''ڬ/گ''' || Ga || [ɡ] |- | '''ڠ''' || Nga || [ŋ] |- | '''ڽ/ݧ''' || Nya || [ɲ] |- | '''ۏ''' || Va || [v] |- | '''ة''' || Ta Marbutoh || [t] |} ====Catatan==== *:Dilom basa Kumoring sa huruf /E/ jarang tipakay kacuwali di pira ngabungkal diyalek, rik untuk kata injaman jak [[Basa Indonesia]] atawa Basa barihna. *:[[Jolma Kumoring]] rik [[Jolma Palimbang|Melayu Palembang]] uwat ciri khas say sipa mak panday ngucakko /r/ sacara jolas, tapi kadongihanna juk bunyi /ɣ/ atawa dilom [[bahasa Arab]] tiwakilko bak huruf /غ/ walawpun uwat samungkal ruwa diyalek say panday ngucakko huruf R sacara jolas, cuntuhna diyalek Kutabumi. *:[[Jolma Kumoring]] jarang munih ngucakko huruf /f/ atawa /v/ karuwana goh-goh da tibaca /p/. *:Di akhir kata huruf /k/ kalamonan tiucakko sabagay glottal stop /ʔ/ rik /k/ diwik bih uwat di kata-kata titamtu, kacuwali di pangkal kalimat rik tongah kalimat /k/ matuh tiucakko sabagay /k/. ==Ilmu Suwara== === Konsonan === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | ![[Konsonan Labial|Labial]] ![[Konsonan Alveolar|Alveolar]] ![[Konsonan Palatal|Palatal]] ![[Konsonan Velar|Velar]] ![[Konsonan Glottal|Glottal]] |- ! colspan="2" |[[Konsonan Nasal|Nasal]] | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Plosif]]/<br>[[Affrikat]] !<small>mak busuwara</small> | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |- !<small>busuwara</small> | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Frikatif]] | | s | | | h |- ! colspan="2" |[[Konsonan Lateral|Lateral]] | | l | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Konsonan Gotor|Gotor]] | | r | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approksiman]] | w | | j | | |} Frikatif busuwara "z" uwat munih, tapi bih sabagay bak jak kata pinjaman asing. === Vokal === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ![[Vokal mukak|Mukak]] ![[Vokal tongah|Tongah]] ![[Vokal buri|Buri]] |- ![[Vokal kobok|Kobok]] | i | | u |- ![[Vokal tongah|Tongah]] | | | o |- ![[Vokal bukak|Bukak]] | | a | |} ==Cuntuh Tulisan== ===UDHR pasal 1=== Di bah sa uwat ruwa cuntuh tulisan dilom basa Kumoring say makay teks UDHR pasal 1 say titulis dilom ruwa sistem tulisan say kok jak tipakay untuk nulisko Basa Komering joda da [[Huruf Arab Malayu Jawi|Tulisan Jawi]], [[Alfabet Latin]], rik [[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|Transliterasi IPA]] juk sa cuntuhna; *'''[[Alfabet Latin|Latin]]''' {{Quote|''Kaunyin jolma tilahirko mardeka rik uwat pi'il rik hak-hak sai goh-goh. Tiyan tiunjuk akal pikiran rik hati nurani mari tiyan dapok nyampur rik sai barihna dilom semangat bukolpah.''}} *'''[[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|IPA]]''' {{Quote|''kaʔuɲin d͡ʒolma tilaˈhiɣko maɣdeka ɣiʔ uwat piʔil ɣiʔ haʔ-haʔ saj ɡoh-ɡoh. tijan tiʔund͡ʒuʔ akal pikiˈɣan ɣiʔ hati nuɣani maɣi tijan dapoʔ ɲampuɣ ɣiʔ saj baɣihna diˈlom səˈmaŋat buˈkolpah.''}} *'''[[Huruf Hijaiyah|عرب/Arab]]''' <div lang="kge" dir=rtl> {{Quote|{{Script/Arabic|كأوݧين جولما تيلاحيركو مرديكا ريک اوت ڤيئيل ريک حق-حق سي گوه-گوه. تيان تيئونجوک اكل ڤيكيرن ريک هاتي نوراني ماري تيان داڤوک ݧامڤور ريک سي باريه ن ديلوم سماڠت بوكولڤه.}}}} </div> *'''[[Bahasa Palembang|Horti (Palembang)]]''' {{Quote|''Galo-galo uwong metu ke dunio bebas, ngan kehormatan dan hak-hak yang samo pulo. Galo-galonyo la dienjuk akal utak jugo raso ati, kendaknyo tu gawe sesamo laennyo pecak wong seduluran.''}} *'''[[Basa Indonesia|Horti (Indonesia)]]''' {{Quote|''Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.''}} *'''[[Bahasa Inggris|Horti (Inggris)]]''' {{Quote|''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''}} ===Si Pahit Lidah=== *'''[[Alfabet Latin|Latin]]''' {{Quote|''Paija, hurik da maranai sai golarna Serunting. Suatu harani Serunting kahwin rik morli ditiuh na. Morli tiyuh sina ho uwat adik golarna Arya Tebing. Arya Tebing rik Serunting ngaduh kobun sai borak, kobun sina tibagi jadi rua. Suatu harani Arya Tebing tihuwang ngaliak kulak emas di kobun na, Tapi di bagian Serunting bih ditumbuhi kulak biaso.''}} *'''[[Huruf Arab Malayu Jawi|Arab Jawi]]''' <div dir="rtl"> {{Quote|{{Script/Arabic|ڤايجا حوريک دا مراناي سي گولار ن سرونتيڠ. سواتو حاراني سرونتيڠ کحوین ريک مورلي دي تيوه ن. مورلي تيوه سينا وات اديک گولار ن اريا تبيڠ. اريا تبيڠ ريک سرونتيڠ ڠادوه كوبون سي بوراک، كوبون سينا تيباگي جادي روا. سواتو حاراني اريا تبيڠ تيحواڠ ڠالياک كولاک ماس دي كوبون ن، تاڤي دي باگيان سرونتيڠ بيه دي تومبوهي كولاک بياسو.}}}} </div> *'''[[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|IPA]]''' {{Quote|/paid͡ʒa huɣiʔ da maɣanai sai ɡolaɣna səɣuntiŋ. suwatu haɣani səɣuntiŋ kahwin ɣiʔ moɣli di tijuh na. moɣli tijuh sina ho uwat adiʔ ɡolaɣna aɣja tɛbiŋ. aɣja tɛbiŋ ɣiʔ səɣuntiŋ ŋɡaduh kobun sai boɣaʔ kobun sina tibaɡi d͡ʒadi ɣuwa. suwatu haɣani aɣja tɛbiŋ tihuwaŋ ŋalijaʔ kulaʔ əmas di kobun na tapi di baɡian səɣuntiŋ bih ditumbuhi kulaʔ biaso/}} ==Liyak Munih== *[[Rumpun basa Lampung]] **[[Basa Lampung Api]] **[[Basa Lampung Nyo]] *[[Basa Palimbang]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kaban:Basa]] [[Kaban:Indonesia]] [[Kaban:Kumoring]] abd8wz927unl7whd01k3ibkmv2jqr2c 38329 38326 2026-11-07T04:56:11Z Es Krim 5 juta Rasa 8 /* Ilmu Suwara */ 38329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Halaman dilom lamon huruf}} {{A1}} {{P1|Latin}} {{P2|[[باس كوموريڠ|Arab]]}} {{A2}} {{Infobox language |name=Komering |nativename=''{{lang|kge|Basa Kumoring}}''<br/>''{{lang|kge-Arab|باس كوموريڠ}}'' |image=Basa Kumoring.png |pronunciation= {{IPA|kge|baˈsa ku.mo.ɣiŋ|}} |states=[[Indonesia]] |region=[[Sumatera Hulu]] |ethnicity=[[Jolma Kumoring|Kumoring]] |speakers={{formatnum:470000}} |date = 2000 sensus |ref=e18 |familycolor=Austronesia |fam2=[[Rumpun basa Malayu-Pulinisiya|Malayu-Pulinisiya]] |fam3=[[Rumpun basa Lampung|Lampungik]] |script=[[Huruf Lampung|Lampung]] (payja, tarutama untuk diyalik Kumoring Hulu (unggak)) <br>[[Huruf Latin|Latin]] (ganta rik kalamonan)<br>[[Huruf Kumoring|Kumoring]] (ganta rik cutik, biyasona untuk diyalik Komering Ilir (liba))<br>[[Huruf Arab Malayu Jawi|Jawi]] (ganta rik cutik) | minority={{flag|Sumatera Hulu}} |iso3=kge |glotto=kome1238 |glottorefname=Komering |notice=IPA }} '''Basa Kumoring''' atawa '''Basa Komering'''<ref>Adelaar, 2005, p. 22.</ref><ref>Walker, 1976, p. 1.</ref> joda da basa say dipakay bak [[Jolma Komering]] say ngaman di Ogan Komering Raya ([[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Timur]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Ilir]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu]], rik [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan]]).<ref>From Walker, 1975, pp. 14-17.</ref><ref>[http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=kge Ethnologue.com]</ref> ==Lokasi rik Klasifikasi== [[Bondol:COLLECTIE TROPENMUSEUM Drie ongehuwde jonge vrouwen uit Komering TMnr 10005250.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Tolu Morli Kumoring]] Basa Kumoring sa tituturko di daerah Ogan Komering Raya say buhorti tituturko di 5 kabupaten say uwat di hulu [[Palimbang|Pulimbang]], 5 kabupaten sina joda da Kabupaten [[Kabupaten Ogan Ilir|Ogan Ilir (OI)]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ilir|Ogan Komering Ilir (OKI)]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Timur|Ogan Komering Ulu Timur (OKU Timur)]], [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan|Ogan Komering Ulu Selatan (OKU Selatan)]], rik [[Kabupaten Ogan Komering Ulu|Ogan Komering Ulu (OKU)]]. Basa Kumoring sa tikuruk dilom [[Rumpun basa Austrunisiya]] say ngaliyu'i cabang [[Basa Lampung Api|Bahasa Lampung]] rik [[Rumpun basa Malayu-Pulinisiya|Melayu Polinesia]]. ==Huruf== Dilom satijang sajarah Basa Kumoring, tolu tulisan kok tipakay untuk nulisko basa sija, say sipa [[Huruf Komering]] atawa [[Aksara Surat Ulu|Aksara Surat Ulu Komering]] kok saka tipakay, raduna tulisan [[Huruf Arab Malayu Jawi|Arab Melayu/Jawi]] tipakay sa'uni panyebaran agama [[Islam]] di tanoh Kumoring. Say tarakhir joda da huruf [[Alfabet Latin|Latin]] say sipa samenjak [[Indonesia]] mardeka huruf hasa kok sacara luwas tipakay sampay-sampay kaunyin basa ngalih makay huruf [[Alfabet Latin|Latin]] katimbang aksara daerah masing-masing, say jadina aksara-aksara daerah sina posisina ngalih jadi tisingkirko bak [[Alfabet Latin]] sa. ====[[Alfabet Latin]]==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! '''[[Alfabet Latin|Huruf]]''' || '''[[Alfabet Latin|Pangucapan]]''' || '''[[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|IPA]]''' |- | '''A''' || A || [a] |- | '''B''' || Bi || [b] |- | '''C''' || Ci || [t͡ʃ] |- | '''D''' || Di || [d] |- | '''E''' || E/I || [e/ɛ/ə/i] |- | '''F''' || Ef/Ep || [f/p] |- | '''G''' || Gi || [ɡ] |- | '''H''' || Ha || [h] |- | '''I''' || I || [i] |- | '''J''' || Ji || [d͡ʒ] |- | '''K''' || Ka || [ʔ/k] |- | '''L''' || El || [l] |- | '''M''' || Em || [m] |- | '''N''' || En || [n] |- | '''O''' || O || [o] |- | '''P''' || Pi || [p] |- | '''Q''' || Qiyu || [q/k] |- | '''R''' || Er || [ɣ/r] |- | '''S''' || Es || [s] |- | '''T''' || Ti || [t] |- | '''U''' || U || [u] |- | '''V''' || Vi || [v/p] |- | '''W''' || Wi || [w] |- | '''X''' || Eks || [ks] |- | '''Y''' || Yi || [j] |- | '''Z''' || Zed || [z] |- | '''Ng''' || Eng || [ŋ] |- | '''Ny''' || Nya || [ɲ] |- | '''Kh''' || Kha || [x] |- | '''Sy''' || Sya || [ʃ] |} ====[[Huruf Hijaiyah|Arab]]==== {| class="wikitable sortable" |- ! '''[[Alfabet Latin|Huruf]]''' || '''[[Alfabet Latin|Pangucapan]]''' || '''[[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|IPA]]''' |- | '''ا''' || Alif || [a/ə] |- | '''ب''' || Ba || [b] |- | '''ت''' || Ta || [t] |- | '''ث''' || Tsa || [s] |- | '''ج''' || Jim || [d͡ʒ] |- | '''ح''' || Ha || [h] |- | '''خ''' || Kho || [x] |- | '''د''' || Dal || [d] |- | '''ذ''' || Zal || [z] |- | '''ر''' || Ro || [r] |- |‌‌ '''ز''' || Zay || [z] |- | '''س''' || Sin || [s] |- | '''ش''' || Syin || [ʃ] |- | '''ص''' ‌|| Sod || [s] |- | '''ض''' || Dod || [d] |- | '''ط''' || To || [t] |- | '''ظ''' || Zo || [z] |- | '''ع''' || ayn || [ʔ] |- | '''غ''' || Ghayn || [ɣ] |- | '''ف''' || Fa || [f] |- | '''ق''' || Qof || [q] |- | '''ك''' || Kaf || [k] |- | '''ل''' || Lam || [l] |- | '''م''' || Mim || [m] |- | '''ن''' || Nun || [n] |- | '''و''' || Waw || [w/u/o] |- | '''ه/ه‍''' || Ha || [h] |- | '''لا''' || Lam Alif || [l] |- | '''ء''' || Hamzah || [ʔ] |- | '''ي''' || Ya || [j/i/e/ɛ] |- | '''چ''' || Ca || [t͡ʃ] |- | '''ڤ''' || Pa || [p] |- | '''ڬ/گ''' || Ga || [ɡ] |- | '''ڠ''' || Nga || [ŋ] |- | '''ڽ/ݧ''' || Nya || [ɲ] |- | '''ۏ''' || Va || [v] |- | '''ة''' || Ta Marbutoh || [t] |} ====Catatan==== *:Dilom basa Kumoring sa huruf /E/ jarang tipakay kacuwali di pira ngabungkal diyalek, rik untuk kata injaman jak [[Basa Indonesia]] atawa Basa barihna. *:[[Jolma Kumoring]] rik [[Jolma Palimbang|Melayu Palembang]] uwat ciri khas say sipa mak panday ngucakko /r/ sacara jolas, tapi kadongihanna juk bunyi /ɣ/ atawa dilom [[bahasa Arab]] tiwakilko bak huruf /غ/ walawpun uwat samungkal ruwa diyalek say panday ngucakko huruf R sacara jolas, cuntuhna diyalek Kutabumi. *:[[Jolma Kumoring]] jarang munih ngucakko huruf /f/ atawa /v/ karuwana goh-goh da tibaca /p/. *:Di akhir kata huruf /k/ kalamonan tiucakko sabagay glottal stop /ʔ/ rik /k/ diwik bih uwat di kata-kata titamtu, kacuwali di pangkal kalimat rik tongah kalimat /k/ matuh tiucakko sabagay /k/. ==Ilmu Suwara== === Konsonan === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! colspan="2" | ![[Konsonan labial|Labial]] ![[Konsonan alveolar|Alveolar]] ![[Konsonan palatal|Palatal]] ![[Konsonan velar|Velar]] ![[Konsonan glottal|Glottal]] |- ! colspan="2" |[[Konsonan nasal|Nasal]] | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |- ! rowspan="2" |[[Plosif]]/<br>[[Affrikat]] !<small>mak busuwara</small> | p | t | tʃ | k | ʔ |- !<small>busuwara</small> | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Frikatif]] | | s | | | h |- ! colspan="2" |[[Konsonan lateral|Lateral]] | | l | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Konsonan gotor|Gotor]] | | r | | | |- ! colspan="2" |[[Approksiman]] | w | | j | | |} Frikatif busuwara "z" uwat munih, tapi bih sabagay bak jak kata pinjaman asing. === Vokal === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" ! ![[Vokal mukak|Mukak]] ![[Vokal tongah|Tongah]] ![[Vokal buri|Buri]] |- ![[Vokal kobok|Kobok]] | i | | u |- ![[Vokal tongah|Tongah]] | | | o |- ![[Vokal bukak|Bukak]] | | a | |} ==Cuntuh Tulisan== ===UDHR pasal 1=== Di bah sa uwat ruwa cuntuh tulisan dilom basa Kumoring say makay teks UDHR pasal 1 say titulis dilom ruwa sistem tulisan say kok jak tipakay untuk nulisko Basa Komering joda da [[Huruf Arab Malayu Jawi|Tulisan Jawi]], [[Alfabet Latin]], rik [[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|Transliterasi IPA]] juk sa cuntuhna; *'''[[Alfabet Latin|Latin]]''' {{Quote|''Kaunyin jolma tilahirko mardeka rik uwat pi'il rik hak-hak sai goh-goh. Tiyan tiunjuk akal pikiran rik hati nurani mari tiyan dapok nyampur rik sai barihna dilom semangat bukolpah.''}} *'''[[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|IPA]]''' {{Quote|''kaʔuɲin d͡ʒolma tilaˈhiɣko maɣdeka ɣiʔ uwat piʔil ɣiʔ haʔ-haʔ saj ɡoh-ɡoh. tijan tiʔund͡ʒuʔ akal pikiˈɣan ɣiʔ hati nuɣani maɣi tijan dapoʔ ɲampuɣ ɣiʔ saj baɣihna diˈlom səˈmaŋat buˈkolpah.''}} *'''[[Huruf Hijaiyah|عرب/Arab]]''' <div lang="kge" dir=rtl> {{Quote|{{Script/Arabic|كأوݧين جولما تيلاحيركو مرديكا ريک اوت ڤيئيل ريک حق-حق سي گوه-گوه. تيان تيئونجوک اكل ڤيكيرن ريک هاتي نوراني ماري تيان داڤوک ݧامڤور ريک سي باريه ن ديلوم سماڠت بوكولڤه.}}}} </div> *'''[[Bahasa Palembang|Horti (Palembang)]]''' {{Quote|''Galo-galo uwong metu ke dunio bebas, ngan kehormatan dan hak-hak yang samo pulo. Galo-galonyo la dienjuk akal utak jugo raso ati, kendaknyo tu gawe sesamo laennyo pecak wong seduluran.''}} *'''[[Basa Indonesia|Horti (Indonesia)]]''' {{Quote|''Semua orang dilahirkan merdeka dan mempunyai martabat dan hak-hak yang sama. Mereka dikaruniai akal dan hati nurani dan hendaknya bergaul satu sama lain dalam semangat persaudaraan.''}} *'''[[Bahasa Inggris|Horti (Inggris)]]''' {{Quote|''All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.''}} ===Si Pahit Lidah=== *'''[[Alfabet Latin|Latin]]''' {{Quote|''Paija, hurik da maranai sai golarna Serunting. Suatu harani Serunting kahwin rik morli ditiuh na. Morli tiyuh sina ho uwat adik golarna Arya Tebing. Arya Tebing rik Serunting ngaduh kobun sai borak, kobun sina tibagi jadi rua. Suatu harani Arya Tebing tihuwang ngaliak kulak emas di kobun na, Tapi di bagian Serunting bih ditumbuhi kulak biaso.''}} *'''[[Huruf Arab Malayu Jawi|Arab Jawi]]''' <div dir="rtl"> {{Quote|{{Script/Arabic|ڤايجا حوريک دا مراناي سي گولار ن سرونتيڠ. سواتو حاراني سرونتيڠ کحوین ريک مورلي دي تيوه ن. مورلي تيوه سينا وات اديک گولار ن اريا تبيڠ. اريا تبيڠ ريک سرونتيڠ ڠادوه كوبون سي بوراک، كوبون سينا تيباگي جادي روا. سواتو حاراني اريا تبيڠ تيحواڠ ڠالياک كولاک ماس دي كوبون ن، تاڤي دي باگيان سرونتيڠ بيه دي تومبوهي كولاک بياسو.}}}} </div> *'''[[Alfabet Fonetis Internasional|IPA]]''' {{Quote|/paid͡ʒa huɣiʔ da maɣanai sai ɡolaɣna səɣuntiŋ. suwatu haɣani səɣuntiŋ kahwin ɣiʔ moɣli di tijuh na. moɣli tijuh sina ho uwat adiʔ ɡolaɣna aɣja tɛbiŋ. aɣja tɛbiŋ ɣiʔ səɣuntiŋ ŋɡaduh kobun sai boɣaʔ kobun sina tibaɡi d͡ʒadi ɣuwa. suwatu haɣani aɣja tɛbiŋ tihuwaŋ ŋalijaʔ kulaʔ əmas di kobun na tapi di baɡian səɣuntiŋ bih ditumbuhi kulaʔ biaso/}} ==Liyak Munih== *[[Rumpun basa Lampung]] **[[Basa Lampung Api]] **[[Basa Lampung Nyo]] *[[Basa Palimbang]] ==Rujukan== {{Reflist}} [[Kaban:Basa]] [[Kaban:Indonesia]] [[Kaban:Kumoring]] 6arwduvhnq43ioj3weef1fhat2136pd