Wikipiidia kuswiki https://kus.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zug_lakir MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.9 first-letter Miidia Lakir kanɛ bɛ di kɔn Sɔnsʋg zin'ig Tʋmtʋm Tʋmtʋm sɔnsʋg zin'ig Wikipiidia Wikipiidia sɔnsʋg zin'ig Faal Faal sɔnsʋg zin'ig MiidiaWiki MiidiaWiki sɔnsʋg zin'ig Tɛmpilet Tɛmpilet sɔnsʋg zin'ig Sʋŋir zin'ig Sʋŋir sɔnsʋg zin'ig Bɛn Bɛn sɔnsʋg zin'ig TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 987 18358 17262 2026-07-03T21:17:53Z Ndeego 425 I added links 18358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox |item=Q25618328}} '''Kawεnna''' anε diib buudi kani zuoe [[Dunia Lu'as|duniya]] nwa ni. Ba kuod di zin{{'}}ig wʋsa ase Antarcia teŋin ma'a ka ba pʋ kuoda. Kawεnna mɔr buudi kɔn{{'}}ɔb-kɔn{{'}}ɔb pisnu (50) ka mɔr si'im nam, nwɛnnim, bεllim, nε ban zεm si'em buudi bεdigʋ. Piel, dɔnbʋʋlim, nε wiiʋg buudi la tita{{'}}am ka ba taa kuod.<ref name=":0">Contreras, A.; Ruíz Corral, J. A.; Menjívar, J.; Aragón Cuevas, F.; González Ledesma, M.; Sánchez, J. J. (2019). [[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T77726273A77726310.en|"Zea mays"]]. ''IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2019: E.T77726273A77726310''. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T77726273A77726310.en|10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-2.RLTS.T77726273A77726310.en.]]</ref> Teŋ sieba mε nɔŋ pielug nε dɔnbʋʋlim buudi la ka li bεnε teŋ la nidibi bɔɔd si'el. Ba da dεŋi pin{{'}}il Kawεnna kuobnε Mexico yʋʋm tusir nɛ kɔbisnu1500 BC la ni, mɔri paae [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] nwεnnɛ yʋʋm tusir nɛ kɔbisnu 1500 AD la ni, ka ba naam baŋi li ka li pʋ yʋʋgε ka paae Africa na ka yʋ{{'}}ʋm an [[Africa yɛla|Africa]] dim dikpɛŋ.<ref name=":0" /> == Sʋ{{'}}ʋm == Kawεnna anε kief kanɛ an yεlkpani bε Sub-Saharan Africa(SSA) ka mε lεn an kief kanɛ an yɛlkpan diib ka nidib gad wʋʋ 1.2 million m bε SSA nε Lati America nidib gat wʋʋ 300 million kpεn ti'a nε kawεnna mɔri dit. Kief kaŋa zin{{'}}ig sieba na tɔn{{'}}ɔm nɔki mal diib nε bɔmbani ka{{'}}a diibɔ. Africa Kɔbiga pʋʋgin di anε pistan{{'}} kεŋi paae pisnu ka kawenna [[Ligidi|ligidi]] εɛnti sie Kɔbiga pʋʋgin an pistan bɛɛ pisnu (30%-50%).<ref name=":0" /> Di gat wʋʋ pistan{{'}}, kɔbiga pʋʋgiŋ ka Sub-Saharan Africa nidib diib yit kawεnna ni na. Nε{{'}}εŋa zugɔɔ Africa tεmbibis la wʋsa ditnε kawεnna ka li aan ba dikpεʋŋ. Diŋzuk ka kpaadib yʋ{{'}}ʋm nɔk suosieba dinε na nyaŋi kε ka ba paamid diib bεdigʋ yi kawεnna ni. Fʋ mε tɔn{{'}}ɔm lεm di bεε ɔnb Kawεmma{{'}}asa la ka li an dinε na tɔn{{'}}ɔm sʋŋ niŋgbin la.<ref name=":0" /> '''Kawɛnna''' ('''zea mays''') ka North American English buon nɛ li '''corn''' la, anɛ mɔɔg kanɛ mɔr wa'alim ka an gbimiri ka wɛn bielim. Southern Mexico teŋ dimi da keŋ ka o lieb diib bʋnbʋtir, wʋʋ yʋʋma 9,000 babɛ da gaad la sa, yi mɔɔgin teosinte mɔɔg buudi ni. America dim da bʋdi linɛ la'as nɛ bɛŋa nɛ squashes pu'asada atan' pɔɔg kanɛ ka ba kuod sʋʋd kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb la ni. Li til la mɔr vaand bɛdegʋ la ni ka inflorescences daʋg naamid bɛɛ tassels linɛ tisid puum, nɛ inflorescences nya'aŋi buon tʋba. Tʋba la wɛn bielim la buon kernels bɛɛ biili. Dʋnbama nwa ni, li buudi kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb la ɛɛnti anɛ dɔnbʋʋlʋm bɛɛ pielig; li buudi sieba tun'e mɔri si'im bɛdegʋ. Kawɛnna sʋm ye nidib zaŋi li kuob. Sankanɛ ni sa ka Columbia dim da ti'as sa, li lieb nɛ dunia la zin'is bɛdegʋ dikpɛŋ, ka li zʋʋd zɛmisim zu'oe gaad wbeat nɛ mwi. Kawɛnna tita'am mɔri maan bʋnkɔnbid diib, li zʋʋd la bɛɛ bʋnbʋtir la mɛŋ wʋsa, kanɛ ka ba tun'e kie bɔbig bɛɛ ba kie li vi ka li paasi li malisim. Ba kuodɛ buudi kanɛ mɔr sikir bɛdegʋ la buon kawɛnna malisiŋ la nɛ nidib diib yɛla, ka lɛɛ kuod mɔɔgin din la bʋnkɔnbid diib yɛla, nɛ tʋʋm sieba wʋʋ commeal bɛɛ mass,corn starch,corn syrup nwiaki yis corn oil, daam wʋʋ bourbon whiskey, nɛ mɔri maan bʋnkɔbid [[diib]] la'am nɛ ethanol nɛ biofuel sieba. Ba kuod kawɛnna dunia nwa ni zin'is wʋsa; yʋʋm wʋsa pʋʋgin, kawɛnna zʋʋd zuodi gat zʋʋd banɛ wʋsa bɛ. Yʋʋm Tusa ayi nɛ pisi (2020) la ni, dunia nwa kawɛnna zʋʋd kanl da anɛ billion tonnes nam 1.1. Bʋnvʋya nɛ ban'as bɛdegʋ daamidi li; bʋnvʋya buudi ayi, Europe bʋnvʋr kanɛ vʋt kawɛnna vɔnya nɛ kawɛnna nya'ar bʋnvʋya, kɛ ka ba nwɛn'ɛd samm US dollars billion yinne yʋʋm wʋsa. Dʋnna nwa bʋnbʋt sʋma sʋŋi kɛ ka zʋʋd paas ka malisim mɛ paas, buudbanɛ pʋ zɔt sawak, nɛ banɛ pʋ zɔt bʋnvʋya bɛ ban'asɛ. Ba yʋʋn naalimɛ kawɛnna tita'am ka ba lieb buudbanɛ sʋŋid. Lin an diib la, ba mɔr kawɛnna maan diib buudi bɛdegʋ, diban sieba anɛ, Mexican tortalis nɛ tamales, Italian polenta, nɛ American hominy grits. Essential amino acid sieba ni kawɛnna malisim pɔɔdnɛ, ka niacin kanɛ ka li mɔr la ye bɛnɛ ba ya' maali li nɛ alkali. Mesoamerica teŋin, kawɛnna anɛ wʋʋ win nɛ ka ba kpi'a li zanbina. == Lin sin'iŋ si'em == === Columbia da dɛŋi tʋm si'em === Kawɛnna bɔɔd ninsaal sʋŋir ye li vʋ'ʋg. Biilif la tansidnɛ li mɛŋ ka bʋnbʋtir la bul na, ka pak la yii li, li mɛŋ, ka yin kawɛnna lɛɛ pʋ aan ala.<ref>Benz, B. F. (2001). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC29389 "Archaeological evidence of teosinte domestication from Guilá Naquitz, Oaxaca"]. ''[[:en:Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]''. '''98''' (4): 2104–2106. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001PNAS...98.2104B 2001PNAS...98.2104B]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104|10.1073/pnas.98.4.2104]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424 0027-8424]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC29389 29389]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11172083 11172083].</ref> Kawɛnna wʋsa yinɛ kawɛnnir yinne ni man ka Mexico ya-dagɔbʋg dim da zaŋ o lieb yin bʋnbʋttir lin zaŋ wʋʋ yʋma tusa awai (9,000) kanɛ gaad la sa. Kawɛnna buudi kanɛ yuug hali ka nan bɛi anɛ Mexican highlands. Kawɛnna da naam nɛ ani widigi kpɛn lowlands ti paae America ka widig dɔlis nɛ suoya ayi.<ref name=":11">Matsuoka, Y.; Vigouroux, Y.; Goodman, M. M.; et al. (2002). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905 "A single domestication for maize shown by multilocus microsatellite genotyping"]. ''[[:en:Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]''. '''99''' (9): 6080–4. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...99.6080M 2002PNAS...99.6080M]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]][[doi:10.1073/pnas.052125199|:10.1073/pnas.052125199]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC122905 122905]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11983901 11983901].</ref> Zin'ig kanɛ kimm ka ba da mɔr kawɛnna yi mɔɔgini keŋ ka li kpɛlim yin da anɛ Balsas River, South Central [[Mexico]] bɔn'ɔgin.<ref name=":1">Piperno, Dolores R. (October 2011). "The Origins of Plant Cultivation and Domestication in the New World Tropics: Patterns, Process, and New Developments". ''Current Anthropology''. '''52''' (S4): S453–S470. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1086/659998|10.1086/659998.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:83061925 83061925]. <q>Recent studies in the Central Balsas River Valley of Mexico, maize's postulated cradle of origin, document the presence of maize phytoliths and starch grains at 8700 BP, the earliest date recorded for the crop (Piperno et al. 2009; Ranere et al. 2009). A large corpus of data indicates that it was dispersed into lower Central America by 7600 BP and had moved into the inter-Andean valleys of Colombia between 7000 and 6000 BP. Given the number of Cauca Valley, Colombia, sites that demonstrate early maize, it is likely that the inter-Andean valleys were a major dispersal route for the crop after it entered South America</q></ref> Kawɛnna da ti paae highland Ecuador nɛ wʋʋ yʋma Tusa anii (8,000) kanɛ da gaad la sa.<ref>Pagán-Jiménez, Jaime R.; Guachamín-Tello, Ana M.; Romero-Bastidas, Martha E.; Constantine-Castro, Angelo R. (June 2016). "Late ninth millennium B.P. use of ''Zea mays'' L. at Cubilán area, highland Ecuador, revealed by ancient starches". ''[[:en:Quaternary_International|Quaternary International]]''. '''404''': 137–155. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016QuInt.404..137P 2016QuInt.404..137P.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.025|10.1016/j.quaint.2015.08.025]].</ref> Li da paae lower Central America nɛ yʋma Tusa ayɔpɔi nɛ kɔbisyuobʋ (7,600) kanɛ da gaad la, ka paae Columbia [[:en:Andes|Andes]] bɔn'ɔdin nɛ yʋma Tusa ayɔpɔi (7,000) nɛ Yʋma Tusa ayuobʋ (6,000) banɛ da gaad la tensʋk.<ref name=":1" /> Yiiga kawɛnna la da yinɛ tʋbbil yinne bʋnbʋttir yinne wʋsa ni.<ref name=":8">Davidson, Alan (2014). "Maize". ''The Oxford Companion to Food'' (3rd ed.). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. pp. 484–486. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7|<bdi>978-0-19-967733-7</bdi>.]]</ref> Olmec nɛ Maya dim da bʋd Kawɛnna buudi bɛdigʋ [[:en:Mesoamerica|Mesoamerica]] teŋ la wʋsa ni; ba da dʋgʋd, nɛ'ɛm, ka mɔr [[:en:Nixtamalization|nixtamalization]] maanɛ li.<ref name=":12">Roney, John (Winter 2009). "The Beginnings of Maize Agriculture". ''Archaeology Southwest''. '''23''' (1): 4.</ref> Yʋma Tusa atan (3,000) kanɛ da gaada ni, Kawɛnna da an Olmec malima, la'am nɛ ba saansa nam, pian'ad nɛ ba sɔlima.<ref name=":4">Fussell, Betty (1999). "Translating Maize into Corn: The Transformation of America's Native Grain". ''Social Research''. '''66''' (1): 41–65. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971301 40971301]. [[:en:Gale_(identifier)|Gale]] [https://go.gale.com/ps/anonymous?id=GALE%7CA54668866 A54668866] [[:en:ProQuest_(identifier)|ProQuest]] [https://search.proquest.com/docview/209670587 209670587]. <q>To say the word "corn" is to plunge into the tragi-farcical mistranslations of language and history. If only the British had followed Columbus in phoneticizing the Taino word mahiz, which the Arawaks named their staple grain, we wouldn't be in the same linguistic pickle we're in today, where I have to explain to someone every year that when Biblical Ruth "stood in tears amid the alien corn" she was standing in a wheat field. But it was a near thing even with the Spaniards, when we read in Columbus' Journals that the grain "which the Indians called maiz... the Spanish called panizo.' The Spanish term was generic for the cereal grains they knew - wheat, millet, barley, oats - as was the Italian term polenta, from Latin pub. As was the English term "corn", which covered grains of all kinds, including grains of salt, as in "corned beef".</q> <q>French linguistic imperialism, by way of a Parisian botanist in 1536, provided the term Turcicum frumentum, which the British quickly translated into "Turkey wheat", "Turkey corn", and "Indian corn". By Turkey or Indian, they meant not a place but a condition, a savage rather than a civilized grain, with which the Turks concurred, calling it kukuruz, meaning barbaric.</q></ref> [[:en:Mapuche|Mapuche]] nidib la bɛ South-Central Chile da kuodi Kawɛnna la'am nɛ [[:en:Quinoa|quinoa]] nɛ dankala ka [[:en:Pre-Columbian_era|pre-Hispanic]] saŋa nyaan paae.<ref>[[:en:Tom_Dillehay|Dillehay, Tom D]].; [[:en:Mario_Pino_Quivira|Pino Quivira, Mario]]; Bonzani, Renée; Silva, Claudia; Wallner, Johannes; Le Quesne, Carlos (2007). [http://www.dendrocronologia.cl/pubs/2007_Dillehay(AncientCultivatedWetlands).pdf "Cultivated wetlands and emerging complexity in south-central Chile and long distance effects of climate change"] (PDF). ''Antiquity''. '''81''' (314): 949–960. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1017/s0003598x00096034|10.1017/s0003598x00096034]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:59480757 59480757].</ref> Ka Inca Sʋ'ʋlim ma'am la nyaan da ti yalig la, ba da kpiŋid kawɛnna ka da mɔri lɔ'ɔmsid lateens hali, da paad ya-dagɔbʋg 40 S Melinquina teŋin, [[:en:Lácar_Department|Lacar Department,]] Argentina, da na tun'e da'adi paad Andes yi Chile la.<ref>Pérez, Alberto E.; Erra, Georgina (2011). [[doi:10.4067/S0718-22442011000200022|"Identificación de maiz de vasijas recuperadas de la Patagonia noroccidental argentina"]] [Identifying maize residues in pottery vessels in northwestern Patagonia, Argentina]. ''[[:en:Magallania|Magallania]]'' (in Spanish). '''39''' (2): 309–316. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4067/S0718-22442011000200022|10.4067/S0718-22442011000200022]]. [[:en:Hdl_(identifier)|hdl]]:[[hdl:11336/42613|11336/42613]].</ref> === Columbia dim tia'sik === Europe dimi da ti kena, 1492 yʋʋm la ni la, Spanish dim banɛ da zin'in ani la da dit Kawɛnna nɛ, ka banɛ gɔɔndi vɛɛnsid nɛ kpikpinib da zii li lɛb Europe. Spanish dim banɛ da bɛɛ ani la da bɔɔdɛ wheat diibi gat Kawɛnna diib. Kawɛnna zɔ'ɔm da pʋ tun'e mɔri maan siis diib, wheat ya'a kae, [[Kristo Biis Pʋ'ʋsʋm|Krista biis]] yadda zin'igin sankan la, wheat ma'aa da na nyaŋi zaŋi dɔlis [[:en:Transubstantiation|transubstantiation]] ka tiaki lieb Krista niŋgbin la.<ref name=":2">[[:en:Rebecca_Earle|Earle, Rebecca]] (2012). ''The Body of the Conquistador: Food, Race, and the Colonial Experience in Spanish America, 1492–1700''. [[:en:Cambridge_University_Press|Cambridge University Press]]. pp. 17, 144, 151.</ref> Kawɛnna da widigi kpɛn' dunia nwa zin'is banɛ kpɛlim la ni, ka li anɛ lin nyaŋi zi'en zin'ig kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ni la zug.<ref name=":2" /> 17th century la nii, di da lieb dikanɛ ka banɛ bɛ Southern Europe la wʋsa dit. 18th century la saŋa, dinɛ da an dikpɛŋ tis southern French nɛ Italian dim, di kas-kas anɛ polenta dinɛ Italy la.<ref>Langer, William L. (1975). "American Foods and Europe's Population Growth 1750–1850". ''[[:en:Journal_of_Social_History|Journal of Social History]]''. '''8''' (2): 51–66. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1353/jsh/8.2.51|10.1353/jsh/8.2.51]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3786266 3786266].</ref> Ban da mɔr kawɛnna ken{{'}} Western kuob suoya ni na la, ba da siaki di din dʋ{{'}}ad bɛdigʋ si{{'}}em la zug. Nɛ wala, kɔm titada da li zin{{'}}ibanɛ ka ba dikpɛŋ an kawɛnna la.<ref name=":5">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060927074332/http://www.eufic.org/web/article.asp?cust=1&lng=en&sid=4&did=16&artid=103 "The origins of maize: the puzzle of pellagra"]. ''EUFIC > Nutrition > Understanding Food''. The European Food Information Council. December 2001. Archived from [http://www.eufic.org/web/article.asp?cust=1&lng=en&sid=4&did=16&artid=103 the original] on September 27, 2006. Retrieved September 14, 2006.</ref> Banɛ aan America teŋ dim la zamis ye ba wʋ{{'}}ʋl kawɛnna alkali-ku{{'}}om ni — dinɛ ka ba nɔk tampɛligim nɛ leemu maal — din yi nwɛnɛ yʋʋm tusir, nɛ kɔbisyi{{'}} (1200) la ni kem paae yʋʋm tusir yinne nɛ kɔbisnu (1500) BC la ni, ba maanɛ nixtamalization suor. Ba maal nɛ{{'}}ɛŋa ye ba nyaŋi yis kawɛnna pa{{'}}ad la,amaa di mɛ yisid B-vitamin [[:en:Niacin_(nutrient)|niacin]], dinɛ ya{{'}}a kae ka [[:en:Pellagra|pellagra]] naamid.<ref name=":6">Staller, John; Carrasco, Michael (November 24, 2009). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=FJrr9i6HRp0C&pg=PA317 Pre-Columbian Foodways: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Food, Culture, and Markets in Ancient Mesoamerica]''. [[:en:Springer_Science+Business_Media|Springer Science & Business Media.]] p. 317. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0471-3|<bdi>978-1-4419-0471-3</bdi>.]]</ref> Ba gban{{'}}e Alkali maalʋg nɛ diid kɔn{{'}}ɔb-kɔn{{'}}ɔb maalʋg suor ka tʋmi di, ka pellagra bɔdig tembanɛ paam temmaalʋg dunia ni. Kawɛnbanɛ mɔr [[:en:Lysine|Lysine]] bɛdigʋ nɛ dikanɛ na mɔr biim ka di zɛmis mɛ paasi sʋŋi yisi di. Pellagra nan kpɛlim bɛ zin{{'}}ibanɛ ka diib pʋ zu{{'}}oe nɛ zin{{'}}ibanɛ ka saam nɛ zɔɔma la{{'}}asi bɛ ka ba vʋm wʋsa ti{{'}}e kawɛmbanɛ ka nidib piinli ba.<ref name=":7">Thompson, Janice J.; Manore, Melinda; Vaughan, Linda (January 15, 2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=pbd5CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA292 "Nutrients involved in energy metabolism"]. ''The Science of Nutrition''. [[:en:Pearson_Education|Pearson Education]]. pp. 292–321. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-13-429880-1|978-0-13-429880-1]]</bdi>.</ref> == Yʋda == ''Kawɛnna'' yʋ'ʋr la da yinɛ Spanish pian'ad kanɛ an maiz yi Taino ''mahiz'' ni.<ref>[https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=maize%2C+n.+%28and+adj.%29 "maize, n. (and adj.)"] ''[[:en:Oxford_English_Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (Online ed.). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. (Subscription or [https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary participating institution membership] required.)</ref> Swedish nid [[:en:Carl_Linnaeus|Carl Linnaeus]] onɛ da gɔsid bʋnbʋtta bɛllim yɛla da zaŋ yʋ'ʋr la Kawɛnna, ka li an epithel Kawɛnna buudi la ''Zea mays'' ni.<ref>Ranum, Peter; Peña-Rosas, Juan Pablo; Garcia-Casal, Maria Nieves (April 2014). "[[doi:10.1111/nyas.12396|Global maize production, utilization, and consumption"]]. [[:en:Annals_of_the_New_York_Academy_of_Sciences|''Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences''.]] '''1312''' (1): 105–112. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014NYASA1312..105R 2014NYASA1312..105R]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/nyas.12396|10.1111/nyas.12396.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24650320 24650320]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4640742 4640742].</ref> Baŋir zamisʋg zin'is nɛ sʋ'ʋlim nam bɛdegʋ gaŋ yʋ'ʋkpɛŋ nwa, ''Kawɛnna'' n gat ''corn'' kanɛ mɛ an Kawɛnna yʋ'ʋr ya'as la, bɔzugɔ yʋ'ʋkanɛ sʋm nɛ bielif la, ka li mɔr gbin kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb bɛdegʋ zaŋi ken lin pian' tʋʋm si'a ni, nɛ teŋkanɛ ni ka li pian'. <ref name=":3">Ensminger, Audrey H. (1994). ''Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia, 2nd ed''. [[:en:CRC_Press|CRC Press]]. p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XMA9gYIj-C4C&pg=PA479 479]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-8980-1|978-0-8493-8980-1]]</bdi>. <q>The word "maize" is preferred in international usage because in many countries the term "corn", the name by which the plant is known in the United States, is synonymous with the leading cereal grain; thus, in England "corn" refers to wheat, and in Scotland and Ireland it refers to oats.</q></ref>Tens bɛdigʋ yɛt ye ''maize'', ka yʋ'ʋr ''corn'' la anɛ United States nɛ tens banɛ pian'ad naasaal bi'ela nwa buon ye corn.<ref>McLellan Plaisted, Susan (2013). "Corn". In Smith, Andrew (ed.). ''[https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780199734962.001.0001/acref-9780199734962-e-0218 The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America]'' (2nd ed.). New York: [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0199739226|978-0199739226]]</bdi>. Retrieved February 15, 2023. <q>The use of the word "corn" for what is termed "maize" by most other countries is peculiar to the United States. Europeans who were accustomed to the names "wheat corn", "barley corn", and "rye corn" for other small-seeded cereal grains referred to the unique American grain maize as "Indian corn." The term was shortened to just "corn", which has become the American word for the plant of American genesis.</q></ref><ref>Espinoza, Mauricio (April 1, 2015). [https://cfaes.osu.edu/news/articles/%E2%80%98all-corn-is-the-same%E2%80%99-and-other-foolishness-about-america%E2%80%99s-king-crops "'All Corn Is the Same,' and Other Foolishness about America's King of Crops"]. [[:en:Ohio_State_University|Ohio State University]]: College of Food, Agricultural, and Environmental Sciences. [https://web.archive.org/web/20201203073514/https://cfaes.osu.edu/news/articles/%E2%80%98all-corn-is-the-same%E2%80%99-and-other-foolishness-about-america%E2%80%99s-king-crops Archived] from the original on December 3, 2020. Retrieved September 21, 2022.</ref> Tens banɛ buon ye ''maize'' la, ba buon ''corn'' la ka li pa'an nɛ cereal bʋnbʋtta, ka li an teŋ la dikpɛŋ,<ref>''[https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=corn%2C+n.1 "corn, n.1"] [[:en:Oxford_English_Dictionary|Oxford English Dictionary]]'' (Online ed.). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press]]. (Subscription or [https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary participating institution membership] required.)</ref> wʋʋ wheat England teŋin nɛ oats Scotland bɛɛ Ireland tensing.<ref name=":3" /> Yʋ'ʋr la corn pa'an ye maize la da naam nɛ ye li kʋ'ʋg [[:en:Flint_corn|"India corn"]] giŋa 18th century la saŋa North America teŋin.<ref>Mencken, H. L. (1984). ''The American language : an inquiry into the development of English in the United States'' (4th ed.). New York: [[:en:Alfred_A._Knopf|Alfred A. Knopf.]] p. 122. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/0394400755|0394400755]]</bdi>. <q>Corn, in orthodox English, means grain for human consumption, especially wheat, e.g., the Corn Laws. The earliest settlers, following this usage, gave the name of Indian corn to what the Spaniards, following the Indians themselves, had called maiz. . . . But gradually the adjective fell off, and by the middle of the Eighteenth Century maize was simply called corn and grains in general were called breadstuffs. Thomas Hutchinson, discoursing to George III in 1774, used corn in this restricted sense speaking of "rye and corn mixed." "What corn?" asked George. "Indian corn," explained Hutchinson, "or as it is called in authors, maize."</q></ref> Betty Fussell onɛ da an diibi sin'iŋ si'em mit la sɔbi gbaʋŋʋn pian'ak la corn, North America teŋin ye "pian'ak la corn anɛ li li tragi-farcical pian'ad lɛbigirin nɛ sin'iŋir yɛla".<ref name=":4" /> Li nwɛni nɛ British buon si'em, Spanish dim la buon Kawɛnna ye ''panizo'' yʋ'ʋr kanɛ ka ba mɔri tisid biella zʋʋd, wʋʋ Italian dim buon ye ''polenta'' la. British dim da yuolʋm buon Kawɛnna ye wheat, ka Turkey ye corn, bɛɛ Indian corn; Fussell da yɛl ye "ba da pʋ pa'an nɛ lin da an si'emm, ka lɛɛ da anɛ gɔɔgin bʋn ka ka' linɛ da maali an sʋ'ʋŋaa.<ref name=":4" /> Dunia la'asig nam wʋʋ centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International da siak di'e ''maize'' ye li an Kawɛnna yʋ'ʋr.<ref>[https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/57417 "''Zea mays'' (maize)"]. [[:en:Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International|Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International.]] Retrieved September 16, 2022.</ref> Pian'ak la ''maize'', [[:en:Centre_for_Agriculture_and_Bioscience_International|UN Food and Agriculture Organization]] buon nɛ yʋ'ʋkan<ref>"[https://www.fao.org/land-water/databases-and-software/crop-information/maize/en/ Maize]". [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization.]] Retrieved September 16, 2022.</ref> nɛ Mexico dim [[:en:International_Maize_and_Wheat_Improvement_Center|International Maize and Wheat Improvement]] Centre buon yʋ'ʋsieba la. Indian Institude of maize Research,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20221005162737/https://iimr.icar.gov.in/overview/ "Overview – ICAR-Indian Institute of Maize Research"]. Archived from [https://iimr.icar.gov.in/overview/ the original] on October 5, 2022. Retrieved September 16, 2022.</ref> Maize Association of Australia la,<ref>[https://www.maizeaustralia.com.au/ "Maize Association - Maize Association Australia"]. Retrieved September 16, 2022.</ref> Nigeria National Maize Association la,<ref>[https://www.iita.org/news-item/the-maize-association-of-nigeria-honors-iita-for-supporting-the-nations-agriculture/ "The Maize Association of Nigeria honors IITA for supporting the nation's agriculture"]. [[:en:International_Institute_of_Tropical_Agriculture|International Institute of Tropical Agriculture]]. Retrieved September 16, 2022.</ref> National Maize Association of Ghana la,<ref>[http://bulletin.iita.org/sard-sc-maize-component-supports-the-launch-of-the-ghana-maize-association/ "SARD-SC Maize component supports the launch of the Ghana Maize Association"]. I[[:en:International_Institute_of_Tropical_Agriculture|nternational Institute of Tropical Agriculture]]. March 18, 2016. Retrieved March 10, 2024</ref> South Africa Maize Trust la,<ref>Du Plessis, Leon. [https://www.grainsa.co.za/the-maize-trust:-custodian-of-the-maize-industry "THE MAIZE TRUST: Custodian of the maize industry".] Grain SA. Retrieved March 10, 2024.</ref> nɛ Zimbabwe Seed Maize Association la.<ref>Rusike, Joseph; Donovan, Philip A (1995). "The maize seed industry in Zimbabwe". ''Development Southern Africa''. '''12''' (2): 189–196. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1080/03768359508439804|10.1080/03768359508439804]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0376-835X 0376-835X.]</ref> == Bʋnbʋttir la an si'em == Kawɛnna anɛ mɔwɔk kanɛ ka ba kuodi li yʋʋm-yʋʋm ka di mɔr til yimmir, ka li wa'alim an wʋʋ lin yi 1.2 m (4ft) paae 4 m (13 ft).<ref name=":9">Solaimalai, A.; Anantharaju, P.; Irulandi, S.; Theradimani, M. (May 10, 2020). [https://books.google.com/books?id=T7XjDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT60 "6. Growth and Development Stages".] ''Maize Crop: Improvement, Production, Protection and Post Harvest Technology''. [[:en:CRC_Press|CRC Press]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-000-17695-7|978-1-000-17695-7]]</bdi>.</ref> Vaand la wa'am ka banl la naamidi gbida la nii tɔɔndi yit, li yitnɛ kawɛndaag la zin'is ayi la wʋsa.<ref name=":9" /> Kawɛnna anɛ monoecious, ka mɔr puum la bʋnnya'aŋ nɛ bʋndaʋg bʋnbʋttir wʋsa ni. Kawɛndaag la zʋgʋn sa ka gɛɛns la bɛ, pudaʋg la zin'ig; gɛɛns la ni ka zʋʋm la bɛ, ka pɛbisim da'ae ba widig<ref name=":9" />. Wʋʋ zʋʋm sieba nɛ, li anɛ [[allergen]] amaa li bɛdegʋ liib zin'ig pʋ lal nɛ gɛɛns laa ka banɛ tʋm pɔɔgin la di'ed dɛŋ la bɛdegʋ.<ref>Oldenburg, Marcus; Petersen, Arnd; Baur, Xaver (2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3269392 "Maize pollen is an important allergen in occupationally exposed workers"]. ''Journal of Occupational Medicine and Toxicology''. '''6''' (1): 32. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1186/1745-6673-6-32|10.1186/1745-6673-6-32]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3269392 3269392]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22165847 22165847].</ref> Punya'aŋ la, lin yi gɛɛns la ni sigid tillin la, fʋ nyɛt ka li anɛ (silk), nɛ tubular hairs bɔbir kanɛ bʋgʋs, ka yinne an carpel kanɛ bɛ punya'aŋin la din, linɛ nɔbigidi liebid bielif ( ka ba buonni li bielif, ka anɛ al nɛ mɔɔd buudi wʋsa, li anɛ wɛl ka bielif la lusi li ka li bɛɛ pʋʋgin ye li lieb caryopsis) <ref>"[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/caryopsis Caryopsis]". [[:en:Merriam-Webster|Merriam-Webster.]] Retrieved January 9, 2024.</ref>ba ya'a la'asi naae.<ref name=":9" /> Pu nya'aŋ la wʋsa nɔbigid nɛ liebid tʋbʋr bɛɛ corncob, pɔnbil nɛ vaand bɛdegʋ. Tʋbʋra vaang la an vankanɛ kpɛn bɛnɛ tʋbʋr kanɛ nɔbigidi yitna. Vankaŋa nwa nɛ banɛ bɛɛ li zugun la tisid nɛ (carbohydrate), starch pʋdigir zin'is atan' linɛ bɛ bielif la ni.<ref>[http://crops.extension.iastate.edu/encyclopedia/applying-fungicides-corn-stop-look-consider "Before applying fungicides to corn: Stop! Look! Consider!"]. ''Integrated Crop Management''. [[:en:Iowa_State_University_Extension|Iowa State University Extension.]] Retrieved July 24, 2021.</ref> Dʋnbama Kawɛnna buudi kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb biela la si'im anɛ dɔnbʋʋlim bɛɛ pielig; buud sieba anɛ (orange), zuanam, (brown), saa-sangbaʋŋ, (purple) bɛɛ sabilig. Ba maali anɛ bɔɔnlʋ nam 8 ti paae 32 kawɛndibir zugʋn.<ref name=":8" /> Kawɛn dɔnbʋʋlim nyɛtti li si'im yitnɛ carotenoids ni; anthocyanins nɛ phlobaphenes tisid si'im zian, ka si'im bama la'asidi tit (orange ) nɛ dɛn'ɛm si'im.<ref>Chatham, Laura A.; Paulsmeyer, Michael; Juvik, John A. (2019). "Prospects for economical natural colorants: insights from maize". ''Theoretical and Applied Genetics''. '''132''' (11): 2927–2946, and Figure 1. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00122-019-03414-0|10.1007/s00122-019-03414-0.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31451836 31451836]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201729476 201729476].</ref> Kawɛnna mɔr dabis gim [[:en:Photoperiodism|photoperiodism]], li gbin anɛ li maan puum nɛ yʋ'ʋŋ. Puum maalig bɔɔdɛ tʋʋlʋg bɛdegʋ kanɛ gaad 10 °C (50 °F) dabisir saŋa pʋʋgin. Puum maalig la naamid nɛ li mɛŋ; saa-sangbauŋ nɛ dɛn'ɛm si'im la kɛt ka bʋnbʋtira an wala. Budbanɛ ka ba kuod tʋʋlʋg zin'is la tun'e pʋ mɔr daamʋg zin'is banɛ dʋ agɔla, kanɛ ka dabisa zu'oe bɛdegʋ la tun'e kɛ ka bʋnbʋtira duoe nɛ wa'alin ka kʋ nyaŋi pian'ak bielaka waad saŋa nyaan paae. Li mɛ tun'e an ye, ba duod nɛ wa'alim la anɛ bugum yɛla.<ref name=":9" /> Kawɛnzɛba mɔrɛ ka kanɛ san'am bʋnvʋya, 2,4-dihydroxy-7-methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one ([[:en:DIMBOA|DIMBOA]]), linɛ sʋŋidi gʋ'ʋd bʋnvʋya buudi bɛdegʋ.<ref>Smith, C. Michael; Clement, Stephen L. (2012). "Molecular Bases of Plant Resistance to Arthropods". ''Annual Review of Entomology''. '''57''' (1): 309–328. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100642|10.1146/annurev-ento-120710-100642]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21910639 21910639].</ref> Li nya'a la pʋ laligid la zugɔɔ, li kʋ tun'e mɔr vʋm sawak ya'a zi'enɛ, ka kʋ zi'en tan kanɛ ni ka kʋ'ʋlʋm pɔɔda, ka pɛbis tita'ar tun'e vuoe li.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090225054032/http://www.dekalb.ca/content/pdf/corn_stalk_lodging.pdf "Corn Stalk Lodging" (]PDF). Monsanto Imagine. October 2, 2008. Archived from [http://www.dekalb.ca/content/pdf/corn_stalk_lodging.pdf the original] (PDF) on February 25, 2009. Retrieved February 23, 2009.</ref> == Lin naamid si'em == Kawɛnna anɛ [[:en:Diploid|dipoid]], li mɔrɛ chromosomes nam ban pisi (20). Mɔrnɛ allelic pisnii nɛ atan kɔbiga puugin (83%) kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb ka li bɛ genome kanɛ yinɛ li teosinte yaab la san'an, ka li anɛ lin mɔr nyadi nɛ ''Zea'' buudi la ti paae buudi gɛnda la.<ref>Wani, Shabir Hussain; Samantara, Kajal; Razzaq, Ali; Kakani, Grihalakshmi; Kumar, Pardeep (June 2022). "Back to the wild: mining maize (''Zea mays'' L.) disease resistance using advanced breeding tools". [[:en:Molecular_Biology_Reports|''Molecular Biology Reports''.]] '''49''' (6): 5787–5803. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s11033-021-06815-x|1.1007/s11033-021-06815-x.0]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35064401 35064401]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:254834535 254834535].</ref> [[:en:Barbara_McClintock|Barbara McClintock]] da zaŋi Kawɛnna ka li an kasɛt o transposon tʋʋma kanɛ an "jumping genes" la, kanɛ ni k'o da di ya'an piini 1983 [[:en:Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine|Noble Prize in Physiology or Medicine]].<ref>Brown, David (November 20, 2009). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/11/19/AR2009111903190.html "Scientists have high hopes for corn genome"]. ''[[:en:The_Washington_Post|The Washington Post]]''.</ref> Kawɛnna nan kpɛn anɛ bʋnbʋttir kanɛ ka ba na gɔsid lin an si'em la ma mɔri tʋmmi dɔlisid bʋnbʋt sieba ni, nɛ [[:en:Developmental_biology|developmental biology]].<ref>Strable, Josh; Scanlon, Michael J. (2009). "Maize (Zea mays): A Model Organism for Basic and Applied Research in Plant Biology". ''Cold Spring Harbor Protocols''. '''2009''' (10): pdb.emo132. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1101/pdb.emo132|10.1101/pdb.emo132]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-3402 1940-3402]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20147033 20147033].</ref> [[:en:MADS-box|MADS-box]] motif la kɛ ka Kawɛnna maan puum.<ref>Friedman, William E.; Moore, Richard C.; Purugganan, Michael D. (October 2004). [[doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1726|"The evolution of plant development"]]. ''[[:en:American_Journal_of_Botany|American Journal of Botany]]''. '''91''' (10). John Wiley & Sons: 1726–1741. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.3732/ajb.91.10.1726|10.3732/ajb.91.10.1726]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21652320 21652320]. [[:en:Botanical_Society_of_America|Botanical Society of America.]]</ref> Kawɛnna la naamid si'em nɛ lin an si'em wʋsa, (Genetics and Genomics Database) paamid ligidi yitnɛ US Department of Agriculture, ka li mɔri gɔsid Kawɛnna vɛɛnsʋg tʋʋma.<ref>[https://www.maizegdb.org/ "Welcome to MaizeGDB"]. ''MaizeGDB''. Retrieved January 11, 2024.</ref> International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center keŋ tuonɛ mɔr Kawɛnna buudi bɛdegʋ banɛ ka bʋn-ianda pʋ tɔn'ɔ baa.<ref>Prasanna, Boddupalli M.; Bruce, Anani; Beyene, Yoseph; Makumbi, Dan; Gowda, Manje; Asim, Muhammad; Martinelli, Samuel; Head, Graham P.; Parimi, Srinivas (November 2022). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9729323 "Host plant resistance for fall armyworm management in maize: relevance, status and prospects in Africa and Asia".] ''Theoretical and Applied Genetics''. '''135''' (11): 3897–3916. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s00122-022-04073-4|10.1007/s00122-022-04073-4]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9729323 9729323]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35320376 35320376]</ref> Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ anu (2005) la ni, US Science Foundation, Department of Agriculture nɛ Department of Energy la da la'as nɛ taaba gɔs naamʋg la ken ka tit taaba si'em. DNA la kennɛ tit taaba si'em la, da zaŋi digil nɛ GenBank ban da kpɛn naae la, zin'ikanɛ ka ba su'ad naamʋg la yɛla ken si'em.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130927170408/http://www.maizesequence.org/index.html "Welcome to MaizeSequence.org".] MaizeSequence.org. Archived from [http://www.maizesequence.org/index.html the original] on September 27, 2013. Retrieved March 12, 2024.</ref> Ba da tʋm naae nɛ Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ anii (2008) la ni.<ref name=":15">Emerson, Thomas E.; Hedman, Kristin M.; Simon, Mary L. (2005). "Marginal Horticulturalists or Maize Agriculturalists? Archaeobotanical, Paleopathological, and Isotopic Evidence Relating to Langford Tradition Maize Consumption". ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology''. '''30''' (1): 67–118. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1179/mca.2005.003|10.1179/mca.2005.003]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20708222 20708222]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129150225 129150225].</ref> Yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ awai (2009) la ni, la'asʋg la da yisi ba tʋʋma la da nyɛ li si'em ban da naae la.<ref name=":16">Schnable, P. S.; Ware, D.; Fulton, R. S.; Stein, J. C.; Wei, F.; et al. (2009). [https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1206&context=stat_las_pubs "The B73 Maize Genome: Complexity, Diversity, and Dynamics".] ''[[:en:Science_(journal)|Science]]''. '''326''' (5956): 1112–1115. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Sci...326.1112S 2009Sci...326.1112S]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1126/science.1178534|10.1126/science.1178534]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19965430 19965430]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21433160 21433160].</ref> [[:en:Genome|Genome]] la, pisnii nɛ anu kɔbiga pʋʋgin (85%) anɛ [[:en:Transposon|transposons]] la, mɔrnɛ gene nam Tusa pistan nɛ ayi, kɔbisnu nɛ pisnaasi (32,540). Bɛdegʋ ni, ba lɛn maali ba buudi paas ka ti'asi ba nɛ [[:en:Helitron_(biology)|helitrons]], ban anɛ transposable elements banɛ bɛ Kawɛnna DNA la ni.<ref name=":17">Feschotte, C.; Pritham, E. (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785235 "A cornucopia of Helitrons shapes the maize genome"]. ''[[:en:Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]''. '''106''' (47): 19747–19748. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10619747F 2009PNAS..10619747F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0910273106|10.1073/pnas.0910273106]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785235 2785235]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19926864 19926864].</ref> == Buudi kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb == === Buudi banɛ da pʋn bɛ === Kawɛnna buudi banɛ da dɛŋi bɛ la da kɛ ka bʋnbʋtta la da mɔr bɛdim ka yit tʋblamma. Dʋnbama Kawɛnna buudi banɛ yʋʋn bɛla la da anɛ ninsieba da gaans Kawɛn buudi banɛ du'ad sʋ'ʋŋa ba pɔɔdinɛ kuosi tis kpaadib. James L. Reid anɛ banɛ da dɛŋ yiiga maki li nyaŋ la nid yinne, onɛ da maal Reid's Yellow Dent 1860 yʋʋma la saŋa. Tʋʋm bama da naam nɛ zin'is wʋsa, mass selection (ba da bʋdɛ kawɛnbuudi yimmir vuk yinne zug) ka yʋʋn gaŋ bʋnbʋttira li ya'a niŋ puum naae la, (ka lin gbin pa'al ye bʋnnya'aŋ la ka ba na baŋ). Ka lin nya'aŋ ka ba gaans tʋba la vugusin la (C. G. Hopkins c 1896), ka gaŋ buudi ayi la du'a buudi si'a la an inbred la (G. H. Shull, 1909), nɛ double cross hybrid kanɛ yi sʋ'ʋŋa la niŋ inbred nam anaasi (D. F. Jones c 1918, 1922). University nam sʋŋir bʋmbuudi la'asʋg tʋʋma la da an sʋm hali, kas kas bʋmbuudi paala maalʋg la zin'igin.<ref name=":18">Jugenheimer, Robert W. (1958). "Agricultural Development Paper #62". ''Hybrid Maize Breeding and Seed Production''. Rome: [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization.]]</ref> Yʋʋm tusir kɔbiswai nɛ pisnaasi (1940) la saŋa ni sa ti paae zina, kawɛn sʋma buudi la anɛ yiiga la'asʋg buudi la ka ba gaŋ ye li an sʋm li yɛlsieba ni wʋʋ du'a bɛdʋg yɛla, malisim yɛla, sawaki pʋ tɔn'ɔe ba si'em la yɛla, bʋnvʋya nɛ ban'asi pʋ tɔn'ɔ ba si'em yɛla n.<ref name=":19">Duvick, D. N.; Cassman, K. G. (2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20091115003659/http://crop.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/6/1622 Post-green-revolution trends in yield potential of temperate maize in the north-central United States"]. ''Crop Science''. '''39''' (6): 1622–1630. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2135/cropsci1999.3961622x|10.2135/cropsci1999.3961622x.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39657597 39657597]. Archived from [http://crop.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/6/1622 the original] on November 15, 2009.</ref> Kawɛn buudi kanɛ ka ba da la'as la, nɛ banɛ ka ba tiak ban na an si'em la nyaŋi kɛ ka zʋʋd paas, ka pɔɔg lɛɛ sie, pɔɔg tima, ku'om nɛ bugulum bɛ Asian cuisine ni.<ref>Maiti, Ratikanta (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=8_m7aIfR7xEC&pg=PA52 Crop Plant Anatomy]''. CABI. p. 52. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-78064-174-4|<bdi>978-1-78064-174-4</bdi>.]]</ref><ref>Lopes, Adelmary Prestes; Nóbrega, Lucia Helene Pereira; Pacheco, Fabio Palczewski; Cruz-Silva, Claudia Tatiana Araujo da (2016). "Maize varieties for baby corn yield and post-harvest quality under organic cropping". ''Bioscience Journal''. '''32''' (2): 298–307. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.14393/BJ-v32n2a2016-26230|10.14393/BJ-v32n2a2016-26230.]]</ref> Kasɛt kanɛ bɛ la pʋ dɔl nɛ ban yɛt ye Kawɛnna yʋʋn du'ad zʋʋd bɛdegʋ yʋʋma bi'ela banɛ la ni.<ref>McCaw, Morgan E; Wallace, Jason G; Albert, Patrice S; Buckler, Edward S; Birchler, James A (September 1, 2016). [[doi:10.1534/genetics.116.191726|"Fast-Flowering Mini-Maize: Seed to Seed in 60 Days"]]. ''Genetics''. '''204''' (1): 35–42. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1534/genetics.116.191726|10.1534/genetics.116.191726]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1943-2631 1943-2631]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5012399 5012399]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27440866 27440866].</ref> Nɛ' pa'al yɛ Kawɛnna zʋʋd du'am yitnɛ vaank la na bɛ zin'isia bʋnbʋttir la zug, ban nyaŋi bɛi ba zin'igin la si'em, ba kpieʋŋi zɛm si'em, ban tɔn'ɔ ban'as si'em, nɛ pɔɔg maalʋg nɛ kuob yɛlsieba ni, ka li ka'a nɛ zʋʋd bɛdegʋ paamʋg bʋnbʋttir yinne ni yɛllɛ.<ref>[https://www.cimmyt.org/projects/drought-tolerant-maize-for-africa-dtma/ "Drought Tolerant Maize for Africa (DTMA)".] CIMMYT. June 17, 2022. Retrieved March 12, 2024.</ref> Zin'is banɛ tʋl la nan kpɛn an sʋm, ka ba pʋ kuodi li ni bɛdegʋ wʋʋ lin nar si'em la, ka alleles la wɛɛli digi-banɛ ban'as din nɛ banɛ ɔnbid vaand ma'aa. Ba na nyaŋi yis alleles bama yinne san'anɛ tɔlisi tis yinne ka li lieb buudsʋŋ kanɛ du'ad buudisʋma.<ref name=":23">Chakradhar, Thammineni; Hindu, Vemuri; Reddy, Palakolanu Sudhakar (December 2017). "[http://oar.icrisat.org/10349/1/10.1007%252Fs10709-017-9981-y.pdf Genomic-based-breeding tools for tropical maize improvement"] (PDF). ''Genetica''. '''145''' (6): 525–539. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/s10709-017-9981-y|10.1007/s10709-017-9981-y]]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28875394 28875394]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24074330 24074330].</ref> Dao nɛ Sood da ieya, paam alleles la buudi si'a tʋʋm kaŋa yɛla 2014 yʋʋm la ni.<ref name=":23" /> Yʋʋm Tusa ayi nɛ anii (2018) la ni, Zerka Rashid, CMMYT da dɔlis association mapping la'asʋg la maal buudi banɛ pʋ zɔt sawak kɔ, ye ba paam genemic zin'is paala, ka tisid sorghum downy mildew resistance, ka li na an differentially methylated regions.<ref>Rashid, Zerka; Singh, Pradeep Kumar; Vemuri, Hindu; Zaidi, Pervez Haider; Prasanna, Boddupalli Maruthi; Nair, Sudha Krishnan (January 10, 2018). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5762920 "Genome-wide association study in Asia-adapted tropical maize reveals novel and explored genomic regions for sorghum downy mildew resistance".] ''Scientific Reports''. '''8''' (1): 366. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018NatSR...8..366R 2018NatSR...8..366R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1038/s41598-017-18690-3|10.1038/s41598-017-18690-3]]. [[:en:ISSN_(identifier)|ISSN]] [https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2045-2322 2045-2322]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5762920 5762920]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29321632 29321632].</ref> '''Ban ti'asi li si'em''' Kawɛnna da paas bielim nɛ bʋnbʋʋta pisi nɛ ayʋobʋ (26) banɛ ka ninsaalib da tiak ban an siem  ka kuosidiba yʋʋm tusayi{{'}}, piinɛ ayʋobʋ (2016) lan pʋʋgin.<ref name=":10">James, Clive (2016). [https://web.archive.org/web/20170504055752/http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/52/executivesummary/default.asp "Global Status of Commercialized Biotech/GM Crops: 2016 – ISAAA Brief 52-2016".] ISAAA. Archived from [http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/52/executivesummary/default.asp the original] on May 4, 2017. Retrieved August 26, 2017.</ref><ref>[http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/briefs/43/executivesummary/default.asp ISAAA Brief 43-2011]: Executive Summary, retrieved September 9, 2012</ref> bʋʋd kanɛ da zuo{{'}}e gat anɛ Bt maize. Kawɛnna ka ba da nyaŋi tiak la, ba bʋdi ba bʋnpaala hali lin yi yʋʋm tusir, kɔbʋswai nɛ piswai nɛ ayɔpɔi (1997) bɛ United States nɛ Canada;<ref name=":24">Ostrý, Vladimír; Malíř, František; Pfohl-Leszkowicz, Annie (2015). [[doi:10.2754/avb201585010047|"Comparative data concerning aflatoxin contents in Bt maize and non-Bt isogenic maize in relation to human and animal health – a review".]] ''Acta Veterinaria Brno''. '''84''' (1): 47–53. [[doi:10.2754/avb201585010047|doi:10.2754/avb201585010047.]]</ref> lin da yi yʋʋm tusayi, nɛ piinɛ ayuobʋ (2016), piswai nɛ ayi{{'}} kɔbiga pʋʋgin (92%) kawɛn banɛ da bɛ US la wʋsa, ba da tiak bʋnbʋtta nwa{{'}} da an siem nɛ.<ref name=":10" /> yʋʋm tusayi{{'}}, nɛ piine yinne (2011) saŋa, kawɛn banɛ ka tikanɛ puusidi kʋʋd mɔɔd kʋ nyaŋi kʋʋ ba nɛ kawɛn banɛ ka bʋn-ian{{'}}ada pʋ tɔn{{'}}e ba da yina ka li paae wʋʋ tɛns pisi (20) yelli bʋdi li.<ref>[http://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/2/default.asp "ISAAA Pocket K No. 2: Plant Products of Biotechnology, 2018".] [https://web.archive.org/web/20230130235541/https://www.isaaa.org/resources/publications/pocketk/2/default.asp Archived] from the original on January 30, 2023. Retrieved January 9, 2024.</ref> yʋʋm tusayi{{'}} la, nwadis awai (September 2000) la ni, na{{'}}asaatɛŋ ligidi wʋʋ million pisnu{{'}} ($50 million) diib buudi-buudi ka ba da yi paalʋ na, dɔlisnɛ Starlink kawɛnna bʋʋdi kanɛ ka ba tiak la, ka ba da nam bas nɛ suor ye bʋnkɔbit ma{{'}}a dim.<ref>Pollack, Andrew (September 23, 2000). [https://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/23/business/kraft-recalls-taco-shells-with-bioengineered-corn.html "Kraft Recalls Taco Shells With Bioengineered Corn".] [[:en:The_New_York_Times|''The New York Times''.]]</ref> == '''Lin yi zin'isi'a na''' == '''Lin ti'as buudi-buudi siem''' Kawɛn bielif tʋŋ linɛ an ''Zea'' bɔɔdi keŋ wɛn wʋʋ sorghum nɛ , ayi{{'}} la wʋsa yinɛ duniya mɔkʋda bʋʋdi banɛ buon PACMAD clade la nina, ka lɛɛ bɛi ba kɔn{{'}} nɛ mui nɛ wheat, banɛ mɛ anɛ mɔɔd banɛ bɛi ba kɔn{{'}} ka yinɛ BOP clade bʋʋdi la nina. Ka lin wɛn ''Tripsacum'', nɛ gamagrass paa.<ref>Gaut, Brandon S.; Le Thierry d'Ennequin, Maud; Peek, Andrew S.; Sawkins, Mark C. (June 20, 2000) .[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34377 "Maize as a model for the evolution of plant nuclear genomes".] ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''97''' (13): 7008–7015. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode:]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000PNAS...97.7008G 2000PNAS...97.7008G.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.7008|10.1073/pnas.97.13.7008.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC34377 34377.] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10860964 10860964.]</ref> '''Kawɛnna nɛ li tuŋ la''' Kawɛnna anɛ bʋnbʋttir buudi kanɛ ka ba da zaŋi kul yinni maal ka li lieb lin an si'em nwa la, ka li yinɛ li tuŋ buudi anaasi la ni, banɛ an Kawɛnna buudi banɛ bɛ mɔɔgin.<ref>Whipple, Clinton J.; Kebrom, Tesfamichael H.; Weber, Allison L.; Yang, Fang; Hall, Darren; et al. (August 16, 2011). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3158142 "grassy tillers1 promotes apical dominance in maize and responds to shade signals in the grasses".] ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''. '''108''' (33): E506-12. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1073/pnas.1102819108|10.1073/pnas.1102819108.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3158142 3158142.] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21808030 21808030.]</ref> Russia nid onɛ da gɔsid bʋnbʋtta yɛla, Nikolai Ivanovich Vavilov da yina nɛ Kawɛnna tuŋ la da si'iŋ si'em na 1931 yʋʋm la ni, nɛ America nid George Beadie, onɛ da di ya'an piini, 1932 yʋʋm la ni la.<ref>Wilkes, Garrison (March 8, 2004). [https://books.google.com/books?id=eDJ3NjHh8H8C "Chapter 1.1 Corn, strange and marvelous: but is a definitive origin known?"]. In Smith, C. Wayne; Betrán, Javier; Runge, E. C. A. (eds.). ''Corn: Origin, History, Technology, and Production''. [[:en:John_Wiley_&_Sons|John Wiley & Sons.]] pp. 3–63. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[978-0-471-41184-0]]</bdi>.</ref> Buudi ayi la pʋ nwɛn taabaa, Kawɛnna mɔrɛ da-yimmir kanɛ wa'am ka mɔr vaand bɛdegʋ, ka mɔɔgin din la daag la gim, ka vaand la zu'oe gilig o. Yʋʋm tusayi{{'}}, nɛ anaasi (2004) ni la, John Doebley da vɛn{{'}}ɛsi nyɛ ka Balsas teosinte, ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''parviglumis'', yine Balsas River valley ni Mexico yadagɔbʋg-tuona kʋkʋna ni na, bɔzugɔ mɔɔgin kawɛnna banɛ bɛi anina la bʋʋdi nɛ kawɛnna banɛ bɛ zina wɛn bɛdigʋ.<ref>[[:en:John_Doebley|Doebley, John F]]. (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100612073112/http://teosinte.wisc.edu/pdfs/DoebleyAnnRev2004.pdf "The genetics of maize evolution"] (PDF). [[:en:Annual_Review_of_Geneticshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual_Review_of_Genetics|''Annual Review of Genetics''.]] '''38''': 37–59. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.092425|10.1146/annurev.genet.38.072902.092425.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15568971 15568971.] Archived from [http://teosinte.wisc.edu/pdfs/DoebleyAnnRev2004.pdfhttp://teosinte.wisc.edu/pdfs/DoebleyAnnRev2004.pdf the original (]PDF) on June 12, 2010. Retrieved May 30, 2010.</ref><ref>Wu, Chi-Chih; Diggle, Pamela K.; Friedman, William E. (September 2011). "Female gametophyte development and double fertilization in Balsas teosinte, ''Zea mays'' subsp. ''parviglumis'' (Poaceae)". ''Sexual Plant Reproduction''. '''24''' (3): 219–229. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1007/s00497-011-0164-1https://doi.org/10.1007/s00497-011-0164-1|10.1007/s00497-011-0164-1.]] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21380710 21380710]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8045294 8045294.]</ref> Balsas River kʋkʋna ni la tɛnsʋk mɛ tɔn{{'}}e an anina ka kawɛnna kpɛ{{'}}ɛ yaan kʋdimin la. Nɛɛr nɛ li kuga, nɛ kawɛnzɔm nɛ kawɛng bʋama ka ba  nyɛ tampilɛŋ kʋdʋg kanɛ bɛɛ paae yʋʋma tusanii{{'}}, nɛ kɔbisyɔpɔi (8,700) linɛ pʋ lal nɛ Iguala, Guerrero sʋ{{'}}ʋlim.<ref name=":13" /> Doebley nɛ o taaba da pa{{'}}al yʋʋm tʋsayi{{'}}, nɛ ayi{{'}} (2002) ye kawɛnna da kpɛ{{'}}ɛ yin nɛ nɔɔr abʋyinne, ka li an wʋʋ yʋʋma tusawai (9,000)  banɛ gaad la ni, ka yadig biel-bieli paae America.<ref name=":11" /> Kawɛnlɔm da pin{{'}}il nɛ yʋʋma tusayɔpɔi, ne kɔbistan{{'}} banɛ gaad la, bɛnɛ  San Andres, Tabasco ka ba nyɛ li Caribbean coast.<ref name=":13">Ranere, Anthony J.; Piperno, Dolores R.; Holst, Irene; Dickau, Ruth; Iriarte, José (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664064 "The cultural and chronological context of early Holocene maize and squash domestication in the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico"]. [[:en:Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences|''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences''.]] '''106''' (13): 5014–5018. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode:]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.5014R 2009PNAS..106.5014R.] [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0812590106|10.1073/pnas.0812590106.]] [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664064 2664064.] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19307573https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19307573 19307573].Ranere, Anthony J.; Piperno, Dolores R.; Holst, Irene; Dickau, Ruth; Iriarte, José (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664021 "Starch grain and phytolith evidence for early ninth millennium B.P. maize from the Central Balsas River Valley, Mexico"]. ''[[:en:Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]''. '''106''' (13): 5019–5024. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]][https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..106.5019P :2009PNAS..106.5019P]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi:]][[doi:10.1073/pnas.0812525106|10.1073/pnas.0812525106]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2664021 2664021.] [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19307570 19307570.]</ref> Ba da bʋd kawɛn kʋda bɛnɛ southern Mexico, Central America, nɛ northern South America yʋʋm tusayɔpɔi (7,000) banɛ gaad la. Ba da nyɛ kawɛnkʋda ka ba bɛ pa{{'}}adin bɛ Guila Naquitz Cave linɛ bɛ Oaxaca Valley sʋ{{'}}ʋlim, ka li na yʋʋgi paae yʋʋm tusayʋobʋ, kɔbisyi{{'}} nɛ pisi (6,250); nɛ sieba ka ba bɛi Tehuacan tampilɛma baba, Puebla sʋ{{'}}ʋlim, ka ba na paae yʋʋma tusanu{{'}}, kɔbisnaasi nɛ pisnu{{'}} (5,450) kawɛnna.<ref name=":12" /> === Lin da widigi kpɛn' Ya-datiuŋ la === Yʋʋma tusa naasi nɛ kɔbis nu la saŋa ni, ka Kawɛnna da pin'ili widigi kpɛn ya-datiuŋ. United States teŋin nɛ, ba da dɛŋi kuo Kawɛnna zin'is bɛdegʋ Mexico Paal teŋin, nɛ Arizona teŋin wʋʋ yʋʋma tusa naasi nɛ kɔbiga, (4,100) banɛ gaad la sa<ref name=":12" />. Yiiga yʋʋma kɔbiga AD la saŋa ni, Kawɛnna kuob da widig ya bɛdegʋ ya-datiuŋ tensin la. Kas kas, ba da zamis a kuo bɛdegʋ diib yɛla nɛ eastern North America yɛla, ka li da naam nɛ wʋʋ yʋʋma kɔbis wai, AD 900 kanɛ da gaad la. America nidib da maal sin'ar paalʋ bɛdegʋ nɛ mɔɔg zin'is bɛdegʋ ba kuo paal la yɛla.<ref>Emerson, Thomas E.; Hedman, Kristin M.; Simon, Mary L. (2005). "Marginal Horticulturalists or Maize Agriculturalists? Archaeobotanical, Paleopathological, and Isotopic Evidence Relating to Langford Tradition Maize Consumption". ''Midcontinental Journal of Archaeology''. '''30''' (1): 67–118. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1179/mca.2005.003|10.1179/mca.2005.003]]. [[:en:JSTOR_(identifier)|JSTOR]] [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20708222 20708222]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129150225 129150225].</ref> Kawɛnna kuob da nɔbig ya, lin da zaŋ yʋʋma kɔbis nu la ni, ti paae yʋʋm tusir yinne kanɛ gaad la, yʋʋn an southeast United States freshwater mussels da sie nɛ, kanɛ anɛ dɛŋ teŋgbaʋŋ la tiasig zin'igin.<ref>Peacock, Evan; Haag, Wendell R.; Warren, Melvin L. Jr (2005). "[https://www.srs.fs.usda.gov/pubs/ja/ja_peacock001.pdf Prehistoric decline in freshwater mussels coincident with the advent of maize agriculture"] (PDF). ''[[:en:Conservation_Biology_(journal)|Conservation Biology]]''. '''19''' (2): 547–551. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005ConBi..19..547P 2005ConBi..19..547P]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00036.x|10.1111/j.1523-1739.2005.00036.x]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3679709 3679709].</ref> == Teŋ kʋ'ʋlʋm zanlim nɛ kuob == === Nɔbigir === Kawɛnna zɔt ma'asʋg la zugɔ, zin'is banɛ an waam la ni, Kawɛnna sʋm ka li bʋd (spring) saŋa, saŋkanɛ ka mɔɔg pin'ilj busud la. Li [[nya'a]] la pʋ sigidi laligida, linzugɔ titan la mɔri li. Li anɛ bʋnbʋttir kanɛ di'ed C carbon fixation, Kawɛnna anɛ bʋnbʋttir kanɛ ka li ku'om zɛmisi li, gat bʋnbʋtta banɛ di'ed C carbon fixation wʋʋ alfalfa nɛ soybeans. Kawɛnna zɔt sawak, kawɛnlɔm la yiib saŋa, saŋkanɛ ka puum la liebid wɛla la. United States teŋin, bunub zʋʋd bɛdegʋ da ye dɛŋi baŋ nɛ ka bʋnbʋttir la nan zi'e "duma bɛn Mɔraug/nwadisanii daba naasi daar la ni", nanannna Kawɛnna buudi, modern hybrids nam la lɛɛ nɔbigidi gat ala. Li ya' anɛ [[yaama]] yɛla, ba zaŋid bʋnbʋttir la nɛ ka li nan an dɛn'ɛm ka wɛl la nan an pɛbir la. Ba bun kawɛn malisiŋ nɛ ka li nam mɔr bin'isim la ("milk stage"), li ya'a pin'aki naae ka lɛɛ nam pʋ maal bielim la, tʋʋlʋg (summer) la naar saŋa nɛ tiis vaand sʋʋgʋr (autumn) saŋa la pin'iligi ti paae li pʋsʋk. Pɔɔgin Kawɛnna ye bas nɛ pɔɔgin la ka gur vaand sʋʋgʋr la naar saŋa la ye li bielim la kʋdʋg sʋ'ʋŋa, ka ba tun'e pʋ bɛnɛ ka gurɛ saŋkanɛ ka nintaŋ la nɔɔr bʋgʋs (winter), bɛɛ saŋkanɛ ka tʋʋlʋg bɛ ka bʋnbʋtta pin'ili bun (spring) la naar saŋa. Teŋ ma'asʋg yɛla an sʋm si'em nie pa'al paalʋ zin'is bɛdegʋ Africa teŋgbaʋŋʋn, zin'ikanɛ ka [[sawak]] saŋa ni ka Kawɛnna gʋ'ʋŋʋd maalʋg kɛt ka li ta'asid [[kɔ'ɔm]]. Li lɛɛ kuodɛ teŋ ma'asir zin'is, tʋʋlʋg zin'is, li na nyaŋi bɛi waad zin'isin, tʋʋlʋg zin'is, zin'is banɛ an kpi'emis, bɛɛ ma'asir zin'is, ka lin pa'al ye li anɛ bʋnbʋttir kanɛ na nyaŋi bɛi zin'is wʋsa ka maal sʋ'ʋŋa.<ref>Feschotte, C.; Pritham, E. (2009). [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785235 "A cornucopia of Helitrons shapes the maize genome"]. ''[[:en:Proceedings_of_the_National_Academy_of_Sciences|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]''. '''106''' (47): 19747–19748. [[:en:Bibcode_(identifier)|Bibcode]]:[https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009PNAS..10619747F 2009PNAS..10619747F]. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1073/pnas.0910273106|10.1073/pnas.0910273106]]. [[:en:PMC_(identifier)|PMC]] [https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2785235 2785235]. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19926864 19926864].</ref> America dim da kuod Kawɛnna nɛ kʋkʋn bibisin, kuokanɛ buudi ka ba kpɛn'ɛsid bʋnbʋtta kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb, polyculture da buon Three Sisters la.<ref>Jugenheimer, Robert W. (1958). "Agricultural Development Paper #62". ''Hybrid Maize Breeding and Seed Production''. Rome: [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization.]] </ref> Kawɛnna sʋŋid bɛŋa pɔɔgin la; bɛŋala da tisid nitrogen kanɛ yitnɛ nitrogen-fixing rhizobia bʋnvʋr kanɛ bɛ Nɛŋa la nya'a ni, nɛ legumes sieba ni; ka squashes lusud titan la ka li gu'ud mɔɔg yiiga ka sʋŋidi gu'ud ka teŋ la ku'om da lieb walim dʋ agɔla ka bas teŋ la titan la.<ref>Duvick, D. N.; Cassman, K. G. (2009). "[https://web.archive.org/web/20091115003659/http://crop.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/6/1622 Post-green-revolution trends in yield potential of temperate maize in the north-central United States"]. ''Crop Science''. '''39''' (6): 1622–1630. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2135/cropsci1999.3961622x|10.2135/cropsci1999.3961622x.]] [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:39657597 39657597]. Archived from [http://crop.scijournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/39/6/1622 the original] on November 15, 2009. </ref> === Kawɛnna bunub === Kawɛn malisiŋ dɛŋidi bun ka li nyaan maal bielim, ka nɔbigi kpɛ'ɛŋ saŋkanɛ an wʋʋ dabisa 60 ti paad dabisa 100 pʋʋgin ka lin an buudsi'a la paas ya. Kawɛn malisiŋ saŋa ya'a tɔlis, zaŋ ka li nan mɔr bin'isim la na nyaŋi maal li ya'a anɛ li gaans buudi sieba banɛ dɛŋid ka yuolim bi'igid bʋd, bɛɛ li bʋd zin'is gʋn gʋn nɛ dabisa kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb.<ref>[https://extension.uga.edu/publications/detail.html?number=C905&title=growing-home-garden-sweet-corn#Maturity "Growing Home Garden Sweet Corn"]. U[[:en:University_of_Georgia|niversity of Georgia]] Extension. Retrieved March 9, 2024.</ref> Kawɛnna ya'a bʋn li bielim la yɛla, li na nyaŋi digin pɔɔgin la yʋʋg, hali nwadis pʋʋgin, li ya'a ti siak bunub naae la; li na nyaŋi bʋnɛ digil nɛ li pa'ad la li ya'a kʋdʋg nɛ.<ref>Smith, C. Wayne; Betrán, Javier; Runge, Edward C. A. (March 8, 2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=eDJ3NjHh8H8C&pg=PA802 Corn: Origin, History, Technology, and Production]''. John Wiley & Sons. p. 802. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-471-41184-0|<bdi>978-0-471-41184-0</bdi>.]]</ref> Ka dunia wʋsa zaba ayi daan la nyaan da naam la, North America teŋin da bun Kawɛnna nɛ nu'us tita'am. Nɛŋa da ye bɔɔdɛ tʋmtʋmnib bɛdegʋ ka la'asʋg malima nam naamid, pia'ad la piinb (husking or shucking bees). Lin yi 1890 la ni Kenna, tʋʋma la'asieba yʋʋn da bɛ, kanɛ da na tʋm tʋʋma la sieba, tʋʋm ban da anɛ, zaŋid Kawɛnna vʋk yinne nɛ vʋgʋs ayi ni (picking the ear, leaving the stover). Nɛ corn binders banɛ an reaper binders ka ba maalɛ Kawɛnna yɛla. Yuolʋŋ la maan nɛ bɔba banɛ na nyaŋi ti'il. Ba bun Kawɛnna la wʋsa nɛ nu'us bɛɛ machine kanɛ ka Kawɛnna sheller la, tʋʋma bɛɛ li kɔn' ka li na yis bielim la tʋbʋrin la. Kawɛn tʋba da ye su'ad nɛ [[corn crib]] ni, linɛ na zɛmis bʋnkɔnbid diib. Zina nwa Kawɛnna nɛ li diba la wʋsa nɛ binders la lɛn kae, bɔzugɔ pɔɔd bɛdegʋ nii, ba bun Kawɛnna la nɛ combine harvester ka suu li bʋya ni. Ba la'asidi nɛ kawɛn zug (nɛ points nɛ snap rolls ka ka'a nɛ reel) ka pʋ kʋ'ʋgʋd daag laa. Li kʋrʋm vɛ'ɛgidi daag la sigis. Daag la dɔlisid nɛ ala sigi tʋ'ʋs nwiak dʋʋra dig trial, ani ka li na kpɛlim ka lɛbig bugulum tis tan la. Kawɛnna la tʋbʋr la yalim nɛ galis nɛ lin na nyaŋi dɔlisi gaad slot nam tensʋk plate la ya'a bilimi li vɛ'ɛgi gaad, ka li kpɛlim nɛ tʋbʋr la nɛ pia'ad la ka li kpɛn machine la pʋʋg. Linɛ bun la, (combine) bakid nɛ pia'ad nɛ cob ka kɛt bielim la.<ref name=":21" /> === Zʋʋd su'ab === Li sʋm ye Kawɛnna dɛligi kʋdʋg ka li sʋŋi sie [[mould]] fungi na san'am, li san'amid nɛ bielif la nɛ [[mycotoxins]] ''[[Aspergillus]]'' nɛ ''[[Fusarium]]'' spp, bama ni ka mycotoxin banɛ ka ti mi' la yit na, ka an sʋm kuob nɛ gʋ'ʋlʋg zin'igin.<ref name=":24" /> Kawɛn bielim la ya'a ma'as nɛ galis, [[grain dryers]] ka ba zaŋidi da'ad pɛbis tʋʋl li niŋid zʋʋd la ni ka li sied ma'asira. Nɛ' bɔɔdi paŋ bɛdegʋ ka li na tis pɛbisim ([[propane]] bɛɛ [[natural gas]]) nɛ bugun ka li tis linɛ pɛbisid la paŋ.<ref name=":22" /> == Kuob == Ba kuod kawɛnna zin{{'}}ig wʋsa dunia ni, ka kawɛnbanɛ ka ba kuod yʋʋm pʋʋgin wʋsa mɔr tɛbisim gaad zʋbanɛ kpɛlim la.<ref>[[:en:International_Grains_Council_(international_organization)|International Grains Council (international organization)]] (2013). [http://www.igc.int/downloads/gmrsummary/gmrsumme.pdf "International Grains Council Market Report 28 November 2013"] (PDF).</ref> Yʋʋm Tusa ayi nɛ pisi (2020) la ni, kawɛnbanɛ ka ba da ku{{'}}a dunia ni wʋsa da anɛ biliyɔnnam 1.16 tonnes,<ref>''[[doi:10.4060/cb4477en|World Food and Agriculture – Statistical Yearbook 2021]]''. Rome: FAO. 2021. [[doi:10.4060/cb4477en|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/cb4477en|10.4060/cb4477en]]. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-92-5-134332-6|978-92-5-134332-6]]</bdi>. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240163091 240163091].</ref> ka banɛ da di ya{{'}}an yiiga anɛ United States ba da paamnɛ pistan nɛ yinne kɔbʋga pʋʋgin (31.0%). China da paamnɛ pisi nɛ ayi du{{'}}al anaasi kɔbiga pʋʋgin (22.4%) yi dunia wʋsa da paam si{{'}}em la ni.<ref name=":20">[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC "FAOSTAT".] FAO.</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! colspan="2" |Tembanɛ da kua kawɛnna pamm |- | colspan="2" |bɛ yʋʋm Tusa ayi nɛ pisi (2020) la ni |- ! colspan="2" |kanl in million tonnes |- !1.  United States |360.3 (31%) |- !2.  China |260.7 (22.43%) |- !3.  Brazil |104 (8.95%) |- !4.  Argentina |58.4 (5.02%) |- !5.  Ukraine |30.3 (2.61%) |- !6.  India |30.2 (2.6%) |- !7.  Mexico |27.4 (2.36%) |- !8.  Indonesia |22.5 (1.94%) |- !9.  South Africa |15.3 (1.32%) |- !10.  Russia |13.9 (1.2%) |- | colspan="2" | ---- |- !Dunia wʋsa |1162.4 |- | colspan="2" |zin'ikanɛ ka labaar la yi: FAOSTAT<ref>[http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QC "Maize production in 2017, Crops/Regions/Production Quantity from pick lists"]. United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). 2018. Retrieved March 15, 2020.</ref><ref name=":20" /> |} * Kawɛnna an zʋkanɛ paasi ayi dunia wʋsa zʋʋd nam ni, Kikan{{'}}asiind dinɛ an yiiga la ya{{'}}a yi dinɛ tia{{'}}al.<ref>Figure 21: World production of primary crops, main commodities (Report). United Nations, Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division (FAOSTAT). November 29, 2023. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.4060/cc8166en-fig21|10.4060/cc8166en-fig21]]</ref> == Bʋn-ian{{'}}ada == Bʋn-ian{{'}}ada bɛdigʋ na nyaŋi daam kawɛnna nɔbʋgir nɛ maalʋg, la{{'}}anɛ bʋnvuuda, mɔɔd, nɛ banɛ tisid ban{{'}}as.<ref>[https://extension.usu.edu/pests/ipm/notes_ag/veg-list-corn "Corn Pests".] [[:en:Utah_State_University|Utah State University]]. Retrieved January 11, 2024.</ref><ref>Mueller, Daren; Pope, Rich, eds. (2009). ''[https://crops.extension.iastate.edu/files/icm/corn-field-guide.pdf Corn Field Guide]'' (PDF). [[:en:Iowa_State_University|Iowa State University]] Extension. Retrieved January 11, 2024.</ref> Kawɛnna anɛ dinɛ ka fungal, bacterial, nɛ viral banɛ kpɛn{{'}}ɛsid zʋʋd ban{{'}}as. Banɛ nar ye ti baŋi ba yɛla anɛ ban{{'}}abanɛ gban{{'}}ad viand la, smut nam nwɛnɛ kawɛnna smut, kawɛnna pun{{'}}or nɛ ba daad la na pun{{'}}oe.<ref>[https://www.gov.mb.ca/agriculture/crops/crop-management/grain-corn/corn-diseases-and-disorders.html "Diseases and Disorders of Corn".] [[:en:Manitoba|Province of Manitoba]] - Agriculture. Retrieved January 11, 2024.</ref> [[:en:Northern_corn_leaf_blight|Northern corn leaf blight]] san{{'}}amid kawɛnna kɔn{{'}}ɔb-kɔn{{'}}ɔb, banded leaf and sheath blighti an daaʋŋʋ bɛ Asia la.<ref>Wise, Kiersten. [http://www.extension.purdue.edu/extmedia/BP/BP-84-W.pdf "Diseasees of Corn: Northern Corn Leaf Blight"] (PDF). [[:en:Purdue_University|Purdue University.]] Retrieved January 11, 2024.</ref><ref>Juroszek, Peter; von Tiedemann, Andreas (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/295797868 "Climatic changes and the potential future importance of maize diseases: a short review"]. ''Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection''. '''120''' (2): 49–56. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.1007/BF03356454|10.1007/BF03356454]]. [[:en:S2CID_(identifier)|S2CID]] [https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:87234896 87234896].</ref> bʋnvʋlbanɛ tisid kawɛnna ban{{'}}as sieba ka mɔr dɛmis anɛ [[:en:Mycotoxin|mycotoxins]] nwɛnɛ [[:en:Aflatoxin|aflatoxin]].<ref>Ostrý, Vladimír; Malíř, František; Pfohl-Leszkowicz, Annie (2015). [[doi:10.2754/avb201585010047|"Comparative data concerning aflatoxin contents in Bt maize and non-Bt isogenic maize in relation to human and animal health – a review"]]. ''Acta Veterinaria Brno''. '''84''' (1): 47–53. [[:en:Doi_(identifier)|doi]]:[[doi:10.2754/avb201585010047|10.2754/avb201585010047.]]</ref> United States nii, kawɛnna ban{{'}}as sieba anɛ tar spot, bacterial leaf streak, [[:en:Gray_leaf_spot|gray leaf spot,]] northern corn leaf blight, nɛ [[:en:Clavibacter_nebraskensis|Goss's wilt]]; yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ pisi nɛ ayi (2022) la ni, ban{{'}}akanɛ da mɔr daʋŋ hali da anɛ tar spot, dinɛ da kɛ ka ka ba kɔ{{'}}ɔŋ kawɛnna nwɛnɛ miliyɔnnam kɔbiga nɛ piinɛ ayuobʋ dʋ{{'}}ali anii (116.8) bushels.<ref>[https://cropprotectionnetwork.org/publications/corn-disease-loss-estimates-from-the-united-states-and-ontario-canada-2022 "Corn Disease Loss Estimates From the United States and Ontario, Canada — 2022".] ''cropprotectionnetwork.org''. Retrieved January 11, 2024.</ref> Kawɛnna da widigi keŋ ya-tuona din san'an, ba da di'e li, lin du'ad si'em la yɛla. Amaa, dauŋ zaŋi keŋ nidib la laafi yɛla da naam zin'ig kanɛ wʋsa ka ba zaŋi li ka li liebi ba [[dikpɛŋ]].<ref name=":5" /> America dim da zamisi wʋ'ʋn Kawɛnna zɛnku'om-kanɛ ka ba zaŋ zɛɛm nɛ mi'isʋgʋ maal-lin zaŋ wʋʋ 1200-1500 BC saŋa kanɛ gaad la sa, kɛ ka nixtamalization naamid. Ba da niŋ nwa nɛ ye li kɛ ka kawɛn bielif la bɛdim paas, ka li lɛɛ da niŋ si'alʋg ka B-vitamin niacin la paŋ paas, lin ya'a kae diibinɛ, li kɛt ka pellagra ban'as naamid.<ref name=":6" /> Ban da yʋʋn baŋ zɛɛm la tʋʋma nɛ diib buudi nam la yɛla naae la, pellagra wiim la da lɛn kae teŋ banɛ nɔbig hali la nii. High-lysine Kawɛnna da kena ka ba yʋʋn da maan disʋma la da mɛ ka li bɔdig. Pellagra nan kpɛn bɛ zin'ibanɛ ka ba pʋ maan disʋmaa nɛ zin'ibanɛ ka nidib zɔ yi zaba tensi nɛ la'as zin'isi'a kanɛ ka nidib la dittɛ Kawɛnna kanɛ ka ba piini ba.<ref name=":7" /> == Tʋʋma == '''Diib''' Kawɛnna nɛ kawɛnzɔm anɛ dikpɛŋi sʋ{{'}}ʋlim bɛdigʋ dunia ni. Kawɛnna anɛ dinɛ ka ba mɔri maan kawɛnsaalim.<ref>"[http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cornstarch Cornstarch]". Merriam-Webster. [https://web.archive.org/web/20160304081317/http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/cornstarch Archived] from the original on March 4, 2016. Retrieved May 14, 2016.</ref> Kawɛnna saalim tʋn{{'}}e gɛndig ku{{'}}om bɛɛ ba gɛndig tisieba ka di tis high fructose corn syrup, dinɛ paasid malisim.<ref name=":21">European Starch Association (June 10, 2013). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140603234139/http://www.aaf-eu.org/factsheet-on-glucose-fructose-syrups-and-isoglucose/ "Factsheet on Glucose Fructose Syrups and Isoglucose"]. Archived from [http://www.aaf-eu.org/factsheet-on-glucose-fructose-syrups-and-isoglucose/ the original] on June 3, 2014. Retrieved January 11, 2024.</ref> Ba tun{{'}}e kɛ ka kawɛnna mi{{'}}ig ka ba silig ka di tis [[:en:Bourbon_whiskey|Bourbon whiskey]].<ref name=":22">Kiniry, Laura. "[http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/where-bourbon-really-got-its-name-and-more-tips-on-americas-native-spirit-145879/?no-ist Where Bourbon Really Got Its Name and More Tips on America's Native Spirit"]. ''Smithsonian.com''. June 13, 2013.</ref> Ba ɛɛnti yis kawɛnna kpaam yinɛ daʋg la ni.<ref>Corn Refiners Association. [http://www.corn.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/CornOil.pdf Corn Oil] [https://web.archive.org/web/20190412091052/https://corn.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/CornOil.pdf Archived] 2019-04-12 at the [[:en:Wayback_Machine|Wayback Machine]] 5th Edition. 2006</ref> Kʋdʋmin saŋa, Mesoamerican pʋ{{'}}ab da mɔrnɛ ''[[:en:Metate|metate]]'' nɛɛri kawɛnna ka di liebid zɔm. Ban da maal tan laas la nya{{'}}aŋ ka Olmec nidib da pin{{'}}ili la{{'}}asid kawɛnna nɛ bɛŋa dʋgʋd, ka maligim paasid diib la biim. La{{'}}anɛ kawɛnna mɛŋi mɔr [[:en:Niacin_(nutrient)|niacin]], dinɛ an biim kanɛ yɛla pak la, di pʋ nyaŋidi maan ka pʋ paas [[:en:Nixtamalization|nixtamalization]]. Maya la da ɛɛnti nɔknɛ nixtamal diibi maal [[kooko]] nɛ kawɛnna digɛnda kanɛ ka ba buon ye tamales.<ref>Pilcher, Jeffrey M. (2012). "Maize and the Making of Mexico". ''Planet taco : a global history of Mexican food''. [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press. p.]] 27. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0199740062|978-0199740062]]</bdi>.</ref> Kawɛnna an dikpɛŋ tis Mexican cuisine dim. Masa (''nixtamal'') an biim kpɛŋ tis tortillas, atole nɛ diib nam bɛdigʋ banɛ bɛ Central America. Dinɛ an biimkpɛŋi bɛ corn tortilla, tamales, atole nɛ dibanɛ dɔlisidi ba.<ref>Davidson, Alan (2014). "Mexico". ''The Oxford Companion to Food'' (3rd ed.). [[:en:Oxford_University_Press|Oxford University Press. pp]]. 516–517. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-19-967733-7|<bdi>978-0-19-967733-7</bdi>.]]</ref> kawɛnna bʋn{{'}}ian{{'}}ada kanɛ yʋ{{'}}ʋri buon ye ''[[:en:Huitlacoche|huitlacoche]]'', ka di nɔbʋgʋd kawɛnna zug, anɛ dimalisiŋ bɛ Mexico.<ref>Peterson, James (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=u05nDDNQ7TAC&dq=huitlacoche+delicacy+in+mexico&pg=PA184 Vegetables, Revised: The Most Authoritative Guide to Buying, Preparing, and Cooking, with More than 300 Recipes]''. [[:en:Random_House|Random House]]. p. 184. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-1-60774-205-0|978-1-60774-205-0]]</bdi>.</ref> Ba mɔrnɛ kawɛnzɔm maan kooko buudi bɛdigʋ ni: din yi [[:en:Polenta|polenta]] dinɛ bɛ Italy, ''angu'' dinɛ bɛ Brazil, ''[[:en:Mămăligă|mămăligă]]'' dinɛ bɛ Romania, paae cornmeal mush dinɛ bɛ US (bɛɛ hominy grits dinɛ bɛ Southern US) bɛɛ dikanɛ yʋ{{'}}ʋri an [[:en:Mieliepap|mieliepap]] ka di bɛ South Africa la nɛ sadza, nshima, ugali nɛ yʋ{{'}}ʋsieba banɛ bɛ Africa lʋgsieba. Portuguese la da mɔri ken{{'}} Africa na 16th century la ni, ka di yʋ{{'}}ʋn lieb Africa zʋkanɛ aan ba dikpɛŋ.<ref>Nweke, Felix I. [http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0154e/A0154E02.HTM "The cassava transformation in Africa".] [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization]]. Retrieved January 8, 2024</ref> Kawɛnmalisa, dinɛ an kawɛnna buudi ka mɔr sikir bɛdigʋ ka mɔr titabid bi{{'}}ela la, anɛ dinɛ ka ba ɔnbid kansa ka kawɛnna la nam bɛ daʋg la zug.<ref>Nielsen, L. Michelle (2007). ''T[https://books.google.com/books?id=rCUaWVFfquMC&pg=PA27 he Biography of Corn]''. Crabtree Publishing. p. 27. [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] [[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0778724919|<bdi>978-0778724919</bdi>.]]</ref> '''Biim tɛbisim''' {| class="wikitable" | colspan="2" |'''Kawɛnmalisa, dɔnbʋʋlʋm, kansa (bielim ma{{'}}aa)''' |- | colspan="2" |'''Biimkanɛ bɛ di ni 100 g pʋʋgin (3.5 oz)''' |- |Paŋ |360 kJ (86 kcal) |- | colspan="2" | |- |Carbohydrates |18.7 g |- |Starch |5.7 g |- |sikir |6.26 g |- |Dietary fiber |2 g |- | colspan="2" | |- |Kpaam |1.35 g |- | colspan="2" | |- |Protein |3.27 g |- |Tryptophan |0.023 g |- |Threonine |0.129 g |- |Isoleucine |0.129 g |- |Leucine |0.348 g |- |Lysine |0.137 g |- |Methionine |0.067 g |- |Cystine |0.026 g |- |Phenylalanine |0.150 g |- |Tyrosine |0.123 g |- |Valine |0.185 g |- |Arginine |0.131 g |- |Histidine |0.089 g |- |Alanine |0.295 g |- |Aspartic acid |0.244 g |- |Glutamic acid |0.636 g |- |Glycine |0.127 g |- |Proline |0.292 g |- |Serine |0.153 g |- | colspan="2" | |- | colspan="2" | |- |Sieba |Zɛm si{{'}}em |- |Ku{{'}}om |75.96 g |- | colspan="2" | ^{Percentages estimated using US recommendations for adults,}<ref>[[:en:Food_and_Drug_Administration|United States Food and Drug Administration]] (2024). [https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels"]. ''FDA''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240327175201/https://www.fda.gov/food/nutrition-facts-label/daily-value-nutrition-and-supplement-facts-labels Archived] from the original on March 27, 2024. Retrieved March 28, 2024.</ref> ^{except for potassium, which is estimated based on expert recommendation from the National Academies.}<ref>National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine; Health and Medicine Division; Food and Nutrition Board; Committee to Review the Dietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium (2019). Oria, Maria; Harrison, Meghan; Stallings, Virginia A. (eds.). ''D[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/ ietary Reference Intakes for Sodium and Potassium]''[http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/ .] The National Academies Collection: Reports funded by National Institutes of Health. Washington, DC: National Academies Press (US). [[:en:ISBN_(identifier)|ISBN]] <bdi>[[:en:Special:BookSources/978-0-309-48834-1|978-0-309-48834-1]]</bdi>. [[:en:PMID_(identifier)|PMID]] [https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30844154 30844154]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20240509063633/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538102/ Archived] from the original on May 9, 2024. Retrieved June 21, 2024.</ref> |} Kawɛnkansa, banɛ an dɔnbʋʋlʋm, bʋmmalisa mɔrnɛ ku{{'}}om pisyɔpɔi nɛ ayuobʋ kɔbiga pʋʋgin (76%), carbohydrates anɛ piinɛ awai kɔbiga pʋʋgin (19% ), protein aan atan{{'}} kɔbiga pʋʋgin (3% ), ka Kpaam an yinne kɔbiga pʋʋgin (1%). 100-gram wʋsa ni, kawɛnmalisa tisidnɛ paŋ nwɛnɛ pisnii nɛ ayuobʋ (86) ka an sʋm tisid biimbanɛ digi teŋir la piiga ti paae piinɛ awai kɔbiga pʋʋgin daar wʋsa (10–19%); B vitamins, thiamin, niacin , pantothenic acid (B5) nɛ folate.<ref>[https://fdc.nal.usda.gov/fdc-app.html#/food-details/169998/nutrients USDA Database entry]</ref> Kawɛnna mɛ lɛm mɔr bibama bi{{'}}el-bi{{'}}el amino acids tryptophan nɛ lysine, dinɛ ta{{'}}as ka di protein an bi{{'}}ela.<ref name=":14">[http://www.fao.org/docrep/t0395e/T0395E0c.htm "Chapter 8: Improvement of maize diets; from corporate document: Maize in human nutrition".] [[:en:Food_and_Agriculture_Organization|Food and Agriculture Organization]]. 1992. Retrieved June 5, 2017.</ref> Protein banɛ bɛ bɛŋa nɛ zʋbanɛ bɛ ba dɔɔgʋn la sʋŋid kawɛnnna din la.<ref name=":14" /> === Bʋnkɔnbid diib === Kawɛnna anɛ bʋnkɔnbid dikpɛŋ. Lin an bielif bʋnbʋttir la, biel kpi'ema la anɛ diib. Ba diginɛ li nɛ [[cob]] la ni ka na su'a li [[com crib]] la pʋʋgin, bɛɛ li piri su'a bielim la. Bielim la ya'a niŋ nɛ diib, bʋnbʋttir la mɛŋi ([[corn stover]]) kpɛlim la niŋid nɛ yaama, digisig (litter) bɛɛ [[soil conditioner]]. Bʋnbʋttir la wʋsa (bielim la, daad la, nɛ vaand la) ya' anɛ diib, ba ɛɛnti nwaansi li nɛ ka li lieb yaama, ka nɛŋa ka ruminants pʋʋr tun'e nɛɛmid ka malisi tisi ba gaadi li bʋn kpi'emis la. Ba da ye ku'ol Kawɛnna niŋi shocks, ba ya' bunɛ naae la, kɛ ka li kʋdigi paas. Li da na tun'e bɛ suakinɛ paae nwadis si'em ka ba nyaan zaŋi tis bʋnkɔnbid. Yaama la maanɛ silos pʋʋgin, bɛɛ ba vilig nɛ fʋn. Zin'ibanɛ ka tʋʋlʋg bɛ la, Kawɛnna bʋnnɛ yʋʋm la wʋsa pʋʋginɛ mɔri tit bʋnkɔnbid. Kawɛn daad kan ka ba vil la anɛ hay yaama ka ba mɔri tit bʋnkɔnbid, ka ba lɛn ɔnbid kawɛnna kanɛ ka ba kuo li yaama yɛla. === Tiima === Starch kanɛ yi Kawɛnna ni, na nyaŋi zaŋi maal [[plastics, fabrics, adhesive]], nɛ tiima la'ad sieba bɛdegʋ[[. Corn steep liquor]], kanɛ an dikanɛ buudi ka ba zaŋ Kawɛnna nɛɛm, maal [[wet milling]] ka li an ku'om-ku'om la, ba mɔrɛ vɛɛnsid ka gʋ'ʋn microorganisms [[biochemical]] [[industry]] la ni. === Bugum === Kawɛnna yaama anɛ bugum; specialized, Kawɛnna dan'amis, [[corn]] [[stoves]], (ka li an daad dan'amis la buudi ni, [[wood stoves]], ka mɔrɛ yaama bɛɛ pellets ka li tisid bugum. Kawɛn diba na nyaŋi tis bugum, [[biomass]]. Zin'ibanɛ bɔɔd bugum yaan mɔrɛ Kawɛn daadi niŋid hopper bɛda la pʋʋgin ka li di daad la kilim bugum. Kawɛn kanɛ an bʋnkɔnbid diib, ka ba mɔri maan [[ethanol fuel]]. Kawɛnna diib ligidi tiak nɛ ban zaŋ Kawɛnna ka li an bugum la yɛla: Kawɛnna tisid bugum la yɛla ka li bɔɔdim paas, linɛ kɛ ka Kawɛnna ligidi dʋ la. Ba pin'il [[biomass gasification]] bugum Strem, [[Burgenland]], Austria tensin yʋʋm tusa ayi nɛ anu, 2005 la ni. Ba na nyaŋi dɔlis [[Fischer Tropsch]] suori yis [[diesel]] biogas ni. == Nidib buudi malima == Mesoamerica teŋin, Kawɛnna anɛ linɛ sʋm ye li bɛ, ka ba zaŋi li ka li an win, [[maize god]], ka an bʋnnya'aŋ. United States teŋin, ba mɔr Kawɛn tʋba kpi'edɛ [[column capitals]] [[United States Capitol]] teŋ mɛɛb namin. [[Corn Palace]] la bɛ Mitchell, South Dakota la mɔrɛ Kawɛnna banɛ mɔr si'im la diba nɛ tʋba la ʋgʋd, ka li maan nɛ yʋʋm wʋsa. Concrete ''[[field]]'' ''[[of corn]]'' kpi'eb [[Dublin]] teŋin, [[Ohio]] pa'an Kawɛn tʋba kɔbis bɛdegʋ pɔɔdin. Kawɛn daag kanɛ mɔr tʋba ayi lɛbi pa'an Crotian 1 [[lipa]] ligid kugʋr minted yʋʋm tusir yinne, kɔbis wai nɛ piswai nɛ atan', 1993 yʋʋm la ni sa. == Kudumin labaar == == Pre-Columbian development == Kawɛnna nɔbigi bɔɔdi ninsaalib nɛ na nyaŋi gɔsi li ka li an sum .ba sieba nɔbigi ba mɛŋ dɔlisid ba bʋnkuda banɛ yiti ba mɛŋ la , amaa ka banɛ ka ba kuod la ka' alaa . Kawɛnna wʋsa yi nɛ tʋŋ yine ni na bɛ southern Mexico wʋʋ 9,000 yʋma banɛ gaad . Kawɛnna banɛ an bʋnkuda ba ni anɛ kawɛnn buud banɛ yi Mexican highlands. Kawɛnna yi nɛ sʋ'olim kaŋa ni widig paa su'olim bibis nɛ Americas dɔl suoya ayi pʋʋgʋn .ba kuob susʋŋ pamm daa bɛ nɛ Balsas River valley bɛ south-central Mexico. Kawɛnna da paae highland Ecuador saŋkanɛ an 8000 yʋma kanɛ gaad la. Li da paae lower Central America li yʋma 7600 kanɛ gaad , nɛ zulʋg kanɛ bɛ Colombian Andes bɛ yʋma banɛ an 7000 nɛ 6000 la pʋsʋŋ ni .kawɛnn butt banɛ da dɛgim bɛ la da pia'ɛlim nɛ alakɔ'-alakɔ' ka ba tiis la mɔr vaad yine -yine tiig wʋsa ni. Ka Olmec nɛ Maya kuod kawɛnna nɛ di buudi kɔn'ɔb-kɔn'ɔb din yit Mesoamerica sʋ'olim wʋsa ; ba dukid, nɛɛm, maan ni la yit nɛ nixtamalization. Yʋma 3000 kanɛ gaad la, kawɛnna da anɛ nimoa tis Olmec malʋgin , pa'as nɛ wakat, tɔ'am ,nɛ kisʋŋ nam ni . Mapuche nidib banɛ bɛ south-central Chile kuod kawɛnna nɛ quinoa nɛ da'aŋkala bɛ pre-Hispanic saŋa . Yiiga ka Inca Empire naan yalik , kawɛnna da anɛ kpikpiʋŋ,hali ka ba ta'asidi ba kɛn lal li ya-tuon 40° S bɛ Melinquina, Lácar lʋgʋr ni , Argentina, da tun'e mɔri li loŋ Andes yit Chile. == Gbanvεεnsa == 0mg8vuzz4f5xysiddihlel8plwibncs